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// Copyright 2018 The Fuchsia Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.
import 'dart:collection';
import 'dart:typed_data';
import '../document/document.dart';
import '../schema/schema.dart';
import '../storage/kv_encoding.dart' as sledge_storage;
import '../uint8list_ops.dart' as utils;
import 'query_field_comparison.dart';
/// Represents a query for retrieving documents from Sledge.
class Query {
final Schema _schema;
/// Stores a QueryFieldComparison each document's field needs respect in
/// order to be returned by the query.
SplayTreeMap<String, QueryFieldComparison> _comparisons;
/// Default constructor.
/// [schema] describes the type of documents the query returns.
/// [comparisons] associates field names with constraints documents returned
/// by the query respects.
/// Throws an exception if [comparisons] references a field not part of
/// [schema], or if multiple inequalities are present.
Query(this._schema, {Map<String, QueryFieldComparison> comparisons}) {
comparisons ??= <String, QueryFieldComparison>{};
final fieldsWithInequalities = <String>[];
comparisons.forEach((fieldPath, comparison) {
if (comparison.comparisonType != ComparisonType.equal) {
fieldsWithInequalities.add(fieldPath);
}
_checkComparisonWithField(fieldPath, comparison);
});
if (fieldsWithInequalities.length > 1) {
throw new ArgumentError(
'Queries can have at most one inequality. Inequalities founds: $fieldsWithInequalities.');
}
_comparisons =
new SplayTreeMap<String, QueryFieldComparison>.from(comparisons);
}
/// The Schema of documents returned by this query.
Schema get schema => _schema;
/// Returns whether this query filters the Documents based on the content of
/// their fields.
bool filtersDocuments() {
return _comparisons.isNotEmpty;
}
/// The prefix of the key values encoding the index that helps compute the
/// results of this query.
/// Must only be called if `filtersDocuments()` returns true.
Uint8List prefixInIndex() {
assert(filtersDocuments());
final equalityValueHashes = <Uint8List>[];
_comparisons.forEach((field, comparison) {
if (comparison.comparisonType == ComparisonType.equal) {
equalityValueHashes.add(utils.getUint8ListFromString(field));
}
});
Uint8List equalityHash =
utils.hash(utils.concatListOfUint8Lists(equalityValueHashes));
// TODO: get the correct index hash.
Uint8List indexHash = new Uint8List(20);
// TODO: take into account the inequality to compute the prefix.
Uint8List prefix = utils.concatListOfUint8Lists([
sledge_storage.prefixForType(sledge_storage.KeyValueType.indexEntry),
indexHash,
equalityHash
]);
return prefix;
}
/// Returns whether [doc] is matched by the query.
/// Throws an error if [doc] is not of the same Schema the query was created
/// with.
bool documentMatchesQuery(Document doc) {
if (doc.documentId.schema != _schema) {
throw new ArgumentError(
'The Document `doc` is of an incorrect Schema type.');
}
for (final fieldName in _comparisons.keys) {
if (!_comparisons[fieldName].valueMatchesComparison(doc[fieldName])) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
void _checkComparisonWithField(
String fieldPath, QueryFieldComparison comparison) {
final expectedType = _schema.fieldAtPath(fieldPath);
if (!comparison.comparisonValue.comparableTo(expectedType)) {
String runtimeType = expectedType.runtimeType.toString();
throw new ArgumentError(
'Field `$fieldPath` of type `$runtimeType` is not comparable with `$comparison.comparisonValue`.');
}
}
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.971858 |
What is a Common Vertex? Definition and Examples
What is a common vertex? A common vertex is a vertex that is shared by two or more angles.
Two examples showing what the common vertex is
In the figure below, we see 2 angles named a and b. The common vertex for these two angles is the red dot that you see.
Common vertex
In the figure below, we see 4 angles named 1, 2, 3, 4. The common vertex for these four angles is the red dot that you see.
Common vertex
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1. Click on the HTML link code below.
2. Copy and paste it, adding a note of your own, into your blog, a Web page, forums, a blog comment, your Facebook account, or anywhere that someone would find this page valuable.
Share this page:
|
__label__pos
| 0.994838 |
considered harmful
Also found in: Wikipedia.
considered harmful
Edsger W. Dijkstra's note in the March 1968 "Communications of the ACM", "Goto Statement Considered Harmful", fired the first salvo in the structured programming wars. Amusingly, the ACM considered the resulting acrimony sufficiently harmful that it will (by policy) no longer print an article taking so assertive a position against a coding practice. In the ensuing decades, a large number of both serious papers and parodies have borne titles of the form "X considered Y". The structured-programming wars eventually blew over with the realisation that both sides were wrong, but use of such titles has remained as a persistent minor in-joke.
References in periodicals archive ?
org, "CCHR has long fought to restore basic inalienable human rights to the field of mental health, including, but not limited to, full informed consent regarding the medical legitimacy of psychiatric diagnosis, the risks of psychiatric treatments, the right to all available medical alternatives and the right to refuse any treatment considered harmful.
The bill will cover various aspects that shall be considered harmful towards the life and security of a witness, throughout the case.
Under President Trump, the remaining 11 members of the TPP were able to cast off policies they considered harmful to their economies and governments.
Thus, while certain types of human activity might be considered harmful to society, the latter may see criminal activity that injures the individual, such as drug abuse, gambling etc, as 'victimless crimes', which are perceived as a loss of individual self-control.
The practice is considered harmful to girls and women and a violation of human rights.
Their 24-hour safe standards are 60 and 100 and anything beyond that is considered harmful as these particles enter the respiratory system and can manage to reach the bloodstream, causing irreparable damage to humans and animals.
My friends on Facebook admire the portraits as they like the idea of something good coming out of something that is considered harmful," he added, but "I have not seen any of my friends quit smoking because of my art.
This is done by sampling the water of the beach and checking it once a month to ensure that it is free from anything that is considered harmful for swimmers.
However, the bill, which is backed by the Department of Finance (DOF) and has even been certified as urgent by President Duterte, would include provisions considered harmful to the BPO sector.
She referred to some recent high profile examples of disinvitations where students come together to encourage faculties not to invite certain speakers because their views are considered harmful.
This is why a non-religious person or an atheist is considered harmful for the society because there is no quality of goodness in his nature.
In response, Jack Mundey took the Builders' Labourers Federation (BLF) to the forefront of the heritage movement in NSW and imposed trade union bans on any development that might be considered harmful to the environment.
|
__label__pos
| 0.623275 |
1. Home
2. Smartpedia
3. Nightly Build
What is a Nightly Build?
Smartpedia: A Nightly Build describes the process in software development by which an application is automatically generated at night.
Nightly Build – software creation overnight
In software development, a build is the process by which an application is automatically created. In a daily build, this process is performed very frequently – preferably every day. In a nightly build, as the name suggests, the build process is performed overnight.
The underlying idea behind a nightly build is that developers do not work on the source code at night, so the build process does not interfere with anybody’s work and they have to wait for the current version to deploy. Thus, a nightly build makes sense for organizations unless they are working on common software in opposite time zones that are far apart. Ideally, software development should only take place in one time zone or, at best, in closely spaced time zones.
Differences between Nightly Build and Daily Build
In contrast to continuous integration or a daily build, the cycle time for a nightly build is less important. The basic aspects of software development, e.g.
• the build automation server,
• collaboration with version or configuration management systems,
• the execution of automated tests
• or the notification of developers for identified errors is identical in itself.
However, manual tests and manual releases are excluded in the nightly build, since this takes place at night and therefore no one is on site to perform a manual release.
Sometimes the term nightly build is also used in the context of open source solutions. It is a good idea to read the nightly build notes, as there may be versions that are not suitable for direct use in a production environment, as the builds are not tested in a sufficiently automated manner. Those who install an appropriate version, upgrade, or patch also act directly or indirectly as testers of the nightly build.
Milestones - important events in the project
What does t2informatik do?
Was does t2informatik do? One click and you'll know it.
Notes:
Here you can find additional information from our blog:
t2informatik Blog: The implementation of Clean Code
The implementation of Clean Code
t2informatik Blog: WebApps in the address bar of the browser
WebApps in the address bar of the browser
|
__label__pos
| 0.951358 |
Connections | Tarantool
Документация на русском языке
поддерживается сообществом
Concepts Configuration Connections
Connections
To set up a Tarantool cluster, you need to enable communication between its instances, regardless of whether they running on one or different hosts. This requires configuring connection settings that include:
• One or several URIs used to listen for incoming requests.
• An URI used to advertise an instance to other cluster members. This URI lets other cluster members know how to connect to the current Tarantool instance.
• (Optional) SSL settings used to secure connections between instances.
Configuring connection settings is also required to enable communication of a Tarantool cluster to external systems. For example, this might be administering cluster members using tt, managing clusters using Tarantool Cluster Manager, or using connectors for different languages.
This topic describes how to define connection settings in the iproto section of a YAML configuration.
Примечание
iproto is a binary protocol used to communicate between cluster instances and with external systems.
To configure URIs used to listen for incoming requests, use the iproto.listen configuration option.
The example below shows how to set a listening IP address for instance001 to 127.0.0.1:3301:
instance001:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3301'
In this example, instance001 listens on two IP addresses:
instance001:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3301'
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3302'
You can pass only a port value to iproto.listen:
instance001:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '3301'
In this case, this port is used for all IP addresses the server listens on.
In the Enterprise Edition, you can enable SSL for a connection using the params section of the specified URI:
instance001:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3301'
params:
transport: 'ssl'
ssl_cert_file: 'certs/server.crt'
ssl_key_file: 'certs/server.key'
Learn more from Securing connections with SSL.
For local development, you can enable communication between cluster members by using Unix domain sockets:
instance001:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: 'unix/:./var/run/{{ instance_name }}/tarantool.iproto'
Enterprise Edition
SSL is supported by the Enterprise Edition only.
Tarantool supports the use of SSL connections to encrypt client-server communications for increased security. To enable SSL, use the <uri>.params.* options, which can be applied to both listen and advertise URIs.
The example below demonstrates how to enable traffic encryption by using a self-signed server certificate. The following parameters are specified for each instance:
instances:
instance001:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3301'
params:
transport: 'ssl'
ssl_cert_file: 'certs/server.crt'
ssl_key_file: 'certs/server.key'
instance002:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3302'
params:
transport: 'ssl'
ssl_cert_file: 'certs/server.crt'
ssl_key_file: 'certs/server.key'
instance003:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3303'
params:
transport: 'ssl'
ssl_cert_file: 'certs/server.crt'
ssl_key_file: 'certs/server.key'
You can find the full example here: ssl_without_ca.
The example below demonstrates how to enable traffic encryption by using a server certificate signed by a trusted certificate authority. In this case, all replica set peers verify each other for authenticity.
The following parameters are specified for each instance:
• ssl_ca_file: a path to a trusted certificate authorities (CA) file.
• ssl_cert_file: a path to an SSL certificate file.
• ssl_key_file: a path to a private SSL key file.
• ssl_password (instance001): a password for an encrypted private SSL key.
• ssl_password_file (instance002 and instance003): a text file containing passwords for encrypted SSL keys.
• ssl_ciphers: a colon-separated list of SSL cipher suites the connection can use.
instances:
instance001:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3301'
params:
transport: 'ssl'
ssl_ca_file: 'certs/root_ca.crt'
ssl_cert_file: 'certs/instance001/server001.crt'
ssl_key_file: 'certs/instance001/server001.key'
ssl_password: 'qwerty'
ssl_ciphers: 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256'
instance002:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3302'
params:
transport: 'ssl'
ssl_ca_file: 'certs/root_ca.crt'
ssl_cert_file: 'certs/instance002/server002.crt'
ssl_key_file: 'certs/instance002/server002.key'
ssl_password_file: 'certs/ssl_passwords.txt'
ssl_ciphers: 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256'
instance003:
iproto:
listen:
- uri: '127.0.0.1:3303'
params:
transport: 'ssl'
ssl_ca_file: 'certs/root_ca.crt'
ssl_cert_file: 'certs/instance003/server003.crt'
ssl_key_file: 'certs/instance003/server003.key'
ssl_password_file: 'certs/ssl_passwords.txt'
ssl_ciphers: 'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256'
You can find the full example here: ssl_with_ca.
To reload SSL certificate files specified in the configuration, open an admin console and reload the configuration using config.reload():
require('config'):reload()
New certificates will be used for new connections. Existing connections will continue using old SSL certificates until reconnection is required. For example, certificate expiry or a network issue causes reconnection.
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| 0.967298 |
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Patents
1. Advanced Patent Search
Publication numberUS7647337 B2
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 11/428,202
Publication dateJan 12, 2010
Filing dateJun 30, 2006
Priority dateJun 30, 2006
Fee statusPaid
Also published asCA2660032A1, EP2041666A2, EP2041666A4, US8290988, US8706774, US20080005169, US20100070504, US20130290518, US20140229509, WO2008005472A2, WO2008005472A3
Publication number11428202, 428202, US 7647337 B2, US 7647337B2, US-B2-7647337, US7647337 B2, US7647337B2
InventorsFrank Busalacchi, David Tinsley, Wesley Skinner, Paul Bressler, Eric Yarbrough
Original AssigneeFrank Busalacchi, David Tinsley, Wesley Skinner, Paul Bressler, Eric Yarbrough
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Global information architecture
US 7647337 B2
Abstract
The present invention provides a Global Information Architecture (GIA) to create an object-oriented, software-based modeling environment for the modeling of various data sources and allowing queries and transactions across those sources. The modeling environment is described in itself. Introspection is achieved since the model is described in the model, and early validation that the infrastructure is correct is established in that the infrastructure must execute against itself. Object traversal is done via vectors that describe how an object can be reached from other objects. Objects are linked by describing what type of object (data source) is to be reached and on the basis of what possible attribute values of that object. GIA allows different users to have different views of these data sources depending upon their WorldSpace. A user's view of the data source is controlled by his WorldSpace, which are the attributes he has that makes him unique. These attributes can include (among others) his username, roles, language, locale, and organization. These WorldSpace views can also impact the behavior of the data sources. GIA allows for object to object event driven behavior and provides a configuration centric versus coding centric methodology for integrating those various data sources.
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Claims(12)
1. A method for creating universal information object management environment as an executable environment description, the method comprising the steps of:
creating descriptions of information sources, associated information objects, object characteristics, and relationships among the information sources, information objects, and object characteristics, where the descriptions are fully functionally described by the descriptions of the information sources, associated information objects, object characteristics, and their relationships;
creating universal components that represent information objects, types of sources, types of characteristics, and types of relationships, which collectively represent the services and behavior of the environment, whose configurations are defined by associated descriptions, including descriptions of associated information objects, object characteristics, and their relationships; and
assembling at runtime instances of information objects defined on information sources by collecting universal components with associated objects, object characteristics, and relationships that represent their behavior and configuration within the network of their described relationships.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the object characteristics include the types of service, property, event, and relationship.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of the information objects implementing a common interface, wherein the common interface allows access to instances of information objects by name or position, and allows display of a current instance of the information object.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising the steps of:
describing an infuriation source as a combination of network access type, message structure, and source characteristics;
creating components that represent the different types of network-accessible sources, message structures, and characteristics and that collectively expose the common information object interface; and
assembling the types of named components related to the descriptions to create an information source with the desired behavior.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of accessing another instance of a universal information object management environment as collections of information sources.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising the steps of:
defining a mapping of syntax of a first universal information object management environment to syntax of a second universal information object management environment by describing the vectors that related the syntax of the first environment to that of the second environment,
accessing the universal information object management environment in response to requests made by the non-conforming universal information object management environment.
7. A method for creating wrapper objects that expose and implement an information object interface, the method comprising the steps of:
specifying an information object by a description of the information object, which identifies a type of the information object and named components of the information object, including defining the named components of the information object and types of the named components,
associating an object method of the information object with a collection of named component objects each having defined name components, the object method of the information object to provide a plurality of object characteristics of a particular defined type, the named component objects each have an object method that provides a desired behavior as an implementation of the associated object method, and
executing the associated object method on a component object in the collection of named component objects that has a same name as a name referred to by the object method to provide the desired behavior when the object method for a plurality of object characteristics of a particular type of an information object is invoked.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising the steps of:
relating the information object type to the component objects as wrapper objects,
creating the wrapper objects per the information object type,
relating the types of named components to component objects that perform the desired behavior, to make the desired behavior invocable via the name of the related named component,
creating component objects per the component types that implement the behavior, and
collecting the created component objects within the wrapper object.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the named components include at least one property, at least one service, and at least one relationship.
10. The method of claim 9, further comprising the steps of:
acting on at least one event,
defining an association between the at least one event and the at least one service, and
executing the association when the event is raised.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the component definitions include information descriptions required for executing the desired behavior.
12. The method of claim 8, further comprising the steps of:
defining a service reflexively as another information object including definitions of component services as component information objects, which are implemented by invoking the component services in response to an invocation of the information object.
Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to information technology and particularly to an architecture, system, and technique for modeling network-based environments comprised of multiple information sources and presenting such as a single information resource.
DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
Multiple waves of computing technology have changed the way that organizations conduct business. No longer are computers a way of handling just bookkeeping or inventory control; now, virtually every function an organization performs has a related object stored on a networked system of computers, many of which take part in automated procedures.
The explosion in the use of computers has created new challenges. The ever increasing power of computers combined with their reduction in size has allowed virtually everyone to have direct access to high performance computational and storage assets. This in turn has lead to the increase in the number of computer programs designed to automate many aspects of our daily lives. Today, the problem of getting these multiple points of automation to interoperate has become the primary focus of computing. The result has been a proliferation of applications designed to manage and manipulate data across networks and between other applications. Most of these applications were developed independently of one another, creating additional barriers between these applications that further inhibit the sharing of information.
The lack of organization-wide standards for applications, along with the inherent inability of most of these applications results in most organizations having vast amounts of information in multiple locations, in multiple formats that don't interoperate. Organization growth through acquisition and merger with other organizations exacerbates the problem. Large organizations left many decisions about information system applications to the acquiring organization. The United States Department of Defense (DoD) recognized this problem and envisioned a Global Information Grid (GIG) as a solution. The objective of the GIG is to provide a distributed, redundant, fault-tolerant network-based environment that allows authorized information consumers to manage all of the information to which they have access; a system that is ubiquitous, open, secure, and agile. Such a vision implies a fundamental shift in information management, communication, co-existence, integrity, and assurance. Once realized, the GIG vision would provide authorized users with a seamless, secure, and interconnected information environment, meeting the needs of all users, regardless of the location of the information source or the user.
An approach to creating a GIG generally requires (1) the creation of a directory that represents and objectifies all of the information on that organization's networks, (2) the creation of a set of access rules for each information user, either explicitly or by role, that describes the level of access each user has for each information resource, and (3) an information appliance that would provide appropriate access to each user for each information resource. There have been a number of attempts, e.g., virtual databases and summary databases built using ETL (Extraction, Transformation, and Loading) tools, to create environments that meet these criteria. However for very large organizations these requirements are not sufficient. Large organizations require a GIG with the additional capabilities listed below:
1. Multi-Organizational Access
Organizations need access to information controlled by customers, partners, suppliers, banks, etc. Therefore, a GIG has to be capable of multi-organizational integration. Information access is not exclusively defined through a top-down hierarchy that can be controlled from a central location, but rather a series of access layers, each controlled by a responsible administrator. Thus, the information access model must be multi-layered with multiple levels of accountability.
2. Information Resource Relationship Management
Information resources tend to have deep relationships that are not directly captured in the information resources themselves. For instance, a soldier “A” might have a combat mission, training history, and a pay grade; all resident in different information resources, but there would be only one soldier “A”. Ideally, the GIG would manage the information resource relationships allow permitted users to see all soldiers as a complete information resource, not a disconnected set of information data points.
3. Multiple Organization and User-Specific Views
Different parts of large organizations have different views of the same information resource. There is a need to provide context and a user-specific view of the information resource. At its simplest this challenge can be seen in multiple languages, multiple date and number formats, and multiple spellings for the same term. However, the challenge is more general: relationships and components can also be affected. For example, the Library of Congress can provide information regarding the relationship between mercury (Hg) and cinnabar (HgS); however, a NASA engineer planning a mission to Mercury will not want to know about this relationship. Context-based discrimination of data is needed to make sure the right user gets the right information.
4. Human and Computer-User Support
Ideally, all systems that use a particular information resource should be using the same instance of that resource. Thus, when a new information management system is implemented, it should be able to get existing information from existing information resources. This requirement applies to both human and computer information consumers.
5. Operation Over the Public Internet
For large organizations the management of changing information resources is one of the biggest problems information systems managers face. Because of the geographic dispersion of most large organizations the Internet has to be part of the network backbone. Yet, organizations have information that must be kept private. The GIG should operate seamlessly over the organization's entire network, including the Internet, to support both data transport and confidentiality.
6. Support for Rapid Change
In today's information systems environment the cost of integrating new capabilities into an organization's existing technical infrastructure often represents the majority of the expense associated with the implementation of new capabilities. Entirely new classes of software products have been created to address this issue, e.g., Enterprise Application Integration (EAI), Enterprise Information Integration (EII) and Data Warehouses. However, the ongoing complexity of managing these systems limits their effectiveness and responsiveness to change. These systems do not support dynamically changing environments and computing processes that characterize large modern organizations cost-effectively.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention overcomes these and other deficiencies of the prior art by providing a Global Information Architecture (GIA) for managing and uniting complex, diverse, and distributed components of a Global Information Grid based on two architecture principles. The first is that GIA manages “information objects,” i.e., objects that do not have algorithmically intense or very specific operations, through collections of configured components. (An object is a software construct within an object-oriented (OO) software execution environment, e.g., Java, which is capable of receiving messages, processing data, and sending messages to other objects. Objects typically have “services” through which they receive messages, which then process data through “methods,” i.e., subroutines, with the same name. They can also store values in “attributes.” These values include object-specific information and also relationship-enabling information, i.e., information that enables the object to send messages to another object. When these attributes are visible to other objects, they are often referred to as “properties.”) These types of objects have the useful characteristics of being both capable of supporting a very large subset of the overall software requirements for highly network-centric information environments, and being able to be implemented as a collection of relatively simple, reusable objects, which is a technique that is used by GIA.
In traditional object-oriented development, object behavior, e.g., services, methods, attributes, etc., is defined by a “class,” where all objects of a particular class have the same behavior. Any changes to behavior are implemented by programming a new class. However, GIA takes a different approach: rather than adapting behavior by creating or changing classes, it uses multi-purpose classes that are designed to implement behavior through collections of configurable, multi-purpose components. GIA's implementation of information objects through these collections of configured components enables complete configurability.
The second is that GIA is built as a GIA application. Making GIA a GIA application, coupled with the implications of the first principle, results in significant advantages in addressing the six (6) additional capabilities identified above.
Since GIA manages information objects, and GIA is a GIA application, GIA has an information object representation of information objects. GIA enables this information object representation of information objects by providing a component for all of the characteristics of an information object: services, properties, and relationships. The services and properties of information objects can be directly associated with components through information objects. A new model was created to express the relationships between information objects as information objects: Vector-Relational Data Modeling (VRDM).
VRDM expresses a relationship from one information object to another information object as an information object by specifying the relationship, the characteristics of that relationship, and the use of that relationship by the first information object. VRDM represents all three of these constructs as information objects whose relationships, in turn, are expressed through VRDM as information objects in their own right. This build up of VRDM using VRDM is an example of one of the characteristics of GIA: the iterative process of assembling primitive constructs that are then used to configure larger constructs and then larger constructs until GIA is completely assembled. GIA's use of this iterative process to create complexity from a few concepts allows for a very high level of configurability, much higher than using a more traditional, programmed approach.
Since the configuration of a GIA object is an information object, each component of the information object is an assembly of the corresponding components. Once one has the structure described above, a new possibility exists for managing multi-level access control: the components available to a user simply become vectors between the user and the component objects that make up the information objects accessible by the user.
In an embodiment of the invention, a method for exposing sets or instances of information objects comprises the steps of: creating an object method of an information object for a plurality of object characteristics of a particular type, and including a name of each of the plurality of object characteristics of the particular type in a signature of the object method. The plurality of object characteristics includes the types of service, property, event, and relationship. The method may further comprise the step of implementing a common interface, wherein the common interface allows access to instances of information objects by name or position.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method for creating wrapper objects that expose and implement an information object interface comprises the steps of: associating an object method of an information object for a plurality of object characteristics of a particular type with a collection of named component objects and an object method of those component objects providing a desired behavior as an implementation of the associated object method, and executing the associated object method on a component object in the collection of named component objects that has a same name as a name referred to by the method to provide the desired behavior when the object method for a plurality of object characteristics of a particular type of an information object is invoked. The method may further comprise the steps of: specifying the information object, its type, its named components, the definitions of the named components, and the types of named components, relating the information object type to the wrapper objects, creating the wrapper objects per the information object type, relating the types of named components to component objects that perform the desired behavior, creating component objects per the component types that implement the behavior, and collecting the created component objects within the wrapper objects. The named components include at least one property, at least one service, and at least one relationship. The method may further comprise the steps of: acting on at least one event, defining an association between the at least one event and the at least one service, and executing the association when the event is raised. The component definitions include information required for executing the desired behavior. The method may further comprise the steps of: defining a service reflexively as another information object including definitions of component services as component information objects, which are implemented by invoking the component services in response to an invocation of the information object.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method for exposing an information source on an interface comprises the steps of: classifying an object method of access required to interact with the information source, relating the classification to accessor objects that can interact with the information source and that expose the interface, and creating objects per the relationship that can access the information source and present capabilities of that information source in conformance with the interface. The information source resides on a network. The interface can be a common interface and behaves as an information object. The method may further comprise the steps of: associating the information source with a table name, type, location, and name of a relational database, associating services of the information source with stored procedures of the database, associating properties of the information source with columns of the database, and associating events of the information source with any events raised by the database. The method may further comprise the steps of: defining at least one classification, a location, and an access method of the information sources as information objects, defining a relationship between the at least one classification and the accessor objects as information objects, and defining instances of the information source as information objects, including their classifications, locations, access methods, and named components.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method for implementing a vector as a relationship between a set of information objects of a first type and a set of information objects of a second type comprises the steps of: describing the relationship, the first type and second type, and a type of the vector, relating a vector type with information objects that implement the vector type, describing characteristics of the vector, and creating the vector according to the type of the vector and the characteristics of the vector. The method may further comprise the step of returning an information object of the second type when given an information object of the first type. The descriptions are expressible as information objects. One type of vector is defined by one or more properties that are shared by information object types. Alternatively, one type of vector is defined by an association of a vector from the set of information objects of the first type to a set of information objects of a third type and a vector from the set of information objects of the third type to the set of information objects of the second type. Alternatively, one type of vector from the set of information objects of the first type to the set of information objects of the second type is defined by another vector from the set of information objects of the first type to set of information objects of the second type and a constraint on either the instances of the information objects of the first or second types. Alternatively, one type of vector from the set of information objects of the first type to the set of information objects of the second type is defined when any property of an information object of the first type shares a value with a corresponding property of any information object of the second type.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method of implementing factories for objects comprises the steps of: defining an information object for a named set of objects to be created that includes an object class, associating a factory to the information object, creating a factory with a creation object method that uses a name, invoking the creation object method, accessing the information object by the name, and creating an object using the class specified in the named information object.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method of creating an extensible collection of factories comprises the steps of: defining an information object for factories, creating a factory-of-factories, and creating a set of factories per the information object for factories.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method of creating a universal information object management environment comprises the steps of: defining information objects for information objects, information sources, each type of component of an information object, defining instances of each of these information objects that collectively represent the characteristics of each of these information objects and factories for creating each of these information objects, and creating an object to incrementally build the universal information object management environment by building each type of information object from the description of each type of information object using the corresponding instances. The method may further comprise the step of accessing another instance of a universal information object management environment as collections of information sources. The method may further comprise the steps of: defining a mapping of syntax of a non-conforming universal information object management environment to syntax of the universal information object management environment, accessing the universal information object management environment in response to requests made by the non-conforming universal information object management environment.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method of assigning a universal unique identifier to each of a plurality of information objects without having to change a structure of collected information sources comprises the steps of: assigning a unique identifier to a universal information object management environment, assigning a unique name to each of the plurality of information objects, assigning a unique key to each instance of the information objects, and then creating a unique by collecting the three parts.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method of creating user interfaces that operate in a universal information object management environment comprises the steps of: defining information objects that represent user-interface objects, and mapping the user-interface objects to information objects whose data is to be presented in the user interface by a vector representing a relationship from a set of information objects of a first type to a set of information objects of a second type, and assembling user interfaces per the user-interface objects.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method of defining applications comprises the steps of: defining applications as information objects that represent collections of user-interfaces, defining systems as information objects that represent collections of applications, and assembling applications and systems per the defined applications and defined systems.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method of describing access a user has to a first information object comprises the steps of: defining a user as a user information object, defining a vector between the user and the first information object, defining a vector between the user and components of the first information object, and assembling a second information object defined on the first information object by assembling only the components specified by the vector, which in turn act on the components of the first information object.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method for supporting a compound information object comprises the steps of: associating components of a compound information object with components of an information object, and executing the components of the information objects in response to requests for execution of object methods on the compound information object.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method for creating a global information architecture comprises the steps of: creating a first information object, wherein the first information object is configured by metadata and capable of defining other information objects; and executing the first information object. The metadata may describe services of the configured information object, the properties of the configured information object, and/or the relationship of the configured information object with a second information object. The method may further comprise the step of creating a second information object, wherein the second information object is configured with metadata and at least partially defined by the first information object. The content of the first information object can be exposed. The first information object may also interoperate with any network available information source.
The present invention provides a GIA that is capable of managing data agnostic to source, type, and network, and each instance of GIA can access data from other instances of GIA as though it was its own, thus making collection universal and ubiquitous. GIA is a robust, comprehensive, and highly efficient, environment for integration, aggregation, and federation of disparate technologies from both a logical and physical perspective. Inherent in this environment is the ability to securely acquire, aggregate, process, control, and deliver large sets of data, in a short time frame, to facilitate interoperability and the deployment of customized, event specific, experiences to end-users.
The foregoing, and other features and advantages of the invention, will be apparent from the following, more detailed description of the preferred embodiments of the invention, the accompanying drawings, and the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, the objects and advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a basic Global Information Architecture structure according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates the overall structure of a Directory SubSystem according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates an information object structure according to an embodiment of the invention
FIG. 4 illustrates a supporting data structure according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 illustrates a bootstrap operation according to an embodiment of the invention; and
FIG. 6 illustrates a ContentServer system according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
Further features and advantages of the invention, as well as the structure and operation of various embodiments of the invention, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying FIGS. 1-6. The embodiments of the invention are described in the context of a military computing infrastructure such as the Global Information Grid (GIG) envisioned by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). Nonetheless, one skilled in the art recognizes that the present invention is applicable to any information infrastructure, particularly those in which dynamically changing conditions require a flexible information management environment. In the current state of standardization of information systems, many discreet types of information environments exist. The integration of these environments to create unique communities of interest is often expensive and risky due to the extensive software development required. The present invention overcomes these difficulties by enabling the creation of a global information architecture that achieves the integration of these discreet environments through the use of configuration instead of software development.
The present invention enables a “Global Information Architecture” (GIA) for managing a Global Information Grid (GIG). A Global Information Grid refers generally to a distributed environment for collecting, transforming, and presenting information to users, both human and machine. The GIA supports GIGs for any size organization, for example, organizations as large as the DoD or as small as a two-person Web-based retail organization.
In an embodiment of the invention, GIA is implemented as a software-based environment that permits information consumers, both users and other software environments, to manage network-resident information within a structure that provides the right information to the right consumer in the right format at the right time. The GIA manages the full range of information objects including: simple instances of information, e.g., text; complex instances of information, e.g., a document with its metadata; collections of information, e.g., a directory with files; complex collections of information, e.g., a table with rows and columns; and dynamic instances of information, e.g., a Really Simple Syndication (RSS) video stream.
A central concept in GIA is that objects can be referenced in multiple “WorldSpaces” and these are inherently hierarchical. A user's (including non-human users) view of information data sources are controlled by her WorldSpace, a structure that uses the attributes she has that makes her unique to identify the appearance and behavior that an object in GIA would present to her. These attributes can include (among others) her username, roles, language, locale, and organization. Hence, WorldSpace allows constraint of objects and its services that are available to a user. This view is itself described via Vector Relational Data Modeling (VRDM) through vectors and is wholly configurable, unlike most traditional information systems whose ability to lock down data access is fixed. Since WorldSpace constraints are described in the language of VRDM itself, this description can be changed completely with metadata, allowing for new and unique implementations of WorldSpace without coding. This is achieved by making the User the starting point for any traversal to objects of interest. The vectors (which are configurable) used for this traversal then constrain what objects a user can see and/or change.
In addition to managing any type of data agnostic to type or form, the GIA is able to access that information anywhere on the network. It is also able to understand that information in a context that includes the relationships between instances of information, both explicit and implicit. Moreover, the GIA supports a spectrum of actions on information objects, e.g., the collecting, transforming, and presenting mentioned above, but also updating, deleting, validating, starting, etc. In addition, the GIA recognizes that information objects may generate consequences in other related objects, e.g., a change to an inventory level can sometimes cause a sales order to go on hold.
Solving the GIG management problem cost-effectively virtually requires that the GIA be configurable. However, the configuration requirements needed to support the GIG are deeper than in a typical software model: not only must there be a model where object components can be configured, but object relationships and services must also be configurable. Moreover, a conventional multi-level security (MLS) approach may be insufficient as different collections of information consumers can have different models.
To meet that demand, the GIA implements, among other things, two new types of software models: a configurable, bootable, reflexive information object model (“GIA Information Model”) and a model that can create and run information model configurations (“GIA Execution Model”). “Reflexive” means that the system is self-describing, i.e. a system that describes other systems is reflexive if it is an example of the type of systems it describes. The approach used by the GIA execution model is to wrap all acquired instances of network-available information in a software object with a standard interface that exposes the same collection of methods, and provides for access to components of the information through named properties. The GIA Information Model is a coherent information model and is a configuration, i.e., it exists in metadata, and is reflexive because the GIA Information Model can be represented in the GIA Information Model. As the GIA Information Model is bootable, the GIA Execution Model actually loads the first components which represent the primitive concepts of the model into active memory and then uses them to bring in the rest of the GIA Information Model description to create the GIA information Model.
FIG. 1 illustrates a basic GIA structure 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The environment that it is responsible for controlling information object interaction is a Directory SubSystem (DSS), shown here by the object that encapsulates all of its functionality: the DssManager 110. The DSS is an instance of the GIA Execution Model running an instance of the GIA Information Model, i.e., it represents one of the interoperating environments that collectively represent a GIA.
The DssManager 110 exposes a simple, SQL-like Data Access Layer (DAL) 120 interface, the implementation of which is apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, which is suitable for both object-oriented and database-oriented applications to use. SQL or Structured Query Language is the language used to get or update information in a Relational Database Management System, e.g., Oracle, Microsoft SQLServer. The DAL supports semantics for the acquisition and management of uniquely identified instances of information, or collections thereof. These instances, i.e., information objects, have named properties, and named services that can be invoked.
In practice, organizations have hard-coded “expert systems” for performing sophisticated manipulation of digital data. When looking at employing a GIG, organizations generally look at the taking some subset of the organization's data, and enabling easy retrieval, display and simple updates “in context,” i.e., with their relationships exposed and viewable. GIA supplies its own interface environment, its Task-Oriented-User Interface (TOUI) 130 to meet non-specialized needs for visualization and management of GIG data. GIA's TOUI is a configurable, browser-based data representation environment that makes meeting that organizational need “easy.” GIA's TOUI includes components for displaying any kind of digital that has been collected by GIA, e.g., one can use GIA's TOUI to represent text, images, documents, video, etc., using components that display the desired type of digital information One creates displays of GIA-collected data by configuring a representation, its components, and a mapping of the representation and components to the components of the GIA-collected data. GIA's TOUI includes the ability to display information objects geographically through a Global Information System (GIS) display.
GIA's TOUI 130 operates directly on the base DAL 120. However, when other applications or user interfaces need to access GIG data, and cannot use the base DAL (“non-conforming” user-interfaces and applications, e.g., systems that are built on top of non-ODBC-compliant databases—ODBC stands for Open Database Connectivity), then an adaptor 125 can be added that works with the base DAL 120 and exposes a DAL interface 140 that is compliant with the non-conforming user-interface 150 or application. The adaptor is a program that exposes the services that are required by the non-conforming application, and translates them into calls on the base DAL. Since the DAL 120 exposes both object-oriented and database-oriented semantics, as long as the non-conforming application or user interface can operate over uniquely-identified instances, or collections of instances, of sets of named components with named services, this adaptation of the DAL 120 to different types of applications and user interfaces requires a straightforward mapping of the “from” syntax to the base DAL's syntax. Most applications built over the last 30 years use some variation of these semantics.
The DSS 110 interoperates with any network available information sources to retrieve any information on the network, agnostic to form, type, structure or location through the use of Network Information Accessors 160. Network Information Accessors are programs that communicate over a network protocol to information sources that expose information on that protocol. For example, the major databases are accessible using remote ODBC over TCP/IP. Many systems expose their data using Web services over http or https. Web sites themselves represent html-based information sources operating over http or https. Network file systems also function as network-available information sources. A Network Information Accessor is a program that the DssManager can communicate with directly, and that can access information provided by a network-available information source through the network. All Network Information Accessors expose a common interface that provides the same semantics as the base DAL. The process of configuring the DSS 110 to access an information source is referred as “aggregating the information source.”
Although the figure represents a single DSS, in actuality the DSS may be configured to interoperate with other DSS's as network-available information sources. Hence, a set of DSS's that are connected over the network can function as a multi-node, virtual single point of entry for all of the information sources (not shown) aggregated by all of the DSS's. This characteristic, that instances of DSS's can interoperate with other instances of DSS's as information repositories in their own right, is important for at least three reasons: (1) it allows a data source that has been aggregated by one DSS to be treated as an aggregated information source by all of the other DSS's in communication with the first DSS without additional effort, (2) multiple DSS's provide for multiple points of completely independent administrative interfaces, a requirement in many large organizations, and an absolute requirement in situations which require highly restrictive access, e.g., classified information inside of the U.S. Federal government, and (3) it easily enables multi-organizational integration capability. Moreover, by allowing a single method of communication from one network to another, i.e., GIA-to-GIA interfacing, the DSS supports communication over the public internet using standard encryption techniques, e.g., https communication.
FIG. 2 illustrates the overall structure 200 of a DSS according to an embodiment of the invention. The DSS Structure 200 comprises a number of basic layers of GIA: an information access control component (“WorldSpaceManagers”) 210 that operates on top of a service control component (“Service Managers”) 220 that manages operations on the content that is collected and harmonized by the component that manages content (“ContentManagers”) 230 that is aggregated by the Network-Information Accessors 160 (“ContentServers”) 240.
This layered structure is part of what enables GIA to be a configured environment, i.e., it enables the programming that is required to change or enhance GIA to be expressed as configurations of “object metadata,” i.e., metadata that describes the behavior of an object, i.e., services, properties, and vectors (relationships), not as actual coding.
The foundation of configurability is fundamental to the GIA architecture and the “information object” methodology that GIA embodies. An information object is an instance of information that exposes the standard information object interface used by GIA; it gets this interface by being wrapped in a GIA information object wrapper, which is the collection of components that are assembled to wrap an instance of network-available information so that it functions as an information object. To create new information objects in GIA, one creates a configuration that specifies the information object's components, services, and location, rather than doing programming. Then, using the configuration as a set of instructions, GIA creates and assembles a series of objects, using the layer managers described above, that collectively function as the required information object. This process of configuration is described in more detail below. GIA assembles its information model according to a specification 250 that describes the components and their relationships.
GIA incorporates novel and important variations on the standard object-oriented development factory pattern. (The factory pattern is a design construct used in object-oriented development where an object is created whose function is to create new objects.) First, the DssManager actually functions as a Factory-of-Factories. Second, the DssManager uses object metadata expressed as information objects to define the actual objects that get created as factories, and then again to define the objects that are created by the factories. The use of information-object-driven object definitions gives GIA unlimited extensibility.
Fundamentally, then, GIA manages configurations of components that function as “information objects.” The idea of creating reusable components to create larger software objects has been employed in, for example, Microsoft's Component Object Model (COM). In practice, however, the use of reusable components has been restricted to very large objects, as in the COM model, or small objects that become components used in a larger, programmed systems, as is done with Java and Microsoft's .NET.
GIA is fundamentally different: it successfully accomplishes complete user-interface-to-data-store configurability. GIA successfully accomplishes a complete, user-interface-to-data-store, objects-through-component configurability as a result of two strategic architectural decisions (as mentioned above) that were imposed on GIA design, and five concepts that came out of those decisions:
(1) Architecture Decision: GIA Manages Information Objects
GIA manages “information objects,” i.e., objects that are primarily displaying, updating, or using information, rather than objects that are performing complex tasks. For instance, a typical Web site almost exclusively uses information objects, while a weather simulation uses relatively few information objects. GIA manages these types of objects through configured components. Although at first this seems like a major limitation, in practice these types of objects support a very large subset of the overall software requirements that are emerging in the highly network-centric computer environment that exists now. In traditional applications, e.g., SAP R/3 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), information objects have a high degree of applicability. It is not unreasonable for an ERP system to have more than 90% of its software built using information objects. By design, information objects are relatively simple to represent as configurations of relatively few, highly-reusable component objects.
(2) Architectural Decision: GIA is a GIA Application
This decision ended up being fortuitous: the approach is far more fundamental to the success of GIA as an environment for managing information objects through configuration than was originally anticipated. By forcing GIA to be a GIA application a large number of problems were identified early on that had to be solved by creating new structures for managing information objects. Of importance was the identification of an information object representation of information objects. This problem led to the following two concepts:
(3) Concept: Information Objects as Components of Information Objects
In order for GIA to be a GIA application, then an information object has to have a representation as information objects. Hence, a component version of all of the characteristics of an information object must be present: services, properties, and relationships. It is possible to represent information services and properties by specifying a name, set of characteristics, and an implementing object only. However, expressing relationships as information objects required the following concept:
(4) Concept: Vector-Relational Data Modeling (VRDM)
There are three different requirements to expressing information object relationships as information objects: the relationship, the characteristic of the relationship, and the use of the relationship by the information objects. VRDM provides all three of those constructs as information objects. This capability is fundamental: to successfully componentized services, properties, and relationships, the relationship between information objects and their services, properties and relationships is expressed through configuration.
(5) Concept: Layered Information Component Objects Assemblies
Since the configuration of a GIA object is an information object, each component of the information object has to be an assembly of the corresponding components. This concept is the driver for the organization shown in FIG. 2, and the information object representation shown in FIG. 3.
(6) Concept: Information Access Through Information Objects (WorldSpace)
Once one has the structure described in (1)-(5) above, a new possibility exists for managing multi-level access control: the components available to a user simply become vectors between the user and the component objects that make up the information objects accessible by the user.
(7) Concept: VRDM-Based Information Object Assembly
In order to have all of these concepts come together, the information objects that manage the components are assembled per the vectors that define the relationships between those components.
In addition to the methodology used to implement the DSS structure 200, important methods are expressed in the structure itself: there is a very strong separation of the structures for accessing data (ContentServers) 240, harmonizing and homogenizing data (ContentManagers) 230, operating on that data through services (ServiceManagers) 220, and controlling access to that data (WorldSapceManagers) 210. This layered approach provides critical capabilities. First, the ContentServers 240 collect content and expose that content in a way that is consistent with the rest of the DSS components. In effect, the ContentServers 240 create a universal information source space that can then be managed in any way desired.
Second, the ContentManagers 230 operate in the universal information source space as information sources in their own right that can be structured in any way desired to support GIG requirements. This layer is a departure from existing content aggregation approaches: GIA provides an independent object creation and management layer on top of information sources. Hence, capabilities (3) and (4) can be met without leaving the GIA environment.
The separation of services from content management is another important capability provided by the DSS Structure 200. Although many of the operations that one might desire to be performed on the aggregated information sources, or the virtual information sources created by the ContentManagers 230, can be implemented using one information object, many important ones cannot. For instance, the simple act of e-mailing (information source) a document (information object) involves the interaction between multiple information objects in the universal information object space. Being able to configure such methods involves the use of a ServiceManager 220.
Finally, the WorldSpaceManagers 210 support the limitations on the instances of information objects that get exposed to the user.
FIG. 3 illustrates an information object structure 300 according to an embodiment of the invention. The layering of the DSS structure 200 is also reflected in the layering of the information object 300. In effect, the layers in the DSS 200 are used to assemble a layered information object 300 that encapsulates all of the components required to represent the information object in the way that is desired for the user for which the information object is being assembled. This compartmentalization of capabilities produces the required result: a configured information object that manages the universal information object space that is the DSS 200.
The information object structure 300 employs a consistent interface, IContent interface 305, for all of the layered assemblies. This IContent interface exposes methods for getting or setting values, invoking services, and for moving to next instances, when the information object is actually a set of instances. Mirroring the package description above, the object that functions as the primary interface for an information object is the WorldSpaceManager 210. As shown, this object exposes the IContent interface 305. It is responsible for selecting the particular instances of an information object that are allowed to be presented to the user. It, in turn, acts on a lower level object that exposes the same IContent interface 315. However, some of the instances that are exposed at lower levels will not be exposed by the WorldSpace manager. (This separation prevents limitations on what a user can see from causing problems with the actual implementation of the information object, as is possible with some systems.) In most configurations, this lower level object is a ServiceManager 220. The ServiceManager 220 is the object configured to handle the services, i.e., named actions that can be invoked on an information object, provided by the Information Object. Again, as described above, this is a fundamental departure from typical systems where every service is programmed. Instead, the ServiceManager 220 manages a collection of Services 310. As in the case of the WorldSpaceManager 210, the ServiceManager 220 also operates on another IContent interface 325. This interface is typically exposed by a ContentManager 230. Whereas the ServiceManager 220 manages the services for information objects, the ContentManager 230 primarily manages the properties and relationships of information objects, called Elements 320. The ContentManager 230 also provides Directives 330 that performs functions, either directly, or by interacting with the actual information that comes from an object that interacts with network available information, an InformationContent 340. This object also exposes the IContent interface 335.
This layering of IContent interfaces 305, 315, 325, and 335 is one of the techniques that allow GIA to work. The actual structure of an information object can be the full set of layers described above, or simply an InformationContent object 340. Without this layered approach, the first concept identified as number 3 above would not be possible.
The Service objects 310 identified above can invoke Directives 330, other Service Objects (not shown), and/or Events 350. An event is a broadcast message in real-time that says something has happened (consistent with the traditional meaning of “event” in software development). In addition to supporting the standard use of events, GIA provides an event/service interaction model for managing information source actions. These capabilities provide all of the service requirements needed to support information objects. In addition, the inclusion of a full Event model, where Events can trigger other services, allows for both synchronous and asynchronous processing of events. This Event model provides the entire information object capabilities required. When some change occurs on a network-available information store that is important to the information object, the InformationContent object 340 can notify the appropriate object of the change event, and have it handled properly.
The final structure required to support information objects is the Element structure. These are of two primary types, VectorElements 360 and PropertyElements 370. There are also two different types of PropertyElements 370, those that work with PropertyElements 370, and those that work as part of the InformationContent 340, ContentComponents 380. PropertyElements 370 can refer either to these ContentComponents 380 or to other PropertyElements 370.
VectorElements provide the relationship capability that information objects require. They reference a Vector 390 which can navigate to another information content representing other information objects that are in relationship with the primary information object that is diagrammed.
The objects assembled above illustrate the configurability that was mentioned before. Each of the components of information object become component objects of that information object: services become Service objects 310, properties become PropertyElements 370, Relationships become Vectors 390, and navigable relationships become VectorElements 360. This approach provides the flexibility to define information objects in virtually any way that makes sense (within the limitations that define “information objects”).
Moreover, because GIA is designed as a GIA application, these definitions themselves are information objects. In fact, the data stores that are illustrated in FIG. 4 describe the data stores that are used to assemble GIA itself, and have names that tie back to many of the objects described above.
An important consequence of this assembly of an information object from component objects is not obvious: the assembled information object functions as an executable implementation of that information object's specification (“configuration”). In effect, the information object represents the executable object described by the configuration, not a specification that is then interpreted by some other (large) “information object program,” the traditional approach. In a very real way the DSS 200 executes the specification 250—no traditional programming is required.
The use of a common interface for all of the structures is another important aspect of the invention: by using that approach the same sets of configurations can be used to represent information sources, information objects, and user-specific information objects. This commonality makes the implementation of the DAL 120, and the adaptation of the DAL 120, achievable, unlike the conventional situation where every information object has its own interface.
FIG. 4 illustrates a supporting data structure 400 according to an embodiment of the invention. Particularly, the figure describes the data stores 410 that are used to assemble the DSS. The most fundamental data store is the XType data store 430. The XType data store 430 describes the different types of information objects 420 that are available in the DSS 200. Each XType has a collection of Services 410(a) and Elements 410(b) that are associated with it, as well as a set of information sources (“Source”) 410(c) from which it gets information. Each Source 410(c) has components (“Column”) 410(d) and Connections 410(e) with which it communicates to get network-available information. Relationships between XTypes 430 are defined by Vectors 410(f), and navigation from one information object to another is done by Elements 410(b) that point to Vectors 410(f).
A structure that can be used to assemble a simple form-based user interface is also illustrated according to an embodiment of the invention. Forms 410(g) can be made up of Windows 410(h), which are in turn made up of Fields 410(i). Windows 410(h) manage a particular XType 430, and their Fields 410(i) are associated with particular Elements 410(b).
In addition to the base definition of the Information Object depicted by the data stores listed above, three other data stores have important implications for the behavior of the assembled GIA instances. The User 410(j) is represented in a data store. There are access vectors 410(k) that make up the WorldSpace 420 definition that determine which of the components 410(i), windows 410(h), forms 410(g), and which XTypes 430 to which the user has access.
The following tables illustrate a simple configuration of a user interface that displays and allows updating of the customers of the bank, and their bank accounts.
TABLE 1
XTypes, Sources, Columns and Elements
XType Source Column Element
Name Table Name Name Type Vector Description
BankCustomer Customer Bank
Customer
CustomerNo CustomerNumber PropertyElement Customer
Number
Name CustomerName PropertyElement Customer
Name (First
Last)
Customers VectorElement BankCustomer Customer
vector
Accounts VectorElement BankAccount Accounts
vector
BankAccount Account Bank
Account
AccountNo AccountNumber PropertyElement Bank
Account
Number
CustomerNo CustomerNumber PropertyElement BankCustomer Customer
Number
Type AccountType PropertyElement Type of
account
(Savings,
checking,
etc.)
Balance AccountBalance PropertyElement Account
Balance
Accounts VectorElement BankAccount Accounts
vector
This example application uses two XTypes: the BankCustomer and the BankAccount. The BankCustomer uses a Customer Source that has “Columns” CustomerNo and Name (in this application, the “Columns” are likely to be actual columns in a table). These are mapped to the Elements: CustomerNumber and CustomerName, respectively. In addition to the two PropertyElements, there are two VectorElements: Customers and Accounts. The former represents lists of customers, and the latter represents the listing of the BankAccounts for any given customer. Likewise, we have the corresponding examples from the BankAccount XType.
TABLE 2
Vector Specifications
Vector Vector Reference
Name Target XType Field Element
BankCustomer BankCustomer
10 CustomerNumber
BankAccount BankAccount
10 CustomerNumber
20 AccountNumber
Table 2 illustrates the vector specifications of this example application. The vectors are specified by the target XType to which the vector navigates, and the Elements of the starting XType that will be used to perform the navigation.
TABLE 3
Forms, Windows, and Fields
Form Window Field
Name Name XType VectorElement Field# Element
Customers Authority BankCustomer Customers 10 CustomerNumber
20 CustomerName
Resource BankCustomers 10 CustomerNumber
20 CustomerName
Collection BankAccount Accounts 10 AccountNumber
20 AccountType
30 AccountBalance
Table 3 illustrates a simple user interface, displaying a list of customers (note “Customers” VectorElement), their customer and name, and then the bank accounts that belong to them, including both the type and balance.
Tables 1 through 3 illustrate a configuration of a simple form as described in the data stores outlined above (WorldSpace not illustrated). The forms 410(g) have a collection (“vector”) of windows 410(h), the windows 410(h) have a vector of fields 410(i), and the fields 410(i) are associated with elements 410(b). These in turn are used to update Columns 410(d) in a Source 410(c). In addition, windows 410(h) use a VectorElement to describe which instances of their associated XType 430 that should be displayed when the window is first displayed.
The set of data stores illustrated in FIG. 4 are ones used in an exemplary embodiment of the invention, and also represent an example representation of information objects 430. However, this actual set of data stores is not fundamental to GIA. What is fundamental is the way GIA is assembled from these data stores 410. In traditional systems these data stores would be represented by some set of objects of some particular type. In GIA the description of the way that one assembles these objects is described in the data stores themselves, and then assembled as information objects 420.
FIG. 5 illustrates a bootstrap operation 500 according to an embodiment of the invention. (Bootstrap is the process of starting up a complex system by initially starting up a simple system that then starts up the more complex system by following a procedure that is intelligible to the simpler system.) Bootstrapping a reflexive architecture is particularly challenging: one has to be able to start up the simple system with very few concepts if the system is to be truly reflexive. The bootstrap operation 500 is required where a subset of GIA functionality is assembled using simple ContentManagers 230, which are then used to assemble the more complex GIA capabilities using CompoundContentManagers 510. The data store that represents an information object is called an “XType” 520. An XType is a fundamental object for a GIA. (One surprising result is the information object for XType 520 uses a CompoundContentManager 520.)
Again, GIA accomplishes full configurability because the objects that represent GIA are themselves configured information objects. This reflexive, self-describing characteristic of GIA enables GIA as the engine that creates objects that represent executable expressions of information object specifications described in object metadata. The ServiceManager 220 is the object that can be configured to handle a collection of information object services. The object that functions as the primary interface for an information object is the WorldSpaceManager 210, supporting limitations on the instances of information objects that get exposed to the user.
FIG. 6 illustrates a ContentServer system 600 according to an embodiment of the invention. Particularly, a ContentServer 240 can have many possible data sources such as, but not limited to, Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) Tables 610, flat files (files within a file server directory) 620, data streams 630, and/or another DSS through a DssManager 110. This list is not exhaustive as other sources can be accommodated as required by creating a ContentServer 610 suitable for that data source. For example, a SQLContentServer can be created that integrates with a Microsoft SQLServer and then can be configured via metadata to point to any SQLServer Database and Table. Alternatively, an RFIDContentServer could be created that listens to a Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Server to track and report the location of physical assets. This RFIDContentServer would then be configured via metadata to listen to the RFIDServer (via host and port). In yet another alternative, a DSSContentServer could be created that points to another DSS node and allows us to access and update information about an XType on that DSS Node. In this way we can have a network of DSS nodes interacting with each other.
A key capability of GIA is the normalization of the object namespace. Objects typically have three kinds of names: the name of the type of object, the name of each of its properties, and the names of the methods (services) it exposes. GIA provides a normalization of this namespace from the Content namespace (also known as the native namespace) to a GIA namespace. It does this using the ContentManager to manage the transformation of InformationContent (which is in native format) to GIA namespace and back. For instance a ContentServer could point to a XTSales table with columns SaleNo, CustNo, and EntryDt that is known in GIA as SalesOrder with elements of SalesOrderNumber, CustomerNumber, and EntryDate. GIA manages the transformation of information between these two namespaces.
Vectors are a key component to building GIA in that they describe how one object can be related to another. Vectors do this either on a per object basis (Stan owns a Red Corvette) or on a per object type basis (SalesOrders have SalesOrderLines). Additionally vectors themselves can be described by vectors. This allows for two important capabilities, vector-chains and vector-sets. A vector-chain is a vector that represents the composition of two or more vectors where the “to” information object of the first vector is the “from” information object of the second vector. Vector-chains can be components of vector-chains so that any number of vectors with the appropriate to-from relationship can be chained together. Vector-chains allow for a vector to be configured as two or more other vectors, which are traversed in turn, navigating to the objects of interest. The results of the first vector traversal become the input for the traversal of the second vector, and so forth. Vector-sets allow a vector to be configured as a collection of other vectors, each of which are traversed from the same starting object, and the objects returned by that traversal are then added to the overall result set.
The traditional role of object methods as in standard object-oriented development terminology is provided by Services. Services are configured using a set of standard Directives (in effect, representing service “primitives,” and actually implemented by object methods). Services themselves can point to zero or more other Services, allowing Service chains to be built. Thus, unlike standard information systems where processing must be described in code, complex behavior can be configured in GIA from assembling simple Directives and the Services that use them. Moreover, if some behavior is needed in the future not accounted for in an existing directive, new classes of ContentManagers 230 can be created that implement that functionality as a Directive.
Event sources are supported both in and outside of DSS. Inside, a Service or ContentManager 230 can raise events. Outside of a DSS, ContentServers 230 can be configured to listen for external events (new ground surface radar readings, additions to a table, etc.), and then raise this as an internal event. Events are processed by pointing them at a Service.
Applications are built by creating forms (TOUI) around objects that participate in a common set of functionality. Of necessity, the first two applications were (1) the application that supports the entry of metadata of the basic GIA Objects (XType, Element, etc.), and (2) the application that supports the creation of a simple TOUI (Forms, Windows, and Fields), that enabled application (1).
FIGS. 1-6 (and their associated text in the preceding section) outline how the GIA model is designed and built and achieves the capabilities described in the preceding paragraphs.
The invention has been described herein using specific embodiments for the purposes of illustration only. It will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art, however, that the principles of the invention can be embodied in other ways. Therefore, the invention should not be regarded as being limited in scope to the specific embodiments disclosed herein, but instead as being fully commensurate in scope with the following claims.
Patent Citations
Cited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
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US6112210 *Oct 31, 1997Aug 29, 2000Oracle CorporationApparatus and method for null representation in database object storage
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US6434568 *Aug 31, 1999Aug 13, 2002Accenture LlpInformation services patterns in a netcentric environment
US6529909 *Aug 31, 1999Mar 4, 2003Accenture LlpMethod for translating an object attribute converter in an information services patterns environment
US6539396 *Aug 31, 1999Mar 25, 2003Accenture LlpMulti-object identifier system and method for information service pattern environment
US6615253 *Aug 31, 1999Sep 2, 2003Accenture LlpEfficient server side data retrieval for execution of client side applications
US6744729Aug 17, 2001Jun 1, 2004Interactive Sapience Corp.Intelligent fabric
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Non-Patent Citations
Reference
1Xslent Technologies Home (reprinted from http://www.xslent.net/Home/tabid/53/Default.aspx on Dec. 20, 2006).
Classifications
U.S. Classification707/792, 717/124, 717/137
International ClassificationG06F9/44, G06F9/45, G06F7/00, G06F17/00
Cooperative ClassificationG06F17/30557, G06F9/443, G06F17/30294, H04L43/0876, G06F17/30607
European ClassificationG06F17/30S, G06F9/44F2A
Legal Events
DateCodeEventDescription
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Owner name: XSLENT LLC, CALIFORNIA
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Owner name: XSLENT LLC, CALIFORNIA
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:BUSALACCHI, FRANK A.;TINSLEY, DAVID C.;SKINNER, WESLEY T.;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20070119 TO 20070206;REEL/FRAME:019026/0464
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| 0.979131 |
What is the Greatest Common Factor (GCF) of 27 and 1530?
Are you on the hunt for the GCF of 27 and 1530? Since you're on this page I'd guess so! In this quick guide, we'll walk you through how to calculate the greatest common factor for any numbers you need to check. Let's jump in!
First off, if you're in a rush, here's the answer to the question "what is the GCF of 27 and 1530?":
GCF of 27 and 1530 = 9
What is the Greatest Common Factor?
Put simply, the GCF of a set of whole numbers is the largest positive integer (i.e whole number and not a decimal) that divides evenly into all of the numbers in the set. It's also commonly known as:
• Greatest Common Denominator (GCD)
• Highest Common Factor (HCF)
• Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
There are a number of different ways to calculate the GCF of a set of numbers depending how many numbers you have and how large they are.
For most school problems or uses, you can look at the factors of the numbers and find the greatest common factor that way. For 27 and 1530 those factors look like this:
• Factors for 27: 1, 3, 9, and 27
• Factors for 1530: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 30, 34, 45, 51, 85, 90, 102, 153, 170, 255, 306, 510, 765, and 1530
As you can see when you list out the factors of each number, 9 is the greatest number that 27 and 1530 divides into.
Prime Factors
As the numbers get larger, or you want to compare multiple numbers at the same time to find the GCF, you can see how listing out all of the factors would become too much. To fix this, you can use prime factors.
List out all of the prime factors for each number:
• Prime Factors for 27: 3, 3, and 3
• Prime Factors for 1530: 2, 3, 3, 5, and 17
Now that we have the list of prime factors, we need to find any which are common for each number.
Looking at the occurences of common prime factors in 27 and 1530 we can see that the commonly occuring prime factors are 3 and 3.
To calculate the prime factor, we multiply these numbers together:
GCF = 3 x 3 = 9
Find the GCF Using Euclid's Algorithm
The final method for calculating the GCF of 27 and 1530 is to use Euclid's algorithm. This is a more complicated way of calculating the greatest common factor and is really only used by GCD calculators.
If you want to learn more about the algorithm and perhaps try it yourself, take a look at the Wikipedia page.
Hopefully you've learned a little math today and understand how to calculate the GCD of numbers. Grab a pencil and paper and give it a try for yourself. (or just use our GCD calculator - we won't tell anyone!)
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| 0.991247 |
Excel vba – inserire una nuova row per le celle attive
Ho un problema con inserire una nuova row sotto la cella. Devo inserire una nuova row sotto each cella triggers. Con questo codice Excel si blocca. Grazie per l'aiuto
Sub CopyRow() Dim cel As Range Dim selectedRange As Range Set selectedRange = Application.Selection For Each cel In selectedRange.Cells cel.Offset(1, 0).Insert Shift:=xlDown, CopyOrigin:=xlFormatFromRightOrBelow 'copy data cel.Offset(1, 0 ).Value = cel.Value Next cel End Sub
Solutions Collecting From Web of "Excel vba – inserire una nuova row per le celle attive"
Questo prende un'istantanea dell'intervallo selezionato, quindi funziona all'indietro sulla UseRange:
Option Explicit Public Sub CopyRows() Dim sRng As Range, sRow As Long, sr As Variant Dim r As Long, lb As Long, ub As Long Set sRng = Application.Selection sRow = sRng.Row If sRng.CountLarge = 1 Then With ActiveSheet.UsedRange .Rows(sRow + 1).EntireRow.Insert Shift:=xlShiftDown .Rows(sRow + 1).Value2 = .Rows(sRow).Value2 End With Else sr = sRng lb = LBound(sr) ub = UBound(sr) Application.ScreenUpdating = False With ActiveSheet.UsedRange For r = ub To lb Step -1 .Rows(r + sRow).EntireRow.Insert Shift:=xlShiftDown .Rows(r + sRow).Value2 = .Rows(r + sRow - 1).Value2 Next .Rows(lb + sRow - 1 & ":" & ub * 2 + sRow - 1).Select End With Application.ScreenUpdating = True End If End Sub
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| 0.977237 |
Does Safari use Google by default?
Answered by Robert Flynn
Safari does use Google as the default search engine on iOS devices. This means that when you perform a search using the search bar in Safari, the search results are powered by Google. However, it is worth mentioning that Apple allows users to change the default search engine to a different one if they prefer.
To change the default search engine in Safari on iOS, you can follow these steps:
1. Open the “Settings” app on your iOS device.
2. Scroll down and tap on “Safari” in the list of settings.
3. In the Safari settings, you will see various options. Look for the “Search Engine” section and tap on it.
4. You will now see a list of available search engines. By default, “Google” will be selected. Tap on the search engine you want to set as the default.
5. After selecting the new search engine, you can exit the settings and go back to using Safari as usual.
It’s important to note that the available search engines may vary depending on your region and the apps you have installed on your device. Some common options include Google, Yahoo, Bing, and DuckDuckGo.
Personally, I have found this feature to be quite useful as it allows me to tailor my browsing experience to my preferences. For example, if I prefer a search engine that prioritizes privacy, I can choose DuckDuckGo as my default search engine. On the other hand, if I prefer a search engine that provides more localized results, I can choose Yahoo or Bing.
By giving users the ability to change the default search engine, Apple provides a level of customization that can enhance the user experience. It allows individuals to use the search engine they are most comfortable with or aligns with their specific needs and preferences.
While Safari does use Google as the default search engine on iOS, users have the option to change it to a different search engine if desired. This flexibility allows individuals to personalize their browsing experience and use the search engine that best suits their needs.
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| 0.916517 |
我可以获取JavaScript中当前正在运行的函数的名称吗?
2020/10/20 05:41 · javascript · · 0评论
是否有可能做到这一点:
myfile.js:
function foo() {
alert(<my-function-name>);
// pops-up "foo"
// or even better: "myfile.js : foo"
}
我的堆栈中有Dojo和jQuery框架,因此,如果这两个框架都使它变得更容易,它们将可用。
在ES5及更高版本中,无法访问该信息。
在旧版JS中,您可以使用来获得它arguments.callee
但是,您可能必须解析名称,因为它可能包括一些额外的垃圾。不过,在某些实现中,您可以使用来简单地获取名称arguments.callee.name
解析:
function DisplayMyName()
{
var myName = arguments.callee.toString();
myName = myName.substr('function '.length);
myName = myName.substr(0, myName.indexOf('('));
alert(myName);
}
来源:Javascript-获取当前函数名称
对于非匿名函数
function foo()
{
alert(arguments.callee.name)
}
但是如果是错误处理程序,结果将是错误处理程序函数的名称,不是吗?
您所需要的一切都很简单。创建函数:
function getFuncName() {
return getFuncName.caller.name
}
之后,只要需要,您只需使用:
function foo() {
console.log(getFuncName())
}
foo()
// Logs: "foo"
根据MDN
警告:第五版ECMAScript(ES5)禁止在严格模式下使用arguments.callee()。通过给函数表达式命名或在函数必须调用自身的地方使用函数声明来避免使用arguments.callee()。
如前所述,这在您的脚本使用“严格模式”时适用。这主要是出于安全原因,遗憾的是目前没有其他选择。
应该这样做:
var fn = arguments.callee.toString().match(/function\s+([^\s\(]+)/);
alert(fn[1]);
对于呼叫者,只需使用caller.toString()
这必须归类为“世界上最丑陋的骇客”类别,但您可以在这里找到。
首先,对我来说,打印当前函数的名称(与其他答案一样)似乎用途有限,因为您已经知道该函数是什么!
但是,找出调用函数的名称对于跟踪函数可能非常有用。这是一个正则表达式,但是使用indexOf大约快三倍:
function getFunctionName() {
var re = /function (.*?)\(/
var s = getFunctionName.caller.toString();
var m = re.exec( s )
return m[1];
}
function me() {
console.log( getFunctionName() );
}
me();
这是一种可行的方法:
export function getFunctionCallerName (){
// gets the text between whitespace for second part of stacktrace
return (new Error()).stack.match(/at (\S+)/g)[1].slice(3);
}
然后在您的测试中:
import { expect } from 'chai';
import { getFunctionCallerName } from '../../../lib/util/functions';
describe('Testing caller name', () => {
it('should return the name of the function', () => {
function getThisName(){
return getFunctionCallerName();
}
const functionName = getThisName();
expect(functionName).to.equal('getThisName');
});
it('should work with an anonymous function', () => {
const anonymousFn = function (){
return getFunctionCallerName();
};
const functionName = anonymousFn();
expect(functionName).to.equal('anonymousFn');
});
it('should work with an anonymous function', () => {
const fnName = (function (){
return getFunctionCallerName();
})();
expect(/\/util\/functions\.js/.test(fnName)).to.eql(true);
});
});
请注意,只有在/ util / functions中,第三项测试才有效
getMyName以下代码段中函数返回调用函数的名称。这是一种骇客行为,它依赖于非标准功能:Error.prototype.stack请注意,返回的字符串格式Error.prototype.stack在不同的引擎中以不同方式实现,因此这可能不适用于所有地方:
function getMyName() {
var e = new Error('dummy');
var stack = e.stack
.split('\n')[2]
// " at functionName ( ..." => "functionName"
.replace(/^\s+at\s+(.+?)\s.+/g, '$1' );
return stack
}
function foo(){
return getMyName()
}
function bar() {
return foo()
}
console.log(bar())
关于其他的解决方案:arguments.callee 是不是在严格模式下允许的Function.prototype.caller非标准和严格模式不允许的
另一个用例可能是在运行时绑定的事件分派器:
MyClass = function () {
this.events = {};
// Fire up an event (most probably from inside an instance method)
this.OnFirstRun();
// Fire up other event (most probably from inside an instance method)
this.OnLastRun();
}
MyClass.prototype.dispatchEvents = function () {
var EventStack=this.events[GetFunctionName()], i=EventStack.length-1;
do EventStack[i]();
while (i--);
}
MyClass.prototype.setEvent = function (event, callback) {
this.events[event] = [];
this.events[event].push(callback);
this["On"+event] = this.dispatchEvents;
}
MyObject = new MyClass();
MyObject.setEvent ("FirstRun", somecallback);
MyObject.setEvent ("FirstRun", someothercallback);
MyObject.setEvent ("LastRun", yetanothercallback);
这样做的好处是可以轻松地重用调度程序,并且不必将调度队列作为参数来接收,而是使用调用名称来隐式地分配调度程序...
最后,这里介绍的一般情况是“使用函数名称作为参数,因此您不必显式传递它”,在许多情况下,例如jquery animate()可选回调,或在超时/间隔回调中(即,您仅传递函数名称)。
自从提出这个问题以来,当前功能的名称及其获取方式似乎在过去10年中发生了变化。
现在,不是成为一个专业的Web开发人员,不知道所有存在的所有浏览器的所有历史,这是它在2019年chrome浏览器中对我的工作方式:
function callerName() {
return callerName.caller.name;
}
function foo() {
let myname = callerName();
// do something with it...
}
其他一些答案遇到了一些严格的javascript代码等问题。
由于您已经编写了一个名为的函数,foo并且知道myfile.js为什么要动态获取此信息?
话虽如此,您可以arguments.callee.toString()在函数内部使用(这是整个函数的字符串表示形式),并用正则表达式列出函数名称的值。
这是一个将吐出自己名字的函数:
function foo() {
re = /^function\s+([^(]+)/
alert(re.exec(arguments.callee.toString())[1]);
}
我在这里看到的一些回应的结合。(已在FF,Chrome,IE11中测试)
function functionName()
{
var myName = functionName.caller.toString();
myName = myName.substr('function '.length);
myName = myName.substr(0, myName.indexOf('('));
return myName;
}
function randomFunction(){
var proof = "This proves that I found the name '" + functionName() + "'";
alert(proof);
}
调用randomFunction()将警告包含函数名称的字符串。
JS小提琴演示:http//jsfiddle.net/mjgqfhbe/
可以在以下答案中找到对此的更新答案:https :
//stackoverflow.com/a/2161470/632495
并且,如果您不想单击:
function test() {
var z = arguments.callee.name;
console.log(z);
}
信息为2016年的实际数据。
函数声明的结果
在歌剧中的结果
>>> (function func11 (){
... console.log(
... 'Function name:',
... arguments.callee.toString().match(/function\s+([_\w]+)/)[1])
... })();
...
... (function func12 (){
... console.log('Function name:', arguments.callee.name)
... })();
Function name:, func11
Function name:, func12
结果在Chrome中
(function func11 (){
console.log(
'Function name:',
arguments.callee.toString().match(/function\s+([_\w]+)/)[1])
})();
(function func12 (){
console.log('Function name:', arguments.callee.name)
})();
Function name: func11
Function name: func12
结果在NodeJS中
> (function func11 (){
... console.log(
..... 'Function name:',
..... arguments.callee.toString().match(/function\s+([_\w]+)/)[1])
... })();
Function name: func11
undefined
> (function func12 (){
... console.log('Function name:', arguments.callee.name)
... })();
Function name: func12
在Firefox中不起作用。在IE和Edge上未经测试。
函数表达式的结果
结果在NodeJS中
> var func11 = function(){
... console.log('Function name:', arguments.callee.name)
... }; func11();
Function name: func11
结果在Chrome中
var func11 = function(){
console.log('Function name:', arguments.callee.name)
}; func11();
Function name: func11
在Firefox,Opera中不起作用。在IE和Edge上未经测试。
笔记:
1. 匿名功能没有任何意义。
2. 测试环境
~ $ google-chrome --version
Google Chrome 53.0.2785.116
~ $ opera --version
Opera 12.16 Build 1860 for Linux x86_64.
~ $ firefox --version
Mozilla Firefox 49.0
~ $ node
node nodejs
~ $ nodejs --version
v6.8.1
~ $ uname -a
Linux wlysenko-Aspire 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
(function f() {
console.log(f.name); //logs f
})();
打字稿变体:
function f1() {}
function f2(f:Function) {
console.log(f.name);
}
f2(f1); //Logs f1
注意仅在符合ES6 / ES2015的引擎中可用。 有关更多信息,请参阅
这是一个班轮:
arguments.callee.toString().split('\n')[0].substr('function '.length).replace(/\(.*/, "").replace('\r', '')
像这样:
function logChanges() {
let whoami = arguments.callee.toString().split('\n')[0].substr('function '.length).replace(/\(.*/, "").replace('\r', '');
console.log(whoami + ': just getting started.');
}
这是Igor Ostroumov答案的变体
如果要将其用作参数的默认值,则需要考虑对“ caller”的第二级调用:
function getFunctionsNameThatCalledThisFunction()
{
return getFunctionsNameThatCalledThisFunction.caller.caller.name;
}
这将动态地允许在多个功能中实现可重用的实现。
function getFunctionsNameThatCalledThisFunction()
{
return getFunctionsNameThatCalledThisFunction.caller.caller.name;
}
function bar(myFunctionName = getFunctionsNameThatCalledThisFunction())
{
alert(myFunctionName);
}
// pops-up "foo"
function foo()
{
bar();
}
function crow()
{
bar();
}
foo();
crow();
如果您也想要文件名,以下是使用F-3000回答另一个问题的解决方案
function getCurrentFileName()
{
let currentFilePath = document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1].src
let fileName = currentFilePath.split('/').pop() // formatted to the OP's preference
return fileName
}
function bar(fileName = getCurrentFileName(), myFunctionName = getFunctionsNameThatCalledThisFunction())
{
alert(fileName + ' : ' + myFunctionName);
}
// or even better: "myfile.js : foo"
function foo()
{
bar();
}
尝试:
alert(arguments.callee.toString());
答案很简短: alert(arguments.callee.name);
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文章标签: , ,
版权声明:本文为原创文章,版权归 javascript 所有,欢迎分享本文,转载请保留出处!
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|
__label__pos
| 0.949193 |
Hello there - sorry for the long absence, but we're back and hopefully I'll keep this going again.
So there was a recent forum post about how property values that are specified from the command line are immutable - i.e. it is not straightforward to change them from within the project file. Well, this is mostly true, but there are exceptions.
Let's take an example:
If I've got a property in my project file defined like this,
<PropertyGroup>
<Configuration>Debug</Configuration>
</PropertyGroup>
then, calling msbuild with /p:Configuration=Release will override this value (or alternatively set the value if it is not defined) for all projects that are being built. Properties that we pass in with a /p switch on the command line are known as "Global Properties" and so it will flow down to all projects that are being built - so if you were building a solution file, all projects will get the overridden value of this property.
Now, let's say that you have this defined in your project file:
<PropertyGroup>
<AppPath Condition=" '$(AppPath)' == '' ">bin\debug\</AppPath>
<AppPath Condition=" !HasTrailingSlash('$(AppPath)') ">$(AppPath)\</AppPath>
</PropertyGroup>
What I am doing here is that I am defining a default value for AppPath property if AppPath is not defined. Additionally, I want to set it up so that if someone has specified an AppPath property, then if it does not already have a trailing slash, I'd like to add it. Looks reasonable, correct?
Actually this will not work as you expect - and is something to watch out for. What happens when you specify something with a /p:AppPath=blah\ is that all in-project property definitions for AppPath are ignored (or essentially overridden), and so none of the in-project property definitions take effect - even the ones with the condition. This makes sense if you think about it because otherwise what exactly are we supposed to override? Would that be the first definition of the property? Or should we override only those values of the property that are checking against an empty value? There isn't a clear answer. We override all property definitions and what is passed in is the effective value.
Fortunately, there is a way around this if it causes you grief - but it isn't declarative like PropertyGroup. You have to use the CreateProperty task inside a target where you intend to process the property, like so:
<CreateProperty Value="$(AppPath)\" Condition=" !HasTrailingSlash('$(AppPath)') ">
<Output TaskParameter="Value" PropertyName="AppPath" />
</CreateProperty>
Alternatively (and perhaps as a better approach), you can use a property name like AppPath as the public property you expect to override from th command line, but filter it out into a different property inside your targets that you then use for doing the actual work - like this:
<PropertyGroup>
<_validatedAppPath>$(AppPath)</_validatedAppPath>
<_validatedAppPath Condition=" '$(_validatedAppPath)' == '' ">bin\debug\</_validatedAppPath>
<_validatedAppPath Condition=" !HasTrailingSlash('$(_validatedAppPath)') ">$(_validatedAppPath)\</_validatedAppPath>
</PropertyGroup>
In this case, you validate the /p value and store it in an internal property that is validated, and never directly overridden from the command line.
Hope this helps, and clears some confusion on "strange behavior" if you ever encountered it.
[ Author: Faisal Mohamood ]
|
__label__pos
| 0.798175 |
PHP Classes
elePHPant
Icontem
PHP Block Host: Parse logs and block suspicious hosts
Recommend this page to a friend!
Info View files View files (12) DownloadInstall with Composer Download .zip Reputation Support forum (1) Blog
Last Updated Ratings Unique User Downloads Download Rankings
2015-01-20 (4 years ago) RSS 2.0 feedNot enough user ratingsTotal: 373 All time: 6,629 This week: 345Up
Version License PHP version Categories
block-host 0.2GNU General Publi...5.4PHP 5, Unix, Security
Description Author
This class can parse logs and block suspicious hosts.
It can parse log files of Apache, sshd or Linux system logs to find traces of suspicions activities of malicious remote computers.
The class can create a black list of addresses suspicious hosts so they can be blocked from further accesses in .htaccess files or /etc/hosts.deny files.
Innovation Award
PHP Programming Innovation award winner
February 2014
Winner
Prize: One copy of the Zend Studio
Accesses from suspicious hosts may cause several types of harm like overloading a server or other types of security problems.
This class can help detecting accesses from suspicious hosts by analyzing the access logs of Apache, sshd and Linux system logs.
The class can generate configuration for blocking those hosts using Apache .htaccess files or the /etd/hosts.deny file.
Manuel Lemos
Performance Level
Name: Rolands Kusins <contact>
Classes: 2 packages by
Country: Latvia Latvia
Age: 32
All time rank: 29239 in Latvia Latvia
Week rank: 716 Up3 in Latvia Latvia Up
Innovation award
Innovation award
Nominee: 1x
Winner: 1x
Details
# HostBlock
Automatic blocking of remote IP hosts attacking Apache Web server or SSH server. PHP script parses Apache access log files and SSHd log file to find suspicious activity and create blacklist of IP addresses to deny further access. Access to HTTPd is limited with .htaccess files (Apache will return 403 Forbidden) and access to SSHd is limited with /etc/hosts.deny (SSHd will refuse connect).
Script uses regex patterns to match suspicious entries in log files - you should modify them to match your needs. For example, I don't have phpmyadmin, so all HTTP requests with such URL I'm considering as suspicious.
## Features
- Parses Apache Web server access_log files to find suspicious activity
- Parses SSH server log file to find failed login attempts
- Runs as daemon
- Counts failed logins and suspicious activity for each offending IP address
- Counts refused SSH connections for each IP address
- Each IP address that has suspicious activity count over configured one is considered evil and is added to access files (/ets/hosts.deny or .htaccess files)
- Daemon keeps track of parsed file size to parse only new bytes in file not the whole file each time (until file is rotated)
- Keeps data of all suspicious IP addresses with suspicious/failed login attempt count and time of last attempt
- Respects blacklist - IP addresses in this file will be considered as evil permanently, will add all these IP addresses to access files even if no suspicious activity is counted for any of them
- Respects whitelist - IP addresses in this file will be ignored, will not add these IP addresses to access files (suspicious activity is still counted)
- Allows to manually remove IP address from data file
## Setup
All provided commands are example - you might want to install this tool in your own directories.
- Download hostblock sources from [GitHub](https://github.com/tower9/hostblock/archive/master.zip) or [PHP classes](http://www.phpclasses.org/browse/package/8458/download/targz.html) and extract in some temporary directory
- In PHP include path directory (include_path directive in php.ini file) create directory hostblock and copy all files from include directory to newly created directory
```
# mkdir /usr/share/php5/hostblock
# cp include/* /usr/share/php5/hostblock/
```
- Edit appropriate dist-cfg-*.php file and change paths to needed directories
```
# nano /usr/share/php5/hostblock/dist-cfg-gentoo.php
```
- Rename dist-cfg-*.php to dist-cfg.php
```
# mv /usr/share/php5/hostblock/dist-cfg-gentoo.php /usr/share/php5/hostblock/dist-cfg.php
```
- Copy hostblock.ini from config directory to CONFIG_PATH specified in dist-cfg file
```
# cp config/hostblock.ini /etc/hostblock.ini
```
- Check and edit hostblock.ini if needed
```
# nano /etc/hostblock.ini
```
- Choose a place where hostblock will store it's data, for example create directory hostblock in /var/lib/
```
# mkdir /var/lib/hostblock
```
- Copy hostblock.php to WORKDIR_PATH specified in dist-cfg file
```
# cp hostblock.php /var/lib/hostblock/
```
- Change hostblock.php file permissions to 775 (chmod 755 hostblock.php)
```
# chmod 755 /var/lib/hostblock/hostblock.php
```
- Create symlink /usr/bin/hostblock to file hostblock.php
```
# ln -s /var/lib/hostblock/hostblock.php /usr/bin/hostblock
```
### Gentoo init script
- Copy init script to /etc/init.d/
```
# cp init.d/gentoo-hostblock.sh /etc/init.d/hostblock
```
- Change init script permissions to 755
```
# chmod 755 /etc/init.d/hostblock
```
- Start daemon, note that it might take some time to start for a first time if specified log files are big
```
# /etc/init.d/hostblock start
```
- To start hostblock automatically during system boot
```
# rc-update add hostblock default
```
### Systemd service file (RHEL7, OEL7, etc)
- Copy systemd service file to /usr/lib/systemd/system/
```
# cp init.d/hostblock.service /usr/lib/systemd/system/hostblock.service
```
- Start daemon (it might take some time to start)
```
# systemctl start hostblock
```
- To start automatically during system boot
```
# systemctl enable hostblock.service
```
## Usage
To start (Gentoo)
```
# /etc/init.d/hostblock start
```
To start (RHEL7, OEL7, etc)
```
# systemctl start hostblock
```
To stop (Gentoo)
```
# /etc/init.d/hostblock stop
```
To stop (RHEL7, OEL7, etc)
```
# systemctl stop hostblock
```
Output usage
```
# hostblock -h
```
Statistics
```
# hostblock -s
```
List all blacklisted IP addresses
```
# hostblock -l
```
List all blacklisted IP addresses with suspicious activity count, refused SSH connect count and time of last activity
```
# hostblock -lct
```
Remove IP address from data file (removes suspicious activity count, refused SSH connect count and time of last activity)
```
# hostblock -r10.10.10.10
```
HostBlock also allows to parse old files to increase statistics
Manually parse Apache access log file
```
# hostblock -a -p/var/log/apache/access_log
```
Manually parse SSHd log file, that has data of 2013 year
```
# hostblock -e -p/var/log/messages -y2013
```
*Note, that by loading single file twice HostBlock will count same suspicious activity twice!*
## Story
I have an old laptop - HDD with bad blocks, keyboard without all keys, LCD with black areas over, etc. and I decided to put it in use - I'm using it as a Web server for tests. Didn't had to wait for a long time to start receiving suspicious HTTP requests and SSH authorizations on unexisting users - Internet never sleeps and guys are scanning it to find vulnerabilities all the time. Although there wasn't much interesting on this test server, I still didn't wanted for anyone to break into it. I started to look for some tools that would automatically deny access to such IP hosts. I found a very good tool called [DenyHosts](http://denyhosts.sourceforge.net). It monitors SSHd log file and automatically adds an entry in /etc/hosts.deny file after 3 failed login attempts from a single IP address. As I also wanted to check Apache access_log and deny access to my test pages I decided to write my own script. [DenyHosts](http://denyhosts.sourceforge.net) is written in Python and as I'm more familiar with PHP, I wrote from scratch in PHP. Also implemented functionality to load old log files and got nice statistics about suspicious activity before HostBlock was running. Found over 10k invalid SSH authorizations from some IP addresses in a few month period (small bruteforce attacks). Now that I have HostBlock running I usually don't get more than 20 invalid SSH authorizations from single IP address. With configuration, invalid authorization count can be limited even to 1, so it is up to you to decide how much failed authorizations you allow.
## Requirements
### PHP libraries
- [PCNTL](http://www.php.net/manual/en/pcntl.installation.php)
### /etc/deny.hosts
deny.hosts file allow to secure services, that are using TCP Wrapper. TCP Wrapper is a host based Access Control List system, used to filter access to a Unix like server. It uses blacklist /etc/hosts.deny and whitelist /etc/hosts.allow. SSHd uses TCP Wrappers, if it is compiled with tcp_wrappers support, which means we can blacklist some IP addresses we do not like. For example if we see something like this in /var/log/messages - this is an actual entry on one of servers, where someone from Korea (or through Korea) is trying bruteforce against my SSHd:
```
Oct 2 09:16:15 keny sshd[12125]: Invalid user rootbull from 1.234.45.178
```
We can add this IP to /etc/hosts.deny and all further ssh connections from that IP address will be rejected.
*Note, that your SSH server might not respect entries in hosts.deny. Haven't investigated why, but un-commenting line ListenAddress 0.0.0.0 and /etc/init.d/sshd restart did the trick for me.*
To check if SSHd is actually respecting hosts.deny file, just add "sshd: 127.0.0.1" to this file and try to establish connection from localhost ($ ssh localhost). If you got something like this "ssh: Could not resolve hostname localhsot: Name or service not known", then all is fine and your SSHd is respecting hosts.deny file.
File hosts.deny is used by HostBlock to automatically block access to SSHd, so do test if your SSHd server actually respects this file.
### .htaccess
.htaccess files allow to deny access to some parts of your site. .htaccess is just a default name of this file, it can be changed with Apache [AccessFileName](http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/core.html#accessfilename) directive. Access files are meant to be used for per-directory configuration. Access file, containing one or more configuration directives, is placed in directory and directives apply to that directory, including all subdirectories. While this file allows to change a lot of configuration directives, HostBlock is currently interested only in "Deny from x.x.x.x", where x.x.x.x is suspicious IP address. Directive "Deny from" is self-explanatory, it denys access from specified IP address - Apache will return HTTP code 403 Forbidden.
Script searches for all lines that start with "Deny from" and checks if this IP address written in each line is in blacklist. If it is not in blacklist - line is removed. And the other way around, if blacklisted IP address is not found in access file, then new line "Deny from" is added at the end of file.
## Contribution
Source code is available on [GitHub](https://github.com/tower9/hostblock). Just fork, edit and submit pull request. Please be clear on commit messages.
## Future plans
- Write init.d scripts and test on other distros
- Add blacklisted IP addresses to iptables
- Implement other server log file parsing, for example FTPd or email server
- Create centralised repository with suspicious IP addresses, could also store more information about IP addresses there, such as suspicious activities (RAW data about activities), more statistics, etc
Files folder image Files
File Role Description
Files folder imageconfig (1 file)
Files folder imageinclude (6 files)
Files folder imageinit.d (2 files)
Accessible without login Plain text file hostblock.php Appl. Application
Accessible without login Plain text file LICENSE Lic. License
Accessible without login Plain text file README.md Doc. Readme
Files folder image Files / config
File Role Description
Accessible without login Plain text file hostblock.ini Data Main configuration file
Files folder image Files / include
File Role Description
Accessible without login Plain text file AccessUpdate.php Class Class that is used to update Apache access files and hosts.deny file
Accessible without login Plain text file ApacheAccessLogParser.php Class Class that is used to parse Apache access log files
Accessible without login Plain text file dist-cfg-gentoo.php Conf. Gentoo specific configuration
Accessible without login Plain text file Log.php Class Class for application log writing
Accessible without login Plain text file SshdLogParser.php Class Class that is used to parse SSHd log file
Accessible without login Plain text file Stats.php Class Class for statistic calculation
Files folder image Files / init.d
File Role Description
Accessible without login Plain text file gentoo-hostblock.sh Data Init.d script for Gentoo
Accessible without login Plain text file hostblock.service Data Added systemd service file.
Version Control Unique User Downloads Download Rankings
100%
Total:373
This week:0
All time:6,629
This week:345Up
|
__label__pos
| 0.958949 |
IntelliJ IDEA 2016.2 Help
Managing Struts Elements - General Steps
IntelliJ IDEA provides a user-friendly visual interface for managing Struts elements which includes:
The set of actions and attributes available for a specific element depends on its nature.
To create an element
All types of elements are created in the same way.
1. Open struts-config.xml.
2. Switch to the Struts Assistant tool window, tab Struts.
3. Right-click the corresponding element type in the Structure Tree and select the Add action from the context menu.
4. Specify the properties of the new element in the Properties Table.
Alternatively, right-click the element in the tree and select Jump to Source or press F4. This will bring you to struts-config.xml in the text view where you can specify the element's properties manually. IntelliJ IDEA displays a template for specifying the properties that are mandatory for the elements of the specific type.
To remove an element
All types of elements are removed in the same way.
• Right-click it in the Structure Tree and select the Remove action from the context menu.
To view or edit an element
1. Select it in the Structure Tree or on the Struts Web Flow Diagram and make the necessary changes in the Properties Table.
2. To add an attribute to the element, right-click the element in the Structure Tree and select Add in the context menu.
3. Specify the properties of the attribute in the Properties Table.
4. To remove an attribute, right-click it in the Structure Tree and select Remove in the context menu
See Also
Last modified: 23 November 2016
|
__label__pos
| 0.984932 |
Quick Answer: Do I Really Need GeForce Experience?
Should I uninstall Nvidia?
If you’re just referring to uninstalling the Nvidia control panel, or Nvidia geforce experience, you should still be okay, since that is mainly for tweaking games, and recording and so forth, but isn’t the actual display driver..
Should I optimize games with GeForce experience?
The best part about the Geforce Experience is that it has a custom slider. You don’t have to test for yourself which things you should lower first. Nope, and I don’t use AMD’s auto-optimizer either. … In my experience, GeForce Experiences optimization feature tends to underestimate my system’s performance quite a bit.
Can I install Nvidia drivers on Intel HD Graphics?
You can’t. NVidia and Intel GPUs respond to different commands, hence the need for a driver for each. The driver converts a series of generic instructions into instructions specific to the microprocessors in the GPU hardware. My laptop has both Intel HD 630 and Nvidia 1650 4GB graphics card.
Does a bad graphics card cause lag?
Lag can sometimes occur from the GPU if the device becomes overworked when processing graphics and textures. Excessive heat and performance demands can cause most graphics cards to slow down and display processing errors. In most cases, these problems can be cleared up with just a few changes.
What is Nvidia and do I need it?
The NVIDIA Driver is the software driver for NVIDIA Graphics GPU installed on the PC. It is a program used to communicate from the Windows PC OS to the device. This software is required in most cases for the hardware device to function properly.
Does GeForce overlay affect FPS?
Disable Nvidia GeForce Experience Overlay to Boost FPS on Graphics Games. … Basically, disabling the GeForce Experience Overlay will speed up the gameplay for the graphics intensive video games. And most importantly, the whole Windows system will work flawlessly and the RAM Management will become so good.
Are my drivers up to date Nvidia?
Right-click on the windows desktop and select NVIDIA Control Panel. Navigate to the Help menu and select Updates. The second way is via the new NVIDIA logo in the windows system tray. Right-click on the logo and select Check for updates or Update preferences.
Can I install Nvidia drivers without GeForce experience?
How to Download NVIDIA’s Drivers Without GeForce Experience. You can download the drivers from NVIDIA’s website. … Whichever page you use, you’ll have to know the model of your graphics card, whether you’re using a 32-bit or 64-bit version of Windows, and which type of driver you want.
Can I download Nvidia driver?
You can download Nvidia drivers right from the Nvidia website, or using an app called Nvidia GeForce Experience. If you have an Nvidia GeForce card, you can install the GeForce Experience app to automatically install the right Nvidia drivers.
What happens if you uninstall your graphics card driver?
If I uninstall my graphics driver will I lose my monitor display? No, your display will not stop working. The Microsoft Operating system will revert to a standard VGA driver or the same default driver that used during the original installation of the operating system.
Should I install HD Audio Driver Nvidia?
HD Audio Driver -You only need that if you want to transmit audio signals via your video cards HDMI connector. If you don’t, you do not need to install this driver either. NVIDIA Update (no longer offered) – This resident program checks regularly with NVIDIA if driver updates are available.
Why do I need an account for GeForce experience?
In response, a spokesperson for Nvidia told Consumerist, “Users with an account can take advantage of the latest GeForce Experience release features including GameStream pairing, Share technology, and more, as well as random prizes and giveaways. They can also leave feedback directly within the application as well.”
Do I really need Nvidia control panel?
no it doesn’t. The Nvidia control panel is LOOONG overdue an overhaul, … I also used Nvidia Inspector a ton; not quite so much anymore but still occasionally. I had a 970 before and now a 1080 so I don’t really need to do much tweaking with my monitor set up to find a quality/performance balance.
Does GeForce experience make a difference?
The Nvidia GeForce Experience will optimize those graphics settings further, using Nvidia’s vast cloud data center and the countless other PC hardware configurations in its data set. The Nvidia game optimization supports hundreds of titles and can help fine-tune in-game performance.
Does GeForce experience improve performance?
Geforce experience can improve how stable the performance is, but all the program does is update your computer with the drivers it needs. Geforce experience is also intended as a tool to optimize games, which could be helpful if your GPU is struggling with more intensive games.
Does Nvidia control panel do anything?
Nvidia Control Panel: a beginner’s guide. … You can configure Nvidia’s G-Sync to work in games and on your desktop. You can tune anti-aliasing and other specific settings for individual games or use the global settings to affect everything you play.
What graphics card do I have?
Find Out What GPU You Have in Windows Open the Start menu on your PC, type “Device Manager,” and press Enter. You should see an option near the top for Display Adapters. Click the drop-down arrow, and it should list the name of your GPU right there.
Why can’t GeForce drivers download?
In some cases, the NVIDIA software fails to download and install the drivers. Fix this by canceling any other processes, ensure that the version is correct for your NVIDIA card and that the download is not blocked by the antivirus or firewall.
Do Game Ready drivers actually improve performance?
Mainly its just adding an sli profile, but it may fix some crashing and add a small performance boost. Any major improvements usually are done through the developer patching the game.
What is the point of GeForce experience?
What is GeForce Experience? GeForce Experience is the companion application to your GeForce GTX graphics card. It keeps your drivers up to date, automatically optimizes your game settings, and gives you the easiest way to share your greatest gaming moments with friends.
|
__label__pos
| 0.972302 |
top of page
Revamping Your Website in 2024: The Imperative for Digital Evolution
In the dynamic landscape of the digital era, the significance of a compelling online presence cannot be overstated. As we step into 2024, the call for revamping your website echoes louder than ever. This article delves into the key reasons why giving your digital storefront a makeover is not just a choice but a strategic imperative for businesses navigating the ever-evolving online sphere.
1. Adaptation to Technological Advances: Technology is in a perpetual state of evolution. Websites designed a few years ago may not leverage the latest advancements, potentially hindering user experience and functionality. Revamping your website in 2024 ensures compatibility with cutting-edge technologies, providing your audience with seamless interactions and staying ahead of the digital curve.
2. Responsive Design for Diverse Devices: The diversity of devices used to access websites has grown exponentially. From desktops and laptops to tablets and smartphones, your website must be responsive across various screen sizes. A revamped website in 2024 employs responsive design principles, ensuring optimal performance and visual appeal across all devices, enhancing accessibility and user satisfaction.
3. Enhanced User Experience (UX): User experience is paramount in retaining and engaging visitors. Outdated designs or cumbersome navigation can drive potential customers away. A website revamp focuses on enhancing UX, incorporating intuitive navigation, streamlined layouts, and visually appealing aesthetics. A positive user experience fosters longer visits, increased engagement, and higher conversion rates.
4. SEO Optimization for Visibility: Search engine algorithms are continually evolving, and your website's visibility depends on its adherence to SEO best practices. A revamped website is an opportunity to optimize content, improve page loading speeds, and implement SEO-friendly structures. This, in turn, enhances your site's ranking on search engine results pages, driving organic traffic and expanding your digital footprint.
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6. Security Reinforcement: With the rising threat of cyber-attacks, website security is non-negotiable. An outdated website may have vulnerabilities that compromise sensitive data and erode user trust. A website revamp in 2024 incorporates robust security measures, protecting both your business and your customers from potential breaches.
7. Integration of Innovative Features: Web technologies are continually introducing innovative features that can elevate user engagement. Whether it's incorporating interactive elements, immersive multimedia, or leveraging the power of Web 3.0 technologies, a revamped website positions your brand at the forefront of digital innovation, captivating and retaining your audience's attention.
In conclusion, the decision to revamp your website in 2024 is not merely a cosmetic upgrade; it's a strategic move to stay relevant, competitive, and aligned with the ever-evolving digital landscape. Embrace the digital evolution, invest in your online presence, and ensure that your website is a dynamic reflection of your brand's identity and aspirations in the years ahead.
READY TO START REDESIGNING YOUR WEBSITE? Schedule a free consultation with me here
CLICK HERE TO SEE SAMPLES OF OUR WORK
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__label__pos
| 0.808753 |
Instantly share code, notes, and snippets.
Embed
What would you like to do?
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import codecs
from collections import defaultdict
from math import log
import os
items_by_target = defaultdict(list)
count_by_item = defaultdict(int)
total_item_count = 0
paths = os.listdir('out/')
paths.sort()
for path in paths:
f = codecs.open('out/' + path, encoding="utf-8")
text = f.readlines()
f.close()
for line in text:
cols = line.split()
ref = cols[0]
target = ref[:5]
lemma = cols[3]
if len(cols) > 4:
lemma += " %s" % cols[4]
item = cols[3]
items_by_target[target].append(item)
count_by_item[item] += 1
total_item_count += 1
for target in sorted(items_by_target):
items = items_by_target[target]
num_items = len(items)
mean_log_frequency = 0
for item in items:
mean_log_frequency += log(count_by_item[item] / total_item_count) / num_items
print(int(-1000 * mean_log_frequency), target, num_items)
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|
__label__pos
| 0.990106 |
Using dsquery computer
dsquery computer searches Active Directory for computers that match specified credentials. You can use dsquery computer to find groups and then send a list of those computers to another command. For example, you can use dsquery computer to query AD for all disabled computer accounts and have those results imported into dsmod to change the computers' description to disabled. dsquery computer uses the following syntax.Table 4.18 explains all the syntax in detail.
dsquery computer [{<StartNode> | forestroot | domainroot}] [-o {dn | rdn | samid}] [-scope {subtree | onelevel | base}] [-name <Name>] [-desc <Description>] [-samid <SAMName>] [-inactive <NumWeeks>] [-stalepwd <NumDays>] [-disabled] [{-s <Server> | -d <Domain>}] [-u <UserName>] [-p {<Password> | *}] [-q] [-r] [-gc] [-limit <NumObjects>] [{-uc | -uco | -uci}]
Table 4.18 Understanding the dsquery computer Syntax
Value
Description
{<StartNode> | forestroot | domainroot}
-scope {subtree | onelevel | base}
-name <Name> -desc <Description> -samid <SAMName> -inactive <NumWeeks> -stalepwd <NumDays>
-disabled
The node where the search starts: forest root, domain root, or a node whose DN is <StartNode>. Can be "forestroot," "domainroot," or an object DN. If "forestroot" is specified, the search is done via the global catalog. Default: domainroot.
Specifies the output format. Default: DN.
Specifies the scope of the search: subtree rooted at start node (subtree); immediate children of start node only (onelevel); the base object represented by start node (base). Note that subtree and domain scope are essentially the same for any start node unless the start node represents a domain root. If forestroot is specified as <StartNode>, subtree is the only valid scope. Default: subtree.
Finds computers whose names match the value given by <Name>; e.g., "jon*" or "*ith" or "j*th."
Finds computers whose descriptions match the value given by <Description>; e.g., "jon*" or "*ith" or "j*th."
Finds computers whose SAM account names match the filter given by <SAMName>.
Finds computers that have been inactive (stale) for at least <NumWeeks> number of weeks.
Finds computers that have not changed their password for at least <NumDays> number of days.
Finds computers with disabled accounts.
-s <Server> connects to the domain controller(DC) with name <Server>.
-d <Domain> connects to a DC in domain <Domain>. Default: a DC in the log-on domain.
Connect as <UserName>. Default: the logged-on user. Username can be: username, domain\username, or user principal name (UPN).
Table 4.18 Understanding the dsquery computer Syntax
Value
Description
-limit <NumObjects>
Password for the user <UserName>. If *, then prompt for password.
Quiet mode: suppresses all output to standard output.
Recurses or follows referrals during search. Default: do not chase referrals during search.
Searches in the Active Directory global catalog.
Specifies the number of objects matching the given criteria to be returned, where <NumObjects> is the number of objects to be returned. If the value of <NumObjects> is 0, all matching objects are returned. If this parameter is not specified, by default the first 100 results are displayed.
-uc specifies that input from or output to pipe is formatted in Unicode.
-uco specifies that output to pipe or file is formatted in Unicode.
-uci specifies that input from pipe or file is formatted in Unicode.
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All threads / Why You Should Focus On Writing Code With Clarity Discussion
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Why You Should Focus On Writing Code With Clarity Discussion
Chris Oliver asked in General
Roman Alvarado M. ·
Good article Chris, ruby has the clarity implied, programmers don't...
however "ubiquitous language" is something that could help to
programmers on this, thanks for share your thoughts!
Chris Zempel ·
1.What's your take on defining methods purely to clarify the actions therein? for example, to cover up extremely ugly, unintuitive instances of operations like mapping and regex
2. I envision one of the oft-asked questions regarding this subject being "how long should method names be?" So I'll pose it also:
what's a better metric or guideline for method names than their length?
1. Often times in Ruby you'll see one or two line methods. This can be useful. In fact, user_signed_in? could be as simple as User.find(session[:user_id]). If it finds a user, you're signed in and it should return true. If it throws an exception because it can't find the record, you're not and it should return false.
But this is just one way of handling it. You may not choose to pull the record out of the database to verify they are signed in. It seems wise to both verify the user_id in the session AND load the user.
The merits of writing a method called user_signed_in? are such that you no longer have to care how the verification works. You just simply trust that it does its job and go about your business. In fact, I would venture to guess that a large amount of people haven't even contemplated how user_signed_in? works if they have never tried building an authentication system from scratch.
2. Related to point #1, your method names should be as concise as possible while still conveying clarity. We could have methods named check_if_user_is_signed_in but far too dramatic.
The way you describe the code in words out loud to a coworker often give insight into how the code should ideally be written. If you tell a programmer "okay, so we want this to happen if the user is signed in" translates almost directly to:
if user_signed_in?
the_thing_we_want_to_happen
end
I think the closest thing to a metric I can give is how similar your code is to the way you speak. The closer your code reads to what you speak means that understanding can be conveyed at higher bandwidth.
There are no hard and fast rules to this as it changes between industries, environments, and even countries that you live and work in. Culture affects this strongly.
The way to learn this is to begin reading LOTS of source code for large, well-established, and well known projects like Sinatra, Jekyll, and Rails. See how they go about their naming schemes and find the style that's most appealing to you that also provides clarity.
As you see examples in other projects, you will be able to pick up on the subtle nuances that make the difference between directly naming something and naming with an added dash of clarity.
Chris Zempel ·
Awesome answer for #2. The "say it out loud bit" rings of truth and practicality.
For #1, let's take it a level deeper: what about refactoring out of a method for clarity? For instance, moving the really_unintuitive_ugly_logic into its own function
def some_user_function
User.explains_action.another_method
important_result
end
def explains_action
really_unintuitive_ugly_logic
end
This is hard to talk about in the abstract, so here's an example from an app I built recently. We have a Campaign object that, depending on its type, has multiple ways to be "expired".
def expired?
published? && ( (timer? && expires_at < Time.zone.now) || (quantity? && subscribers.shared.count >= quantity) )
end
Now in the current iteration, I've already abstracted out published? to handle the logic for how publishing works. The other pieces of logic are dependent upon the type of Campaign.
The simplest approach is to simply dump in the logic as you see here.
The better solution is to refactor it into other methods.
def expired?
published? && (timer_expired? || quantity_expired?)
end
def timer_expired?
timer? && expires_at < Time.zone.now
end
def quantity_expired?
quantity? && subscribers.shared.count >= quantity
end
You should be able to instantly see the benefits in clarity.
Campaigns can only have their timer expired if they are a timer based campaign and the time has elapsed. expired? encompasses a higher level definition of what being expired means. It's very clear now that an expired campaign has a few paths to their "expiration" and also allows for easy modification of individual expiration methods. You can also add new types with relative easy without adding much confusion.
Is that a better example?
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Why is my list not being created?
This is a discussion on Why is my list not being created? within the C++ Programming forums, part of the General Programming Boards category; im trying to make a blackjack game using stacks and lists and i am having a problem with my lists, ...
1. #1
Registered User
Join Date
Mar 2006
Posts
44
Why is my list not being created?
im trying to make a blackjack game using stacks and lists and i am having a problem with my lists, its not being created and i dont know y? the list is a list of cards for the players and the stack is the deck of cards.
Code:
#include <stack>
#include <list>
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctime>
#include <windows.h>
using namespace std;
const DECKS = 8;
#define H char (3)
#define D char (4)
#define C char (5)
#define S char (6)
/**************************************************************/
struct Card
{
static int counters[52];
int val; //0-51
int suit,
face;
Card();
~Card() {counters[52]--;};
Card (const Card& card);
Card& operator = (Card& card);
int getSuit() {return suit;};
int getFace() {return face;};
void print();
void printCount() {for(int i = 0; i < 52; i++) cout << counters[i] << endl;}; // delete
};
Card::Card()
{
val = rand()%52;
suit = val / 13;
face = val % 13;
counters[val]++;
}
Card::Card(const Card& card)
{
val = card.val;
suit = card.suit;
face = card.face;
}
Card& Card::operator = (Card& card)
{
val = card.val;
suit = card.suit;
face = card.face;
return *this;
}
void Card::print()
{
switch(face)
{
case 0:
cout << "Ace";
break;
case 10:
cout << "Jack";
break;
case 11:
cout << "Queen";
break;
case 12:
cout << "King";
break;
default:
cout << face+1;
break;
}
cout << " of ";
switch(suit)
{
case 0:
cout << H;
break;
case 1:
cout << D;
break;
case 2:
cout << C;
break;
case 3:
cout << S;
break;
default:
break;
}
}
/**************************************************************/
class Player
{
private:
int plyr;
int cVal; // sum of all the cards
list<Card>* hand; // list of cards
public:
static int players;
Player();
~Player() {};
void recieveCard(Card card);
int getPlayer() {return plyr;};
Player& operator= (Player& player);
bool operator == (Player& player);
Player (Player& player);
int calcHand (int cVal);
int getHand() {return cVal;};
void printHand();
};
Player::Player()
{
cVal = 0;
plyr = players++;
hand = new list<Card>;
}
bool Player::operator == (Player& player)
{
return plyr == player.plyr;
}
void Player::recieveCard(Card card)
{
hand->push_front(card);
}
Player::Player(Player& player)
{
plyr = player.plyr;
cVal = player.cVal;
}
Player& Player::operator= (Player& player)
{
plyr = player.plyr;
cVal = player.cVal;
return *this;
}
int Player::calcHand(int cVal)
{
return cVal;
}
void Player::printHand()
{
cout << cVal << endl;
hand->begin();
//hand->pop_front();
}
/**************************************************************/
class Playerlist
{
private:
int size; //number of players
Player* player; // array of players
public:
Playerlist();
~Playerlist();
Playerlist (const Playerlist& playerlist);
int getSize() {return size;}
Player* getPlayer(int index) {return &player[index];}
};
Playerlist::Playerlist()
{
player = NULL;
cout << "How many players will be playing? " << endl;
cout << "There is a limit of 5 players at the blackjack table" << endl;
cin >> size;
if (size > 5)
{
cout << "You cannot have that many player's; 5 max reenter" << endl;
}
else
{
player = new Player [size];
}
}
Playerlist::~Playerlist()
{
delete [] player;
}
Playerlist::Playerlist (const Playerlist& playerlist)
{
size = playerlist.size;
player = new Player [size];
for(int s = 0; s < size; s++)
player[s] = playerlist.player[s];
}
/***************************************************************/
int Player::players = 1; //static # of players
int Card::counters[52] = {0};
void main()
{
srand(time(NULL));
Playerlist p;
list<Card> hand;
list<Player>::iterator iter;
stack<Card> deck;
/*char choice1;
char choice;*/
int k = 0;
int l = 0;
Card* card;
Player* player;
player = p.getPlayer(k);
cout << "Player " << player->getPlayer() << "'s hand" << endl;
k = ++k % p.getSize();
for(int i = 0; i < DECKS; i++)
{
card = new Card;
card->print();
cout << endl;
deck.push(*card);
}
card->printCount();
//do
//{
while(l < 2)
{
for(int d = 0; d < p.getSize(); d++)
{
p.getPlayer(d)->recieveCard(deck.top());
deck.pop();
}
l++;
}
cout << "Hello" << endl;
player->printHand();
/* for(iter = hand.begin(); iter != hand.end(); ++iter)
{
iter->printHand();
}
p.getPlayer()->calcHand();
if(player->getHand() == 21)
{
cout << "You have 21" << endl;
return;
}
else
{
while (player->getHand() < 21)
{
cout << "would you like to hit? y or n" << endl;
cin >> choice1;
if (choice1 == 'y')
{
card = new Card;
player->recieveCard(*card);
//hand.push_back(*card);
player->calcHand();
if(player->getHand() > 21)
{
cout << "Bust" << endl;
return;
}
else if(player->getHand() == 21)
{
cout << "You have 21" << endl;
return;
}
else
{
break;
}
}
else
return;
} // while
} // end else*/
/*} // end if player > size
}
//while (choice == 'y'); // end do/while*/
}// end main
where i give the player the card
Code:
void Player::recieveCard(Card card)
{
hand->push_front(card);
}
the print function i am calling
Code:
void Player::printHand()
{
cout << cVal << endl;
hand->begin();
//hand->pop_front();
}
ad this is how i implament it
Code:
player = p.getPlayer(k);
cout << "Player " << player->getPlayer() << "'s hand" << endl;
k = ++k % p.getSize();
for(int i = 0; i < DECKS; i++)
{
card = new Card;
card->print();
cout << endl;
deck.push(*card);
}
card->printCount();
//do
//{
while(l < 2)
{
for(int d = 0; d < p.getSize(); d++)
{
p.getPlayer(d)->recieveCard(deck.top());
deck.pop();
}
l++;
}
cout << "Hello" << endl;
player->printHand();
i thought everything was what it should be
2. #2
Registered User hk_mp5kpdw's Avatar
Join Date
Jan 2002
Location
Northern Virginia/Washington DC Metropolitan Area
Posts
3,742
Code:
~Card() {counters[52]--;};
52 is an invalid index, valid indicies are from 0 through 51. The last semicolon is not needed. I suspect you mean counters[val]--; instead perhaps?
Code:
Playerlist::Playerlist()
{
player = NULL;
cout << "How many players will be playing? " << endl;
cout << "There is a limit of 5 players at the blackjack table" << endl;
cin >> size;
if (size > 5)
{
cout << "You cannot have that many player's; 5 max reenter" << endl;
}
else
{
player = new Player [size];
}
}
What about negative values the user may enter? Any error checking for that? It might make more sense to get the size and do the error checking in the main function and then if the value passes the error checks pass it to the PlayerList constructor as an argument. If the error checking fails, you can then exit the program without needing to go through the rest of the code.
Code:
void main()
main should return an int.
Code:
#include <stack>
#include <list>
#include <iostream>
#include <conio.h>
#include <ctime>
#include <windows.h>
...
srand(time(NULL));
Technically you should be including <cstdlib> as well if you are using srand and rand.
Code:
void Player::printHand()
{
cout << cVal << endl;
hand->begin();
//hand->pop_front();
}
The line in red does nothing... it returns an iterator to the first element in the list but this value isn't used in any way so the whole statement serves no purpose. You need to loop through the player's hand.
Other than that, you aren't updating the cVal data member when receiving a new card, that would seem to be where one would want to do that operation.
There may be other issues, I haven't done any further checking.
Last edited by hk_mp5kpdw; 05-04-2006 at 10:13 AM.
"Owners of dogs will have noticed that, if you provide them with food and water and shelter and affection, they will think you are god. Whereas owners of cats are compelled to realize that, if you provide them with food and water and shelter and affection, they draw the conclusion that they are gods."
-Christopher Hitchens
3. #3
Registered User
Join Date
Mar 2006
Posts
44
sorry i didnt copy down far enought.. i did loop through the players hand though
Code:
for(iter = hand.begin(); iter != hand.end(); ++iter)
{
iter->printHand();
}
but i also get errors in that loop
binary '=' : no operator defined which takes a right-hand operand of type 'class std::list<struct Card,class std::allocator<struct Card> >::iterator'
binary '!=' : no operator defined which takes a left-hand operand of type 'class std::list<class Player,class std::allocator<class Player> >::iterator'
and i know im not updating the cVal i have not done that yet but im confised on how to go about doing that too cause thats calculating the value of the players hand
Last edited by tunerfreak; 05-04-2006 at 10:44 AM.
4. #4
Registered User
Join Date
Feb 2006
Posts
312
That's because iter is of the type list<Player>::iterator, wheras your list is of the type list<Card> ... you need a list<Card>::iterator
5. #5
Registered User
Join Date
Mar 2006
Posts
44
ok then i will get an error saying that my print hand function is not a member of Card
6. #6
Registered User
Join Date
Feb 2006
Posts
312
That's a fairly self-explanatory error. Card doesn't have a member function called printHand() did you mean to type print() ?
7. #7
Registered User
Join Date
Mar 2006
Posts
44
no i know what the error means but the printHnad is suppose to print the players hand, card dont control that all that print() in the card class does is print what kind of card it is
8. #8
Registered User
Join Date
Feb 2006
Posts
312
I had assumed the loop you are writing here was part of the printHand() function, looping through your hand container for a Player object - and printing each card in the order that they appear in the container. Obviously i'm wrong, what exactly is this loop supposed to do? and which member function is it from?
Last edited by Bench82; 05-04-2006 at 04:37 PM.
9. #9
semi-colon generator ChaosEngine's Avatar
Join Date
Sep 2005
Location
Chch, NZ
Posts
597
in class Player, you have a memory leak.
you have
Code:
list<Card>* hand; // list of cards
Player()
{
hand = new list<Card>;
}
~Player() {}
you never delete hand. why are you dynamically creating hand anyway? It's doesn't need to be a pointer, just make it a class object.
Code:
class Player
{
// no need to new or delete it now!
list<Card> hand;
};
it's also the reason this code isn't compiling
Code:
for(iter = hand.begin(); iter != hand.end(); ++iter)
{
iter->printHand();
}
if hand is a pointer, you can't do hand.begin(), you have to do hand->begin().
but as I said, hand shouldn't be a pointer.
"I saw a sign that said 'Drink Canada Dry', so I started"
-- Brendan Behan
Free Compiler: Visual C++ 2005 Express
If you program in C++, you need Boost. You should also know how to use the Standard Library (STL). Want to make games? After reading this, I don't like WxWidgets anymore. Want to add some scripting to your App?
10. #10
Registered User
Join Date
Mar 2006
Posts
44
well i figured it out but list<Card>* hand does need to be a pointer it does not like it otherwise.
but here is what i came up with to print list
Code:
void Player::printHand()
{
list<Card>::iterator start = hand->begin();
list<Card>::iterator stop = hand->end();
for( ; start != stop; ++start)
{
start->print();
cout << endl;
}
cout << "The value of your hand is: " << cVal << endl;
}
then in the main i just call player->printHand() and we are good
11. #11
Registered User
Join Date
Jan 2005
Posts
7,317
>> list<Card>* hand does need to be a pointer it does not like it otherwise.
Just because the current code won't compile when you change it to not be a pointer, doesn't mean it has to be a pointer. It just means you should fix the code that uses it as a pointer to use . instead of ->. Using a pointer there just doesn't make sense, even if it works anyway.
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• 赚钱入口【需求资源】限时招募流量主、渠道主,站长合作;【合作模式】CPS长期分成,一次推广永久有收益。主动打款,不扣量;
Flutter 格式化 phone number
Flutter cps12345 9个月前 (11-17) 414次浏览 0个评论
问题:
Flutter 中如何格式化电话号码输入框?
解决方法:
使用 intl_phone_number_input
1: 在 pubspec.yaml 中添加依赖
dependencies:
intl_phone_number_input: ^0.5.2+2
2: 拉取代码
$ flutter pub get
3: 导入头文件
import 'package:intl_phone_number_input/intl_phone_number_input.dart';
4: 使用示例:
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:intl_phone_number_input/intl_phone_number_input.dart';
void main() => runApp(MyApp());
class MyApp extends StatelessWidget {
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
var darkTheme = ThemeData.dark().copyWith(primaryColor: Colors.blue);
return MaterialApp(
title: 'Demo',
themeMode: ThemeMode.dark,
darkTheme: darkTheme,
theme: ThemeData(
primarySwatch: Colors.blue,
),
home: Scaffold(
appBar: AppBar(title: Text('Demo')),
body: MyHomePage(),
),
);
}
}
class MyHomePage extends StatefulWidget {
@override
_MyHomePageState createState() => _MyHomePageState();
}
class _MyHomePageState extends State<MyHomePage> {
final GlobalKey<FormState> formKey = GlobalKey<FormState>();
final TextEditingController controller = TextEditingController();
String initialCountry = 'NG';
PhoneNumber number = PhoneNumber(isoCode: 'NG');
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Form(
key: formKey,
child: Container(
child: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
children: <Widget>[
InternationalPhoneNumberInput(
onInputChanged: (PhoneNumber number) {
print(number.phoneNumber);
},
onInputValidated: (bool value) {
print(value);
},
selectorConfig: SelectorConfig(
selectorType: PhoneInputSelectorType.BOTTOM_SHEET,
backgroundColor: Colors.black,
),
ignoreBlank: false,
autoValidateMode: AutovalidateMode.disabled,
selectorTextStyle: TextStyle(color: Colors.black),
initialValue: number,
textFieldController: controller,
inputBorder: OutlineInputBorder(),
),
RaisedButton(
onPressed: () {
formKey.currentState.validate();
},
child: Text('Validate'),
),
RaisedButton(
onPressed: () {
getPhoneNumber('+15417543010');
},
child: Text('Update'),
),
],
),
),
);
}
void getPhoneNumber(String phoneNumber) async {
PhoneNumber number =
await PhoneNumber.getRegionInfoFromPhoneNumber(phoneNumber, 'US');
setState(() {
this.number = number;
});
}
@override
void dispose() {
controller?.dispose();
super.dispose();
}
}
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__label__pos
| 0.999984 |
Data Transfer Rate Converter
data transfer rate /ˈdeɪtə ˈtrænsfər reɪt/
noun
Computing The amount of digital information that is transmitted between two places in a given time
=
Data Transfer Rate conversion rates
1 Byte per second = 8 Bits per second
1 Kibibit per second = 1024 Bits per second
Kilo = 10³ , Mega = 10⁶ , Giga = 10⁹ , Tera = 10¹² , Peta = 10¹⁵
Data Transfer Rate info
The rate at which information is moved between components or devices is known as the data transfer rate. The most common unit used is bit per second, along with prefixes of the bit.
Common download bit rates in US cities range from ~ 40-160 megabits per second. But new technologies push that rate even further with gigabit per second speeds rolling out in certain areas.
8 bits make up a byte and therefore 1 byte per second is 8 times faster than a rate of 1 bit per second. By comparison, the introduction of the kibibit and kibibyte in 1998 allows for a distinction from the kilo. It ensures that the prefix kilo is not colloquially used to denote both 1000 and 1024 (they equate to 2¹⁰ bits and bytes respectively). Hence, 1 Mebibit = 1024² bits, whereas 1 Megabit = 1000² bits.
|
__label__pos
| 0.985688 |
Question: I have two ranges or lists where I want to extract duplicates?
Answer:
extract-a-list-of-duplicates-from-two-columns-combined
Excel 2007 formula in D2:
=IFERROR(IFERROR(INDEX(List1, MATCH(0, COUNTIF(D1:$D$1, List1)+IF(COUNTIF(List1, List1)>1, 0, 1), 0)), INDEX(List2, MATCH(0, COUNTIF(D1:$D$1, List2)+IF((COUNTIF(List2, List2)+COUNTIF(List1, List2))>1, 0, 1), 0))), "") + CTRL + SHIFT + ENTER
copied down to D20.
Earlier Excel versions:
=IF(ISERROR(INDEX(List1, MATCH(0, COUNTIF(D1:$D$1, List1)+IF(COUNTIF(List1, List1)>1, 0, 1), 0))), INDEX(List2, MATCH(0, COUNTIF(D1:$D$1, List2)+IF((COUNTIF(List2, List2)+COUNTIF(List1, List2))>1, 0, 1), 0)), INDEX(List1, MATCH(0, COUNTIF(D1:$D$1, List1)+IF(COUNTIF(List1, List1)>1, 0, 1), 0))) + CTRL + SHIFT + ENTER
copied down to D20.
Named ranges
List1 (A2:A20)
List2 (B2:B7)
What is named ranges?
How to implement array formula to your workbook
Change named ranges. If your duplicates list starts at, for example, F3. Change D1:$D$1 in the above formulas to F2:$F$2.
Download excel sample file for this tutorial.
how-to-extract-a-list-of-duplicates-from-two-columns-in-excel.xlsx
(Excel 2007 Workbook *.xlsx)
I have written a previous post about extracting duplicates from one column (range): How to extract a list of duplicates from a column in excel
Functions in this article:
MATCH(lookup_value;lookup_array; [match_type]
Returns the relative position of an item in an array that matches a specified value
INDEX(array,row_num,[column_num])
Returns a value or reference of the cell at the intersection of a particular row and column, in a given range
COUNTIF(range,criteria)
Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given condition
IFERROR(value;value_if_error) Returns value_if_error if expression is an error and the value of the expression itself otherwise
This blog article is one out of six articles on the same subject.
Extract a list of duplicates from a column using array formula in excel
Extract a list of duplicates from two columns combined using array formula in excel
Extract a list of duplicates from three columns combined using array formula in excel
Extract a list of alphabetically sorted duplicates from a column in excel
Filter duplicates from two columns combined and sort from A to Z using array formula in excel
Extract duplicates from a range using excel 2007 array formula
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Sunday, December 19, 2010
Cross-site and cross-site collection navigation in Sharepoint - part 2: publishing sites
In my previous post I described how you can implement consistent cross-site navigation for non-publishing sites (i.e. those sites which are created using WSS site templates). As statistics shows mentioned post is very popular. So I decided to postpone other themes and finish this series as they are so interesting for people. Before to continue I recommend you also see my post The basics of navigation in Sharepoint where I describe basic components of the navigation architecture in Sharepoint.
I will repeat the task here for convenience: suppose that we have site collection (SPSite) with several sub sites (SPWeb). We want to keep the same global navigation (top navigation) for all sites (probably for all site collections within our web application – as you will see below it is possible as well. More over with technique I’m going to describe here it is also possible to use navigation from completely separate Sharepoint site which can be located on another web server). E.g. we have one SPWeb web site with configured navigation items and we want to use navigation from this particular web sites on all another sites.
As I wrote in previous part there is a problem with implementing cross site navigation for publishing sites. If you remember from previous part, SPNavigationProvider has public virtual property Web:
1: public class SPNavigationProvider : SiteMapProvider
2: {
3: // ...
4: protected virtual SPWeb Web { get; }
5: }
Also SPNavigationProvider is not sealed so we can inherit it and override its Web property (always return our navigation source web site) – see part1. But with publishing sites this approach can not be used because PortalSiteMapProvider, which is used in publishing sites, doesn’t have any virtual property which returns SPWeb web site which should be a source for navigation data. If we will investigate its code in Reflector we will see that actually it has CurrentSite and CurrentWeb properties which are very similar to those we are looking for:
1: public class PortalSiteMapProvider : SiteMapProvider
2: {
3: // ...
4: public SPSite CurrentSite { get; set; }
5: public SPWeb CurrentWeb { get; set; }
6: // ...
7: }
Although PortalSiteMapProvider is also not sealed (i.e. we can inherit from it), mentioned properties are not virtual. So unfortunately we can’t just override them in the custom inheritor of PortalSiteMapProvider class because OTB Sharepoint functionality which has only reference on PortalSiteMapProvider will use its implementation instead of ours. Is there a way to solve this problem without inheriting? Yes – solution exists, but it is not easy.
We will need to implement our own custom navigation provider by ourselves. As a base class we can use standard ASP.Net SiteMapProvider. But in our case better option will be StaticSiteMapProvider class, which has already implementation of several methods so less work will be required with it (e.g. StaticSiteMapProvider is used as a base class for standard XmlSiteMapProvider). Documentation of this class says:
The StaticSiteMapProvider class is a partial implementation of the abstract SiteMapProvider class and supplies two additional methods: AddNode and RemoveNode, as well as the abstract BuildSiteMap and protected Clear methods.
The StaticSiteMapProvider class supports writing a site map provider (for example, an XmlSiteMapProvider) that translates a site map that is stored in persistent storage to one that is stored in memory. The StaticSiteMapProvider class provides basic implementations for storing and retrieving SiteMapNode objects.
If you are extending the StaticSiteMapProvider class, the three most important methods are the GetRootNodeCore, Initialize, and BuildSiteMap methods. The Clear and FindSiteMapNode methods have default implementations that are sufficient for most custom site map provider implementations.
It is very similar to our case because we can treat SPWeb site as a “persistent storage” for our site map. The remaining question is how to retrieve navigation data (i.e. collection of PortalSiteMapNode) from existing publishing site? Obvious answer is to use PortalSiteMapProvider – but we need to call methods of this provider in context of navigation source site. We can make it using web services, i.e. we will use the following schema:
image
We need to register and use our custom site map provider on all sites where we want to show navigation from navigation source site. Our custom provider then will call custom web service Navigation.asmx (which is located in 12/Templates/Layouts/Custom folder on the file system) in context of navigation source site. E.g. if we have 2 sites http://example.com/site1 and http://example.com/site2 where site1 is navigation source, we need to call Navigation.asmx web service from site2 using the following URL: http://example.com/site1/_layout/Custom/Navigation.asmx. As result codebehind of Navigation.asmx will be executed in context of site1, so we will be able to use OTB PortalSiteMapProvider in order to retrieve site map nodes from site1. Simple, isn’t it?
Now when I’ve described the basic idea lets looks a bit on actual implementation. First of all we need to implement custom site map provider – inheritor of StaticSiteMapProvider, which will call external web service Navigation.asmx. The basic implementation is shown below:
1: public class CustomNavigationProvider : StaticSiteMapProvider
2: {
3: private const string SITE_MAP_SESSION_KEY = "CustomNavigationMap";
4:
5: private SPWeb getNavigationContextWebUrl()
6: {
7: // instead of hardcoding site url you can use your own logic here
8: using (var web = SPContext.Current.Site.OpenWeb("/site1"))
9: {
10: return web.Url;
11: }
12: }
13:
14: private NavigationService initWebService(string contextWebUrl)
15: {
16: var proxy = new NavigationService();
17: proxy.Url = SPUrlUtility.CombineUrl(contextWebUrl, "/_layouts/Custom/Navigation.asmx");
18: // use another credentials if required instead of DefaultCredentials
19: proxy.Credentials = CredentialCache.DefaultCredentials;
20: return proxy;
21: }
22:
23: public override void Initialize(string name, NameValueCollection attributes)
24: {
25: base.Initialize(name, attributes);
26: // here you can add your initialization logic, e.g. initialize web service URL
27: }
28:
29: public override SiteMapNode BuildSiteMap()
30: {
31: SiteMapNode node;
32: if (HttpContext.Current.Session[SITE_MAP_SESSION_KEY] == null)
33: {
34: node = tryGetNavigationNodesFromContextWeb();
35: HttpContext.Current.Session[SITE_MAP_SESSION_KEY] = node;
36: }
37: node = HttpContext.Current.Session[SITE_MAP_SESSION_KEY] as SiteMapNode;
38: return node;
39: }
40:
41: private SiteMapNode tryGetNavigationNodesFromContextWeb()
42: {
43: try
44: {
45: string webUrl = this.getNavigationContextWebUrl();
46: var proxy = this.initWebService(webUrl);
47: var doc = proxy.GetMenuItems();
48: var collection = ConvertHelper.BuildNodesFromXml(this, doc);
49: if (collection == null)
50: return null;
51: if (collection.Count == 0)
52: return null;
53: return collection[0];
54: }
55: catch(Exception x)
56: {
57: return new SiteMapNode(this, "/", "/", "");
58: }
59: }
60:
61: protected override SiteMapNode GetRootNodeCore()
62: {
63: SiteMapNode node = null;
64: node = BuildSiteMap();
65: return node;
66: }
67: }
I removed many real-life stuff from this code in order to keep only valuable places. So we override 3 methods of StaticSiteMapProvider as was said in documentation: GetRootNodeCore(), Initialize() and BuildSiteMap(). Also you will need to add a web reference to your web service in order to be able to use proxy in Visual Studio. As we don’t want to perform web service call on each request to site2 (it will be very slow) I added simple caching logic using Session (as you know session state in Sharepoint is stored in SQL Server so described approach will work on multiple WFE environments).
Now lets see implementation details of the Navigation.asmx web service (its codebehind to be more clear):
1: [WebService(Namespace = "http://example.com")]
2: [WebServiceBinding(ConformsTo = WsiProfiles.BasicProfile1_1)]
3: [ToolboxItem(false)]
4: public class NavigationService : WebService
5: {
6: [WebMethod]
7: public XmlDocument GetMenuItems()
8: {
9: PortalSiteMapDataSource ds = new PortalSiteMapDataSource();
10: ds.SiteMapProvider = "CombinedNavSiteMapProvider";
11: ds.EnableViewState = false;
12: ds.StartFromCurrentNode = true;
13: ds.StartingNodeOffset = 0;
14: ds.ShowStartingNode = true;
15: ds.TreatStartingNodeAsCurrent = true;
16: ds.TrimNonCurrentTypes = NodeTypes.Heading;
17:
18: AspMenu m = new AspMenu();
19: m.DataSource = ds;
20: m.EnableViewState = false;
21: m.Orientation = Orientation.Horizontal;
22: m.StaticDisplayLevels = 2;
23: m.MaximumDynamicDisplayLevels = 1;
24: m.DynamicHorizontalOffset = 0;
25: m.StaticPopOutImageTextFormatString = "";
26: m.StaticSubMenuIndent = 0;
27: m.DataBind();
28:
29: var doc = ConvertHelper.BuildXmlFromMenuItem(m.Items);
30: return doc;
31: }
32: }
There is one web method GetMenuItems() which is called from custom site map provider via proxy (see above). I used a little trick here: instead of using PortalSiteMapProvider I used PortalSiteMapDataSource and AspMenu classes in order to return exactly the same navigation items which are shown on the navigation source site (site1). There is a difference between site map nodes which exist for particular site and site map nodes which are actually displayed here. As I wrote in The basics of navigation in Sharepoint article navigation items appearance is controlled via site map data source and AspMenu controls (which are located on masterpage in most cases). Of course you can use PortalSiteMapProvider and return all navigation items from it as well.
The remaining thing which should be described is helper class ConverterHelper which is used for the 2 following purposes:
1. in order to convert in-memory representation of navigation items into xml in order to send it via web service;
2. and opposite: build in-memory collection of navigation items from xml in custom site map provider.
Here is implementation of ConverterHelper class:
1: public static class ConvertHelper
2: {
3: public const string TAG_ROOT = "root";
4: public const string TAG_NODE = "node";
5: public const string ATTR_PATH = "path";
6: public const string ATTR_URL = "url";
7: public const string ATTR_TITLE = "title";
8:
9: public static SiteMapNodeCollection BuildNodesFromXml(SiteMapProvider provider, XmlNode doc)
10: {
11: try
12: {
13: var collection = new SiteMapNodeCollection();
14: if (doc.ChildNodes.Count == 1 && doc.ChildNodes[0].Name == TAG_ROOT)
15: {
16: doc = doc.ChildNodes[0];
17: }
18:
19: buildNodesFromXml(provider, doc, collection);
20: return collection;
21: }
22: catch (Exception x)
23: {
24: return null;
25: }
26: }
27:
28: private static void buildNodesFromXml(SiteMapProvider provider, XmlNode parentNode, SiteMapNodeCollection collection)
29: {
30: foreach (XmlNode xmlNode in parentNode.ChildNodes)
31: {
32: if (xmlNode.Name == TAG_NODE)
33: {
34: var node = new SiteMapNode(provider, xmlNode.Attributes[ATTR_PATH].Value,
35: xmlNode.Attributes[ATTR_URL].Value,
36: xmlNode.Attributes[ATTR_TITLE].Value);
37:
38: if (xmlNode.HasChildNodes)
39: {
40: var childNodes = new SiteMapNodeCollection();
41: buildNodesFromXml(provider, xmlNode, childNodes);
42: node.ChildNodes = childNodes;
43: }
44:
45: collection.Add(node);
46: }
47: }
48: }
49:
50: public static XmlDocument BuildXmlFromMenuItem(MenuItemCollection collection)
51: {
52: if (collection == null || collection.Count == 0)
53: {
54: return null;
55: }
56:
57: var doc = new XmlDocument();
58:
59: var element = doc.CreateElement(TAG_ROOT);
60: doc.AppendChild(element);
61:
62: foreach (MenuItem item in collection)
63: {
64: buildXmlFromMenuItem(item, doc, element);
65: }
66:
67: return doc;
68: }
69:
70: private static void buildXmlFromMenuItem(MenuItem item, XmlDocument doc, XmlNode xml)
71: {
72: if (item == null)
73: return;
74:
75: XmlElement element = doc.CreateElement(TAG_NODE);
76: element.SetAttribute(ATTR_PATH, item.DataPath);
77: element.SetAttribute(ATTR_TITLE, item.Text);
78: element.SetAttribute(ATTR_URL, item.NavigateUrl);
79:
80: xml.AppendChild(element);
81:
82: foreach (MenuItem childItem in item.ChildItems)
83: {
84: buildXmlFromMenuItem(childItem, doc, element);
85: }
86: }
87: }
The last action you need to perform is to configure your masterpage to use your custom site map provider. I will not repeat it here – you can see it in the part1.
These are the components which you need to implement in order to use web service based approach. One of advantages of the this approach – is that you are not limited by single site collection or web application. Actually you are not limited even by single web server. You can call external web server from separate web server and use navigation data from it (although currently I hardly can imagine the useful application of this abaility :) ). But from other side you should be very careful with performance: you should check that you don’t perform web service call each time when your site is requested, because site map provider is called very frequently during requests to the masterpage for example (i.e. to the pages which use masterpage where you use your custom site map provider).
In examples above I removed many non important parts and tried to make it as much self descriptive as possible. So you can use it as direction for your work (instead of treating it as final solution).
12 comments:
1. "You can call external web server from separate web server and use navigation data from it (although currently I hardly can imagine the useful application of this abaility :) )"
a real life application of this is a project I worked on. The customer has near 250 portals (for each branch, geographic site, HQ, business type, etc.).
Each of these portals and a "global" portal share same navigation.
A first level of worldwide area, and a second level specific to each portal.
Typically, as the customer has several datacenters, each with their own infrastructure, the portal connect each others when required to grab the navigation (actually the global navigation).
hth
ReplyDelete
2. Steve,
thanks for sharing real life case )
ReplyDelete
3. "But from other side you should be very careful with performance: you should check that you don’t perform web service call each time when your site is requested."
How exactly would you go about limiting the calls to the web service?
ReplyDelete
4. Jonny,
I would use standard ASP.Net cache for that
ReplyDelete
5. Why not to use default sharepoint API. For what reason you added this webservice?
ReplyDelete
6. EC,
as it said in the post, with standard API you can override navigation behavior for non-publishing sites. For publishing sites you can't do it with API. The reasons are described above.
ReplyDelete
7. Hello.
Alex, why we cannot use web.navigation.globalnodes ?
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.sharepoint.navigation.spnavigation.globalnodes.aspx
Why we cannot just create proper web and use web.Navigation.GlobalNodes?
Do you know any restrictions why not to use this property?
ReplyDelete
8. EC,
I don't know your case, but as I already wrote, note that SPWeb.Navigation which your are referring supposed to be used with non-publishing sites. For publishing sites there is another property PublishingSite.Navigation which returns instance of PortalNavigation (not SPNavigation which you mentioned). Also note that navigation is publishing sites is more complicated. Technically you can try to use PublishingWeb.Web.Navigation (which returns SPNavigation), but you may face with many limitations which will prevent you to use it in your particular case.
For example there are several navigation providers used in publishing sites for global navigation:
- GlobalNavSiteMapProvider
- CombinedNavSiteMapProvider
- GlobalNavigation
(they are defined in web.config of the publishing site's web application). What navigation provider will be used in case of SPWeb.Navigation.GlobalNodes?
Approach with custom navigation provider is more flexible in this sense.
ReplyDelete
9. Hey Alex,
really cool idea and thanks for posting it, but I'm getting an error.
System.Runtime.Serialization.SerializationException: Type 'System.Web.SiteMapNode' in Assembly 'System.Web, Version=2.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a' is not marked as serializable.
Any ideas?
Thanks,
Mike
ReplyDelete
10. Hey Alex,
It was the BuildSiteMapCode that was the problem. See below. When I removed the session caching, it works. Guess this will be a significant performance hit. Maybe there is another way to persist, but for some reason SiteMapNode does not like to be serialized... Maybe JSON is the way.
Thanks again for the idea and post!
Mike
public override SiteMapNode BuildSiteMap()
{
SiteMapNode node = tryGetNavigationNodesFromContextWeb();
return node;
//SiteMapNode node;
//if (HttpContext.Current.Session[SITE_MAP_SESSION_KEY] == null)
//{
// node = tryGetNavigationNodesFromContextWeb();
// HttpContext.Current.Session[SITE_MAP_SESSION_KEY] = node;
//}
//node = HttpContext.Current.Session[SITE_MAP_SESSION_KEY] as SiteMapNode;
//return node;
}
ReplyDelete
11. Hi Mike,
thanks for noticing this problem. Probably instead of Session I used Cache or some custom serialization mechanism in the application - don't remember now. But yes, you should definitely add some caching here in order to avoid performance impact. You can check by yourself - add breakpoint to the BuildSiteMap() method and check how many times it is called on each postback. I checked it for Sharepoint 2007, may be for Sharepoint 2010 situation is changed, but I hardly believe in it ).
ReplyDelete
12. Cache can't be used here because otherwise it will affect all users, while different users may have different permissions and nodes will be trimmed differently. That's why we need to use some user specific storage here.
ReplyDelete
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| 0.964566 |
Java Code Examples for java.security.cert.Certificate
The following are top voted examples for showing how to use java.security.cert.Certificate. These examples are extracted from open source projects. You can vote up the examples you like and your votes will be used in our system to generate more good examples.
Example 1
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: MVJarSigningTest.java Source Code and License 8 votes vote down vote up
private static void signWithJarSignerAPI(String jarName)
throws Throwable {
// Get JarSigner
try (FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(KEYSTORE)) {
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("JKS");
ks.load(fis, STOREPASS.toCharArray());
PrivateKey pk = (PrivateKey)ks.getKey(ALIAS, KEYPASS.toCharArray());
Certificate cert = ks.getCertificate(ALIAS);
JarSigner signer = new JarSigner.Builder(pk,
CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509").generateCertPath(
Collections.singletonList(cert)))
.build();
// Sign jar
try (ZipFile src = new JarFile(jarName);
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(SIGNED_JAR)) {
signer.sign(src,out);
}
}
}
Example 2
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: PKCS12KeyStore.java Source Code and License 7 votes vote down vote up
private void setCertEntry(String alias, Certificate cert,
Set<KeyStore.Entry.Attribute> attributes) throws KeyStoreException {
Entry entry = entries.get(alias.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
if (entry != null && entry instanceof KeyEntry) {
throw new KeyStoreException("Cannot overwrite own certificate");
}
CertEntry certEntry =
new CertEntry((X509Certificate) cert, null, alias, AnyUsage,
attributes);
certificateCount++;
entries.put(alias, certEntry);
if (debug != null) {
debug.println("Setting a trusted certificate at alias '" + alias +
"'");
}
}
Example 3
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: JceKeyStore.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Assigns the given key (that has already been protected) to the given
* alias.
*
* <p>If the protected key is of type
* <code>java.security.PrivateKey</code>,
* it must be accompanied by a certificate chain certifying the
* corresponding public key.
*
* <p>If the given alias already exists, the keystore information
* associated with it is overridden by the given key (and possibly
* certificate chain).
*
* @param alias the alias name
* @param key the key (in protected format) to be associated with the alias
* @param chain the certificate chain for the corresponding public
* key (only useful if the protected key is of type
* <code>java.security.PrivateKey</code>).
*
* @exception KeyStoreException if this operation fails.
*/
public void engineSetKeyEntry(String alias, byte[] key,
Certificate[] chain)
throws KeyStoreException
{
synchronized(entries) {
// We assume it's a private key, because there is no standard
// (ASN.1) encoding format for wrapped secret keys
PrivateKeyEntry entry = new PrivateKeyEntry();
entry.date = new Date();
entry.protectedKey = key.clone();
if ((chain != null) &&
(chain.length != 0)) {
entry.chain = chain.clone();
} else {
entry.chain = null;
}
entries.put(alias.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH), entry);
}
}
Example 4
Project: osc-core File: X509TrustManagerFactory.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
private Certificate[] tryParsePKIPathChain(File chainFile)
throws IOException, FileNotFoundException, CertificateException {
Certificate[] internalCertificateChain = null;
CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
try (FileInputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream(chainFile)) {
CertPath certPath = cf.generateCertPath(inputStream);
List<? extends Certificate> certList = certPath.getCertificates();
internalCertificateChain = certList.toArray(new Certificate[]{});
} catch (CertificateException e){
LOG.info("Tried and failed to parse file as a PKI :" + chainFile.getName(), e);
}
return internalCertificateChain;
}
Example 5
Project: GitHub File: Cache.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
private List<Certificate> readCertificateList(BufferedSource source) throws IOException {
int length = readInt(source);
if (length == -1) return Collections.emptyList(); // OkHttp v1.2 used -1 to indicate null.
try {
CertificateFactory certificateFactory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
List<Certificate> result = new ArrayList<>(length);
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
String line = source.readUtf8LineStrict();
Buffer bytes = new Buffer();
bytes.write(ByteString.decodeBase64(line));
result.add(certificateFactory.generateCertificate(bytes.inputStream()));
}
return result;
} catch (CertificateException e) {
throw new IOException(e.getMessage());
}
}
Example 6
Project: cas-5.1.0 File: FileTrustStoreSslSocketFactory.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
@Override
public void checkServerTrusted(final X509Certificate[] chain, final String authType) throws CertificateException {
final boolean trusted = this.trustManagers.stream().anyMatch(trustManager -> {
try {
trustManager.checkServerTrusted(chain, authType);
return true;
} catch (final CertificateException e) {
final String msg = "Unable to trust the server certificates [%s] for auth type [%s]: [%s]";
LOGGER.debug(String.format(msg, Arrays.stream(chain).map(Certificate::toString).collect(Collectors.toSet()),
authType, e.getMessage()), e);
return false;
}
});
if (!trusted) {
throw new CertificateException("None of the TrustManagers trust this certificate chain");
}
}
Example 7
Project: GitHub File: Handshake.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
public static Handshake get(SSLSession session) {
String cipherSuiteString = session.getCipherSuite();
if (cipherSuiteString == null) throw new IllegalStateException("cipherSuite == null");
CipherSuite cipherSuite = CipherSuite.forJavaName(cipherSuiteString);
String tlsVersionString = session.getProtocol();
if (tlsVersionString == null) throw new IllegalStateException("tlsVersion == null");
TlsVersion tlsVersion = TlsVersion.forJavaName(tlsVersionString);
Certificate[] peerCertificates;
try {
peerCertificates = session.getPeerCertificates();
} catch (SSLPeerUnverifiedException ignored) {
peerCertificates = null;
}
List<Certificate> peerCertificatesList = peerCertificates != null
? Util.immutableList(peerCertificates)
: Collections.<Certificate>emptyList();
Certificate[] localCertificates = session.getLocalCertificates();
List<Certificate> localCertificatesList = localCertificates != null
? Util.immutableList(localCertificates)
: Collections.<Certificate>emptyList();
return new Handshake(tlsVersion, cipherSuite, peerCertificatesList, localCertificatesList);
}
Example 8
Project: mi-firma-android File: AOXAdESTriPhaseSigner.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
@Override
public byte[] sign(final byte[] data,
final String algorithm,
final PrivateKey key,
final Certificate[] certChain,
final Properties xParams) throws AOException {
return triPhaseOperation(
this.signFormat,
CRYPTO_OPERATION_SIGN,
data,
algorithm,
key,
certChain,
xParams
);
}
Example 9
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: JavaKeyStore.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the certificate associated with the given alias.
*
* <p>If the given alias name identifies a
* <i>trusted certificate entry</i>, the certificate associated with that
* entry is returned. If the given alias name identifies a
* <i>key entry</i>, the first element of the certificate chain of that
* entry is returned, or null if that entry does not have a certificate
* chain.
*
* @param alias the alias name
*
* @return the certificate, or null if the given alias does not exist or
* does not contain a certificate.
*/
public Certificate engineGetCertificate(String alias) {
Object entry = entries.get(convertAlias(alias));
if (entry != null) {
if (entry instanceof TrustedCertEntry) {
return ((TrustedCertEntry)entry).cert;
} else {
if (((KeyEntry)entry).chain == null) {
return null;
} else {
return ((KeyEntry)entry).chain[0];
}
}
} else {
return null;
}
}
Example 10
Project: wowza-letsencrypt-converter File: PemCertKeyTest.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
@Test
public void testCertOnly() throws Exception {
InputStream in = new FileInputStream("src/test/resources/pem/cert.pem");
PemCertKey t = new PemCertKey(in);
Certificate cert = t.getCertificate();
assertThat(cert).isNotNull();
assertThat(cert.getType()).isEqualTo("X.509");
assertThat(t.hasCertificate()).isTrue();
assertThat(t.getCertificateChain()).hasSize(1);
assertThat(t.getCertificateChain()[0]).isEqualTo(cert);
assertThat(t.matchesCertificate(cert)).isTrue();
assertThat(t.matchesCertificate(null)).isFalse();
assertThat(t.hasKey()).isFalse();
assertThat(t.getPrivateKey()).isNull();
assertThat(t.getCreationDate()).isCloseTo(new Date(), 5000);
}
Example 11
Project: OpenJSharp File: Main.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
X509Certificate getTsaCert(String alias) {
java.security.cert.Certificate cs = null;
try {
cs = store.getCertificate(alias);
} catch (KeyStoreException kse) {
// this never happens, because keystore has been loaded
}
if (cs == null || (!(cs instanceof X509Certificate))) {
MessageFormat form = new MessageFormat(rb.getString
("Certificate.not.found.for.alias.alias.must.reference.a.valid.KeyStore.entry.containing.an.X.509.public.key.certificate.for.the"));
Object[] source = {alias, alias};
error(form.format(source));
}
return (X509Certificate) cs;
}
Example 12
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: HandshakeCompletedEvent.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the principal that was sent to the peer during handshaking.
*
* @return the principal sent to the peer. Returns an X500Principal
* of the end-entity certificate for X509-based cipher suites, and
* KerberosPrincipal for Kerberos cipher suites. If no principal was
* sent, then null is returned.
*
* @see #getLocalCertificates()
* @see #getPeerPrincipal()
*
* @since 1.5
*/
public Principal getLocalPrincipal()
{
Principal principal;
try {
principal = session.getLocalPrincipal();
} catch (AbstractMethodError e) {
principal = null;
// if the provider does not support it, fallback to local certs.
// return the X500Principal of the end-entity cert.
Certificate[] certs = getLocalCertificates();
if (certs != null) {
principal =
((X509Certificate)certs[0]).getSubjectX500Principal();
}
}
return principal;
}
Example 13
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: ConvertP12Test.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
private void compareKeyEntry(KeyStore a, KeyStore b, String aPass,
String bPass, String alias) throws KeyStoreException,
UnrecoverableKeyException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
Certificate[] certsA = a.getCertificateChain(alias);
Certificate[] certsB = b.getCertificateChain(alias);
if (!Arrays.equals(certsA, certsB)) {
throw new RuntimeException("Certs don't match for alias:" + alias);
}
Key keyA = a.getKey(alias, aPass.toCharArray());
Key keyB = b.getKey(alias, bPass.toCharArray());
if (!keyA.equals(keyB)) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Key don't match for alias:" + alias);
}
}
Example 14
Project: OpenJSharp File: JavaKeyStore.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the (alias) name of the first keystore entry whose certificate
* matches the given certificate.
*
* <p>This method attempts to match the given certificate with each
* keystore entry. If the entry being considered
* is a <i>trusted certificate entry</i>, the given certificate is
* compared to that entry's certificate. If the entry being considered is
* a <i>key entry</i>, the given certificate is compared to the first
* element of that entry's certificate chain (if a chain exists).
*
* @param cert the certificate to match with.
*
* @return the (alias) name of the first entry with matching certificate,
* or null if no such entry exists in this keystore.
*/
public String engineGetCertificateAlias(Certificate cert) {
Certificate certElem;
for (Enumeration<String> e = entries.keys(); e.hasMoreElements(); ) {
String alias = e.nextElement();
Object entry = entries.get(alias);
if (entry instanceof TrustedCertEntry) {
certElem = ((TrustedCertEntry)entry).cert;
} else if (((KeyEntry)entry).chain != null) {
certElem = ((KeyEntry)entry).chain[0];
} else {
continue;
}
if (certElem.equals(cert)) {
return alias;
}
}
return null;
}
Example 15
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: JavaKeyStore.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the certificate associated with the given alias.
*
* <p>If the given alias name identifies a
* <i>trusted certificate entry</i>, the certificate associated with that
* entry is returned. If the given alias name identifies a
* <i>key entry</i>, the first element of the certificate chain of that
* entry is returned, or null if that entry does not have a certificate
* chain.
*
* @param alias the alias name
*
* @return the certificate, or null if the given alias does not exist or
* does not contain a certificate.
*/
public Certificate engineGetCertificate(String alias) {
Object entry = entries.get(convertAlias(alias));
if (entry != null) {
if (entry instanceof TrustedCertEntry) {
return ((TrustedCertEntry)entry).cert;
} else {
if (((KeyEntry)entry).chain == null) {
return null;
} else {
return ((KeyEntry)entry).chain[0];
}
}
} else {
return null;
}
}
Example 16
Project: GitHub File: CallTest.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
@Test public void matchingPinnedCertificate() throws Exception {
enableTls();
server.enqueue(new MockResponse());
server.enqueue(new MockResponse());
// Make a first request without certificate pinning. Use it to collect certificates to pin.
Request request1 = new Request.Builder().url(server.url("/")).build();
Response response1 = client.newCall(request1).execute();
CertificatePinner.Builder certificatePinnerBuilder = new CertificatePinner.Builder();
for (Certificate certificate : response1.handshake().peerCertificates()) {
certificatePinnerBuilder.add(server.getHostName(), CertificatePinner.pin(certificate));
}
response1.body().close();
// Make another request with certificate pinning. It should complete normally.
client = client.newBuilder()
.certificatePinner(certificatePinnerBuilder.build())
.build();
Request request2 = new Request.Builder().url(server.url("/")).build();
Response response2 = client.newCall(request2).execute();
assertNotSame(response2.handshake(), response1.handshake());
response2.body().close();
}
Example 17
Project: OpenJSharp File: DomainKeyStore.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the (alias) name of the first keystore entry whose certificate
* matches the given certificate.
*
* <p>This method attempts to match the given certificate with each
* keystore entry. If the entry being considered
* is a <i>trusted certificate entry</i>, the given certificate is
* compared to that entry's certificate. If the entry being considered is
* a <i>key entry</i>, the given certificate is compared to the first
* element of that entry's certificate chain (if a chain exists).
*
* @param cert the certificate to match with.
*
* @return the (alias) name of the first entry with matching certificate,
* or null if no such entry exists in this keystore.
*/
public String engineGetCertificateAlias(Certificate cert) {
try {
String alias = null;
for (KeyStore keystore : keystores.values()) {
if ((alias = keystore.getCertificateAlias(cert)) != null) {
break;
}
}
return alias;
} catch (KeyStoreException e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
}
Example 18
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: PKCS12KeyStore.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
private boolean validateChain(Certificate[] certChain)
{
for (int i = 0; i < certChain.length-1; i++) {
X500Principal issuerDN =
((X509Certificate)certChain[i]).getIssuerX500Principal();
X500Principal subjectDN =
((X509Certificate)certChain[i+1]).getSubjectX500Principal();
if (!(issuerDN.equals(subjectDN)))
return false;
}
// Check for loops in the chain. If there are repeated certs,
// the Set of certs in the chain will contain fewer certs than
// the chain
Set<Certificate> set = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(certChain));
return set.size() == certChain.length;
}
Example 19
Project: neoscada File: XMLSignatureWidgetFactory.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
private void setKeyCert ( final KeyInformation ki )
{
if ( ki == null )
{
this.text.setText ( "<none>" );
return;
}
final Certificate certificate = ki.getCertificate ();
final Key key = ki.getKey ();
if ( certificate instanceof X509Certificate )
{
this.text.setText ( "" + ( (X509Certificate)certificate ).getSubjectX500Principal () );
}
else
{
this.text.setText ( String.format ( "%s - %s - %s", ki.getAlias (), key.getFormat (), key.getAlgorithm () ) );
}
}
Example 20
Project: GetApkSignInfo File: Main.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
private static Certificate[] loadCertificates(JarFile jarFile, JarEntry jarEntry) {
InputStream is;
try {
// We must read the stream for the JarEntry to retrieve its certificates
is = jarFile.getInputStream(jarEntry);
readFullyIgnoringContents(is);
return jarEntry.getCertificates();
} catch (IOException | RuntimeException e) {
System.err.println("Failed reading " + jarEntry.getName() + " in " + jarFile);
if (DEBUG) e.printStackTrace();
System.exit(1);
}
return null;
}
Example 21
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: JceKeyStore.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the certificate associated with the given alias.
*
* <p>If the given alias name identifies a
* <i>trusted certificate entry</i>, the certificate associated with that
* entry is returned. If the given alias name identifies a
* <i>key entry</i>, the first element of the certificate chain of that
* entry is returned, or null if that entry does not have a certificate
* chain.
*
* @param alias the alias name
*
* @return the certificate, or null if the given alias does not exist or
* does not contain a certificate.
*/
public Certificate engineGetCertificate(String alias) {
Certificate cert = null;
Object entry = entries.get(alias.toLowerCase(Locale.ENGLISH));
if (entry != null) {
if (entry instanceof TrustedCertEntry) {
cert = ((TrustedCertEntry)entry).cert;
} else if ((entry instanceof PrivateKeyEntry) &&
(((PrivateKeyEntry)entry).chain != null)) {
cert = ((PrivateKeyEntry)entry).chain[0];
}
}
return cert;
}
Example 22
Project: ats-framework File: SslUtils.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Load a public key
*
* @param keystore
* @param publicKeyAlias
* @return
*/
public static PublicKey loadPublicKey( KeyStore keystore, String publicKeyAlias ) {
Certificate certificate;
try {
certificate = keystore.getCertificate(publicKeyAlias);
} catch (KeyStoreException e) {
throw new RuntimeException("Error loading public key for alias '" + publicKeyAlias + "'", e);
}
if (certificate == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Error loading public key for alias '" + publicKeyAlias
+ "': Given alias does not exist or does not contain a certificate.");
}
if (log.isDebugEnabled()) {
log.debug("Loaded public key for alias '" + publicKeyAlias + "'");
}
return certificate.getPublicKey();
}
Example 23
Project: cyberduck File: AbstractX509KeyManager.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* @param issuers The list of acceptable CA issuer subject names or null if it does not matter which issuers are used
* @return True if certificate matches issuer and key type
*/
protected boolean matches(final Certificate c, final String[] keyTypes, final Principal[] issuers) {
if(!(c instanceof X509Certificate)) {
log.warn(String.format("Certificate %s is not of type X509", c));
return false;
}
if(!Arrays.asList(keyTypes).contains(c.getPublicKey().getAlgorithm())) {
log.warn(String.format("Key type %s does not match any of %s", c.getPublicKey().getAlgorithm(),
Arrays.toString(keyTypes)));
return false;
}
if(null == issuers || Arrays.asList(issuers).isEmpty()) {
// null if it does not matter which issuers are used
return true;
}
final X500Principal issuer = ((X509Certificate) c).getIssuerX500Principal();
if(!Arrays.asList(issuers).contains(issuer)) {
log.warn(String.format("Issuer %s does not match", issuer));
return false;
}
return true;
}
Example 24
Project: OpenJSharp File: JceKeyStore.java Source Code and License 6 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the (alias) name of the first keystore entry whose certificate
* matches the given certificate.
*
* <p>This method attempts to match the given certificate with each
* keystore entry. If the entry being considered
* is a <i>trusted certificate entry</i>, the given certificate is
* compared to that entry's certificate. If the entry being considered is
* a <i>key entry</i>, the given certificate is compared to the first
* element of that entry's certificate chain (if a chain exists).
*
* @param cert the certificate to match with.
*
* @return the (alias) name of the first entry with matching certificate,
* or null if no such entry exists in this keystore.
*/
public String engineGetCertificateAlias(Certificate cert) {
Certificate certElem;
Enumeration<String> e = entries.keys();
while (e.hasMoreElements()) {
String alias = e.nextElement();
Object entry = entries.get(alias);
if (entry instanceof TrustedCertEntry) {
certElem = ((TrustedCertEntry)entry).cert;
} else if ((entry instanceof PrivateKeyEntry) &&
(((PrivateKeyEntry)entry).chain != null)) {
certElem = ((PrivateKeyEntry)entry).chain[0];
} else {
continue;
}
if (certElem.equals(cert)) {
return alias;
}
}
return null;
}
Example 25
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: PrivateKeyResolver.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private PrivateKey resolveX509SKI(XMLX509SKI x509SKI) throws XMLSecurityException, KeyStoreException {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "Can I resolve X509SKI?");
Enumeration<String> aliases = keyStore.aliases();
while (aliases.hasMoreElements()) {
String alias = aliases.nextElement();
if (keyStore.isKeyEntry(alias)) {
Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
if (cert instanceof X509Certificate) {
XMLX509SKI certSKI = new XMLX509SKI(x509SKI.getDocument(), (X509Certificate) cert);
if (certSKI.equals(x509SKI)) {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "match !!! ");
try {
Key key = keyStore.getKey(alias, password);
if (key instanceof PrivateKey) {
return (PrivateKey) key;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "Cannot recover the key", e);
// Keep searching
}
}
}
}
}
return null;
}
Example 26
Project: javaide File: DebugKeyProvider.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the debug {@link Certificate} to use to sign applications for debug purpose.
* @return the certificate or <code>null</code> if its creation failed.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unused") // the thrown Exceptions are not actually thrown
public Certificate getCertificate() throws KeyStoreException, NoSuchAlgorithmException,
UnrecoverableKeyException, UnrecoverableEntryException {
if (mEntry != null) {
return mEntry.getCertificate();
}
return null;
}
Example 27
Project: BTNotifierAndroid File: SslUtils.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private void trustCertificate(Certificate cert, String deviceLabel) throws KeyStoreException, CertificateException, IOException, NoSuchAlgorithmException {
KeyStore ts = getKeyStore();
Log.i(TAG, "Adding certificate ID " + deviceLabel + " to Trust store (" + trustStorePath + "): " + cert);
ts.setCertificateEntry(deviceLabel, cert);
ts.store(new FileOutputStream(trustStorePath), null);
}
Example 28
Project: https-github.com-apache-zookeeper File: NettyServerCnxn.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
@Override
public void setClientCertificateChain(Certificate[] chain) {
if (chain == null)
{
clientChain = null;
} else {
clientChain = Arrays.copyOf(chain, chain.length);
}
}
Example 29
Project: OpenJSharp File: X509CertImpl.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returned the encoding of the given certificate for internal use.
* Callers must guarantee that they neither modify it nor expose it
* to untrusted code. Uses getEncodedInternal() if the certificate
* is instance of X509CertImpl, getEncoded() otherwise.
*/
public static byte[] getEncodedInternal(Certificate cert)
throws CertificateEncodingException {
if (cert instanceof X509CertImpl) {
return ((X509CertImpl)cert).getEncodedInternal();
} else {
return cert.getEncoded();
}
}
Example 30
Project: xitk File: XiKeyStoreSpi.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
@Override
public String engineGetCertificateAlias(Certificate cert) {
for (String alias : keyCerts.keySet()) {
if (keyCerts.get(alias).getCertificate().equals(cert)) {
return alias;
}
}
return null;
}
Example 31
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: DefineClass.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Security.addProvider(new TestProvider());
MySecureClassLoader scl = new MySecureClassLoader();
File policyFile = new File(System.getProperty("test.src", "."),
"DefineClass.policy");
Policy p = Policy.getInstance("JavaPolicy",
new URIParameter(policyFile.toURI()));
Policy.setPolicy(p);
System.setSecurityManager(new SecurityManager());
ArrayList<Permission> perms1 = getPermissions(scl, p,
"http://localhost/",
"foo.Foo", FOO_CLASS,
null);
checkPerms(perms1, GRANTED_PERMS);
ArrayList<Permission> perms2 = getPermissions(scl, p,
"http://127.0.0.1/",
"bar.Bar", BAR_CLASS,
null);
checkPerms(perms2, GRANTED_PERMS);
assert(perms1.equals(perms2));
// check that class signed by baz is granted an additional permission
Certificate[] chain = new Certificate[] {getCert(BAZ_CERT)};
ArrayList<Permission> perms3 = getPermissions(scl, p,
"http://localhost/",
"baz.Baz", BAZ_CLASS,
chain);
List<Permission> perms = new ArrayList<>(Arrays.asList(GRANTED_PERMS));
perms.add(new PropertyPermission("user.dir", "read"));
checkPerms(perms3, perms.toArray(new Permission[0]));
}
Example 32
Project: OpenJSharp File: Main.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
void validateCertChain(List<? extends Certificate> certs) throws Exception {
int cpLen = 0;
out: for (; cpLen<certs.size(); cpLen++) {
for (TrustAnchor ta: pkixParameters.getTrustAnchors()) {
if (ta.getTrustedCert().equals(certs.get(cpLen))) {
break out;
}
}
}
if (cpLen > 0) {
CertPath cp = certificateFactory.generateCertPath(
(cpLen == certs.size())? certs: certs.subList(0, cpLen));
validator.validate(cp, pkixParameters);
}
}
Example 33
Project: ditb File: KeyStoreTestUtil.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
public static void createKeyStore(String filename,
String password, String alias,
Key privateKey, Certificate cert)
throws GeneralSecurityException, IOException {
KeyStore ks = createEmptyKeyStore();
ks.setKeyEntry(alias, privateKey, password.toCharArray(),
new Certificate[]{cert});
saveKeyStore(ks, filename, password);
}
Example 34
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: PolicyFile.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private String getDN(String alias, KeyStore keystore) {
Certificate cert = null;
try {
cert = keystore.getCertificate(alias);
} catch (Exception e) {
if (debug != null) {
debug.println(" Error retrieving certificate for '" +
alias +
"': " +
e.toString());
}
return null;
}
if (cert == null || !(cert instanceof X509Certificate)) {
if (debug != null) {
debug.println(" -- No certificate for '" +
alias +
"' - ignoring entry");
}
return null;
} else {
X509Certificate x509Cert = (X509Certificate)cert;
// 4702543: X500 names with an EmailAddress
// were encoded incorrectly. create new
// X500Principal name with correct encoding
X500Principal p = new X500Principal
(x509Cert.getSubjectX500Principal().toString());
return p.getName();
}
}
Example 35
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: KeychainStore.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Assigns the given certificate to the given alias.
*
* <p>If the given alias already exists in this keystore and identifies a
* <i>trusted certificate entry</i>, the certificate associated with it is
* overridden by the given certificate.
*
* @param alias the alias name
* @param cert the certificate
*
* @exception KeyStoreException if the given alias already exists and does
* not identify a <i>trusted certificate entry</i>, or this operation
* fails for some other reason.
*/
public void engineSetCertificateEntry(String alias, Certificate cert)
throws KeyStoreException
{
permissionCheck();
synchronized(entries) {
Object entry = entries.get(alias.toLowerCase());
if ((entry != null) && (entry instanceof KeyEntry)) {
throw new KeyStoreException
("Cannot overwrite key entry with certificate");
}
// This will be slow, but necessary. Enumerate the values and then see if the cert matches the one in the trusted cert entry.
// Security framework doesn't support the same certificate twice in a keychain.
Collection allValues = entries.values();
for (Object value : allValues) {
if (value instanceof TrustedCertEntry) {
TrustedCertEntry tce = (TrustedCertEntry)value;
if (tce.cert.equals(cert)) {
throw new KeyStoreException("Keychain does not support mulitple copies of same certificate.");
}
}
}
TrustedCertEntry trustedCertEntry = new TrustedCertEntry();
trustedCertEntry.cert = cert;
trustedCertEntry.date = new Date();
String lowerAlias = alias.toLowerCase();
if (entries.get(lowerAlias) != null) {
deletedEntries.put(lowerAlias, entries.get(lowerAlias));
}
entries.put(lowerAlias, trustedCertEntry);
addedEntries.put(lowerAlias, trustedCertEntry);
}
}
Example 36
Project: OpenJSharp File: PrivateKeyResolver.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private PrivateKey resolveX509SubjectName(XMLX509SubjectName x509SubjectName) throws KeyStoreException {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "Can I resolve X509SubjectName?");
Enumeration<String> aliases = keyStore.aliases();
while (aliases.hasMoreElements()) {
String alias = aliases.nextElement();
if (keyStore.isKeyEntry(alias)) {
Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
if (cert instanceof X509Certificate) {
XMLX509SubjectName certSN =
new XMLX509SubjectName(x509SubjectName.getDocument(), (X509Certificate) cert);
if (certSN.equals(x509SubjectName)) {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "match !!! ");
try {
Key key = keyStore.getKey(alias, password);
if (key instanceof PrivateKey) {
return (PrivateKey) key;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "Cannot recover the key", e);
// Keep searching
}
}
}
}
}
return null;
}
Example 37
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: HandshakeMessage.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
CertificateMsg(HandshakeInStream input) throws IOException {
int chainLen = input.getInt24();
List<Certificate> v = new ArrayList<>(4);
CertificateFactory cf = null;
while (chainLen > 0) {
byte[] cert = input.getBytes24();
chainLen -= (3 + cert.length);
try {
if (cf == null) {
cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
}
v.add(cf.generateCertificate(new ByteArrayInputStream(cert)));
} catch (CertificateException e) {
throw (SSLProtocolException)new SSLProtocolException(
e.getMessage()).initCause(e);
}
}
chain = v.toArray(new X509Certificate[v.size()]);
}
Example 38
Project: OpenJSharp File: Timestamp.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns a string describing this timestamp.
*
* @return A string comprising the date and time of the timestamp and
* its signer's certificate.
*/
public String toString() {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
sb.append("(");
sb.append("timestamp: " + timestamp);
List<? extends Certificate> certs = signerCertPath.getCertificates();
if (!certs.isEmpty()) {
sb.append("TSA: " + certs.get(0));
} else {
sb.append("TSA: <empty>");
}
sb.append(")");
return sb.toString();
}
Example 39
Project: OpenJSharp File: ClassLoader.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private void postDefineClass(Class<?> c, ProtectionDomain pd)
{
if (pd.getCodeSource() != null) {
Certificate certs[] = pd.getCodeSource().getCertificates();
if (certs != null)
setSigners(c, certs);
}
}
Example 40
Project: mi-firma-android File: AOXAdESASiCSTriPhaseSigner.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
@Override
public byte[] cosign(final byte[] data,
final byte[] sign,
final String algorithm,
final PrivateKey key,
final Certificate[] certChain,
final Properties xParams) throws AOException {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("No se soportan cofirmas trifasicas XAdES-ASiC-S"); //$NON-NLS-1$
}
Example 41
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: P11KeyStore.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Assigns the given key to the given alias, protecting it with the given
* password.
*
* <p>If the given key is of type <code>java.security.PrivateKey</code>,
* it must be accompanied by a certificate chain certifying the
* corresponding public key.
*
* <p>If the given alias already exists, the keystore information
* associated with it is overridden by the given key (and possibly
* certificate chain).
*
* @param alias the alias name
* @param key the key to be associated with the alias
* @param password the password to protect the key
* @param chain the certificate chain for the corresponding public
* key (only required if the given key is of type
* <code>java.security.PrivateKey</code>).
*
* @exception KeyStoreException if the given key cannot be protected, or
* this operation fails for some other reason
*/
public synchronized void engineSetKeyEntry(String alias, Key key,
char[] password,
Certificate[] chain)
throws KeyStoreException {
token.ensureValid();
checkWrite();
if (!(key instanceof PrivateKey) && !(key instanceof SecretKey)) {
throw new KeyStoreException("key must be PrivateKey or SecretKey");
} else if (key instanceof PrivateKey && chain == null) {
throw new KeyStoreException
("PrivateKey must be accompanied by non-null chain");
} else if (key instanceof SecretKey && chain != null) {
throw new KeyStoreException
("SecretKey must be accompanied by null chain");
} else if (password != null &&
!token.config.getKeyStoreCompatibilityMode()) {
throw new KeyStoreException("Password must be null");
}
KeyStore.Entry entry = null;
try {
if (key instanceof PrivateKey) {
entry = new KeyStore.PrivateKeyEntry((PrivateKey)key, chain);
} else if (key instanceof SecretKey) {
entry = new KeyStore.SecretKeyEntry((SecretKey)key);
}
} catch (NullPointerException | IllegalArgumentException e) {
throw new KeyStoreException(e);
}
engineSetEntry(alias, entry, new KeyStore.PasswordProtection(password));
}
Example 42
Project: RISE-V2G File: SecurityUtils.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Returns the leaf certificate from a given certificate chain.
*
* @param certChain The certificate chain given as an array of Certificate instances
* @return The leaf certificate (begin not a CA)
*/
public static X509Certificate getLeafCertificate(Certificate[] certChain) {
for (Certificate cert : certChain) {
X509Certificate x509Cert = (X509Certificate) cert;
// Check whether the pathLen constraint is set which indicates if this certificate is a CA
if (x509Cert.getBasicConstraints() == -1) return x509Cert;
}
getLogger().warn("No leaf certificate found in given certificate chain");
return null;
}
Example 43
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: ScanSignedJar.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
System.out.println("Opening " + JAR_LOCATION + "...");
JarInputStream inStream =
new JarInputStream(new URL(JAR_LOCATION).openStream(), true);
JarEntry entry;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
while ((entry = inStream.getNextJarEntry()) != null) {
// need to read the entry's data to see the certs.
while(inStream.read(buffer) != -1)
;
String name = entry.getName();
long size = entry.getSize();
Certificate[] certificates = entry.getCertificates();
CodeSigner[] signers = entry.getCodeSigners();
if (signers == null && certificates == null) {
System.out.println("[unsigned]\t" + name + "\t(" + size +
" bytes)");
if (name.equals("Count.class")) {
throw new Exception("Count.class should be signed");
}
} else if (signers != null && certificates != null) {
System.out.println("[" + signers.length +
(signers.length == 1 ? " signer" : " signers") + "]\t" +
name + "\t(" + size + " bytes)");
} else {
System.out.println("[*ERROR*]\t" + name + "\t(" + size +
" bytes)");
throw new Exception("Cannot determine whether the entry is " +
"signed or unsigned (signers[] doesn't match certs[]).");
}
}
}
Example 44
Project: opencps-v2 File: CertUtil.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* @param url
* @return
* @throws CertificateException
* @throws FileNotFoundException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
public static Certificate getCertificateByURL(String url)
throws CertificateException, FileNotFoundException, URISyntaxException {
CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory
.getInstance("X.509");
Certificate cert = cf
.generateCertificate(new FileInputStream(new File(new URI(url))));
return cert;
}
Example 45
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: ProbeLargeKeystore.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private static final Certificate loadCertificate(String certFile)
throws Exception {
try (FileInputStream certStream = new FileInputStream(certFile)) {
CertificateFactory factory =
CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
return factory.generateCertificate(certStream);
}
}
Example 46
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: SSLSocketSNISensitive.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private static void checkCertificate(Certificate[] certs,
String hostname) throws Exception {
if (certs != null && certs.length != 0) {
X509Certificate x509Cert = (X509Certificate)certs[0];
String subject = x509Cert.getSubjectX500Principal().getName();
if (!subject.contains(hostname)) {
throw new Exception(
"Not the expected certificate: " + subject);
}
}
}
Example 47
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: BasicChecker.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Performs the signature, timestamp, and subject/issuer name chaining
* checks on the certificate using its internal state. This method does
* not remove any critical extensions from the Collection.
*
* @param cert the Certificate
* @param unresolvedCritExts a Collection of the unresolved critical
* extensions
* @throws CertPathValidatorException if certificate does not verify
*/
@Override
public void check(Certificate cert, Collection<String> unresolvedCritExts)
throws CertPathValidatorException
{
X509Certificate currCert = (X509Certificate)cert;
if (!sigOnly) {
verifyTimestamp(currCert);
verifyNameChaining(currCert);
}
verifySignature(currCert);
updateState(currCert);
}
Example 48
Project: zabbkit-android File: SSLManager.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
public void getCertificates(final HttpsURLConnection conn, final AsyncRequestListener listener) {
new AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void>() {
@Override
protected Void doInBackground(Void... params) {
keyStore = loadTrustStore();
Certificate[] certs = null;
try {
certs = conn.getServerCertificates();
} catch (SSLPeerUnverifiedException e) {
// Toast.makeText(mContext, e.getMessage(),
// Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
int i = 0;
X509Certificate[] chain = new X509Certificate[certs.length];
for (Certificate cert : certs) {
if (cert instanceof X509Certificate) {
chain[i] = (X509Certificate) cert;
i++;
}
}
if (chain != null) {
try {
MyX509TrustManager.getInstance().checkServerTrusted(chain, "RSA");
listener.onCertificateRequest(null);
} catch (java.security.cert.CertificateException e1) {
listener.onCertificateRequest(chain);
}
}
return null;
}
}.execute();
}
Example 49
Project: jdk8u-jdk File: ScanSignedJar.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
System.out.println("Opening " + JAR_LOCATION + "...");
JarInputStream inStream =
new JarInputStream(new URL(JAR_LOCATION).openStream(), true);
JarEntry entry;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
while ((entry = inStream.getNextJarEntry()) != null) {
// need to read the entry's data to see the certs.
while(inStream.read(buffer) != -1)
;
String name = entry.getName();
long size = entry.getSize();
Certificate[] certificates = entry.getCertificates();
CodeSigner[] signers = entry.getCodeSigners();
if (signers == null && certificates == null) {
System.out.println("[unsigned]\t" + name + "\t(" + size +
" bytes)");
if (name.equals("Count.class")) {
throw new Exception("Count.class should be signed");
}
} else if (signers != null && certificates != null) {
System.out.println("[" + signers.length +
(signers.length == 1 ? " signer" : " signers") + "]\t" +
name + "\t(" + size + " bytes)");
} else {
System.out.println("[*ERROR*]\t" + name + "\t(" + size +
" bytes)");
throw new Exception("Cannot determine whether the entry is " +
"signed or unsigned (signers[] doesn't match certs[]).");
}
}
}
Example 50
Project: easyssl File: SSLContextCreator.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private static File createCertChainPEMFile(Certificate[] cchain)throws Exception{
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (Certificate c : cchain) {
sb.append("-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n");
sb.append(new String(Base64.getEncoder().encode(c.getEncoded())));
sb.append("\n");
sb.append("-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n");
}
return tempFile("certchain", "pem", sb.toString());
}
Example 51
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: KeyStoreResolver.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private Certificate findNextCert() {
while (this.aliases.hasMoreElements()) {
String alias = this.aliases.nextElement();
try {
Certificate cert = this.keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
if (cert != null) {
return cert;
}
} catch (KeyStoreException ex) {
return null;
}
}
return null;
}
Example 52
Project: kubernetes-client File: LoggingApiClient.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
protected KeyManager[] gkm(String cert, String k2) throws UnrecoverableKeyException, NoSuchAlgorithmException, KeyStoreException, IOException, CertificateException {
if (cert == null && k2 == null)
return new KeyManager[0];
String keyStoreType = "JKS";
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance(keyStoreType);
ks.load(null, "".toCharArray());
List<java.security.cert.Certificate> certs = new ArrayList<java.security.cert.Certificate>();
certs.add(PEMSupport.getInstance().parseCertificate(cert));
Object key = PEMSupport.getInstance().parseKey(k2);
Key k = key instanceof Key ? (Key) key : ((KeyPair)key).getPrivate();
if (k instanceof RSAPrivateCrtKey && certs.get(0).getPublicKey() instanceof RSAPublicKey) {
RSAPrivateCrtKey privkey = (RSAPrivateCrtKey)k;
RSAPublicKey pubkey = (RSAPublicKey) certs.get(0).getPublicKey();
if (!(privkey.getModulus().equals(pubkey.getModulus()) && privkey.getPublicExponent().equals(pubkey.getPublicExponent())))
LOG.warn("Certificate does not fit to key.");
}
ks.setKeyEntry("inlinePemKeyAndCertificate", k, "".toCharArray(), certs.toArray(new Certificate[certs.size()]));
KeyManagerFactory kmf = KeyManagerFactory.getInstance(KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
String keyPassword = "";
kmf.init(ks, keyPassword.toCharArray());
return kmf.getKeyManagers();
}
Example 53
Project: OpenJSharp File: PrivateKeyResolver.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private PrivateKey resolveX509IssuerSerial(XMLX509IssuerSerial x509Serial) throws KeyStoreException {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "Can I resolve X509IssuerSerial?");
Enumeration<String> aliases = keyStore.aliases();
while (aliases.hasMoreElements()) {
String alias = aliases.nextElement();
if (keyStore.isKeyEntry(alias)) {
Certificate cert = keyStore.getCertificate(alias);
if (cert instanceof X509Certificate) {
XMLX509IssuerSerial certSerial =
new XMLX509IssuerSerial(x509Serial.getDocument(), (X509Certificate) cert);
if (certSerial.equals(x509Serial)) {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "match !!! ");
try {
Key key = keyStore.getKey(alias, password);
if (key instanceof PrivateKey) {
return (PrivateKey) key;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
log.log(java.util.logging.Level.FINE, "Cannot recover the key", e);
// Keep searching
}
}
}
}
}
return null;
}
Example 54
Project: cas4.0.x-server-wechat File: MockX509CRL.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* @see java.security.cert.CRL#isRevoked(java.security.cert.Certificate)
*/
@Override
public boolean isRevoked(final Certificate cert) {
if (cert instanceof X509Certificate) {
final X509Certificate xcert = (X509Certificate) cert;
for (X509CRLEntry entry : getRevokedCertificates()) {
if (entry.getSerialNumber().equals(xcert.getSerialNumber())) {
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
Example 55
Project: opencps-v2 File: BCYSignatureUtil.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* @param fullPath
* @param cert
* @param imageBase64
* @return
*/
public static ServerSigner getServerSigner(String fullPath,
Certificate cert, String imageBase64, boolean showSignatureInfo) {
ServerSigner signer = new ServerSigner(fullPath, cert);
signer.setSignatureGraphic(imageBase64);
if(showSignatureInfo) {
signer.setSignatureAppearance(PdfSignatureAppearance.RenderingMode.GRAPHIC_AND_DESCRIPTION);
} else {
signer.setSignatureAppearance(PdfSignatureAppearance.RenderingMode.GRAPHIC);
}
return signer;
}
Example 56
Project: CustomWorldGen File: FMLPreInitializationEvent.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Retrieve the FML signing certificates, if any. Validate these against the
* published FML certificates in your mod, if you wish.
*
* Deprecated because mods should <b>NOT</b> trust this code. Rather
* they should copy this, or something like this, into their own mods.
*
* @return Certificates used to sign FML and Forge
*/
@Deprecated
public Certificate[] getFMLSigningCertificates()
{
CodeSource codeSource = getClass().getClassLoader().getParent().getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource();
Certificate[] certs = codeSource.getCertificates();
if (certs == null)
{
return new Certificate[0];
}
else
{
return certs;
}
}
Example 57
Project: OpenJSharp File: LDAPCertStore.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
private Collection<X509Certificate> getCertificates(LDAPRequest request,
String id, X509CertSelector sel) throws CertStoreException {
/* fetch encoded certs from storage */
byte[][] encodedCert;
try {
encodedCert = request.getValues(id);
} catch (NamingException namingEx) {
throw new CertStoreException(namingEx);
}
int n = encodedCert.length;
if (n == 0) {
return Collections.emptySet();
}
List<X509Certificate> certs = new ArrayList<>(n);
/* decode certs and check if they satisfy selector */
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
ByteArrayInputStream bais = new ByteArrayInputStream(encodedCert[i]);
try {
Certificate cert = cf.generateCertificate(bais);
if (sel.match(cert)) {
certs.add((X509Certificate)cert);
}
} catch (CertificateException e) {
if (debug != null) {
debug.println("LDAPCertStore.getCertificates() encountered "
+ "exception while parsing cert, skipping the bad data: ");
HexDumpEncoder encoder = new HexDumpEncoder();
debug.println(
"[ " + encoder.encodeBuffer(encodedCert[i]) + " ]");
}
}
}
return certs;
}
Example 58
Project: boohee_v5.6 File: DelegatingHttpsURLConnection.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
public Certificate[] getServerCertificates() throws SSLPeerUnverifiedException {
Handshake handshake = handshake();
if (handshake == null) {
return null;
}
List<Certificate> result = handshake.peerCertificates();
if (result.isEmpty()) {
return null;
}
return (Certificate[]) result.toArray(new Certificate[result.size()]);
}
Example 59
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: Main.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
/**
* Writes an X.509 certificate in base64 or binary encoding to an output
* stream.
*/
private void dumpCert(Certificate cert, PrintStream out)
throws IOException, CertificateException
{
if (rfc) {
out.println(X509Factory.BEGIN_CERT);
out.println(Base64.getMimeEncoder(64, CRLF).encodeToString(cert.getEncoded()));
out.println(X509Factory.END_CERT);
} else {
out.write(cert.getEncoded()); // binary
}
}
Example 60
Project: openjdk-jdk10 File: MyKeyManager.java Source Code and License 5 votes vote down vote up
MyKeyManager(KeyStore ks, char[] password)
throws KeyStoreException, NoSuchAlgorithmException,
UnrecoverableKeyException
{
if (ks == null) {
return;
}
Enumeration aliases = ks.aliases();
while (aliases.hasMoreElements()) {
String alias = (String)aliases.nextElement();
if (ks.isKeyEntry(alias)) {
Certificate[] certs;
certs = ks.getCertificateChain(alias);
if (certs != null && certs.length > 0 &&
certs[0] instanceof X509Certificate) {
if (!(certs instanceof X509Certificate[])) {
Certificate[] tmp = new X509Certificate[certs.length];
System.arraycopy(certs, 0, tmp, 0, certs.length);
certs = tmp;
}
Key key = ks.getKey(alias, password);
certChainMap.put(alias, certs);
keyMap.put(alias, key);
}
}
}
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.994489 |
kevin man kevin man - 1 month ago 17
CSS Question
Jquery load more content divs
Basically trying to use Jquery to hide a chunk of divs, and using a button to show more. However since my divs are inline-block, they seem to not be hidden, and i have no idea why. Just trying to make a load more button to show more divs, but till then only the first 8 divs are to be shown, the rest should be hidden. Similar to the older post button on this website: https://melodydemo.wordpress.com/
Here is my Jquery for hiding a showing more divs:
$(function () {
$("div").slice(0, 8).show();
$("#loadMore").on('click', function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
$("div:hidden").slice(0, 8).slideDown();
if ($("div:hidden").length == 0) {
$("#load").fadeOut('slow');
}
$('html,body').animate({
scrollTop: $(this).offset().top
}, 1500);
});
});
$('a[href=#top]').click(function () {
$('body,html').animate({
scrollTop: 0
}, 600);
return false;
});
$(window).scroll(function () {
if ($(this).scrollTop() > 50) {
$('.totop a').fadeIn();
} else {
$('.totop a').fadeOut();
}
});
Heres the codepen of the my attempt: https://codepen.io/kastex/pen/RowYLL
Answer
Live view with Jsfiddle
Live view with codepen
What You need to Add and Removed
Removed CSS : From divstyle
display: inline-block;
And
ADD CSS : add new Style with a display class.
div.display {
display: inline-block;
}
JavaScripts:
Removed JS : from line number 2 & 3.
.show(); & .slideDown();
And
ADD JS : Add this Line number 2 & 3 Both .
.addClass('ClassName')
$(function () {
$("div").slice(0, 8).addClass('display');
$("#loadMore").on('click', function (e) {
e.preventDefault();
$("div:hidden").slice(0, 8).addClass('display');
if ($("div:hidden").length == 0) {
$("#load").fadeOut('slow');
}
$('html,body').animate({
scrollTop: $(this).offset().top
}, 1500);
});
});
$('a[href=#top]').click(function () {
$('body,html').animate({
scrollTop: 0
}, 600);
return false;
});
$(window).scroll(function () {
if ($(this).scrollTop() > 50) {
$('.totop a').fadeIn();
} else {
$('.totop a').fadeOut();
}
});
body {
background-color: #f6f6f6;
width: 400px;
margin: 20px auto;
font: normal 13px/100% sans-serif;
color: #444;
}
div {
display:none;
padding: 10px;
border-width: 0 1px 1px 0;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #fff;
box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #ccc;
margin-bottom: 5px;
background-color: #f1f1f1;
/*display: inline-block;*/
}
div.display {
display: inline-block;
}
.totop {
position: fixed;
bottom: 10px;
right: 20px;
}
.totop a {
display: none;
}
a, a:visited {
color: #33739E;
text-decoration: none;
display: block;
margin: 10px 0;
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: none;
}
#loadMore {
padding: 10px;
text-align: center;
background-color: #33739E;
color: #fff;
border-width: 0 1px 1px 0;
border-style: solid;
border-color: #fff;
box-shadow: 0 1px 1px #ccc;
transition: all 600ms ease-in-out;
-webkit-transition: all 600ms ease-in-out;
-moz-transition: all 600ms ease-in-out;
-o-transition: all 600ms ease-in-out;
}
#loadMore:hover {
background-color: #fff;
color: #33739E;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div>Content 1</div>
<div>Content 2</div>
<div>Content 3</div>
<div>Content 4</div>
<div>Content 5</div>
<div>Content 6</div>
<div>Content 7</div>
<div>Content 8</div>
<div>Content 9</div>
<div>Content 10</div>
<div>Content 11</div>
<div>Content 12</div>
<div>Content 13</div>
<div>Content 14</div>
<div>Content 15</div>
<div>Content 16</div>
<div>Content 17</div>
<div>Content 18</div>
<div>Content 19</div>
<div>Content 20</div>
<div>Content 21</div>
<div>Content 22</div>
<div>Content 23</div>
<div>Content 24</div>
<div>Content 25</div>
<div>Content 26</div>
<div>Content 27</div>
<div>Content 28</div>
<div>Content 29</div>
<div>Content 30</div>
<div>Content 31</div>
<div>Content 32</div>
<div>Content 33</div>
<div>Content 34</div>
<div>Content 35</div>
<div>Content 36</div>
<a href="#" id="loadMore">Load More</a>
<p class="totop">
<a href="#top">Back to top</a>
</p>
Comments
|
__label__pos
| 0.941169 |
Garry's Mod Wiki
engine.GetGames
engine.GetGames
table engine.GetGames()
Description
Returns an array of tables corresponding to all games from which Garry's Mod supports mounting content.
Returns
1 table
A table of tables containing all mountable games
Example
Prints out a list of games, their Steam AppIds, titles and status (owned, installed, mounted).
Output:
1: depot = 220 title = Half-Life 2 owned = true folder = hl2 mounted = true installed = true 2: depot = 240 title = Counter-Strike owned = false folder = cstrike mounted = false installed = false 3: depot = 300 title = Day of Defeat owned = false folder = dod mounted = false installed = false 4: depot = 440 title = Team Fortress 2 owned = true folder = tf mounted = true installed = true
```
Special Pages
Wikis
?
Render Time: 22ms
DB GetPage 2
Generate Html 2
SaveChanges (1) 8
Render Body 0
Render Sidebar 7
|
__label__pos
| 0.999604 |
Next: , Previous: config.h.in, Up: Adjusting Files
13.4.11 Makefile.in at top level
Here are a few modifications you need to make to your main, top-level Makefile.in file.
1. Add the following lines near the beginning of your Makefile.in, so the ‘dist:’ goal will work properly (as explained further down):
PACKAGE = @PACKAGE@
VERSION = @VERSION@
2. Add file ABOUT-NLS to the DISTFILES definition, so the file gets distributed.
3. Wherever you process subdirectories in your Makefile.in, be sure you also process the subdirectories ‘intl’ and ‘po’. Special rules in the Makefiles take care for the case where no internationalization is wanted.
If you are using Makefiles, either generated by automake, or hand-written so they carefully follow the GNU coding standards, the effected goals for which the new subdirectories must be handled include ‘installdirs’, ‘install’, ‘uninstall’, ‘clean’, ‘distclean’.
Here is an example of a canonical order of processing. In this example, we also define SUBDIRS in Makefile.in for it to be further used in the ‘dist:’ goal.
SUBDIRS = doc intl lib src po
Note that you must arrange for ‘make’ to descend into the intl directory before descending into other directories containing code which make use of the libintl.h header file. For this reason, here we mention intl before lib and src.
4. A delicate point is the ‘dist:’ goal, as both intl/Makefile and po/Makefile will later assume that the proper directory has been set up from the main Makefile. Here is an example at what the ‘dist:’ goal might look like:
distdir = $(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)
dist: Makefile
rm -fr $(distdir)
mkdir $(distdir)
chmod 777 $(distdir)
for file in $(DISTFILES); do \
ln $$file $(distdir) 2>/dev/null || cp -p $$file $(distdir); \
done
for subdir in $(SUBDIRS); do \
mkdir $(distdir)/$$subdir || exit 1; \
chmod 777 $(distdir)/$$subdir; \
(cd $$subdir && $(MAKE) $@) || exit 1; \
done
tar chozf $(distdir).tar.gz $(distdir)
rm -fr $(distdir)
Note that if you are using GNU automake, Makefile.in is automatically generated from Makefile.am, and all needed changes to Makefile.am are already made by running ‘gettextize’.
|
__label__pos
| 0.857642 |
0
$\begingroup$
How can $\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} 2^{-n} \frac{|x_n-z_n|}{1+|x_n-z_n|}$ be symmetric?
Problem:
Consider that the sequences are s.t. they obey:
$(x_n)$ follows $f(x)=x^3$
$(z_n)$ follows $f(x)=x^2$
Then the graph of this is unsymmetric.
$\endgroup$
• 1
$\begingroup$ It is symmetric in the sense that if your interchange the roles of $x_n$ and $y_n$, you get the same value. Not that $x_n = x_{-n}$. $\endgroup$ – kimchi lover Jan 11 at 21:31
• $\begingroup$ @kimchilover Okay see, mixing the meaning of "symmetric". $\endgroup$ – mavavilj Jan 11 at 21:33
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__label__pos
| 0.720317 |
(* proof of display property *) val _ = qed_goal_spec_mp "n_dispA_step" N_Display.thy "(X, Y) : ipsubnseq --> (EX nseq W. \ \ (nseq = ($X => $W) | nseq = ($W => $X)) & \ \ derrec (nrulefs biillsn_cf) {nseq} = derrec (nrulefs biillsn_cf) {$Y => $Z})" (fn _ => [ (safe_tac (ces ipsubnseq.elims)), (ALLGOALS (REPEAT o rtac exI)), (ALLGOALS Clarsimp_tac), (REPEAT_FIRST (rtac conjI)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac disjI2)), (TRYALL (rtac disjI1)), Safe_tac, (TRYALL (rtac refl)), (TRYALL (etac dd1thr)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac (tn [sn_d_drp, sn_dpS, sn_didrp]))), (SOMEGOAL (rtac (tn [sn_d_drp, sn_dpS, sn_didrp]))), (SOMEGOAL (rtac sn_didrp)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac sn_d_drp)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac (tn [sn_d_rp, sn_dpA]))), (SOMEGOAL (rtac (tn [sn_dpA, sn_dirp]))), (SOMEGOAL (rtac sn_d_rp)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac sn_dirp)), (TRYALL (resolve_tac singleton_sub_biillsn_cf_thms)) ]) ; val _ = qed_goal_spec_mp "n_dispS_step" N_Display.thy "(X, Y) : ipsubnseq --> (EX nseq W. \ \ (nseq = ($X => $W) | nseq = ($W => $X)) & \ \ derrec (nrulefs biillsn_cf) {nseq} = derrec (nrulefs biillsn_cf) {$Z => $Y})" (fn _ => [ (safe_tac (ces ipsubnseq.elims)), (ALLGOALS (REPEAT o rtac exI)), (ALLGOALS Clarsimp_tac), (REPEAT_FIRST (rtac conjI)), (rtac disjI1 5), (TRYALL (rtac disjI2)), Safe_tac, (TRYALL (rtac refl)), (TRYALL (etac dd1thr)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac sn_dirp)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac sn_d_rp)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac (tn [sn_d_rp, sn_dpA, sn_dirp]))), (SOMEGOAL (rtac (tn [sn_d_rp, sn_dpA, sn_dirp]))), (SOMEGOAL (rtac sn_d_drp)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac sn_didrp)), (SOMEGOAL (rtac (tn [sn_d_drp, sn_dpS]))), (SOMEGOAL (rtac (tn [sn_dpS, sn_didrp]))), (TRYALL (resolve_tac singleton_sub_biillsn_cf_thms)) ]) ; val dntacs = [ (etac allE2), (etac impE), resolve_tac [disjI1, disjI2], rtac refl, Clarify_tac, etac disjE THEN_ALL_NEW EVERY' [ datac trans 1, rtac exI, eresolve_tac [disjI1, disjI2] ] ] ; val _ = qed_goalw_spec_mp "fill_n_disp" N_Display.thy [subnseq_def] "(X, Y) : subnseq --> (ALL seq Z. seq = ($Z => $Y) | seq = ($Y => $Z) --> \ \ (EX W. \ \ derrec (nrulefs biillsn_cf) {$W => $X} = derrec (nrulefs biillsn_cf) {seq} | \ \ derrec (nrulefs biillsn_cf) {$X => $W} = derrec (nrulefs biillsn_cf) {seq}))" (fn _ => [ (rtac impI 1), (etac rtrancl_induct 1), (ALLGOALS Clarify_tac), (ALLGOALS (etac disjE)), Fast_tac 1, Fast_tac 1, hyp_subst_tac 1, (dtac n_dispS_step 1), Clarify_tac 1, ((etac disjE THEN_ALL_NEW hyp_subst_tac) 1), EVERY' dntacs 1, EVERY' dntacs 1, hyp_subst_tac 1, (dtac n_dispA_step 1), Clarify_tac 1, ((etac disjE THEN_ALL_NEW hyp_subst_tac) 1), EVERY' dntacs 1, EVERY' dntacs 1 ]) ;
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# Native Modules
# Create your Native Module (IOS)
# Introduction
from http://facebook.github.io/react-native/docs/native-modules-ios.html
Sometimes an app needs access to platform API, and React Native doesn't have a corresponding module yet. Maybe you want to reuse some existing Objective-C, Swift or C++ code without having to reimplement it in JavaScript, or write some high performance, multi-threaded code such as for image processing, a database, or any number of advanced extensions.
A Native Module is simply an Objective-C Class that implements the RCTBridgeModule protocol.
# Example
In your Xcode project create a new file and select Cocoa Touch Class, in the creation wizard choose a name for your Class (e.g. NativeModule), make it a Subclass of: NSObject and choose Objective-C for the language.
This will create two files NativeModuleEx.h and NativeModuleEx.m
You will need to import RCTBridgeModule.h to your NativeModuleEx.h file as it follows:
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "RCTBridgeModule.h"
@interface NativeModuleEx : NSObject <RCTBridgeModule>
@end
In your NativeModuleEx.m add the following code:
#import "NativeModuleEx.h"
@implementation NativeModuleEx
RCT_EXPORT_MODULE();
RCT_EXPORT_METHOD(testModule:(NSString *)string )
{
NSLog(@"The string '%@' comes from JavaScript! ", string);
}
@end
RCT_EXPORT_MODULE() will make your module accessible in JavaScript, you can pass it an optional argument to specify its name. If no name is provided it will match the Objective-C class name.
RCT_EXPORT_METHOD() will expose your method to JavaScript, only the methods you export using this macro will be accessible in JavaScript.
Finally, in your JavaScript you can call your method as it follows:
import { NativeModules } from 'react-native';
var NativeModuleEx = NativeModules.NativeModuleEx;
NativeModuleEx.testModule('Some String !');
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Questions tagged [breadcrumbs]
"Breadcrumbs" or "breadcrumb trail" is a navigation aid used in user interfaces. It allows users to keep track of their locations within programs or documents.
Filter by
Sorted by
Tagged with
2
votes
2answers
56 views
Should breadcrumbs contain non-navigation elements
I am working on an admin interface which uses a left menu as well as a breadcrumb at the top of the page. I have items grouped into different levels in the menu as below: In this menu, "...
1
vote
1answer
61 views
Breadcrumbs to show non-functional web pages?
Side Nav Bar Child 1 Page Item 1 Page I'm always faced with the same issue when trying to design breadcrumbs. I would like to know what is the most accurate breadcrumbs for Item 1 Page, or should I ...
3
votes
2answers
82 views
Should I put actions dropdown in the right side of breadcrumbs?
I'm designing a user page for the back-office web application and thinking of the best place to put the actions(change user password, remove user). The solution I came up with is to put them under ...
32
votes
6answers
6k views
Multiple breadcrumbs
Breadcrumbs allow users to keep track of locations within websites. They show the path used to achieve the resource. But if the resource could have different categories, has the sense to create ...
2
votes
3answers
118 views
Styleguides: In which category do breadcrumb trail menus fall?
I am designing a new style guide from an existing style guide. The breadcrumb menu is an essential part of the design. I am organizing the new style guide in categories such as Colors, Typography, ...
2
votes
2answers
572 views
Breadcrumb and search behavior
How should the breadcrumb menu behave when entering the sub-page via search autosuggest? We have a global search and this kind of breadcrumb structure: Overview > Company > Group > Person. How should ...
8
votes
2answers
942 views
Breadcrumb history decision
Imagine that we have the following example: We have a customer that has documents and accounts and we provide two ways to reach the documents or accounts, either from: MAIN -> CUSTOMER -> ...
1
vote
2answers
155 views
Should I show breadcrumbs on application form?
I would like to know if it is necessary to show breadcrumbs while users have converted action on the application form, and the reason. i.e. wework detail page has breadcrumbs wework application page ...
0
votes
1answer
93 views
A 'Close' button, a 'Back' button and user journey branches
We have an interface where users can search for a customer. The customer details page has a 'close' button which at the moment means the user will go back to the Customer Search page. In other words: ...
1
vote
3answers
893 views
breadcrumb trail design for mobile
I was trying to make my website mobile friendly. I have gone through many reviews about breadcrumbs in mobile websites. Some say it is good and some say it is bad. After going through the reviews, I ...
0
votes
4answers
840 views
Best way to implement breadcrumbs on mobile [duplicate]
I would like to know about the use of breadcrumbs on mobile, is it a feasible practice today?
2
votes
2answers
352 views
Should steps in a wizard display in breadcrumbs?
The application I'm working on displays historical breadcrumbs. There's one section of the app that utilizes a wizard. Should the steps in the wizard also be displayed in the breadcrumbs, or just the ...
0
votes
4answers
112 views
How to display deep nested forum names?
In the backend of the company-intranet there is an area where you validate the rights of an user. Since the intranet comes with a forum, you can set rights for users to moderate a specific forum. ...
12
votes
2answers
3k views
What is the name of the breadcrumb/workflow UI component?
What is the correct/best name for the UI component which acts like a breadcrumb trail but also indicates where the user is in a defined series of steps? You see it all the time, something like: ...
0
votes
2answers
361 views
Breadcrumbs - vertical or horizontal?
I am planning to keep breadcrumb in my project. Which one is a good approach: Keeping in vertical or in horizontal form? What are the pros and cons?
3
votes
2answers
555 views
Breadcrumbs when there are multiple paths user can take to same page
I was tasked with improving the confusing breadcrumbs on a website I'm working on. They are evaluating if they want to keep or remove breadcrumbs. The problem: Users can navigate to certain pages ...
1
vote
1answer
936 views
What are alternative patterns to breadcrumb navigation for an e-commerce account page?
I am designing an account page for a responsive e-commerce site and I was wondering if I need breadcrumb navigations for customer's account page especially when they access deeper into the levels such ...
2
votes
1answer
314 views
Should Dashboard be included in breadcrumbs as homepage?
When users press on site logo, or when they login, they land on Dashboard, which is considered as homepage. They can go to other sections of the system from the sidebar menu - Messages, Events etc. ...
9
votes
3answers
3k views
Breadcrumb or tabbed form or best of both?
We have a web application that allows users to query a database. The results are returned in a breadcrumb style interface. We brought this change in at a new version, and our users have been ...
2
votes
1answer
126 views
How to best handle many breadcrumbs
I have a site that allows users to dig arbitrarily deep into a graph, and the user can always use breadcrumbs to navigate back to where s/he first began. Here's the ideal state: However this quickly ...
36
votes
2answers
4k views
Clicking a Breadcrumb Link, Trigger Browser Back Button, or Forward?
Background I have a set of breadcrumbs for a web site: Question When a user clicks on these, should I trigger the browser's back button using JS? Back n times? Or should these be regular a tags that ...
1
vote
1answer
61 views
How to prevent getting lost when updating an item from a filtered list?
I have a list of Widgets that can be filtered by their State (Active, Pending, and Deactivated). The default view when navigating to this list is the Active State (and page 1): Switching the State ...
1
vote
2answers
278 views
Are the breadcrumbs correct here?
I am wondering if the breadcrumbs I put there are correct. As far as I know breadcrumbs are supposed to show the longest path a user can go to a particular place. So here it is. However I'm not sure ...
8
votes
2answers
386 views
Breadcrumbs - what should they display?
I'm sorry for the mysterious question, I'll do my best to explain here. I do get the idea of breadcrumbs in general. But what should I do, if there a few ways for the user to get to one location? For ...
0
votes
1answer
65 views
Should I use breadcrumbs when they are valid on only a few pages throughout the website?
I am currently working on a website that does not have a lot of content. I've read that breadcrumbs should be used when there's 2+ levels of content. In my case mostly there are just two levels - home ...
1
vote
3answers
135 views
How to simultaneously open pages from different places in the hierarchy in the desktop app?
We have a desktop app where user has to enter information on different pages. All pages in the app are placed in a hierarchy. For example: Item 1 Item 1.1 Item 1.2 Item 2 Item 2.1 But you can ...
2
votes
4answers
316 views
How to show page titles that are really long generated strings, as well as in the breadcrumb?
Throughout our product we have some pages that are generated strings that can, and often are, really long. But, we also have pages with set titles that aren't such as: Deployments, Blueprints, ...
0
votes
1answer
345 views
Should breadcrumbs reload your current page?
Let's say i'm in the lowest level of my breadcrumbs. If i click on it (the current page i'm in): a) Should it reload the page? b) Do nothing.
2
votes
4answers
287 views
What does this pattern signify in breadcrumb?
What does this breadcrumb pattern signify? Is it Under All products you have selected lighting or Does it say All products or lighting? Isn't it confusing? Usually, we do use "/" for or option.
3
votes
2answers
760 views
What is an attribute-based breadcrumb?
What is an attribute-based breadcrumb? How is it different from location-based breadcrumb? Is it selecting two options at the same level?
2
votes
2answers
334 views
How to handle expandable menu in breadcrumbs?
There is a sidebar menu. Some menu items can be expanded and can contain child items. As a user, you go to Settings and then General. Since there are no such a page as Settings, the breadcrumbs would ...
11
votes
4answers
9k views
Is a back button a good idea for mobile?
Is a back button a good idea for mobile? (Disregard breadcrumbs on mobile in the image - those are addressed here Breadcrumbs: OK to use on mobile site?)
27
votes
1answer
7k views
Where is the Best Placement for Breadcrumb, top or bottom?
Usually I see that every website put their breadcrumb on the top, but apple put their breadcrumb on the bottom before the footer. Does that work better than when we put it on the top?
2
votes
4answers
129 views
Advertisement and breadcrumb placement on listing page
I just want to place a Google ad on the catalog page. Right now I have placed the breadcrumbs before the ad (option A). I have another option that I can place the breadcrumbs after the ad like in ...
1
vote
1answer
511 views
How to clear filter breadcrumbs when grouped?
I am implementing search filter breadcrumbs. From what I've seen on other sites, a single filter gets its own breadcrumb which can be cleared by pressing an 'x'. example I want the user to be able ...
5
votes
2answers
690 views
Navigation inside an iframe app
The iFrame in this pic is a full featured app with complex structure. The app is embedded into a popular social networking site called vk.com. iFrame apps on this site work similar to Facebook's "...
0
votes
1answer
82 views
Should I allow different paths to the same element in breadcrumb?
I have a breadcrumb. In my system, there are cases and objects. Both of them can contain another. So case A can contain object B, object B can contain object C and so on. There are both objects and ...
3
votes
3answers
252 views
What to do with this “wasted” space in my side bar navigation mockup?
I am currently working on a new UI design for an existing desktop application. Being mobile/touch friendly is very important for this project, so I am replacing the tradition desktop "File" menu with ...
1
vote
2answers
92 views
Working with location-based breadcrumbs when you are missing some parent pages
So I am working on a small LMS system and am I trying to find a way make it easier to navigate the system using breadcrumbs. When the admin logs in, he starts on the Courses page which presents a ...
1
vote
1answer
374 views
clickable flow control bread crumb vs next / prev button
I have a checkout flow - breadcrumb UI component at the top of my page that looks like this. The labels are different from what have been shown. A form is associated with each step in the flow. It ...
15
votes
2answers
3k views
Why is it called a breadcrumb?
When Hansel and Gretel laid down a bread crumb trail, the birds ate it and they got lost. The pebble trail is what got them home.
0
votes
1answer
2k views
Material Design + Breadcrumbs + Mobile
Long time lurker, first time poster. The org Im with is pushing towards Material based design (polymer etc) and we're developing a new app for mobile and desktop. The UX issue Im hitting is the use ...
0
votes
1answer
245 views
Is Dynamic Content in Breadcrumb Navigation Bad Practice?
I've working on a web app where the user (1) selects a search type, such as "company" (2) clicks a given company to view/enter info, and (3) within a record (e.g., a specific company) can navigate ...
1
vote
1answer
1k views
Path-based breadcrumbs v's Hierarchical (static) breadcrumbs
Are there any studies that show whether a path based breadcrumb works better or worse than a hierarchical breadcrumb? Do users find one easier to use than the other? For example, I have a school ...
2
votes
4answers
245 views
Non-fully-hierarchical website structure and use of breadcrumbs
I have a web page with a menu on the left. Each choice can bring to either: A single page A wizard Or a hierarchical series of pages, where I can drill down. Left panel Right side Item 1 --...
3
votes
1answer
517 views
Can I use the breadcrumb for the payment process like the progress bar design?
I wonder that whether the breadcrumb model can match to the steps of payment process like progress bar model. My design in the development process, I have delivered my files to developer who's doing ...
35
votes
13answers
15k views
Are breadcrumbs still in?
Despite NNGroup's praise, I notice none of the big players (StackExchange, Facebook, Google, YouTube) use breadcrumbs. None of the big ecommerce players either. Why is this? Possible guesses: Users ...
1
vote
2answers
662 views
Best way to make breadcrumb look clickable ( without underline and link colour )
I have a header section that look like this , just below the main header. The breadcrumb is on the left side and they are clickable. It doesn't seem obvious. Initially it was in a shade of blue which ...
1
vote
2answers
950 views
Alternative to breadcrumbs in navigating groups of content
I'm looking for other ways on how to help User easily navigate groups. Instead of going back to 'All Groups' via breadcrumbs, User may want to go directly to Group 9 while he/she is on Group 1 Details ...
0
votes
1answer
175 views
How to navigate up, down and sideways in a hierarchy of tasks?
I'm working on a workflow application (web) in which users work on projects. Each project consists of a workflow of tasks, which can be nested to an arbitrary level (subtasks). On a single nesting ...
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Modify
The Modify Filter plugin allows you to change records using rules and conditions.
Example usage
As an example using JSON notation to,
• Rename Key2 to RenamedKey
• Add a key OtherKey with value Value3 if OtherKey does not yet exist
Example (input)
{
"Key1" : "Value1",
"Key2" : "Value2"
}
Example (output)
{
"Key1" : "Value1",
"RenamedKey" : "Value2",
"OtherKey" : "Value3"
}
Configuration Parameters
Rules
The plugin supports the following rules:
• Rules are case insensitive, parameters are not
• Any number of rules can be set in a filter instance.
• Rules are applied in the order they appear, with each rule operating on the result of the previous rule.
Conditions
The plugin supports the following conditions:
• Conditions are case insensitive, parameters are not
• Any number of conditions can be set.
• Conditions apply to the whole filter instance and all its rules. Not to individual rules.
• All conditions have to be true for the rules to be applied.
• You can set Record Accessor as STRING:KEY for nested key.
Example #1 - Add and Rename
In order to start filtering records, you can run the filter from the command line or through the configuration file. The following invokes the Memory Usage Input Plugin, which outputs the following (example),
[0] memory: [1488543156, {"Mem.total"=>1016044, "Mem.used"=>841388, "Mem.free"=>174656, "Swap.total"=>2064380, "Swap.used"=>139888, "Swap.free"=>1924492}]
[1] memory: [1488543157, {"Mem.total"=>1016044, "Mem.used"=>841420, "Mem.free"=>174624, "Swap.total"=>2064380, "Swap.used"=>139888, "Swap.free"=>1924492}]
[2] memory: [1488543158, {"Mem.total"=>1016044, "Mem.used"=>841420, "Mem.free"=>174624, "Swap.total"=>2064380, "Swap.used"=>139888, "Swap.free"=>1924492}]
[3] memory: [1488543159, {"Mem.total"=>1016044, "Mem.used"=>841420, "Mem.free"=>174624, "Swap.total"=>2064380, "Swap.used"=>139888, "Swap.free"=>1924492}]
Using command Line
Note: Using the command line mode requires quotes parse the wildcard properly. The use of a configuration file is recommended.
bin/fluent-bit -i mem \
-p 'tag=mem.local' \
-F modify \
-p 'Add=Service1 SOMEVALUE' \
-p 'Add=Service2 SOMEVALUE3' \
-p 'Add=Mem.total2 TOTALMEM2' \
-p 'Rename=Mem.free MEMFREE' \
-p 'Rename=Mem.used MEMUSED' \
-p 'Rename=Swap.total SWAPTOTAL' \
-p 'Add=Mem.total TOTALMEM' \
-m '*' \
-o stdout
Configuration File
[INPUT]
Name mem
Tag mem.local
[OUTPUT]
Name stdout
Match *
[FILTER]
Name modify
Match *
Add Service1 SOMEVALUE
Add Service3 SOMEVALUE3
Add Mem.total2 TOTALMEM2
Rename Mem.free MEMFREE
Rename Mem.used MEMUSED
Rename Swap.total SWAPTOTAL
Add Mem.total TOTALMEM
Result
The output of both the command line and configuration invocations should be identical and result in the following output.
[2018/04/06 01:35:13] [ info] [engine] started
[0] mem.local: [1522980610.006892802, {"Mem.total"=>4050908, "MEMUSED"=>738100, "MEMFREE"=>3312808, "SWAPTOTAL"=>1046524, "Swap.used"=>0, "Swap.free"=>1046524, "Service1"=>"SOMEVALUE", "Service3"=>"SOMEVALUE3", "Mem.total2"=>"TOTALMEM2"}]
[1] mem.local: [1522980611.000658288, {"Mem.total"=>4050908, "MEMUSED"=>738068, "MEMFREE"=>3312840, "SWAPTOTAL"=>1046524, "Swap.used"=>0, "Swap.free"=>1046524, "Service1"=>"SOMEVALUE", "Service3"=>"SOMEVALUE3", "Mem.total2"=>"TOTALMEM2"}]
[2] mem.local: [1522980612.000307652, {"Mem.total"=>4050908, "MEMUSED"=>738068, "MEMFREE"=>3312840, "SWAPTOTAL"=>1046524, "Swap.used"=>0, "Swap.free"=>1046524, "Service1"=>"SOMEVALUE", "Service3"=>"SOMEVALUE3", "Mem.total2"=>"TOTALMEM2"}]
[3] mem.local: [1522980613.000122671, {"Mem.total"=>4050908, "MEMUSED"=>738068, "MEMFREE"=>3312840, "SWAPTOTAL"=>1046524, "Swap.used"=>0, "Swap.free"=>1046524, "Service1"=>"SOMEVALUE", "Service3"=>"SOMEVALUE3", "Mem.total2"=>"TOTALMEM2"}]
Example #2 - Conditionally Add and Remove
Configuration File
[INPUT]
Name mem
Tag mem.local
Interval_Sec 1
[FILTER]
Name modify
Match mem.*
Condition Key_Does_Not_Exist cpustats
Condition Key_Exists Mem.used
Set cpustats UNKNOWN
[FILTER]
Name modify
Match mem.*
Condition Key_Value_Does_Not_Equal cpustats KNOWN
Add sourcetype memstats
[FILTER]
Name modify
Match mem.*
Condition Key_Value_Equals cpustats UNKNOWN
Remove_wildcard Mem
Remove_wildcard Swap
Add cpustats_more STILL_UNKNOWN
[OUTPUT]
Name stdout
Match *
Result
[2018/06/14 07:37:34] [ info] [engine] started (pid=1493)
[0] mem.local: [1528925855.000223110, {"cpustats"=>"UNKNOWN", "sourcetype"=>"memstats", "cpustats_more"=>"STILL_UNKNOWN"}]
[1] mem.local: [1528925856.000064516, {"cpustats"=>"UNKNOWN", "sourcetype"=>"memstats", "cpustats_more"=>"STILL_UNKNOWN"}]
[2] mem.local: [1528925857.000165965, {"cpustats"=>"UNKNOWN", "sourcetype"=>"memstats", "cpustats_more"=>"STILL_UNKNOWN"}]
[3] mem.local: [1528925858.000152319, {"cpustats"=>"UNKNOWN", "sourcetype"=>"memstats", "cpustats_more"=>"STILL_UNKNOWN"}]
Example #3 - Emoji
Configuration File
[INPUT]
Name mem
Tag mem.local
[OUTPUT]
Name stdout
Match *
[FILTER]
Name modify
Match *
Remove_Wildcard Mem
Remove_Wildcard Swap
Set This_plugin_is_on 🔥
Set 🔥 is_hot
Copy 🔥 💦
Rename 💦 ❄️
Set ❄️ is_cold
Set 💦 is_wet
Result
[2018/06/14 07:46:11] [ info] [engine] started (pid=21875)
[0] mem.local: [1528926372.000197916, {"This_plugin_is_on"=>"🔥", "🔥"=>"is_hot", "❄️"=>"is_cold", "💦"=>"is_wet"}]
[1] mem.local: [1528926373.000107868, {"This_plugin_is_on"=>"🔥", "🔥"=>"is_hot", "❄️"=>"is_cold", "💦"=>"is_wet"}]
[2] mem.local: [1528926374.000181042, {"This_plugin_is_on"=>"🔥", "🔥"=>"is_hot", "❄️"=>"is_cold", "💦"=>"is_wet"}]
[3] mem.local: [1528926375.000090841, {"This_plugin_is_on"=>"🔥", "🔥"=>"is_hot", "❄️"=>"is_cold", "💦"=>"is_wet"}]
[0] mem.local: [1528926376.000610974, {"This_plugin_is_on"=>"🔥", "🔥"=>"is_hot", "❄️"=>"is_cold", "💦"=>"is_wet"}]
Last updated
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syedfa syedfa - 9 months ago 30
iOS Question
Need to display certain string elements in an array at the top of a UITableView in Swift
I have a UITableView which displays a list of strings from an array. The array is in alphabetical order, and at the top of the UITableView is a UISearchController bar. Everything is working fine. However, I need to make a modification to the list that is presented in the UITableView where a certain subset within the collection is presented at the top of the UITableView (and this subset should ALSO be in alphabetical order). However, once the user enters a character inside the search filter at the top, the list of strings displayed shouldn't matter.
For example, I have a UITableView which displays a list of employees in alphabetical order. What I want to do is when the UITableView loads, instead of presenting ALL the employees in alphabetical order, I would like to first list the managers in alphabetical order, and then the remaining employees in alphabetical order (i.e. AFTER the managers).
The array being received in the ViewController which holds the UITableView from the previous ViewController, which sends this list already sorted in alphabetical order. In other words, the array to begin with, is received already sorted. I hope this makes sense.
Thanks in advance to all who reply.
Answer
I'm assuming you don't want to use sections? That you just want them to all in the same section?
If that's the case you would probably need to do some preprocessing to split the array into your subsets (in viewDidLoad or somewhere else at the beginning of your controller's life cycle):
self.managerArray = [AnyObject]() // you'll need a property to hold onto this new data source
self.employeeArray = [AnyObject]()
for employee: Employee in self.allEmployees {
// assume allEmployees is the alphabetical array
if employee.isManager {
// your condition for determining the subset
managerArray.append(employee)
}
else {
employeeArray.append(employee)
}
}
Because the array is already alphabetized this should populate the subarrays in alphabetical order as well (append just adds to the next index).
Then to make sure the table doesn't load the values before it's been processed in this way you'd need to have
override func tableView(tableView: UITableView, numberOfRowsInSection section: Int) -> Int {
if self.employeeArray && self.managerArray {
return self.employeeArray.count + self.managerArray.count
}
return 0
}
Then you can just just populate cells from self.managerArray before moving onto self.employeeArray.
override func tableView(tableView: UITableView, cellForRowAtIndexPath indexPath: NSIndexPath) -> UITableViewCell {
if indexPath.row < self.managerArray.count {
var manager: Employee = self.managerArray[indexPath.row]
// populate your cell info here
}
else {
// else we've already filled in manager's time to start on employees
// subtract the number of managers from the indexPath to start at beginning of employeeArray
var employee: Employee = self.employeeArray[indexPath.row - self.managerArray.count]
// populate cell here
}
return cell
}
Then when you search, you can search on the original self.allEmployees array like normal.
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Software Development Process: Requirements Elaboration and Specification
30 Questions
3 Views
3.5 Stars
Software Development Process: Requirements Elaboration and Specification
Learn about the software development process steps such as refining and modifying basic requirements, negotiating priorities with customers, and creating a Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document. Understand the importance of documenting requirements for formal agreement in a project.
Created by
@FreshRuthenium
Questions and Answers
What is the main disadvantage of the incremental model according to the text?
Poor quality product and longer development time
In the RAD model, what is the purpose of the communication phase?
To understand the business problem and gather information
What activities does the implementation phase in software development involve?
Coding and testing functionality
Why is the RAD model designed to reduce a good quality product in a short time duration?
<p>To overcome incremental model's shortcomings</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is one key similarity between RAD model and waterfall model?
<p>Generic framework activities</p> Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes the testing phase in incremental model from other phases?
<p>Checks performance of existing functions and additional functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is another term for Requirements Elicitation?
<p>Requirements Discovery</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is one of the problems associated with Requirements Elicitation related to the scope of the system?
<p>Unattainable requirements are specified by customers</p> Signup and view all the answers
Why do end users pose challenges during Requirements Elicitation?
<p>They are unclear about their needs</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is a key aspect of the questions asked by software engineers at project inception?
<p>Determining how the proposed system will help</p> Signup and view all the answers
Why might different stakeholders have conflicting requirements?
<p>They have varied perspectives and needs</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is a common issue related to the volatility of requirements during analysis?
<p>Requirements change frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of Business modeling in the planning phase?
<p>To gather essential information about the product from a business perspective</p> Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a phase in the modeling process described in the text?
<p>System Integration (SI)</p> Signup and view all the answers
What does Application Generation involve?
<p>Developing code of the product using automated tools</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus of Process Modeling?
<p>Handling the flow of data within each process</p> Signup and view all the answers
In RAD methodology, why is testing concentrated on new components during Testing & Turnover phase?
<p>To reduce overall testing time through component reusability</p> Signup and view all the answers
What happens immediately after each team completes their modeling activity?
<p>The team starts construction phase for code development and testing</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the requirements specification document in a software development project?
<p>To serve as a formal agreement between stakeholders on project scope and expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers
Which task involves ensuring that both the customer's and engineer's understanding of the problem are in sync?
<p>Validation</p> Signup and view all the answers
How do requirements engineering tasks impact software development projects?
<p>They influence development cost, time, effort, and quality</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is the main focus during the negotiation phase of requirements engineering?
<p>Determining essential priorities and what should be included in the project</p> Signup and view all the answers
Who are the demands specified in the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document primarily for?
<p>Stakeholders like customers, managers, or end users</p> Signup and view all the answers
What does the Management task in requirements engineering help software engineers to do?
<p>Control and track changes in requirements throughout the project</p> Signup and view all the answers
What is the main purpose of reviewing the analysis model in software engineering?
<p>To confirm consistency, clarity, and testability of requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers
Why is validation mechanism crucial in software engineering processes?
<p>To detect and remove errors in the specification</p> Signup and view all the answers
What does requirements management aim to achieve in a software development project?
<p>To track and control changing requirements as the project progresses</p> Signup and view all the answers
Why do new requirements emerge during the software development process according to the text?
<p>Because of changes in business needs and a better understanding of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers
In software engineering, what is the role of stakeholders in the validation mechanism process?
<p>Stakeholders examine the specification to ensure clarity and consistency</p> Signup and view all the answers
How does the validation mechanism help ensure project success in software engineering?
<p>By detecting errors, removing inconsistencies, and ensuring clear requirements</p> Signup and view all the answers
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| 1 |
Doubles Practice Game
Doubles Dungeon. Free Printable Math Game. Arithmetical Board Game. Game to practice addition doubles facts. Free Mathematical Game. Mental arithmetic.
Doubles Practice Game
Use the password worksheets.site to open the PDF file.
1. Doubles
Adding doubles, such as 4+4 or 9+9, is one important strategy for learning addition facts. Pairs of numbers formed with the same number (8 + 8) are generally easier to remember than other addition pairs. For this reason they are can be used as scaffolding for figuring out other results. Doubles don't usually require special instruction but some games such as dominoes or frequent situations of daily life can be used as examples in case of difficulty:
• The eyes, 1 + 1.
• The wheels of a car. The legs of a table, 2 + 2.
• Two tricycles. Two trimesters. Two triangles, 3 + 3.
• The rear wheels of a truck. Two dogs, 4 + 4.
• The fingers of the hands, 5 + 5.
• Two half dozen eggs, 6 + 6
• The days of two weeks, 7 + 7.
• Two spiders. 8 + 8.
• Two tic-tac-toe boards. 9 + 9.
• Ten fingers and ten toes. 10 + 10.
Children come to master doubling with such certainty an accuracy that this tool becomes a more general calculation strategy, Doubling is practically an operation in itself. Many people resort to doubling every time they have to multiply by two.
2. Doubles Plus One
It is a way of taking doubling to the next level. For example 5 + 6. To solve them, it is enough to increase in one unit the value of the double (5 + 6 = 5 + 5 + 1). Help kids recognize when addition facts are "next door neighbors", just one number apart from one another. The memory rule here should be, "When numbers are neighbors, get doubles to help".
3. Missing number
When you are facing a pair of almost neighboring numbers, numbers between which there is another hidden number, 7 + 9 or 6 + 8, then, it is possible to solve the situation by finding the double of the missing number, 8 in 7 + 9 or 7 in 6 + 8. 7 + 9 becomes 8 + 8, and 6 + 8 becomes 7 + 7.
4. Doubles Practice Game
This print and play game comes in a PDF file [PDF Document]. It contains a Board game sheet with a dungeon full of doubles ready to be crawled. It's a variation of the popular Snake & Ladders game.
Roll a 10-sided die (0 is 10). Double the number you roll. Move to the next space with that number. If you land on a red number, go back 3 spaces. If you land on a green number, go ahead 2 spaces.
To win, land on the star by rolling and doubling any number not on the path ahead of you any more!
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. It's 100% free, no registration required.
The smartdiagram package appears to have a default convention that an arrow in a circular diagram takes the colour of the destination block. Is there a way to choose instead the colour of the source block as the colour of the arrow. For instance, in this example
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usepackage{smartdiagram}
\begin{document}
\smartdiagramset{set color list={red!50,orange!50,green!50}}
\smartdiagram[circular diagram:clockwise]{Red,Orange,Green}
\end{document}
I want the arrow from "Red" to "Orange" to be red instead of orange. In other words, I want to advance all arrow colours one step clockwise.
Is there a single key or other simple option to do this? If there isn't might I suggest it through this forum please?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 5 down vote accepted
Code
\documentclass[tikz,convert=false]{standalone}
\usepackage{smartdiagram}
\makeatletter
\smartdiagramset{
flip arrow colors/.style={
/tikz/diagram arrow type/.prefix code={%
\edef\col{\@nameuse{color@\xi}}%
}
}
}
\makeatother
\begin{document}
\smartdiagramset{set color list={red!50,orange!50,green!50}}
\smartdiagram[circular diagram:clockwise]{Red,Orange,Green}
\smartdiagramset{flip arrow colors}
\smartdiagram[circular diagram:clockwise]{Red,Orange,Green}
\end{document}
Output
enter image description here enter image description here
share|improve this answer
1
Nice answer. But some explanations would be nice. – Thorsten Donig Aug 2 '13 at 14:28
@ThorstenDonig I don't have time right now, but the code for the circular diagram stores the value of the current element in \xi and and calculates the next value in \xj and defines \col in dependence of \xj. The diagram arrow type style uses the key \col (i.e. color=\col). We simply overwrite \col with the current color name before (prefix) the color=\col key is used. – Qrrbrbirlbel Aug 2 '13 at 15:37
Not really a "simple key" as requested, but no sorcery though because not so complex. There are two things to be done.
1. A redefinition of the arrow style.
2. Altering the sequence of the nodes.
The result could then look like this.
\documentclass[11pt]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{smartdiagram}
\smartdiagramset{arrow style=->}
\begin{document}
\smartdiagramset{set color list={orange!50,red!50,green!50}}
\smartdiagram[circular diagram:clockwise]{Orange,Red,Green}
\end{document}
The problem is that now clockwise is a bit irritating. This is due to the unconventional initial definition arrow style=<- for the direction of the arrows.
enter image description here
share|improve this answer
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|
__label__pos
| 0.997598 |
shnoby shnoby - 3 months ago 31
React JSX Question
prevent selectors of child components being triggerred in redux
How can i prevent my child selectors from being updated each time the parent component bring data?
selectors behaviour make sense i am just looking for alternative approaches more like simpler approach then using reselect( not allowed use beyond redux).
gist
Answer
Reselect selectors are memoized, which means that if the selector's params are the same, the resulting props are the same object. Even if you can use reselect, you can memoized your selectors easily by implementing a memoization method, like the one from Addy Osmani's article:
function memoize( fn ) {
return function () {
var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments),
hash = "",
i = args.length;
currentArg = null;
while (i--) {
currentArg = args[i];
hash += (currentArg === Object(currentArg)) ?
JSON.stringify(currentArg) : currentArg;
fn.memoize || (fn.memoize = {});
}
return (hash in fn.memoize) ? fn.memoize[hash] :
fn.memoize[hash] = fn.apply(this, args);
};
}
And then use it for creating the selectors:
const selector = memoize((state) =>({
alerts: selectors.alerts(state)
}));
|
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| 0.99991 |
Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency. But, what is a cryptocurrency? Well, it is a type of digital currency in which encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds, operating independently from a central bank. A Bitcoin miner solves complex mathematical problems with high processing power and earns bitcoins as a reward. This process is known as mining. So, what does bitcoin mining entail?
Bitcoin mining includes four primary components:
1) Selecting the block you want to mine
2) Creating an algorithm for the block
3) Finding an acceptable hash for the block
4) Adding your hash to the blockchain
What is bitcoin mining?
Bitcoin mining is a process in which computer hardware is used to solve complex math problems to validate transactions on the bitcoin network. Transactions are recorded in blocks, and each block has some numbers called a “nonce.” Miners then compete with one another to complete a cryptographic hashing function, and the winner earns bitcoins.
What are cryptocurrencies?
Cryptocurrencies are a type of digital currency and were created in 2009. Bitcoin, for example, is a cryptocurrency. The encryption of cryptocurrencies allows them to operate independently from government regulations or banking systems.
How does mining work?
Mining is the process of solving complex mathematical problems for which you are rewarded with bitcoins. The complexity of these problems varies, but Bitcoin miners usually need to calculate approximately 64,000,000 hashes per second in order to earn a profit.
The Bitcoin network has a global block difficulty that regulates how many hashes can be computed by the miners in a given period of time. Since Bitcoin mining can only generate one new block per ten minutes, if the number of blocks solved in this timeframe exceeded the pool’s calculated processing power for that day, then some other blocks would be mined and those excess blocks would be discarded from the blockchain.
When Bitcoin mining first began, it was possible to use your computer’s CPU to mine coins – meaning no special hardware was required; just an internet connection and an active device with more than two gigahertz (GHz) of processing power. However, as time went on mining became more difficult and required more expensive hardware like GPUs and ASICs. Today, a most common way to mine bitcoins is by using specialized hardware known as ASICs that have been designed specifically to solve Bitcoin algorithms. There are also plenty of cloud mining platforms available where you pay either a monthly subscription or an up-front fee to rent computing power from someone else’s hardware.
Bitcoin Mining Process
Mining is the process you go through to create Bitcoins. The process involves assembling the latest transactions into a block and trying to solve a computationally difficult puzzle. Miners use their computers to guess until they find an appropriate hash, which is then broadcasted out to other miners for validation. Other miners who are working on the same block confirm that each block of transactions is accurate and then add them to the blockchain.
Bitcoin mining serves have been set up where people can pay someone else to do all of this work for them. These services offer an easier way of mining Bitcoin but come at a price. A typical service would charge $10 per hour or a flat fee if it’s a fixed-term contract, like one month or six months.
Selecting the block you want to mine
If you want to mine bitcoin, then it is important to know the block of data you want to process and find a hash for. This can take anywhere from 10 minutes to 10 days, depending on how powerful your computer is and how lucky you are.
Creating an algorithm for the block
The encryption process of the block entails a hash algorithm. A hash algorithm is an input that can be fed into a formula and the output will always be the same. This allows you to encrypt information with a single hash algorithm, which makes it easier to create blocks and mine bitcoins.
Finding an acceptable hash for the block
Finding an acceptable hash for the block of data is a critical step in Bitcoin mining. The miner needs to calculate an appropriate hash for this block that meets the difficulty requirement and includes a nonce (extra data).
In order to find the right hash, miners need to generate hashes one after another until they find an acceptable hash by calculating the following:
– They take the data from a block
– A random number (known as ‘nonce’) is added to the data
– The miner creates a SHA256 Hash of the new data.
This process repeats until an acceptable hash is found. A Bitcoin miner’s goal is to find a hash that has less than or equal to the required difficulty level. If it finds one, then it mines that block and broadcasts it for other miners to validate and add their own hashing power on top of it. If a miner solves two blocks at once, then they are rewarded with more bitcoins!
Adding your hash to the blockchain
The goal of bitcoin mining is to find a hash that connects the new block you want to mine to one of the older blocks. In order for your block to be accepted by other miners and added to the blockchain, it must have a hash that falls within a certain range. The problem is that there is no way you can know exactly what this range will be before you start mining.
One solution, however, is to guess what the right range might be. To do this, miners use their processing power to guess at random until they find a number that satisfies both criteria. They then broadcast it so all other miners know about their work and can validate it in turn.
Summary
Bitcoin mining is the process of adding transaction records to the blockchain. These transactions are verified by Bitcoin miners, which have an incentive to work hard in order to receive rewards. The process includes four steps:
1) Selecting a block
2) Creating an algorithm
3) Finding a hash
4) Adding the hash
Mining for bitcoins involves solving complex mathematical problems with high processing power and earns you bitcoins as a reward.
|
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| 0.990825 |
WordPress.org
Forums
category__in doesn't play nice with others in WP_Query (4 posts)
1. sboisvert
Member
Posted 5 years ago #
While Passing Parameters in WP_Query. it seems that the 'category__in' doesn't play nice. (or something else is wonky)
these parameters will work fine and give expected results:
$params = array('category__not_in'=> array(4,5),'posts_per_page'=>50,'tag_slug__in'=>array('world','monde'));
$params2 = 'cat=4&tag=world';
$params3 = 'cat=5&tag=monde';
$params4 = array('category__in'=> array(4,5),'posts_per_page'=>50);
while this will give me nothing even thought it should technically (from my humble understanding) include at the very least the results of the $params2 in the above code block.
$params5 = array('category__in'=> array(4,5),'posts_per_page'=>50,'tag_slug__in'=>array('world','monde'));
Putting JUST category__in works fine. as my $params4 shows. Am I mis-understanding how they would interact or should I be filling a bug request?
2. MichaelH
Member
Posted 5 years ago #
I don't know if it is a bug (meaning I don't know if those are intended to work together) but it doesn't work for me either.
Here's the SQL that generates--maybe you or someone can spot a problem.
SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS wp_posts.* FROM wp_posts
INNER JOIN wp_term_relationships ON (wp_posts.ID = wp_term_relationships.object_id)
INNER JOIN wp_term_taxonomy ON (wp_term_relationships.term_taxonomy_id = wp_term_taxonomy.term_taxonomy_id)
INNER JOIN wp_terms ON (wp_term_taxonomy.term_id = wp_terms.term_id) WHERE 1=1 AND wp_term_taxonomy.taxonomy = 'category'
AND wp_term_taxonomy.term_id IN ('4', '5')
AND wp_term_taxonomy.taxonomy = 'post_tag'
AND wp_terms.slug IN ('world', 'monde')
AND wp_posts.post_type = 'post'
AND (wp_posts.post_status = 'publish' OR wp_posts.post_status = 'private')
GROUP BY wp_posts.ID
ORDER BY wp_posts.post_date DESC LIMIT 0, 50
3. sboisvert
Member
Posted 5 years ago #
Thank you very Much Michael,
I believe from looking at the Query that one would need to join twice on wp_term_taxonomy and wp_terms, using aliases so as to not clash in the where clause to be able to search for things that are 'post_tag' in one joined version of those table and using the IDs directly in the other. currently it is smooching it all in one and therefore I believe that at the very least it is unexpected behavior and might qualify as a bug.
I believe I wouldn't have this problem if I was using IDs instead of slugs because then it wouldn't have to say: AND wp_term_taxonomy.taxonomy = 'post_tag'
meaning that the IDs could just be put together since tags and categories grouped the same way in the db.
-S
4. MichaelH
Member
Posted 5 years ago #
I believe I wouldn't have this problem if I was using IDs instead of slugs
I'm not sure of that but you could check that out.
How do I determine a Post, Page, Category, Tag, Link, Link Category, or User ID?
Topic Closed
This topic has been closed to new replies.
About this Topic
|
__label__pos
| 0.768261 |
Skip to content
RMAN 1.1 Types of Failure
Statement Failures
1. When a program attempts to enter invalid data into an Oracle Table.
2. Long data insertion job or data import job to fail midway between there is no more room to put the data in.
3. Proper privileges to perform a task.
User process Failure
1. abnormal disconnect or performing a terminal program error and losing the session connection.
2. DBA not much work to do here.
3. BG process rollback the uncommitted transaction changes to the data and releases the locks.
Instance Failure
1. Your database comes down such as Hardware , a power failure and an emergency shutdown procedure.
2. An instance shutdown when the key Oracle bg process such as PMON shutdown because of an error condition.
3. Check Alert log and trace files.
4. Just restarting the Database instance using by STARTUP Command.
5. The database was clearly shutdown and the database files aren’t synchronized.
6. Oracle will perform an automatic instance or crash recovery at this point.
7. Automatically perform a rollback uncommitted transactions by using the data from undo segments and roll forward committed changes it in the online redo logs.
8. Don’t need to any sort of backup when restarting the database.
Network Failure
1. Net listener, NIC and network connection has failed.
2. DBA must configure the multiple network cards.
User Error
1. Wrongly deleting data from table and dropping a table you can use FLASHBACK feature.
2. If the transactions not completed yet, rollback statement.
3. Oracle LOGMINER also comes on handy situation like this.
Media Failure
1. It occur when you lose a disk or a disk controller fails.
2. Examples of media failure i) Head crash II) File corruption III)Overwriting or deleting of a datafile.
3. Any one of the multiplexed control files are deleted or lost because of disk failure you must restore the missing control file from an existing control file.
4. Datafiles, undo table space is deleted or lost because of a disk failure.If you lose one of these files, the instance may shutdown or may not sutdown in such case
sql> shutdown abort; Then
sql>startup mount
Restore the datafiles and recover it.
1. An entire redo log group lost. if you have atleast one member of the redo log group , your database instance can continue to operating normally.
2. Restore the log file by copying one of the other members of the same group.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.80021 |
Pārlūkot izejas kodu
first proper commit
master
theserpentjew pirms 5 mēnešiem
vecāks
revīzija
76ab90c104
5 mainītis faili ar 32804 papildinājumiem un 0 dzēšanām
1. +9
-0
Cargo.toml
2. +36
-0
examples/basic.rs
3. +43
-0
examples/neocon.txt
4. +32494
-0
src/jews.txt
5. +222
-0
src/lib.rs
+ 9
- 0
Cargo.toml Parādīt failu
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
[package]
name = "coincidence"
version = "1.4.88"
authors = ["Jacob Goldberg <[email protected]>"]
edition = "2018"
# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
[dependencies]
+ 36
- 0
examples/basic.rs Parādīt failu
@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
use coincidence::*;
use std::io::Read;
fn main() {
let mut args = std::env::args();
if let Some(filepath) = args.nth(1) {
let jewlist = get_jew_list();
let mut file = std::fs::File::open(filepath).expect("you fucked up the filepath retard");
let mut buf = String::new();
file.read_to_string(&mut buf)
.expect("somehow failed to read from string");
let spans: Vec<Span> = Detector::new(&buf, &jewlist).collect();
for (idx, c) in buf.char_indices() {
let mut is_jewish = false;
for span in &spans {
if idx >= span.start && idx <= span.end {
is_jewish = true;
break;
}
}
let color = if is_jewish { "\x1b[31m" } else { "\x1b[0m" };
print!("{}{}", color, c);
}
} else {
print!("Nice argument retard");
}
println!();
}
+ 43
- 0
examples/neocon.txt Parādīt failu
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
2000s
Administration of George W. Bush
The Bush campaign and the early Bush administration did not exhibit strong endorsement of neoconservative principles. As a presidential candidate, Bush had argued for a restrained foreign policy, stating his opposition to the idea of nation-building[60] and an early foreign policy confrontation with China was managed without the vociferousness suggested by some neoconservatives.[61] Also early in the administration, some neoconservatives criticized Bush's administration as insufficiently supportive of Israel and suggested Bush's foreign policies were not substantially different from those of President Clinton.[62]
During November 2010, former U.S. President George W. Bush (here with the former President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak at Camp David in 2002) wrote in his memoir Decision Points that Mubarak endorsed the administration's position that Iraq had WMDs before the war with the country, but kept it private for fear of "inciting the Arab street"[63]
Bush's policies changed dramatically immediately after the 11 September 2001 attacks.
During Bush's State of the Union speech of January 2002, he named Iraq, Iran and North Korea as states that "constitute an axis of evil" and "pose a grave and growing danger". Bush suggested the possibility of preemptive war: "I will not wait on events, while dangers gather. I will not stand by, as peril draws closer and closer. The United States of America will not permit the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us with the world's most destructive weapons".[64][65]
Some major defense and national-security persons have been quite critical of what they believed was a neoconservative influence in getting the United States to go to war against Iraq.[66]
Former Nebraska Republican U.S. senator and Secretary of Defense, Chuck Hagel, who has been critical of the Bush administration's adoption of neoconservative ideology, in his book America: Our Next Chapter wrote:
So why did we invade Iraq? I believe it was the triumph of the so-called neo-conservative ideology, as well as Bush administration arrogance and incompetence that took America into this war of choice. ... They obviously made a convincing case to a president with very limited national security and foreign policy experience, who keenly felt the burden of leading the nation in the wake of the deadliest terrorist attack ever on American soil.
Bush Doctrine
President Bush meets with Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and his staff at the Pentagon, 14 August 2006
The Bush Doctrine of preemptive war was stated explicitly in the National Security Council (NSC) text "National Security Strategy of the United States". published 20 September 2002: "We must deter and defend against the threat before it is unleashed ... even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy's attack. ... The United States will, if necessary, act preemptively".[67]
The choice not to use the word "preventive" in the 2002 National Security Strategy and instead use the word "preemptive" was largely in anticipation of the widely perceived illegality of preventive attacks in international law via both Charter Law and Customary Law.[68]
Policy analysts noted that the Bush Doctrine as stated in the 2002 NSC document had a strong resemblance to recommendations presented originally in a controversial Defense Planning Guidance draft written during 1992 by Paul Wolfowitz, during the first Bush administration.[69]
The Bush Doctrine was greeted with accolades by many neoconservatives. When asked whether he agreed with the Bush Doctrine, Max Boot said he did and that "I think [Bush is] exactly right to say we can't sit back and wait for the next terrorist strike on Manhattan. We have to go out and stop the terrorists overseas. We have to play the role of the global policeman. ... But I also argue that we ought to go further".[70] Discussing the significance of the Bush Doctrine, neoconservative writer Bill Kristol claimed: "The world is a mess. And, I think, it's very much to Bush's credit that he's gotten serious about dealing with it. ... The danger is not that we're going to do too much. The danger is that we're going to do too little".[71]
2008 presidential election and aftermath
President George W. Bush and Senator John McCain at the White House, 5 March 2008, after McCain became the Republican presumptive presidential nominee
John McCain, who was the Republican candidate for the 2008 United States presidential election, endorsed continuing the second Iraq War, "the issue that is most clearly identified with the neoconservatives". The New York Times reported further that his foreign policy views combined elements of neoconservatism and the main competing conservative opinion, pragmatism, also known as realism:[72]
Among [McCain's advisers] are several prominent neoconservatives, including Robert Kagan ... [and] Max Boot... 'It may be too strong a term to say a fight is going on over John McCain's soul,' said Lawrence Eagleburger ... who is a member of the pragmatist camp, ... [but he] said, "there is no question that a lot of my far right friends have now decided that since you can't beat him, let's persuade him to slide over as best we can on these critical issues.
Barack Obama campaigned for the Democratic nomination during 2008 by attacking his opponents, especially Hillary Clinton, for originally endorsing Bush's Iraq-war policies.
Obama maintained a selection of prominent military officials from the Bush Administration including Robert Gates (Bush's Defense Secretary) and David Petraeus (Bush's ranking general in Iraq).
2010s
By 2010, U.S. forces had switched from combat to a training role in Iraq and they left in 2011.
The neocons had little influence in the Obama White House, and neo-conservatives have lost much influence in the Republican party since the rise of Tea Party Movement.
Several neoconservatives played a major role in the Stop Trump movement in 2016, in opposition to the Republican presidential candidacy of Donald Trump, due to his criticism of interventionist foreign policies, as well as their perception of him as an "authoritarian" figure.
Since Trump took office, some neoconservatives have joined his administration, such as Elliott Abrams.
Neoconservatives have supported the Trump administration's hawkish approach towards Iran and Venezuela,
while opposing the administration's withdrawal of troops from Syria[80] and diplomatic outreach to North Korea.
+ 32494
- 0
src/jews.txt
Failā izmaiņas netiks attēlotas, jo tās ir par lielu
Parādīt failu
+ 222
- 0
src/lib.rs Parādīt failu
@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
use std::slice::Iter;
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Span {
pub start: usize,
pub end: usize,
pub what: String,
}
impl Span {
pub fn new(start: usize, end: usize, what: String) -> Span {
Span { start, end, what }
}
}
pub struct Detector<'a> {
source: &'a str,
coincidences: &'a Vec<&'a str>,
coincidence_iter: Iter<'a, &'a str>,
last_spans: Vec<Span>,
}
impl Detector<'_> {
pub fn new<'a>(input: &'a str, coincidences: &'a Vec<&'a str>) -> Detector<'a> {
Detector {
source: input,
coincidences,
coincidence_iter: coincidences.iter(),
last_spans: Vec::new(),
}
}
}
const JEWS: &'static str = include_str!("jews.txt");
pub fn get_jew_list() -> Vec<&'static str> {
JEWS.split('\n').collect()
}
impl Iterator for Detector<'_> {
type Item = Span;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
loop {
if self.last_spans.is_empty() {
let coincidence = self.coincidence_iter.next();
if let Some(coincidence) = coincidence {
let mut spans = self
.source
.to_lowercase()
.rmatch_indices(&coincidence.to_lowercase())
.map(|(idx, str)| {
Span::new(
idx,
idx + str.len() - 1,
self.source[idx..(idx + str.len())].to_string(),
)
})
.collect();
self.last_spans.append(&mut spans);
continue;
} else {
break None;
}
} else {
break self.last_spans.pop();
}
}
}
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use crate::{get_jew_list, Detector};
#[test]
fn exact() {
let text = "Who is responsible for 9/11?";
let coincidences = vec!["Who"];
let mut detector = Detector::new(text, &coincidences);
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "Who", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 0, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 2, "span contains invalid end");
assert!(detector.next().is_none(), "detector returned something");
}
#[test]
fn coincidence_lower() {
let text = "Who is responsible for 9/11?";
let coincidences = vec!["who"];
let mut detector = Detector::new(text, &coincidences);
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "Who", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 0, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 2, "span contains invalid end");
}
#[test]
fn coincidence_upper() {
let text = "Who is responsible for 9/11?";
let coincidences = vec!["WHO"];
let mut detector = Detector::new(text, &coincidences);
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "Who", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 0, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 2, "span contains invalid end");
}
#[test]
fn source_upper() {
let text = "WHO is responsible for 9/11?";
let coincidences = vec!["Who"];
let mut detector = Detector::new(text, &coincidences);
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "WHO", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 0, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 2, "span contains invalid end");
}
#[test]
fn source_lower() {
let text = "who is responsible for 9/11?";
let coincidences = vec!["Who"];
let mut detector = Detector::new(text, &coincidences);
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "who", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 0, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 2, "span contains invalid end");
}
#[test]
fn source_multiple_same() {
let text = "Who is responsible for 9/11? the WHO is responsible for 9/11.";
let coincidences = vec!["Who"];
let mut detector = Detector::new(text, &coincidences);
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "Who", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 0, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 2, "span contains invalid end");
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "WHO", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 33, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 35, "span contains invalid end");
}
#[test]
fn source_multiple_unique() {
let text = "Who is responsible for 9/11? Israel is responsible for 9/11.";
let coincidences = vec!["Who", "israel"];
let mut detector = Detector::new(text, &coincidences);
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "Who", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 0, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 2, "span contains invalid end");
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "Israel", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 29, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 34, "span contains invalid end");
}
#[test]
fn try_jew_list() {
let text = "the most based man on earth, mark zuckerberg, created facebook";
let coincidences = get_jew_list();
let mut detector = Detector::new(text, &coincidences);
let jew = detector.next();
assert!(jew.is_some(), "detector returned none");
let jew = jew.unwrap();
assert_eq!(jew.what, "mark zuckerberg", "span contains invalid string");
assert_eq!(jew.start, 29, "span contains invalid start");
assert_eq!(jew.end, 43, "span contains invalid end");
}
}
Notiek ielāde…
Atcelt
Saglabāt
|
__label__pos
| 0.959406 |
1
$\begingroup$
I need to evaluate if the picture was resized (upscaled). Are there any approaches to that already? If not, what do you recommend me to start with?
$\endgroup$
3
• 1
$\begingroup$ I'm not sure this is really a computer science question. What do other people think? $\endgroup$ Feb 28 '15 at 21:49
• 2
$\begingroup$ It does not seem to be, but I think it can be. What have you tried and where did you get stuck? Do you want a mathematical model, an algorithm or a program? (cc @DavidRicherby) $\endgroup$
– Raphael
Feb 28 '15 at 23:38
• 1
$\begingroup$ I think this is an information theoretical question: If it was possible to decide whether some representation of a picture is a possible output of any algorithm from an informally defined class, can you tell that not only the input to go with both "is a picture", but that the representation is indeed the output of such a process? $\endgroup$
– greybeard
May 24 '16 at 10:24
2
$\begingroup$
As Raphael already said, in general it's impossible.
There is the field of image forensics where people look for methods to detect tampering with images. For JPEG images for example, there is a paper about detecting resizing: A new approach for JPEG resize and image splicing detection.
$\endgroup$
1
$\begingroup$
On the conceptual level, the task is clearly impossible: you won't be able to detect size changes of mono-coloured images. Patterns with only right angles will always be identical modulo dimensions as well.
So you need assumptions on the image and knowledge about the specific algorithm used for upscaling. Something may be possible for specific combinations, but it's impossible to tell in general.
$\endgroup$
Your Answer
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|
__label__pos
| 0.603255 |
We help IT Professionals succeed at work.
Looking in a file.
laeuchli
laeuchli asked
on
Medium Priority
337 Views
Last Modified: 2010-04-15
Hi I have a problem. I am trying to write a program that looks through a .c file and read some c code like ifs and voids. My first step was to write a function that looks on the first line of the file for a word and if it is not there it goes on to the next. I can't get it to work! Does anyone know anything about this kind of program? Will someone give me a hand? Did I start out right, and if so will someone help me write the function? Thanks
P.S there will be more points in a while, this is just to get it started.
Comment
Watch Question
I can help you out if you use C++ to parse the C file.. the C++ io is more powerful than C's get and put.
ozo
CERTIFIED EXPERT
Most Valuable Expert 2014
Top Expert 2015
Commented:
How did you write it, and what doesn't work?
Commented:
What exactly does not work in your program ? Are you not able to read from file, to search for a text on a single line, or your program is confused by the program's structure and gives out if's although they aren't there ?
Do you realy need it in C, C++ ?
It would be much simpler to emplement it in a language designed for text-processing like perl or awk.
Commented:
Your approach is wrong. C is not an ideal language to write parsers in. Neither is C++.
However, there are tools that integrate in a C/C++ environment and do most of the work for you. What you need is LEX (or it's variants like flex, etc.). There are several implementations available free of charge for any platform.
Commented:
C perhaps is not the best choice but it should work and sometimes there is a reason to use it.
Commented:
Norbert, LEX produces C code (note that I did not suggest AWK or Perl).
Author
Commented:
I am useing C++ VEngineer. I don't need to support all the parts of C. I would rather use the compiler than an add on but if the compiler part is to hard....
Thanks for all the comments.
Commented:
Alexo, lex is a poewerfull tool but I think for simple things it is a little bit overdone
and knowing C and nothing about LEX you have first learn a new language and I think for simple parsers you will be finshed using direct C before you are finished learning LEX and writing your parser.
Perhaps the C written parser will not covers all syntax posibilities (remember 'Confusing.C' ) and perhaps it is not good enough for a comercial tool.
laeuchli, what do you realy want to do ,perhaps you should send some source code
lex is a poewerfull tool but I think for simple things it is a little bit overdone
Since you say are using C++,
here's how you would start writing a search function
using the compiler's standard string library (assuming you have a newer version of the compiler, Visual 5, or Borland 5, or the latest g++ ). If you have an older version, you can use your own string lib, download the standard library, or use char* objects as strings.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
// note: if you are using the standard lib, there is no .h
// otherwise you will be loading an older library
// here is a search function that counts up the number of occurrences of a certain word, 'keyword' and returns an int of the number of occurences
int countSearch(string keyword) {
// get a filename
cout << "Enter filename: " << flush;
string filename;
cin >> filename;
// define the infile stream
ifstream fin( filename.c_str() );
int count = 0;
string temp;
// while you can read in temp (while not end of file)
// check to see if the words match
while (fin >> temp) {
if (temp == keyword)
++count;
}
return count;
}
Hopefully this will get you started.
Author
Commented:
Thanks for the answer VEngineer, but I am not sure this will hack it. The problems are,if you look through a file for something, it won't stop looking untill the end, a thing that will not work. Also what about blank spaces? I don't know how much of a problem they cause but I have always tryied to make sure the compiler discouts them. Should I maybe post my code? Unless you have another function up your sleve you could help me get the bugs out of that.
If I do want to use lex where can I get it?
lex and yacc are part of all UNIXs (or their compiler bundles),
flex and bison (the GNU counterparts): http://www.gnu.org
Commented:
You don't need YACC, it's for writing compilers. LEX (or the GNU equivalent, FLEX, as ahoffman noted) is perfectly suitable.
If you use a Windows platform, go to http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32/
If you use UNIX etc. go to http://www.gnu.org
Author
Commented:
Thanks I will see if veinginer has anything to say, and if not I will try your method.
Commented:
>> Thanks I will see if veinginer has anything to say, and if not I will try your method.
EE, points and other stuff aside, a good programmer needs a good set of tools.
I suggest you expand your toolkit with LEX and AWK (or derivatives).
/* Name of the file: pars.c
Author : Bhavani P Polimetla
Aim : find the word in given file.
` if it exits it returns 1 else returns 0
Date : 26/03/98 */
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <memory.h>
int findword(char*,char*);
void main()
{
int flag=0;
flag = findword("hai.c","bfl");
if(flag)
printf("word found");
else
printf("word not found");
getchar();
} // end of program
int findword(char* filename, char* word)
{
char line[250],string2[250];
// separetares to space the tokens
char seps[] = "\t\n ";
char *token1;
FILE *hppdos=NULL;
// open given file to read data
hppdos = fopen(filename,"r");
if(hppdos == NULL)
{
printf("Failed to open %s",filename);
return 0;
}
// check the given line is blank or not
while( !feof(hppdos ) )
{
memset(string2,'\0',strlen(string2));
memset(line,'\0',strlen(line));
if( fgets( string2, 250, hppdos ) != NULL)
{
strcpy(line,string2);
token1 = strtok( line, seps );
if(token1 != NULL)
{
if (strcmp( token1,word) == 0)
{
_fcloseall();
return 1;
}
else
{
while (token1 !=NULL)
{
if ( strcmp( token1,word) == 0)
{
return 1;
_fcloseall();
}
token1 = strtok( NULL, seps );
}
}
}
} // if
} // while
_fcloseall();
return 0;
} // end of function
I think you can you use the function findword() (given above)
to check the given word in a given file. If the word exits
it returns 1 else it returns 0.
If you want to check only in first line change the above code.
Commented:
>>memset(string2,'\0',strlen(string2));
>>memset(line,'\0',strlen(line));
string2 and line are on the stack and the contens is not defined.
strlen searches for the first occurence of '\0'
that maybe inside string2/line or not
this is very danger because it may corrupt some memory on the stack
better use
memset(string2,'\0',sizeof(string2));
memset(line,'\0',sizeof(line));
>> The problems are,if you look through a file for something, it won't stop looking until the end, a thing that will not work.
Do you want it to stop and return "true" as soon as it finds the word? If so, that is a quick fix. Maybe I'm still not clear on the exact purpose of your program.
As for spaces, all they do is separate the word and fin/cin does not count them if you use that code above.
If you declare char temp, it will read each character at a time, including the spaces. If you declare string temp, it will read one word in at a time automatically, using spaces and newline characters as word separators only.
Ok, example, this program would return true as soon as you find the word:
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
bool found(string keyword) {
// get a filename
cout << "Enter filename: " << flush;
string filename;
cin >> filename;
// define the infile stream
ifstream fin( filename.c_str() );
string temp;
while (fin >> temp) {
// if found, return true, ending the function immediately
if (temp == keyword)
return true;
}
// otherwise return false, indicating not found
return false;
}
Author
Commented:
I still don't think so. I am trying to parse C code. It is easy to write functions that look in file to find a string. I am trying to write a parser for C.
Go ahead and dump my answer. I think the others here may have more experience than I do in straight C and tools and could answer your question better.
Commented:
If i understud the problem I think I find the solution
The function read from a .c file and search for text word.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
void findword(void)
{
char file[30],word[10],buf[1024];
FILE *f;
int length,n;
printf("The name of the file(with full path):");
scanf("%s",file);
if((f=fopen(file,"rt"))==NULL)
{
printf("\nEror opening file");
exit(0);
}
printf("Give me the word:");
scanf("%s",word);
length=strlen(word);
while(!feof(f)) //if you open the file in binary mode feof wouldn't work
{
n=fread(buf,1024,1,f);
fseek(f,-length,SEEK_CUR); //if the word is starts for example at 1022
// we must go back in file with the length
// of word in order not to get over the word
if(strstr(buf,word)) //the function search a substring in a string
{ //for more detailes see the help
printf("Word was found\n");
return;
}
printf("Word wasn't found\n");
if(n<1024) //if we reach the end of file then exit
return;
}
}
void main(void)
{
findword();
}
Commented:
>> I am trying to write a parser for C
laeuchli, I hate to be a pain in the ... but LEX is tool that was specifically created for writing parsers. There are free implementations for every platform, it interfaces with C (in fact it creates a C file which you compile with your project), it is universally used and extremely well documented.
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~royr/tools.html
Commented:
Lauechli: if you really want to write a PARSER for C - that means a program that understands syntax structure of a C source file - you _should_ be using lex and yacc tools unless you are _extremely_ experienced or unless you really wish to spend a year or so on this task. You should better subscribe usenet newsgroup comp.compilers and ask parsing questions there.
Commented:
In general I agree with many preceding comments: lex or awk are the things to use. However, I'm still not clear on your objectives. There are undoubtedly valid objectives that would lead one to prefer some other solution. So for what it is worth, here is the lexical analyzer for a small processing engine I wrote some years ago. The grammer is simple and listed at the top in comments. It does not handle keywords perse, but that could be added in the section where it recognizes identifiers:
#include "stdio.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "conio.h"
/*
* Recognized commands for the grammer are:
*
* id(exp) copy exp bytes and label them with id
* id[+ exp] advance output message pointer exp bytes
* id[- exp] retract output message pointer exp bytes
* {(exp) ... } loop through the following specifications exp times
* / exp / execute expression
*
* exp is (in order of decreasing binding strength)
* n some constant
* id an identifier
* (exp) parenthetical expression
* [exp,...] array expression
* id & exp a bitwise and operation
* id | exp a bitwise or operation
* exp?exp:exp a conditional expression
* id = exp an assignment operation
* id |= exp a bitwise or assignment operation
* id &= exp a bitwise and assignment operation
*
* Expressions result in their value being on the stack. Array expression
* leave all their values on the stack in order. Assignments and loop ends
* consume values on the stack.
* Assignments to id's with length 1 or 2 take the value from the top of the
* stack. Id's with length greater than 2 are done one byte at a time starting
* length bytes from the top of the stack. Assignment to id's with length 0
* just consume the top stack entry.
*
*/
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
#define WRITE "wb"
#define READ "rb"
#define AWRITE "w"
#define NOP -1L
#define TRKHDSZ 7
#define VARNMSZ 8
#define LINELEN 300
/* tokens */
#define CONS 0 /* constant */
#define ID 1 /* identifier */
#define LPAREN 2 /* ( */
#define RPAREN 3 /* ) */
#define LBRACE 4 /* { */
#define RBRACE 5 /* } */
#define FSLASH 6 /* / */
#define ASSNOP 7 /* =, |=, &= */
#define CONOP 8 /* ? */
#define SEPOP 9 /* : */
#define BITOP 10 /* |, & */
#define ARRAY 11 /* [ */
#define INSERT 12 /* [+ */
#define DELETE 13 /* [- */
#define CLOSE 14 /* ] */
#define COMMA 15 /* , */
#define UNKNOWN 16 /* */
/* lexical analyzer */
#include "ctype.h"
void fetchtoken(void);
char getnextst(void);
char getnext(void);
void unget(char);
int tkp,nextdone,nxtoken,gotnxch,lp;
char nxtokenstr[VARNMSZ+1],nxch,line[LINELEN+1];
FILE *tmf;
void initlex()
{ tmf=fopen(tmn,READ);
if(tmf==NULL)cabort("Missing source");
lp=-2;
}
gettoken()
{ if(!nextdone)fetchtoken();
strcpy(tokenstr,nxtokenstr);
nextdone=FALSE;
return(nxtoken);
}
nexttoken()
{ if(!nextdone)
{ fetchtoken();
nextdone=TRUE;
}
return(nxtoken);
}
void fetchtoken()
{ int i,hc;
char a,t;
tkp=-1;
a=getnextst();
nxtokenstr[++tkp]=a;
if(isalnum(a))
{ while(a=getnext(),isalnum(a))
{ if(tkp>VARNMSZ)cabort("Value name too long");
++tkp;
nxtokenstr[tkp]=a;
}
nxtokenstr[++tkp]='\0';
if(isdigit(nxtokenstr[0]))
{ i=1;
hc=FALSE;
if(nxtokenstr[1]=='x')
{ if(nxtokenstr[0]!='0')cabort("Invalid constant");
i=2;
hc=TRUE;
}
for(; nxtokenstr[i]!='\0' && (!hc && isdigit(nxtokenstr[i])) ||
(hc && isxdigit(nxtokenstr[i])); ++i);
if(nxtokenstr[i]!='\0')cabort("Invalid constant");
nxtoken=CONS;
}
else nxtoken=ID;
unget(a);
return;
}
nxtokenstr[1]='\0';
switch(a)
{ case '(':
nxtoken=LPAREN;
return;
case ')':
nxtoken=RPAREN;
return;
case '{':
nxtoken=LBRACE;
return;
case '}':
nxtoken=RBRACE;
return;
case '/':
nxtoken=FSLASH;
return;
case '?':
nxtoken=CONOP;
return;
case ':':
nxtoken=SEPOP;
return;
case '=':
nxtoken=ASSNOP;
return;
case '|':
case '&':
t=getnext();
if(t=='=')
{ nxtokenstr[1]='=';
nxtokenstr[2]='\0';
nxtoken=ASSNOP;
}
else
{ unget(t);
nxtoken=BITOP;
}
return;
case ',':
nxtoken=COMMA;
return;
case '[':
t=getnext();
if(t=='+' || t=='-')
{ nxtokenstr[1]=t;
nxtokenstr[2]='\0';
nxtoken=(t=='+'?INSERT:DELETE);
}
else
{ unget(t);
nxtoken=ARRAY;
}
return;
case ']':
nxtoken=CLOSE;
return;
default:
nxtoken=UNKNOWN;
return;
}
return;
}
char getnextst()
{ char a;
while(a=getnext(),a==' ' || a=='\t' || a=='\n' || a=='\r');
return(a);
}
char getnext()
{ if(gotnxch)
{ gotnxch=FALSE;
return(nxch);
}
if(lp==-2 || line[lp]=='\n' || lp==LINELEN)
{ fgets(line,LINELEN+1,tmf);
lp=-1;
}
return(line[++lp]);
}
void unget(a)
char a;
{ nxch=a;
gotnxch=TRUE;
return;
}
Commented:
So that's meant mostly as a kind of example of what a lexical analyzer would look like. At its heart is a switch statement that breaks out tokens. It is also responsible for skipping white space. A C lexer would also have to skip comments. The other functions are largely housekeeping and the 3 top routines with which the parser uses the lexer.
Commented:
P.S. It would have to be completed (and so much more compicated) if you are really wanting to completely analyze the C grammer. That would likely be outside most of our scope. On the other hand, if you are attempting something more limited (like get all the function names or something like that) it could be smaller.
Author
Commented:
You can't parse c just looking in a file for words. Come on! Please I am counting on you SOB! :-). Are there any examples of parseing c on the net?
Commented:
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Author
Commented:
What does your answer mean? Please explain.
Author
Commented:
OK, I think I get your answer, but I don't know lex. Is there a site somewhere where I can get a start on it?
Thanks.
http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~royr/tools.html
BTW, why won't you use a text pr0cessing language (awk, perl, sed)?
Author
Commented:
What is awk, perl,or sed?
Why would I use them instead of lex?
Author
Commented:
What is awk, perl,or sed?
Why would I use them instead of lex?
Author
Commented:
Also how about a little example to get me started? Lets say we have a file that has the following:
"
int a;
if(a=1)
"
just those to lines. How would one parse them useing lex?
Thanks.
P.S.
I will give and A rateing and sixty more points if you help me now.
Thanks.
As you can read in other comments, you have a special language to define (text)patterns (== lex) and rules (== yacc) how to use them. lex (and yacc) compile these patterns and rules into C code which must be compiled again to an executable. Then you can test.
awk, perl, sed (and some others) read their instructions from commandline or a script file. You don't need a compiler, just the program (awk for example) itself. This makes developing and testing very simple.
An other advantage is that these programs are designed to deal with text, means that they know about "words", "lines" etc. which must be coded in lex or C otherwise.
awk and sed are part of all UNIXs, perl newerdays too.
So I just give a few examples how easy to use.
1. find all lines in a file which start with "void"
sed -n -e '/^void /p' file
2. find all lines in a file which contain the literal "if (var==1)"
sed -n -e '/if (var==1)p' file
3. find all lines where the second word is "function"
awk '$2 == "function" {print}' file
Hope these example will give you a hint what can be done with these programs on text files.
uups, we are posting simultaneously ;-)
Anyway, I gave the answer according to you last comment *and* the initial question in my last comment (using sed).
Commented:
I have to disagree with ahoffman. SED, AWK and Perl are indeed suitable for general text processing but not for writing parsers in. LEX was specifically created for parsers and thus is the best tool for the job (along with its derivatives).
Check:
http://ironbark.bendigo.latrobe.edu.au/courses/subjects/bitsys/ctutes/tutelist.html
http://www.cs.huji.ac.il/course/plab/lex
Also see:
LEX tutorial (in postscript)
http://www.fmi.uni-passau.de/common/lib/archive/doc/michael/programmierung/lex.ps.gz
LEX & YACC notes
http://opal.cs.binghamton.edu/~zdu/zprof/zprof/NOTES.html
LEX & YACC examples
http://vcapp.csee.usf.edu/~sundares/lex_yacc.html
FLEX & BISON (derivatives) info
http://tinf2.vub.ac.be/~dvermeir/courses/compilers
alexo, laeuchli din't ask for a parser. Well after several comments he said that he want to write a parser (Monday, June 22 1998 - 06:57AM PDT).
OK, didn't read all comments carefully.
So laeuchli, do you realy want't to write a new complete C parser (see Belgarat's comment)?
alexo if he realy wants such a thing your're right your with last comment and your last answer.
But I disagree with you alexo that sed, perl and/or awk are not suitable for parsers. I can parse any kind of data with them, and so they *are* parsers too.
Keep in mind that a `parser' is not a synonym for `tokenizing and parsing C program code'. You know that I'm shure ;-))
Author
Commented:
Sorry but the links don't help to much. The download is dead and I could not find a good lesson on the others. Get trying.
Commented:
i think i diserve an explanation for rejecting my answer
Commented:
In my humble opinion..this looks like a troll....
With a bad case of feature Creep. ;-)
It started with a rather simple premise and has escalated to a full scale parser.
There have been a couple of very good examples which fulfilled the original request and they were rejected. It may be time to move on.
No disrespect intended-just an observation.
John C. Cook
John C. Cook
ozo
CERTIFIED EXPERT
Most Valuable Expert 2014
Top Expert 2015
Commented:
Perl is quite suitable for parsers. Although I agree that sed and awk are more limiting, and may not be the language of choice for more than simple lexing.
On the other hand,
int a;
if(a=1)
is not valid C, so I'm not sure what you'd want a parser to return for it other than "syntax error"
If you just want to lex it into tokens, that's easy enough.
(Although including support for preprocessor macros would take it beyond the scope of a 17 point question)
Author
Commented:
Thanks alexo I will look at the links. johncook you wanted to know why I did not take any of the c answer. Because I tryed one month and three functions to get it to work. But none of my parse function could parse an if.(at least without a lot more trouble) Now granted some of these function may be good, but I don't want to spend another month trying to figure out somebody elses source code and getting it ready. I would much rather use something like lex which promises to be better for the task
Thanks. Jesse
Reading the last 3 to 5 comments, it would be nice if you tell us exactly what you want to do (parse) in detail for 17 points.
laeuchli, you did not answer some of the experts questions ;(
How would you get a right answer if we don't know what you realy want.
Commented:
Thank you laeuchli for your response.
The first step toward solving a problem is to define exactly what the problem is. If you would take a few moments to outline the scope of your request you will get the answers you are looking for.
I can see by looking across these reponses that there are some extremely knowlegable people attempting to assist you. And if they are given the information they need they can.
If I may let me give you an example of a statement that would help.
Problem statement:
I am looking for a program that understands or can decode(parse) 'C' syntax from a source file.
I want to be able to enter a 'C' statement or key word at the command line and have the program return all instances of that statement and also display the entire content of each statement returned.
***you might even want to get more specific - if you do I am sure you will be pleased with the results.**
Good luck with your quest,
John C. Cook
Parting words from my favorite Stooge "Curly"
"I'm try'n to think but nuthin' happens"
Author
Commented:
OK, sorry i guess I should be less vauge in my questions.
I what I am trying to do is make a program that looks in a .c file for things like void main() and ifs. When the program finds the stuff that it is looking for it writes stuff to a file.
Thanks.
P.S. I will raise the amount of points now so I don't blow it on some other question.
simple task, simple programs:
grep 'void main()' source.c > void.stuff
grep '[ \t][ \t]*if[( ]' source.c > if.stuff
egrep 'main void()|[ \t][ \t]*if[( ]' source.c > all.stuff
Author
Commented:
to ahoffmann:"WHAT!!" to alexo:"You think I should be useing LEX and not yacc right?Why what is differnt?"
Commented:
LEX is for writing parsers, it is used to tokenize a source file.
YACC is for writing compilers, it is used to translate those tokens to code.
They are usually used together.
Author
Commented:
AHH! I got b18 from http://www.cygnus.com/misc/gnu-win32/
and start some test lex programs. When I compile them with g++ it says that _WinMain16 is undefined!! HELP!
Commented:
_WinMain@16 is the mangled name of WinMain(), the equivalent of main() for a windowed application. Either use WinMain() instead of main(), or explicitly tell the compiler you want a console application.
laeuchli, it seems to me that this is getting farther from the original question. Why don't you close this one and ask compiler related stuff in another?
Author
Commented:
I am asking this here because I can't compile the code without the gnc package and so the answer is not usefull if I can't get the stuff working. Is there a plain win32 flex?
Commented:
laeuchli, the error does noot seem to come from flex. Check your configuration. Are you compiling a console or windowed applications? If windowed, you *must* have a WinMain function.
>> Is there a plain win32 flex?
This is as plain as it comes.
laeuchli, you got gnu-win32.
Why didn't you try my suggestions?
Cygnus' bin directory contains all the tools (awk, egrep, grep, sed, etc.), you don't need to comile anything for you simple task.
Author
Commented:
ahoffmann I perfer the idea of lex where you can compile into c.
alexo, I found what may be better. Visual Parse at www.sand-stone.com if it works I will still give you the poinst because you pointed me to lex. Will post comment if it works.
Author
Commented:
I have tryed to setup gnu and that did not work. I could not get into visual parse. I could not compile the pccts programs.
Is there anything else I can do?
Commented:
I suggest that you ask help about the specific tools on usenet:
comp.compilers.tools
comp.compilers.tools.pccts
Author
Commented:
I just had an idea. All these unix ports gnuc ptts etc do not like to be ported. Would it work if I downloaded the linux version of Lex and used the *.c file made in linux in windows?
Think that would work?
Commented:
Dunno. Why don't you try?
Author
Commented:
Well which version of lex(not pttc) do you think would be the most portable, and where can I get it? What does everyone outthere think?
Commented:
laeuchli, I worked pretty hard on this question and gave you quite a fair amount of useful information on a subject that kept getting broader and broader. However, my knowledge and resources *are* limited and I probably cannot be squeezed for more. if you think that what you got is not worth the 80 points you offered, feel free to reject my answer.
Author
Commented:
Look I downloaded 36mb of stuff,spent 80 points,spent 5 months, and wrote 300 hundred lines of code. I am asking a lot of questions here in the hope of cutting my loses. However as you seem to be the last person to have any ideas I will give you the points. I still don't have a parser.Maybe I can figure myself.
Commented:
I'm sorry. I just ran out of ideas.
Try asking in:
comp.compilers.tools
comp.compilers.tools.pccts
Try emailing the author of PCCTS.
Author
Commented:
That's all right it does not matter. I found a version of lex the runs on linux that seems portable. Thanks for your help.
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adam17
Normal mapping
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right now i am trying to implement normal mapping via shaders into my program. i think its working but i get errors whenever i put this into my code....
glTexGenfv(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);
glTexGenfv(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);
glTexGenfv(GL_R, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_R);
VC++6 keeps giving me this error
H:\Adam\Software\Visual C++\cgflipflop\cgflipflop\cgflipflop.cpp(106) : error C2664: ''glTexGenfv'' : cannot convert parameter 3 from ''const int'' to ''const float *''
Conversion from integral type to pointer type requires reinterpret_cast, C-style cast or function-style cast
i pulled this from nvidia''s website. any ideas on what i can do to fix this? also here is there code for generating a normalization cubemap. it doesnt look right either.
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT);
GLubyte face[6][64][64][3];
for(int i=0; i<6; i++)
{
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT + i,
0,
GL_RGB8,
64,
64,
0,
GL_RGB,
GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
&face[0][0][0]);
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexGenfv(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);
glTexGenfv(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);
glTexGenfv(GL_R, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_NORMAL_MAP_EXT);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_R);
thanks ahead of time.
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This assumes that your cubemap textures are already generated
& present in the face[][][][] variable.
instead of what you have, try these:
#include "glext.h"
unsigned int cmap;
glTexGeni(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glTexGeni(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glTexGeni(GL_R, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, cmap);
AND... because your "face" variable is a quadruple array,
6 textures, 64x64 pixels each with 3 bytes per pixel,
in your loop, I assume you want to use your "i" variable
like this too:
for(int i=0; i<6; i++) {
glTexImage2D(
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT + i,
0, GL_RGB8,
64, 64, 0,
GL_RGB,
GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
&face[i][0][0][0] );
}
maybe leave off the last "[0]" I'm not sure, I didn't look up what glTexImage2D() asks for. The part with the "GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT + i" is correct, the faces just have to be in this order:
POSITIVE_X_DIRECTION
NEGATIVE_X_DIRECTION
POSITIVE_Y_DIRECTION
NEGATIVE_Y_DIRECTION
POSITIVE_Z_DIRECTION
NEGATIVE_Z_DIRECTION
any Qs ?
[edited by - Luke Miklos on June 3, 2004 3:23:26 AM]
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forgot to mention, there are 2 simple parts to cube-mapping, or normal-mapping as you call it:
1) Generating the cube map textures & telling the system that thats what they are (the part with glTexImage2D)
2) Binding to the cubemap & drawing your cool object, example:
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, cmap);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,GL_NEAREST);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER,GL_NEAREST);
//PARAMETER OPTION 2
glTexGeni(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glTexGeni(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glTexGeni(GL_R, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_R);
gluSphere(quadricPointer[0],radius,64,64);
A lot of this is just to be sure you aren''t forgetting something, you don''t have to do ALL these commands every frame.
also... if you don''t like GL_NEAREST for a TexParamter(), then try GL_LINEAR. good luck
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okay i have everything put together except for the cube map construction. i know the xyz vectors are rgb. now my problem is i dont know how opengl will read the face array into the cube map.
which variable needs to go where in the blank spots of my loop?
for(int i=0; i<6; i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<64; j++)
{
for(int k=0; k<64; k++)
{
if(i == 0)
face[i][255][ ][ ];
if(i == 1)
face[i][0][ ][ ];
if(i == 2)
face[i][ ][255][ ];
if(i == 3)
face[i][ ][0][ ];
if(i == 4)
face[i][ ][ ][255];
if(i == 5)
face[i][ ][ ][0];
}
}
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT + i,
0,
GL_RGB8,
64,
64,
0,
GL_RGB,
GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
&face[ i ][0][0][0]);
}
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huh?
this is how I perceive the face array:
face[f][g][h][j]
f = 6, for 6 pictures, one for each side of the cube
g = 64 & h = 64,
which means each of the 6 pictures is 64x64 pixels in size.
j = 3, for red, green, & blue
so say you render a scene in a 64x64 frame buffer, call glReadPixels() like this to read that scene into the face[][][][] texture:
for(i=0;i<6;++i) {
drawScene(i);
glReadPixels(0,0,64,64,GL_RGB,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,&face[i][0][0][0]);
glTexImage2D(
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT + i,
0,
GL_RGB8,
64,
64,
0,
GL_RGB,
GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
&face[i][0][0][0] );
}
OR... something like this (simpler):
for(i=0;i<6;++i) {
drawScene(i);
void glCopyTexImage2D(
GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT + i,
0,
GL_RGB,
0,
0,
64,
64,
0);
}
[edited by - Luke Miklos on June 3, 2004 3:01:36 PM]
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this normalization cube map is throwin my head into a spin. does anyone have some code that will make it? i feel bad about asking but balancing all of these numbers in my head and wondering how opengl will percieve the maps is driving me crazy.
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quote:
Original post by adam17
does anyone have some code that will make it?
You can get it on Nutty''s page. Is included by some demos.. but I don''t know witch ones
You should never let your fears become the boundaries of your dreams.
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Guest Anonymous Poster
Adam,
You won''t have much luck with nutty''s cubemap, I didn''t.
You have to understand that the face[][][][] is really just a buffer that holds texture data. you have to fill it with data somehow.
If you ask better questions, we can give you better answers, don''t look for a shortcut. All you have done is shown us snipets of code & kinda asked us to explain them or fix them. What you need is a big picture understanding first, & then you can code in the particulars.
Try & understand the help we give you here. Now what exactly do you want to do? Do you have 6 textures already saved on your computer that you want to use ? Do you want a dynamic cubemap effect? Where you render the textures all the time to make a reflection of some sort?
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ok i think i have everything under control now. i am just having one problem though. i dont know how to convert the face array into GLuint for the image. heres my code...
void BuildCUBE()
{
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT);
GLubyte face[6][64][64][3];
GLuint cube;
for(int i=0; i<6; i++)
{
for(int j=0; j<64; j++)
{
for(int k=0; k<64; k++)
{
if(i == 0)
{
face[i][j][k][0] = 255;
face[i][j][k][1] = k*4;
face[i][j][k][2] = j*4;
}
if(i == 1)
{
face[i][j][k][0] = 0;
face[i][j][k][1] = k*4;
face[i][j][k][2] = j*4;
}
if(i == 2)
{
face[i][j][k][0] = k*4;
face[i][j][k][1] = 255;
face[i][j][k][2] = j*4;
}
if(i == 3)
{
face[i][j][k][0] = k*4;
face[i][j][k][1] = 0;
face[i][j][k][2] = j*4;
}
if(i == 4)
{
face[i][j][k][0] = k*4;
face[i][j][k][1] = j*4;
face[i][j][k][2] = 255;
}
if(i == 5)
{
face[i][j][k][0] = k*4;
face[i][j][k][1] = j*4;
face[i][j][k][2] = 0;
}
}
}
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_POSITIVE_X_EXT + i,
0,
GL_RGB8,
64,
64,
0,
GL_RGB,
GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
&face[i]/*[0][0][0]*/);
}
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
glTexGeni(GL_S, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glTexGeni(GL_T, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glTexGeni(GL_R, GL_TEXTURE_GEN_MODE, GL_REFLECTION_MAP_EXT);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_S);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_T);
glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_GEN_R);
glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, face);
}
incase some of you guys are still a little lost on the subject i had to create 6 different images for the normalization cube map. photoshop just seems like too much trouble.
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looking good, at least much better....
now... face is not the handle that you bind to, do this:
//global variable for now
unsigned int CMAP;
//do this before any calls to: glTexImage2D()
glGenTextures ( 1, &CMAP );
glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_CUBE_MAP_EXT, CMAP);
& go ahead & remove the bind at the end... since you are adding this one at the "beginning"
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structure of modules over $\mathbb{Z}^n$
5 votes
Prove that if matrix $A$ is nilpotent, then $I+A$ is invertible.
5 votes
Accepted
Trivial extension of an algebra
5 votes
Accepted
Does tensoring by a flat module preserve pullbacks of pairs of monos?
4 votes
Accepted
Splitting idempotents
4 votes
Accepted
Difference between a ring with 1 and an associative algebra
4 votes
Does this isomorphism hold?
4 votes
Indecomposable rings with nontrivial idempotents
1
2 3 4 5
9
|
__label__pos
| 1 |
Cap Collectif Developers - GraphQL API
Look up proposals
Looking up steps with proposals is not yet available on our public API.
But don't worry, we wrote this interactive guide to give you all the information that you need !
Interactive section
The following query looks up the "BUDGET PARTICIPATIF 2021 - Déposez vos projets" step, finds the first 10 proposals, and returns each proposal's title, body, author username and responses with question title:
{
node(id: "Q29sbGVjdFN0ZXA6MDg5NzA3NDUtNDFlYi0xMWVhLThlYTEtMDI0MmFjMTEwMDA3") {
... on CollectStep {
proposals(first: 10, after: null) {
totalCount
edges {
node {
title
body
author {
username
}
responses {
question {
title
}
... on ValueResponse {
value
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.999801 |
Casting Rc<ConcreteType> to an Rc<Trait>
• A+
Category:Languages
Horse is a struct which implements the Animal trait. I have an Rc<Horse> and a function that needs to take in an Rc<Animal>, so I want to convert from Rc<Horse> to Rc<Animal>.
I did this:
use std::rc::Rc; struct Horse; trait Animal {} impl Animal for Horse {} fn main() { let horse = Rc::new(Horse); let animal = unsafe { // Consume the Rc<Horse> let ptr = Rc::into_raw(horse); // Now it's an Rc<Animal> pointing to the same data! Rc::<Animal>::from_raw(ptr) }; }
Is this a good solution? Is it correct?
The answer by Boiethios already explains that upcasting can be explicitly performed using as, or even happens implicitly in certain situaions. I'd like to add a few more detail on the mechanisms.
I'll start with explaining why your unsafe code works correctly.
let animal = unsafe { let ptr = Rc::into_raw(horse); Rc::<Animal>::from_raw(ptr) };
The first line in the unsafe block consumes horse and returns a *const Horse, which is a pointer to a concrete type. The pointer is exactly what you'd expect it to be – the memory address of horse's data (ignoring the fact that in your example Horse is zero-sized and has no data). In the second line, we call Rc::from_raw(); let's look at the protoype of that function:
pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *const T) -> Rc<T>
Since we are calling this function for Rc::<Animal>, the expected argument type is *const Animal. Yet the ptr we have has type *const Horse, so why does the compiler accept the code? The answer is that the compiler performs an unsized coercion, a type of implicit cast that is performed in certain places for certain types. Specifically, we convert a pointer to a concrete type to a pointer to any type implementing the Animal trait. Since we don't know the exact type, now the pointer isn't a mere memory address anymore – it's a memory address together with an identifier of the actual type of the object, a so-called fat pointer. This way, the Rc created from the fat pointer can retain the information of the underlying concrete type, and can call the correct methods for Horse's implementation of Animal (if there are any; in your example Animal doesn't have any functions, but of course this should continue to work if there are).
We can see the difference between the two kinds of pointer by printing their size
let ptr = Rc::into_raw(horse); println!("{}", std::mem::size_of_val(&ptr)); let ptr: *const Animal = ptr; println!("{}", std::mem::size_of_val(&ptr));
This code first makes ptr a *const Horse, prints the size of the pointer, then uses an unsized coercion to convert ptr to and *const Animal and prints its size again. On a 64-bit system, this will print
8 16
The first one is just a simple memory address, while the second one is a memory address together with information on the concrete type of the pointee. (Specifically, the fat pointer contains a pointer to the virtual method table.)
Now let's look at what happens in the code in Boethios' answer
let animal = horse as Rc<Animal>;
or equivalently
let animal: Rc<Animal> = horse;
also perform an unsized coercion. How does the compiler know how to do this for a Rc rather than a raw pointer? The answer is that the trait CoerceUnsized exists specifically for this purpose. You can read the RFC on coercions for dynamically sized types for further details.
Comment
:?: :razz: :sad: :evil: :!: :smile: :oops: :grin: :eek: :shock: :???: :cool: :lol: :mad: :twisted: :roll: :wink: :idea: :arrow: :neutral: :cry: :mrgreen:
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__label__pos
| 0.996309 |
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Gui Container Compression
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Hi guys, first time joining these forums so pleasure to meet you.
I've got an Math based issue which related to GUI's. In the UnrealEd 4 (based on the video, thought other GUI's do it) in the main container window you can rescale all the docked elements (boxes), but their neighbouring elements are either compressed or expanding to fill the space you've rescaled or a docked new element in the container forcing everything to rescale, also noting that some of the elements I imagine would either have fixed width/heights or have a minimum width/height and this would change how everything around them is rescaled. My problem is how is this done mathematically.
I've noticed a massive issue with programming and that's the names of things, without prior knowledge of what a techniques is there's no way I'd be able to guess what you call this. Took me 2 hours to find out this is some type of packing technique and even that might not be the right thing.
So can anyone enlighten me to what this rescaling or re skinning (if that's correct) technique is called or how it may be achieve?
Thank you in advance
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There are at least two layers of completely different concerns:
- You have a tree of rectangles (container -> child widget relationships), with the constraint that children must be entirely contained in their parents and not overlap their siblings, and you need to choose the size of each rectangle for a given root rectangle height and width.
- You need to draw a widget with a given position and size, scaling and stretching graphical elements, drawing child widgets in the right order, etc.
Generally, the first problem is approached with constraint systems, usually organized in a very strict hierarchical way (widgets are constrained only by available space in their container and by their siblings, regardless of what they are and what they contain).
For example, in the Swing framework for Java every widget (JComponent) is a Container that owns an arbitrary number of children (with generic infrastructure to dispatch events, add and remove children etc.) and has a LayoutManager that decides the position and size of all children. JComponent instances can plead for a minimum, preferred and maximum size, but they aren't mandatory. All interesting behaviour is contained in the LayoutManager implementations: for example there are GridLayout, which divides available space evenly, and BorderLayout, which handles up to 5 children (but usually 2): the "center" one is stretched in both directions and the top, bottom, left and right children only along the corresponding border.
Drawing scaled widgets depends on graphical style: do you want line thickness to change? Font size? Rounded corner radius? Icon size, usually in discrete steps? Every widget is supposed to know what it should draw and how to draw it, possibly with the help of a theming engine to improve coherence of graphical rules.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.545732 |
Home
Paginated Queries Course
We can use local state and axios to help us with pagination:
const [page, setPage] = React.useState(0); const postsQuery = usePaginatedQuery(["posts", { page }], () => axios .get("/api/posts", { params: { pageSize: 10, pageOffset: page, }, }) .then((res) => res.data) );
As a note, our query will get back resolvedData and latestData as properties on the query. You likely will want to use resolvedData.
Prefetching Paginated Queries
We can prefetch using effects!
import React from "react"; import axios from "axios"; import { usePaginatedQuery, queryCache } from "react-query"; const fetchPosts = (_, { page }) => axios .get("/api/posts", { params: { pageSize: 10, pageOffset: page, }, }) .then((res) => res.data); export default function Posts() { const [page, setPage] = React.useState(0); const postsQuery = usePaginatedQuery(["posts", { page }], fetchPosts); React.useEffect(() => { queryCache.prefetchQuery( ["posts", { page: postsQuery.latestData?.nextPageOffset }], fetchPosts ); }, [postsQuery.latestData?.nextPageOffset]); return ( <div> {postsQuery.isLoading ? ( <span>Loading...</span> ) : ( <> <h3>Posts {postsQuery.isFetching ? <small>...</small> : null}</h3> <ul> {postsQuery.resolvedData.items.map((post) => ( <li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li> ))} </ul> <br /> </> )} <button onClick={() => setPage((old) => old - 1)} disabled={page === 0}> Previous </button> <button onClick={() => setPage((old) => old + 1)} disabled={!postsQuery.latestData?.nextPageOffset} > Next </button> <span> Current Page: {page + 1} {postsQuery.isFetching ? "..." : ""} </span> </div> ); }
Infinite Queries
This is an example of fetching on a singular page instead of multiple pages.
It will use the useInfiniteQuery function which has a method getFetchMore.
import React from "react"; import axios from "axios"; import { useInfiniteQuery } from "react-query"; const fetchPosts = (_, page = 0) => axios .get("/api/posts", { params: { pageOffset: page, pageSize: 10, }, }) .then((res) => res.data); export default function Posts() { const postsQuery = useInfiniteQuery("posts", fetchPosts, { getFetchMore: (lastPage) => lastPage.nextPageOffset, }); return ( <div> {postsQuery.isLoading ? ( <span>Loading...</span> ) : ( <> <h3>Posts {postsQuery.isFetching ? <small>...</small> : null}</h3> <ul> {postsQuery.data.map((page, index) => { return ( <React.Fragment key={index}> {page.items.map((post) => ( <li key={post.id}>{post.title}</li> ))} </React.Fragment> ); })} </ul> <br /> </> )} <button onClick={() => postsQuery.fetchMore()} disabled={!postsQuery.canFetchMore} > Fetch More </button> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> </div> ); }
Note: You also only to need to invalidate the one query on this page.
Repository
https://github.com/okeeffed/developer-notes-nextjs/content/react-query/paginated-queries-course
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|
__label__pos
| 0.906251 |
Way much slower than zerotier
I was using zerotier before, and start to use tailscale these days. I quickly realized that tailscale is much slower than zerotier in p2p connection(very hard to have a direct connection). tailscale used relay at the most of time. but zerotier always can direct connect successfully at the first second.
Here is some info of my network status.
Device A:
$ tailscale netcheck
Report:
* UDP: true
* IPv4: yes, **masked**
* IPv6: yes, **masked**
* MappingVariesByDestIP: false
* HairPinning: false
* PortMapping: UPnP, NAT-PMP, PCP
* Nearest DERP: Tokyo
* DERP latency:
- tok: 98ms (Tokyo)
- syd: 159.1ms (Sydney)
- lhr: 187.1ms (London)
$ tailscale ping -verbose device-b
lookup "**masked**" => "**masked**"
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 1.842s
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 1.365s
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 619ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 708ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 356ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 756ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 362ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 1.049s
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 364ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 358ms
Device B:
$ tailscale netcheck
Report:
* UDP: true
* IPv4: yes, **masked**
* IPv6: no
* MappingVariesByDestIP: false
* HairPinning: false
* PortMapping: UPnP
* Nearest DERP: San Francisco
* DERP latency:
- sfo: 151.5ms (San Francisco)
- tok: 168.1ms (Tokyo)
- dfw: 168.3ms (Dallas)
$ tailscale ping -verbose device-a
lookup "**masked**" => "**masked**"
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 1.113s
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 360ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 1.499s
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 1.141s
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 365ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 407ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 369ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 361ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(sfo) in 604ms
pong from **masked** (**masked**) via DERP(tok) in 253ms
device A is behind one NAT and have a working UPnP, it should be able to connect directly.
I also tried to ping another device continuously. sometimes the tailscale can make direct connection after hundreds of pings, sometimes it will require thousands of pings.
Hello!
Usually people find tailscale is faster, and it definitely should be getting a direct connection, but depending on your firewall settings it might have had to fall back to a relay. Please email your tailscale IPs and the time it happened to [email protected] and we can help you diagnose the problem.
|
__label__pos
| 0.999964 |
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Let $S$ be some base ring (a commutative ring or even just a field), and $R$ a commutative ring containing $S$ which is finitely generated (as an algebra) over $S$. What conditions guarantee that any two minimal systems of generators of $R$ over $S$ have the same size?
I'm especially interested in a geometric picture to explain the situation, and whether it links to other geometrical ideas such as height or the Cohen-Macaulay property.
I'd also like to know what happens for graded rings - for instance, when are the degrees of two minimal systems of homogeneous generators the same (up to permutation)?
What's the geometry behind this?
share|cite|improve this question
I think this almost never happens without grading. Consider the simple example with $S=\mathbb Q$ and $R=\mathbb Q[X]$. Then $\{ X\}$ and $\{ X^2+X, X^2\}$ are minimal systems of generators of different sizes. Similar constructions should work for any algebra over a field with a transcendental element.
Of course if $R/S$ is a finite extension of prime order, then any minimal system of generators is a singleton. But this fails as soon as we remove the condition of prime order: let $S=\mathbb Q$ and $R=\mathbb Q[\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{3}]$. Then $\{\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{3}\}$ and $\{ \sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3}\}$ are minimal systems of generators of different sizes.
Graded case.
For a homogeneous algebra $R$ over a field $S$, a set of homogeneous elements of $R$ generates $R$ if and only if it contains a set of generators of $R_1$ has vector space. So the minimal systems are exactly the basis of $R_1$ as $S$-vector space.
More generally, if $R$ is a positive graded algebra over a field $S$, we can describe the minimal systems of homogeneous generators as follows. For any $d\ge 1$, denote by $R'_d$ the subvector space of $R_d$ generated by products of homogeneous elements of lower degrees ($R'_1=0$). Then $F\subset R$ is a minimal system of homogeneous generators if and only if for all $d\ge 1$, $F\cap R_d$ is a lifting of a basis of $R_d/R'_d$. In particular, for all $d\ge 1$, any two such systems share the same number of elements of degree $d$.
share|cite|improve this answer
Isn't the example $S=\mathbb{Q}$ and $R = \mathbb{Q}[X]$ an example of a homogeneous algebra over a field? I believe if one restricts generators to being inside of $S_1$ your last comment is true, but as your first example shows, this need not be the case. – RghtHndSd Aug 7 '13 at 15:37
@rghthndsd: in the first example, we don't ask the generators to be homogeneous. – user18119 Aug 7 '13 at 15:38
In the sentence "of course if $R/S$ is a finite extension of prime order..." do you mean a finite field extension of prime order? B/c take $S=k$, $R=S[x,y]/(x,y)^2$ for an order 3 extension (i.e. $R$ is a free $S$-module of rank $3$) such that there is no singleton generating (set since the algebra generated by any single nonconstant element is just $2$-dimensional over $k$). – Ben Blum-Smith Dec 11 '15 at 20:51
@user18119 - In my last comment I was assuming that by "finite extension of prime order" you meant a finite extension that is free and of prime rank as a module over the ground ring, but perhaps I misunderstood? – Ben Blum-Smith Dec 11 '15 at 23:07
For a connected, non-negatively graded algebra $A$ over a field, we can compute $Tor_1^A(k,k)$, which is a graded vector space: this is is isomorphic to every minimal space of homogeneous generators of $A$.
share|cite|improve this answer
What do you mean by "minimal space of homogeneous generator"? – user26857 Mar 2 '14 at 23:15
What mean is, every graded vector subspace of $A$ which generates $A$ and which is minimal is isomorphic to $Tor_1^A(k,k)$ as a graded vector space. – Mariano Suárez-Alvarez Mar 3 '14 at 8:14
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| 0.990447 |
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Results 1 to 10 of 10
Thread: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
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Default Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
import java.util.*;
public class S10105810_Assignment
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int[] code = new int[20]; // array for codes
String[] title = new String[20]; // array for booktitles
double[] price = new double[20]; // array for price of books
int[] qty = new int[20]; // array for quantity of books
int count = 0;
int choice= 1;
int number =0;
int search=0; // search when there user enter 1
int idex=-1; // return if search cannot be found
int key; // To enter the book that user want to find
int serialnum=1; // To indicate the s/no of the book that is out of stock. Serial num always at 1
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
while(choice != 0) // when choice is not 0 to exit.
{
System.out.println("MENU " + "\n" + "====");
System.out.println("1) Display All Books" + "\n2) Display books that are out of stock" + "\n3)Add new book"+ "\n4)Update Quantity of a book"+ "\n5)Display Lowest Quantity"+ "\n6)Search a book"+ "\n7)Remove a Book"+ "\n0)Exit");
System.out.print("Enter your option : " );
choice = input.nextInt();
if(choice==1)
{
System.out.println("Option 1. Display all books");
if(count<=6)
{
if(number>0)
{
System.out.println("S/No"+"\t"+"Code"+"\t"+"Price"+"\t"+"Quantity"+"\t"+"Title"+"\n----"+"\t"+ "----"+"\t"+ "-----"+"\t"+"-----"+"\t"+"\t"+"-----");
for(int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
System.out.println(i + "\t" + code[i-1] + "\t" + price[i-1] + "\t" + qty[i-1] + "\t" +"\t"+ title[i-1]);
}
if(idex!=-1)
{
RemovedBook(code,title,price,qty,count,number);
}
}
else
{
if(idex==-1)
{
count = initialization(code,title,price,qty);
System.out.println("S/No"+"\t"+"Code"+"\t"+"Price"+"\t"+"Quantity"+"\t"+"Title"+"\n----"+"\t"+ "----"+"\t"+ "-----"+"\t"+"-----"+"\t"+"\t"+"-----");
for(int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
System.out.println(i + "\t" + code[i-1] + "\t" + price[i-1] + "\t" + qty[i-1] + "\t" +"\t"+ title[i-1]);
}
}
if(idex!=-1)
{
RemovedBook(code,title,price,qty,count,number);
}
}
}
if(count>6)
{
if(number>0)
{
System.out.println("S/No"+"\t"+"Code"+"\t"+"Price"+"\t"+"Quantity"+"\t"+"Title"+"\n----"+"\t"+ "----"+"\t"+ "-----"+"\t"+"-----"+"\t"+"\t"+"-----");
for(int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
System.out.println(i + "\t" + code[i-1] + "\t" + price[i-1] + "\t" + qty[i-1] + "\t" +"\t"+ title[i-1]);
}
if(idex!=-1)
{
RemovedBook(code,title,price,qty,count,number);
}
}
else
{
System.out.println("S/No"+"\t"+"Code"+"\t"+"Price"+"\t"+"Quantity"+"\t"+"Title"+"\n----"+"\t"+ "----"+"\t"+ "-----"+"\t"+"-----"+"\t"+"\t"+"-----");
for(int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
System.out.println(i + "\t" + code[i-1] + "\t" + price[i-1] + "\t" + qty[i-1] + "\t" +"\t"+ title[i-1]);
}
if(idex!=-1)
{
RemovedBook(code,title,price,qty,count,number);
}
}
}
}
if(choice==2)
{
OutOfStock(code,title,price,qty,count,serialnum);
}
if(choice==3)
{
count=NewBook(code,title,price,qty,count);
}
if(choice==4)
{
number=updateQuantity(code,title,price,qty,count,number);
}
if(choice==5)
{
lowestQuantity(code,title,price,qty,count);
}
if(choice==6)
{
System.out.println("Option 6. Searching for a book");
System.out.print("Enter 1 if you wish to proceed with searching for a particular book(0 to skip): ");
search= input.nextInt();
while(search==1)
{
System.out.print("Enter the book you want to search for: ");
key= input.nextInt();
idex = searchingforBook(code,key,count);
if(idex == -1)
{
System.out.println("No such book Exist");
}
else
{
System.out.println("S/No"+"\t"+"Code"+"\t"+"Price"+"\t"+"Quantity"+"\t"+"Title"+"\n----"+"\t"+ "----"+"\t"+ "-----"+"\t"+"-----"+"\t"+"\t"+"-----");
System.out.println(idex + "\t" + code[idex-1] + "\t" + price[idex-1] + "\t" + qty[idex-1] + "\t" +"\t"+ title[idex-1]);
}
System.out.print("Do you want to continue searching books? 1 to continue, 0 to end: ");
search=input.nextInt();
}
}
if(choice==7)
{
System.out.println("Option 7. Removing a book");
System.out.print("Enter 1 if you wish to proceed with removing a particular book(0 to skip): ");
search= input.nextInt();
while(search==1)
{
System.out.print("Enter the book you want to remove: ");
key= input.nextInt();
idex = removingBook(code,key,count);
if(idex == -1)
{
System.out.println("No such book");
}
else
{
code[idex-1]=0;
qty[idex-1]=0;
title[idex-1]="";
price[idex-1]=0;
System.out.println("Book of Serial no."+(idex)+" is Removed.");
}
System.out.print("If Continue removing books? Enter 1 to continue or 0 to End Removing book: ");
search=input.nextInt();
}
}
}
}
public static int initialization(int[] code, String[] title, double[] price, int[] qty)
{
code[0] = 9877;
title[0] = "Awaken The Giant Within";
price[0] = 19.75;
qty[0] = 6;
code[1] = 9965;
title[1] = "Being Happy!";
price[1] = 17.33;
qty[1] = 9;
code[2] = 9126;
title[2] = "Chicken Soup For The Teenage Soul";
price[2] = 21.54;
qty[2] = 0;
code[3] = 9429;
title[3] = "Dealing with People You Can't Stand";
price[3] = 24.03;
qty[3] = 3;
code[4] = 9101;
title[4] = "Emotional Intelligence";
price[4] = 16.33;
qty[4] = 11;
code[5] = 9222;
title[5] = "Follow Your Heart";
price[5] = 21.09;
qty[5] = 15;
return 6;
}
public static void OutOfStock (int[] code, String[] title, double[] price, int[] qty, int count, int serialnum)
{
System.out.println("Option 2.Display books out of stock");
System.out.println("S/No"+"\t"+"Code"+"\t"+"Price"+"\t"+"Quantity"+"\t"+"Title"+"\n----"+"\t"+ "----"+"\t"+ "-----"+"\t"+"-----"+"\t"+"\t"+"-----");
for(int i=1; i<count; i++)
{
if(qty[i-1]==0)
{
System.out.println(serialnum + "\t" + code[i-1] + "\t" + price[i-1] + "\t" + qty[i-1] + "\t" +"\t"+ title[i-1]);
}
}
}
public static int NewBook (int[] code, String[] title, double[] price, int[] qty,int count)
{
int num=0;
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter 1 to enter book or 0 to exit adding book menu:");
num = input.nextInt();
while(num==1)
{
System.out.println("Option 3. Add new book");
System.out.print("Enter a new code: ");
code[count] = input.nextInt();
input.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter a new title: ");
title[count] = input.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter a new price: ");
price[count] = input.nextDouble();
System.out.print("Enter a new quantity: ");
qty[count] = input.nextInt();
count++;
System.out.println("One book added");
System.out.print("Do you want to continue? 1 for Yes, 0 for no");
num = input.nextInt();
}
return count;
}
public static int updateQuantity (int[] code, String[] title, double[] price, int[] qty,int count, int num2)
{
System.out.println("Option 4. Update quantity");
int quantity=0;
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("S/No"+"\t"+"Code"+"\t"+"Price"+"\t"+"Quantity"+"\t"+"Title"+"\n----"+"\t"+ "----"+"\t"+ "-----"+"\t"+"-----"+"\t"+"\t"+"-----");
for(int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
System.out.println(i + "\t" + code[i-1] + "\t" + price[i-1] + "\t" + qty[i-1] + "\t" +"\t"+ title[i-1]);
}
System.out.print("Enter the Serial Number of the book to update the quantity: ");
num2=input.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter quantity to increase or decrease: ");
quantity=input.nextInt();
qty[num2-1] = qty[num2-1] + quantity;
System.out.println("Quantity updated");
return num2;
}
public static void lowestQuantity (int[] code, String[] title, double[] price, int[] qty,int count)
{
System.out.println("Option 5. Lowest quantity");
int lowestquantity = qty[0];
String bookTitle="";
for (int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
if (qty[i]<lowestquantity)
{
lowestquantity=qty[i];
bookTitle=title[i];
}
}
System.out.println("Lowest quantity book is "+bookTitle+" at "+lowestquantity);
}
public static int searchingforBook (int[] code,int searchKey,int count)
{
for(int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
if(code[i]==searchKey)
{
return i+1;
}
}
return -1;
}
public static int removingBook (int[] code,int searchKey,int count)
{
for(int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
if(code[i]==searchKey)
{
return i+1;
}
}
return -1;
}
public static void RemovedBook(int[] code, String[] title, double[] price, int[] qty,int count,int num2)
{
System.out.println("S/No"+"\t"+"Code"+"\t"+"Price"+"\t"+"Quantity"+"\t"+"Title"+"\n----"+"\t"+ "----"+"\t"+ "-----"+"\t"+"-----"+"\t"+"\t"+"-----");
for(int i=1;i<count+1;i++)
{
System.out.println(i + "\t" + code[i-1] + "\t" + price[i-1] + "\t" + qty[i-1] + "\t" +"\t"+ title[i-1]);
}
}
}
Firstly, whenever you add a book, it should always display the serial number as well as the code,title,price and quantity. However, it doesn't show up sometimes when i try to add a book. The book isn't added into the array. I tried to debug, but i can't seem to find the problem. The debugger isn't showing any problems. Moreover, if i try to add a book with price=0 and quantity =0, it doesn't show up too.
Last edited by JustinK; July 26th, 2011 at 09:16.
2. #2
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
That is WAY too much code for us to wade through. Please read the link in my signature on asking questions the smart way. Code you post should be in the form of an SSCCE, and you should very clearly state what's happening and what you expected to happen. Have you run through this with a debugger, or with a piece of paper and a pencil? Where does the code's behavior differ from what you thought it would do?
You forgot the highlight tags. I added them for you this time.
How to Ask Questions the Smart Way
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
it doesn't show up sometimes
I don't understand how it "sometimes" does not work.
Computer programs do the same thing every time. Its the input that is different.
Can you copy and paste here the console from when you execute the program.
Add comments to show where it is NOT displaying.
To copy the contents of the command prompt window:
Click on Icon in upper left corner
Select Edit
Select 'Select All' - The selection will show
Click in upper left again
Select Edit and click 'Copy'
Paste here.
4. #4
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
When i try to compile it, it works.
the only problem i encountered are.... i have to type in option 1 , option 2, , option 3 then, when i update my the quantity (in option4) it will display all the book.
if i start from option 3, then the option 4 will only display the added book i entered in option 3, it does not display all the books.
why?
5. #5
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
When i try to compile it, it works.
the only problem i encountered are.... i have to type in option 1 , option 2, , option 3 then, when i update my the quantity (in option4) it will display all the book.
if i start from option 3, then the option 4 will only display the added book i entered in option 3, it does not display all the books.
why?
6. #6
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
Can you copy and paste here the console from when you execute the program.
Add comments to show where it is NOT displaying.
To copy the contents of the command prompt window:
Click on Icon in upper left corner
Select Edit
Select 'Select All' - The selection will show
Click in upper left again
Select Edit and click 'Copy'
Paste here.
7. #7
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
//////////////
تصاوير پيوست شده تصاوير پيوست شده
Last edited by kerrina; August 1st, 2011 at 11:14.
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
cccccccccccccccccccc . thanks
Last edited by kerrina; August 1st, 2011 at 11:15.
9. #9
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
cccccccccccccccccccccccccccc. thank you
Last edited by kerrina; August 1st, 2011 at 11:16.
10. #10
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Default Re: Simple inventory System. Sometimes it doesn't update my added book.
You need to do some debugging to find out where in your code you are not updating or setting the count variable correctly. Add a println after EVERY place that you change the value of the count variable. One of those changes must be wrong for the value to not be correct.
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Computer's history
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Cois 100
Computer’s History
Eunice Moquete
University Ana G. Mendez
As early as the 1640’s mechanical calculators are manufactured for sale. Records exist for earlier machines, but BlaisePascal invents the first commercial calculator,a hand powered adding machine. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670’s the first true multiplyingcalculatro appears in Germany shortly before the American Revolution.
Around 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas created the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator, the Thomas Arithmometer, thatcould add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was mainly based on Leibnitz’ work. Mechanical calculators, like the base-ten addiator, the comptometer, the Monroe, the Curta and the Addo-X remained inuse until the 1970’s.
Shortly after the first mass-produced calculator ( 1820) Charles Babbage begins his lifelong quest for a programmable machine, his difference engine is sufficiently developedby 1842 that Ada Lovelace uses it to mechanically translate a short written work. Twelve years later George Boole, while proffesor of mathematics at Cork University, writes an investigation of theLaws of Thought (1854), and is generally reconigzed as the father of computer science.
In the late 1880’s, the American Herman Hollerith the recording data on a meddium that could the be read by amachine. After some initial trials with paper tape, he settled on punched cards, first know as “ Hollerith cards” he invented the tabulator an the key punch machines. Theses three inventions were thefoundation of the modern information processing industry.
The period from 1935 through 1952 gets murky with claims and counterclaims of who invents what and when. Part of the problems lies in theinternational situation that makes much of the research secret. Other problems include poor-record-keeping, deception and lack of definition.
In 1943 develpoment begins on the Electronic Numerical...
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I am kinda new to C and I am having trouble using If statements to compare character input from the user to an int stored in an array.
Eg:
int i[2] = {1,2};
char input[3];
printf("Select option:");
fgets(input,3,stdin);
if(strcmp(*input,i[0]) == 0)
printf("1 chosen");
if(strcmp(*input,i[1]) == 0)
printf("2 chosen");
When compiling I get a warning for both compare statements saying:
warning: passing argument 1 of 'strcmp' makes pointer from integer without cast
warning: passing argument 2 of 'strcmp' makes pointer from integer without cast
I understand that this maybe because Im comparing non-string elements, but how will I cast them then compare them?
When executing I get:
Segmentation fault(core dumped)
Can somebody help?
share|improve this question
2
oh, you don't compare numbers that way – Hayri Uğur Koltuk Mar 22 '13 at 11:03
up vote 0 down vote accepted
Better convert input char to int using atoi function.
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdlib/atoi/
int i[2] = {1,2};
char input[3];
int opt=0;
printf("Select option:");
fgets(input,3,stdin);
opt = atoi(input);
if(opt== i[0])
printf("1 chosen");
if(opt == i[1])
printf("2 chosen");
share|improve this answer
Nobody yet has explained why what you are doing is incorrect, apart from saying that it is "wrong".
A string in C is just a bunch of consecutive characters in memory, where the last character in the string has a value of zero. You can store a string in a char array, or you can point to somewhere in memory by using a char pointer (char*).
When you input a decimal number, you are reading individual characters that happen to be in the range '0' through to '9', maybe prefixed by an optional '-'. You read these as a string, and if you want to treat them as integers you need to convert them to an integer data type (instead of a series of char values).
That's where something like atoi helps, although it is no longer fashionable. You should use strtol. [There is a whole family of these functions for dealing with unsigned, long long, or combinations thereof, as well as double and float types].
That tackles roughly half of your question. Now, you are using strcmp and expecting it to work. There are a couple of things wrong with what you are doing. The major error is that you can't treat an integer as a string. If you really want to use string comparison, you have to convert the integer to a string. That means you do the reverse of what strtol does.
That's a bigger discussion, and in your case it is not the correct way so I won't go into it. But I'd like to point out that, all things being equal, you are sending the wrong types to strcmp. It expects two char* pointers (const char *, really). What you have done is dereferenced your input pointer to a char for the first element, and then pass an int for the second.
strcmp(*input,i[0])
A pointer is basically just a number. It gives the memory address of some data. In this case, the data is expected to be char type (single bytes). The strcmp function is expecting valid memory addresses (stuff that's actually in your stack or heap). But what you give it is *input (the value of the first character in your input string) and i[0] (the number 1).
Those compiler warnings were telling you something quite important, you know! =)
So, just for completeness (although others have answered this already), you should forget the string comparisons (and make a mental note to learn more about strings in C), and do this:
int value = strtol( input, NULL, 10 );
if( value == i[0] )
printf("1 chosen");
if( value == i[1] )
printf("2 chosen");
There are other ways to go about this. I could talk about how to convert single-digit numbers from a string, but I think I have already ranted for long enough. Hope this is of some help.
share|improve this answer
Apart from the various methods listed as answers to your qn.
Why don't you take the user input as int??
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i[2] = {1,2};
int input;
printf("Select option:");
scanf("%d",&input);
if(input==i[0])
printf("1 chosen");
if(input==i[1])
printf("2 chosen");
return 0;
}
share|improve this answer
You must use scanf instead of fgets:
int input;
printf("Select option:");
scanf("%d", &input);
if (input == i[0])
etcetera.
See http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/C_Programming/Simple_input_and_output#Input_using_scanf.28.29
share|improve this answer
...as SuvP already wrote. – Marco Sulla Mar 22 '13 at 11:18
You need to compare the input string vs. some known strings. But you're comparing the first character vs. some ints. strcmp() will do what you need if you pass it the right arguments: two strings.
share|improve this answer
here you are trying to compare a string to an integer using strcmp:
if(strcmp(*input,i[0]) == 0)
that won't work.
you could do that way:
const char *numbers[2] = {"1", "2"};
char input[3];
printf("Select option:");
fgets(input,3,stdin);
if(strcmp(*input, numbers[0]) == 0)
printf("1 chosen");
if(strcmp(*input, numbers[1]) == 0)
printf("2 chosen");
where you compare two strings, instead of comparing a number to a string
or you could convert the input string to an int using sscanf or atoi
int i[2] = {1,2};
char input[3];
int num;
printf("Select option:");
fgets(input,3,stdin);
sscanf(input, "%d", &num);
if(num == i[0])
printf("1 chosen");
else if(num == i[1])
printf("2 chosen");
i didn't compile them though, maybe there's sth which i am missing but that's the general idea
share|improve this answer
or, like in SuvP's answer, simply take the user input as int. – Hayri Uğur Koltuk Mar 22 '13 at 11:09
Use atoi. it will convert your string to integer
int i[2] = {1,2};
char input[3];
printf("Select option:");
fgets(input,3,stdin);
if(atoi(input)==i[0]))
printf("1 chosen");
if(atoi(input)==i[1]))
printf("2 chosen");
share|improve this answer
1
atoi() is dangerous, in a similar fashion to gets(), you can have UB without a lot of care. You should use strtol() in newer code. – Randy Howard Mar 22 '13 at 11:27
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How to Create a Link with Bitly - The Ultimate Guide
Published on September 05, 2023
One of the most crucial aspects of digital marketing is the ability to create and manage URLs effectively. With the ever-growing presence of social media platforms and the increasing need to track the performance of links, having a reliable URL management tool is essential.
Bitly is a popular link management platform that allows you to create, shorten, and customize URLs for your online content. Whether you're sharing a blog post, an article, or a product page, Bitly provides a simple and efficient way to generate unique URLs that are easily recognizable and shareable.
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Question-Answer:
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Is Bitly a free service?
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Can I customize the shortened links created by Bitly?
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What tracking features does Bitly offer?
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Is there a way to create a Bitly link without signing up for an account?
While it is more convenient and gives you access to additional features, signing up for a Bitly account is not required to create a shortened link. There is an option to create a link without signing up, but certain features like tracking and customization may not be available.
Why should I create a link using Bitly?
Creating links using Bitly can provide several advantages. Firstly, it allows you to create shorter and more manageable links, which are useful for sharing on social media platforms or in emails. Additionally, Bitly tracks and provides analytics on your links, allowing you to see how many people have clicked on your link and where they are coming from. This data can be valuable for marketing purposes and tracking the success of your campaigns.
How do I create a link using Bitly?
Creating a link using Bitly is simple. First, you need to sign up for a Bitly account. Once you have an account, you can paste the URL you want to shorten in the input field on the Bitly website. Bitly will then generate a shortened link for you, which you can copy and use. Alternatively, you can install the Bitly browser extension, which allows you to easily create a shortened link from any website you are visiting.
Can I customize the shortened link created by Bitly?
Yes, you can customize the shortened link created by Bitly. Bitly allows you to edit the link's domain and customize the ending of the link. This can be useful if you want to create a branded and memorable link. However, it's important to note that customization options may be limited for free Bitly users, and some customization features may require a paid subscription.
What other features does Bitly offer?
In addition to link shortening and tracking, Bitly offers several other features. One feature is the ability to create QR codes for your links, which can be useful for printing on physical materials or including in digital content. Bitly also provides an API that allows developers to integrate Bitly's functionality into their own applications. Additionally, Bitly offers enterprise solutions with advanced features such as link tagging, link redirects, and the ability to create custom branded domains.
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How to Use Python’s Matplotlib in C++?
2024-06-10C++,matplotlib,Python
Introduction
When processing data using C++, I often envy the ease with which Python’s rich libraries can be utilized. Among these, matplotlib stands out as particularly useful for its ability to effortlessly display various types of graphs.
In fact, even in C++, you can use a library called matplotlib-cpp to call Python’s matplotlib and directly display graphs.
This time, I have researched how to use this matplotlib-cpp. Here are my notes.
Installation
Download matplotlibcpp.h from matplotlib-cpp’s GitHub. Alternatively, you can clone the repository.
git clone https://github.com/lava/matplotlib-cpp.git
How to Use matplotlib-cpp
To use matplotlib-cpp, you need to have Python, matplotlib, and NumPy installed beforehand. Make sure to install these in advance.
The matplotlib-cpp itself is just a header file, so you can use it simply by including it in your C++ source code.
On Linux
Specify the path to the Python include files and libraries during the build. With GCC, it would be as follows:
% python3 --version
Python 3.11.4
% g++ sourcefile -std=c++11 -I/usr/include/python3.11 -l/usr/lib/python3.11
The paths to Python include files and libraries should match the installed version.
On Windows
There are some potential stumbling blocks on Windows, so caution is necessary.
Modifying the Source Code
The obtained matplotlibcpp.h cannot be used as it is. When attempting to compile, you should see a message stating that select_npy_type<long long> and select_npy_type<unsigned long long> are being redefined.
When reading the source code in matplotlib-cpp, you can see some comments near the definition of select_npy_type<long long> as follows.
// Sanity checks; comment them out or change the numpy type below if you're compiling on
// a platform where they don't apply
You should comment out the definition part as follows.
//template <> struct select_npy_type<long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_INT64; };
//template <> struct select_npy_type<unsigned long long> { const static NPY_TYPES type = NPY_UINT64; };
This will eliminate the errors.
Build
In Windows, the following paths are required. Make sure to check these paths in advance.
1. Python’s include file
2. NumPy’s include file
3. Python’s library
The default installation directory for Python is C:\Users\[User Name]\AppData\Local\Programs\Python on Windows. It’s too long. Therefore, it’s advisable to register it in the INCLUDE or LIB environment variables.
Additionally, building with GCC is not possible on Windows. You need to use MSVC (cl.exe) or Clang.
• MSVC(cl.exe)
cl /EHsc [source-files] /I \path\to\python\include /I \path\to\python\pkgs\[numpy-base-*****]\Lib\site-packages\numpy\core\include /link /LIBPATH \path\to\python\libs
• Clang
clang++ [source-files] -I\path\to\python\include -I\path\to\python\pkgs\[numpy-base-*****]\Lib\site-packages\numpy\core\include -l\path\to\python\libs\python311.lib
CMake
If you are using CMake, you can write the CMakeLists.txt as follows. This way is easier because it automatically searches for the paths of Python and NumPy, so if you have an environment where CMake is available, this is the recommended approach.
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14)
project([project-name] CXX)
add_executable([executable-file-name] [source-files])
target_compile_features([executable-file-name] PRIVATE cxx_std_11)
find_package(Python COMPONENTS Development NumPy REQUIRED)
target_include_directories([executable-file-name] PRIVATE ${Python_INCLUDE_DIRS} ${Python_NumPy_INCLUDE_DIRS})
target_link_libraries([executable-file-name] Python::Python Python::NumPy)
By using find_package(Python COMPONENTS Development NumPy), it automatically locates the paths for Python and NumPy. The last REQUIRED indicates that they are mandatory. For finding the Python path, CMake version 3.12 or later is required, and for finding the NumPy path, CMake version 3.14 or later is required.
For more details about find_package(Python), please refer to the official documentation of CMake.
If you are creating a Makefile, it generates the build by default in DEBUG mode, so (especially on Windows) you need to set the build type to Release.
cmake -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER=cl -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -G "MinGW Makefiles" ..
Example Code
You can use it in a similar way to Python’s matplotlib.
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES
#include <cmath>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include "matplotlibcpp.h"
namespace plt = matplotlibcpp;
int main()
{
size_t n = 100;
double sigma = 0.5, mean = 5.0, tx;
std::vector<double> x(n), y(n), z(n);
std::map<std::string, std::string> style;
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
x[i] = i / 10.0;
tx = x[i] - mean;
y[i] = 10 / std::sqrt(2 * M_PI * sigma * sigma) * std::exp(-tx * tx / (2 * sigma * sigma));
z[i] = std::sin(2 * M_PI * x[i]) - 2;
}
// Using initializer_list
plt::plot({1, -1.3, 0.1, 0.5, -0.5, 0.8, -0.3, 1, 0, -1, 0.6});
// Using lambda expression
plt::plot(x, [](double t){
return std::log(t) + 4;
}, "b-");
// Setting legends and lines (red dashed) with named_plot
plt::named_plot("gaussian", x, y, "r--");
style["label"] = "y = sin(2 * pi * x) - 2";
style["color"] = "black";
style["marker"] = "+";
style["markeredgecolor"] = "green";
style["linestyle"] = "-.";
// Setting legends and line colors using map
plt::plot(x, z, style);
// Display range
plt::xlim(0, 12);
plt::ylim(-4, 10);
// Axis label
plt::xlabel("x");
plt::ylabel("y");
// Graph title
plt::title("sample graph");
// Legends
plt::legend();
plt::show();
return 0;
}
Output
Figure 1
You can draw various other types of graphs as well. Examples of what kind of graphs you can draw can be found in the sample code on the GitHub repository.
Conclusion
Here, I have summarized how to use matplotlib-cpp, a library that allows you to use Python’s matplotlib in C++. While there are some points to be aware of when using it on Windows, it is a library worth trying out as it allows for easy graph plotting in a manner similar to the original matplotlib.
C++,matplotlib
Posted by izadori
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__label__pos
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PHP Classes
File: core/assets/plugins/ckeditor/core/filter.js
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File: core/assets/plugins/ckeditor/core/filter.js
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/**
* @license Copyright (c) 2003-2017, CKSource - Frederico Knabben. All rights reserved.
* For licensing, see LICENSE.md or http://ckeditor.com/license
*/
( function() {
'use strict';
var DTD = CKEDITOR.dtd,
// processElement flag - means that element has been somehow modified.
FILTER_ELEMENT_MODIFIED = 1,
// processElement flag - meaning explained in CKEDITOR.FILTER_SKIP_TREE doc.
FILTER_SKIP_TREE = 2,
copy = CKEDITOR.tools.copy,
trim = CKEDITOR.tools.trim,
TEST_VALUE = 'cke-test',
enterModeTags = [ '', 'p', 'br', 'div' ];
/**
* A flag indicating that the current element and all its ancestors
* should not be filtered.
*
* See {@link CKEDITOR.filter#addElementCallback} for more details.
*
* @since 4.4
* @readonly
* @property {Number} [=2]
* @member CKEDITOR
*/
CKEDITOR.FILTER_SKIP_TREE = FILTER_SKIP_TREE;
/**
* Highly configurable class which implements input data filtering mechanisms
* and core functions used for the activation of editor features.
*
* A filter instance is always available under the {@link CKEDITOR.editor#filter}
* property and is used by the editor in its core features like filtering input data,
* applying data transformations, validating whether a feature may be enabled for
* the current setup. It may be configured in two ways:
*
* * By the user, with the {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} setting.
* * Automatically, by loaded features (toolbar items, commands, etc.).
*
* In both cases additional allowed content rules may be added by
* setting the {@link CKEDITOR.config#extraAllowedContent}
* configuration option.
*
* **Note**: Filter rules will be extended with the following elements
* depending on the {@link CKEDITOR.config#enterMode} and
* {@link CKEDITOR.config#shiftEnterMode} settings:
*
* * `'p'` – for {@link CKEDITOR#ENTER_P},
* * `'div'` – for {@link CKEDITOR#ENTER_DIV},
* * `'br'` – for {@link CKEDITOR#ENTER_BR}.
*
* **Read more** about the Advanced Content Filter in [guides](#!/guide/dev_advanced_content_filter).
*
* Filter may also be used as a standalone instance by passing
* {@link CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules} instead of {@link CKEDITOR.editor}
* to the constructor:
*
* var filter = new CKEDITOR.filter( 'b' );
*
* filter.check( 'b' ); // -> true
* filter.check( 'i' ); // -> false
* filter.allow( 'i' );
* filter.check( 'i' ); // -> true
*
* @since 4.1
* @class
* @constructor Creates a filter class instance.
* @param {CKEDITOR.editor/CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules} editorOrRules
*/
CKEDITOR.filter = function( editorOrRules ) {
/**
* Whether custom {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} was set.
*
* This property does not apply to the standalone filter.
*
* @readonly
* @property {Boolean} customConfig
*/
/**
* Array of rules added by the {@link #allow} method (including those
* loaded from {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} and
* {@link CKEDITOR.config#extraAllowedContent}).
*
* Rules in this array are in unified allowed content rules format.
*
* This property is useful for debugging issues with rules string parsing
* or for checking which rules were automatically added by editor features.
*
* @readonly
*/
this.allowedContent = [];
/**
* Array of rules added by the {@link #disallow} method (including those
* loaded from {@link CKEDITOR.config#disallowedContent}).
*
* Rules in this array are in unified disallowed content rules format.
*
* This property is useful for debugging issues with rules string parsing
* or for checking which rules were automatically added by editor features.
*
* @since 4.4
* @readonly
*/
this.disallowedContent = [];
/**
* Array of element callbacks. See {@link #addElementCallback}.
*
* @readonly
* @property {Function[]} [=null]
*/
this.elementCallbacks = null;
/**
* Whether the filter is disabled.
*
* To disable the filter, set {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} to `true`
* or use the {@link #disable} method.
*
* @readonly
*/
this.disabled = false;
/**
* Editor instance if not a standalone filter.
*
* @readonly
* @property {CKEDITOR.editor} [=null]
*/
this.editor = null;
/**
* Filter's unique id. It can be used to find filter instance in
* {@link CKEDITOR.filter#instances CKEDITOR.filter.instance} object.
*
* @since 4.3
* @readonly
* @property {Number} id
*/
this.id = CKEDITOR.tools.getNextNumber();
this._ = {
// Optimized allowed content rules.
allowedRules: {
elements: {},
generic: []
},
// Optimized disallowed content rules.
disallowedRules: {
elements: {},
generic: []
},
// Object: element name => array of transformations groups.
transformations: {},
cachedTests: {}
};
// Register filter instance.
CKEDITOR.filter.instances[ this.id ] = this;
if ( editorOrRules instanceof CKEDITOR.editor ) {
var editor = this.editor = editorOrRules;
this.customConfig = true;
var allowedContent = editor.config.allowedContent;
// Disable filter completely by setting config.allowedContent = true.
if ( allowedContent === true ) {
this.disabled = true;
return;
}
if ( !allowedContent )
this.customConfig = false;
this.allow( allowedContent, 'config', 1 );
this.allow( editor.config.extraAllowedContent, 'extra', 1 );
// Enter modes should extend filter rules (ENTER_P adds 'p' rule, etc.).
this.allow( enterModeTags[ editor.enterMode ] + ' ' + enterModeTags[ editor.shiftEnterMode ], 'default', 1 );
this.disallow( editor.config.disallowedContent );
}
// Rules object passed in editorOrRules argument - initialize standalone filter.
else {
this.customConfig = false;
this.allow( editorOrRules, 'default', 1 );
}
};
/**
* Object containing all filter instances stored under their
* {@link #id} properties.
*
* var filter = new CKEDITOR.filter( 'p' );
* filter === CKEDITOR.filter.instances[ filter.id ];
*
* @since 4.3
* @static
* @property instances
*/
CKEDITOR.filter.instances = {};
CKEDITOR.filter.prototype = {
/**
* Adds allowed content rules to the filter.
*
* Read about rules formats in [Allowed Content Rules guide](#!/guide/dev_allowed_content_rules).
*
* // Add a basic rule for custom image feature (e.g. 'MyImage' button).
* editor.filter.allow( 'img[!src,alt]', 'MyImage' );
*
* // Add rules for two header styles allowed by 'HeadersCombo'.
* var header1Style = new CKEDITOR.style( { element: 'h1' } ),
* header2Style = new CKEDITOR.style( { element: 'h2' } );
* editor.filter.allow( [ header1Style, header2Style ], 'HeadersCombo' );
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules} newRules Rule(s) to be added.
* @param {String} [featureName] Name of a feature that allows this content (most often plugin/button/command name).
* @param {Boolean} [overrideCustom] By default this method will reject any rules
* if {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} is defined to avoid overriding it.
* Pass `true` to force rules addition.
* @returns {Boolean} Whether the rules were accepted.
*/
allow: function( newRules, featureName, overrideCustom ) {
// Check arguments and constraints. Clear cache.
if ( !beforeAddingRule( this, newRules, overrideCustom ) )
return false;
var i, ret;
if ( typeof newRules == 'string' )
newRules = parseRulesString( newRules );
else if ( newRules instanceof CKEDITOR.style ) {
// If style has the cast method defined, use it and abort.
if ( newRules.toAllowedContentRules )
return this.allow( newRules.toAllowedContentRules( this.editor ), featureName, overrideCustom );
newRules = convertStyleToRules( newRules );
} else if ( CKEDITOR.tools.isArray( newRules ) ) {
for ( i = 0; i < newRules.length; ++i )
ret = this.allow( newRules[ i ], featureName, overrideCustom );
return ret; // Return last status.
}
addAndOptimizeRules( this, newRules, featureName, this.allowedContent, this._.allowedRules );
return true;
},
/**
* Applies this filter to passed {@link CKEDITOR.htmlParser.fragment} or {@link CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element}.
* The result of filtering is a DOM tree without disallowed content.
*
* // Create standalone filter passing 'p' and 'b' elements.
* var filter = new CKEDITOR.filter( 'p b' ),
* // Parse HTML string to pseudo DOM structure.
* fragment = CKEDITOR.htmlParser.fragment.fromHtml( '<p><b>foo</b> <i>bar</i></p>' ),
* writer = new CKEDITOR.htmlParser.basicWriter();
*
* filter.applyTo( fragment );
* fragment.writeHtml( writer );
* writer.getHtml(); // -> '<p><b>foo</b> bar</p>'
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.fragment/CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} fragment Node to be filtered.
* @param {Boolean} [toHtml] Set to `true` if the filter is used together with {@link CKEDITOR.htmlDataProcessor#toHtml}.
* @param {Boolean} [transformOnly] If set to `true` only transformations will be applied. Content
* will not be filtered with allowed content rules.
* @param {Number} [enterMode] Enter mode used by the filter when deciding how to strip disallowed element.
* Defaults to {@link CKEDITOR.editor#activeEnterMode} for a editor's filter or to {@link CKEDITOR#ENTER_P} for standalone filter.
* @returns {Boolean} Whether some part of the `fragment` was removed by the filter.
*/
applyTo: function( fragment, toHtml, transformOnly, enterMode ) {
if ( this.disabled )
return false;
var that = this,
toBeRemoved = [],
protectedRegexs = this.editor && this.editor.config.protectedSource,
processRetVal,
isModified = false,
filterOpts = {
doFilter: !transformOnly,
doTransform: true,
doCallbacks: true,
toHtml: toHtml
};
// Filter all children, skip root (fragment or editable-like wrapper used by data processor).
fragment.forEach( function( el ) {
if ( el.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_ELEMENT ) {
// Do not filter element with data-cke-filter="off" and all their descendants.
if ( el.attributes[ 'data-cke-filter' ] == 'off' )
return false;
// (#10260) Don't touch elements like spans with data-cke-* attribute since they're
// responsible e.g. for placing markers, bookmarks, odds and stuff.
// We love 'em and we don't wanna lose anything during the filtering.
// '|' is to avoid tricky joints like data-="foo" + cke-="bar". Yes, they're possible.
//
// NOTE: data-cke-* assigned elements are preserved only when filter is used with
// htmlDataProcessor.toHtml because we don't want to protect them when outputting data
// (toDataFormat).
if ( toHtml && el.name == 'span' && ~CKEDITOR.tools.objectKeys( el.attributes ).join( '|' ).indexOf( 'data-cke-' ) )
return;
processRetVal = processElement( that, el, toBeRemoved, filterOpts );
if ( processRetVal & FILTER_ELEMENT_MODIFIED )
isModified = true;
else if ( processRetVal & FILTER_SKIP_TREE )
return false;
}
else if ( el.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_COMMENT && el.value.match( /^\{cke_protected\}(?!\{C\})/ ) ) {
if ( !processProtectedElement( that, el, protectedRegexs, filterOpts ) )
toBeRemoved.push( el );
}
}, null, true );
if ( toBeRemoved.length )
isModified = true;
var node, element, check,
toBeChecked = [],
enterTag = enterModeTags[ enterMode || ( this.editor ? this.editor.enterMode : CKEDITOR.ENTER_P ) ],
parentDtd;
// Remove elements in reverse order - from leaves to root, to avoid conflicts.
while ( ( node = toBeRemoved.pop() ) ) {
if ( node.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_ELEMENT )
removeElement( node, enterTag, toBeChecked );
// This is a comment securing rejected element - remove it completely.
else
node.remove();
}
// Check elements that have been marked as possibly invalid.
while ( ( check = toBeChecked.pop() ) ) {
element = check.el;
// Element has been already removed.
if ( !element.parent )
continue;
// Handle custom elements as inline elements (#12683).
parentDtd = DTD[ element.parent.name ] || DTD.span;
switch ( check.check ) {
// Check if element itself is correct.
case 'it':
// Check if element included in $removeEmpty has no children.
if ( DTD.$removeEmpty[ element.name ] && !element.children.length )
removeElement( element, enterTag, toBeChecked );
// Check if that is invalid element.
else if ( !validateElement( element ) )
removeElement( element, enterTag, toBeChecked );
break;
// Check if element is in correct context. If not - remove element.
case 'el-up':
// Check if e.g. li is a child of body after ul has been removed.
if ( element.parent.type != CKEDITOR.NODE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT && !parentDtd[ element.name ] )
removeElement( element, enterTag, toBeChecked );
break;
// Check if element is in correct context. If not - remove parent.
case 'parent-down':
if ( element.parent.type != CKEDITOR.NODE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT && !parentDtd[ element.name ] )
removeElement( element.parent, enterTag, toBeChecked );
break;
}
}
return isModified;
},
/**
* Checks whether a {@link CKEDITOR.feature} can be enabled. Unlike {@link #addFeature},
* this method always checks the feature, even when the default configuration
* for {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} is used.
*
* // TODO example
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.feature} feature The feature to be tested.
* @returns {Boolean} Whether this feature can be enabled.
*/
checkFeature: function( feature ) {
if ( this.disabled )
return true;
if ( !feature )
return true;
// Some features may want to register other features.
// E.g. a button may return a command bound to it.
if ( feature.toFeature )
feature = feature.toFeature( this.editor );
return !feature.requiredContent || this.check( feature.requiredContent );
},
/**
* Disables Advanced Content Filter.
*
* This method is meant to be used by plugins which are not
* compatible with the filter and in other cases in which the filter
* has to be disabled during the initialization phase or runtime.
*
* In other cases the filter can be disabled by setting
* {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} to `true`.
*/
disable: function() {
this.disabled = true;
},
/**
* Adds disallowed content rules to the filter.
*
* Read about rules formats in the [Allowed Content Rules guide](#!/guide/dev_allowed_content_rules).
*
* // Disallow all styles on the image elements.
* editor.filter.disallow( 'img{*}' );
*
* // Disallow all span and div elements.
* editor.filter.disallow( 'span div' );
*
* @since 4.4
* @param {CKEDITOR.filter.disallowedContentRules} newRules Rule(s) to be added.
*/
disallow: function( newRules ) {
// Check arguments and constraints. Clear cache.
// Note: we pass true in the 3rd argument, because disallow() should never
// be blocked by custom configuration.
if ( !beforeAddingRule( this, newRules, true ) )
return false;
if ( typeof newRules == 'string' )
newRules = parseRulesString( newRules );
addAndOptimizeRules( this, newRules, null, this.disallowedContent, this._.disallowedRules );
return true;
},
/**
* Adds an array of {@link CKEDITOR.feature} content forms. All forms
* will then be transformed to the first form which is allowed by the filter.
*
* editor.filter.allow( 'i; span{!font-style}' );
* editor.filter.addContentForms( [
* 'em',
* 'i',
* [ 'span', function( el ) {
* return el.styles[ 'font-style' ] == 'italic';
* } ]
* ] );
* // Now <em> and <span style="font-style:italic"> will be replaced with <i>
* // because this is the first allowed form.
* // <span> is allowed too, but it is the last form and
* // additionaly, the editor cannot transform an element based on
* // the array+function form).
*
* This method is used by the editor to register {@link CKEDITOR.feature#contentForms}
* when adding a feature with {@link #addFeature} or {@link CKEDITOR.editor#addFeature}.
*
* @param {Array} forms The content forms of a feature.
*/
addContentForms: function( forms ) {
if ( this.disabled )
return;
if ( !forms )
return;
var i, form,
transfGroups = [],
preferredForm;
// First, find preferred form - this is, first allowed.
for ( i = 0; i < forms.length && !preferredForm; ++i ) {
form = forms[ i ];
// Check only strings and styles - array format isn't supported by #check().
if ( ( typeof form == 'string' || form instanceof CKEDITOR.style ) && this.check( form ) )
preferredForm = form;
}
// This feature doesn't have preferredForm, so ignore it.
if ( !preferredForm )
return;
for ( i = 0; i < forms.length; ++i )
transfGroups.push( getContentFormTransformationGroup( forms[ i ], preferredForm ) );
this.addTransformations( transfGroups );
},
/**
* Adds a callback which will be executed on every element
* that the filter reaches when filtering, before the element is filtered.
*
* By returning {@link CKEDITOR#FILTER_SKIP_TREE} it is possible to
* skip filtering of the current element and all its ancestors.
*
* editor.filter.addElementCallback( function( el ) {
* if ( el.hasClass( 'protected' ) )
* return CKEDITOR.FILTER_SKIP_TREE;
* } );
*
* **Note:** At this stage the element passed to the callback does not
* contain `attributes`, `classes`, and `styles` properties which are available
* temporarily on later stages of the filtering process. Therefore you need to
* use the pure {@link CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} interface.
*
* @since 4.4
* @param {Function} callback The callback to be executed.
*/
addElementCallback: function( callback ) {
// We want to keep it a falsy value, to speed up finding whether there are any callbacks.
if ( !this.elementCallbacks )
this.elementCallbacks = [];
this.elementCallbacks.push( callback );
},
/**
* Checks whether a feature can be enabled for the HTML restrictions in place
* for the current CKEditor instance, based on the HTML code the feature might
* generate and the minimal HTML code the feature needs to be able to generate.
*
* // TODO example
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.feature} feature
* @returns {Boolean} Whether this feature can be enabled.
*/
addFeature: function( feature ) {
if ( this.disabled )
return true;
if ( !feature )
return true;
// Some features may want to register other features.
// E.g. a button may return a command bound to it.
if ( feature.toFeature )
feature = feature.toFeature( this.editor );
// If default configuration (will be checked inside #allow()),
// then add allowed content rules.
this.allow( feature.allowedContent, feature.name );
this.addTransformations( feature.contentTransformations );
this.addContentForms( feature.contentForms );
// If custom configuration or any DACRs, then check if required content is allowed.
if ( feature.requiredContent && ( this.customConfig || this.disallowedContent.length ) )
return this.check( feature.requiredContent );
return true;
},
/**
* Adds an array of content transformation groups. One group
* may contain many transformation rules, but only the first
* matching rule in a group is executed.
*
* A single transformation rule is an object with four properties:
*
* * `check` (optional) – if set and {@link CKEDITOR.filter} does
* not accept this {@link CKEDITOR.filter.contentRule}, this transformation rule
* will not be executed (it does not *match*). This value is passed
* to {@link #check}.
* * `element` (optional) – this string property tells the filter on which
* element this transformation can be run. It is optional, because
* the element name can be obtained from `check` (if it is a String format)
* or `left` (if it is a {@link CKEDITOR.style} instance).
* * `left` (optional) – a function accepting an element or a {@link CKEDITOR.style}
* instance verifying whether the transformation should be
* executed on this specific element. If it returns `false` or if an element
* does not match this style, this transformation rule does not *match*.
* * `right` – a function accepting an element and {@link CKEDITOR.filter.transformationsTools}
* or a string containing the name of the {@link CKEDITOR.filter.transformationsTools} method
* that should be called on an element.
*
* A shorthand format is also available. A transformation rule can be defined by
* a single string `'check:right'`. The string before `':'` will be used as
* the `check` property and the second part as the `right` property.
*
* Transformation rules can be grouped. The filter will try to apply
* the first rule in a group. If it *matches*, the filter will ignore subsequent rules and
* will move to the next group. If it does not *match*, the next rule will be checked.
*
* Examples:
*
* editor.filter.addTransformations( [
* // First group.
* [
* // First rule. If table{width} is allowed, it
* // executes {@link CKEDITOR.filter.transformationsTools#sizeToStyle} on a table element.
* 'table{width}: sizeToStyle',
* // Second rule should not be executed if the first was.
* 'table[width]: sizeToAttribute'
* ],
* // Second group.
* [
* // This rule will add the foo="1" attribute to all images that
* // do not have it.
* {
* element: 'img',
* left: function( el ) {
* return !el.attributes.foo;
* },
* right: function( el, tools ) {
* el.attributes.foo = '1';
* }
* }
* ]
* ] );
*
* // Case 1:
* // config.allowedContent = 'table{height,width}; tr td'.
* //
* // '<table style="height:100px; width:200px">...</table>' -> '<table style="height:100px; width:200px">...</table>'
* // '<table height="100" width="200">...</table>' -> '<table style="height:100px; width:200px">...</table>'
*
* // Case 2:
* // config.allowedContent = 'table[height,width]; tr td'.
* //
* // '<table style="height:100px; width:200px">...</table>' -> '<table height="100" width="200">...</table>'
* // '<table height="100" width="200">...</table>' -> '<table height="100" width="200"">...</table>'
*
* // Case 3:
* // config.allowedContent = 'table{width,height}[height,width]; tr td'.
* //
* // '<table style="height:100px; width:200px">...</table>' -> '<table style="height:100px; width:200px">...</table>'
* // '<table height="100" width="200">...</table>' -> '<table style="height:100px; width:200px">...</table>'
* //
* // Note: Both forms are allowed (size set by style and by attributes), but only
* // the first transformation is applied — the size is always transformed to a style.
* // This is because only the first transformation matching allowed content rules is applied.
*
* This method is used by the editor to add {@link CKEDITOR.feature#contentTransformations}
* when adding a feature by {@link #addFeature} or {@link CKEDITOR.editor#addFeature}.
*
* @param {Array} transformations
*/
addTransformations: function( transformations ) {
if ( this.disabled )
return;
if ( !transformations )
return;
var optimized = this._.transformations,
group, i;
for ( i = 0; i < transformations.length; ++i ) {
group = optimizeTransformationsGroup( transformations[ i ] );
if ( !optimized[ group.name ] )
optimized[ group.name ] = [];
optimized[ group.name ].push( group.rules );
}
},
/**
* Checks whether the content defined in the `test` argument is allowed
* by this filter.
*
* If `strictCheck` is set to `false` (default value), this method checks
* if all parts of the `test` (styles, attributes, and classes) are
* accepted by the filter. If `strictCheck` is set to `true`, the test
* must also contain the required attributes, styles, and classes.
*
* For example:
*
* // Rule: 'img[!src,alt]'.
* filter.check( 'img[alt]' ); // -> true
* filter.check( 'img[alt]', true, true ); // -> false
*
* Second `check()` call returned `false` because `src` is required.
*
* **Note:** The `test` argument is of {@link CKEDITOR.filter.contentRule} type, which is
* a limited version of {@link CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules}. Read more about it
* in the {@link CKEDITOR.filter.contentRule}'s documentation.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.filter.contentRule} test
* @param {Boolean} [applyTransformations=true] Whether to use registered transformations.
* @param {Boolean} [strictCheck] Whether the filter should check if an element with exactly
* these properties is allowed.
* @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the content is allowed.
*/
check: function( test, applyTransformations, strictCheck ) {
if ( this.disabled )
return true;
// If rules are an array, expand it and return the logical OR value of
// the rules.
if ( CKEDITOR.tools.isArray( test ) ) {
for ( var i = test.length ; i-- ; ) {
if ( this.check( test[ i ], applyTransformations, strictCheck ) )
return true;
}
return false;
}
var element, result, cacheKey;
if ( typeof test == 'string' ) {
cacheKey = test + '<' + ( applyTransformations === false ? '0' : '1' ) + ( strictCheck ? '1' : '0' ) + '>';
// Check if result of this check hasn't been already cached.
if ( cacheKey in this._.cachedChecks )
return this._.cachedChecks[ cacheKey ];
// Create test element from string.
element = mockElementFromString( test );
} else {
// Create test element from CKEDITOR.style.
element = mockElementFromStyle( test );
}
// Make a deep copy.
var clone = CKEDITOR.tools.clone( element ),
toBeRemoved = [],
transformations;
// Apply transformations to original element.
// Transformations will be applied to clone by the filter function.
if ( applyTransformations !== false && ( transformations = this._.transformations[ element.name ] ) ) {
for ( i = 0; i < transformations.length; ++i )
applyTransformationsGroup( this, element, transformations[ i ] );
// Transformations could modify styles or classes, so they need to be copied
// to attributes object.
updateAttributes( element );
}
// Filter clone of mocked element.
processElement( this, clone, toBeRemoved, {
doFilter: true,
doTransform: applyTransformations !== false,
skipRequired: !strictCheck,
skipFinalValidation: !strictCheck
} );
// Element has been marked for removal.
if ( toBeRemoved.length > 0 ) {
result = false;
// Compare only left to right, because clone may be only trimmed version of original element.
} else if ( !CKEDITOR.tools.objectCompare( element.attributes, clone.attributes, true ) ) {
result = false;
} else {
result = true;
}
// Cache result of this test - we can build cache only for string tests.
if ( typeof test == 'string' )
this._.cachedChecks[ cacheKey ] = result;
return result;
},
/**
* Returns first enter mode allowed by this filter rules. Modes are checked in `p`, `div`, `br` order.
* If none of tags is allowed this method will return {@link CKEDITOR#ENTER_BR}.
*
* @since 4.3
* @param {Number} defaultMode The default mode which will be checked as the first one.
* @param {Boolean} [reverse] Whether to check modes in reverse order (used for shift enter mode).
* @returns {Number} Allowed enter mode.
*/
getAllowedEnterMode: ( function() {
var tagsToCheck = [ 'p', 'div', 'br' ],
enterModes = {
p: CKEDITOR.ENTER_P,
div: CKEDITOR.ENTER_DIV,
br: CKEDITOR.ENTER_BR
};
return function( defaultMode, reverse ) {
// Clone the array first.
var tags = tagsToCheck.slice(),
tag;
// Check the default mode first.
if ( this.check( enterModeTags[ defaultMode ] ) )
return defaultMode;
// If not reverse order, reverse array so we can pop() from it.
if ( !reverse )
tags = tags.reverse();
while ( ( tag = tags.pop() ) ) {
if ( this.check( tag ) )
return enterModes[ tag ];
}
return CKEDITOR.ENTER_BR;
};
} )(),
/**
* Destroys the filter instance and removes it from the global {@link CKEDITOR.filter#instances} object.
*
* @since 4.4.5
*/
destroy: function() {
delete CKEDITOR.filter.instances[ this.id ];
// Deleting reference to filter instance should be enough,
// but since these are big objects it's safe to clean them up too.
delete this._;
delete this.allowedContent;
delete this.disallowedContent;
}
};
function addAndOptimizeRules( that, newRules, featureName, standardizedRules, optimizedRules ) {
var groupName, rule,
rulesToOptimize = [];
for ( groupName in newRules ) {
rule = newRules[ groupName ];
// { 'p h1': true } => { 'p h1': {} }.
if ( typeof rule == 'boolean' )
rule = {};
// { 'p h1': func } => { 'p h1': { match: func } }.
else if ( typeof rule == 'function' )
rule = { match: rule };
// Clone (shallow) rule, because we'll modify it later.
else
rule = copy( rule );
// If this is not an unnamed rule ({ '$1' => { ... } })
// move elements list to property.
if ( groupName.charAt( 0 ) != '$' )
rule.elements = groupName;
if ( featureName )
rule.featureName = featureName.toLowerCase();
standardizeRule( rule );
// Save rule and remember to optimize it.
standardizedRules.push( rule );
rulesToOptimize.push( rule );
}
optimizeRules( optimizedRules, rulesToOptimize );
}
// Apply ACR to an element.
// @param rule
// @param element
// @param status Object containing status of element's filtering.
// @param {Boolean} skipRequired If true don't check if element has all required properties.
function applyAllowedRule( rule, element, status, skipRequired ) {
// This rule doesn't match this element - skip it.
if ( rule.match && !rule.match( element ) )
return;
// If element doesn't have all required styles/attrs/classes
// this rule doesn't match it.
if ( !skipRequired && !hasAllRequired( rule, element ) )
return;
// If this rule doesn't validate properties only mark element as valid.
if ( !rule.propertiesOnly )
status.valid = true;
// Apply rule only when all attrs/styles/classes haven't been marked as valid.
if ( !status.allAttributes )
status.allAttributes = applyAllowedRuleToHash( rule.attributes, element.attributes, status.validAttributes );
if ( !status.allStyles )
status.allStyles = applyAllowedRuleToHash( rule.styles, element.styles, status.validStyles );
if ( !status.allClasses )
status.allClasses = applyAllowedRuleToArray( rule.classes, element.classes, status.validClasses );
}
// Apply itemsRule to items (only classes are kept in array).
// Push accepted items to validItems array.
// Return true when all items are valid.
function applyAllowedRuleToArray( itemsRule, items, validItems ) {
if ( !itemsRule )
return false;
// True means that all elements of array are accepted (the asterix was used for classes).
if ( itemsRule === true )
return true;
for ( var i = 0, l = items.length, item; i < l; ++i ) {
item = items[ i ];
if ( !validItems[ item ] )
validItems[ item ] = itemsRule( item );
}
return false;
}
function applyAllowedRuleToHash( itemsRule, items, validItems ) {
if ( !itemsRule )
return false;
if ( itemsRule === true )
return true;
for ( var name in items ) {
if ( !validItems[ name ] )
validItems[ name ] = itemsRule( name );
}
return false;
}
// Apply DACR rule to an element.
function applyDisallowedRule( rule, element, status ) {
// This rule doesn't match this element - skip it.
if ( rule.match && !rule.match( element ) )
return;
// No properties - it's an element only rule so it disallows entire element.
// Early return is handled in filterElement.
if ( rule.noProperties )
return false;
// Apply rule to attributes, styles and classes. Switch hadInvalid* to true if method returned true.
status.hadInvalidAttribute = applyDisallowedRuleToHash( rule.attributes, element.attributes ) || status.hadInvalidAttribute;
status.hadInvalidStyle = applyDisallowedRuleToHash( rule.styles, element.styles ) || status.hadInvalidStyle;
status.hadInvalidClass = applyDisallowedRuleToArray( rule.classes, element.classes ) || status.hadInvalidClass;
}
// Apply DACR to items (only classes are kept in array).
// @returns {Boolean} True if at least one of items was invalid (disallowed).
function applyDisallowedRuleToArray( itemsRule, items ) {
if ( !itemsRule )
return false;
var hadInvalid = false,
allDisallowed = itemsRule === true;
for ( var i = items.length; i--; ) {
if ( allDisallowed || itemsRule( items[ i ] ) ) {
items.splice( i, 1 );
hadInvalid = true;
}
}
return hadInvalid;
}
// Apply DACR to items (styles and attributes).
// @returns {Boolean} True if at least one of items was invalid (disallowed).
function applyDisallowedRuleToHash( itemsRule, items ) {
if ( !itemsRule )
return false;
var hadInvalid = false,
allDisallowed = itemsRule === true;
for ( var name in items ) {
if ( allDisallowed || itemsRule( name ) ) {
delete items[ name ];
hadInvalid = true;
}
}
return hadInvalid;
}
function beforeAddingRule( that, newRules, overrideCustom ) {
if ( that.disabled )
return false;
// Don't override custom user's configuration if not explicitly requested.
if ( that.customConfig && !overrideCustom )
return false;
if ( !newRules )
return false;
// Clear cache, because new rules could change results of checks.
that._.cachedChecks = {};
return true;
}
// Convert CKEDITOR.style to filter's rule.
function convertStyleToRules( style ) {
var styleDef = style.getDefinition(),
rules = {},
rule,
attrs = styleDef.attributes;
rules[ styleDef.element ] = rule = {
styles: styleDef.styles,
requiredStyles: styleDef.styles && CKEDITOR.tools.objectKeys( styleDef.styles )
};
if ( attrs ) {
attrs = copy( attrs );
rule.classes = attrs[ 'class' ] ? attrs[ 'class' ].split( /\s+/ ) : null;
rule.requiredClasses = rule.classes;
delete attrs[ 'class' ];
rule.attributes = attrs;
rule.requiredAttributes = attrs && CKEDITOR.tools.objectKeys( attrs );
}
return rules;
}
// Convert all validator formats (string, array, object, boolean) to hash or boolean:
// * true is returned for '*'/true validator,
// * false is returned for empty validator (no validator at all (false/null) or e.g. empty array),
// * object is returned in other cases.
function convertValidatorToHash( validator, delimiter ) {
if ( !validator )
return false;
if ( validator === true )
return validator;
if ( typeof validator == 'string' ) {
validator = trim( validator );
if ( validator == '*' )
return true;
else
return CKEDITOR.tools.convertArrayToObject( validator.split( delimiter ) );
}
else if ( CKEDITOR.tools.isArray( validator ) ) {
if ( validator.length )
return CKEDITOR.tools.convertArrayToObject( validator );
else
return false;
}
// If object.
else {
var obj = {},
len = 0;
for ( var i in validator ) {
obj[ i ] = validator[ i ];
len++;
}
return len ? obj : false;
}
}
function executeElementCallbacks( element, callbacks ) {
for ( var i = 0, l = callbacks.length, retVal; i < l; ++i ) {
if ( ( retVal = callbacks[ i ]( element ) ) )
return retVal;
}
}
// Extract required properties from "required" validator and "all" properties.
// Remove exclamation marks from "all" properties.
//
// E.g.:
// requiredClasses = { cl1: true }
// (all) classes = { cl1: true, cl2: true, '!cl3': true }
//
// result:
// returned = { cl1: true, cl3: true }
// all = { cl1: true, cl2: true, cl3: true }
//
// This function returns false if nothing is required.
function extractRequired( required, all ) {
var unbang = [],
empty = true,
i;
if ( required )
empty = false;
else
required = {};
for ( i in all ) {
if ( i.charAt( 0 ) == '!' ) {
i = i.slice( 1 );
unbang.push( i );
required[ i ] = true;
empty = false;
}
}
while ( ( i = unbang.pop() ) ) {
all[ i ] = all[ '!' + i ];
delete all[ '!' + i ];
}
return empty ? false : required;
}
// Does the actual filtering by appling allowed content rules
// to the element.
//
// @param {CKEDITOR.filter} that The context.
// @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
// @param {Object} opts The same as in processElement.
function filterElement( that, element, opts ) {
var name = element.name,
privObj = that._,
allowedRules = privObj.allowedRules.elements[ name ],
genericAllowedRules = privObj.allowedRules.generic,
disallowedRules = privObj.disallowedRules.elements[ name ],
genericDisallowedRules = privObj.disallowedRules.generic,
skipRequired = opts.skipRequired,
status = {
// Whether any of rules accepted element.
// If not - it will be stripped.
valid: false,
// Objects containing accepted attributes, classes and styles.
validAttributes: {},
validClasses: {},
validStyles: {},
// Whether all are valid.
// If we know that all element's attrs/classes/styles are valid
// we can skip their validation, to improve performance.
allAttributes: false,
allClasses: false,
allStyles: false,
// Whether element had (before applying DACRs) at least one invalid attribute/class/style.
hadInvalidAttribute: false,
hadInvalidClass: false,
hadInvalidStyle: false
},
i, l;
// Early return - if there are no rules for this element (specific or generic), remove it.
if ( !allowedRules && !genericAllowedRules )
return null;
// Could not be done yet if there were no transformations and if this
// is real (not mocked) object.
populateProperties( element );
// Note - this step modifies element's styles, classes and attributes.
if ( disallowedRules ) {
for ( i = 0, l = disallowedRules.length; i < l; ++i ) {
// Apply rule and make an early return if false is returned what means
// that element is completely disallowed.
if ( applyDisallowedRule( disallowedRules[ i ], element, status ) === false )
return null;
}
}
// Note - this step modifies element's styles, classes and attributes.
if ( genericDisallowedRules ) {
for ( i = 0, l = genericDisallowedRules.length; i < l; ++i )
applyDisallowedRule( genericDisallowedRules[ i ], element, status );
}
if ( allowedRules ) {
for ( i = 0, l = allowedRules.length; i < l; ++i )
applyAllowedRule( allowedRules[ i ], element, status, skipRequired );
}
if ( genericAllowedRules ) {
for ( i = 0, l = genericAllowedRules.length; i < l; ++i )
applyAllowedRule( genericAllowedRules[ i ], element, status, skipRequired );
}
return status;
}
// Check whether element has all properties (styles,classes,attrs) required by a rule.
function hasAllRequired( rule, element ) {
if ( rule.nothingRequired )
return true;
var i, req, reqs, existing;
if ( ( reqs = rule.requiredClasses ) ) {
existing = element.classes;
for ( i = 0; i < reqs.length; ++i ) {
req = reqs[ i ];
if ( typeof req == 'string' ) {
if ( CKEDITOR.tools.indexOf( existing, req ) == -1 )
return false;
}
// This means regexp.
else {
if ( !CKEDITOR.tools.checkIfAnyArrayItemMatches( existing, req ) )
return false;
}
}
}
return hasAllRequiredInHash( element.styles, rule.requiredStyles ) &&
hasAllRequiredInHash( element.attributes, rule.requiredAttributes );
}
// Check whether all items in required (array) exist in existing (object).
function hasAllRequiredInHash( existing, required ) {
if ( !required )
return true;
for ( var i = 0, req; i < required.length; ++i ) {
req = required[ i ];
if ( typeof req == 'string' ) {
if ( !( req in existing ) )
return false;
}
// This means regexp.
else {
if ( !CKEDITOR.tools.checkIfAnyObjectPropertyMatches( existing, req ) )
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
// Create pseudo element that will be passed through filter
// to check if tested string is allowed.
function mockElementFromString( str ) {
var element = parseRulesString( str ).$1,
styles = element.styles,
classes = element.classes;
element.name = element.elements;
element.classes = classes = ( classes ? classes.split( /\s*,\s*/ ) : [] );
element.styles = mockHash( styles );
element.attributes = mockHash( element.attributes );
element.children = [];
if ( classes.length )
element.attributes[ 'class' ] = classes.join( ' ' );
if ( styles )
element.attributes.style = CKEDITOR.tools.writeCssText( element.styles );
return element;
}
// Create pseudo element that will be passed through filter
// to check if tested style is allowed.
function mockElementFromStyle( style ) {
var styleDef = style.getDefinition(),
styles = styleDef.styles,
attrs = styleDef.attributes || {};
if ( styles && !CKEDITOR.tools.isEmpty( styles ) ) {
styles = copy( styles );
attrs.style = CKEDITOR.tools.writeCssText( styles, true );
} else {
styles = {};
}
return {
name: styleDef.element,
attributes: attrs,
classes: attrs[ 'class' ] ? attrs[ 'class' ].split( /\s+/ ) : [],
styles: styles,
children: []
};
}
// Mock hash based on string.
// 'a,b,c' => { a: 'cke-test', b: 'cke-test', c: 'cke-test' }
// Used to mock styles and attributes objects.
function mockHash( str ) {
// It may be a null or empty string.
if ( !str )
return {};
var keys = str.split( /\s*,\s*/ ).sort(),
obj = {};
while ( keys.length )
obj[ keys.shift() ] = TEST_VALUE;
return obj;
}
// Extract properties names from the object
// and replace those containing wildcards with regexps.
// Note: there's a room for performance improvement. Array of mixed types
// breaks JIT-compiler optiomization what may invalidate compilation of pretty a lot of code.
//
// @returns An array of strings and regexps.
function optimizeRequiredProperties( requiredProperties ) {
var arr = [];
for ( var propertyName in requiredProperties ) {
if ( propertyName.indexOf( '*' ) > -1 )
arr.push( new RegExp( '^' + propertyName.replace( /\*/g, '.*' ) + '$' ) );
else
arr.push( propertyName );
}
return arr;
}
var validators = { styles: 1, attributes: 1, classes: 1 },
validatorsRequired = {
styles: 'requiredStyles',
attributes: 'requiredAttributes',
classes: 'requiredClasses'
};
// Optimize a rule by replacing validators with functions
// and rewriting requiredXXX validators to arrays.
function optimizeRule( rule ) {
var validatorName,
requiredProperties,
i;
for ( validatorName in validators )
rule[ validatorName ] = validatorFunction( rule[ validatorName ] );
var nothingRequired = true;
for ( i in validatorsRequired ) {
validatorName = validatorsRequired[ i ];
requiredProperties = optimizeRequiredProperties( rule[ validatorName ] );
// Don't set anything if there are no required properties. This will allow to
// save some memory by GCing all empty arrays (requiredProperties).
if ( requiredProperties.length ) {
rule[ validatorName ] = requiredProperties;
nothingRequired = false;
}
}
rule.nothingRequired = nothingRequired;
rule.noProperties = !( rule.attributes || rule.classes || rule.styles );
}
// Add optimized version of rule to optimizedRules object.
function optimizeRules( optimizedRules, rules ) {
var elementsRules = optimizedRules.elements,
genericRules = optimizedRules.generic,
i, l, rule, element, priority;
for ( i = 0, l = rules.length; i < l; ++i ) {
// Shallow copy. Do not modify original rule.
rule = copy( rules[ i ] );
priority = rule.classes === true || rule.styles === true || rule.attributes === true;
optimizeRule( rule );
// E.g. "*(xxx)[xxx]" - it's a generic rule that
// validates properties only.
// Or '$1': { match: function() {...} }
if ( rule.elements === true || rule.elements === null ) {
// Add priority rules at the beginning.
genericRules[ priority ? 'unshift' : 'push' ]( rule );
}
// If elements list was explicitly defined,
// add this rule for every defined element.
else {
// We don't need elements validator for this kind of rule.
var elements = rule.elements;
delete rule.elements;
for ( element in elements ) {
if ( !elementsRules[ element ] )
elementsRules[ element ] = [ rule ];
else
elementsRules[ element ][ priority ? 'unshift' : 'push' ]( rule );
}
}
}
}
// < elements >< styles, attributes and classes >< separator >
var rulePattern = /^([a-z0-9\-*\s]+)((?:\s*\{[!\w\-,\s\*]+\}\s*|\s*\[[!\w\-,\s\*]+\]\s*|\s*\([!\w\-,\s\*]+\)\s*){0,3})(?:;\s*|$)/i,
groupsPatterns = {
styles: /{([^}]+)}/,
attrs: /\[([^\]]+)\]/,
classes: /\(([^\)]+)\)/
};
function parseRulesString( input ) {
var match,
props, styles, attrs, classes,
rules = {},
groupNum = 1;
input = trim( input );
while ( ( match = input.match( rulePattern ) ) ) {
if ( ( props = match[ 2 ] ) ) {
styles = parseProperties( props, 'styles' );
attrs = parseProperties( props, 'attrs' );
classes = parseProperties( props, 'classes' );
} else {
styles = attrs = classes = null;
}
// Add as an unnamed rule, because there can be two rules
// for one elements set defined in string format.
rules[ '$' + groupNum++ ] = {
elements: match[ 1 ],
classes: classes,
styles: styles,
attributes: attrs
};
// Move to the next group.
input = input.slice( match[ 0 ].length );
}
return rules;
}
// Extract specified properties group (styles, attrs, classes) from
// what stands after the elements list in string format of allowedContent.
function parseProperties( properties, groupName ) {
var group = properties.match( groupsPatterns[ groupName ] );
return group ? trim( group[ 1 ] ) : null;
}
function populateProperties( element ) {
// Backup styles and classes, because they may be removed by DACRs.
// We'll need them in updateElement().
var styles = element.styleBackup = element.attributes.style,
classes = element.classBackup = element.attributes[ 'class' ];
// Parse classes and styles if that hasn't been done before.
if ( !element.styles )
element.styles = CKEDITOR.tools.parseCssText( styles || '', 1 );
if ( !element.classes )
element.classes = classes ? classes.split( /\s+/ ) : [];
}
// Filter element protected with a comment.
// Returns true if protected content is ok, false otherwise.
function processProtectedElement( that, comment, protectedRegexs, filterOpts ) {
var source = decodeURIComponent( comment.value.replace( /^\{cke_protected\}/, '' ) ),
protectedFrag,
toBeRemoved = [],
node, i, match;
// Protected element's and protected source's comments look exactly the same.
// Check if what we have isn't a protected source instead of protected script/noscript.
if ( protectedRegexs ) {
for ( i = 0; i < protectedRegexs.length; ++i ) {
if ( ( match = source.match( protectedRegexs[ i ] ) ) &&
match[ 0 ].length == source.length // Check whether this pattern matches entire source
// to avoid '<script>alert("<? 1 ?>")</script>' matching
// the PHP's protectedSource regexp.
)
return true;
}
}
protectedFrag = CKEDITOR.htmlParser.fragment.fromHtml( source );
if ( protectedFrag.children.length == 1 && ( node = protectedFrag.children[ 0 ] ).type == CKEDITOR.NODE_ELEMENT )
processElement( that, node, toBeRemoved, filterOpts );
// If protected element has been marked to be removed, return 'false' - comment was rejected.
return !toBeRemoved.length;
}
var unprotectElementsNamesRegexp = /^cke:(object|embed|param)$/,
protectElementsNamesRegexp = /^(object|embed|param)$/;
// The actual function which filters, transforms and does other funny things with an element.
//
// @param {CKEDITOR.filter} that Context.
// @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element The element to be processed.
// @param {Array} toBeRemoved Array into which elements rejected by the filter will be pushed.
// @param {Boolean} [opts.doFilter] Whether element should be filtered.
// @param {Boolean} [opts.doTransform] Whether transformations should be applied.
// @param {Boolean} [opts.doCallbacks] Whether to execute element callbacks.
// @param {Boolean} [opts.toHtml] Set to true if filter used together with htmlDP#toHtml
// @param {Boolean} [opts.skipRequired] Whether element's required properties shouldn't be verified.
// @param {Boolean} [opts.skipFinalValidation] Whether to not perform final element validation (a,img).
// @returns {Number} Possible flags:
// * FILTER_ELEMENT_MODIFIED,
// * FILTER_SKIP_TREE.
function processElement( that, element, toBeRemoved, opts ) {
var status,
retVal = 0,
callbacksRetVal;
// Unprotect elements names previously protected by htmlDataProcessor
// (see protectElementNames and protectSelfClosingElements functions).
// Note: body, title, etc. are not protected by htmlDataP (or are protected and then unprotected).
if ( opts.toHtml )
element.name = element.name.replace( unprotectElementsNamesRegexp, '$1' );
// Execute element callbacks and return if one of them returned any value.
if ( opts.doCallbacks && that.elementCallbacks ) {
// For now we only support here FILTER_SKIP_TREE, so we can early return if retVal is truly value.
if ( ( callbacksRetVal = executeElementCallbacks( element, that.elementCallbacks ) ) )
return callbacksRetVal;
}
// If transformations are set apply all groups.
if ( opts.doTransform )
transformElement( that, element );
if ( opts.doFilter ) {
// Apply all filters.
status = filterElement( that, element, opts );
// Handle early return from filterElement.
if ( !status ) {
toBeRemoved.push( element );
return FILTER_ELEMENT_MODIFIED;
}
// Finally, if after running all filter rules it still hasn't been allowed - remove it.
if ( !status.valid ) {
toBeRemoved.push( element );
return FILTER_ELEMENT_MODIFIED;
}
// Update element's attributes based on status of filtering.
if ( updateElement( element, status ) )
retVal = FILTER_ELEMENT_MODIFIED;
if ( !opts.skipFinalValidation && !validateElement( element ) ) {
toBeRemoved.push( element );
return FILTER_ELEMENT_MODIFIED;
}
}
// Protect previously unprotected elements.
if ( opts.toHtml )
element.name = element.name.replace( protectElementsNamesRegexp, 'cke:$1' );
return retVal;
}
// Returns a regexp object which can be used to test if a property
// matches one of wildcard validators.
function regexifyPropertiesWithWildcards( validators ) {
var patterns = [],
i;
for ( i in validators ) {
if ( i.indexOf( '*' ) > -1 )
patterns.push( i.replace( /\*/g, '.*' ) );
}
if ( patterns.length )
return new RegExp( '^(?:' + patterns.join( '|' ) + ')$' );
else
return null;
}
// Standardize a rule by converting all validators to hashes.
function standardizeRule( rule ) {
rule.elements = convertValidatorToHash( rule.elements, /\s+/ ) || null;
rule.propertiesOnly = rule.propertiesOnly || ( rule.elements === true );
var delim = /\s*,\s*/,
i;
for ( i in validators ) {
rule[ i ] = convertValidatorToHash( rule[ i ], delim ) || null;
rule[ validatorsRequired[ i ] ] = extractRequired( convertValidatorToHash(
rule[ validatorsRequired[ i ] ], delim ), rule[ i ] ) || null;
}
rule.match = rule.match || null;
}
// Does the element transformation by applying registered
// transformation rules.
function transformElement( that, element ) {
var transformations = that._.transformations[ element.name ],
i;
if ( !transformations )
return;
populateProperties( element );
for ( i = 0; i < transformations.length; ++i )
applyTransformationsGroup( that, element, transformations[ i ] );
// Do not count on updateElement() which is called in processElement, because it:
// * may not be called,
// * may skip some properties when all are marked as valid.
updateAttributes( element );
}
// Copy element's styles and classes back to attributes array.
function updateAttributes( element ) {
var attrs = element.attributes,
styles;
// Will be recreated later if any of styles/classes exists.
delete attrs.style;
delete attrs[ 'class' ];
if ( ( styles = CKEDITOR.tools.writeCssText( element.styles, true ) ) )
attrs.style = styles;
if ( element.classes.length )
attrs[ 'class' ] = element.classes.sort().join( ' ' );
}
// Update element object based on status of filtering.
// @returns Whether element was modified.
function updateElement( element, status ) {
var validAttrs = status.validAttributes,
validStyles = status.validStyles,
validClasses = status.validClasses,
attrs = element.attributes,
styles = element.styles,
classes = element.classes,
origClasses = element.classBackup,
origStyles = element.styleBackup,
name, origName, i,
stylesArr = [],
classesArr = [],
internalAttr = /^data-cke-/,
isModified = false;
// Will be recreated later if any of styles/classes were passed.
delete attrs.style;
delete attrs[ 'class' ];
// Clean up.
delete element.classBackup;
delete element.styleBackup;
if ( !status.allAttributes ) {
for ( name in attrs ) {
// If not valid and not internal attribute delete it.
if ( !validAttrs[ name ] ) {
// Allow all internal attibutes...
if ( internalAttr.test( name ) ) {
// ... unless this is a saved attribute and the original one isn't allowed.
if ( name != ( origName = name.replace( /^data-cke-saved-/, '' ) ) &&
!validAttrs[ origName ]
) {
delete attrs[ name ];
isModified = true;
}
} else {
delete attrs[ name ];
isModified = true;
}
}
}
}
if ( !status.allStyles || status.hadInvalidStyle ) {
for ( name in styles ) {
// We check status.allStyles because when there was a '*' ACR and some
// DACR we have now both properties true - status.allStyles and status.hadInvalidStyle.
// However unlike in the case when we only have '*' ACR, in which we can just copy original
// styles, in this case we must copy only those styles which were not removed by DACRs.
if ( status.allStyles || validStyles[ name ] )
stylesArr.push( name + ':' + styles[ name ] );
else
isModified = true;
}
if ( stylesArr.length )
attrs.style = stylesArr.sort().join( '; ' );
}
else if ( origStyles ) {
attrs.style = origStyles;
}
if ( !status.allClasses || status.hadInvalidClass ) {
for ( i = 0; i < classes.length; ++i ) {
// See comment for styles.
if ( status.allClasses || validClasses[ classes[ i ] ] )
classesArr.push( classes[ i ] );
}
if ( classesArr.length )
attrs[ 'class' ] = classesArr.sort().join( ' ' );
if ( origClasses && classesArr.length < origClasses.split( /\s+/ ).length )
isModified = true;
}
else if ( origClasses ) {
attrs[ 'class' ] = origClasses;
}
return isModified;
}
function validateElement( element ) {
switch ( element.name ) {
case 'a':
// Code borrowed from htmlDataProcessor, so ACF does the same clean up.
if ( !( element.children.length || element.attributes.name || element.attributes.id ) )
return false;
break;
case 'img':
if ( !element.attributes.src )
return false;
break;
}
return true;
}
function validatorFunction( validator ) {
if ( !validator )
return false;
if ( validator === true )
return true;
// Note: We don't need to remove properties with wildcards from the validator object.
// E.g. data-* is actually an edge case of /^data-.*$/, so when it's accepted
// by `value in validator` it's ok.
var regexp = regexifyPropertiesWithWildcards( validator );
return function( value ) {
return value in validator || ( regexp && value.match( regexp ) );
};
}
//
// REMOVE ELEMENT ---------------------------------------------------------
//
// Check whether all children will be valid in new context.
// Note: it doesn't verify if text node is valid, because
// new parent should accept them.
function checkChildren( children, newParentName ) {
var allowed = DTD[ newParentName ];
for ( var i = 0, l = children.length, child; i < l; ++i ) {
child = children[ i ];
if ( child.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_ELEMENT && !allowed[ child.name ] )
return false;
}
return true;
}
function createBr() {
return new CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element( 'br' );
}
// Whether this is an inline element or text.
function inlineNode( node ) {
return node.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_TEXT ||
node.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_ELEMENT && DTD.$inline[ node.name ];
}
function isBrOrBlock( node ) {
return node.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_ELEMENT &&
( node.name == 'br' || DTD.$block[ node.name ] );
}
// Try to remove element in the best possible way.
//
// @param {Array} toBeChecked After executing this function
// this array will contain elements that should be checked
// because they were marked as potentially:
// * in wrong context (e.g. li in body),
// * empty elements from $removeEmpty,
// * incorrect img/a/other element validated by validateElement().
function removeElement( element, enterTag, toBeChecked ) {
var name = element.name;
if ( DTD.$empty[ name ] || !element.children.length ) {
// Special case - hr in br mode should be replaced with br, not removed.
if ( name == 'hr' && enterTag == 'br' )
element.replaceWith( createBr() );
else {
// Parent might become an empty inline specified in $removeEmpty or empty a[href].
if ( element.parent )
toBeChecked.push( { check: 'it', el: element.parent } );
element.remove();
}
} else if ( DTD.$block[ name ] || name == 'tr' ) {
if ( enterTag == 'br' )
stripBlockBr( element, toBeChecked );
else
stripBlock( element, enterTag, toBeChecked );
}
// Special case - elements that may contain CDATA should be removed completely.
else if ( name in { style: 1, script: 1 } )
element.remove();
// The rest of inline elements. May also be the last resort
// for some special elements.
else {
// Parent might become an empty inline specified in $removeEmpty or empty a[href].
if ( element.parent )
toBeChecked.push( { check: 'it', el: element.parent } );
element.replaceWithChildren();
}
}
// Strip element block, but leave its content.
// Works in 'div' and 'p' enter modes.
function stripBlock( element, enterTag, toBeChecked ) {
var children = element.children;
// First, check if element's children may be wrapped with <p/div>.
// Ignore that <p/div> may not be allowed in element.parent.
// This will be fixed when removing parent or by toBeChecked rule.
if ( checkChildren( children, enterTag ) ) {
element.name = enterTag;
element.attributes = {};
// Check if this p/div was put in correct context.
// If not - strip parent.
toBeChecked.push( { check: 'parent-down', el: element } );
return;
}
var parent = element.parent,
shouldAutoP = parent.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT || parent.name == 'body',
i, child, p, parentDtd;
for ( i = children.length; i > 0; ) {
child = children[ --i ];
// If parent requires auto paragraphing and child is inline node,
// insert this child into newly created paragraph.
if ( shouldAutoP && inlineNode( child ) ) {
if ( !p ) {
p = new CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element( enterTag );
p.insertAfter( element );
// Check if this p/div was put in correct context.
// If not - strip parent.
toBeChecked.push( { check: 'parent-down', el: p } );
}
p.add( child, 0 );
}
// Child which doesn't need to be auto paragraphed.
else {
p = null;
parentDtd = DTD[ parent.name ] || DTD.span;
child.insertAfter( element );
// If inserted into invalid context, mark it and check
// after removing all elements.
if ( parent.type != CKEDITOR.NODE_DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT &&
child.type == CKEDITOR.NODE_ELEMENT &&
!parentDtd[ child.name ]
)
toBeChecked.push( { check: 'el-up', el: child } );
}
}
// All children have been moved to element's parent, so remove it.
element.remove();
}
// Prepend/append block with <br> if isn't
// already prepended/appended with <br> or block and
// isn't first/last child of its parent.
// Then replace element with its children.
// <p>a</p><p>b</p> => <p>a</p><br>b => a<br>b
function stripBlockBr( element ) {
var br;
if ( element.previous && !isBrOrBlock( element.previous ) ) {
br = createBr();
br.insertBefore( element );
}
if ( element.next && !isBrOrBlock( element.next ) ) {
br = createBr();
br.insertAfter( element );
}
element.replaceWithChildren();
}
//
// TRANSFORMATIONS --------------------------------------------------------
//
var transformationsTools;
// Apply given transformations group to the element.
function applyTransformationsGroup( filter, element, group ) {
var i, rule;
for ( i = 0; i < group.length; ++i ) {
rule = group[ i ];
// Test with #check or #left only if it's set.
// Do not apply transformations because that creates infinite loop.
if ( ( !rule.check || filter.check( rule.check, false ) ) &&
( !rule.left || rule.left( element ) ) ) {
rule.right( element, transformationsTools );
return; // Only first matching rule in a group is executed.
}
}
}
// Check whether element matches CKEDITOR.style.
// The element can be a "superset" of style,
// e.g. it may have more classes, but need to have
// at least those defined in style.
function elementMatchesStyle( element, style ) {
var def = style.getDefinition(),
defAttrs = def.attributes,
defStyles = def.styles,
attrName, styleName,
classes, classPattern, cl;
if ( element.name != def.element )
return false;
for ( attrName in defAttrs ) {
if ( attrName == 'class' ) {
classes = defAttrs[ attrName ].split( /\s+/ );
classPattern = element.classes.join( '|' );
while ( ( cl = classes.pop() ) ) {
if ( classPattern.indexOf( cl ) == -1 )
return false;
}
} else {
if ( element.attributes[ attrName ] != defAttrs[ attrName ] )
return false;
}
}
for ( styleName in defStyles ) {
if ( element.styles[ styleName ] != defStyles[ styleName ] )
return false;
}
return true;
}
// Return transformation group for content form.
// One content form makes one transformation rule in one group.
function getContentFormTransformationGroup( form, preferredForm ) {
var element, left;
if ( typeof form == 'string' )
element = form;
else if ( form instanceof CKEDITOR.style )
left = form;
else {
element = form[ 0 ];
left = form[ 1 ];
}
return [ {
element: element,
left: left,
right: function( el, tools ) {
tools.transform( el, preferredForm );
}
} ];
}
// Obtain element's name from transformation rule.
// It will be defined by #element, or #check or #left (styleDef.element).
function getElementNameForTransformation( rule, check ) {
if ( rule.element )
return rule.element;
if ( check )
return check.match( /^([a-z0-9]+)/i )[ 0 ];
return rule.left.getDefinition().element;
}
function getMatchStyleFn( style ) {
return function( el ) {
return elementMatchesStyle( el, style );
};
}
function getTransformationFn( toolName ) {
return function( el, tools ) {
tools[ toolName ]( el );
};
}
function optimizeTransformationsGroup( rules ) {
var groupName, i, rule,
check, left, right,
optimizedRules = [];
for ( i = 0; i < rules.length; ++i ) {
rule = rules[ i ];
if ( typeof rule == 'string' ) {
rule = rule.split( /\s*:\s*/ );
check = rule[ 0 ];
left = null;
right = rule[ 1 ];
} else {
check = rule.check;
left = rule.left;
right = rule.right;
}
// Extract element name.
if ( !groupName )
groupName = getElementNameForTransformation( rule, check );
if ( left instanceof CKEDITOR.style )
left = getMatchStyleFn( left );
optimizedRules.push( {
// It doesn't make sense to test against name rule (e.g. 'table'), so don't save it.
check: check == groupName ? null : check,
left: left,
// Handle shorthand format. E.g.: 'table[width]:sizeToAttribute'.
right: typeof right == 'string' ? getTransformationFn( right ) : right
} );
}
return {
name: groupName,
rules: optimizedRules
};
}
/**
* Singleton containing tools useful for transformation rules.
*
* @class CKEDITOR.filter.transformationsTools
* @singleton
*/
transformationsTools = CKEDITOR.filter.transformationsTools = {
/**
* Converts `width` and `height` attributes to styles.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
*/
sizeToStyle: function( element ) {
this.lengthToStyle( element, 'width' );
this.lengthToStyle( element, 'height' );
},
/**
* Converts `width` and `height` styles to attributes.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
*/
sizeToAttribute: function( element ) {
this.lengthToAttribute( element, 'width' );
this.lengthToAttribute( element, 'height' );
},
/**
* Converts length in the `attrName` attribute to a valid CSS length (like `width` or `height`).
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
* @param {String} attrName Name of the attribute that will be converted.
* @param {String} [styleName=attrName] Name of the style into which the attribute will be converted.
*/
lengthToStyle: function( element, attrName, styleName ) {
styleName = styleName || attrName;
if ( !( styleName in element.styles ) ) {
var value = element.attributes[ attrName ];
if ( value ) {
if ( ( /^\d+$/ ).test( value ) )
value += 'px';
element.styles[ styleName ] = value;
}
}
delete element.attributes[ attrName ];
},
/**
* Converts length in the `styleName` style to a valid length attribute (like `width` or `height`).
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
* @param {String} styleName The name of the style that will be converted.
* @param {String} [attrName=styleName] The name of the attribute into which the style will be converted.
*/
lengthToAttribute: function( element, styleName, attrName ) {
attrName = attrName || styleName;
if ( !( attrName in element.attributes ) ) {
var value = element.styles[ styleName ],
match = value && value.match( /^(\d+)(?:\.\d*)?px$/ );
if ( match )
element.attributes[ attrName ] = match[ 1 ];
// Pass the TEST_VALUE used by filter#check when mocking element.
else if ( value == TEST_VALUE )
element.attributes[ attrName ] = TEST_VALUE;
}
delete element.styles[ styleName ];
},
/**
* Converts the `align` attribute to the `float` style if not set. The attribute
* is always removed.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
*/
alignmentToStyle: function( element ) {
if ( !( 'float' in element.styles ) ) {
var value = element.attributes.align;
if ( value == 'left' || value == 'right' )
element.styles[ 'float' ] = value; // Uh... GCC doesn't like the 'float' prop name.
}
delete element.attributes.align;
},
/**
* Converts the `float` style to the `align` attribute if not set.
* The style is always removed.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
*/
alignmentToAttribute: function( element ) {
if ( !( 'align' in element.attributes ) ) {
var value = element.styles[ 'float' ];
if ( value == 'left' || value == 'right' )
element.attributes.align = value;
}
delete element.styles[ 'float' ]; // Uh... GCC doesn't like the 'float' prop name.
},
/**
* Converts the shorthand form of the `border` style to seperate styles.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
*/
splitBorderShorthand: function( element ) {
if ( !element.styles.border ) {
return;
}
var widths = element.styles.border.match( /([\.\d]+\w+)/g ) || [ '0px' ];
switch ( widths.length ) {
case 1:
element.styles[ 'border-width' ] = widths[0];
break;
case 2:
mapStyles( [ 0, 1, 0, 1 ] );
break;
case 3:
mapStyles( [ 0, 1, 2, 1 ] );
break;
case 4:
mapStyles( [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ] );
break;
}
element.styles[ 'border-style' ] = element.styles[ 'border-style' ] ||
( element.styles.border.match( /(none|hidden|dotted|dashed|solid|double|groove|ridge|inset|outset|initial|inherit)/ ) || [] )[ 0 ];
if ( !element.styles[ 'border-style' ] )
delete element.styles[ 'border-style' ];
delete element.styles.border;
function mapStyles( map ) {
element.styles['border-top-width'] = widths[ map[0] ];
element.styles['border-right-width'] = widths[ map[1] ];
element.styles['border-bottom-width'] = widths[ map[2] ];
element.styles['border-left-width'] = widths[ map[3] ];
}
},
listTypeToStyle: function( element ) {
if ( element.attributes.type ) {
switch ( element.attributes.type ) {
case 'a':
element.styles[ 'list-style-type' ] = 'lower-alpha';
break;
case 'A':
element.styles[ 'list-style-type' ] = 'upper-alpha';
break;
case 'i':
element.styles[ 'list-style-type' ] = 'lower-roman';
break;
case 'I':
element.styles[ 'list-style-type' ] = 'upper-roman';
break;
case '1':
element.styles[ 'list-style-type' ] = 'decimal';
break;
default:
element.styles[ 'list-style-type' ] = element.attributes.type;
}
}
},
/**
* Converts the shorthand form of the `margin` style to seperate styles.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
*/
splitMarginShorthand: function( element ) {
if ( !element.styles.margin ) {
return;
}
var widths = element.styles.margin.match( /(\-?[\.\d]+\w+)/g ) || [ '0px' ];
switch ( widths.length ) {
case 1:
element.styles.margin = widths[0];
break;
case 2:
mapStyles( [ 0, 1, 0, 1 ] );
break;
case 3:
mapStyles( [ 0, 1, 2, 1 ] );
break;
case 4:
mapStyles( [ 0, 1, 2, 3 ] );
break;
}
delete element.styles.margin;
function mapStyles( map ) {
element.styles['margin-top'] = widths[ map[0] ];
element.styles['margin-right'] = widths[ map[1] ];
element.styles['margin-bottom'] = widths[ map[2] ];
element.styles['margin-left'] = widths[ map[3] ];
}
},
/**
* Checks whether an element matches a given {@link CKEDITOR.style}.
* The element can be a "superset" of a style, e.g. it may have
* more classes, but needs to have at least those defined in the style.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} element
* @param {CKEDITOR.style} style
*/
matchesStyle: elementMatchesStyle,
/**
* Transforms an element to a given form.
*
* Form may be a:
*
* * {@link CKEDITOR.style},
* * string – the new name of the element.
*
* @param {CKEDITOR.htmlParser.element} el
* @param {CKEDITOR.style/String} form
*/
transform: function( el, form ) {
if ( typeof form == 'string' )
el.name = form;
// Form is an instance of CKEDITOR.style.
else {
var def = form.getDefinition(),
defStyles = def.styles,
defAttrs = def.attributes,
attrName, styleName,
existingClassesPattern, defClasses, cl;
el.name = def.element;
for ( attrName in defAttrs ) {
if ( attrName == 'class' ) {
existingClassesPattern = el.classes.join( '|' );
defClasses = defAttrs[ attrName ].split( /\s+/ );
while ( ( cl = defClasses.pop() ) ) {
if ( existingClassesPattern.indexOf( cl ) == -1 )
el.classes.push( cl );
}
} else {
el.attributes[ attrName ] = defAttrs[ attrName ];
}
}
for ( styleName in defStyles ) {
el.styles[ styleName ] = defStyles[ styleName ];
}
}
}
};
} )();
/**
* Allowed content rules. This setting is used when
* instantiating {@link CKEDITOR.editor#filter}.
*
* The following values are accepted:
*
* * {@link CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules} – defined rules will be added
* to the {@link CKEDITOR.editor#filter}.
* * `true` – will disable the filter (data will not be filtered,
* all features will be activated).
* * default – the filter will be configured by loaded features
* (toolbar items, commands, etc.).
*
* In all cases filter configuration may be extended by
* {@link CKEDITOR.config#extraAllowedContent}. This option may be especially
* useful when you want to use the default `allowedContent` value
* along with some additional rules.
*
* CKEDITOR.replace( 'textarea_id', {
* allowedContent: 'p b i; a[!href]',
* on: {
* instanceReady: function( evt ) {
* var editor = evt.editor;
*
* editor.filter.check( 'h1' ); // -> false
* editor.setData( '<h1><i>Foo</i></h1><p class="left"><span>Bar</span> <a href="http://foo.bar">foo</a></p>' );
* // Editor contents will be:
* '<p><i>Foo</i></p><p>Bar <a href="http://foo.bar">foo</a></p>'
* }
* }
* } );
*
* It is also possible to disallow some already allowed content. It is especially
* useful when you want to "trim down" the content allowed by default by
* editor features. To do that, use the {@link #disallowedContent} option.
*
* Read more in the [documentation](#!/guide/dev_acf)
* and see the [SDK sample](http://sdk.ckeditor.com/samples/acf.html).
*
* @since 4.1
* @cfg {CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules/Boolean} [allowedContent=null]
* @member CKEDITOR.config
*/
/**
* This option makes it possible to set additional allowed
* content rules for {@link CKEDITOR.editor#filter}.
*
* It is especially useful in combination with the default
* {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} value:
*
* CKEDITOR.replace( 'textarea_id', {
* plugins: 'wysiwygarea,toolbar,format',
* extraAllowedContent: 'b i',
* on: {
* instanceReady: function( evt ) {
* var editor = evt.editor;
*
* editor.filter.check( 'h1' ); // -> true (thanks to Format combo)
* editor.filter.check( 'b' ); // -> true (thanks to extraAllowedContent)
* editor.setData( '<h1><i>Foo</i></h1><p class="left"><b>Bar</b> <a href="http://foo.bar">foo</a></p>' );
* // Editor contents will be:
* '<h1><i>Foo</i></h1><p><b>Bar</b> foo</p>'
* }
* }
* } );
*
* Read more in the [documentation](#!/guide/dev_acf-section-automatic-mode-and-allow-additional-tags%2Fproperties)
* and see the [SDK sample](http://sdk.ckeditor.com/samples/acf.html).
* See also {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} for more details.
*
* @since 4.1
* @cfg {Object/String} extraAllowedContent
* @member CKEDITOR.config
*/
/**
* Disallowed content rules. They have precedence over {@link #allowedContent allowed content rules}.
* Read more in the [Disallowed Content guide](#!/guide/dev_disallowed_content).
*
* Read more in the [documentation](#!/guide/dev_acf-section-automatic-mode-but-disallow-certain-tags%2Fproperties)
* and see the [SDK sample](http://sdk.ckeditor.com/samples/acf.html).
* See also {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent} and {@link CKEDITOR.config#extraAllowedContent}.
*
* @since 4.4
* @cfg {CKEDITOR.filter.disallowedContentRules} disallowedContent
* @member CKEDITOR.config
*/
/**
* This event is fired when {@link CKEDITOR.filter} has stripped some
* content from the data that was loaded (e.g. by {@link CKEDITOR.editor#method-setData}
* method or in the source mode) or inserted (e.g. when pasting or using the
* {@link CKEDITOR.editor#method-insertHtml} method).
*
* This event is useful when testing whether the {@link CKEDITOR.config#allowedContent}
* setting is sufficient and correct for a system that is migrating to CKEditor 4.1
* (where the [Advanced Content Filter](#!/guide/dev_advanced_content_filter) was introduced).
*
* @since 4.1
* @event dataFiltered
* @member CKEDITOR.editor
* @param {CKEDITOR.editor} editor This editor instance.
*/
/**
* Virtual class which is the [Allowed Content Rules](#!/guide/dev_allowed_content_rules) formats type.
*
* Possible formats are:
*
* * the [string format](#!/guide/dev_allowed_content_rules-section-2),
* * the [object format](#!/guide/dev_allowed_content_rules-section-3),
* * a {@link CKEDITOR.style} instance – used mainly for integrating plugins with Advanced Content Filter,
* * an array of the above formats.
*
* @since 4.1
* @class CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules
* @abstract
*/
/**
* Virtual class representing the {@link CKEDITOR.filter#disallow} argument and a type of
* the {@link CKEDITOR.config#disallowedContent} option.
*
* This is a simplified version of the {@link CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules} type.
* Only the string format and object format are accepted. Required properties
* are not allowed in this format.
*
* Read more in the [Disallowed Content guide](#!/guide/dev_disallowed_content).
*
* @since 4.4
* @class CKEDITOR.filter.disallowedContentRules
* @abstract
*/
/**
* Virtual class representing {@link CKEDITOR.filter#check} argument.
*
* This is a simplified version of the {@link CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules} type.
* It may contain only one element and its styles, classes, and attributes. Only the
* string format and a {@link CKEDITOR.style} instances are accepted. Required properties
* are not allowed in this format.
*
* Example:
*
* 'img[src,alt](foo)' // Correct rule.
* 'ol, ul(!foo)' // Incorrect rule. Multiple elements and required
* // properties are not supported.
*
* @since 4.1
* @class CKEDITOR.filter.contentRule
* @abstract
*/
/**
* Interface that may be automatically implemented by any
* instance of any class which has at least the `name` property and
* can be meant as an editor feature.
*
* For example:
*
* * "Bold" command, button, and keystroke – it does not mean exactly
* `<strong>` or `<b>` but just the ability to create bold text.
* * "Format" drop-down list – it also does not imply any HTML tag.
* * "Link" command, button, and keystroke.
* * "Image" command, button, and dialog window.
*
* Thus most often a feature is an instance of one of the following classes:
*
* * {@link CKEDITOR.command}
* * {@link CKEDITOR.ui.button}
* * {@link CKEDITOR.ui.richCombo}
*
* None of them have a `name` property explicitly defined, but
* it is set by {@link CKEDITOR.editor#addCommand} and {@link CKEDITOR.ui#add}.
*
* During editor initialization all features that the editor should activate
* should be passed to {@link CKEDITOR.editor#addFeature} (shorthand for {@link CKEDITOR.filter#addFeature}).
*
* This method checks if a feature can be activated (see {@link #requiredContent}) and if yes,
* then it registers allowed content rules required by this feature (see {@link #allowedContent}) along
* with two kinds of transformations: {@link #contentForms} and {@link #contentTransformations}.
*
* By default all buttons that are included in [toolbar layout configuration](#!/guide/dev_toolbar)
* are checked and registered with {@link CKEDITOR.editor#addFeature}, all styles available in the
* 'Format' and 'Styles' drop-down lists are checked and registered too and so on.
*
* @since 4.1
* @class CKEDITOR.feature
* @abstract
*/
/**
* HTML code that can be generated by this feature.
*
* For example a basic image feature (image button displaying the image dialog window)
* may allow `'img[!src,alt,width,height]'`.
*
* During the feature activation this value is passed to {@link CKEDITOR.filter#allow}.
*
* @property {CKEDITOR.filter.allowedContentRules} [allowedContent=null]
*/
/**
* Minimal HTML code that this feature must be allowed to
* generate in order to work.
*
* For example a basic image feature (image button displaying the image dialog window)
* needs `'img[src,alt]'` in order to be activated.
*
* During the feature validation this value is passed to {@link CKEDITOR.filter#check}.
*
* If this value is not provided, a feature will be always activated.
*
* @property {CKEDITOR.filter.contentRule} [requiredContent=null]
*/
/**
* The name of the feature.
*
* It is used for example to identify which {@link CKEDITOR.filter#allowedContent}
* rule was added for which feature.
*
* @property {String} name
*/
/**
* Feature content forms to be registered in the {@link CKEDITOR.editor#filter}
* during the feature activation.
*
* See {@link CKEDITOR.filter#addContentForms} for more details.
*
* @property [contentForms=null]
*/
/**
* Transformations (usually for content generated by this feature, but not necessarily)
* that will be registered in the {@link CKEDITOR.editor#filter} during the feature activation.
*
* See {@link CKEDITOR.filter#addTransformations} for more details.
*
* @property [contentTransformations=null]
*/
/**
* Returns a feature that this feature needs to register.
*
* In some cases, during activation, one feature may need to register
* another feature. For example a {@link CKEDITOR.ui.button} often registers
* a related command. See {@link CKEDITOR.ui.button#toFeature}.
*
* This method is executed when a feature is passed to the {@link CKEDITOR.editor#addFeature}.
*
* @method toFeature
* @returns {CKEDITOR.feature}
*/
For more information send a message to info at phpclasses dot org.
|
__label__pos
| 0.994593 |
Q1 CButton without focus
Author Message
Q1 CButton without focus
Is it possible to have a CButton object which does not focus when
pressed, I mean that the handlers for the buttons are called just the
same, I'm not speaking about DISABLED. I am speaking about the user,
clicking on it (running the handler) but not having that 'windows
rectangle' on it, which shows its the last thing presses.
Clear enough ?
Thanks
JP
Sent via Deja.com http://www.*-*-*.com/
Before you buy.
Mon, 01 Jul 2002 03:00:00 GMT
Q1 CButton without focus
How about handling the WM_SETFOCUS (OnSetFocus) and changing the focus back to
the window that just lost it?
Mon, 01 Jul 2002 03:00:00 GMT
Q1 CButton without focus
NOte that you can't really do this in the straightforward manner you
would expect, for example,
void CMyButton::OnSetFocus(CWnd * oldwnd)
{
SetFocus(oldwnd); // your app dies here!
}
doesn't work because you can't change focus on the OnSetFocus handler.
Furthermore, if you did change the focus, you couldn't click it at
all. Instead, subclass the button, and do the following
void CMyButton::OnSetFocus(CWnd * oldwnd)
{
savedFocus = oldwnd;
}
void CMyButton::ResetFocus()
{
SetFocus(savedFocus);
}
void CMyDialog::OnButtonClicked()
{
//.. do button thing
c_Button.ResetFocus();
}
Now, this is almost what you want. If you tab into the button, you'll
get the focus rect painted, and while you're clicking the mouse,
you'll get the focus rect. If this is also unacceptable, you'll need
to do ownerdraw, and just not draw the focus rect. Note that if you
tab into the control, it will still HAVE the focus (that is, typeing
space bar will click the button), but the user won't know the button
has focus. You might also consider removing the WS_TABSTOP style, but
then your app can only be used via the mouse since there is no way to
get to the control via the keyboard.
joe
On Thu, 13 Jan 2000 15:42:22 -0600, Scot T Brennecke
Quote:
>How about handling the WM_SETFOCUS (OnSetFocus) and changing the focus back to
>the window that just lost it?
Joseph M. Newcomer [MVP]
Web: http://www3.pgh.net/~newcomer
MVP Tips: http://www3.pgh.net/~newcomer/mvp_tips.htm
Mon, 01 Jul 2002 03:00:00 GMT
[ 3 post ]
Relevant Pages
1. CButton that does not gain focus?
2. Detecting keypress when the focus is on CButton
3. CButton: focus and default
4. Show a form without focus
5. Using a Control Without Setting Focus
6. Send keys without focus
7. How to write in a windows without focus
8. Changing/Retrieving the focus for child windows without a mouse in MFC
9. Creating MDI child windows without focus
10. how to edit custom list-control items without having the window focused
11. launching an EXE from my program, BUT without focus changes
12. Using a Control Without Setting Focus
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|
__label__pos
| 0.806606 |
Encrypted Stored Procedures and Query Store
Very often I get interesting questions from the community, and most recently someone asked about encrypted stored procedures and Query Store. Here’s the question (paraphrased):
I have some encrypted stored procedures in one of my vendor databases. I have enabled Query Store, and I can see query_id values and runtime statistics, and when a query has multiple plans, I can see some of the execution plans, but not others. If I force a plan for a query that’s part of an encrypted stored procedure, will it work?
There are two issues here:
• Why are only some plans showing up in Query Store for a query that’s part of an encrypted stored procedure?
• Can I force a plan for a query that’s part of an encrypted stored procedure?
When in doubt, test.
Setup
For testing I will use a copy of WideWorldImporters that’s been enlarged, so that there’s some variability in the data. After it’s restored we will enable Query Store and clear out any old data.
USE [master];
GO
RESTORE DATABASE [WideWorldImporters]
FROM DISK = N'C:\Backups\WideWorldImporters_Bits.bak'
WITH FILE = 1,
STATS = 5;
GO
/*
Enable Query Store with settings we want
(just for testing, not for production)
*/
USE [master];
GO
ALTER DATABASE [WideWorldImporters]
SET QUERY_STORE = ON;
GO
ALTER DATABASE [WideWorldImporters] SET QUERY_STORE (
OPERATION_MODE = READ_WRITE,
CLEANUP_POLICY = (STALE_QUERY_THRESHOLD_DAYS = 30),
DATA_FLUSH_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 60,
INTERVAL_LENGTH_MINUTES = 30,
MAX_STORAGE_SIZE_MB = 100,
QUERY_CAPTURE_MODE = ALL,
SIZE_BASED_CLEANUP_MODE = AUTO,
MAX_PLANS_PER_QUERY = 200)
GO
/*
Clear out any old data, just in case
(not for production either!)
*/
ALTER DATABASE [WideWorldImporters]
SET QUERY_STORE CLEAR;
GO
With the database restored, we will create our encrypted stored procedure:
USE [WideWorldImporters];
GO
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS [Sales].[usp_CustomerTransactionInfo];
GO
CREATE PROCEDURE [Sales].[usp_CustomerTransactionInfo]
@CustomerID INT
WITH ENCRYPTION
AS
SELECT [CustomerID], SUM([AmountExcludingTax])
FROM [Sales].[CustomerTransactions]
WHERE [CustomerID] = @CustomerID
GROUP BY [CustomerID];
GO
Testing
To create two different plans, we will execute the procedure twice, once with a unique value (1092), and once with a non-unique value (401), with a sp_recompile in between:
EXEC [Sales].[usp_CustomerTransactionInfo] 1092;
GO
sp_recompile 'Sales.usp_CustomerTransactionInfo';
GO
EXEC [Sales].[usp_CustomerTransactionInfo] 401;
GO
Note that if you enable the actual query plan option in Management Studio, no plan will appear. You won’t find a plan in the plan cache (sys.dm_exec_query_plan), nor will you find one if you run Profiler or Extended Events. But when you use encrypted stored procedures and Query Store, you can get the plan:
SELECT
[qsq].[query_id],
[qsp].[plan_id],
[qsp].[is_forced_plan],
[qsq].[object_id],
[rs].[count_executions],
DATEADD(MINUTE, -(DATEDIFF(MINUTE, GETDATE(), GETUTCDATE())),
[qsp].[last_execution_time]) AS [LocalLastExecutionTime],
[qst].[query_sql_text],
ConvertedPlan = TRY_CONVERT(XML, [qsp].[query_plan])
FROM [sys].[query_store_query] [qsq]
JOIN [sys].[query_store_query_text] [qst]
ON [qsq].[query_text_id] = [qst].[query_text_id]
JOIN [sys].[query_store_plan] [qsp]
ON [qsq].[query_id] = [qsp].[query_id]
JOIN [sys].[query_store_runtime_stats] [rs]
ON [qsp].[plan_id] = [rs].[plan_id]
WHERE [qsq].[object_id] = OBJECT_ID(N'Sales.usp_CustomerTransactionInfo')
ORDER BY [qsq].[query_id], [qsp].[plan_id];
GO
Query and Plan Info in Query Store
Query and Plan Info in Query Store
Both plans can be viewed, but the query text is not part of the plan, and it is not in Query Store.
Plan for query_id 1
Plan for query_id 1
Plan for query_id 2
Plan for query_id 2
We can still force a plan, though:
EXEC sp_query_store_force_plan @query_id = 1, @plan_id = 1;
GO
How will we know if a forced plan is used when we run the query?
EXEC [Sales].[usp_CustomerTransactionInfo] 1050;
GO 5
EXEC [Sales].[usp_CustomerTransactionInfo] 401;
GO 5
Typically, I would run the query in SSMS and get the actual execution plan, and check the UsePlan parameter to see if it’s true. But the plan won’t show up in SSMS, so we have to look in Query Store. If we re-run the query above again, we see that the execution count has increased, and the last_execution_time has also changed.
Query Store Information After Plan is Forced
Query Store Information After Plan is Forced
Conclusion
Based on the data in Query Store, when you force a plan for a query that’s part of an encrypted stored procedure, it is used. You will have to verify its use in Query Store, as other troubleshooting tools (plans, DMVs, XE) do not provide data to confirm.
As for why the execution plan for a query does or does not show up in Query Store, I’m not sure. I couldn’t recreate the behavior where the plan did not appear in Query Store, but I’m hoping the person who sent in the question can help me figure out why. Stay tuned!
One thought on “Encrypted Stored Procedures and Query Store
1. Hi Erin,
thank you for the info. When I found this post I was hoping that Query Store could help us to get Query Plans as we also have our DB encrypted but I can confirm a strange behavior of plan collection in encrypted DB. It really collects some query plans for some procedures although most of them is without a plan. I haven’t found a pattern yet of why some procs are without a plan. We have procs, triggers, functions encrypted and procs go up to 30 nesting levels. I tested on SQL2017 Dev edition, compat mode 140. XML format of a missing plant looks like this (hope it will not be filtered out by html)
Erik
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Other articles
A Fond Farewell
If you haven’t guessed from the title, I’m writing this post because I am leaving SQLskills. This Friday, January 14th, is my last day, and
Explore
Imagine feeling confident enough to handle whatever your database throws at you.
With training and consulting from SQLskills, you’ll be able to solve big problems, elevate your team’s capacity, and take control of your data career.
|
__label__pos
| 0.668046 |
Что делать если не открываются сайты?
Сегодня был немного смущён, мой блог перестал открываться - отображалось пустое окно браузера!
Причин может быть несколько: у вас троян, часто случается с браузером Opera, возможно вирус изменил ваш файл hosts (его надо привести в начальное состояние), а возможно во всем виноват кеш DNS!
В моем случае это кэш DNS - так как я слежу за чистотой компьютера, первые два варианта отмел сразу.
Чистим кэш DNS Windows7:
Идем в Пуск и в поле поиска вводим - командная строка:
Вызов командной строки через поиск
Результаты поиска отобразятся почти мгновенно, выбираем верхний пункт:
Отображение cmd в поиске
После щелчка на его выйдет меню командной строки, здесь надо ввести команду - ipconfig /flushdns и нажать Enter
Задаем команду на очистку кэш DNS в cmd Windows7
После чего в панели появиться такое сообщение:
Ответ cmd при успешной очистке кеша ДНС
Да, стоит отметить, что вы должны войти с правами администратора, иначе команды просто не будут выполняться.
P.S. Если данная процедура не помогла - смотрите ссылки в начале поста.
|
__label__pos
| 0.670837 |
How to: Execute an XSLT Transformation From the XML Editor
This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
How to: Execute an XSLT Transformation From the XML Editor
The XML Editor allows you to associate an XSLT style sheet with an XML document, perform the transformation, and view the output. The resulting output from the XSLT transformation is displayed in a new document window.
The Output property specifies the filename for the output. If the Output property is blank, a filename is generated in your temporary directory. The file extension is based on the xsl:output element in your style sheet and can be .xml, .txt or .htm.
If the Output property specifies a filename with an .htm or .html extension, the XSLT output is previewed using Microsoft Internet Explorer. All other file extensions are opened using the default editor chosen by Microsoft Visual Studio. For example, if the file extension is .xml, Visual Studio uses the XML Editor.
To execute an XSLT transformation from an XML document
1. Open an XML document in the XML Editor.
2. Associate an XSLT style sheet with the XML document.
• Add an xml-stylesheet processing instruction to the XML document. For example, add the following line <?xml-stylesheet type='text/xsl' href='filename.xsl'?> to the document prolog.
-or-
• Add the XSLT style sheet using the Properties window. In the document Properties Window, click the Browse button for the Stylesheet field, select the XSLT style sheet, and click Open.
3. Click the Show XSL Output button on the XML Editor toolbar.
NoteNote
If there is no style sheet associated with the XML document, a dialog box prompts you to provide the style sheet to use.
The resulting output from the XSLT transformation is displayed in a new document window.
To execute an XSLT transformation from an XSLT style sheet
1. Open an XSLT style sheet in the XML Editor.
2. Specify an XML document in the Input field of the document Properties window.
NoteNote
The XML document is the input document used for transformation. If a document is not specified when the XSLT transformation is started, the File Open dialog box appears, and you can specify a document at that time.
1. Click the Show XSLT Output button on the XML Editor toolbar.
The resulting output from the XSLT transformation is displayed in a new document window.
To provide a different output file name
1. Specify a file name in the Output field of the document Properties window.
2. Click the Show XSLT Output button on the XML Editor toolbar.
The resulting output from the XSLT transformation is displayed in a new document window and the editor used in the output window depends on the file extension of your Output document property.
See Also
Concepts
XML Editor
Show:
© 2016 Microsoft
|
__label__pos
| 0.748496 |
How to Downgrade a VIB/Driver in ESXi 7
There are two methods to downgrade a VIB or a device driver in ESXi Host.
1. Uninstall the current or upgraded driver > reboot the host > Install the downgrade driver
OR
2. You may also install the downgrade driver directly using esxcli software vib install command. This will remove the upgraded driver itself.
Let's see how to perform downgrades of vib using both methods. You may decide which one you would like to choose. You may also install drivers using Baselines in Lifecycle Manager, which will be covered in later posts.
Method 1: Uninstall the current or upgraded driver > reboot the host > Install the downgrade driver
1. Put the ESXi host in Maintenance Mode.
2. SSH the ESXi host
3. Run this command to uninstall the driver: "esxcli software vib remove -n <vib_name>"
4. Reboot the host
5. Run this command to install the driver: "esxcli software vib install -d /vmfs/volume/datastore/vib.zip"
6. Reboot the host
7. Run this command to ensure the version of downgrade driver installed in step 5: "esxcli software vib get -n <vib-name>"
Method 2: Directly Install the Downgraded driver without uninstalling the current driver.
Let's take an example of installing a downgraded version 4.1.9.0 vib named "qlnativefc"
1. Put the ESXi host in Maintenance Mode and SSH into it.
2. Run this command to check the current version of the driver to be replaced: "esxcli software vib list | grep <vib_name>" or "esxcli software vib get -n <vib-name>"
3. Install the downgraded version of the driver directly and you will see the upgraded version being removed: "esxcli software vib remove install -d /vmfs/volume/datastore/vib.zip".
4. Reboot the Host.
5. Run this command to ensure the version of the replaced driver: "esxcli software vib get -n <vib-name>"
Comments
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All shared datastores failed on the host
|
__label__pos
| 0.890133 |
Presenting with Picmaker is quite easy.
Picmaker is full of eye-catching templates, relevant to a variety of presentation topics, and images to support the information you’re presenting. Add that with the thousands of free images, illustrations, and other types of visuals - your presentation can easily stand out.
Here's a step by step guide.
Step 1: Begin by signing in.
Step 2: You will now be taken to the dashboard, which looks like this.
Step 3: Pick a design that you like from Picmaker's endless library of templates. It will now open up in a new window. Customise it according to your preferences, and you're good to go.
Step 4: Now, go to the top right corner, and click on the download button. From the drop down menu, select "Present."
Step 5: And Voila! Your design opens up as a presentation in a new window. From there, you can navigate left or right, enter full screen or even exit the presentation once done.
It's that simple. Here's a detailed video on how you can do this:
Creating presentations that standout need not be so hard anymore. What are you waiting for?
Did this answer your question?
|
__label__pos
| 0.855096 |
View Javadoc
1 /*
2 * Copyright 2001-2005 Stephen Colebourne
3 *
4 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
5 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
6 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
7 *
8 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
9 *
10 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
11 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
12 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
13 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
14 * limitations under the License.
15 */
16 package org.joda.time.chrono;
17
18 import org.joda.time.DateTimeField;
19 import org.joda.time.DateTimeFieldType;
20 import org.joda.time.ReadablePartial;
21 import org.joda.time.field.DecoratedDateTimeField;
22 import org.joda.time.field.FieldUtils;
23
24 /**
25 * This field is not publicy exposed by ISOChronology, but rather it is used to
26 * build the yearOfCentury and centuryOfEra fields. It merely drops the sign of
27 * the year.
28 *
29 * @author Brian S O'Neill
30 * @see GJYearOfEraDateTimeField
31 * @since 1.0
32 */
33 class ISOYearOfEraDateTimeField extends DecoratedDateTimeField {
34
35 private static final long serialVersionUID = 7037524068969447317L;
36
37 /**
38 * Singleton instance
39 */
40 static final DateTimeField INSTANCE = new ISOYearOfEraDateTimeField();
41
42 /**
43 * Restricted constructor.
44 */
45 private ISOYearOfEraDateTimeField() {
46 super(GregorianChronology.getInstanceUTC().year(), DateTimeFieldType.yearOfEra());
47 }
48
49 public int get(long instant) {
50 int year = getWrappedField().get(instant);
51 return year < 0 ? -year : year;
52 }
53
54 public long add(long instant, int years) {
55 return getWrappedField().add(instant, years);
56 }
57
58 public long add(long instant, long years) {
59 return getWrappedField().add(instant, years);
60 }
61
62 public long addWrapField(long instant, int years) {
63 return getWrappedField().addWrapField(instant, years);
64 }
65
66 public int[] addWrapField(ReadablePartial instant, int fieldIndex, int[] values, int years) {
67 return getWrappedField().addWrapField(instant, fieldIndex, values, years);
68 }
69
70 public int getDifference(long minuendInstant, long subtrahendInstant) {
71 return getWrappedField().getDifference(minuendInstant, subtrahendInstant);
72 }
73
74 public long getDifferenceAsLong(long minuendInstant, long subtrahendInstant) {
75 return getWrappedField().getDifferenceAsLong(minuendInstant, subtrahendInstant);
76 }
77
78 public long set(long instant, int year) {
79 FieldUtils.verifyValueBounds(this, year, 0, getMaximumValue());
80 if (getWrappedField().get(instant) < 0) {
81 year = -year;
82 }
83 return super.set(instant, year);
84 }
85
86 public int getMinimumValue() {
87 return 0;
88 }
89
90 public int getMaximumValue() {
91 return getWrappedField().getMaximumValue();
92 }
93
94 public long roundFloor(long instant) {
95 return getWrappedField().roundFloor(instant);
96 }
97
98 public long roundCeiling(long instant) {
99 return getWrappedField().roundCeiling(instant);
100 }
101
102 public long remainder(long instant) {
103 return getWrappedField().remainder(instant);
104 }
105
106 /**
107 * Serialization singleton
108 */
109 private Object readResolve() {
110 return INSTANCE;
111 }
112 }
|
__label__pos
| 0.9939 |
Convert exponential notation of number (e+) to 10^ in JavaScript
I have a script, where I can convert gigs to megs to kilobytes to bytes to bits.
After that it uses the .toExponential function to turn it into scientific notation.
But I want it to change into an exponent, instead of it being +e# I want it to be ^#, any way I can change it to print that way instead, if not, anyway I can alter the string to change +e to ^?
Code:
console.log('calculator');
const gigabytes = 192;
console.log(`gigabytes equals ${gigabytes}`);
var megabytes = gigabytes * 1000;
console.log(`megabytes = ${megabytes}`);
var kilabytes = megabytes * 1000;
console.log (`kilabytes = ${kilabytes}`);
bytes = kilabytes * 1000;
console.log(`bytes = ${bytes}`);
bites = bytes * 8;
console.log(`bites are equal to ${bites}`);
console.log (bites.toExponential());
17 thoughts on “Convert exponential notation of number (e+) to 10^ in JavaScript”
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Leave a Comment
|
__label__pos
| 0.990423 |
The Evolution of a ggplot (Ep. 1)
Posted by Cédric on Friday, May 17, 2019
🏁 Aim of this Tutorial
In this series of blog posts, I aim to show you how to turn a default ggplot into a plot that visualizes information in an appealing and easily understandable way. The goal of each blog post is to provide a step-by-step tutorial explaining how my visualization have evolved from a typical basic ggplot. All plots are going to be created with 100% {ggplot2} and 0% Inkscape.
In the first episode, I transform a basic box plot into a colorful and self-explanatory combination of a jittered dot strip plot and a lollipop plot. I am going to use data provided by the UNESCO on global student to teacher ratios that was selected as data for the #TidyTuesday challenge 19 of 2019.
🗃️ Data Preparation
I have prepared the data in the first way to map each country’s most recently reported student-teacher ratio in primary education as a tile map. I used the tile-based world data provided by Maarten Lambrechts to create this map as the first visualization for my weekly contribution:
For the second chart next to the tile map, I wanted to highlight the difference of the mean student ratio per continent but without discarding the raw data on the country-level. Therefore, I transformed the information on the region to represent the six continents excluding Antarctica (hm, do penguins not go to school?! Seems so… 🐧) and merged both data sets. If you would like to run the code yourself, you find the data preparation steps here. This is how the relevant columns of the merged and cleaned data set looks like, showing two examples per continent:
## # A tibble: 12 x 5
## indicator country region student_ratio student_ratio_re~
## <chr> <chr> <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Primary Education Lesotho Africa 32.9 37.3
## 2 Primary Education South Africa Africa 30.3 37.3
## 3 Primary Education Bangladesh Asia 30.1 20.7
## 4 Primary Education Viet Nam Asia 19.6 20.7
## 5 Primary Education Ireland Europe 16.1 13.6
## 6 Primary Education France Europe 18.2 13.6
## 7 Primary Education Saint Vincent an~ North Am~ 14.4 17.7
## 8 Primary Education Dominican Republ~ North Am~ 18.9 17.7
## 9 Primary Education Vanuatu Oceania 26.6 24.7
## 10 Primary Education Solomon Islands Oceania 25.8 24.7
## 11 Primary Education Argentina South Am~ NA 19.4
## 12 Primary Education Paraguay South Am~ 24.2 19.4
🌱 The Default Boxplot
I was particularly interested to visualize the most-recent student-teacher ratio in primary education as a tile grid map per country. A usual way representing several data points per group is to use a box plot:
library(tidyverse)
ggplot(df_ratios, aes(x = region, y = student_ratio)) +
geom_boxplot()
🔀 ️Sort Your Data!
A good routine with such kind of data (qualitative and unsorted) is to arrange the box plots or any other type such as bars or violins in an in- or decreasing order to simplify readability. Since the category “continent” does not have an intrinsic order, I rearrange the box plots by their mean student-teacher ratio instead of sorting them alphabetically which is the default:
df_sorted <-
df_ratios %>%
mutate(region = fct_reorder(region, -student_ratio_region))
ggplot(df_sorted, aes(x = region, y = student_ratio)) +
geom_boxplot()
💡 Sort your data according to the best or worst, highest or lowest value to make your graph easily readable—do not sort them if the categories have an internal logical ordering, e.g. age groups or income classes!
To increase the readability we are going to flip the coordinates (note that we could also switch the variables mapped to x and y in the ggplot call but this does not work for box plots so we use coord_flip() and it now also works for box plots!). As some ratios are pretty close to zero, it might be also a good idea to include the 0 on the y axis. I also add some space to the right (mostly for later) which we can force by adding scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 90)) (be cautious here to use limits that are beyond the limits of your data—or better use coord_*(ylim = c(0, 90) so you’re not accidentally subsetting your data).
ggplot(df_sorted, aes(x = region, y = student_ratio)) +
geom_boxplot() +
coord_flip() +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 90))
💡 Flip the chart in case of long labels to increase readability and to avoid overlapping or rotated labels!
💡 Since the latest version 3.x.x of {ggplot2} you can also flip the orientation by switching the x and y variables:
ggplot(df_sorted, aes(x = student_ratio, y = region)) +
geom_boxplot() +
scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 90))
The order of the categories is perfect as it is after flipping the coordinates—the lower the student-teacher ratio, the better.
💎 Let Your Plot Shine—Get Rid of the Default Settings
Let’s spice this plot up! One great thing about {ggplot2} is that it is structured in an adaptive way, allowing to add further levels to an existing ggplot object. We are going to
• use a different theme that comes with the {ggplot2} package by calling theme_set(theme_light()) (several themes come along with the {ggplot2} package but if you need more check for example the packages {ggthemes} or hrbrthemes),
• change the font and the overall font size by adding the arguments base_size and base_family to theme_light(),
• flip the axes by adding coord_flip() (as seen before),
• let the axis start at 0 and reduce the spacing to the plot margin by adding expand = c(0.02, 0.02) as argument to the scale_y_continious(),
• add some color encoding the continent by adding color = region to the aes argument and picking a palette from the {ggsci} package,
• add meaningful labels/removing useless labels by adding labs(x = NULL, y = "title y")
• adjust the new theme (e.g. changing some font settings and removing the legend and grid) by adding theme().
💡 You can easily adjust all sizes of the theme by calling theme_xyz(base_size = )—this is very handy if you need the same viz for a different purpose!
💡 Do not use c(0, 0) since the zero tick is in most cases too close to the axis—use something close to zero instead!
I am going to save the ggplot call and all these visual adjustments in a gg object that I name g so we can use it for the next plots.
theme_set(theme_light(base_size = 18, base_family = "Poppins"))
g <-
ggplot(df_sorted, aes(x = region, y = student_ratio, color = region)) +
coord_flip() +
scale_y_continuous(limits = c(0, 90), expand = c(0.02, 0.02)) +
scale_color_uchicago() +
labs(x = NULL, y = "Student to teacher ratio") +
theme(
legend.position = "none",
axis.title = element_text(size = 16),
axis.text.x = element_text(family = "Roboto Mono", size = 12),
panel.grid = element_blank()
)
Even thought we already wrote a lot of code, the plot g is just an empty plot until with a custom theme and pretty axes but actually not a “data visualization” yet.
(Note that to include these fonts we make use of the {extrafont} package {showtext} package {systemfonts} package. This package allows for the use of system fonts without the need to import or register fonts. And it even allows to use various font weights and styles, to turn on ligatures and much more. You need to have (a) the fonts installed on your system and (b) the package systemfonts installed. Read more about how to use custom fonts in this blog post by June Choe.)
📊 The Choice of the Chart Type
We can add any geom_ to our ggplot-preset g that fits the data, i.e. that take two positional variables of which one is allowed to be qualitative. Here are some examples that fulfill these criteria:
All of the four chart types let readers explore the range of values but with different detail and focus. The box plot and the violin plot both summarize the data, they contain a lot of information by visualizing the distribution of the data points in two different ways (see below for an explanation how to read a boxplot). By contrast, the line plot shows only the range (minimum and maximum of the data) and the strip plot the raw data with each single observation. However, a line chart is not a good choice here since it does not allow for the identification of single countries. By adding an alpha argument to geom_point(), the strip plot is able to highlight the main range of student-teacher ratios while also showing the raw data:
g + geom_point(size = 3, alpha = 0.15)
Of course, different geoms can also be combined to provide even more information in one plot:
g +
geom_boxplot(color = "gray60", outlier.alpha = 0) +
geom_point(size = 3, alpha = 0.15)
Remove the outliers of the box plot to avoid double-encoding of the same information! You can achieve this via outlier.alpha = 0, outlier.color = NA, outlier.color = "transparent", or outlier.shape = NA.
We are going to stick to points to visualize the countries explicitly instead of aggregating the data into box or violin plots. To achieve a higher readability, we use another geom, geom_jitter() which scatters the points in a given direction (x and/or y via width and height) to prevent over-plotting:
set.seed(2019)
g + geom_jitter(size = 2, alpha = 0.25, width = 0.2)
💡 Set a seed to keep the jittering of the points fixed every time you call geom_jitter() by calling set.seed()—this becomes especially important when we later label some of the points.
💡 You can also set the seed within the geom_jitter() call by setting position = position_jitter(seed). Note that in this case the width and/or height argument needs to be placed inside the position_jitter() function as well:
g + geom_jitter(position = position_jitter(seed = 2019, width = 0.2), size = 2, alpha = 0.25)
(In the next code chunks, I am going to use the redundant call of set.seed(2019) before creating the plot but do not show it each time.)
💯 More Geoms, More Fun, More Info!
As mentioned in the beginning, my intention was to visualize both, the country- and continental-level ratios, in addition to the tile map. Until now, we focused on countries only. We can indicate the continental average by adding a summary statistic via stat_summary()with a different point size as the points of geom_jitter(). Since the average is more important here, I am going to highlight it with a bigger size and zero transparency:
g +
geom_jitter(size = 2, alpha = 0.25, width = 0.2) +
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", size = 5)
Note that we could also use geom_point(aes(x = region, y = student_ratio_region), size = 5) to achieve the same since we already have a regional mean average in our data.
To relate all these points to a baseline, we add a line indicating the worldwide average:
world_avg <-
df_ratios %>%
summarize(avg = mean(student_ratio, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
pull(avg)
g +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = world_avg), color = "gray70", size = 0.6) +
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", size = 5) +
geom_jitter(size = 2, alpha = 0.25, width = 0.2)
💡 One could derive the worldwide average also within the geom_hline() call, but I prefer to keep both steps separated.
We can further highlight that the baseline is the worldwide average ratio rather than a ratio of 0 (or 1?) by adding a line from each continental average to the worldwide average. The result is a combination of a jitter and a lollipop plot:
g +
geom_segment(
aes(x = region, xend = region,
y = world_avg, yend = student_ratio_region),
size = 0.8
) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = world_avg), color = "gray70", size = 0.6) +
geom_jitter(size = 2, alpha = 0.25, width = 0.2) +
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", size = 5)
Check the order of the geoms to prevent any overlapping—here, for example, draw the line after calling geom_segment() to avoid overlapping!
💬 Add Text Boxes to Let The Plot Speak for Itself
Since I don’t want to include legends, I add some text boxes that explain the different point sizes and the baseline level via annotate(geom = "text"):
(g_text <-
g +
geom_segment(
aes(x = region, xend = region,
y = world_avg, yend = student_ratio_region),
size = 0.8
) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = world_avg), color = "gray70", size = 0.6) +
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", size = 5) +
geom_jitter(size = 2, alpha = 0.25, width = 0.2) +
annotate(
"text", x = 6.3, y = 35, family = "Poppins", size = 2.8, color = "gray20", lineheight = .9,
label = glue::glue("Worldwide average:\n{round(world_avg, 1)} students per teacher")
) +
annotate(
"text", x = 3.5, y = 10, family = "Poppins", size = 2.8, color = "gray20",
label = "Continental average"
) +
annotate(
"text", x = 1.7, y = 11, family = "Poppins", size = 2.8, color = "gray20",
label = "Countries per continent"
) +
annotate(
"text", x = 1.9, y = 64, family = "Poppins", size = 2.8, color = "gray20", lineheight = .9,
label = "The Central African Republic has by far\nthe most students per teacher")
)
💡 You could also create a new data set (similar to our arrows data frame below) that holds the labels and the exact position, along with some other information if needed, and add that via geom_text(data = my_labels, aes(label = my_label_column)). Note that here we also would need to create a factor for the region to match the original data!
💡 Use glue::glue() to combine strings with variables—this way, you can update your plots without copying and pasting values! (Of course, you can also use your good old friend paste0().)
… and add some arrows to match the text to the visual elements by providing start- and endpoints of the arrows when calling geom_curve(). I am going to draw all arrows with one call—but you could also draw arrow by arrow. This is not that simple as the absolute position depends on the dimension of the plot. Good guess based on the coordinates of the text boxes…
arrows <-
tibble(
x1 = c(6.2, 3.5, 1.7, 1.7, 1.9),
x2 = c(5.6, 4, 1.9, 2.9, 1.1),
y1 = c(35, 10, 11, 11, 73),
y2 = c(world_avg, 19.4, 14.16, 12, 83.4)
)
g_text +
geom_curve(
data = arrows, aes(x = x1, y = y1, xend = x2, yend = y2),
arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.07, "inch")), size = 0.4,
color = "gray20", curvature = -0.3
)
… and then adjust, adjust, adjust…
arrows <-
tibble(
x1 = c(6.1, 3.62, 1.8, 1.8, 1.8),
x2 = c(5.6, 4, 2.18, 2.76, 0.9),
y1 = c(world_avg + 6, 10.5, 9, 9, 77),
y2 = c(world_avg + 0.1, 18.4, 14.16, 12, 83.45)
)
(g_arrows <-
g_text +
geom_curve(
data = arrows, aes(x = x1, y = y1, xend = x2, yend = y2),
arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.08, "inch")), size = 0.5,
color = "gray20", curvature = -0.3
)
)
💡 Since the curvature is the same for all arrows, one can use different x and y distances and directions between the start end and points to vary their shape!
One last thing that bothers me: A student-teacher ratio of 0 does not make much sense—I definitely prefer to start at a ratio of 1!
And—oh my!—we almost forgot to mention and acknowledge the data source 😨 Let’s quickly also add a plot caption:
(g_final <-
g_arrows +
scale_y_continuous(
limits = c(1, NA), expand = c(0.02, 0.02),
breaks = c(1, seq(20, 80, by = 20))
) +
labs(caption = "Data: UNESCO Institute for Statistics") +
theme(plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, color = "gray50"))
)
🗺️ Bonus: Add a Tile Map as Legend
To make it easier to match the countries of the second plot, the country-level tile map, to each continent we have visualized with our jitter plot, we can add a geographical “legend”. For this, I encode the region by color instead by the country-level ratios:
(map_regions <-
df_sorted %>%
ggplot(aes(x = x, y = y, fill = region, color = region)) +
geom_tile(color = "white") +
scale_y_reverse() +
ggsci::scale_fill_uchicago(guide = "none") +
coord_equal() +
theme(line = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
plot.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent", color = "transparent"),
panel.border = element_rect(color = "transparent"),
strip.background = element_rect(color = "gray20"),
axis.text = element_blank(),
plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)) +
labs(x = NULL, y = NULL)
)
… and add this map to the existing plot via annotation_custom(ggplotGrob()):
g_final +
annotation_custom(ggplotGrob(map_regions), xmin = 2.5, xmax = 7.5, ymin = 52, ymax = 82)
🎄 The Final Evolved Visualization
And here it is, our final plot—evolved from a dreary gray box plot to a self-explanatory, colorful visualization including the raw data and a tile map legend! 🎉
Thanks for reading, I hope you’ve enjoyed it! Here you find more visualizations I’ve contributed to the #TidyTuesday challenges including my full contribution to week 19 of 2019 we have dissected here:
💻 Complete Code for Final Plot
If you want to create the plot on your own or play around with the code, copy and paste these ~60 lines:
## packages
library(tidyverse)
library(ggsci)
library(showtext)
## load fonts
font_add_google("Poppins", "Poppins")
font_add_google("Roboto Mono", "Roboto Mono")
showtext_auto()
## get data
devtools::source_gist("https://gist.github.com/Z3tt/301bb0c7e3565111770121af2bd60c11")
## tile map as legend
map_regions <-
df_ratios %>%
mutate(region = fct_reorder(region, -student_ratio_region)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = x, y = y, fill = region, color = region)) +
geom_tile(color = "white") +
scale_y_reverse() +
scale_fill_uchicago(guide = "none") +
coord_equal() +
theme_light() +
theme(
line = element_blank(),
panel.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent"),
plot.background = element_rect(fill = "transparent",
color = "transparent"),
panel.border = element_rect(color = "transparent"),
strip.background = element_rect(color = "gray20"),
axis.text = element_blank(),
plot.margin = margin(0, 0, 0, 0)
) +
labs(x = NULL, y = NULL)
## calculate worldwide average
world_avg <-
df_ratios %>%
summarize(avg = mean(student_ratio, na.rm = TRUE)) %>%
pull(avg)
## coordinates for arrows
arrows <-
tibble(
x1 = c(6, 3.65, 1.8, 1.8, 1.8),
x2 = c(5.6, 4, 2.18, 2.76, 0.9),
y1 = c(world_avg + 6, 10.5, 9, 9, 77),
y2 = c(world_avg + 0.1, 18.4, 14.16, 12, 83.42)
)
## final plot
## set seed to fix position of jittered points
set.seed(2019)
## final plot
df_ratios %>%
mutate(region = fct_reorder(region, -student_ratio_region)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = region, y = student_ratio, color = region)) +
geom_segment(
aes(x = region, xend = region,
y = world_avg, yend = student_ratio_region),
size = 0.8
) +
geom_hline(aes(yintercept = world_avg), color = "gray70", size = 0.6) +
stat_summary(fun = mean, geom = "point", size = 5) +
geom_jitter(size = 2, alpha = 0.25, width = 0.2) +
coord_flip() +
annotate(
"text", x = 6.3, y = 35, family = "Poppins",
size = 2.7, color = "gray20",
label = glue::glue("Worldwide average:\n{round(world_avg, 1)} students per teacher")
) +
annotate(
"text", x = 3.5, y = 10, family = "Poppins",
size = 2.7, color = "gray20",
label = "Continental average"
) +
annotate(
"text", x = 1.7, y = 11, family = "Poppins",
size = 2.7, color = "gray20",
label = "Countries per continent"
) +
annotate(
"text", x = 1.9, y = 64, family = "Poppins",
size = 2.7, color = "gray20",
label = "The Central African Republic has by far\nthe most students per teacher"
) +
geom_curve(
data = arrows, aes(x = x1, xend = x2,
y = y1, yend = y2),
arrow = arrow(length = unit(0.08, "inch")), size = 0.5,
color = "gray20", curvature = -0.3#
) +
annotation_custom(
ggplotGrob(map_regions),
xmin = 2.5, xmax = 7.5, ymin = 52, ymax = 82
) +
scale_y_continuous(
limits = c(1, NA), expand = c(0.02, 0.02),
breaks = c(1, seq(20, 80, by = 20))
) +
scale_color_uchicago() +
labs(
x = NULL, y = "Student to teacher ratio",
caption = 'Data: UNESCO Institute for Statistics'
) +
theme_light(base_size = 18, base_family = "Poppins") +
theme(
legend.position = "none",
axis.title = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.x = element_text(family = "Roboto Mono", size = 10),
plot.caption = element_text(size = 9, color = "gray50"),
panel.grid = element_blank()
)
📝 Post Scriptum: Mean versus Median
One thing I want to highlight is that the final plot does not contain the same information as the original box plot. While I have visualized the mean values of each country and across the globe, the box of a Box-and-Whisker plot represents the 25th, 50th, 75th percentile of the data (also known as first, second and third quartile):
In a Box-and-Whisker plot the box visualizes the upper and lower quartiles, so the box spans the interquartile range (IQR) containing 50 percent of the data, and the median is marked by a vertical line inside the box.
The 2nd quartile is known as the median, i.e. 50% of the data points fall below this value and the other 50% are higher than this value. My decision to estimate the mean value was based on the fact that my aim was a visualization that is easily understandable to a large (non-scientific) audience that are used to mean (“average”) values but not to median estimates. However, in case of skewed data, the mean value of a data set is also biased towards higher or lower values. Let’s compare both a plot based on the mean and the median:
As one can see, the differences between continents stay roughly the same but the worldwide median is lower than the worldwide average (19.6 students per teacher versus 23.5). The plot with medians highlights that the median student-teacher ratio of Asia and Oceania are similar to the worldwide median. This plot now resembles much more the basic box plot we used in the beginning but may be harder to interpret for some compared to the one visualizing average ratios.
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__label__pos
| 0.992502 |
Questions tagged [state-trie]
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25 questions with no upvoted or accepted answers
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4
votes
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97 views
How to generate a state root
I am trying to implement a Simplified World State Trie based on Merkle Patricia Tree. Take the following image for example there are four accounts address value a711355 ...
4
votes
0answers
322 views
What is the current size of the Ethereum State?
What is the current size of Ethereum's state in bytes? I am not asking about the size of the blockchain with blocks headers, transactions and receipts. I am looking for the size of all the structure ...
2
votes
0answers
15 views
Question on initial sync and Freezer (SSD and HDD)
I've kicked off a fresh fast sync of Geth v1.9.2 and after 3 weeks it's still pulling states (state trie). As per the documentation you can use the Freezer with a HDD as it references old data so ...
2
votes
0answers
37 views
when syncing state trie of an Ethereum node, why not start from a recent block to reduce syncing time
as explained in this issue: https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/issues/16218#issuecomment-371454280 when we are syncing an eth node, firstly it downloads the blocks, then the states, the first ...
2
votes
1answer
49 views
mining requires access to the entire blockchain?
I am reading the white paper and confused by two sentences bellow: In the Section of Mining Centralization: ... miners are required to fetch random data from the state, compute some randomly ...
2
votes
0answers
118 views
Succinct contract state/storage root of a smart contract
In the yellow paper, it is mentioned(at section 4.1) that storageRoot: A 256-bit hash of the root node of a Merkle Patricia tree that encodes the storage contents of the account (a mapping between ...
2
votes
0answers
115 views
How get public address from State Root leaf node (code inside)?
In article "Understanding the ethereum trie"is written that: For the state trie, the keys are ethereum addresses. So i obtain State Trie and in that trie I got Merkle Leaf node: ['9:', ' LEAF ...
2
votes
0answers
78 views
What is an empty account if the state root is not empty?
"State-bloat" attacks led to an empty account being defined as an account that has zero balance, nonce and code. There was a disagreement on EIP 161: I disagree. An account should be considered ...
1
vote
0answers
37 views
Geth Dump Has Been Running For A Week
For my project I want to dump the full state data of all Eth wallets/balances. I have a fully synced Geth node with all state data (over 2TB). I started a block dump geth dump 7300000 --datadir "/...
1
vote
0answers
21 views
Would full but not archive node delete old trie node from LVLDB?
Full not archive node would store the nearest 128 block's state in their lvldb. How could they delete old trie state in lvldb? I found they use dereference function in WriteBlockWithState function to ...
1
vote
1answer
134 views
Merkle proof for Smart Contract mapping field data
I'm trying to get merkle proof for Ethereum Smart Contract mapping field data. I created test smart contract and deployed to test network. Smart Contract Code like following code: contract ...
1
vote
0answers
68 views
Custom Merkle Patricia Tree
One of the requirements of building our company's DApp is to maintain a separate, custom Merkle Patricia Tree that contain's data from our company's platform only. The Tree needs all CRUD operations ...
1
vote
0answers
308 views
Is it possible to download the Ethereum state trie and state database on their own?
I want to download a more or less recent version of the Ethereum state trie and state database, i.e. some version from within the last 1000 or so blocks. I know that I could set up a full node and let ...
1
vote
0answers
32 views
How to check last block in which storage variable was modified?
I am looking for method to quick chceck in which block variable was modified last. Assuming I have geth database synced in archive mode, that means I have all previous world states tries and accounts ...
1
vote
0answers
18 views
Why do we need to keep state trie? Only for the computation speed?
I'm studying solidity these days and came up with this silly question. Is there any other reason why every node is maintaining state trie?
1
vote
1answer
78 views
How many non-empty accounts are there?
I am researching into the statistics of Ethereum and I an looking for a datum of how many non-zero balance account currently exist in Ethereum? I know that in total 30M of accounts were created but ...
1
vote
0answers
54 views
Is it possible to download a existing smart contract state from a blockchain and deploying it in a different blockchain?
Suppose I have independent 2 ethereum blockchain on private net N1 and N2. A smart contract S exists on the blockchain N1. Consider that the smart contract S is self-complete and doesn't depend on any ...
1
vote
0answers
65 views
Get root data of smart contract
I am deploying a Smart contract with set of fields. Updating some fields using events.Till here is fine. Now here i need to fetch the root data(data while deploying the contract) Please suggest. ...
1
vote
0answers
19 views
Why an attacker needs ~2^128 computing power to spoof membership of a key/value pair in a trie?
Ethereum Wiki: Every unique set of key/value pairs maps uniquely to a root hash, and it is not possible to spoof membership of a key/value pair in a trie (unless an attacker has ~2^128 ...
1
vote
1answer
90 views
What does State Trie save when pushing into array?
I'm interested/worried about the size of the State Trie over time Lets suppose I have a contract with two vars: uint myNumber; uint[] myArray; As far as I understand, If I change the value of "...
0
votes
0answers
57 views
Service to show number of state entries for syncing?
When syncing a node it would be helpful to know (an estimate of) the number of state entries in the current state to assess how long it takes to finish syncing a node. Is there a website, service or ...
0
votes
0answers
24 views
Ethereum Trie dependence on mutation order
Given a set of non-overlapping key/value tuples, for all possible orderings of it, may constructing the trie by putting each tuple in the order yield different root hashes in the end?
0
votes
0answers
8 views
Why all stateObjects are merged to the state trie in *StateDB.Finalise function?
In *StateDB.Finalise function, why stateObjectsDirty flags of stateObjects are not reset after merging to the state trie? This leads to handling all stateObjects including some stateObjects not ...
0
votes
1answer
124 views
Accessing older blocks from Geth: Returned error: missing trie node 94d34
When my Nodejs script uses web3 to query a geth node running in a private Ethereum network for an older block, I encounter the error UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error: Returned error: missing ...
0
votes
1answer
196 views
Geth syncing - Jan 18, how much time should wait before I call it quits. (First time miner)
After 3 days; current status: > eth.syncing { currentBlock: 4829460, highestBlock: 4829665, knownStates: 19675738, pulledStates: 19646971, startingBlock: 4828906 } Getting ti
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If f(x) is a polynomial of degree 7, and g(x) is a polynomial of degree 7, then what is the product of the minimum and the maximum possible degrees of f(x) + g(x)?
Jun 29, 2019
#1
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If f(x) is a polynomial of degree 7, and g(x) is a polynomial of degree 7, then what is the product of the minimum and the maximum possible degrees of f(x) + g(x)?
if f(x) = - g(x) then f(x)+g(x)=0 degree zero.
Most times though the f(x)+g(x) would have degree 7
7*0=0
Jun 29, 2019
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Marco Marco - 1 year ago 241
SQL Question
Laravel hasManyThrough whereBetween dates
I have models for which I get count of views through users. I have set up those models like this:
public function views()
{
return $this->hasManyThrough('App\View', 'App\User');
}
In my controller I am sending json data to charts, for each of those model's objects like this:
public function barCharts(Request $request){
$modelName = 'App\\'.$request['option'];
$model = new $modelName;
foreach($model->all() as $val){
$modelViews[$val->name] = $val->views->count();
}
return json_encode($modelViews);
}
So for example, my Chain model has 3 chains in DB, and through this function I get number of views for each chain.
That is working all fine, but now I need to get that data, for the time interval which I will get from
$from = $request['from']; $to = $request['to'];
So, basically, what I would need is something like this:
$modelViews[$val->name] = $val->views->whereBetween('created_at', [$from, $to])->count();
I am wondering if there is any elegant solution to it and how to go about this or I will have to use some sql query.
Updated code
I had to also add a table to whereBetween clause since it was giving me an error:
SQLSTATE[23000]: Integrity constraint violation: 1052 Column
'created_at' in where clause is ambiguous
So,this is how it worked in the end for me:
foreach($model->all() as $val){
$modelViews[$val->name] = $val->views()->whereBetween('views.created_at', [$from.' 00:00:00', $to.' 00:00:00'])->count();
}
Answer Source
You just have a small typo (or misconception) in your code. You are missing the () after $val->views:
$modelViews[$val->name] = $val->views()->whereBetween('created_at', [$from, $to])->count();
When you are calling ->views Laravel already fetches the data from the database. When you are calling ->views() you get a query object which you can modify further.
You will also have to make sure that your dates are formatted something like this: YYYY-mm-dd HH:mm:ss so they match the created_at column.
|
__label__pos
| 0.816951 |
"FixedStep" Method for NDSolve
Introduction
It is often useful to carry out a numerical integration using fixed step sizes.
For example, certain methods such as "DoubleStep" and "Extrapolation" carry out a sequence of fixed-step integrations before combining the solutions to obtain a more accurate method with an error estimate that allows adaptive step sizes to be taken.
The method "FixedStep" allows any one-step integration method to be invoked using fixed step sizes.
This loads a package with some example problems and a package with some utility functions.
In[1]:=
Click for copyable input
Examples
Define an example problem.
In[3]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[3]=
This integrates a differential system using the method "ExplicitEuler" with a fixed step size of .
In[4]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[4]=
Actually the "ExplicitEuler" method has no adaptive step size control. Therefore, the integration is already carried out using fixed step sizes so the specification of "FixedStep" is unnecessary.
In[5]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[6]=
Here are the step sizes taken by the method "ExplicitRungeKutta" for this problem.
In[7]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[8]=
This specifies that fixed step sizes should be used for the method "ExplicitRungeKutta".
In[9]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[10]=
The option MaxStepFraction provides an absolute bound on the step size that depends on the integration interval.
Since the default value of MaxStepFraction is the step size in this example is bounded by one-tenth of the integration interval, which leads to using a constant step size of .
In[11]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[13]=
By setting the value of MaxStepFraction to a different value, the dependence of the step size on the integration interval can be relaxed or removed entirely.
In[14]:=
Click for copyable input
Out[15]=
Option Summary
option name
default value
MethodNonespecify the method to use with fixed step sizes
Option of the method "FixedStep".
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__label__pos
| 0.974974 |
gpqCiNormCensored: Generalized Pivotal Quantity for Confidence Interval for the...
Description Usage Arguments Details Value Author(s) References See Also Examples
Description
Generate a generalized pivotal quantity (GPQ) for a confidence interval for the mean of a Normal distribution based on singly or multiply censored data.
Usage
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3
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5
gpqCiNormSinglyCensored(n, n.cen, probs, nmc, method = "mle",
censoring.side = "left", seed = NULL, names = TRUE)
gpqCiNormMultiplyCensored(n, cen.index, probs, nmc, method = "mle",
censoring.side = "left", seed = NULL, names = TRUE)
Arguments
n
positive integer ≥ 3 indicating the sample size.
n.cen
for the case of singly censored data, a positive integer indicating the number of censored observations. The value of n.cen must be between 1 and n-2, inclusive.
cen.index
for the case of multiply censored data, a sorted vector of unique integers indicating the indices of the censored observations when the observations are “ordered”. The length of cen.index must be between 1 and n-2, inclusive, and the values of cen.index must be between 1 and n.
probs
numeric vector of values between 0 and 1 indicating the confidence level(s) associated with the GPQ(s).
nmc
positive integer ≥ 10 indicating the number of Monte Carlo trials to run in order to compute the GPQ(s).
method
character string indicating the method to use for parameter estimation.
For singly censored data, possible values are "mle" (the default), "bcmle", "qq.reg", "qq.reg.w.cen.level", "impute.w.qq.reg",
"impute.w.qq.reg.w.cen.level", "impute.w.mle",
"iterative.impute.w.qq.reg", "m.est", and "half.cen.level". See the help file for enormCensored for details.
For multiply censored data, possible values are "mle" (the default), "qq.reg", "impute.w.qq.reg", and "half.cen.level". See the help file for enormCensored for details.
censoring.side
character string indicating on which side the censoring occurs. The possible values are "left" (the default) and "right".
seed
positive integer to pass to the function set.seed. This argument is ignored if seed=NULL (the default). Using the seed argument lets you reproduce the exact same result if all other arguments stay the same.
names
a logical scalar passed to quantile indicating whether to add a names attribute to the resulting GPQ(s). The default value is names=TRUE.
Details
The functions gpqCiNormSinglyCensored and gpqCiNormMultiplyCensored are called by
enormCensored when ci.method="gpq". They are used to construct generalized pivotal quantities to create confidence intervals for the mean μ of an assumed normal distribution.
This idea was introduced by Schmee et al. (1985) in the context of Type II singly censored data. The function gpqCiNormSinglyCensored generates GPQs using a modification of Algorithm 12.1 of Krishnamoorthy and Mathew (2009, p. 329). Algorithm 12.1 is used to generate GPQs for a tolerance interval. The modified algorithm for generating GPQs for confidence intervals for the mean μ is as follows:
1. Generate a random sample of n observations from a standard normal (i.e., N(0,1)) distribution and let z_{(1)}, z_{(2)}, …, z_{(n)} denote the ordered (sorted) observations.
2. Set the smallest n.cen observations as censored.
3. Compute the estimates of μ and σ by calling enormCensored using the method specified by the method argument, and denote these estimates as \hat{μ}^*, \; \hat{σ}^*.
4. Compute the t-like pivotal quantity \hat{t} = \hat{μ}^*/\hat{σ}^*.
5. Repeat steps 1-4 nmc times to produce an empirical distribution of the t-like pivotal quantity.
A two-sided (1-α)100\% confidence interval for μ is then computed as:
[\hat{μ} - \hat{t}_{1-(α/2)} \hat{σ}, \; \hat{μ} - \hat{t}_{α/2} \hat{σ}]
where \hat{t}_p denotes the p'th empirical quantile of the nmc generated \hat{t} values.
Schmee at al. (1985) derived this method in the context of Type II singly censored data (for which these limits are exact within Monte Carlo error), but state that according to Regal (1982) this method produces confidence intervals that are close apporximations to the correct limits for Type I censored data.
The function gpqCiNormMultiplyCensored is an extension of this idea to multiply censored data. The algorithm is the same as for singly censored data, except Step 2 changes to:
2. Set observations as censored for elements of the argument cen.index that have the value TRUE.
The functions gpqCiNormSinglyCensored and gpqCiNormMultiplyCensored are computationally intensive and provided to the user to allow you to create your own tables.
Value
a numeric vector containing the GPQ(s).
Author(s)
Steven P. Millard ([email protected])
References
Krishnamoorthy K., and T. Mathew. (2009). Statistical Tolerance Regions: Theory, Applications, and Computation. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken.
Regal, R. (1982). Applying Order Statistic Censored Normal Confidence Intervals to Time Censored Data. Unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Department of Mathematical Sciences.
Schmee, J., D.Gladstein, and W. Nelson. (1985). Confidence Limits for Parameters of a Normal Distribution from Singly Censored Samples, Using Maximum Likelihood. Technometrics 27(2) 119–128.
See Also
enormCensored, estimateCensored.object.
Examples
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# Reproduce the entries for n=10 observations with n.cen=6 in Table 4
# of Schmee et al. (1985, p.122).
#
# Notes:
# 1. This table applies to right-censored data, and the
# quantity "r" in this table refers to the number of
# uncensored observations.
#
# 2. Passing a value for the argument "seed" simply allows
# you to reproduce this example.
# NOTE: Here to save computing time for the sake of example, we will specify
# just 100 Monte Carlos, whereas Krishnamoorthy and Mathew (2009)
# suggest *10,000* Monte Carlos.
# Here are the values given in Schmee et al. (1985):
Schmee.values <- c(-3.59, -2.60, -1.73, -0.24, 0.43, 0.58, 0.73)
probs <- c(0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 0.95, 0.975)
names(Schmee.values) <- paste(probs * 100, "%", sep = "")
Schmee.values
# 2.5% 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% 97.5%
#-3.59 -2.60 -1.73 -0.24 0.43 0.58 0.73
gpqs <- gpqCiNormSinglyCensored(n = 10, n.cen = 6, probs = probs,
nmc = 100, censoring.side = "right", seed = 529)
round(gpqs, 2)
# 2.5% 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% 97.5%
#-2.46 -2.03 -1.38 -0.14 0.54 0.65 0.84
# This is what you get if you specify nmc = 1000 with the
# same value for seed:
#-----------------------------------------------
# 2.5% 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% 97.5%
#-3.50 -2.49 -1.67 -0.25 0.41 0.57 0.71
# Clean up
#---------
rm(Schmee.values, probs, gpqs)
#==========
# Example of using gpqCiNormMultiplyCensored
#-------------------------------------------
# Consider the following set of multiply left-censored data:
dat <- 12:16
censored <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)
# Since the data are "ordered" we can identify the indices of the
# censored observations in the ordered data as follow:
cen.index <- (1:length(dat))[censored]
cen.index
#[1] 1 3
# Now we can generate a GPQ using gpqCiNormMultiplyCensored.
# Here we'll generate a GPQs to use to create a
# 95% confidence interval for left-censored data.
# NOTE: Here to save computing time for the sake of example, we will specify
# just 100 Monte Carlos, whereas Krishnamoorthy and Mathew (2009)
# suggest *10,000* Monte Carlos.
gpqCiNormMultiplyCensored(n = 5, cen.index = cen.index,
probs = c(0.025, 0.975), nmc = 100, seed = 237)
# 2.5% 97.5%
#-1.315592 1.848513
#----------
# Clean up
#---------
rm(dat, censored, cen.index)
EnvStats documentation built on Oct. 10, 2017, 1:05 a.m.
|
__label__pos
| 0.90424 |
The evolution of automation shouldn’t be shown as stairs…
Everyone shares the slide “the evolution of computing.” Normally it starts out in the 60’s with mainframes, then moves to the PC and finally cloud. Some now include the next step that of IoT. I wonder about that genesis. In fact I wonder if the entire history of computing shouldn’t be thrown out, at least those slides and presented differently.
Innovators look at new ways to solve problems. Faster, smaller and easier are the modalities they apply. As I wonder about the evolution of computing. World War II and the need to quickly calculate a number of things was a huge driver for computing, but people were thinking about computational machines long before the world erupted into conflict. Babbage thought of one many years ago, and even before him there was the abacus a simple computing product. So perhaps instead we should change the argument to one of automation not computing.
The evolution of things – not the things of Dr. Seuss but all the things we use and consume in our daily lives. The first connected travel mugs allow you to check your phone to see the temperature of your drink. (kidding). The evolution of things takes a number of interesting turns. When we consider automation as the driver we begin to see a concept emerge. Computing, an extension of the desire to automate and provide structure. We see far back in the past where humans were able to count to 10 (hence after all our use of base 10, 10 fingers, 10 toes). Initial calculations done by simply counting. At some point that wasn’t good enough and someone made the first innovation. Something that represented 10 that you could hold or point at. Perhaps it was a mountain. Once you hit ten you pointed at the tallest mountain on the horizon, starting over at 11. The point being the initial automation was the grouping of things into larger grouping. We need to count beyond 10.
From there the process was automated in a number of ways. We produced coins and currency to represent equality. Corn = 1 hay penny (not real just a point). Money or goods equivalency became the way we traded. This produced a need for the abacus and other calculation machines. We were beyond the ability to keep track of numbers on our fingers.
The complexity of numbers created a pressure for automation. The pressure for automation struggled to produce something that made it easier to keep track. Over time things continued to evolve to the point where we began using machines. Initially devices like the abacus, then ledgers, calculators and computers. There is something beyond the computers of today, Quantum computing, but that lies just beyond the easily functional realm today. They are coming just not to your local accountant yet.
Everyone always shows that slide as a neat stair step. Look what we did made it easy to follow the path of evolution. But it wasn’t if we take the view of automation as the goal then the path took more than 5000 years. It was a neat stair step. Stairs are designed to make it easier to go up or down. They are equidistant so you don’t trip and fall. The evolutionary steps for automation would be one long step for 4000 years, and then over the course of the next 500 years a gradual rise resulting in a series of small steps and then over the past 40 years some huge steps. You wouldn’t want to be working out by running up and down these stairs.
Not stairs but fireworks. Flashes of brilliance followed by and preceded by darkness. Nothing there that takes us or shows us anything. But then an explosion. The abacus begat many other devices. The calculator begat the computer. The computer begat well that we don’t know yet but it is probably a combination of computing 2.0 (Quantum computing) and the Internet of Things (IoT, or including management and integration and call it Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). Each of them a brilliant firework that lasts for a time. The abacus may have been the longest firework on record (burning for more than a 1000 years). So, those stairs are gone.
The evolution of automation is more a fireworks display.
.doc
Automation dreamer
|
__label__pos
| 0.920168 |
Enigmatic Code
Programming Enigma Puzzles
Enigma 304: Enigmatic dates
From New Scientist #1452, 18th April 1985 [link]
In this puzzle dates are written in the form 17/3/08 or 9/12/72 but then the /s are deleted and the digits consistently replaced by letters, different letters represent different digits.
I was born on ENIGMA. So how old was I on EMPTY? I was __ years old (and AGE days to be precise). By the end of 1999 I shall be ON in years.
What’s the POINT?
[enigma304]
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3 responses to “Enigma 304: Enigmatic dates
1. Jim Randell 21 August 2015 at 8:44 am
Initially I thought there were two solutions to this problem, but then I remembered that it was originally set in 1985.
This Python code runs in 35ms.
from datetime import date
from itertools import permutations
from enigma import irange, printf
digits = set('0123456789')
# ENIGMA is a six-figure date,
# EN is a 2-figure day
for EN in irange(10, 31):
(E, N) = str(EN)
if E == N: continue
# IG is a 2-figure month
for IG in (10, 12):
(I, G) = str(IG)
ds1 = digits.difference((E, N, I, G))
if len(ds1) != 6: continue
# MA is a 2-figure year
for (M, A) in permutations(ds1, 2):
ds2 = ds1.difference((M, A))
# ON is the age at the end of 1999
s = str(99 - int(M + A))
if not(len(s) == 2 and s[1] == N): continue
O = s[0]
ds3 = ds2.difference((O,))
if len(ds3) != 3: continue
# P, T, Y are the remaining letters
for (P, T, Y) in permutations(ds3):
y = 1900 + int(T + Y)
if y > 1985: continue
for (d, m) in ((E + M, P), (E, M + P)):
try:
EMPTY = date(y, int(m), int(d))
except ValueError:
continue
bday = date(y, IG, EN)
if bday > EMPTY: bday = date(y - 1, IG, EN)
if (EMPTY - bday).days == int(A + G + E):
printf("POINT={P}{O}{I}{N}{T} [ENIGMA={E}{N}/{I}{G}/{M}{A} ON={O}{N} EMPTY={EMPTY} AGE={A}{G}{E}]")
Solution: POINT = 85167.
Your birth date represented by ENIGMA is 26/10/1943, and the date represented by EMPTY is 24/8/1979, on which date your age is 35 years, 302 days, and 302 corresponding to AGE. At the end of 1999 you will be 56 years old, represented by ON.
If the puzzle had been set after 24/8/1997 then that date could be represented by EMPTY, and your age then would have been 53 years, 302 days. In this case POINT would be 85169.
Line 33 of the program ignores solutions where EMPTY is after 1985.
2. Brian Gladman 22 August 2015 at 5:24 pm
from itertools import permutations, product
from datetime import date, timedelta
digits = set('0123456789')
# publication year
now = 1985
# compose the first date (ENIGMA), noting that the
# day, month and year all have two digits
for dy, mn in product(range(10, 32), range(10, 13)):
enig = str(dy) + str(mn)
if len(set(enig)) != 4:
continue
for yr in range(10, now % 100):
enigma = enig + str(yr)
r1 = digits.difference(enigma)
# there must now be four digits left
if len(r1) != 4:
continue
E, N, I, G, M, A = enigma
age = int(A + G + E)
# find the year (which must be TY from EMPTY)
for T, Y in permutations(digits.difference(enigma), 2):
y = int(T + Y)
# add AGE days to this date to form EMPTY
d2 = date(1900 + y, mn, dy) + timedelta(days = age)
# the day and the month for EMPTY must have 3 digits
# for which E and M must match those in ENIGMA
_E, _M, *p = str(d2.day) + str(d2.month)
if not (_E == E and _M == M and len(p) == 1):
continue
P = p[0]
# now find the unused digit for O
O, *r = r1.difference([P, T, Y])
# check that O and N give the correct age at the end of 1999
if not r and yr + int(O + N) == 99:
d1 = date(1900 + yr, mn, dy)
fs = 'POINT = {} (ENIGMA {:%d/%m/%Y}, EMPTY {:%d/%m/%Y}, AGE {})'
print(fs.format(''.join((P, O, I, N, T)), d1, d2, age))
3. Brian Gladman 22 August 2015 at 10:16 pm
Jim has kindly pointed out that the above version is flawed. In fact I mistakenly published the wrong version of my code – here is the correct version:
from itertools import permutations, product
from datetime import date, timedelta
digits = set('0123456789')
# publication year
now = 1985
# compose the first date (ENIGMA), noting that the
# day, month and year all have two digits
for dy, mn in product(range(10, 32), range(10, 13)):
enig = str(dy) + str(mn)
if len(set(enig)) != 4:
continue
for yr in range(10, now % 100):
enigma = enig + str(yr)
r1 = digits.difference(enigma)
# there must now be four digits left
if len(r1) != 4:
continue
E, N, I, G, M, A = enigma
age = int(A + G + E)
# find the year (which must be TY from EMPTY)
for y in range(yr, now % 100):
# add AGE days to this date to form EMPTY
d2 = date(1900 + y, mn, dy) + timedelta(days = age)
# the day and the month for EMPTY must have 3 digits
# for which E and M must match those in ENIGMA
_E, _M, *p = str(d2.day) + str(d2.month) +str(d2.year % 100)
if not (_E == E and _M == M and len(p) == 3):
continue
P, T, Y = p
# now find the unused digit for O
O, *r = r1.difference([P, T, Y])
# check that O and N give the correct age at the end of 1999
if not r and yr + int(O + N) == 99:
d1 = date(1900 + yr, mn, dy)
fs = 'POINT = {} (ENIGMA {:%d/%m/%Y}, EMPTY {:%d/%m/%Y}, AGE {})'
print(fs.format(''.join((P, O, I, N, T)), d1, d2, age))
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|
__label__pos
| 0.976592 |
How to Draw Slices Dynamically and Label it using Canvas plugin?
Index
Attached Files
The following files have been attached to this tutorial:
.capx
Stats
1,404 visits, 2,136 views
Translations
This tutorial hasn't been translated.
Tools
I recently had to implement a similar type of dynamic graphic in canvas for a project I’m working on, so I thought I’d turn it into a tutorial on how to make a dynamic wheel and insert labels.
In this example, we will make a wheel with 6 slices and insert labels to it. I shall be using draw html5 canvas on construct 2 using canvas plugin. (you can later modify it and take to any level and any number of slices)
Demo Here
STEP 1
Bring canvas on your layout and give it behavior rotation, set speed = 100.
STEP 2
Write following Global variables, RADIUS, cx,cy to define the parameters of wheel with cx, cy being the center of the arc.
The html5 function being translated is “ctx.arc(x,y,radius,startAngle,endAngle, clockwise);”
This will be outer circle of radius 5 px more with black stroke of width 20. The output will be as in fig. 1.
Next, we draw inner circle with following parameters.
The output will be as in fig. 2.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.601157 |
对NSManagedObject属性值进行NSNull处理
我为我的NSManagedObject属性设置值,这些值来自NSDictionary正确序列化从JSON文件。 我的问题是,当某些值是[NSNull null] ,我不能直接分配给属性:
fight.winnerID = [dict objectForKey:@"winner"];
这将抛出一个NSInvalidArgumentException
"winnerID"; desired type = NSString; given type = NSNull; value = <null>;
我可以很容易地检查[NSNull null]的值,并分配nil
fight.winnerID = [dict objectForKey:@"winner"] == [NSNull null] ? nil : [dict objectForKey:@"winner"];
但是我认为这不是很高雅,而且有很多属性需要设置。
而且,当处理NSNumber属性时,这变得更加困难:
fight.round = [NSNumber numberWithUnsignedInteger:[[dict valueForKey:@"round"] unsignedIntegerValue]]
NSInvalidArgumentException现在是:
[NSNull unsignedIntegerValue]: unrecognized selector sent to instance
在这种情况下,我必须先处理[dict valueForKey:@"round"]然后再创build它的NSUInteger值。 而一线解决scheme不见了。
我尝试了一个@try @catch块,但只要第一个值被捕获,它就会跳转整个@try块,并忽略下一个属性。
有没有更好的方法来处理[NSNull null]或者使这完全不同,但更容易?
5 Solutions collect form web for “对NSManagedObject属性值进行NSNull处理”
如果你用macros包装它可能会更容易一些:
#define NULL_TO_NIL(obj) ({ __typeof__ (obj) __obj = (obj); __obj == [NSNull null] ? nil : obj; })
那么你可以写一些类似的东西
fight.winnerID = NULL_TO_NIL([dict objectForKey:@"winner"]);
或者,你可以预先处理你的字典,并用nilreplace所有的NSNull ,甚至试图将其填充到pipe理对象中。
好吧,我今天早上刚刚醒来,有一个很好的解决scheme。 那这个呢:
序列化JSON使用选项来接收可变数组和字典:
NSMutableDictionary *rootDict = [NSJSONSerialization JSONObjectWithData:_receivedData options:NSJSONReadingMutableContainers error:&error]; ...
从leafDict获取一组具有[NSNull null]值的键:
NSSet *nullSet = [leafDict keysOfEntriesWithOptions:NSEnumerationConcurrent passingTest:^BOOL(id key, id obj, BOOL *stop) { return [obj isEqual:[NSNull null]] ? YES : NO; }];
从你的Mutable leafDict中删除过滤的属性:
[leafDict removeObjectsForKeys:[nullSet allObjects]];
现在当你打电话给fight.winnerID = [dict objectForKey:@"winner"];<null>或者[NSNull null]相比,winnerID会自动变为(null)nil
不是相对于此,但我也注意到,当parsingstring到NSNumberFormatter时使用NSNumberFormatter更好,我做的是从一个零string获取integerValue ,这给了我一个不希望的NSNumber 0 ,当我真的想要它为零。
之前:
// when [leafDict valueForKey:@"round"] == nil fight.round = [NSNumber numberWithInteger:[[leafDict valueForKey:@"round"] integerValue]] // Result: fight.round = 0
后:
__autoreleasing NSNumberFormatter* numberFormatter = [[NSNumberFormatter alloc] init]; fight.round = [numberFormatter numberFromString:[leafDict valueForKey:@"round"]]; // Result: fight.round = nil
我写了几个类别的方法来从JSON生成的字典或数组中去除null之前使用:
@implementation NSMutableArray (StripNulls) - (void)stripNullValues { for (int i = [self count] - 1; i >= 0; i--) { id value = [self objectAtIndex:i]; if (value == [NSNull null]) { [self removeObjectAtIndex:i]; } else if ([value isKindOfClass:[NSArray class]] || [value isKindOfClass:[NSDictionary class]]) { if (![value respondsToSelector:@selector(setObject:forKey:)] && ![value respondsToSelector:@selector(addObject:)]) { value = [value mutableCopy]; [self replaceObjectAtIndex:i withObject:value]; } [value stripNullValues]; } } } @end @implementation NSMutableDictionary (StripNulls) - (void)stripNullValues { for (NSString *key in [self allKeys]) { id value = [self objectForKey:key]; if (value == [NSNull null]) { [self removeObjectForKey:key]; } else if ([value isKindOfClass:[NSArray class]] || [value isKindOfClass:[NSDictionary class]]) { if (![value respondsToSelector:@selector(setObject:forKey:)] && ![value respondsToSelector:@selector(addObject:)]) { value = [value mutableCopy]; [self setObject:value forKey:key]; } [value stripNullValues]; } } } @end
如果标准JSONparsing库默认具有这种行为,那将是非常好的 – 忽略null对象比将它们包含为NSNull几乎总是可取的。
另一种方法是
-[NSObject setValuesForKeysWithDictionary:]
在这种情况下,你可以做
[fight setValuesForKeysWithDictionary:dict];
在头文件NSKeyValueCoding.h中,它定义了“值为NSNull的字典条目导致-setValue:nil forKey:key消息被发送到接收者。
唯一的缺点是你将不得不把字典中的任何键变成接收器中的键。 即
dict[@"winnerID"] = dict[@"winner"]; [dict removeObjectForKey:@"winner"];
我被卡住了同样的问题,发现这个post,做了一个稍微不同的方式。只使用类别 –
为“NSDictionary”创build一个新的分类文件并添加这一个方法 –
@implementation NSDictionary (SuperExtras) - (id)objectForKey_NoNSNULL:(id)aKey { id result = [self objectForKey:aKey]; if(result==[NSNull null]) { return nil; } return result; } @end
稍后在代码中使用它,对于可以在其中具有NSNULL的属性,只需以这种方式使用它 –
newUser.email = [loopdict objectForKey_NoNSNULL:@"email"];
而已
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Here are a few ways of listing all the tables that exist in a database together with the number of rows they contain. Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the DB2 COUNT() function to return the number of values in a set or the number of rows from a table. You may have noticed that in our query above, ROW_NUMBER() is followed by an empty OVER() function call. IBM DB2 provides a number of flexible and powerful functions that save the effort of manually iterating through data or performing other menial tasks when running queries. Post Reply. Nov 12 '05 #1. Number of tables by the number of rows in Db2 database. And what is the question here? – WarrenT Sep 15 '12 at 4:23 Thanks Comment. there is no 1 query that will do that. You can call SQLRowCount () against a table or against a view that is based on the table. Example 1: Set the integer host variable FEMALE to the number of females represented in the sample table DSN8A10.EMP. I have a complex "search" query. Db2 11 - ODBC - SQLRowCount () - Get row count SQLRowCount () - Get row count SQLRowCount () returns the number of rows in a table that were affected by an UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, or MERGE statement. Since we partitioned (grouped) our resulting data based on the language of the books, weâve effectively created six separate partitions within the dataset (one for each language). I am having 3 departments. ROW_NUMBER() is a function that generates a psuedo-column containing consecutive numbers starting from 1 and counting up for each row of returned results (hence the name of ROW_NUMBER()). The COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a set, including rows that contain NULL values. SQL Server @@ROWCOUNT is a system variable that is used to return the number of rows that are affected by the last executed statement in the batch. If you are looking for null in any column, add predicates like the one on col1 on alla columns ad follows: where col1 is null or col2 is null … or colx is null. The SYSIBM.SYSTABLES catalog table has this column. 3 Replies. What about the other columns? Here is the syntax of the ROW_NUMBER () function: ROW_NUMBER () OVER ([partition_clause] order_by_clause) I want to convert those column values in separate rows . function that generates a psuedo-column containing consecutive numbers starting from 1 and counting up for each row of returned results (hence the name of ROW_NUMBER The query below allows me to generate a row number for each row of a partition, resetting the row number back to the initial value of each partition. Count() and count(*) in DB2 . You can use SELECT COUNT(*) FROM in your DB2 query. How to use case in select query in db2. You can select from sysibm.systables which has a rowcount at last runstats. First, create a new table named count_demo that contains one integer column: Second, insert five rows into the count_demo table: Third, view the data from the count_demo table by using the following SELECT statement: Fourth, this statement uses the COUNT(*) function to return the number of rows from the count_demo table: Fifth, this statement uses the COUNT(DISTINCT expression) to get the number of non-null rows from the count_demo table: Sixth, this statement uses the COUNT(DISTINCT expression) to return distinct non-null values from the count_demo table: The number of distinct non-null values in the count_demo table is as follows: We’ll use the books table from the sample database to demonstrate the COUNT() function. The COUNT(DISTINCT expression) returns the number of distinct non-null values. In this tutorial weâll explore the ROW_NUMBER() OLAP function in particular to provide an overview of how this function can be utilized in day-to-day scenarios. Thus â ignoring the ROW_NUMBER() selection clause for now â the query is simply an OUTER JOIN of our books and languages table and displaying the languages.name and books.title of each book in the system, sorted in reverse alphabetical order by languages.name. To keep things tidy, weâll only return a few standard columns from our books table: We can see by the results that, as expected, our addition of the ROW_NUMBER() function is simply adding a consecutive number to our result rows (in this case, they match up with the id field as well). P: 1 Vijaya Surya Phani. If your table is huge enough, SELECT COUNT(*) may not be desirable. The following is the syntax of the COUNT () function: COUNT ( ALL | DISTINCT expression) The COUNT () function accepts a set of values which can be any built-in data type except for BLOB, CLOB, DBCLOB, and XML. You can use FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY with select query. * FROM mytable WHERE transaction_date = CURRENT_DATE; Good Luck, Kent It never returns NULL. Premium Content You need a subscription to comment. Immediately we can see some interesting behavior due to our PARTITION BY and ORDER BY sub-clauses in the ROW_NUMBER() function. ⢠Terms ⢠Privacy & Cookies, How to Find Duplicate Values in a SQL Table, SQL Server INFORMATION_SCHEMA Views | See if a Table Exists, Joining Disparate Data Sources in Layering, Learn about MySQL Table Level Permissions. Easily connect your databases and create powerful visualizations and interactive dashboards in minutes. The Database is connected via ODBC connection called an DB2ODBC, the Database name is DB2DB. Now to make use of ROW_NUMBER(), the simplest way to begin is to throw it in as another SELECT column. Using a standard SQL query editor ( like TOAD) , how can I count the total number of tables in a DB2 Database, and also return the count of rows in each table. But DB2 and Oracle differs slightly. And what is the question here? Start Free Trial. This group of functions are known as online analytical processing or OLAP functions. value_expression specifica la colonna in base alla quale viene partizionato il set di risultati.value_expression specifies the column by which the result set is partitioned. With this purpose in mind, now we can look at the results of this query: Note: For this example database, only a handful of books were actually assigned an appropriate language, in order to better illustrate the results. I would also highly recommend ensuring that an ORDER BY clause is used to ensure your data is … Se PARTITION BY … I am using cursors here. As weâll see in a moment when we examine the resulting data, these partitions are considered separate chunks of data to the ROW_NUMBER() function, which means the consecutive row number counter will in fact reset itself at the beginning of each chunk of partitioned data. Can I write like this in DB2? Please login to bookmark. The LIMIT clause allows you to limit the number of rows returned by the query. However, we can really start to glean the power of ROW_NUMBER() when we throw in the final clause into the mix, PARTITION BY. Thus, all books written in English are grouped up and ordered by title, then all the books in Spanish and so on. 233 views July 25, 2020. Just adding a consecutive number to each row can have its uses, but typically youâll require more of the functionality provided by ROW_NUMBER. But what did you mean when you say “null values in a table”? Now letâs examine what our ROW_NUMBER() select clause is accomplishing: By adding the PARTITION BY sub-clause, weâre telling DB2 that we want to partition (or group) our resulting data based on matches in the books.language_id field. The Db2 COUNT() function is an aggregate function that returns the number of values in a set or the number of rows in a table. To get the number of rows in a single table we usually use SELECT COUNT(*) or SELECT COUNT_BIG(*). @@ROWCOUNT is used frequently in the loops to prevent the infinite loops and … As an example of the power of this functionality, take a look at the following query: Thereâs a lot going on here, but the basic explanation is that we want to retrieve the written languages.name value associated with each book, so rather than seeing the languages.id number that represents it, we can instead see that War and Peace was published in Russian and so on. For example, we can specify within the OVER() call that we want to ORDER BY our title field, like so: The results, as one might expect, are simply the list of books in alphabetical order with consecutive row number values associated: Granted, this isnât very useful in and of itself, since weâre not making use of the ROW_NUMBER() counting and the same thing could be accomplished without with a standard ORDER BY clause. You can select from sysibm.systablespacestats wich should have a fairly accurate (30 mins delay) of the row count in each tablespace. Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to query data from one or more column of a table by using the Db2 SELECT statement.. Introduction to Db2 SELECT statement. some condition or all of the rows, depending up on the arguments you are using along with COUNT() function. If the number of values in a set exceeds the maximum value of the INT type, which is 2,147,483,647, you can use the COUNT_BIG() function instead. Summary: in this tutorial, you will learn how to use the SQL COUNT function to get the number of rows in a specified table.. Introduction to SQL COUNT function. It is inside these parentheses of OVER() that you can specify both PARTITION and ORDER BY clauses, allowing you to effectively group and/or order the resulting data before assigning it a consecutive number from the ROW_NUMBER() function. table_name - table name with schema name; rows - number of rows in table (cardinality) ; -1 if statistics are not collected. 0. Share this Question 19 Replies . P: n/a Knut Stolze. Since the parent query was told to ORDER BY languages.name in descending order, we begin with the first row of Don Quixote which was published in Spanish. For example : Column 1 Column2 Jan,Feb Hold,Sell,Buy Expected Result Column1 ... (3 Replies) Discussion started by: Perlbaby. Thanks: Back to top: Craq Giegerich Senior Member Joined: 19 May 2007 Posts: 1512 Location: Virginia, USA: Posted: Thu Oct 25, 2007 5:51 pm : vsrao_2k wrote: Hi All, Help need to write a Query. The ORDER BY sub-clause will, as expected, ensure that the ordering of each partitioned chunk is based on the books.title field. The row_count() function will assign a number to each row returned from the database, so if you wanted to return every row inserted today you could number them starting at 1 (or any other convenient number). It's quick & easy. DB2 ® limits the number ... To return only the rows of the employee table for those 20 employees, you can write a query as shown in the following example: SELECT LASTNAME, FIRSTNAME, EMPNO, SALARY FROM EMP ORDER BY SALARY DESC FETCH FIRST 20 ROWS ONLY; You can also use FETCH FIRST n ROWS ONLY within a subquery. Contain null values in separate rows as expected, ensure that the ordering of each chunk! Write like this in DB2 by ROW_NUMBER a comprehensive IBM DB2 tutorial with many practical examples and sessions! Like this in DB2 your question and get tips & solutions from a community of 461,205 it Pros Developers! Form of the row COUNT in each tablespace to handle multi values present in Columns that comma..., ensure that the ordering of each partitioned chunk is based on the table partizionato il di. Represented in the ROW_NUMBER ( ) against a view that is based on the books.title field have noticed in! To handle multi values present in Columns that are comma (, ) separated you are using is alla for. Select row_count ( ) function and struck to handle multi values present in Columns that are comma (, separated. ) and COUNT ( DISTINCT expression ) returns the number of rows IBM DB2 tutorial with many practical examples hands-on! … the SQL query you are using is alla right for finding any row for which col1 is set null. * or all of the COUNT ( * ) in action, take! Books.Title field functions are known as online analytical processing or OLAP functions delay ) the... Returns list of tables by the query will, as expected, ensure that the ordering of each chunk... & solutions from a community of 461,205 it Pros & Developers consecutive number to each can. Sql query you are using along with COUNT ( * ) in action, letâs a. Find the DB2 substitute for Oracle 's % rowcount return might not be.. Card desc Columns of INT type rows ONLY with select query statement to data... And languages ongoing transaction against the table, the value return might not be accurate your definition! Some interesting behavior due to our PARTITION by and ORDER by card desc Columns from mytable WHERE =! To help you understand the data principles you need a … I not. Ordered by title, then all the books in Spanish and so on ; Newest ; Oldest ; 0 uses. You may have noticed that in our LIBRARIAN schema: books and languages handle. Query you are using is alla right for finding any row for col1! List of tables in a database over ( ) is followed by an empty over ( ) function as. First form of the COUNT ( * ) from < table_name > in your DB2 query with comprehensive! From syscat.tables ORDER by sub-clause will, as expected, ensure that the ordering each. * or all of the most complex SQL statements in DB2 do that there is 1... All books written in English are grouped up and ordered by title, then all the books in and! Statement queries data from a community of 461,205 it Pros & Developers a look some! Table definition, what your query is, whether there are appropriate indexes, etc the database name DB2DB... From sysibm.systablespacestats wich should have a fairly accurate ( 30 mins delay ) of the COUNT ( ). Can see some interesting behavior due to the power of PARTITION by … SQL! Can have its uses, but typically youâll require more of the COUNT ( ) over ). Of tables by the number of rows in a database with their of... 1 query that will do that variable FEMALE to the power of PARTITION by and by. The LIMIT clause allows you to LIMIT the number of rows in a table ” by title, then the. Condition or all of the COUNT ( * ) returns the number rows. Query that will do that here are a few ways of row count in db2 query all the tables exist! Of ROW_NUMBER ( ) function is connected via ODBC connection called an DB2ODBC, the way... To our PARTITION by and ORDER by sub-clauses in the get diagnostics statement the database name is DB2DB …... Empty over ( ) function is as follows: can I write like this in?. In your DB2 query using the select statement queries data from one or more in. The LIMIT clause allows you to LIMIT the number of DISTINCT non-null values consecutive number to row... Accurate ( 30 mins delay ) of the functionality provided by ROW_NUMBER a group on... Pros & Developers Columns that are comma (, ) separated the books in Spanish so. Result set is partitioned I want to convert those column values in separate rows empty over )... Is partitioned se PARTITION by the first row the simplest way to begin to... With select query as table_name, card as rows, stats_time from ORDER... A view that is based on the arguments you are using along COUNT... Di risultati.value_expression specifies the column by which the result set is partitioned know more about your is. Risultati.Value_Expression specifies the column by which the result set is partitioned mins delay ) the. Processing or OLAP functions DISTINCT or some row count in db2 query along with COUNT to COUNT the number of rows in a.! That will do that have a fairly accurate ( 30 mins delay ) the. 2010 0 Comments Share Tweet Share the get diagnostics statement if your table is huge enough, select (. A few ways of listing all the tables that exist in a database with their number of represented... * ) in DB2 are known as online analytical processing or OLAP functions in base alla quale viene il. Answers Active ; Voted ; Newest ; Oldest ; 0 FEMALE to power. 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For finding any row for which col1 is set to null IBM DB2 tutorial with practical... Table DSN8A10.EMP analytical processing or OLAP functions, letâs take a look at some tables in query! Diagnostics statement LIMIT clause allows you to LIMIT the number of rows contain! Query data from one or more tables in a table ” get tips & solutions a. The books.title field 15, 2010 0 Comments Share Tweet Share ) of the functionality provided by ROW_NUMBER have! Those column values in a database together with the number of rows w.r.t use of ROW_NUMBER ( ) function rowcount... Or more tables in a database with their number of rows they contain that null! Table_Name, card as rows, depending up on the arguments you are using is alla for. A table ” DB2 tutorial with many practical examples and hands-on sessions may! Tables that exist in a table or against a table ”, select (! Indexes, etc by ROW_NUMBER functionality provided by ROW_NUMBER integer host variable FEMALE to the power of PARTITION by ORDER. Statement queries data from one or more tables in our query above ROW_NUMBER., letâs take a look at some tables in our query above, ROW_NUMBER ( function... 'S % rowcount returned by the query that contain null values, stats_time from ORDER! At some tables in a database with their number of rows just adding a number... Limit clause allows you to LIMIT the number of rows in a set, including rows that null! It is also available from the row_count diagnostics item in the sample table DSN8A10.EMP set di risultati.value_expression specifies column. > in your DB2 query of INT type ) may not be.! Behavior is due to our PARTITION by … the SQL query you are using along with (! Or all of the most complex SQL statements in DB2 table is huge enough, select COUNT ( ) is. Quale viene partizionato il set di risultati.value_expression specifies the column by which the result set partitioned. Table ” table, the simplest way to begin is to throw it in as another select column expected ensure! Tool and struck to handle multi values present in Columns that are comma,! List of tables by the number of rows they contain if your table definition, your!, mytable … the SQL query you are using is alla right for finding any row for which is... On using the select statement queries data from a single table some condition or all of the COUNT ( expression... Kent there is ongoing transaction against the table in each tablespace require of... Also available from the row_count diagnostics item in the sample table DSN8A10.EMP which has a rowcount last! Including rows that contain null values in a set, including rows that contain null values in table... For finding any row for which col1 is set to null LIMIT the number of DISTINCT values! ) in DB2 title, then all the tables that exist in a table ” number to row. All books written in English are grouped up and ordered by title, then all the that... Against the table ordered by title, then all the books in Spanish and so on the ROW_NUMBER ( against!
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What is 472 divided by 548 using long division?
Confused by long division? By the end of this article you'll be able to divide 472 by 548 using long division and be able to apply the same technique to any other long division problem you have! Let's take a look.
Want to quickly learn or show students how to solve 472 divided by 548 using long division? Play this very quick and fun video now!
Okay so the first thing we need to do is clarify the terms so that you know what each part of the division is:
• The first number, 472, is called the dividend.
• The second number, 548 is called the divisor.
What we'll do here is break down each step of the long division process for 472 divided by 548 and explain each of them so you understand exactly what is going on.
472 divided by 548 step-by-step guide
Step 1
The first step is to set up our division problem with the divisor on the left side and the dividend on the right side, like we have it below:
548472
Step 2
We can work out that the divisor (548) goes into the first digit of the dividend (4), 0 time(s). Now we know that, we can put 0 at the top:
0
548472
Step 3
If we multiply the divisor by the result in the previous step (548 x 0 = 0), we can now add that answer below the dividend:
0
548472
0
Step 4
Next, we will subtract the result from the previous step from the second digit of the dividend (4 - 0 = 4) and write that answer below:
0
548472
-0
4
Step 5
Move the second digit of the dividend (7) down like so:
0
548472
-0
47
Step 6
The divisor (548) goes into the bottom number (47), 0 time(s), so we can put 0 on top:
00
548472
-0
47
Step 7
If we multiply the divisor by the result in the previous step (548 x 0 = 0), we can now add that answer below the dividend:
00
548472
-0
47
0
Step 8
Next, we will subtract the result from the previous step from the third digit of the dividend (47 - 0 = 47) and write that answer below:
00
548472
-0
47
-0
47
Step 9
Move the third digit of the dividend (2) down like so:
00
548472
-0
47
-0
472
Step 10
The divisor (548) goes into the bottom number (472), 0 time(s), so we can put 0 on top:
000
548472
-0
47
-0
472
Step 11
If we multiply the divisor by the result in the previous step (548 x 0 = 0), we can now add that answer below the dividend:
000
548472
-0
47
-0
472
0
Step 12
Next, we will subtract the result from the previous step from the fourth digit of the dividend (472 - 0 = 472) and write that answer below:
000
548472
-0
47
-0
472
-0
472
So, what is the answer to 472 divided by 548?
If you made it this far into the tutorial, well done! There are no more digits to move down from the dividend, which means we have completed the long division problem.
Your answer is the top number, and any remainder will be the bottom number. So, for 472 divided by 548, the final solution is:
0
Remainder 472
Cite, Link, or Reference This Page
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• "What is 472 Divided by 548 Using Long Division?". VisualFractions.com. Accessed on May 12, 2021. https://visualfractions.com/calculator/long-division/what-is-472-divided-by-548-using-long-division/.
• "What is 472 Divided by 548 Using Long Division?". VisualFractions.com, https://visualfractions.com/calculator/long-division/what-is-472-divided-by-548-using-long-division/. Accessed 12 May, 2021.
• What is 472 Divided by 548 Using Long Division?. VisualFractions.com. Retrieved from https://visualfractions.com/calculator/long-division/what-is-472-divided-by-548-using-long-division/.
Extra calculations for you
Now you've learned the long division approach to 472 divided by 548, here are a few other ways you might do the calculation:
• Using a calculator, if you typed in 472 divided by 548, you'd get 0.8613.
• You could also express 472/548 as a mixed fraction: 0 472/548
• If you look at the mixed fraction 0 472/548, you'll see that the numerator is the same as the remainder (472), the denominator is our original divisor (548), and the whole number is our final answer (0).
Long Division Calculator
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What is 472 divided by 549 using long division?
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toskp10
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Posts: 13
Reply with quote #1
I'm having a problem with Arvonian Carriers and fighters. The Carriers don't always launch their fighters when they get close to the target they are pursuing (but they do attack with beams). Sometimes they launch fighters, the target warps away, fighters return to carrier, but when the target returns they don't re-launch. Is there anything in the mission script that needs to be configured to make sure a Carrier always launches fighters? Some AI command or parameter for fighters? I'm using Version 2.4 with the mission GM Sandbox 5a by Arrew that I'm slightly tweaking for my own needs.
Arrew
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Reply with quote #2
Did you try the Launch fighters/ Fighter BINGO AI command?
I don't actually remember if it's in the sandbox script, it's been a long time [wink] .
toskp10
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Posts: 13
Reply with quote #3
I checked and there was some code for a "Launch Fighters" command, but it was commented out. I un-commented it and also changed the add_ai property from FIGHTER_BINGO to LAUNCH_FIGHERS, and that seemed to work.
Thanks for your help!
Mike Substelny
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Reply with quote #4
I'm not sure why, but carriers don't seem to get the Launch_fighters AI block by default. You need to add that. On the plus side, this forces you to customize the fighters to suit your scenario. I've always thought the stock AI stack didn't give the fighters enough range.
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"The Admiralty had demanded six ships; the economists offered four; and we finally compromised on eight."
- Winston Churchill
toskp10
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Posts: 13
Reply with quote #5
With some more testing, it seems there are still more than a few bugs. The ships do launch their fighters, but they seem to go straight ahead for a few seconds, rather than locking on the player. By the time they turn around and have caught up, they head back to the carrier. And using the control to set the LAUNCH_FIGHTERS ai doesn't cause them to relaunch. Is there a fuel parameter that needs to be set? Can the duration they fly be modified in the vesselData.xml file?
Here is the relevant section of code:
<event name_arme="Launch Fighters" id_arme="7baaffcc-7a9f-4126-b895-34b1eb952ab3" parent_id_arme="d522f4b1-226a-4141-8dfd-8f6f8ef3453b">
<if_gm_button text="Hostiles/AI/Launch Fighters" />
<!---->
<clear_ai use_gm_selection="" />
<add_ai type="CHASE_PLAYER" value1="100000" value2="100000" use_gm_selection="" />
<add_ai type="LAUNCH_FIGHTERS" value1="50000" use_gm_selection="" />
</event>
Mike Substelny
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Reply with quote #6
The LAUNCH_FIGHTERS statement applies to the carrier, not the fighters. I'm not sure if the documentation is up-to-date.
That LAUNCH_FIGHTERS should cause the carrier to launch fighters if a player ship is within range 50,000. But fighters cannot see that far, so they will just fly straight ahead until they are bingo fuel.
After the fighters are launched you could add a CHASE_PLAYER block to each fighter individually. That would mean a lot of clicking by the GM but it should work. Your command could clear the fighter's AI stack so that it won't go bingo fuel, then have the fighter chase players and attack players. Later the GM could click another command to each fighter to add BINGO_FUEL to the brain stack.
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"The Admiralty had demanded six ships; the economists offered four; and we finally compromised on eight."
- Winston Churchill
Xavier Wise
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Posts: 954
Reply with quote #7
What about reducing the range that fighters are launched to 10,000, or even less. Then it would simulate an arvonian holding back until your close and launching at the last minute to overwhelm. It may also solve the chase player problem if what mike s says is correct.
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toskp10
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Posts: 13
Reply with quote #8
The carriers are behaving the way I want them to now (I think). The carrier creation code is below. Is there anyway to include a random number in the name? I would prefer to have something like "Carrier_83" and "Carrier_37", instead of all carriers having the same name "Arvonian Carrier". Is there a problem with multiple ships having the name from the game side?
Is it possible to control things like fighter fuel and fighter "vision" (how far they can see)? I would like to tinker with vesselData.xml, but I can't find anything that explains the different parameters. Are they documented anywhere?
<event name_arme="Arvonian Big" id_arme="41213e4e-ddf8-4e6d-b140-1aadf41d62ac" parent_id_arme="d522f4b1-226a-4141-8dfd-8f6f8ef3453b">
<if_gm_button text="Hostiles/Arvonian/Big" />
<set_variable name="GMRandomA" randomIntLow="1" randomIntHigh="100" />
<create type="enemy" use_gm_position="" hullID="3002" fleetnumber="3" name="Arvonian Carrier" />
<clear_ai name="Arvonian Carrier" />
<add_ai type="CHASE_PLAYER" value1="100000" value2="100000" name="Arvonian Carrier" />
<add_ai type="LAUNCH_FIGHTERS" value1="10000" name="Arvonian Carrier" />
</event>
Mike Substelny
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Reply with quote #9
There is a way to do that; just include a counting variable and write more code.
That is:
If GM button is clicked
If carrier_counter=0
Create "Arvonian Carrier 21"
Set AI for Arvonian Carrier 21
Let carrier_counter=1
If GM button is clicked
If carrier_counter=1
Create "Arvonian Carrier 36"
Set AI for Arvonian Carrier 36
Let carrier_counter=2
If GM button is clicked
If carrier_counter=0
Create "Arvonian Carrier 14"
Set AI for Arvonian Carrier 14
Let carrier_counter=3
If GM button is clicked
If carrier_counter=1
Create "Arvonian Carrier 77"
Set AI for Arvonian Carrier 77
Let carrier_counter=4
If GM button is clicked
If carrier_counter=0
Create "Arvonian Carrier 27"
Set AI for Arvonian Carrier 27
Let carrier_counter=5
If GM button is clicked
If carrier_counter=1
Create "Arvonian Carrier 04"
Set AI for Arvonian Carrier 04
Let carrier_counter=6
If GM button is clicked
If carrier_counter=0
Create "Arvonian Carrier 81"
Set AI for Arvonian Carrier 81
Let carrier_counter=7
If GM button is clicked
If carrier_counter=1
Create "Arvonian Carrier 56"
Set AI for Arvonian Carrier 56
Let carrier_counter=8
This lets you create 8 different carriers with one button. Because the names are known to you, this has the added bonus that you could give each carrier its own personality (captain type, ship characteristics, taunt immunity, elite abilities, AI stack, ship scan_text, even custom comms messages).
With a little more code you could recreate any of these ships more than once. That is, after you have created the 8th carrier cycle back to carrier_counter=0, but within each create block make sure that carrier does not already exist. If it does exist cycle to the next carrier. That way you can always have up to 8 distinctive carriers present on the map. Of course 8 is arbitrary; there is no limit to the number of times you can do this.
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Setting up & Transferring data on someone elses iTunes
Discussion in 'iPhone' started by LFSimon, Sep 20, 2012.
1. LFSimon macrumors regular
LFSimon
Joined:
Jun 13, 2010
Location:
Illinois
#1
Ordered a new phone for my daughter to replace her old 3GS. She doesn't have a computer that runs iTunes right now and I'm sure she hasn't been backing up her iPhone at all.
Can I put her old phone on my iTunes on my PC and back it up then use the data to restore to her new phone? Will the backup and restore process cause problems considering the iTunes on my PC is set up for my phone and iPad so the music and apps synced to it are not registered to her apple address?
Alternative is to use an old computer I have around here and change the iTunes setting on that to her apple ID and then do the backup and restore on it.
Any other suggestions on the best way to transfer all her info and data, including contacts and past text messages, to her new phone?
2. charlieegan3 macrumors 68020
charlieegan3
Joined:
Feb 16, 2012
Location:
U.K
#2
Are both this itunes libraries under the same apple ID? If they are i think you might be able to do this.
3. LFSimon thread starter macrumors regular
LFSimon
Joined:
Jun 13, 2010
Location:
Illinois
#3
No - My daughter has her own apple id on her 3GS that she will be upgrading. The iTunes I use for my phone and iPad on my PC is under my apple ID.
If this is a problem I'll change the iTunes I still have installed on an old slow PC to her Apple ID even if that means deleting it and re-installing (I don't know if I can otherwise change it). Then I'll do the transfer of her phone on the old slow PC, but it will take a lot less time on my computer so I'd rather do that if it won't mess everything up.
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__label__pos
| 0.553617 |
Beispiel #1
0
func New(sid int, filename string) raft {
var raftinstance raft
raftinstance.serverobj = cluster.New(sid, filename)
raftinstance.term = 0
raftinstance.sid = sid
raftinstance.timeout = random(300, 600)
raftinstance.state = FOLLOWER
noofserverup += 1
go raftinstance.serverresponse()
return raftinstance
}
Beispiel #2
0
//Basic test to check whether messages are being sent or not.
func TestBasicPointToPoint(t *testing.T) {
j := 100
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
s[i] = cluster.New(j, "configurationfile.json")
j++
time.Sleep(time.Millisecond)
}
s[0].Outbox() <- &cluster.Envelope{Pid: 101, Msg: "hello there"} // sending envelope to a channel
if (<-s[1].Inbox()).Msg != "hello there" {
t.Fail()
}
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.998484 |
QUIC Working GroupJ. Iyengar, Editor
Internet-DraftI. Swett, Editor
Intended status: Standards TrackGoogle
Expires: December 15, 2017June 13, 2017
QUIC Loss Detection and Congestion Control
Abstract
This document describes loss detection and congestion control mechanisms for QUIC.
Note to Readers
Discussion of this draft takes place on the QUIC working group mailing list ([email protected]), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/search/?email_list=quic.
Working Group information can be found at https://github.com/quicwg; source code and issues list for this draft can be found at https://github.com/quicwg/base-drafts/labels/recovery.
Status of this Memo
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as “work in progress”.
This Internet-Draft will expire on December 15, 2017.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.
1. Introduction
QUIC is a new multiplexed and secure transport atop UDP. QUIC builds on decades of transport and security experience, and implements mechanisms that make it attractive as a modern general-purpose transport. The QUIC protocol is described in [QUIC-TRANSPORT].
QUIC implements the spirit of known TCP loss recovery mechanisms, described in RFCs, various Internet-drafts, and also those prevalent in the Linux TCP implementation. This document describes QUIC congestion control and loss recovery, and where applicable, attributes the TCP equivalent in RFCs, Internet-drafts, academic papers, and/or TCP implementations.
1.1. Notational Conventions
The words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “SHOULD”, and “MAY” are used in this document. It’s not shouting; when they are capitalized, they have the special meaning defined in [RFC2119].
2. Design of the QUIC Transmission Machinery
All transmissions in QUIC are sent with a packet-level header, which includes a packet sequence number (referred to below as a packet number). These packet numbers never repeat in the lifetime of a connection, and are monotonically increasing, which makes duplicate detection trivial. This fundamental design decision obviates the need for disambiguating between transmissions and retransmissions and eliminates significant complexity from QUIC’s interpretation of TCP loss detection mechanisms.
Every packet may contain several frames. We outline the frames that are important to the loss detection and congestion control machinery below.
2.1. Relevant Differences Between QUIC and TCP
Readers familiar with TCP’s loss detection and congestion control will find algorithms here that parallel well-known TCP ones. Protocol differences between QUIC and TCP however contribute to algorithmic differences. We briefly describe these protocol differences below.
2.1.1. Monotonically Increasing Packet Numbers
TCP conflates transmission sequence number at the sender with delivery sequence number at the receiver, which results in retransmissions of the same data carrying the same sequence number, and consequently to problems caused by “retransmission ambiguity”. QUIC separates the two: QUIC uses a packet sequence number (referred to as the “packet number”) for transmissions, and any data that is to be delivered to the receiving application(s) is sent in one or more streams, with stream offsets encoded within STREAM frames inside of packets that determine delivery order.
QUIC’s packet number is strictly increasing, and directly encodes transmission order. A higher QUIC packet number signifies that the packet was sent later, and a lower QUIC packet number signifies that the packet was sent earlier. When a packet containing frames is deemed lost, QUIC rebundles necessary frames in a new packet with a new packet number, removing ambiguity about which packet is acknowledged when an ACK is received. Consequently, more accurate RTT measurements can be made, spurious retransmissions are trivially detected, and mechanisms such as Fast Retransmit can be applied universally, based only on packet number.
This design point significantly simplifies loss detection mechanisms for QUIC. Most TCP mechanisms implicitly attempt to infer transmission ordering based on TCP sequence numbers - a non-trivial task, especially when TCP timestamps are not available.
2.1.2. No Reneging
QUIC ACKs contain information that is equivalent to TCP SACK, but QUIC does not allow any acked packet to be reneged, greatly simplifying implementations on both sides and reducing memory pressure on the sender.
2.1.3. More ACK Ranges
QUIC supports up to 256 ACK ranges, opposed to TCP’s 3 SACK ranges. In high loss environments, this speeds recovery.
2.1.4. Explicit Correction For Delayed Acks
QUIC ACKs explicitly encode the delay incurred at the receiver between when a packet is received and when the corresponding ACK is sent. This allows the receiver of the ACK to adjust for receiver delays, specifically the delayed ack timer, when estimating the path RTT. This mechanism also allows a receiver to measure and report the delay from when a packet was received by the OS kernel, which is useful in receivers which may incur delays such as context-switch latency before a userspace QUIC receiver processes a received packet.
3. Loss Detection
3.1. Overview
QUIC uses a combination of ack information and alarms to detect lost packets. An unacknowledged QUIC packet is marked as lost in one of the following ways:
• A packet is marked as lost if at least one packet that was sent a threshold number of packets (kReorderingThreshold) after it has been acknowledged. This indicates that the unacknowledged packet is either lost or reordered beyond the specified threshold. This mechanism combines both TCP’s FastRetransmit and FACK mechanisms.
• If a packet is near the tail, where fewer than kReorderingThreshold packets are sent after it, the sender cannot expect to detect loss based on the previous mechanism. In this case, a sender uses both ack information and an alarm to detect loss. Specifically, when the last sent packet is acknowledged, the sender waits a short period of time to allow for reordering and then marks any unacknowledged packets as lost. This mechanism is based on the Linux implementation of TCP Early Retransmit.
• If a packet is sent at the tail, there are no packets sent after it, and the sender cannot use ack information to detect its loss. The sender therefore relies on an alarm to detect such tail losses. This mechanism is based on TCP’s Tail Loss Probe.
• If all else fails, a Retransmission Timeout (RTO) alarm is always set when any retransmittable packet is outstanding. When this alarm fires, all unacknowledged packets are marked as lost.
• Instead of a packet threshold to tolerate reordering, a QUIC sender may use a time threshold. This allows for senders to be tolerant of short periods of significant reordering. In this mechanism, a QUIC sender marks a packet as lost when a packet larger than it is acknowledged and a threshold amount of time has passed since the packet was sent.
• Handshake packets, which contain STREAM frames for stream 0, are critical to QUIC transport and crypto negotiation, so a separate alarm period is used for them.
3.2. Algorithm Details
3.2.1. Constants of interest
Constants used in loss recovery are based on a combination of RFCs, papers, and common practice. Some may need to be changed or negotiated in order to better suit a variety of environments.
kMaxTLPs (default 2):
Maximum number of tail loss probes before an RTO fires.
kReorderingThreshold (default 3):
Maximum reordering in packet number space before FACK style loss detection considers a packet lost.
kTimeReorderingFraction (default 1/8):
Maximum reordering in time space before time based loss detection considers a packet lost. In fraction of an RTT.
kMinTLPTimeout (default 10ms):
Minimum time in the future a tail loss probe alarm may be set for.
kMinRTOTimeout (default 200ms):
Minimum time in the future an RTO alarm may be set for.
kDelayedAckTimeout (default 25ms):
The length of the peer’s delayed ack timer.
kDefaultInitialRtt (default 100ms):
The default RTT used before an RTT sample is taken.
3.2.2. Variables of interest
Variables required to implement the congestion control mechanisms are described in this section.
loss_detection_alarm:
Multi-modal alarm used for loss detection.
handshake_count:
The number of times the handshake packets have been retransmitted without receiving an ack.
tlp_count:
The number of times a tail loss probe has been sent without receiving an ack.
rto_count:
The number of times an rto has been sent without receiving an ack.
largest_sent_before_rto:
The last packet number sent prior to the first retransmission timeout.
time_of_last_sent_packet:
The time the most recent packet was sent.
latest_rtt:
The most recent RTT measurement made when receiving an ack for a previously unacked packet.
smoothed_rtt:
The smoothed RTT of the connection, computed as described in [RFC6298]
rttvar:
The RTT variance, computed as described in [RFC6298]
reordering_threshold:
The largest delta between the largest acked retransmittable packet and a packet containing retransmittable frames before it’s declared lost.
time_reordering_fraction:
The reordering window as a fraction of max(smoothed_rtt, latest_rtt).
loss_time:
The time at which the next packet will be considered lost based on early transmit or exceeding the reordering window in time.
sent_packets:
An association of packet numbers to information about them, including a number field indicating the packet number, a time field indicating the time a packet was sent, and a bytes field indicating the packet’s size. sent_packets is ordered by packet number, and packets remain in sent_packets until acknowledged or lost.
3.2.3. Initialization
At the beginning of the connection, initialize the loss detection variables as follows:
loss_detection_alarm.reset()
handshake_count = 0
tlp_count = 0
rto_count = 0
if (UsingTimeLossDetection())
reordering_threshold = infinite
time_reordering_fraction = kTimeReorderingFraction
else:
reordering_threshold = kReorderingThreshold
time_reordering_fraction = infinite
loss_time = 0
smoothed_rtt = 0
rttvar = 0
largest_sent_before_rto = 0
time_of_last_sent_packet = 0
3.2.4. On Sending a Packet
After any packet is sent, be it a new transmission or a rebundled transmission, the following OnPacketSent function is called. The parameters to OnPacketSent are as follows:
• packet_number: The packet number of the sent packet.
• is_retransmittable: A boolean that indicates whether the packet contains at least one frame requiring reliable deliver. The retransmittability of various QUIC frames is described in [QUIC-TRANSPORT]. If false, it is still acceptable for an ack to be received for this packet. However, a caller MUST NOT set is_retransmittable to true if an ack is not expected.
• sent_bytes: The number of bytes sent in the packet.
Pseudocode for OnPacketSent follows:
OnPacketSent(packet_number, is_retransmittable, sent_bytes):
time_of_last_sent_packet = now;
sent_packets[packet_number].packet_number = packet_number
sent_packets[packet_number].time = now
if is_retransmittable:
sent_packets[packet_number].bytes = sent_bytes
SetLossDetectionAlarm()
3.2.5. On Ack Receipt
When an ack is received, it may acknowledge 0 or more packets.
Pseudocode for OnAckReceived and UpdateRtt follow:
OnAckReceived(ack):
// If the largest acked is newly acked, update the RTT.
if (sent_packets[ack.largest_acked]):
latest_rtt = now - sent_packets[ack.largest_acked].time
if (latest_rtt > ack.ack_delay):
latest_rtt -= ack.delay
UpdateRtt(latest_rtt)
// Find all newly acked packets.
for acked_packet in DetermineNewlyAckedPackets():
OnPacketAcked(acked_packet.packet_number)
DetectLostPackets(ack.largest_acked_packet)
SetLossDetectionAlarm()
UpdateRtt(latest_rtt):
// Based on {{RFC6298}}.
if (smoothed_rtt == 0):
smoothed_rtt = latest_rtt
rttvar = latest_rtt / 2
else:
rttvar = 3/4 * rttvar + 1/4 * (smoothed_rtt - latest_rtt)
smoothed_rtt = 7/8 * smoothed_rtt + 1/8 * latest_rtt
3.2.6. On Packet Acknowledgment
When a packet is acked for the first time, the following OnPacketAcked function is called. Note that a single ACK frame may newly acknowledge several packets. OnPacketAcked must be called once for each of these newly acked packets.
OnPacketAcked takes one parameter, acked_packet, which is the packet number of the newly acked packet, and returns a list of packet numbers that are detected as lost.
If this is the first acknowledgement following RTO, check if the smallest newly acknowledged packet is one sent by the RTO, and if so, inform congestion control of a verified RTO, similar to F-RTO [RFC5682]
Pseudocode for OnPacketAcked follows:
OnPacketAcked(acked_packet_number):
// If a packet sent prior to RTO was acked, then the RTO
// was spurious. Otherwise, inform congestion control.
if (rto_count > 0 &&
acked_packet_number > largest_sent_before_rto)
OnRetransmissionTimeoutVerified()
handshake_count = 0
tlp_count = 0
rto_count = 0
sent_packets.remove(acked_packet_number)
3.2.7. Setting the Loss Detection Alarm
QUIC loss detection uses a single alarm for all timer-based loss detection. The duration of the alarm is based on the alarm’s mode, which is set in the packet and timer events further below. The function SetLossDetectionAlarm defined below shows how the single timer is set based on the alarm mode.
3.2.7.1. Handshake Packets
The initial flight has no prior RTT sample. A client SHOULD remember the previous RTT it observed when resumption is attempted and use that for an initial RTT value. If no previous RTT is available, the initial RTT defaults to 200ms.
Endpoints MUST retransmit handshake frames if not acknowledged within a time limit. This time limit will start as the largest of twice the rtt value and MinTLPTimeout. Each consecutive handshake retransmission doubles the time limit, until an acknowledgement is received.
Handshake frames may be cancelled by handshake state transitions. In particular, all non-protected frames SHOULD be no longer be transmitted once packet protection is available.
When stateless rejects are in use, the connection is considered immediately closed once a reject is sent, so no timer is set to retransmit the reject.
Version negotiation packets are always stateless, and MUST be sent once per per handshake packet that uses an unsupported QUIC version, and MAY be sent in response to 0RTT packets.
3.2.7.2. Tail Loss Probe and Retransmission Timeout
Tail loss probes [LOSS-PROBE] and retransmission timeouts [RFC6298] are an alarm based mechanism to recover from cases when there are outstanding retransmittable packets, but an acknowledgement has not been received in a timely manner.
3.2.7.3. Early Retransmit
Early retransmit [RFC5827] is implemented with a 1/4 RTT timer. It is part of QUIC’s time based loss detection, but is always enabled, even when only packet reordering loss detection is enabled.
3.2.7.4. Pseudocode
Pseudocode for SetLossDetectionAlarm follows:
SetLossDetectionAlarm():
if (retransmittable packets are not outstanding):
loss_detection_alarm.cancel()
return
if (handshake packets are outstanding):
// Handshake retransmission alarm.
if (smoothed_rtt == 0):
alarm_duration = 2 * kDefaultInitialRtt
else:
alarm_duration = 2 * smoothed_rtt
alarm_duration = max(alarm_duration, kMinTLPTimeout)
alarm_duration = alarm_duration * (2 ^ handshake_count)
else if (loss_time != 0):
// Early retransmit timer or time loss detection.
alarm_duration = loss_time - now
else if (tlp_count < kMaxTLPs):
// Tail Loss Probe
if (retransmittable_packets_outstanding = 1):
alarm_duration = 1.5 * smoothed_rtt + kDelayedAckTimeout
else:
alarm_duration = kMinTLPTimeout
alarm_duration = max(alarm_duration, 2 * smoothed_rtt)
else:
// RTO alarm
alarm_duration = smoothed_rtt + 4 * rttvar
alarm_duration = max(alarm_duration, kMinRTOTimeout)
alarm_duration = alarm_duration * (2 ^ rto_count)
loss_detection_alarm.set(now + alarm_duration)
3.2.8. On Alarm Firing
QUIC uses one loss recovery alarm, which when set, can be in one of several modes. When the alarm fires, the mode determines the action to be performed.
Pseudocode for OnLossDetectionAlarm follows:
OnLossDetectionAlarm():
if (handshake packets are outstanding):
// Handshake retransmission alarm.
RetransmitAllHandshakePackets()
handshake_count++
else if (loss_time != 0):
// Early retransmit or Time Loss Detection
DetectLostPackets(largest_acked_packet)
else if (tlp_count < kMaxTLPs):
// Tail Loss Probe.
SendOnePacket()
tlp_count++
else:
// RTO.
if (rto_count == 0)
largest_sent_before_rto = largest_sent_packet
SendTwoPackets()
rto_count++
SetLossDetectionAlarm()
3.2.9. Detecting Lost Packets
Packets in QUIC are only considered lost once a larger packet number is acknowledged. DetectLostPackets is called every time an ack is received. If the loss detection alarm fires and the loss_time is set, the previous largest acked packet is supplied.
3.2.9.1. Handshake Packets
The receiver MUST ignore unprotected packets that ack protected packets. The receiver MUST trust protected acks for unprotected packets, however. Aside from this, loss detection for handshake packets when an ack is processed is identical to other packets.
3.2.9.2. Pseudocode
DetectLostPackets takes one parameter, acked, which is the largest acked packet.
Pseudocode for DetectLostPackets follows:
DetectLostPackets(largest_acked):
loss_time = 0
lost_packets = {}
delay_until_lost = infinite
if (time_reordering_fraction != infinite):
delay_until_lost =
(1 + time_reordering_fraction) * max(latest_rtt, smoothed_rtt)
else if (largest_acked.packet_number == largest_sent_packet):
// Early retransmit alarm.
delay_until_lost = 9/8 * max(latest_rtt, smoothed_rtt)
foreach (unacked < largest_acked.packet_number):
time_since_sent = now() - unacked.time_sent
packet_delta = largest_acked.packet_number - unacked.packet_number
if (time_since_sent > delay_until_lost):
lost_packets.insert(unacked)
else if (packet_delta > reordering_threshold)
lost_packets.insert(unacked)
else if (loss_time == 0 && delay_until_lost != infinite):
loss_time = now() + delay_until_lost - time_since_sent
// Inform the congestion controller of lost packets and
// lets it decide whether to retransmit immediately.
if (!lost_packets.empty())
OnPacketsLost(lost_packets)
foreach (packet in lost_packets)
sent_packets.remove(packet.packet_number)
3.3. Discussion
The majority of constants were derived from best common practices among widely deployed TCP implementations on the internet. Exceptions follow.
A shorter delayed ack time of 25ms was chosen because longer delayed acks can delay loss recovery and for the small number of connections where less than packet per 25ms is delivered, acking every packet is beneficial to congestion control and loss recovery.
The default initial RTT of 100ms was chosen because it is slightly higher than both the median and mean min_rtt typically observed on the public internet.
4. Congestion Control
QUIC’s congestion control is based on TCP NewReno[RFC6582] congestion control to determine the congestion window and pacing rate.
4.1. Slow Start
QUIC begins every connection in slow start and exits slow start upon loss. While in slow start, QUIC increases the congestion window by the number of acknowledged bytes when each ack is processed.
4.2. Recovery
Recovery is a period of time beginning with detection of a lost packet. It ends when all packets outstanding at the time recovery began have been acknowledged or lost. During recovery, the congestion window is not increased or decreased.
4.3. Constants of interest
Constants used in congestion control are based on a combination of RFCs, papers, and common practice. Some may need to be changed or negotiated in order to better suit a variety of environments.
kDefaultMss (default 1460 bytes):
The default max packet size used for calculating default and minimum congestion windows.
kInitialWindow (default 10 * kDefaultMss):
Default limit on the amount of outstanding data in bytes.
kMinimumWindow (default 2 * kDefaultMss):
Default minimum congestion window.
kLossReductionFactor (default 0.5):
Reduction in congestion window when a new loss event is detected.
4.4. Variables of interest
Variables required to implement the congestion control mechanisms are described in this section.
bytes_in_flight:
The sum of the size in bytes of all sent packets that contain at least one retransmittable frame, and have not been acked or declared lost.
congestion_window:
Maximum number of bytes in flight that may be sent.
end_of_recovery:
The packet number after which QUIC will no longer be in recovery.
ssthresh
Slow start threshold in bytes. When the congestion window is below ssthresh, it grows by the number of bytes acknowledged for each ack.
4.5. Initialization
At the beginning of the connection, initialize the loss detection variables as follows:
congestion_window = kInitialWindow
bytes_in_flight = 0
end_of_recovery = 0
ssthresh = infinite
4.6. On Packet Acknowledgement
Invoked at the same time loss detection’s OnPacketAcked is called and supplied with the acked_packet from sent_packets.
Pseudocode for OnPacketAcked follows:
OnPacketAcked(acked_packet):
if (acked_packet.packet_number < end_of_recovery):
return
if (congestion_window < ssthresh):
congestion_window += acket_packets.bytes
else:
congestion_window +=
acked_packets.bytes / congestion_window
4.7. On Packets Lost
Invoked by loss detection from DetectLostPackets when new packets are detected lost.
OnPacketsLost(lost_packets):
largest_lost_packet = lost_packets.last()
// Start a new recovery epoch if the lost packet is larger
// than the end of the previous recovery epoch.
if (end_of_recovery < largest_lost_packet.packet_number):
end_of_recovery = largest_sent_packet
congestion_window *= kLossReductionFactor
congestion_window = max(congestion_window, kMinimumWindow)
ssthresh = congestion_window
4.8. On Retransmission Timeout Verified
QUIC decreases the congestion window to the minimum value once the retransmission timeout has been confirmed to not be spurious when the first post-RTO acknowledgement is processed.
OnRetransmissionTimeoutVerified()
congestion_window = kMinimumWindow
4.9. Pacing Packets
QUIC sends a packet if there is available congestion window and sending the packet does not exceed the pacing rate.
TimeToSend returns infinite if the congestion controller is congestion window limited, a time in the past if the packet can be sent immediately, and a time in the future if sending is pacing limited.
TimeToSend(packet_size):
if (bytes_in_flight + packet_size > congestion_window)
return infinite
return time_of_last_sent_packet +
(packet_size * smoothed_rtt) / congestion_window
5. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions. Yet.
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[QUIC-TRANSPORT]
Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., “QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport”, Internet-Draft draft-ietf-quic-transport-latest (work in progress).
[RFC2119]
Bradner, S., “Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels”, BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
6.2. Informative References
[LOSS-PROBE]
Dukkipati, N., Cardwell, N., Cheng, Y., and M. Mathis, “Tail Loss Probe (TLP): An Algorithm for Fast Recovery of Tail Losses”, Internet-Draft draft-dukkipati-tcpm-tcp-loss-probe-01 (work in progress), February 2013.
[RFC5682]
Sarolahti, P., Kojo, M., Yamamoto, K., and M. Hata, “Forward RTO-Recovery (F-RTO): An Algorithm for Detecting Spurious Retransmission Timeouts with TCP”, RFC 5682, DOI 10.17487/RFC5682, September 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5682>.
[RFC5827]
Allman, M., Avrachenkov, K., Ayesta, U., Blanton, J., and P. Hurtig, “Early Retransmit for TCP and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)”, RFC 5827, DOI 10.17487/RFC5827, May 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5827>.
[RFC6298]
Paxson, V., Allman, M., Chu, J., and M. Sargent, “Computing TCP's Retransmission Timer”, RFC 6298, DOI 10.17487/RFC6298, June 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6298>.
[RFC6582]
Henderson, T., Floyd, S., Gurtov, A., and Y. Nishida, “The NewReno Modification to TCP's Fast Recovery Algorithm”, RFC 6582, DOI 10.17487/RFC6582, April 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6582>.
Appendix A. Acknowledgments
Appendix B. Change Log
B.1. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-02 📄 🔍
• Integrate F-RTO (#544, #409)
• Add congestion control (#545, #395)
• Require connection abort if a skipped packet was acknowledged (#415)
• Simplify RTO calculations (#142, #417)
B.2. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-01 📄 🔍
• Overview added to loss detection
• Changes initial default RTT to 100ms
• Added time-based loss detection and fixes early retransmit
• Clarified loss recovery for handshake packets
• Fixed references and made TCP references informative
B.3. Since draft-ietf-quic-recovery-00 📄 🔍
• Improved description of constants and ACK behavior
B.4. Since draft-iyengar-quic-loss-recovery-01 📄
• Adopted as base for draft-ietf-quic-recovery
• Updated authors/editors list
• Added table of contents
Authors' Addresses
Jana Iyengar (editor)
Google
EMail: [email protected]
Ian Swett (editor)
Google
EMail: [email protected]
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// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
//
// Copyright (C) 2018 BayLibre SAS
// Author: Bartosz Golaszewski <[email protected]>
//
// Battery charger driver for MAXIM 77650/77651 charger/power-supply.
#include <linux/i2c.h>
#include <linux/interrupt.h>
#include <linux/mfd/max77650.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/platform_device.h>
#include <linux/power_supply.h>
#include <linux/regmap.h>
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_ENABLED BIT(0)
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_DISABLED 0x00
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_EN_MASK BIT(0)
#define MAX77650_CHG_DETAILS_MASK GENMASK(7, 4)
#define MAX77650_CHG_DETAILS_BITS(_reg) \
(((_reg) & MAX77650_CHG_DETAILS_MASK) >> 4)
/* Charger is OFF. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_OFF 0x00
/* Charger is in prequalification mode. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_PREQ 0x01
/* Charger is in fast-charge constant current mode. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_ON_CURR 0x02
/* Charger is in JEITA modified fast-charge constant-current mode. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_ON_CURR_JEITA 0x03
/* Charger is in fast-charge constant-voltage mode. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_ON_VOLT 0x04
/* Charger is in JEITA modified fast-charge constant-voltage mode. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_ON_VOLT_JEITA 0x05
/* Charger is in top-off mode. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_ON_TOPOFF 0x06
/* Charger is in JEITA modified top-off mode. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_ON_TOPOFF_JEITA 0x07
/* Charger is done. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_DONE 0x08
/* Charger is JEITA modified done. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_DONE_JEITA 0x09
/* Charger is suspended due to a prequalification timer fault. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_SUSP_PREQ_TIM_FAULT 0x0a
/* Charger is suspended due to a fast-charge timer fault. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_SUSP_FAST_CHG_TIM_FAULT 0x0b
/* Charger is suspended due to a battery temperature fault. */
#define MAX77650_CHG_SUSP_BATT_TEMP_FAULT 0x0c
#define MAX77650_CHGIN_DETAILS_MASK GENMASK(3, 2)
#define MAX77650_CHGIN_DETAILS_BITS(_reg) \
(((_reg) & MAX77650_CHGIN_DETAILS_MASK) >> 2)
#define MAX77650_CHGIN_UNDERVOLTAGE_LOCKOUT 0x00
#define MAX77650_CHGIN_OVERVOLTAGE_LOCKOUT 0x01
#define MAX77650_CHGIN_OKAY 0x11
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_MASK BIT(1)
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_CHARGING(_reg) \
(((_reg) & MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_MASK) > 1)
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_VCHGIN_MIN_MASK 0xc0
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_VCHGIN_MIN_SHIFT(_val) ((_val) << 5)
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_ICHGIN_LIM_MASK 0x1c
#define MAX77650_CHARGER_ICHGIN_LIM_SHIFT(_val) ((_val) << 2)
struct max77650_charger_data {
struct regmap *map;
struct device *dev;
};
static enum power_supply_property max77650_charger_properties[] = {
POWER_SUPPLY_PROP_STATUS,
POWER_SUPPLY_PROP_ONLINE,
POWER_SUPPLY_PROP_CHARGE_TYPE
};
static const unsigned int max77650_charger_vchgin_min_table[] = {
4000000, 4100000, 4200000, 4300000, 4400000, 4500000, 4600000, 4700000
};
static const unsigned int max77650_charger_ichgin_lim_table[] = {
95000, 190000, 285000, 380000, 475000
};
static int max77650_charger_set_vchgin_min(struct max77650_charger_data *chg,
unsigned int val)
{
int i, rv;
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(max77650_charger_vchgin_min_table); i++) {
if (val == max77650_charger_vchgin_min_table[i]) {
rv = regmap_update_bits(chg->map,
MAX77650_REG_CNFG_CHG_B,
MAX77650_CHARGER_VCHGIN_MIN_MASK,
MAX77650_CHARGER_VCHGIN_MIN_SHIFT(i));
if (rv)
return rv;
return 0;
}
}
return -EINVAL;
}
static int max77650_charger_set_ichgin_lim(struct max77650_charger_data *chg,
unsigned int val)
{
int i, rv;
for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(max77650_charger_ichgin_lim_table); i++) {
if (val == max77650_charger_ichgin_lim_table[i]) {
rv = regmap_update_bits(chg->map,
MAX77650_REG_CNFG_CHG_B,
MAX77650_CHARGER_ICHGIN_LIM_MASK,
MAX77650_CHARGER_ICHGIN_LIM_SHIFT(i));
if (rv)
return rv;
return 0;
}
}
return -EINVAL;
}
static int max77650_charger_enable(struct max77650_charger_data *chg)
{
int rv;
rv = regmap_update_bits(chg->map,
MAX77650_REG_CNFG_CHG_B,
MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_EN_MASK,
MAX77650_CHARGER_ENABLED);
if (rv)
dev_err(chg->dev, "unable to enable the charger: %d\n", rv);
return rv;
}
static int max77650_charger_disable(struct max77650_charger_data *chg)
{
int rv;
rv = regmap_update_bits(chg->map,
MAX77650_REG_CNFG_CHG_B,
MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_EN_MASK,
MAX77650_CHARGER_DISABLED);
if (rv)
dev_err(chg->dev, "unable to disable the charger: %d\n", rv);
return rv;
}
static irqreturn_t max77650_charger_check_status(int irq, void *data)
{
struct max77650_charger_data *chg = data;
int rv, reg;
rv = regmap_read(chg->map, MAX77650_REG_STAT_CHG_B, ®);
if (rv) {
dev_err(chg->dev,
"unable to read the charger status: %d\n", rv);
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
switch (MAX77650_CHGIN_DETAILS_BITS(reg)) {
case MAX77650_CHGIN_UNDERVOLTAGE_LOCKOUT:
dev_err(chg->dev, "undervoltage lockout detected, disabling charger\n");
max77650_charger_disable(chg);
break;
case MAX77650_CHGIN_OVERVOLTAGE_LOCKOUT:
dev_err(chg->dev, "overvoltage lockout detected, disabling charger\n");
max77650_charger_disable(chg);
break;
case MAX77650_CHGIN_OKAY:
max77650_charger_enable(chg);
break;
default:
/* May be 0x10 - debouncing */
break;
}
return IRQ_HANDLED;
}
static int max77650_charger_get_property(struct power_supply *psy,
enum power_supply_property psp,
union power_supply_propval *val)
{
struct max77650_charger_data *chg = power_supply_get_drvdata(psy);
int rv, reg;
switch (psp) {
case POWER_SUPPLY_PROP_STATUS:
rv = regmap_read(chg->map, MAX77650_REG_STAT_CHG_B, ®);
if (rv)
return rv;
if (MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_CHARGING(reg)) {
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS_CHARGING;
break;
}
switch (MAX77650_CHG_DETAILS_BITS(reg)) {
case MAX77650_CHG_OFF:
case MAX77650_CHG_SUSP_PREQ_TIM_FAULT:
case MAX77650_CHG_SUSP_FAST_CHG_TIM_FAULT:
case MAX77650_CHG_SUSP_BATT_TEMP_FAULT:
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS_NOT_CHARGING;
break;
case MAX77650_CHG_PREQ:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_CURR:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_CURR_JEITA:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_VOLT:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_VOLT_JEITA:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_TOPOFF:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_TOPOFF_JEITA:
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS_CHARGING;
break;
case MAX77650_CHG_DONE:
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS_FULL;
break;
default:
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_STATUS_UNKNOWN;
}
break;
case POWER_SUPPLY_PROP_ONLINE:
rv = regmap_read(chg->map, MAX77650_REG_STAT_CHG_B, ®);
if (rv)
return rv;
val->intval = MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_CHARGING(reg);
break;
case POWER_SUPPLY_PROP_CHARGE_TYPE:
rv = regmap_read(chg->map, MAX77650_REG_STAT_CHG_B, ®);
if (rv)
return rv;
if (!MAX77650_CHARGER_CHG_CHARGING(reg)) {
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_TYPE_NONE;
break;
}
switch (MAX77650_CHG_DETAILS_BITS(reg)) {
case MAX77650_CHG_PREQ:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_CURR:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_CURR_JEITA:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_VOLT:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_VOLT_JEITA:
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_TYPE_FAST;
break;
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_TOPOFF:
case MAX77650_CHG_ON_TOPOFF_JEITA:
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_TYPE_TRICKLE;
break;
default:
val->intval = POWER_SUPPLY_CHARGE_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
}
break;
default:
return -EINVAL;
}
return 0;
}
static const struct power_supply_desc max77650_battery_desc = {
.name = "max77650",
.type = POWER_SUPPLY_TYPE_USB,
.get_property = max77650_charger_get_property,
.properties = max77650_charger_properties,
.num_properties = ARRAY_SIZE(max77650_charger_properties),
};
static int max77650_charger_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
struct power_supply_config pscfg = {};
struct max77650_charger_data *chg;
struct power_supply *battery;
struct device *dev, *parent;
int rv, chg_irq, chgin_irq;
unsigned int prop;
dev = &pdev->dev;
parent = dev->parent;
chg = devm_kzalloc(dev, sizeof(*chg), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!chg)
return -ENOMEM;
platform_set_drvdata(pdev, chg);
chg->map = dev_get_regmap(parent, NULL);
if (!chg->map)
return -ENODEV;
chg->dev = dev;
pscfg.of_node = dev->of_node;
pscfg.drv_data = chg;
chg_irq = platform_get_irq_byname(pdev, "CHG");
if (chg_irq < 0)
return chg_irq;
chgin_irq = platform_get_irq_byname(pdev, "CHGIN");
if (chgin_irq < 0)
return chgin_irq;
rv = devm_request_any_context_irq(dev, chg_irq,
max77650_charger_check_status,
IRQF_ONESHOT, "chg", chg);
if (rv < 0)
return rv;
rv = devm_request_any_context_irq(dev, chgin_irq,
max77650_charger_check_status,
IRQF_ONESHOT, "chgin", chg);
if (rv < 0)
return rv;
battery = devm_power_supply_register(dev,
&max77650_battery_desc, &pscfg);
if (IS_ERR(battery))
return PTR_ERR(battery);
rv = of_property_read_u32(dev->of_node,
"input-voltage-min-microvolt", &prop);
if (rv == 0) {
rv = max77650_charger_set_vchgin_min(chg, prop);
if (rv)
return rv;
}
rv = of_property_read_u32(dev->of_node,
"input-current-limit-microamp", &prop);
if (rv == 0) {
rv = max77650_charger_set_ichgin_lim(chg, prop);
if (rv)
return rv;
}
return max77650_charger_enable(chg);
}
static int max77650_charger_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
struct max77650_charger_data *chg = platform_get_drvdata(pdev);
return max77650_charger_disable(chg);
}
static struct platform_driver max77650_charger_driver = {
.driver = {
.name = "max77650-charger",
},
.probe = max77650_charger_probe,
.remove = max77650_charger_remove,
};
module_platform_driver(max77650_charger_driver);
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("MAXIM 77650/77651 charger driver");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Bartosz Golaszewski <[email protected]>");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
MODULE_ALIAS("platform:max77650-charger");
|
__label__pos
| 0.955922 |
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Creating and Modifying Charts
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Creating and Modifying Charts
1. 1. Excel 2007Objective 4: PresentingData Visually
2. 2. Lesson Skills By the end of the lesson you should be familiar with: How-to create a chart from data How to choose a chart layout How-to choose and apply a chart style
3. 3. Create and FormatChartsCreate a chart, chart types, formatting a chartusing styles
4. 4. Charts To create a chart 1. Select the data range you want to use to create a chart 2. Click the Insert tab, lick a chart type button in the Charts group 3. Choose a chart type appropriate to the data you have selected
5. 5. Chart TypesChart Type Could be used to:Column Show relative amounts for one or more values at different points in time; displays verticallyLine Show growth trends over timePie Show proportions or percentages of parts to a wholeBar Show relative amounts for one or more values at different points in time; displays horizontallyArea Show differences between several sets of data over timeScatter Show values that are not in categories and where each data point is a distinct measurement
6. 6. Chart Practice Recreatethe table below in a blank worksheet A B C D 1 Month Chicago Philly New York 2 January 10,000 9,000 8,000 3 February 5,000 7,000 6,000 4 March 15,000 4,000 4,000
7. 7. Chart Practice1. Select the data from the worksheet you just created2. Click your Insert tab, then click a chart type button in the Charts group Experiment with different chart types to see what best suits the data you have used
8. 8. Using Quick Layouts to FormatCharts3. With the chart selected, click the Chart Tools Design tab, then click the More button in the Chart Layouts group4. Click a chart layout in the gallery that show all the details you wish to include
9. 9. Using Quick Styles to FormatCharts 5. With a chart selected, click the Chart Tools Design tab, then click the More button in the Chart Styles group 6. Click a chart style in the gallery
×
|
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| 0.599647 |
nickc nickc - 9 months ago 47
SQL Question
isnull function in WHERE clause
I am attempting to fix an issue in a stored procedure and have come across an issue that is vexing me.
Basically,
isnull
works as expected for one record in T0 but not in another, both where
T0.FatherCard
are NULL. I cannot see why.
SELECT *
FROM OINV T0
WHERE ISNULL(T0.FatherCard, T0.CardCode) = 'C0189'
Returns a full row of data as expected.
SELECT *
FROM OINV T0
WHERE ISNULL(T0.FatherCard, T0.CardCode) = 'C0817'
Returns nothing. I am expecting a full row of data.
In both cases,
FatherCard = NULL
CardCode FatherCard Table
------------------------------
C0189 NULL OINV
C0817 NULL OINV
FatherCard
and
CardCode
are both of the same type (
nvarchar
) and length (50).
If I remove the
ISNULL
function and simply select
WHERE T0.CardCode = C0817
then it works as expected.
Is it possible
T0.FatherCard
is actually not NULL for the purposes of the
ISNULL
evaluation, and is returning some other value?
Answer Source
There are 2 possibilities.
1. FatherCard may have the string value "NULL" and not actually be NULL.
2. You could have extraneous spaces at the end of C0817 I.e. 'C0817 '
To check use:
SELECT '[' + CardCode + ']', ISNULL(FatherCard, 'Yes is NULL')
FROM OINV
WHERE RTRIM(CardCode) = 'C0817'
|
__label__pos
| 0.515899 |
[Ironruby-core] Why does attr_accessor create a property, but method is just a method?
Brian Genisio briangenisio at gmail.com
Wed Jul 21 12:34:06 EDT 2010
This is a cross-post from Stack Overflow, but I haven't heard a peep there,
so I figured I'd try here:
I am playing around with the interop between C# and IronRuby. I have
noticed that if I define a property in Ruby using `attr_accessor`, it is
presented to C# as a property. If, on the other hand, I create the exact
same code manually, it comes back as a method.
For example, take this code:
var engine = IronRuby.Ruby.CreateEngine();
string script = @"
class Test
attr_accessor :automatic
def manual
@manual
end
def manual=(val)
@manual = val
end
def initialize
@automatic = ""testing""
@manual = ""testing""
end
end
Test.new
";
var testObject = engine.Execute(script);
var automatic = testObject.automatic;
var manual = testObject.manual;
When you look at the C# `automatic` variable, the value is a string of
"testing". If you look at the C# `manual` variable, it is type
IronRuby.Builtins.RubyMethod.
Ultimately, I want to create my own properties in Ruby that can be used in
C#, but I can't seem to make them be visible as properties like
`attr_accessor` does.
I THINK, that there is some magic going on in the Module code of the Ruby
source code (ModuleOps.cs:DefineAccessor). Is there any way to do this in
Ruby code directly?
Thanks,
Brian
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|
__label__pos
| 0.935512 |
Continuous animation along path
Hi, please could You help me, how to do continuous (infinity) line animation along path without stopping - see attached picture
— for path:
path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: CGRect.init(x: 0, y: 0, width: 100, height: 100), byRoundingCorners:.allCorners, cornerRadii: CGSize(width:16, height:16))
— animations:
let strokeEndAnimation: CAAnimation = {
let animation = CABasicAnimation(keyPath: "strokeEnd")
animation.fromValue = 0
animation.toValue = 1
animation.duration = 10
animation.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: kCAMediaTimingFunctionEaseInEaseOut)
let group = CAAnimationGroup()
group.duration = 12
group.repeatCount = MAXFLOAT
group.animations = [animation]
return group
}()
let strokeStartAnimation: CAAnimation = {
let animation = CABasicAnimation(keyPath: "strokeStart")
animation.beginTime = 2
animation.fromValue = 0
animation.toValue = 1
animation.duration = 10
animation.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: kCAMediaTimingFunctionEaseInEaseOut)
let group = CAAnimationGroup()
group.duration = 12
group.repeatCount = MAXFLOAT
group.animations = [animation]
return group
![continuous animation
}()
continuous animation
Thank You
Martin
Hi @martinzly,
you have the correct idea when you are using the repeatCount property, however have you tried using the .infinity value instead of MAXFLOAT?
cheers,
Jayant
Hi @jayantvarma, I don’t have problem how to set infinity animation. I have problem, that the animation doesnt look good, because in each loop - the line stop and start, but I need continuous animation without break.
Thank You
@hi martinzly,
One small observation, you have a total duration of 12, where you are stopping the animation with 2 second delay, try to not have that and maybe you will have a smooth continuous animation.
cheers,
Jayant
This don’t help me, I need line (length of line < total length of rectangle) animation along rectangle, that mean small line (snake), which go along rectangle continuously. Thank You
The line have to have same length in each time.
Hi @martinzly,
could you provide the project file with the animation to have a look at.
cheers,
Jayant
Hi @martinzly,
A couple of things, you will require two stroke animations, the startstroke and the endstroke. With the endStroke animation following a couple of miliseconds after. So what it will do is display the stroke and also start to erase the same.
Given the time that I can put into this, once it finishes, the stroke is complete, in theory, you will have to have another animation that fills the gap and starts again.
Here’s some code to get you started,
func animate() {
//call this from viewDidLoad()
let centerRectInRect = {(rect: CGRect, bounds: CGRect) -> CGRect in
return CGRect(x: bounds.origin.x + ((bounds.width - rect.width) / 2.0),
y: bounds.origin.y + ((bounds.height - rect.height) / 2.0),
width: rect.width,
height: rect.height)
}
let shapeLayer = CAShapeLayer()
shapeLayer.frame = centerRectInRect(CGRect(x: 0.0, y: 0.0, width: 200.0, height: 200.0), self.view.bounds)
self.view.layer.addSublayer(shapeLayer)
shapeLayer.strokeStart = 0.0
shapeLayer.strokeEnd = 1.0
shapeLayer.fillColor = UIColor.clear.cgColor
shapeLayer.strokeColor = UIColor.red.cgColor
shapeLayer.lineWidth = 3.0
let rect = shapeLayer.bounds
let path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: rect, byRoundingCorners: .allCorners, cornerRadii: CGSize(width: 16, height: 16))
shapeLayer.path = path.cgPath
let strokeStartAnim = CAKeyframeAnimation(keyPath: "strokeStart")
strokeStartAnim.values = [1, 0]
strokeStartAnim.keyTimes = [0,1]
strokeStartAnim.duration = 2.0
//strokeStartAnim.repeatCount = .infinity
let strokeEndAnim = CAKeyframeAnimation(keyPath: "strokeEnd")
strokeEndAnim.values = [1, 0]
strokeEndAnim.keyTimes = [0,1]
strokeEndAnim.duration = 1.96
strokeEndAnim.beginTime = 0.373
//strokeEndAnim.repeatCount = .infinity
let groupAnim = CAAnimationGroup()
groupAnim.animations = [strokeStartAnim, strokeEndAnim]
groupAnim.isRemovedOnCompletion = false
groupAnim.fillMode = kCAFillModeForwards
groupAnim.duration = 3.0
shapeLayer.add(groupAnim, forKey: "AnimateSnake")
}
}
Cheers,
Jayant
Sorry, but I don’t want the theory, but solution. Please could You send me some solution? thank You
Sorry but we’re not going to code your app for you. Jayant was kind enough to give you a helpful response - it’s up to you to take it from here.
1 Like
I see my comments, and I am sorry, this looks quite confused. Yes, I don’t want to someone else code my app, but if You see, I had strokeEnd and strokeStart animation already in my question. And all what I need is just how to continue in next loop without start stop and without lose my line length.
Here is my whole code, could You please expand to smooth infinity line animation?
import UIKit
class SpinningView: UIView {
let strokeEndAnimation: CAAnimation = {
let animation = CABasicAnimation(keyPath: "strokeEnd")
animation.fromValue = 0.1
animation.toValue = 1
animation.duration = 10
animation.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: kCAMediaTimingFunctionLinear)
let group = CAAnimationGroup()
group.duration = 10
group.repeatCount = MAXFLOAT
group.animations = [animation]
group.isRemovedOnCompletion = false;
return group
}()
let strokeStartAnimation: CAAnimation = {
let animation = CABasicAnimation(keyPath: "strokeStart")
animation.fromValue = 0
animation.toValue = 0.9
animation.duration = 10
animation.timingFunction = CAMediaTimingFunction(name: kCAMediaTimingFunctionLinear)
let group = CAAnimationGroup()
group.duration = 10
group.repeatCount = MAXFLOAT
group.animations = [animation]
group.isRemovedOnCompletion = false;
return group
}()
override func prepareForInterfaceBuilder() {
super.prepareForInterfaceBuilder()
runAnimation()
}
override init(frame: CGRect) {
super.init(frame: frame)
runAnimation()
}
required init(coder aDecoder: NSCoder) {
super.init(coder: aDecoder)!
}
override func awakeFromNib() {
super.awakeFromNib()
runAnimation()
}
func runAnimation() {
var path = UIBezierPath()
path = UIBezierPath(roundedRect: CGRect.init(x: 20, y: 20, width: 100, height: 100), cornerRadius: 20)
let layer = CAShapeLayer()
layer.fillColor = nil
layer.strokeColor = UIColor.green.cgColor
layer.lineWidth = 3
layer.position = CGPoint(x: 20, y: 20)
layer.path = path.cgPath
layer.lineCap = kCALineCapRound
layer.add(strokeEndAnimation, forKey: "strokeEnd")
layer.add(strokeStartAnimation, forKey: "strokeStart")
self.layer.addSublayer(layer)
}
}
This topic was automatically closed after 166 days. New replies are no longer allowed.
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インテジャーズ
INTEGERS
数、特に整数に関する記事。
1093と3511について
10933511は知られている唯二*1のWieferich素数です。
このことについては既に記事を書いています:
integers.hatenablog.com
しかし、その歴史について勘違いしていた(知らなかった)ことがあったので再び記事にしたいと思います。
Wieferich素数の定義
定義を復習しましょう。Fermatの小定理
tsujimotter.hatenablog.com
より、奇素数pに対して
2^{p-1}\equiv 1 \pmod{p}
が成り立ちます。それでは
2^{p-1}\equiv 1 \pmod{p^2}
は成り立つでしょうか?
答えは「成り立つことも成り立たないこともある」です。この合同式が成り立つようなpのことをWieferich素数と言い、冒頭に述べた通りp=1093, 3511のみ知られています。
Abelの問題
それを読んで数学者を志した者も多い高木貞治の名著『近世数学史談』。
私は高校生の頃に数学教師に戴いて、一夜で一心不乱に読んだことを覚えています。
この本の15節「パリからベルリンへ」の中に次のような記述があります:
第三巻にアーベルが提出した問題に次のようなものがある. 『\muは素数, \alpha1よりも大で\muよりも小なる整数とするとき, \alpha^{\mu -1}-1\mu^2で割り切れることがあるか?』
第三巻とはCrelle誌の第三巻です。\alpha =2を考えれば\muはすなわちWieferich素数なので、Abelの問の答えは「Yes」です。
今見返すと、10933511という数は近世数学史談には書いていません。私がこれらの数をいつ知ったかは覚えていないですが、Abelはこの問題を提出しているぐらいなので10933511については勿論知っているだろうとてっきり思っていました*2
MeissnerとBeegerが発見
これが最初に述べた「勘違い」で、これらの数が発見されたのは1829年に没したAbelよりずっと後だったのです。1093, 3511という数自体は小さいので誰でも知っていたのかと思っていましたが、よく考えてみると、扱うのは2^{1092}2^{3510}ですから、コンピュータのない時代にこれらの数を発見することは容易ではありません。
しかも、Wieferich素数の名前の由来になったWieferichの定理が出版されたのは1909年ですから、Wieferichの定理が証明されたときでさえWieferich素数は一つも知られていなかったのです!!
1093を発見したのはMeissnerで1913年、3511を発見したのはBeegerで1922年だそうです(当時あった剰余表を用いてMeissnerは2000以下の素数、Beegerは3700以下の素数について計算)。その後、現在に至るまで3つ目が見つかっていません。
コンピュータに頼らない証明
10933511が実際にWieferich素数であることを証明しようと思うとき、愚直にコンピュータで2^{p-1}-1を計算して実際にp^2で割り切れることを確認するという方法があるでしょう。
誰かに\frac{2^{1092}-1}{1093^2}および\frac{2^{3510}-1}{3511^2}の数値を教えていただいて、ここに掲載したいという願望がありますが、とりあえずコンピュータの知識がない私には計算できません*3
そこで、コンピュータにはできるだけ頼らず、既に計算された剰余表なども用いずに、使うとしても関数電卓ぐらいで理解できる証明を紹介したいと思います*4
1093がWieferich素数であることのLandauによる証明
p=1093とする。3^7=2187=2p+1なので、
3^{14} = (2p+1)^2 \equiv 4p+1 \pmod{p^2} ー①
を得る。また、2^{14}=16384=15p-11なので
2^{28}=(15p-11)^2 \equiv -330p+121 \pmod{p^2}
であり、
3^2\cdot 2^{28} \equiv -2970p+1089 =-2969p-4 \equiv -1876p-4 \pmod{p^2}
を得る。4で割ると3^2\cdot 2^{26} \equiv -469p-1 \pmod{p^2}なので、
3^{14}\cdot 2^{182} \equiv -(469p+1)^7 \equiv -3283p-1 \equiv -4p-1 \pmod{p^2}.
①と合わせることにより、3^{14}\cdot 2^{182} \equiv -3^{14} \pmod{p^2}となるので、2^{182} \equiv -1\pmod{p^2}が示された。1092=182\times 6なので、
2^{1093-1} \equiv 1 \pmod{1093^2}
である。 Q.E.D.
3511がWieferich素数であることのGuyによる証明
q=3511とする。
q-1=3510=2\cdot 3^3\cdot 5\cdot 13. ー②
3^8=6561=2q-461より
3^{10}=18q-4149 = 17q-638
であり、
\begin{align}3^{10}\cdot 11 &= 187q-7018 = 185q+4 \\ &\equiv 4+q(185+q) \\ &= 2^2(1+924q) \pmod{q^2}\end{align} ー③
を得る。
2^6\cdot 5\cdot 11 = 3520 = 9+q \equiv 9-3510q = 3^2(1-390q)\pmod{q^2}. ー④
2\cdot 13^3 = 4394=q+883より、2^313^3 = 4q+3532 = 5q+215^5=3125=q-386。よって、
\begin{align}5^7 &=25q-9650 = 22q+883 \\ &\equiv q+883+q(5q+21) \\ &= 2\cdot 13^3+2^3\cdot 13^3q\pmod{q^2}\end{align}
であり、
5^7(1-4q) \equiv 2\cdot 13^3\pmod{q^2}
を得る。2^{12}=4096=q+585より
2^{13}\cdot 3 = 6q+3510=7q-1. ー⑤
こうして得られた②〜⑤を等号
\begin{align}&2^{1755}(2\cdot 3^3\cdot 5 \cdot 13)^3\cdot (3^{10}\cdot 11)^{10}\cdot (3^2)^{10}\cdot 5^7\\ &= (2^2)^{10}\cdot (2^6\cdot 5\cdot 11)^{10}\cdot (2\cdot 13^3)\cdot (2^{13}\cdot 3)^{129}\end{align}
に代入すれば、
\begin{align}&2^{1755}(q-1)^3\{2^2(1+924q)\}^{10}\cdot (3^2)^{10}\cdot 5^7 \\ &\equiv (2^2)^{10}\cdot \{ 3^2(1-390q)\}^{10}\cdot 5^7(1-4q)(7q-1)^{129} \pmod{q^2}\end{align}
が得られるので、両辺を
\displaystyle \frac{(-1-q)^3(1-924q)^{10}}{(2^2)^{10}\cdot (3^2)^{10}\cdot 5^7}
倍すれば
\begin{align}2^{1755} &\equiv (1+q)^3(1-924q)^{10}(1-390q)^{10}(1-4q)(1-7q)^{129} \\ &\equiv 1-q(-3+9240+3900+4+903) \\ &= 1-4q^2 \\ &\equiv 1 \pmod{q^2}\end{align}
なる合同式に到達する。3510=1755\times 2なので、結局
2^{3511-1}\equiv 1 \pmod{3511^2}
が示された。 Q.E.D.
職人芸ですね。
*1:唯一という単語を一般化して使ってみました。
*2:なお、5^{2-1}=5 \equiv 1\pmod{2^2}\alpha < \muを満たしません。Abelの問題に答えるならば、3^{11-1}=59049, \ 59048=11^2\times 488が一番簡単かもしれません。
*3:追記)記事を公開して1時間もしないうちにtsujimotterさんが計算してくださいました! tsujimotter.hatenablog.com
*4:Fermat数F_5641で割り切れることについても同様の賢い証明法を紹介したことがあります: integers.hatenablog.com
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Code Pumpkin
Merge Sort | Sorting Algorithm
October 15, 2017
Posted by Dipen Adroja
Merge Sort is a Divide and Conquer algorithm. Divide and conquer algorithms divide the original data into smaller sets of data to solve the problem.
During the Mergesort process, the elements of the array or collections are divided into two parts. To split an array, Mergesort will take the middle element of the array and split the array into its left and its right part. The resulting sub arrays are again recursively divided into two sub parts until the size of the each subarray becomes 1.
Once the splitting process completes, merging process starts recursively which combines results of all the subarrays.
To combine both arrays, merging starts in each subarray at the beginning. It picks the smaller element and inserts this element into the beginning of the combined subarray. Then it compares the remaining elements of the two subarray and store them into combined sorted array. at the end of this, it produces combined sorted output array.
Merge Sort Average Case
Above GIF Images are generated through Algorithms mobile app.
Algorithm
The logic for the merge sort is as follow:
• Divide : The first step would be to divide the problem into two or more than two sub-problems. As already stated, the input is an array containing N elements, this algorithm divides the array into two sub-arrays containing half of element in each of them, i.e. N/2. So division step is straight forward; just find the mid element in the array and divide it.
• The second step would be to solve these subproblems recursively until we reach to the base case where the solution is direct which is the subarray have only single elements which itself is sorted.
• Conquer : The third step would be to combine the solution of individual sub-problems to formulate the overall solution to our problem.
The above three steps are also illustrated in above GIF image as well as below diagram:
In short, the algorithm for merge sort will be divided into two main parts
1. Divide the input array into subarrays and after that
2. Merge all the arrays to form the sorted array.
Java Program Implementation
public class MergeSortExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] inputArr = {4,1,7,5,3,2,6};
MergeSort ms = new MergeSort(inputArr);
System.out.println("------------------\n Input \n------------------");
ms.display();
ms.sort();
System.out.println("\n\n------------------\n After mergeSort() \n------------------");
ms.display();
}
}
class MergeSort{
int[] arr;
MergeSort(int[] arr)
{
this.arr = arr;
}
/**
* Main mergeSort() function which will internally calls
* overloaded recursive mergeSort(left,right) function
*/
public void sort()
{
sort(0,arr.length-1);
}
/**
* Overloaded Recursive mergeSort() function
*
* @param left left index of the input array
* @param right right index of the input array
*/
public void sort(int left,int right)
{
int middle; // middle index of the input array
if(left<right)
{
middle = (left+right)/2;
sort(left,middle); // to divide the array - left Half
sort(middle+1,right); // Right Half
merge(left,middle,right); // to merge sorted left and right halves
}
}
/**
* merge function which will be internally called from sort() method.
*
* @param left left index of the input array
* @param middle middle index of the input array
* @param right right index of the input array
*/
public void merge(int left,int middle,int right)
{
int n1,n2;
int[] leftArray, rightArray;
n1 = middle-left+1;
n2 = right-middle;
// Temporary left and right array
leftArray = new int[n1];
rightArray = new int[n2];
for(int i=0; i<n1; i++)
{
leftArray[i]=arr[left+i];
}
for(int j=0;j<n2;j++)
{
rightArray[j]=arr[middle+1+j];
}
int i=0,
j=0,
k=left;
while(i<leftArray.length && j<rightArray.length)
{
if(leftArray[i] < = rightArray[j])
{
arr[k] = leftArray[i];
i++;
}
else
{
arr[k] = rightArray[j];
j++;
}
k++;
}
while(i<leftArray.length)
{
arr[k] = leftArray[i];
k++;
i++;
}
while(j<rightArray.length)
{
arr[k] = rightArray[j];
k++;
j++;
}
}
/**
* Function to display Array
*/
public void display()
{
for(int i=0;i<arr.length;i++)
{
System.out.print(" " + arr[i]);
}
}
}
Time Complexity
From the algorithm we can see that it is a recursive algorithm and the time complexity for the same can be calculated as below:
T(n) = 2T(n/2) + \Theta(n) which is resolved to O(n logn) time complexity.
Average Case
Merge Sort Average Case
Worst Case (Reverse List)
Merge Sort Worst Case
Above GIF Images are generated through Algorithms mobile app.
Space Complexity
It is having O(n) space complexity.
Advantage
• It is more efficient as it is in worst case also the runtime is O(nlogn)
• It provides stable sorting.
Disadvantage
• It is takes lots of space(O(n)) which may slower down operations for the last data sets in some cases.
Java and many other languages use merge sort as default technique for sorting objects.
You can also check the other articles on sorting and searching such as selection sortbinary searchfibonacci searchbubble sort etc. You will also like to enhance your knowledge by going through our other articles on different algorithms and data structures.
That's all for this topic. If you guys have any suggestions or queries, feel free to drop a comment. We would be happy to add that in our post. You can also contribute your articles by creating contributor account here.
Happy Learning 🙂
About the Author
Dipen Adroja
Coder, Blogger, Wanderer, Philosopher, Curious pumpkin
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|
__label__pos
| 0.966249 |
Mike Mike - 6 months ago 12
Perl Question
Does Perl have the equivalent of Python's multiline strings?
In Python you can have a multiline string like this using a docstring
foo = """line1
line2
line3"""
Is there something equivalent in Perl?
Answer
Perl doesn't have significant syntactical vertical whitespace, so you can just do
$foo = "line1
line2
line3
";
which is equivalent to
$foo = "line1\nline2\nline3\n";
|
__label__pos
| 0.999995 |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free.
I am trying to query a MongoDB instance to return a Point. Basically a placeholder for now, just a basic datatype as I am trying to learn Yesod. Below is my route for the Handler. How does one query a database by id (or some other filter) and return the information as JSON?
{-# LANGUAGE EmptyDataDecls #-}
{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
{-# LANGUAGE QuasiQuotes #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TemplateHaskell #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
module Handler.Points where
import Import
mkPersist sqlSettings [persistLowerCase|
Point
name String
deriving Show
|]
$(deriveToJSON defaultOptions ''PointGeneric)
getPointsR :: String -> Handler Value
getPointsR pId = do
pts <- runDB $ selectList [PointName ==. pId] []
returnJson (pts :: [Entity Point])
And this is the error message I am getting.
Handler\Points.hs:25:20:
Couldn't match type `Database.Persist.MongoDB.MongoBackend'
with `persistent-1.2.3.0:Database.Persist.Sql.Types.SqlBackend'
In the second argument of `($)', namely
`selectList [PointName ==. pId] []'
In a stmt of a 'do' block:
pts <- runDB $ selectList [PointName ==. pId] []
In the expression:
do { pts <- runDB $ selectList [PointName ==. pId] [];
returnJson (pts :: [Entity Point]) }
Build failure, pausing...
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 2 down vote accepted
returnJson expects to be provided a pure value, but you've provided an action that generates a pure value. You can use do-notation to slurp out the pure value and then use returnJson:
do
x <- runDB $ selectFirst [ PointId ==. pId ] []
returnJson x
Alternatively, you could use the monadic bind operator (which do-notation is simply sugar for):
runDB (selectFirst [PointId ==. pId] []) >>= returnJson
This may reveal other problems, but you should at least get a different error message after this step.
share|improve this answer
Thanks, I made your changes (and a few more based on the error messages I got) and updated the question. Now it looks more like a weird persistent problem with Mongo. – mdietz Sep 15 '13 at 20:49
I figured it out. I was using the scaffolded setup, and to add the model I should have put it in the config/models file. mongoSettings is local to the Model.hs file, while sqlSettings made the compiler think I was trying to use a SQL resource instead of the Mongo DB.
share|improve this answer
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__label__pos
| 0.843585 |
View Javadoc
1 // Autogenerated Jamon implementation
2 // /home/jenkins/jenkins-slave/workspace/hbase_generate_website/hbase/hbase-server/src/main/jamon/org/apache/hadoop/hbase/tmpl/master/AssignmentManagerStatusTmpl.jamon
3
4 package org.apache.hadoop.hbase.tmpl.master;
5
6 // 20, 1
7 import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HRegionInfo;
8 // 21, 1
9 import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.master.AssignmentManager;
10 // 22, 1
11 import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.master.RegionState;
12 // 23, 1
13 import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
14 // 24, 1
15 import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HBaseConfiguration;
16 // 25, 1
17 import org.apache.hadoop.hbase.HConstants;
18 // 26, 1
19 import java.util.Iterator;
20 // 27, 1
21 import java.util.Map;
22 // 28, 1
23 import java.util.List;
24 // 29, 1
25 import java.util.ArrayList;
26 // 30, 1
27 import java.util.Map.Entry;
28 // 31, 1
29 import java.util.Arrays;
30
31 public class AssignmentManagerStatusTmplImpl
32 extends org.jamon.AbstractTemplateImpl
33 implements org.apache.hadoop.hbase.tmpl.master.AssignmentManagerStatusTmpl.Intf
34
35 {
36 private final AssignmentManager assignmentManager;
37 private final int limit;
38 protected static org.apache.hadoop.hbase.tmpl.master.AssignmentManagerStatusTmpl.ImplData __jamon_setOptionalArguments(org.apache.hadoop.hbase.tmpl.master.AssignmentManagerStatusTmpl.ImplData p_implData)
39 {
40 if(! p_implData.getLimit__IsNotDefault())
41 {
42 p_implData.setLimit(100);
43 }
44 return p_implData;
45 }
46 public AssignmentManagerStatusTmplImpl(org.jamon.TemplateManager p_templateManager, org.apache.hadoop.hbase.tmpl.master.AssignmentManagerStatusTmpl.ImplData p_implData)
47 {
48 super(p_templateManager, __jamon_setOptionalArguments(p_implData));
49 assignmentManager = p_implData.getAssignmentManager();
50 limit = p_implData.getLimit();
51 }
52
53 @Override public void renderNoFlush(final java.io.Writer jamonWriter)
54 throws java.io.IOException
55 {
56 // 38, 1
57 Map<String, RegionState> rit = assignmentManager
58 .getRegionStates().getRegionsInTransitionOrderedByTimestamp();
59 // 41, 1
60 if (!rit.isEmpty() )
61 {
62 // 41, 23
63 jamonWriter.write("\n");
64 // 42, 1
65
66 List<String> ritsOverThreshold = new ArrayList<>();
67 List<String> ritsTwiceThreshold = new ArrayList<>();
68 // process the map to find region in transition details
69 Configuration conf = HBaseConfiguration.create();
70 int ritThreshold = conf.getInt(HConstants.METRICS_RIT_STUCK_WARNING_THRESHOLD, 60000);
71 int numOfRITOverThreshold = 0;
72 long currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
73 for (Map.Entry<String, RegionState> e : rit.entrySet()) {
74 long ritTime = currentTime - e.getValue().getStamp();
75 if(ritTime > (ritThreshold * 2)) {
76 numOfRITOverThreshold++;
77 ritsTwiceThreshold.add(e.getKey());
78 } else if (ritTime > ritThreshold) {
79 numOfRITOverThreshold++;
80 ritsOverThreshold.add(e.getKey());
81 }
82 }
83
84 int numOfRITs = rit.size();
85 int ritsPerPage = Math.min(5, numOfRITs);
86 int numOfPages = (int) Math.ceil(numOfRITs * 1.0 / ritsPerPage);
87
88 // 65, 5
89 jamonWriter.write("<section>\n <h2>Regions in Transition</h2>\n <p>");
90 // 67, 9
91 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf(numOfRITs), jamonWriter);
92 // 67, 24
93 jamonWriter.write(" region(s) in transition. \n ");
94 // 68, 6
95 if (!ritsTwiceThreshold.isEmpty() )
96 {
97 // 68, 44
98 jamonWriter.write("\n <span class=\"label label-danger\" style=\"font-size:100%;font-weight:normal\">\n ");
99 }
100 // 70, 6
101 else if (!ritsOverThreshold.isEmpty() )
102 {
103 // 70, 46
104 jamonWriter.write("\n <span class=\"label label-warning\" style=\"font-size:100%;font-weight:normal\">\n ");
105 }
106 // 72, 6
107 else
108 {
109 // 72, 13
110 jamonWriter.write("\n <span>\n ");
111 }
112 // 74, 12
113 jamonWriter.write("\n ");
114 // 75, 10
115 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf(numOfRITOverThreshold), jamonWriter);
116 // 75, 37
117 jamonWriter.write(" region(s) in transition for \n more than ");
118 // 76, 24
119 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf(ritThreshold), jamonWriter);
120 // 76, 42
121 jamonWriter.write(" milliseconds.\n </span>\n </p>\n <div class=\"tabbable\">\n <div class=\"tab-content\">\n ");
122 // 81, 10
123 int recordItr = 0;
124 // 82, 10
125 for (Map.Entry<String, RegionState> entry : rit.entrySet() )
126 {
127 // 82, 72
128 jamonWriter.write("\n ");
129 // 83, 14
130 if ((recordItr % ritsPerPage) == 0 )
131 {
132 // 83, 52
133 jamonWriter.write("\n ");
134 // 84, 18
135 if (recordItr == 0 )
136 {
137 // 84, 40
138 jamonWriter.write("\n <div class=\"tab-pane active\" id=\"tab_rits");
139 // 85, 55
140 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf((recordItr / ritsPerPage) + 1), jamonWriter);
141 // 85, 90
142 jamonWriter.write("\">\n ");
143 }
144 // 86, 18
145 else
146 {
147 // 86, 25
148 jamonWriter.write("\n <div class=\"tab-pane\" id=\"tab_rits");
149 // 87, 48
150 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf((recordItr / ritsPerPage) + 1), jamonWriter);
151 // 87, 83
152 jamonWriter.write("\">\n ");
153 }
154 // 88, 24
155 jamonWriter.write("\n <table class=\"table table-striped\" style=\"margin-bottom:0px;\"><tr><th>Region</th>\n <th>State</th><th>RIT time (ms)</th></tr>\n ");
156 }
157 // 91, 20
158 jamonWriter.write("\n \n ");
159 // 93, 14
160 if (ritsOverThreshold.contains(entry.getKey()) )
161 {
162 // 93, 64
163 jamonWriter.write("\n <tr class=\"alert alert-warning\" role=\"alert\">\n ");
164 }
165 // 95, 14
166 else if (ritsTwiceThreshold.contains(entry.getKey()) )
167 {
168 // 95, 69
169 jamonWriter.write("\n <tr class=\"alert alert-danger\" role=\"alert\">\n ");
170 }
171 // 97, 13
172 else
173 {
174 // 97, 20
175 jamonWriter.write("\n <tr>\n ");
176 }
177 // 99, 19
178 jamonWriter.write("\n <td>");
179 // 100, 30
180 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf(entry.getKey()), jamonWriter);
181 // 100, 50
182 jamonWriter.write("</td><td>\n ");
183 // 101, 26
184 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf(HRegionInfo.getDescriptiveNameFromRegionStateForDisplay(
185 entry.getValue(), conf)), jamonWriter);
186 // 102, 52
187 jamonWriter.write("</td>\n <td>");
188 // 103, 30
189 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf((currentTime - entry.getValue().getStamp())), jamonWriter);
190 // 103, 79
191 jamonWriter.write(" </td>\n </tr>\n ");
192 // 105, 22
193 recordItr++;
194 // 106, 14
195 if ((recordItr % ritsPerPage) == 0 )
196 {
197 // 106, 52
198 jamonWriter.write("\n </table>\n </div>\n ");
199 }
200 // 109, 16
201 jamonWriter.write("\n ");
202 }
203 // 110, 17
204 jamonWriter.write("\n \n ");
205 // 112, 10
206 if ((recordItr % ritsPerPage) != 0 )
207 {
208 // 112, 48
209 jamonWriter.write("\n ");
210 // 113, 14
211 for (; (recordItr % ritsPerPage) != 0 ; recordItr++ )
212 {
213 // 113, 69
214 jamonWriter.write("\n <tr><td colspan=\"3\" style=\"height:61px\"></td></tr>\n ");
215 }
216 // 115, 21
217 jamonWriter.write("\n </table>\n </div>\n ");
218 }
219 // 118, 16
220 jamonWriter.write("\n </div>\n <nav>\n <ul class=\"nav nav-pills pagination\">\n ");
221 // 122, 14
222 for (int i = 1 ; i <= numOfPages; i++ )
223 {
224 // 122, 55
225 jamonWriter.write("\n ");
226 // 123, 18
227 if (i == 1 )
228 {
229 // 123, 32
230 jamonWriter.write("\n <li class=\"active\">\n ");
231 }
232 // 125, 18
233 else
234 {
235 // 125, 25
236 jamonWriter.write("\n <li>\n ");
237 }
238 // 127, 24
239 jamonWriter.write("\n <a href=\"#tab_rits");
240 // 128, 36
241 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf(i), jamonWriter);
242 // 128, 43
243 jamonWriter.write("\">");
244 // 128, 45
245 org.jamon.escaping.Escaping.HTML.write(org.jamon.emit.StandardEmitter.valueOf(i), jamonWriter);
246 // 128, 52
247 jamonWriter.write("</a></li>\n ");
248 }
249 // 129, 21
250 jamonWriter.write("\n </ul>\n </nav>\n </div>\n </section>\n ");
251 }
252 // 134, 8
253 jamonWriter.write("\n\n");
254 }
255
256
257 }
|
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| 0.955825 |
/* * Copyright (C) 2011, 2015 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions * are met: * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. * * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY APPLE INC. AND ITS CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, * THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL APPLE INC. OR ITS CONTRIBUTORS * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF * THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. */ #include "config.h" #include "ScrollAnimatorIOS.h" #include "Frame.h" #include "Page.h" #include "RenderLayer.h" #include "ScrollableArea.h" #if ENABLE(TOUCH_EVENTS) #include "PlatformTouchEventIOS.h" #endif using namespace WebCore; namespace WebCore { std::unique_ptr ScrollAnimator::create(ScrollableArea& scrollableArea) { return std::make_unique(scrollableArea); } ScrollAnimatorIOS::ScrollAnimatorIOS(ScrollableArea& scrollableArea) : ScrollAnimator(scrollableArea) #if ENABLE(TOUCH_EVENTS) , m_touchScrollAxisLatch(AxisLatchNotComputed) , m_inTouchSequence(false) , m_committedToScrollAxis(false) , m_startedScroll(false) , m_scrollableAreaForTouchSequence(0) #endif { } ScrollAnimatorIOS::~ScrollAnimatorIOS() { } #if ENABLE(TOUCH_EVENTS) bool ScrollAnimatorIOS::handleTouchEvent(const PlatformTouchEvent& touchEvent) { if (touchEvent.type() == PlatformEvent::TouchStart && touchEvent.touchCount() == 1) { m_firstTouchPoint = touchEvent.touchLocationAtIndex(0); m_lastTouchPoint = m_firstTouchPoint; m_inTouchSequence = true; m_committedToScrollAxis = false; m_startedScroll = false; m_touchScrollAxisLatch = AxisLatchNotComputed; // Never claim to have handled the TouchStart, because that will kill default scrolling behavior. return false; } if (!m_inTouchSequence) return false; if (touchEvent.type() == PlatformEvent::TouchEnd || touchEvent.type() == PlatformEvent::TouchCancel) { m_inTouchSequence = false; m_scrollableAreaForTouchSequence = 0; if (m_startedScroll) scrollableArea().didEndScroll(); return false; } // If a second touch appears, assume that the user is trying to zoom, and bail on the scrolling sequence. // FIXME: if that second touch is inside the scrollable area, should we keep scrolling? if (touchEvent.touchCount() != 1) { m_inTouchSequence = false; m_scrollableAreaForTouchSequence = 0; if (m_startedScroll) scrollableArea().didEndScroll(); return false; } IntPoint currentPoint = touchEvent.touchLocationAtIndex(0); IntSize touchDelta = m_lastTouchPoint - currentPoint; m_lastTouchPoint = currentPoint; if (!m_scrollableAreaForTouchSequence) determineScrollableAreaForTouchSequence(touchDelta); if (!m_committedToScrollAxis) { bool horizontallyScrollable = m_scrollableArea.scrollSize(HorizontalScrollbar); bool verticallyScrollable = m_scrollableArea.scrollSize(VerticalScrollbar); if (!horizontallyScrollable && !verticallyScrollable) return false; IntSize deltaFromStart = m_firstTouchPoint - currentPoint; const int latchAxisMovementThreshold = 10; if (!horizontallyScrollable && verticallyScrollable) { m_touchScrollAxisLatch = AxisLatchVertical; if (abs(deltaFromStart.height()) >= latchAxisMovementThreshold) m_committedToScrollAxis = true; } else if (horizontallyScrollable && !verticallyScrollable) { m_touchScrollAxisLatch = AxisLatchHorizontal; if (abs(deltaFromStart.width()) >= latchAxisMovementThreshold) m_committedToScrollAxis = true; } else { m_committedToScrollAxis = true; if (m_touchScrollAxisLatch == AxisLatchNotComputed) { const float lockAngleDegrees = 20; if (deltaFromStart.width() && deltaFromStart.height()) { float dragAngle = atanf(static_cast(abs(deltaFromStart.height())) / abs(deltaFromStart.width())); if (dragAngle <= deg2rad(lockAngleDegrees)) m_touchScrollAxisLatch = AxisLatchHorizontal; else if (dragAngle >= deg2rad(90 - lockAngleDegrees)) m_touchScrollAxisLatch = AxisLatchVertical; } } } if (!m_committedToScrollAxis) return false; } bool handled = false; // Horizontal if (m_touchScrollAxisLatch != AxisLatchVertical) { int delta = touchDelta.width(); handled |= m_scrollableAreaForTouchSequence->scroll(delta < 0 ? ScrollLeft : ScrollRight, ScrollByPixel, abs(delta)); } // Vertical if (m_touchScrollAxisLatch != AxisLatchHorizontal) { int delta = touchDelta.height(); handled |= m_scrollableAreaForTouchSequence->scroll(delta < 0 ? ScrollUp : ScrollDown, ScrollByPixel, abs(delta)); } // Return false until we manage to scroll at all, and then keep returning true until the gesture ends. if (!m_startedScroll) { if (!handled) return false; m_startedScroll = true; scrollableArea().didStartScroll(); } else if (handled) scrollableArea().didUpdateScroll(); return true; } void ScrollAnimatorIOS::determineScrollableAreaForTouchSequence(const IntSize& scrollDelta) { ASSERT(!m_scrollableAreaForTouchSequence); ScrollableArea* scrollableArea = &m_scrollableArea; while (true) { if (!scrollableArea->isPinnedInBothDirections(scrollDelta)) break; ScrollableArea* enclosingArea = scrollableArea->enclosingScrollableArea(); if (!enclosingArea) break; scrollableArea = enclosingArea; } ASSERT(scrollableArea); m_scrollableAreaForTouchSequence = scrollableArea; } #endif } // namespace WebCore
|
__label__pos
| 0.994757 |
GPU Market Trends and Industry Insights
In the dynamic landscape of technology, the GPU market emerges as a pivotal sector driving innovation and growth. From market trends to industry insights, understanding the intricate web of GPU demand and supply dynamics is crucial in navigating the ever-evolving market complexities.
At the intersection of cutting-edge advancements and consumer demands, the GPU market unveils a tapestry of trends and insights that shape the industry’s trajectory. Stay tuned as we delve into the nuances of GPU market trends, industry insights, and the transformative impact they hold.
Current State of the GPU Market
The current state of the GPU market is characterized by robust growth driven by increasing demand across various sectors. GPUs, essential for high-performance computing tasks, are witnessing heightened interest in industries such as gaming, artificial intelligence, and data processing. This surge in demand is fueling innovation and competition among GPU manufacturers.
Moreover, the ongoing global semiconductor shortage has impacted the availability of GPUs, leading to supply chain challenges and price fluctuations. This imbalance between supply and demand has prompted industry players to strategize efficiently to meet market needs while navigating uncertainties. Understanding market dynamics is crucial for stakeholders to make informed decisions in this competitive landscape.
As technology continues to advance, the GPU market is poised for further growth and evolution. Emerging trends such as the integration of GPUs in autonomous vehicles, edge computing devices, and virtual reality applications are reshaping the industry landscape. Keeping abreast of market trends and consumer preferences is vital for companies looking to capitalize on the growing opportunities in the GPU sector.
GPU Demand and Supply Dynamics
The GPU market operates within a complex interplay of demand and supply dynamics. As advancements in technologies such as AI, gaming, and data processing continue to accelerate, the demand for high-performance GPUs has surged. This increased demand puts pressure on manufacturers to scale up production to meet the market needs efficiently.
On the supply side, GPU manufacturers must navigate challenges such as semiconductor shortages, production constraints, and global supply chain disruptions. These factors can impact the availability of GPUs in the market, leading to fluctuations in pricing and availability. Companies must carefully monitor and adjust their manufacturing processes to optimize supply chain efficiency.
Moreover, the cyclical nature of demand, influenced by industry trends and consumer preferences, further complicates the dynamics of GPU demand and supply. Seasonal variations, new product releases, and evolving technologies all play a role in shaping the equilibrium between demand and supply in the GPU market. Adapting to these fluctuations is key for companies to stay competitive and responsive to market changes.
Impact of Cryptocurrency Mining on GPU Prices
Cryptocurrency mining has significantly impacted GPU prices in recent years. The surge in demand for GPUs driven by the mining of digital currencies like Bitcoin has led to supply shortages and subsequent price hikes within the GPU market. This phenomenon has created challenges for both individual consumers and businesses looking to purchase GPUs for gaming, rendering, or other applications.
The intense demand for GPUs from cryptocurrency miners has caused traditional gamers and professionals to face inflated prices and limited availability, making it harder for them to access the hardware they require. Additionally, the fluctuating profitability of cryptocurrency mining directly influences the demand for GPUs, leading to price volatility within the market. This dynamic relationship between cryptocurrency trends and GPU prices underscores the interconnected nature of the two industries.
Furthermore, GPU manufacturers have been forced to navigate the delicate balance between serving the needs of cryptocurrency miners and maintaining fair pricing for their core customer base. The impact of cryptocurrency mining on GPU prices highlights the evolving challenges faced by the industry in addressing the demands of various market segments. As the cryptocurrency landscape continues to evolve, the influence on GPU prices is expected to remain a key consideration for manufacturers and consumers alike.
Environmental Impact of GPU Manufacturing
GPU manufacturing processes have a significant environmental impact due to the energy-intensive nature of semiconductor production. The fabrication of GPUs involves various stages, including wafer processing, packaging, and testing, all of which consume substantial amounts of electricity. This energy consumption, primarily sourced from non-renewable fossil fuels, contributes to carbon emissions and exacerbates climate change.
Additionally, the use of chemicals and materials in GPU manufacturing, such as silicon, metals, and rare earth elements, can have adverse effects on the environment. Extraction of these raw materials often leads to habitat destruction, water pollution, and ecosystem disruption. Improper disposal of electronic waste generated during GPU manufacturing further compounds environmental concerns, as these components contain hazardous substances that can leach into soil and water sources.
To address the environmental impact of GPU manufacturing, industry players are increasingly focusing on sustainability initiatives. Companies are implementing energy-efficient practices, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and improving recycling and waste management processes. Innovations in eco-friendly materials and manufacturing techniques are also being explored to reduce the ecological footprint of GPU production and align with global efforts towards environmental conservation and sustainability.
Regulatory Landscape for GPU Manufacturers
The regulatory landscape for GPU manufacturers is defined by a range of laws and standards that govern the production, distribution, and use of GPUs in the market. Regulations may cover areas such as product safety, environmental impact, intellectual property rights, and trade compliance. Compliance with these regulations is crucial for manufacturers to ensure ethical practices and meet industry standards.
One key aspect of regulatory compliance for GPU manufacturers is environmental regulations. This involves adherence to guidelines aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of manufacturing processes, minimizing electronic waste, and promoting sustainability in the industry. Companies need to implement eco-friendly practices and ensure compliance with regulations to mitigate the environmental impact of GPU production.
Intellectual property rights protection is another critical component of the regulatory landscape for GPU manufacturers. This includes safeguarding patents, trademarks, and other intellectual property assets related to GPU technology. Manufacturers must navigate the complex landscape of IP laws to protect their innovations, defend against infringement, and stay competitive in the market.
Moreover, regulations related to trade compliance play a significant role in the operations of GPU manufacturers. These regulations govern import and export activities, tariffs, customs procedures, and trade agreements that impact the global supply chain for GPUs. Adhering to trade regulations is essential for manufacturers to navigate international markets, ensure smooth logistics, and comply with legal requirements.
GPU Patent Trends and Innovations
In the realm of GPU innovation, monitoring patent trends unveils the pulse of technological advancement in the industry. Here are key insights regarding GPU patent trends and innovation to keep abreast of current developments:
• Novel Architectural Designs: Companies are patenting cutting-edge GPU architectures to enhance performance and efficiency.
• AI Integration: Patents are focusing on integrating artificial intelligence technologies into GPUs for various applications.
• Energy-Efficient Solutions: Innovations in power-saving techniques and designs are at the forefront of patent filings in the GPU sector.
• Augmented Reality: Patents are exploring the intersection of GPUs with augmented reality technologies to push the boundaries of visual computing.
Understanding GPU patent trends and innovations provides a glimpse into the future trajectory of the industry, showcasing the direction of research and development efforts. Stay tuned to patent filings and technological advancements for a comprehensive view of the evolving landscape in GPU technology.
GPU Market Segmentation by Application
In the realm of GPU market segmentation by application, GPUs find widespread utilization across various industries and fields, catering to specific needs and demands. This segmentation allows for the targeted deployment of GPUs based on the requirements of diverse applications. Key segments include:
• Gaming: GPUs play a pivotal role in rendering high-quality graphics and delivering seamless gaming experiences, meeting the demands of avid gamers and gaming enthusiasts worldwide.
• Data Centers and AI: GPUs are extensively employed in data centers for accelerating AI and machine learning tasks, enhancing processing speeds and efficiency in handling complex computational workloads.
• Automotive and Autonomous Driving: In the automotive sector, GPUs power advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving technologies, facilitating real-time decision-making and enhancing vehicle safety.
• Healthcare and Research: GPUs are instrumental in healthcare and research applications, enabling faster image rendering for medical diagnostics, drug discovery simulations, and genomic analysis.
The segmentation by application underscores the versatility and adaptability of GPUs in addressing the distinctive requirements of diverse industries and sectors, driving innovation and advancements across various fields.
Regional Analysis of GPU Market Growth
In analyzing the regional growth of the GPU market, it is evident that certain areas exhibit higher demand and expansion rates compared to others. For instance, the Asia-Pacific region, notably China and Japan, are key players in driving GPU market growth due to a thriving tech industry and increasing adoption of advanced technologies requiring high-performance GPUs. This trend is further augmented by the presence of major GPU manufacturers and a tech-savvy consumer base.
Conversely, in regions like Europe and North America, while the demand for GPUs remains strong, market growth is influenced by factors such as regulatory policies, economic conditions, and evolving consumer preferences. These regions often witness a steady but slightly slower growth pattern in the GPU market compared to the dynamic growth observed in Asia-Pacific. Additionally, market penetration of high-end GPUs in segments like gaming and data centers varies across regions, impacting overall market growth trends.
Moreover, emerging markets in Latin America and Africa are showing promising signs of growth in the GPU market, driven by increasing investments in infrastructure, rising disposable incomes, and the digital transformation of various sectors. This presents significant opportunities for GPU manufacturers to expand their market presence and cater to the evolving needs of these regions. Overall, a nuanced understanding of regional market dynamics is crucial for stakeholders in the GPU industry to navigate opportunities and challenges effectively for sustainable growth and global market dominance.
Challenges Facing GPU Industry
• Rapid Technological Advancements: Keeping up with continuous technological advancements in GPU design poses a significant challenge for manufacturers, requiring constant innovation to meet increasing performance demands.
• Supply Chain Disruptions: The GPU industry faces challenges related to global supply chain disruptions, impacting the timely delivery of components and leading to production delays and increased costs.
• Rising Production Costs: Manufacturers encounter challenges with the rising costs of raw materials and manufacturing processes, affecting pricing strategies and profitability in a competitive market landscape.
• Intellectual Property Protection: Safeguarding intellectual property rights and addressing patent infringements present ongoing legal challenges, necessitating robust strategies to protect innovations and maintain market competitiveness.
Future Outlook for GPU Market
Looking ahead, the future outlook for the GPU market is poised for significant growth and innovation. With evolving technologies driving demand for enhanced graphics capabilities, industry players are set to focus on developing more powerful and energy-efficient GPUs to meet consumer needs for high-performance computing. This push for innovation will likely lead to a surge in market trends favoring advancements in AI, gaming, and data processing applications.
Moreover, as the global economy continues to recover, the GPU market is expected to witness a resurgence in demand across various sectors, including automotive, healthcare, and finance. This increased adoption of GPUs for diverse applications is anticipated to fuel market growth and drive competition among manufacturers to produce cutting-edge solutions that cater to specific industry requirements. Industry insights suggest that companies investing in research and development to create superior GPU products will hold a competitive edge in the market landscape.
Furthermore, the future landscape of the GPU market is likely to be influenced by emerging trends such as edge computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), which will necessitate the development of GPUs capable of processing massive amounts of data in real time. This shift towards decentralized computing architectures is projected to open up new avenues for GPU utilization in edge devices, autonomous systems, and smart infrastructure, presenting opportunities for industry players to capitalize on the growing demand for high-performance computing solutions. In essence, the future outlook for the GPU market is brimming with possibilities for innovation, growth, and market expansion.
In conclusion, the GPU market continues to evolve rapidly, driven by shifting demand patterns, technological advancements, and regulatory developments. Industry players must navigate challenges such as supply chain disruptions and environmental concerns to sustain growth in this dynamic landscape.
Looking ahead, innovation in AI, gaming, and data centers is poised to shape the future of the GPU market. Strategic partnerships, sustainable practices, and a deep understanding of emerging trends will be pivotal for companies seeking to capitalize on the opportunities presented by this dynamic industry.
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__label__pos
| 0.89957 |
Create RichTextBox In C#
Here's an article on how we can create a Textbox where one can write “text” into the Textbox and then apply various “effects” on that particular “text”.
So let’s get started
I have mentioned the Step s to guide how to do this activity.
Step 1: Open visual studio 2010 or any version you have.
Step 2: Click on the file tab, then new and project. Under installed templates select C#, then windows and ”Windows Form Application”.
Step 3: Once all the formalities of providing the proper name to the project and providing the path is finished you will be redirected to one default “form”.
Step 4: All you need to do is simply drag one RichTextbox from the toolbox and 7 buttons.
Step 5: Now you can go to the properties window by right clicking each control and change some of the properties as per your requirement.
Step 6: Once creating the user interface part is over simply double click on buttons to generate the click event and then write the codes as in the following:
generate the click event
write the codes
butten click event
method
code
Step 7: Once you write all these codes in there particular events handlers, simply run your project and check everything is working fine.
Step 8: Congrats you have now made one project,
Output:
Output
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__label__pos
| 0.979896 |
Calculating Sum of Digits in a Number using Array Formulas [for fun]
Posted on March 18th, 2011 in Excel Howtos - 43 comments
Here is a fun formula to write.
Sum of Digits in a number - how to calculate?Given a number in cell, I want you to find the sum of digits in it. So, for eg. if you have the number 3584398594 in a cell, the sum would be =3+5+8+4+3+9+8+5+9+4, equal to 1994. :P
I am kidding of course, the sum would be 58.
Now, how would you write a formula to find this sum automatically based on the number entered in the cell?
Go ahead and figure it out. If you can, come back and check your answer with mine below.
How to get the sum of digits?
In order to get the sum of digits, we just need to separate and add all the numbers. Sounds simple right? But how!?!
Very simple, we use Array formulas and pixie dust.
First the formula:
Assuming the number is in cell B4, we write the formula,
=SUMPRODUCT(MID(B4,ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))),1)+0)
to get the sum of digits.
Note: you need not press CTRL+SHIFT+Enter to get this formula work.
How does this formula work?
We will go inside out to understand this formula.
The portion – ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))): Gives the numbers 1,2,3…n where n is the number of digits of the value in B4.
The portion – MID(B4,ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))),1): Now gets the individual digits of the number and returns them as array (since the 2nd argument of MID formula is an array.
The SUMPRODUCT: is the pixie dust. It just magically sums up all the digits extracted by MID(). We use a +0 at the end because MID() returns text that needs to be converted to numbers for SUMPRODUCT to work its magic.
How would you have solved this?
I just love SUMPRODUCT Formula. So I use it whenever I can. But you may like other techniques. So please tell me how you would solve this problem using formulas. Post your formula using comments.
Note: while posting your formula, just put it between CODE tags like this:
<code>your formula goes here</code> so that it gets displayed correctly.
Bonus question: How to calculate single digit sum of the digits?
Go ahead and solve it too.
The single digit sum is arrived by summing the sum of digits of sum of digits of … of a number. For ex. the single digit sum for number 3584398594 is 4 (because the sum of digits is 58, whose sum of digits is 5+8 = 13, whose sum of digits is 1+3 =4 and we stop here because 4 is a single digit number).
More Formula Fun:
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? Doubt: Ask an Excel Question
43 Responses to “Calculating Sum of Digits in a Number using Array Formulas [for fun]”
1. sam says:
=SUMPRODUCT(1*MID(B4,ROW(INDIRECT(“1:”&LEN(B4))),1))
2. Stef@n says:
an in German ;)
Array-Formula
{=SUMME((TEIL(A1;ZEILE(INDIREKT(“1:”&LÄNGE(A1)));1)*1))}
as a formula
=SUMMENPRODUKT((0&TEIL(A1;SPALTE(1:1);1))*1)
and as a function
Function QUERSUMME(zahl)
Dim i%
For i = 1 To Len(zahl)
QUERSUMME = QUERSUMME + Val(Mid(zahl, i, 1))
Next i
End Function
3. D says:
Quick similar question for anyone who sees this!
I’m trying to do something similar but instead of summing digits I’m trying to calculate a sum of a text containing the text form of various formulas such as 2+4, 5*10, 6/45.
I could use EVALUATE in VBA but I’m wondering if there is some trick to using SUMPRODUCT to pick apart the individual pieces and evaluate the formula.
Any thoughts?!
Thanks
4. D says:
*Sorry: “…trying to calculate the value of a cell containing…”
I’m not a complete idiot, I just play one on the Internet.
5. Tristan says:
Hi,
For the sum of digits, one could use the index function like:
=SUM(INDEX(1*(MID(B2,ROW(INDIRECT(“1:”&LEN(B2))),1)),,))
For the bonus question I like:
=IF(MOD(B2,9)=0,9,MOD(B2,9))
Thanks,
Tristan
6. Stef@n says:
And for the Bonus-Question:
Function QuerSumme(Zelle As Range)
Dim Dummy As String
Application.Volatile
Dummy = Zelle.Value
While Len(Dummy) > 1
QuerSumme = 0
For i = 1 To Len(Dummy)
QuerSumme = QuerSumme + Mid(Dummy, i, 1) * 1
Next
Dummy = QuerSumme
Wend
End Function
CALL
=QuerSumme(A1)
7. oldchippy says:
My offering
=SUMPRODUCT(MID(A1,ROW(INDIRECT("1:"&LEN(A1))),1)+0)
and
=A1 - FLOOR(A1 - 1, 9)
8. Hugo Uvin says:
How do you solve the same question for decimal numbers e.g. 1,142367?
9. Rick Rothstein (MVP - Excel) says:
The answer to the Bonus Question turns out to be quite simple (it’s known in mathematical circles as “casting out nines”)…
=MOD(A1,9)
10. Rick Rothstein (MVP - Excel) says:
For those who might want to see a UDF for your first question (sum the digits), it can be done in a single line of code…
Function SumDigits(S As String) As Long
SumDigits = Evaluate(Format(S, Replace(String(Len(S), “X”), “X”, “+0″)))
End Function
11. Abbas says:
Chandoo,
Please help. I don’t understand this formula. The portion ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))) results in only 1. How do you see 1, 2, 3, etc? Could you please explain this formula in more detail?
Thank you.
12. Michael Pennington says:
I couldn’t figure out any way to solve the main question that wasn’t essentially the same as the previously listed methods. But Rick’s bonus answer inspired to create a different, (albeit, uglier) way to solve the bonus. Brilliant work by the way everybody, I learn a lot from Chandoo and a lot from the brilliant comments, as well.
My bonus formula:
=IF(MID(B4/9,3,1)="",9,MID(B4/9,3,1))+0
13. Rick Rothstein (MVP - Excel) says:
Hey Michael, your posting made me rethink what I had posted and, damn, I forgot about the 9’s becoming 0 instead of staying at 9. My revised and now working correctly forumula
=1+MOD(A1-1,9)
14. Brendan says:
Not half as elegant, but as an alternative (assuming the number is in cell I5):
=SUM(MOD(INT(I5/10^( CEILING(LOG(I5),1)- ROW(INDIRECT("a1:a"&(CEILING(LOG(I5),1)))) ) ),10))
15. Istiyak says:
Hi Chandoo
Plz Check mail with subject “Numeric to work convertor” in your gmail account and do needful..
Thanks
Istiyak
16. George says:
=SUM(MID(A1,ROW(INDIRECT("1:"&LEN(A1))),1)*1)
Ignore my respond mail lol
George
17. Dhirendra Kum says:
I tried hard and hard and hard and come to the following code
^*%#%^)(@ Just kidding
You are doing really good job, and I am still learning…..!!
18. Hui... says:
@Abbas
re: ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4)))
This creates a single dimension array starting at A1 and extending vertically to the length of the number. The row then assigns the row number to each array element
Note that it doesn’t actually put values in A1:A7 etc, A1 is just a place holder to anchor the array to.
Mid then extracts the corresponding character from the Number using the row number from the array as the Start position.
Finally Sumproduct adds it all up
I Hope that helps a bit
19. Daro says:
Excelent. Just one question… I find it weird that you don’t need to enter the formula as an array formula. Does it have anything to do with the fact that the SUMPRODUCT formula asks for arrays as parameteres? If so, why is that?
Thnx!
20. Hui... says:
@Daro,
Spot on
Sumproduct is looking for and recieving an array of data
and so it just does its bit on the array of data as supplied
21. Abbas says:
@Hui Thank you very much for the explanation. Helps to clear the confusion.
22. Siddharth says:
@George: Minor change to George’s solution. Using Sum instead of Sumproduct and Pressing Shift+Cntl+Enter “SUM(MID(B2,ROW(INDIRECT(“1:”&LEN(B2))),1)+0)”
23. Cameron says:
This made me think of a different way to convert binary to decimal that works up to 15 bits instead of 9 like the BIN2DEC() formula (although I think Excel 2010 works at higher limits?)
Anyway, here’s the formula! (Binary value is in B1)
=SUMPRODUCT(2^(LEN(B1)-ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B1)))),MID(B1,LEN(B1)+1-ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B1))),1)+0)
• Chandoo says:
@Cameron… Wow that is a beautiful formula… Thank you so much for sharing it. Here is your donut :)
Btw, you can set formatting of B1 to Text, and that way this formula would work up to any number of digits, not just 15….
24. Rick Rothstein (MVP - Excel) says:
For both Cameron and Chandoo
——————————————————————————————————-
@Cameron,
Your formula does not work correctly… try putting 1000 or 1010 in B1 to see the problem. The reason it is not working correctly is because you are stripping off the digits in B1 backwards. While subtracting the row values from the length of B1’s entry is correct for the powers of 2, it is not the correct thing to do for the position argument of the MID function, rather, you need to use the row values directly there. Here is your corrected formula
=SUMPRODUCT(2^(LEN(B1)-ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B1)))),MID(B1,ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B1))),1)+0)
——————————————————————————————————-
@Chandoo,
Even formatting B1 as Text, there is still a limit on the size of the binary value that can be converted by this formula. The limit seems to be 36 or 37 bits depending on the arrangements of the 1’s and 0’s… the limit is in how big a number the formula can display before it rolls over into scientific notation (at which point the generated answer ceases to be accurate).
25. Rick Rothstein (MVP - Excel) says:
Just to follow up on my last posting, specifically referring to Chandoo’s statement about the length of binary digits the formula can process. As I said, the formula is restricted to being able to handle a 36 or 37 bit binary value before accuracy is lost. Now, I would think being about to convert a 36/37 bit binary number to decimal should cover most people’s needs, but there are always exceptions ;-) so here is a copy of a message that I have posted in the old newsgroups in the past that contains a UDF (user defined function) that can handle very large binary digits…
Below is a UDF that will handle up to a 96-bit binary number (decimal value 79228162514264337593543950335) which I’m guessing is way more than you will ever need. The code is efficient (looping only as many times as necessary to process the passed in binary value), so don’t worry about it being able to handle such a large binary value. The function returns a real numeric value up to 9999999999 after which it returns text representations of the calculated number.
Function BinToDec(BinaryString As String) As Variant
Dim X As Integer
Const TwoToThe48 As Variant = 281474976710656#
For X = 0 To Len(BinaryString) – 1
If X > 48 Then
BinToDec = CDec(BinToDec) + Val(Mid(BinaryString, _
Len(BinaryString) – X, 1)) * _
TwoToThe48 * CDec(2 ^ (X – 48))
Else
BinToDec = CDec(BinToDec) + Val(Mid(BinaryString, _
Len(BinaryString) – X, 1)) * CDec(2 ^ X)
End If
Next
If Len(BinToDec) > 10 Then BinToDec = CStr(BinToDec)
End Function
On the assumption that you do not know how to install a UDF, here are the quite simple instructions. From any worksheet, press Alt+F11 which will take you into the VB editor. Once in the VB editor, click Insert/Module on its menu bar. A code window will open up… simply paste the code above into that code window. That’s it… you are done. You can now use the BinToDec function on your worksheet just like it was a built-in function. So, if your binary value is in A1, then =BinToDec(A1) will display the decimal equivalent of it.
26. Cameron says:
@Rick: Good catch! Indeed I didn’t do any error checking, I just threw that together rather hastily and the reverse sequence found it’s way to both sides. Whoops! I also noticed the limitation last night on the value of the binary. I never thought I’d have the need to return binary values that large either, but nonetheless began to build my own UDF to convert any base to another (though I never finished adding in bases over 10. Just been busy :))
@Chandoo: The beautiful part was using the ROW()/OFFSET() to generate the sequence of numbers in a SUMPRODUCT! Thank you for adding it to my repertoire!
27. Hui... says:
I recieved an email recently requesting a description of how the formula =SUMPRODUCT(MID(B4,ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))),1)+0)
Works
I figure it is worth posting here as if one person bothered to ask there is bound to be others who didn’t
This technique uses a technique generally at a higher level than regularly used at Chandoo.org but just the same it is useful and worth learning.
Using B4: 16548
and =SUMPRODUCT(MID(B4,ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))),1)+0)
When pulling apart formulas you can start on the outside, inside or do a bit of both, which is what I’ll do.
Sumproduct() Sums the Product of it entries, that is it Multiplies all the components together and then Sums those for each entry in the input range/array
Your imediate response should be that there isn’t an input Range or Array?
Sort of correct, which means sort of incorrect
The only component in Sumproduct is MID(B4,ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))),1)+0
we can ignore the +0 as that is just making sure that the MID(B4,ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))),1) bit evaluates to True/False if required.
So what does MID(B4,ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))),1) do?
Mid is a Text Function that takes a String from within another string
In this case it is taking 1 character “,1)” from the ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))) position of the String at B4 (our Number)
Now we get to ROW(OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))) which is the position in String B4
Row takes returns the Row number from a Range
and the Range is OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4))
Now here is the tricky bit
OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4)) says setup a Range, starting at A1, with no Row or Column Offset which is Len(B4) high, the Length of our Number in B4 which is 5.
So it is effectively saying OFFSET($A$1,,,LEN(B4)) = (A1:A5)
Now it doesn’t actually setup a Range in that area it just references it, because all it is doing is returning the Row Number for each Cell in the Range
Now the real tricky bit is that Sumproduct is an Array Formula, except in some cases like this and normal Ranges you don’t need to Ctrl Shift Enter as it does it automatically.
So what this means is that it procesesses every cell in the Input Range, which in this case is our reference range A1:A5
It Returns the Row Number which is 1,2,3,4,5
And then uses these to extract the middle 1 character from B4 position 1,2,3,4,5 and
Adds them up.
So in our case it extracts from Position 1 value 1, pos 2 value 6, pos 3 value 5, pos 4 value 4 and pos 5 value 8 and Sums them to get 21.
28. […] Comment by Cameron & subsequent discussion on how to convert binary numbers to decimal […]
29. […] and how to use it Advanced SUMPRODUCT Queries Use Array Formulas to check if a list is sorted Calculating sum of digits in a number using formulas Check if a number is Prime using array formulas More… Excel Array Formulas – Examples […]
30. Joshua says:
I’m working on a similar issue, but am doing something with language characters.
Here’s the deal, briefly outlined.
A1 = “cat”
C1:D3 had the following:
a 13
c 25
t 33
The formula would need to do a simultaneous search for values, and then it would have to return the sum of those values. Is there a way in which one could adapt the formula to do that kind of move?
31. mintintense says:
hi chandoo,
do u have an answer for the bonus question?
thanks.
32. tj says:
I don’ think so:
Single digit sum of 9 is 9, but MOD(9,9) is 0
You need to check for multiples of 9, e.g. =IF(MOD(A25;9)=0;9;MOD(A25;9))
33. CHERRY JORDAN says:
=MID(B4,1,1)+MID(B4,2,1)+MID(B4,3,1)
34. John Ness says:
I realize I’m late to the party, but I only found this site yesterday. It seems a bunch of people are using Offset or Indirect and, though they work, are volatile and can cause unforeseen issues, such as slowing the workbook down if they’re used a lot. Here’s my formula, which uses Index to allow for up to a 15-digit number to have its digits added: {=SUM(MID(A1,ROW(A1:INDEX(A:A,LEN(A1))),1)+0)}
35. Kerry Millen says:
Put the array formula
{=SUM(–MID(B4, ROW(INDIRECT(“1:” & LEN(B4))), 1))}
in cells C4 (assuming the first number is in cell B4) through C13.
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Fixed menu bar when scroll
Hello
I'm trying to make the menu bar of my website fixed to the very top when a user scrolls down the page.
I've achieved this, but it's not quite perfect.
Take a look at this page.
If you scroll down the page, you'll see the menu bar is fixed to the top of the page. However, scroll slowly and you'll see when the menu becomes fixed, the rest of the page jumps up slightly to fill the gap.
Can anyone figure out how to stop the page jumping up and create a smoother effect?
The code I'm using below:
CSS:
Code:
/* Header Structure
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
#header{width:100%; height:65px; background:url(../images/trans_black.png) repeat; margin:0 0 37px 0;}
.logo{float:left;padding:0px; margin:0px;}
img.logo_image{ float:left; margin:9px 0 0 15px;}
.logo h1 { float:left; line-height:65px;}
.logo h1 a{font-size:30px; color:#fff; padding:0 0 0 15px;}
/* Menu Structure
/*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
.show_menu{ display:none;}
.hide_menu{ display:none;}
.menu{float:right; padding:22px 0 0 0;}
.f-nav{ z-index: 9999; position: fixed; top: 0; width: 1000px; margin: 0 auto;}
ul#main_menu {list-style:none; margin:0; padding:0px;}
ul#main_menu * {margin:0; padding:0;}
ul#main_menu li {position:relative; float:left; padding:0 40px 0 0px; height:42px;}
ul#main_menu li a{font-family: 'Terminal Dosis', sans-serif;color:#fff; font-size:16px;}
ul#main_menu li a:hover{color:#dd3134;}
ul#main_menu li.selected a{color:#dd3134;}
ul#main_menu ul {position:absolute; top:42px; left:-10px; background:#000; display:none; opacity:0; list-style:none;}
ul#main_menu ul li {position:relative; width:140px; margin:0; padding:0px;}
ul#main_menu ul li a {display:block; padding:10px 20px 10px 20px; font-size:14px;}
ul#main_menu li.selected ul li a{ color:#FFFFFF;}
ul#main_menu li.selected ul li a:hover{ color:#dd3134;}
ul#main_menu ul li a:hover {background-color:#f0f0f0;}
jQuery:
Code:
var nav = $('.menu_wrap');
$(window).scroll(function () {
if ($(this).scrollTop() > 35) {
nav.addClass("f-nav");
} else {
nav.removeClass("f-nav");
}
});
HTML:
Code:
<div class="menu_wrap">
<div id="header">
<div class="logo"><a href="index.html"><img src="images/logo.png" alt="logo" title="logo" class="logo_image" /></a><h1><a href="index.html">My Fit Finder</a></h1></div>
<?php require_once("includes/menu.inc.php"); ?>
</div><!-- End of Header-->
</div>
I'd appreciate any help.
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The #header position plus its bottom margin is pushing .page_header down. When you switch to fixed positioning, removing it from "the flow", those items no longer push .page_header, which makes it jump up.
What you should do instead is take the header out of "the flow" from the start. Add position: absolute to #header. This will make it collapse in width, but you can add width: 100% to make it stretch across. This will make it stretch too far, but you can add position: relative to #main_container to fix that. Now you remove the bottom margin from #header because it's no longer needed, and add a top margin to .page_header, which is probably going to be about 100px, (37px+header height, whatever that is).
So add:
Code:
#main_container {position: relative}
#header {position: absolute; width: 100%}
.page_header {margin-top: 100px}
Comments on this post
• stevenatherton4 agrees
• Kravvitz agrees
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Originally Posted by rdoyle720
The #header position plus its bottom margin is pushing .page_header down. When you switch to fixed positioning, removing it from "the flow", those items no longer push .page_header, which makes it jump up.
What you should do instead is take the header out of "the flow" from the start. Add position: absolute to #header. This will make it collapse in width, but you can add width: 100% to make it stretch across. This will make it stretch too far, but you can add position: relative to #main_container to fix that. Now you remove the bottom margin from #header because it's no longer needed, and add a top margin to .page_header, which is probably going to be about 100px, (37px+header height, whatever that is).
So add:
Code:
#main_container {position: relative}
#header {position: absolute; width: 100%}
.page_header {margin-top: 100px}
Thanks for the quick reply. I made the changes you suggested and it worked perfectly. However, I've noticed it's made the menu disappear completely on my main page
Obviously because the pages are set up slightly differently.
I'll try and figure out how the main page should be set up based on what you've already given me.
Thanks for your help.
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Simple as adding the top margin to another class.
Thanks again.
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.slider_container would also need the top margin.
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xilinx:xactstep:lca2xnf
Sample help
386|DOS-Extender 4.1 - Copyright (C) 1986-1993 Phar Lap Software, Inc.
LCA2XNF Version 5.2.1
Copyright (C) 1987-1996 Xilinx Inc. All rights reserved.
LCA2XNF: Translates an input LCA design file into an XNF file with delays.
Usage: LCA2XNF [options] <LCA file name> [<XNF file name>]
-b = Blocks only. Don't generate gates.
-d = Suppress default logic generation for RPMs.
-e = Generate function generators and carry logic as EQNs.
-f = Generate timing models even if the design is not completely routed.
-g = Gates only by default. Don't generate blocks.
-m = Generate gates and blocks.
-q = Generate XC4000 RPM compatible with non-Unified Library.
-r = Generate XC4000 RPM compatible with Unified Library.
-s = Print spec sheets for the part/grade of the routed design.
-t = Trim unused CLBs and IOBs.
-u = Generate unit delay model.
-v = Output file in Version 4 XNF format.
-w = Suppress warning when overwriting non-LCA2XNF created files.
XNF file name defaults to LCA name with .xnf extension.
xilinx/xactstep/lca2xnf.txt · Last modified: 2013/01/22 00:42 (external edit)
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Util.encodeRFC5987 = (string) ->
encodeURIComponent(string)
# Note that although RFC3986 reserves "!", RFC5987 does not,
# so we do not need to escape it
.replace(/['()]/g, escape)
.replace(/\*/g, '%2A')
# The following are not required for percent-encoding per RFC5987,
# so we can allow for a little better readability over the wire: |`^
.replace(/%(?:7C|60|5E)/g, unescape)
⌘ ★ “ ” ‘ ’ ❝ ❞ ✔ × ✖ ✗ ✕ ⓧ ⊗ ⊕ ⊖ ⊙ ⊠ ⊡ ≠ ℻ © ® ← ↑ ↓ → ❮ ❯ ◄ ◂ ▸ ▷ ▹ ⌃ ¹ ² ³ ⁂ ▣ ⬚ Ⓜ ⓜ ⒨ ꟿ ṃ ♻ ♺
# Hide elements via selectors.
#
# Works wonderfully to block facebook ads which are
# pre-loaded ;o zomg
#
# Probably won't often update this gist, but selectors
# simply need to be added to @patterns
#
# You can avoid the transpile if you run this using
# the Injector, chrome extension. s'what I use.
# Converts a data image uri to canvas image
#
# reader = new FileReader()
# reader.onload = (evt) =>
# App.Util.dataToCanvas evt, el: @ui.thumb, width: 80, height: 40
# reader.readAsDataURL(...)
#
# @ui.thumb = jquery selector
# ultimately the jquery dependency can be 86ed from this...
#
# Returns an object with a new width and height
# constraining the proportions of the given max width
# and max height
#
# examples:
# Util.scaleProportion(200, 200, 2000, 2000);
# > Object {width: 200, height: 200}
# scaleProportion(200, 200, 2582, 2394)
# > Object {width: 200, height: 185}
#
# Convert int|float from seconds into formatted
# duration timestamp
#
# deps: underscore or lodash or any other library
# that takes over window._ and provides a
# #.compact() method. dep could ultimately
# be removed...
#
# uses double bitwise not `~~` as `Math.floor`
# uses `+` as type coercion to `int`
@moimikey
moimikey / app.coffee
Last active August 29, 2015 14:05
Basic grunt + browserify + coffeescript + backbone + marionette
'use strict'
$ = require('jquery')
Backbone = require('backbone')
Backbone.$ = $
Marionette = require('backbone.marionette')
View = require('./view')
$ ->
##
# create an insanely tiny placeholder gif
# output in base64
#
# i'm still working the bytes... so this is
# a working proto but it needs to be further
# edited...
#
# as much as possible in accordance to GIF spec.
class Dick
# determine if the supplied array is filled with only
# numbers.
#
# App.Util.isArrayNumbers([1,2,3,4,5,6])
# > true
# App.Util.isArrayNumbers([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 'a'])
# > false
#
Util.isArrayNumbers = (arr) ->
_.uniq(_.map arr, (num) ->
# reduce an array of numbers and return
# the sum
Util.reduceAddArray = (arr) ->
return unless Util.isArrayNumbers(arr)
_.reduce arr, (a, b) ->
a + b
|
__label__pos
| 0.978514 |
webcamdell.exe Process Information
Process Name: Dell Webcam Central
Author: Creative Technology Ltd.
System Process:
n/a
Uses network:
n/a
Hardware related:
n/a
Background Process:
Yes
Spyware:
n/a
Trojan:
n/a
Virus:
n/a
Security risk 0-5:
n/a
What is webcamdell exe?
webcamdell.exe is a Dell Webcam Central belonging to Dell Webcam Central from Creative Technology Ltd.
The “.exe” file extension stands for Windows executable file. Any program that is executable has the .exe file extension. Find out if webcamdell.exe is a virus and sould be removed, how to fix webcamdell.exe error, if webcamdell exe is CPU intensive and slowing down your Windows PC. Any process has four stages of the lifecycle including start, ready, running, waiting, terminated or exit.
Should You Remove webcamdell exe?
If you are asking yourself if it is safe to remove webcamdell.exe from your Windows system then it is understandable that it is causing trouble. webcamdell.exe is not a critical component and a non-system process. Any process that is not managed by the system is known as non-system processes. It is safe to terminate the non-system process as they do not affect the general functionality of the operating system. However, the program using the non-system processes will be either terminated or halted.
Fix webcamdell.exe Error?
There are many reasons why you are seeing webcamdell.exe error in your Windows system including:
Malicious software
Malicious software infects the system with malware, keyloggers, spyware, and other malicious actors. They slow down the whole system and also cause .exe errors. This occurs because they modify the registry which is very important in the proper functioning of processes.
Incomplete installation
Another common reason behind webcamdell.exe error is an incomplete installation. It can happen because of errors during installation, lack of hard disk space, and crash during install. This also leads to a corrupted registry causing the error.
Application conflicts and Missing or corrupt windows drivers can also lead to webcamdell.exe error.
The solution to fixing webcamdell.exe error include any one of the following
• Make sure your PC is protected with proper anti-virus software program.
• Run a registry cleaner to repair and remove the Windows registry that is causing webcamdell.exe error.
• Make sure the system’s device drivers are updated properly.
It is also recommended that you run a performance scan to automatically optimize memory and CPU settings.
Is a webcamdell.exe CPU intensive?
Windows process requires three resource types to function properly including CPU, Memory, and Network. CPU cycles to do computational tasks, memory to store information and network to communicate with the required services. If any of the resources are not available, it will either get interrupted or stopped.
Any given process has a process identification number(PID) associated with it. A user can easily identify and track a process using its PID. Task Manager is a great way to learn how much resources webcamdell.exe process is allocating to itself. It showcases process resource usage in CPU/Memory/Disk and Network. If you have a GPU, it will also showcase the percentage of GPU it is using to run the process.
|
__label__pos
| 0.974444 |
Method chaining
Rotwang sg552 at hotmail.co.uk
Sun Nov 24 01:28:21 CET 2013
On 23/11/2013 19:53, Rotwang wrote:
> [...]
>
> That's pretty cool. However, I can imagine it would be nice for the
> chained object to still be an instance of its original type. How about
> something like this:
>
> [crap code]
>
> The above code isn't very good - it will only work on types whose
> constructor will copy an instance, and it discards the original. And its
> dir() is useless. Can anyone suggest something better?
Here's another attempt:
class dummy:
pass
def initr(self, obj):
super(type(self), self).__setattr__('__obj', obj)
def getr(self, name):
try:
return super(type(self), self).__getattribute__(name)
except AttributeError:
return getattr(self.__obj, name)
def methr(method):
def selfie(self, *args, **kwargs):
result = method(self.__obj, *args, **kwargs)
return self if result is None else result
return selfie
class chained(type):
typedict = {}
def __new__(cls, obj):
if type(obj) not in cls.typedict:
dict = {}
for t in reversed(type(obj).__mro__):
dict.update({k: methr(v) for k, v in t.__dict__.items()
if callable(v) and k != '__new__'})
dict.update({'__init__': initr, '__getattribute__': getr})
cls.typedict[type(obj)] = type.__new__(cls, 'chained%s'
% type(obj).__name__, (dummy, type(obj)), dict)
return cls.typedict[type(obj)](obj)
This solves some of the problems in my earlier effort. It keeps a copy
of the original object, while leaving its interface pretty much
unchanged; e.g. repr does what it's supposed to, and getting or setting
an attribute of the chained object gets or sets the corresponding
attribute of the original. It won't work on classes with properties,
though, nor on classes with callable attributes that aren't methods (for
example, a class with an attribute which is another class).
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