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path-vqa-robustness

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test_open_image_gaussian_noise · 3.37k rows

question stringlengths 8 214	answer stringlengths 1 166	answer_type stringclasses 1 value
What are positively charged, thus allowing the compaction of the negatively charged DNA?	the histone subunits	OPEN
How are the histone subunits charged?	positively charged	OPEN
What are illustrated?	the principal cellular alterations that characterize reversible cell injury and necrosis	OPEN
What is considered to culminate in necrosis if the injurious stimulus is not removed, by convention?	reversible injury	OPEN
How is reversible injury considered to do if the injurious stimulus is not removed, by convention?	culminate in necrosis	OPEN
What is showing increased eosinophilia of cytoplasm, and swelling of occasional cells?	early (reversible) ischemic injury	OPEN
What does ischemic injury show?	surface blebs	OPEN
What show preserved outlines with loss of nuclei?	the necrotic cells	OPEN
What shows a circumferential bright pink area of necrosis with protein deposition and inflammation?	the wall of the artery	OPEN
What does the wall of the artery show with protein deposition and inflammation?	a circumferential bright pink area of necrosis	OPEN
How does the wall of the artery show a circumferential bright pink area of necrosis?	with protein deposition and inflammation	OPEN
What are illustrated?	the cellular alterations in apoptosis are illustrated	OPEN
What are shown?	apoptotic cells in colonic epithelium	OPEN
What was removed for postpartum bleeding?	a gravid uterus	OPEN
What was a gravid uterus removed for?	postpartum bleeding	OPEN
What is surrounded by multiple multinucleate giant cells, epithelioid cells, and lymphocytes?	an area of central necrosis	OPEN
What does typical tuberculous granuloma show?	an area of central necrosis	OPEN
What is an area of central necrosis surrounded by?	multiple multinucleate giant cells	OPEN
What overlies white fibrous scar?	thrombus	OPEN
What does thrombus in the left and right ventricular apices overlie?	white fibrous scar	OPEN
What are super-imposed on advanced atherosclerotic lesions of the more proximal aorta (left side of photograph)?	friable mural thrombi	OPEN
What is characterized by vasodilation, congestion, and edema?	the immediate reaction	OPEN
What is the immediate reaction characterized by?	vasodilation	OPEN
What shows several multinucleate giant cells?	the granuloma	OPEN
What does the granuloma in the center show?	multinucleate giant cells	OPEN
What stain shows C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries and a glomerulus?	immunoperoxidase stain	OPEN
What are strikingly similar to normal squamous epithelial cells, with intercellular bridges and nests of keratin?	the tumor cells	OPEN
How are the tumor cells?	strikingly similar to normal squamous epithelial cells	OPEN
How are the tumor cells strikingly similar to normal squamous epithelial cells?	with intercellular bridges and nests of keratin (arrow)	OPEN
What shows failure of normal differentiation, marked nuclear and cellular pleomorphism, and numerous mitotic figures extending toward the surface?	high-power view of another region	OPEN
What does high-power view of another region show?	failure of normal differentiation	OPEN
What is not seen in this section?	the intact basement membrane	OPEN
What illustrates the invasion of breast stroma and fat by nests and cords of tumor cells?	the microscopic view of breast carcinoma	OPEN
What does microscopic view of breast carcinoma illustrate?	the invasion of breast stroma and fat by nests and cords of tumor cells	OPEN
How does microscopic view of breast carcinoma illustrate the invasion of breast stroma and fat?	by nests and cords of tumor cells	OPEN
What has been termed cystic hygroma?	fluid accumulation particularly prominent in the soft tissues of the neck	OPEN
What has this condition been termed?	cystic hygroma	OPEN
What are characteristically seen with, but not limited to, constitutional chromosomal anomalies such as 45, X karyotypes?	cystic hygromas	OPEN
What are cystic hygromas characteristically seen with, but not limited to?	constitutional chromosomal anomalies such as 45	OPEN
What is seen abutting the optic nerve?	poorly cohesive tumor in retina	OPEN
What is the poorly cohesive tumor in the retina seen abutting?	the optic nerve	OPEN
What is consistented with the blastemal component and interspersed primitive tubules, representing the epithelial component?	wilms tumor with tightly packed blue cells	OPEN
What is the Wilms tumor with tightly packed blue cells consistent with?	the blastemal component and interspersed primitive tubules	OPEN
What was present in other areas within this Wilms tumor, characterized by cells with hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei, and an abnormal mitosis (center of field)?	focal anaplasia	OPEN
What was present within this Wilms tumor, characterized by cells with hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei, and an abnormal mitosis center of field?	focal anaplasia	OPEN
What are associated with specific molecular lesions?	predominance of blastemal morphology and diffuse anaplasia	OPEN
What are predominance of blastemal morphology and diffuse anaplasia associated with?	specific molecular lesions	OPEN
What does not occur in the absence of appropriate T-cell-mediated immunity?	granulomatous host response	OPEN
What shows massive intracellular macrophage infection with acid-fast organisms (filamentous and pink in this acid-fast stain preparation)?	mycobacterium avium infection	OPEN
What does mycobacterium avium infection in a duodenal biopsy from a patient with AIDS show?	massive intracellular macrophage infection with acid-fast organisms	OPEN
What is AIDS?	acquired immunodeficiency syndrome	OPEN
What is composed of fibrous plaques?	aorta with mild atherosclerosis	OPEN
What is aorta with mild atherosclerosis composed of?	fibrous plaques	OPEN
What shows scattered inflammatory cells, calcification arrowheads, and neovascularization ?	high-power view of the junction of the fibrous cap and core	OPEN
What did high-power view of the junction of the fibrous cap and core show?	scattered inflammatory cells	OPEN
What demonstrate sheets of plump, proliferating spindle cells and slitlike vascular spaces?	histologic view of the nodular stage	OPEN
What is concentric thickening of the left ventricular wall causing?	reduction in lumen size	OPEN
What is causing reduction in lumen size?	concentric thickening of the left ventricular wall	OPEN
What are shown on the right in this four-chamber view of the heart?	the left ventricle and left atrium	OPEN
Where is the atrium shown?	on the right in this four-chamber view of the heart	OPEN
What is presented incidentally in the right ventricle?	a pacemaker	OPEN
Where is the pacemaker?	in the right ventricle	OPEN
What are heaped up within the sinuses of Valsalva?	nodular masses of calcium	OPEN
What are nodular masses of calcium heaped up within?	the sinuses valsalva	OPEN
What are not fused, as in rheumatic aortic valve stenosis?	the commissures	OPEN
How are the commissures stenosis?	not fused	OPEN
One cusp has a partial fusion at whose center ?	its	OPEN
One cusp has a partial fusion at whose center ?	its	OPEN
What is dilated, reflecting long-standing valvular insufficiency and volume overload?	the atrium	OPEN
What is prominent hooding with?	prolapse of the posterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium	OPEN
What is there with prolapse of the posterior mitral leaflet into the left atrium?	prominent hooding	OPEN
What is shown on the right in this four-chamber view?	the left ventricle	OPEN
Where is the left ventricle shown in this four-chamber view?	on the right	OPEN
What is caused by Streptococcus viridans on a previously myxomatous mitral valve?	subacute endocarditis	OPEN
What is subacute endocarditis caused by?	streptococcus viridans on a previously myxomatous mitral valve	OPEN
How is subacute endocarditis caused?	by streptococcus viridans on a previously myxomatous mitral valve	OPEN
How much dilation and hypertrophy are evident?	four	OPEN
What is evident?	four-chamber dilation and hypertrophy	OPEN
How are four-chamber dilation and hypertrophy?	evident	OPEN
What shows an irreversibly sickled cell in the center?	higher magnification	OPEN
What does higher magnification show in the center?	an irreversibly sickled cell	OPEN
What shows a hyper-segmented neutrophil with a six-lobed nucleus?	a peripheral blood smear	OPEN
What does a peripheral blood smear show?	a hyper-segmented neutrophil with a six-lobed nucleus	OPEN
How does a peripheral blood smear show a hyper-segmented neutrophil?	with a six-lobed nucleus	OPEN
What is seen lying within a clear space created by retraction of its cytoplasms?	a distinctive lacunar cell with a multilobed nucleus containing many small nucleoli	OPEN
What does the multilobed nucleus of the distinctive lacunar cell contain?	many small nucleoli	OPEN
A distinctive lacunar cell with a multilobed nucleus containing many small nucleoli is seen lying within a clear space created by retraction of whose cytoplasms ?	its	OPEN
What shows well-defined bands of pink, acellular collagen that have subdivided the tumor cells into nodules?	a low-power view	OPEN
What is surrounded by eosinophils, lymphocytes, and histiocytes?	a diagnostic	OPEN
What is a diagnostic, binucleate Reed-Sternberg cell surrounded by?	eosinophils	OPEN
What results for the AML are shown in the figure?	flow cytometry	OPEN
What are positive for the stem cell marker CD34 and the myeloid lineage specific markers CD33 and CD15 subset?	the tumor cells	OPEN
What are the tumor cells positive for?	the stem cell marker cd34 and myeloid lineage specific markers cd33 and cd15	OPEN
What is marked by resorption of hyaline membranes and thickening of alveolar septa by inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and collagen?	the healing stage	OPEN
What is the healing stage marked by?	resorption of hyaline membranes and thickening of alveolar septa by inflammatory cells	OPEN
What are seen at this stage, associated with regeneration and repair?	numerous reactive type ii pneumocytes	OPEN
What are numerous reactive type II pneumocytes seen at, associated with regeneration and repair?	this stage	OPEN
What is seen in small arteries?	plexiform lesion	OPEN
Where is plexiform lesion characteristic of advanced pulmonary hypertension seen?	in small arteries	OPEN
What is infiltrated by macrophages and fibroblasts?	fibromyxoid masses	OPEN