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Ken Smith Basses and Kevin Brubaker (Founder of Brubaker Guitars) are proud to announce that production of Ken Smith USA basses has been shifted to Brubaker Guitars out of Baltimore, MD. Ken will, as always, handle the initial wood selection as well all final assembly, inspection and setup.
Both Ken and Kevin are excited about this New arrangement. Ken says, “2019, our 40th year starts a new era of Ken Smith Basses!."
Brubaker began making instruments in 1989. Ken Smith Basses launched its first bass 1979, a decade prior.
Both companies have built instruments that have been used all over the world.
Later this year there will be an announced Smith-Baker Hybrid Model. Stayed tuned for further updates.
Mr smith, I could add more details of this new partnership, and if you can give the reasons (history) for this decision...
One of our long time workers passed away and training someone new or from within was not easy to do in a short time. This was the best move we could make to keep the basses being produced as they had been. We are still supplying neck and body billets from our shop here to the new shop and will continue to do so. Changes to the basses will be minimal if any and the only noticeable difference is the actual improved finish on all of the basses. |
Categories
Links
Media Contacts
CCAR Press Kit
News and Announcements
Champaign County Area Home Sales Slip in February
Gains Reported in Median and Average Home Sale Price
Harshwinter
temperatures and the sting of rising interest rates combined to slow the pace
of home sale buyer activity in much of the Champaign County area in February of
2018. Despite slower sales, gains were reported in both the median home sale
and average home sale price. There were hot spots in the market—in the City of
Champaign/Savoy region sales were up 22.6 percent to 65 sales versus 52 one
year ago.
CCAR reports a total of 127 residential homes were sold in
February of 2018 down 16.99 percent from 153 sales in February of 2017. There
were 198 pending sales reported in February the same amount as February 2017.
The
median home sale price for February of 2018 for the Champaign County area was
$151,500 up 9.78 percent from $138,000 reported in February of 2017. The median
is a typical market price where half the homes sold for more, half for less.
The average home sale price stood at: $172,431 up 9.31
percent from $157,749 in February of 2017.
“We definitely saw an up-tick in home sale activity in the
below $200,000 market price range. Home sales stumbled across other areas of the
state in February as it did in pockets of the Champaign County area most likely
due to lower supply levels and the sudden increase in interest rates,” said Max
McComb, president of the Champaign County Association of REALTORS®. “Rising
home prices and steadily increasing interest rates will push the average
monthly mortgage payment up for homebuyers, further challenging the market this
spring. We may see buyers choosing between higher payments or lower-priced
homes. Successful buyers will need to move quickly in this competitive spring
market in making an attractive offer to sellers.”
“The economy is in great shape, most local job markets are
very strong and incomes are slowly rising,” said Lawrence Yun, NAR chief
economist in the January pending home sales report issued 2/28/2018. “The lower
end of the market continues to feel the brunt of these supply and affordability
impediments. With the cost of buying a home getting more expensive and not
enough inventory, some prospective buyers are either waiting until listings
increase come spring or now having to delay their search entirely to save up
for a larger down payment.”
In
2018, Yun forecasts for existing-home sales to be around 5.50 million—roughly
unchanged from 2017 (5.51 million). The national median existing-home price
this year is expected to increase around 2.7 percent.
The average rate on a 30-year fixed rate mortgage for the
month of February according to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
(Freddie Mac) was 4.33 percent, up from 4.17 percent in February 2017 and up
from 4.03 in January of 2018. The 30-year fixed-rate mortgage averaged 4.44
percent for the week ending March 15, dropping for the first time in 2018 after
nine consecutive weeks of gains in rates.
“Higher prices often indicate higher demand leading to
competitive bidding,” indicates McComb. “Our market is definitely poised and
ready for an increase in supply, so we are hopeful sellers are preparing their
homes to place on the market as there is a ready and willing buyer base seeking
new inventory. As always it is important that sellers work with a REALTOR® to
help with market analysis and pricing strategy in this competitive marketplace.
We would like to see the funnel of new listings continuing to remain full to
keep pace with the interest of new buyers coming into the market.”
New research from the National Association of REALTORS®
shows that millennials make up more than one-third of the U.S. housing market. Of
that, 65 percent are first-time buyers, according to the NAR
Home Buyers and Sellers Generational Trends Report. Gen
Xers ranked second at 26 percent, followed by Baby Boomers with 32 percent and
the Silent Generation with 6 percent of all home sales.
“In combination with shrinking inventory and
concerns about affordability at the lower end of the price scale,
year-over-year sales numbers are forecast to be lower than in 2017,” states
Geoffrey J. D. Hewings, director of the Regional Economics Applications
Laboratory at the University of Illinois in his March Housing Price
Forecast for the Illinois REALTORS®. Statewide sales forecast for March, April and May suggests decreases on
a yearly basis and increases on a monthly basis for both Illinois and the
Chicago PMSA
The Champaign County Association of REALTORS®
is a voluntary trade organization serving Champaign County and surrounding
areas and is the leading resource for REALTOR® members and an advocate for
homeownership and private property rights. Statistics are from residential
sales within Champaign County. Data compiled by Midwest Real Estate Data, LLC
as available on March 14, 2018.
The Champaign County Association of REALTORS® is the "Voice for Real Estate" in the Champaign County area of Illinois, whose over 400 members are engaged in all facets of the real estate industry. CCAR was chartered in 1917. |
The recent COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for rapid responses in developing treatment strategies for new and emerging diseases. The option to repurpose drugs represents a viable solution as aspects of the pharmacology of these drugs are known. With regards to COVID-19, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been identified as possible therapeutic agents potentially useful in combating COVID-19. Two recent studies looking at the *in vitro* antiviral effect of CQ and HCQ on SARS-CoV-2 suggest that they both can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, with CQ's immunomodulatory properties enhancing its antiviral capacity.[@pvaa041-B1]^,^[@pvaa041-B2]
The quinine analogue, CQ received little attention initially due to toxicity in humans. HCQ, a derivative of CQ, was subsequently synthesized and is less toxic. Both CQ and HCQ are not new and have been on the market for a while, initially for the treatment of malaria and presently also for the management of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
At face value, repurposing these drugs may seem like a straightforward 'quick-fix', but this is not the case. In fact, it is a complex process from both a clinical and a regulatory perspective, requiring careful planning and assessment by clinicians, scientists, and regulatory authorities. Repurposing drugs may require deviation from the approved dosing regimens and prescribing practice in order for them to be tailored to the new disease. Such deviations give rise to more complex issues, particularly those associated with side effects and toxicity induced by the new dosing regimens. One such side effect that is of particular interest with regards to quinolone-based drugs are cardiac safety and toxicity.
Quinolone and structurally related compounds have long been known to cause cardiovascular side effects. Many antimalarial drugs cause hypotension and can alter depolarization and repolarization of cardiac and skeletal muscle.[@pvaa041-B3] It has long been known that quinolone-based drugs and their derivatives have a preponderance for causing cardiac rhythm abnormalities, giving rise, in mild cases, to transient arrhythmic episodes and, in severe cases, fatal arrhythmic events. The risks of fast intravenous injection of quinine, the striking prolongation of the electrocardiographic (ECG) QT interval triggered by quinidine, and the lethality of CQ in overdose have separately caused substantial concern.[@pvaa041-B3]
Cardiac safety studies, particularly the electrophysiological implications for CQ and HCQ, have predominantly been evaluated on the basis of its use as an antimalarial treatment and prophylactic. Characterizing the cardiac electrophysiological effects of a drug, particularly during acute illness, is not straightforward,[@pvaa041-B3] and is a major consideration during drug development.
Importantly, regulatory guidelines for the classification of drug-induced proarrhythmic tendencies do not wholly take into consideration arrhythmogenic mechanisms.[@pvaa041-B4]^,^[@pvaa041-B5] This stems directly from drug safety advice primarily based on the presence or absence of QT interval prolongation reflecting action potential duration (APD). Drugs that cause QT interval prolongation lead to life-threatening tachyarrhythmias in only a small proportion of patients.[@pvaa041-B3]^,^[@pvaa041-B6] Fatal tachyarrhythmias can also occur in individuals whose QT intervals are within the normal range. The QT interval, although important, concerns only one of the several indicators of arrhythmic tendency, namely the APD, even excluding contributions from the cardiac effective refractory period (ERP). Studies have shown that there is a positive time difference between the APD and ERP that determines arrhythmic tendency, and this cannot be measured with the QT interval only.[@pvaa041-B7]
This over-reliance on QT intervals as a cardiac safety marker lacks precision and discounts other possible mechanisms for arrhythmia including alterations in conduction velocity and calcium homeostasis in cardiac myocytes.[@pvaa041-B4] When looking to repurpose CQ and HCQ for managing COVID-19 patients, it is essential that the above electrophysiological implications are taken into consideration. Whilst regulatory guidelines for cardiac safety have evolved to encompass other proarrhythmic mechanisms, initial approval for CQ and HCQ pre-dates such regulatory changes.
Principally relevant to the pandemic at hand is that a large proportion of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 either have an underlying health condition (such as a cardiovascular disease) or are elderly, and potentially both. This gives rise to confounding factors when using CQ or HCQ for the acute management of COVID-19 infection. One study assessing the safety of CQ observed a tendency to tachycardia, but with no significant differences in mean heart rate before and after CQ administration.[@pvaa041-B8] Whilst a tendency to tachycardia would not be a major concern in an otherwise healthy patient, the same cannot be said for an elderly COVID-19 patient with an underlying health condition. It is worth highlighting that the authors of the studies assessing the *in vitro* antiviral effect of CQ and HCQ point out that the relatively low safety index of these drugs warrants a cautious approach when designing any clinical trials.[@pvaa041-B1]^,^[@pvaa041-B2]
An open-label non-randomized clinical trial suggested that HCQ treatment reduces viral load in COVID-19 patients, and this effect is reinforced using azithromycin.[@pvaa041-B9] The trial, however, involved patients with a mean age of 45.1 years (with the HCQ patient population having a mean age of 51.2 years).[@pvaa041-B9] Case fatality rates (CFRs) by age, based on data from Italy and China, however, suggest that individuals above 60 years are most affected, with CFR increasing with age.[@pvaa041-B10] There is no doubt that a more aggressive approach to treatment such as experimental therapies may be needed in COVID-19 patients. Nonetheless, a cost--benefit analysis particularly taking into account adverse cardiac events in elderly patients should inform clinical decision-making. The authors of this open-label trial allude to the fact that the potential risk of severe QT prolongation induced by the two drugs has not been established yet and should be considered.[@pvaa041-B9]
The battle to cure COVID-19 is real, but realistic expectations as to the timeline for a cure must also prevail. Politicians, clinicians, and scientists must be cautious with their claims of identifying a cure, but this should also not limit the ability to explore and test new approaches or drugs. Messaging in the era of social media can have both positive and negative consequences. The recent death of an individual who consumed CQ in the USA highlights the extent to which some of us may resort to self-medication in crisis situations based on tentative claims made by individuals or groups.
**Conflict of interest:** none declared.
|
# 无SQL跨表查询
> 用户可自定义相关实体的查询DTO类，添加相应的BindQuery注解，diboot将自动构建QueryWrapper并查询。
> 对于字段条件跨表的查询将自动按需构建LEFT JOIN（无该字段条件时不JOIN），让无需手写SQL覆盖大多数场景。
## 使用方式
### 1. Entity/DTO中定义查询方式
示例代码：
~~~java
public class UserDTO {
// 无@BindQuery注解默认会映射为=条件；主表的相等条件无需加注解
private Long gender;
// 有注解，映射为注解指定条件
@BindQuery(comparison = Comparison.LIKE)
private String realname;
// join其他表（跨表查询字段）
@BindQuery(comparison = Comparison.STARTSWITH, entity=Organization.class, field="name", condition="this.org_id=id")
private String orgName;
}
~~~
### 2. 调用QueryBuilder自动构建QueryWrapper
> 构建方式有：
##### 方式1. controller中调用super.buildQueryWrapper(entityOrDto) 进行构建
~~~java
QueryWrapper<User> queryWrapper = super.buildQueryWrapper(userDto);
~~~
> 该方式基于url非空参数取值构建：
> url参数示例: /list?gender=M&realname=张
> 将构建为 queryWrapper.eq("gender", "M").like("realname", "张")
##### 方式2. 直接调用 QueryBuilder.toQueryWrapper(entityOrDto) 进行构建
~~~java
QueryWrapper<User> queryWrapper = super.buildQueryWrapper(userDto);
~~~
> 该方式基于dto对象非空值字段构建
##### 方式3. 明确构建为QueryBuilder.toDynamicJoinQueryWrapper 进行构建
~~~java
QueryBuilder.toDynamicJoinQueryWrapper(dto).xxx
~~~
> 该方式支持链式追加查询调用
### 3. 支持动态Join的跨表查询与结果绑定
> 动态查询的调用方式有以下两种：
##### 方式1. 通过调用BaseService.getEntityList接口
~~~java
// 调用join关联查询绑定
List<Entity> list = xxService.getEntityList(queryWrapper);
~~~
#### 方式2. 通过Binder调用joinQueryList查询
~~~java
// 调用join关联查询绑定
List<Entity> list = Binder.joinQueryList(queryWrapper, Department.class);
~~~
##### 方式3. 通过DynamicJoinQueryWrapper链式调用查询
~~~java
QueryBuilder.toDynamicJoinQueryWrapper(dto).queryList(Department.class);
~~~
**绑定调用将自动按需（有从表的查询字段时才Join）构建类似如下动态SQL并绑定结果:**
* 无跨表字段的查询:
> SELECT self.* FROM user self WHERE self.gender=? AND self.is_deleted=0
* 有跨表字段的查询:
> SELECT self.* FROM user self
LEFT OUTER JOIN organization r1 ON self.org_id=r1.id AND r1.is_deleted=0
WHERE self.gender=? AND (r1.name LIKE ?) AND self.is_deleted=0
基于最佳性能最少Join的原则，无SQL跨表查询仅查询主表数据。如果需要其他关联绑定对象，可调用Binder实现。
### 4. 数据权限控制
> 某些场景下搜索查询需要绑定一些强制条件，用于数据权限控制，如只能查询本部门的数据。
##### 1. 在需要控制的字段上添加@DataAccessCheckpoint注解，指定CheckpointType。
示例代码：
~~~java
// 数据权限检查点
@DataAccessCheckpoint(type = CheckpointType.ORG)
private Long orgId;
~~~
##### 2. 实现DataAccessCheckInterface接口，返回对应CheckpointType的合法ID集合
~~~java
public class DataAccessCheckImpl implements DataAccessCheckInterface {
@Override
public List<Long> getAccessibleIds(CheckpointType type) {
// 返回对应检查点的合法ID
}
~~~
通过QueryBuilder构建时，将自动追加IN(合法ID)条件。具体可参考: diboot-IAM组件。
|
Amelioration of PXR-mediated CYP3A4 induction by mGluR2 modulators.
This work describes the rational amelioration of Cytochrome P450 4/5 (CYP3A4/5) induction through the Pregnane-X Receptor (PXR) pathway in a series of compounds that modulate the metabotropic glutamate Receptor 2 (mGluR2) via an allosteric mechanism. The compounds were initially shown to induce CYP3A4/5 via the gold-standard induction assay measured in primary human hepatocytes. This was followed up by testing the compounds in a PXR assay which correlated well with the assay in primary cells. Further, one of the compounds was crystallized with PXR (pdb code 6DUP). Analysis of this co-crystal structure, together with previously published PXR co-crystal structures, lead to modification ideas. The compounds synthesized based on these ideas were shown not to be CYP3A4/5 inducers. The mGluR2 activity of the resulting compounds was maintained. |
Q:
Add Custom Fields to Customer Account
I've followed this tutorial exactly through step 2. I actually placed all of the files except those in the design directory that he has available for download into my app directory. Coincidentally, I am also trying to add the "school" attribute so so far I have not changed a thing. I see "school" in eav_attribute table. The module is listed as enabled in system>configuration>advanced>module output. I have reindexed and flushed cache, logged in and out. I still cannot see a "school" attribute when I try to edit a customer. I am using vs 1.7. Should this field be found in the "account information" tab for the customer? Is there anything outdated about this tutorial?
This is all in the code download, but for reference (he was missing the close of php tags, so I added those too):
controllers/IndexController.php
<?php
class Excellence_Profile_IndexController extends Mage_Core_Controller_Front_Action
{
public function indexAction()
{
$this->loadLayout();
$this->renderLayout();
}
}
?>
etc/config.xml
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<config>
<modules>
<Excellence_Profile>
<version>0.1.0</version>
</Excellence_Profile>
</modules>
<frontend>
<routers>
<profile>
<use>standard</use>
<args>
<module>Excellence_Profile</module>
<frontName>profile</frontName>
</args>
</profile>
</routers>
<layout>
<updates>
<profile>
<file>profile.xml</file>
</profile>
</updates>
</layout>
</frontend>
<admin>
<routers>
<profile>
<use>admin</use>
<args>
<module>Excellence_Profile</module>
<frontName>profile</frontName>
</args>
</profile>
</routers>
</admin>
<global>
<fieldsets>
<checkout_onepage_quote>
<customer_school>
<to_customer>school</to_customer>
</customer_school>
</checkout_onepage_quote>
<customer_account>
<school>
<to_quote>customer_school</to_quote>
</school>
</customer_account>
</fieldsets>
</global>
<global>
<fieldsets>
<customer_account>
<school><create>1</create><update>1</update><name>1</name></school>
</customer_account>
</fieldsets>
</global>
<global>
<models>
<profile>
<class>Excellence_Profile_Model</class>
<resourceModel>profile_mysql4</resourceModel>
</profile>
<profile_mysql4>
<class>Excellence_Profile_Model_Mysql4</class>
<entities>
<profile>
<table>profile</table>
</profile>
</entities>
</profile_mysql4>
</models>
<resources>
<profile_setup>
<setup>
<module>Excellence_Profile</module>
<class>Mage_Customer_Model_Entity_Setup</class>
</setup>
<connection>
<use>core_setup</use>
</connection>
</profile_setup>
<profile_write>
<connection>
<use>core_write</use>
</connection>
</profile_write>
<profile_read>
<connection>
<use>core_read</use>
</connection>
</profile_read>
</resources>
<blocks>
<profile>
<class>Excellence_Profile_Block</class>
</profile>
</blocks>
<helpers>
<profile>
<class>Excellence_Profile_Helper</class>
</profile>
</helpers>
</global>
</config>
Model/Entity/School
<?php
class Excellence_Profile_Model_Entity_School extends Mage_Eav_Model_Entity_Attribute_Source_Abstract
{
public function getAllOptions()
{
if ($this->_options === null) {
$this->_options = array();
$this->_options[] = array(
'value' => '',
'label' => 'Choose Option..'
);
$this->_options[] = array(
'value' => 1,
'label' => 'School1'
);
$this->_options[] = array(
'value' => 2,
'label' => 'School2'
);
$this->_options[] = array(
'value' => 3,
'label' => 'School3'
);
}
return $this->_options;
}
}
?>
A:
Without having looked at the files he has available for download, this is the background what i needed to have a new customer attribute display in the admin account.
Check the things listed here to find the bug.
First, check the attribute is listed in the eav_attribute table, and also in the customer_eav_attribute table, which references the former by the attribute_id.
If the record in customer_eav_attribute is missing, Magento won't be able to use the attribute.
Check the customer_eav_attribute.is_visible column value is 1.
Next, check the customer_form_attribute table.
SELECT * FROM customer_form_attribute WHERE attribute_id = (SELECT attribute_id FROM eav_attribute WHERE entity_type_id=1 AND attribute_code='school');
Make sure the adminhtml_customer is part of the result set.
If all that is okay, the final thing that could be missing is that the attribute isn't assigned to the correct attribute set.
In Magento, customers always share the same attribute set. In the database it can be found using the query
SELECT attribute_set_id FROM eav_attribute_set WHERE entity_type_id = (SELECT entity_type_id FROM eav_entity_type WHERE entity_type_code='customer');
Or, in PHP, using
Mage::getSingleton('eav/config')->getEntityType('customer')->getDefaultAttributeSetId()
To check if the attribute is associated with that attribute set, look at the eav_entity_attribute table.
This table isn't normalized like many other tables in Magento, and it's not very readable because it only contains id's.
To confirm your attribute is associated with the default attribute set, filter by your attribute_id value, and check the value of the attribute_set_id column.
If all these factors are correct, one last thing that might be causing a problem is the custom source model, if you are using a select or multiselect attribute input type.
A quick way to check if that is the problem is to change the eav_attribute.frontend_input column to text. Then the attribute input field should appear in the backend as a text input field.
If that is the case, then you know what to fix next (that is, the source model).
If all these factory are correct, your field will be visible in the backend of Magento.
|
The STE||AR Group is honored to have been selected as one of the 2017 Google Summer of Code (GSoC) mentor organizations! This program, which pays students over the summer to work on open source projects, has been a wonderful experience for the past three years that we have been accepted by the program. Interested students can find out more about the details of the program on GSoC’s official website. As a mentor organization we have come up with a list of suggested topics for students to work on, however, any student can write a proposal about any topic they are interested. We find that students who engage with us on IRC (#ste||ar on freenode) or via our mailing list [email protected] have a better chance of having their proposals accepted and a better understanding of their project scope.
If you are interested in working with an international team of developers on the cutting edge of C++ parallel, task-based runtime systems please check us out!
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Q:
Difference of two functions
I have one question regarding recursive functions and updating function parameters. Namely, I have two functions:
public static void populateArray(int[]level,Node root,int currentLevel) {
currentLevel++;
if(root.left!=null) {
populateArray(level,root.left,currentLevel);
}
level[currentLevel]++;
if(root.right!=null) {
populateArray(level,root.right,currentLevel);
}
}
public static void populateArray2(int[]level,Node root,int currentLevel) {
if(root.left!=null) {
currentLevel++;
populateArray2(level,root.left,currentLevel);
}
level[currentLevel]++;
if(root.right!=null) {
currentLevel++;
populateArray2(level,root.right,currentLevel);
}
}
These functions should fill an empty array with number of nodes in binary tree at each level. I thought that these functions work the same way, but it turns out that first function does that task correctly, and the second one doesn't, that is, currentLevel is not updated after returning from recursive call in the second function, and I am curious why is this the case?
I thought that in both functions, when we return from recursive call, parameter will be automatically updated (what is the case with the first function).
Second function will only work if after each recursive call we place currentLevel-- .. Does someone maybe know why this happens? Thank you in advance!
A:
In the populateArray2 you're first accessing the level[currentLevel]++ and only then increase the currentLevel by 1 if the root.right != null.
I've added some comments to your code to highlight the difference:
public static void populateArray(int[]level,Node root,int currentLevel) {
currentLevel++; // Increase currentLevel by 1 first
if(root.left!=null) {
populateArray(level,root.left,currentLevel);
}
level[currentLevel]++; // Increase level by 1 after that
if(root.right!=null) {
populateArray(level,root.right,currentLevel);
}
}
public static void populateArray2(int[]level,Node root,int currentLevel) {
if(root.left!=null) {
currentLevel++;
populateArray2(level,root.left,currentLevel);
}
level[currentLevel]++; // Increase level by 1 first
if(root.right!=null) {
currentLevel++; // Increase currentLevel by 1 after that
populateArray2(level,root.right,currentLevel);
}
}
So that's the key difference here, causing different results because different levels are increased.
In addition, if both the root.left and root.right aren't null, you've done currentLevel++ twice in your populateArray2 method as well.
I'm not sure what you were trying to accomplish with populateArray2, but I would just remove it and stick with your original populateArray-method..
EDIT: As mentioned by @Simon, I've only addressed the difference between the two populateArray methods as was the question of OP. I haven't mentioned an actual fix for his requirements.
See @Simon's answer below for an actual fix following those requirements.
|
Find an Athletico.
Illinois In-Network Insurance Plans
We Accept All Major Insurance Plans
As a courtesy to our patients, we verify insurance coverage and communicate a quote of therapy benefits from your insurance carrier. Please contact the Billing Center at 630-575-6250 if you have any questions regarding coverage of your insurance carrier or insurance carriers not listed. You may also call any Athletico clinic near you with insurance questions. |
The reliability of self-reported alcohol consumption in the remote past.
We examined the reliability of self-reported alcohol consumption in past age periods of women's lives. As part of a case-control study of breast cancer conducted in Massachusetts and Wisconsin in 1988-1991, the same questionnaire was administered for a second time to 211 controls (mean age = 54 years) after an interval of 6-12 months. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the average number of grams of alcohol consumed daily reported in the two interviews, by age period of consumption, were: 16-19 years, r = 0.81; 20-29 years, r = 0.84; 30-39 years, r = 0.75; and for recent consumption, r = 0.77. Self-reported alcohol consumption throughout adult life was reported with precision sufficient to make the ranking of subjects' intake consistent between interviews. |
Visit To An Exhibition. Was It Good or bad? ACE Exhibtion Ahmedabad
Hi guys, this is a short video on my visit to an ACE exhibition that recently happened in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. I will also take you through a slight city tour of ahmedabad. Hope you will like it.
Subscribe to My Channel and Get More Great Tips:
https://goo.gl/lJ8e17
ACE architectural hardware and design exhibition is asia's largest architectural hardware and design exhibition which happens in ahmedabad and many other cities like Bangalore, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata each year. Many big brands come in this exhibition to build brand awareness and generate more clients for them.
It is a wise decision to visit in one of these exhibitions if you get time so that you get more idea which products to sell online and what is the brand value for that. I have personally built many brand contacts here through this ACE exhibition and similar exhibitions.
I started my online selling journey in amazon, flipkart, ebay, snapdeal, paytm by visiting such small and large exhibitions and making contacts there. You too can try that. All the best to you all. |
Wednesday, 28 January 2015
Taken 3
The Mills family continues its terrible run of luck forcing Liam Neeson to get violent once more.
I quite liked the previous Taken movies, unfortunately this one just doesn't seem up to par. Yes, we get to see the hero from the first two films do his thing again here against an unknown threat which makes an interesting premise. The enemies also seem to be higher level / last longer in this movie but the problem is that there is a shortage of them. Actually, more to the point is that there is a shortage of the hero doing his thing, and that he has mellowed out a little I think.
Still likes to feed the bad guys lead though. Literally.
I'd say maybe a third or a fourth of the movie focuses on the police as they try do their thing, ineptly. They could have easily been nameless characters to let the movie go faster. The hero's daughter is also more of a place holder for a plot device than in the first movie, yet possibly gets more screen time here where she doesn't really do much - that is a pretty impressive feat when you think about it.
Lesser problems for me would be switching Xander Berkley for Dougray Scott (probably unavoidable due to scheduling) and having a long credit opening that does nothing to advance the story other than fly around a city. Woo. I'm nitpicking on credits these days, I think I'll make a post on that in the future... for now though, I'll finish up by giving Taken 3 two and a half bullets out of five and recommend watching it only if you liked the first two movies a lot. Don't expect that level of quality here though. |
Epic Fails: 7 Fantasy Movies That Bombed in Theaters
Hollywood is chock-full of adventure epics. Lord of the Rings proved to be one of the most profitable franchises the industry has ever seen, and it in turn inspired a whole flock of imitators. Each has come out hoping to be the next big fantasy series. Some have similarly been adapted from novels, while others still are original works that never managed to catch on. But for whatever reason, there’s been a constant struggle in recreating the vast universe of LOTR.
The YA craze has seen the dystopian future motif strip-mined for material. The more medieval offerings of Hollywood, though, have been decidedly lacking. Game of Thrones took off as a TV series on HBO, leaving thin pickings for other film franchises to be born. That hasn’t stopped countless filmmakers from trying and, in most cases, failing. The formula of pumping out a quick script and attaching a couple of well-known actors to the project hasn’t managed to work, as proven by the pile of flops that been pushed out in just the last few decades.
CGI was prioritized over things like “good writing” and “halfway decent visual storytelling,” and it paid the price both critically and financially. A cutscene at the end credits even tried to hint at a full franchise that Universal intended to use as a teaser for a shared universe full of classic monsters. Of course, that idea hasn’t gone anywhere since, leaving the rest of the pantheon to rest in cobwebs, where they belong.
2. Seventh Son (2015)
This one was a more recent failure, somehow starring Jeff Bridges as the elderly mentor type to the younger “Chosen One” character. Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 13% positive rating, with the consensus dubbing it as a “disappointingly dull fantasy adventure.” It was doomed from the start from a script that had it employ only the most basic of storytelling, from the young, reluctant Messiah figure to the monolithic and seemingly indestructible evil he’s tasked to battle. Of course, it wasn’t helped much by its bloated $95 million budget, only pulling in $17 million at U.S. box offices either.
3. Season of the Witch (2011)
The early 2010s were a dark time for the career of Nicolas Cage. It appeared as though there was no movie he’d say no to, and Season of the Witch was no exception to that rule. In it, he and Ron Perlman (why Ron, why?) are tasked with transporting an accused witch to a monastery and … well that’s as exciting as it really gets.
There are some special effects and other stuff, but its 9% Rotten Tomatoes score should tell you all you need to know about why this one’s a hard skip for anyone in search of the next Lord of the Rings. We can only hope that at some point in his career, Nic Cage learns to say just say no.
4. Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters (2013)
There’s something about fairytale myths and witches that seems to convince studios that they’re onto something. Invariably, though, these projects are destined to fail magnificently. And then along came Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters to prove this theory true. It was a time before Jeremy Renner was Hawkeye, relegating him to play the part of Hansel, a witch-hating gun-toting hunter.
It’s not entirely clear who or what either Hansel or Gretel are, past their fairytale origins and long-held grudges for the whole “a witch tried to cook us in an oven” deal. Whatever that answer to that question may be, most audiences didn’t care to find out, to the tune of a 15% Rotten Tomatoes score.
5. Van Helsing (2004)
It almost seems like a rite of passage for Hollywood A-listers to be in at least one terrible fantasy adventure. Hugh Jackman had his turn as the titular hero and vampire hunter extraordinaire Van Helsing. Here, we’re substituting vampires for witches, a choice that seems to be a coin flip for most studios: either a movie about vaguely fleshed-out evil witches, or an origin story for someone in the Dracula mythology. This one plays as the latter of the two, but doesn’t move too far thematically despite its starpower (seemingly par for the course for these films).
6. I, Frankenstein (2014)
This one holds a special place atop the pile, as a perfect storm of every element that makes these movie terrible. An A-list Hollywood actor that feels oddly out of place? Enter Aaron Eckhart. Attempting to tackle the origin story of a classic movie monster by making him a hero with six-pack abs and a broody disposition? Say hello to Frankenstein’s monster.
Widely regarded as the worst movie of the year it was released? Triple check. Someone somewhere decided to green-light I, Frankenstein, and in doing so released a monster of a film out into the world, the likes of which has rarely been seen. Just ask Rotten Tomatoes and its 3% positive rating.
7. The Brothers Grimm (2005)
The cast for The Brothers Grimm was typically high-powered, featuring Matt Damon and Heath Ledger at the peak of their early fame. But not even that could save a weak story that was equal parts The Three Amigos and “Every Poorly Made Fantasy Movie.”
One would think a movie directed by a visionary like Terry Gilliam would be at least a little intriguing, but alas, the once-proud filmmaker struck out. In it, we had Will and Jacob Grimm trying to solve supernatural mysteries after spending their whole lives as crackpot grifters. It, too, touches on basic story elements and never manages to extend any distance outside of that. |
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have gathered great attention due to their unique physical, chemical and electrical properties, which allows for their use in nanoelectronics[@b1][@b2][@b3], nanocomposites[@b4][@b5], nanolithography[@b6][@b7], biosensing[@b8][@b9][@b10][@b11], drug delivery[@b12][@b13][@b14][@b15], and cancer targeting treatment[@b15][@b16][@b17]. However, aggregation and poor dispersion of hydrophobic CNTs in hydrophilic aqueous solution makes their versatile uses difficult, especially in aqueous-based bio-related applications, by limiting effective interaction of biomolecules with CNTs. Various techniques have been proposed to improve the dispersion of CNTs in aqueous buffer solution[@b18][@b19][@b20]. For example, the dispersion of CNTs was improved via covalent or non-covalent functionalization[@b21][@b22], chemical oxidation using strong acids[@b23][@b24], plasma treatment[@b25], polymer wrapping[@b26][@b27], surfactant addition[@b28][@b29][@b30], and DNA or protein addition[@b31][@b32][@b33][@b34][@b35][@b36][@b37][@b38]. In bio-related applications, CNTs are usually treated with strong acids, generating hydrophilic carboxyl groups on the surface of CNTs, which allows for dispersion of CNTs in aqueous solution and can be used to provide carboxylic acid groups for the chemical attachment of biomolecules. However, acid treatment of CNTs is not only tedious and time-consuming, but also causes structural defects that can seriously impair electrical conductivity of CNTs[@b19][@b39].
In the present work, we report the simple dispersion of CNTs without acid treatment by adding CNTs directly into an enzyme solution, and their use for facile enzyme immobilization. We hypothesize that good dispersion of CNTs can be attributed to the amphiphilic nature of an enzyme's surface[@b40][@b41], where hydrophobic moieties enable interaction with the hydrophobic CNT surface while hydrophilic moieties interact with the aqueous solution, thereby preventing CNT aggregation and leading to effective CNT dispersion. Based on this phenomenon of CNT dispersion in an enzyme-containing solution, we have developed a novel protocol of enzyme immobilization and stabilization, called "enzyme adsorption, precipitation, and crosslinking (EAPC)". The first step of enzyme adsorption represents dispersion of CNTs in the enzyme solution, which is followed by the sequential steps of enzyme precipitation and chemical crosslinking. We prepared EAPCs of glucose oxidase (GOx) on intact CNTs and investigated the resulting conjugate morphology, activity and stability. Immobilized and stabilized GOx in the form of EAPC was also employed to fabricate an enzyme anode for biofuel cells. Even though enzymatic biofuel cells have a great potential as a small power source for implantable devices as well as biosensors, their practical applications are being hampered by their short lifetime and low power output[@b42][@b43][@b44]. The successful incorporation of EAPC with high enzyme loading and stability can lead to the development of highly-effective enzyme electrodes by improving both lifetime and power density of biofuel cells.
Results and Discussion
======================
Preparation of EAPC on CNTs
---------------------------
[Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"} shows the aggregation of native multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 100 mM phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7.0) and the good apparent dispersion of CNTs in GOx solution (10 mg/ml GOx in 100 mM PB, pH 7.0). While hydrophobic native CNTs undergo significant aggregation in PB, good CNT dispersion is observed in the presence of GOx ([Fig. 1b](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). It may be hypothesized that the surfactant-like, amphiphilic nature of the GOx surface facilitates this CNT dispersion. According to 3D structural analysis, GOx has a hydrophobic patch on its surface that can interact with the hydrophobic side wall of intact CNTs, resulting in facile GOx adsorption onto the surface of CNTs ([Fig. S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Concomitantly, hydrophilic interactions between water molecules and hydrophilic side chains on the surface of GOx lead to highly-dispersed intact CNTs in aqueous enzyme solution ([Figs S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and [1b](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). To test the hypothesis of CNT-GOx and GOx-water interactions enabling both good enzyme adsorption onto CNTs and dispersability in aqueous solution, we added an equal volume of hexane to aqueous GOx solutions containing well-dispersed intact CNTs at various GOx concentrations (0 to 10 mg/ml). Interestingly, only in the absence of GOx, were all of the intact CNTs extracted into the hexane phase. On the other hand, even with the lowest GOx concentration (0.1 mg/ml), intact CNTs were not extracted into the hexane phase, and the CNTs were dispersed in aqueous GOx solution ([Fig. S2](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). When considering the hydrophobic nature of the intact CNT surface, the lack of CNT extraction into the hexane phase in the presence of GOx strongly supports our hypothesis of hydrophobic interaction between CNT surface and hydrophobic patch on the GOx surface that can allow for the retention of CNTs in the enzyme solutions. We performed experiments to determine the dispersion of intact CNTs in aqueous solutions of trypsin (TR), chymotrypsin (CT), horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) ([Fig. S3a](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Intact CNTs were well dispersed in each of the protein solutions while CNTs aggregated without protein added to the solution. We also assessed the effect of protein solutions on dispersing various graphene particles. As shown in [Fig. S3](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, similar results were obtained as that for CNTs. These results strongly support our hypothesis of CNT dispersion in aqueous protein solution based on CNT-protein and protein-water interactions, and this could be extended to graphene particles ([Fig. S3b](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
To take advantage of well-dispersed and intact CNTs in an aqueous enzyme solution for the development of a unique enzyme immobilization method, we first performed two additional steps of enzyme precipitation and crosslinking after dispersing intact CNTs in aqueous GOx solution. To that end, we proceeded to precipitate GOx by adding ammonium sulfate, and this step was followed by enzyme crosslinking with glutaraldehyde ([Fig. 2a](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). For comparison, we also prepared covalently-attached GOx (CA) on acid-treated CNTs (ox-CNTs) by employing the EDC/NHS linker chemistry to conjugate the carboxyl groups on ox-CNTs with the amino groups on GOx ([Fig. 2b](#f2){ref-type="fig"}).
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of EAPC revealed a thick coating of crosslinked GOx aggregates on the surface of CNTs, which were not observed in the SEM images of other control samples such as CNTs, ox-CNTs and CA ([Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). According to analyses of 20 randomly-selected tubular nanoparticles in the SEM images ([Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}), the average thickness of tubular nanoparticles in the samples of CNTs, ox-CNTs, CA and EAPC were 30 ± 10, 35 ± 5, 36 ± 7 and 52 ± 13 nm, respectively ([Table S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Since the thickness of CNTs is estimated to be 30 ± 10 nm, the thickness of crosslinked GOx coatings over CNTs in the samples of EAPC can be estimated to be 22 nm. Because the size of GOx (6.0 × 5.2 × 3.7 nm) can be estimated to be \~5.0 nm[@b45], the estimated EAPC thickness of 22 nm represents 4\~5 layers of crosslinked GOx aggregates.
Activity and stability of EAPC-GOx on CNTs
------------------------------------------
The activity of immobilized GOx was measured by the oxidation of *o*-dianisidine, which is catalyzed by peroxidase using the hydrogen peroxide generated from GOx-catalyzed glucose oxidation. The measured activities of ADS, CA and EAPC were 0.81, 2.0 and 9.0 units per mg of CNTs ([Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). The activity of EAPC was approximately 12- and 4.5-times higher than those of ADS and CA, respectively. This improved activity of EAPC may be explained by enhanced enzyme loading when compared to ADS and CA, as observed in the SEM images ([Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). Interestingly, the activity ratio of 4.5 matches well with the estimated 4\~5 layers of crosslinked GOx aggregates from the SEM images of EAPC and CNTs. We also prepared enzyme-CNT conjugates without the precipitation step, e.g., enzyme adsorption and crosslinking (EAC). The activity of EAC was 2.3 units per mg of CNTs, which is 3.9-fold lower activity than that of EAPC. Hence, enzyme precipitation is important to achieve high enzyme loadings in the form of EAPC.
Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) are typically used to measure the electrochemical activity of various types of nanobiocatalytic materials. As shown [Fig. 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"}, the peak currents of CA from its baseline (△I~CA~) and EAPC from its baseline (△I~EAPC~) were 0.48 and 0.85 μA, respectively. The peak current of EAPC was 1.8-fold higher than that of CA. This enhanced electrochemical activity of EAPC can be explained by its intact nature of CNTs where its intrinsically high electron conductivity is maintained during its synthesis process. On the other hand, the oxidized CNTs used in CA sample lead to its lower electrochemical activity due to their damaged surfaces and decreased electron conductivity.
[Figure 6](#f6){ref-type="fig"} shows the stabilities of ADS, CA and EAPC in an aqueous solution at room temperature. The relative activity is defined as the ratio of residual activity at each time point to the initial activity of each sample. ADS and CA showed a monotonous decrease of GOx activity, while EAPC exhibited no activity loss for 270 days. The inactivation of ADS can be explained by the denaturation of GOx, likely because the interaction between GOx and CNT is not sufficiently strong to prevent enzyme denaturation over extended use. CA has covalent linkages between GOx and CNT, which can prevent the detachment of GOx from the CNT. However, based on the method used, the number of chemical linkages on each GOx molecule is expected to be small, and the prevention of enzyme denaturation cannot be anticipated. On the other hand, the improved stability of EAPC suggests that the multi-point covalent linkages of enzyme molecules effectively prevent enzyme molecules within EAPCs from being structurally denatured and leached away from the EAPC matrix.
Biofuel cell application of EAPC-GOx on CNTs
--------------------------------------------
To exploit the potential applications of highly stable EAPC-GOx/CNTs with high enzyme loading and activity, we prepared an enzyme anode using EAPC that can be integrated into a prototype biofuel cell[@b46]. GOx has potential uses in electrochemical applications, including biosensors[@b10][@b47][@b48] and biofuel cells[@b44][@b49][@b50][@b51][@b52][@b53][@b54][@b55][@b56]. In addition, recent studies indicate that a good interface between GOx and CNTs is a critical factor in the efficient transfer of electrons from the GOx active site flavin to CNTs[@b10][@b57][@b58]. For comparison purposes, a CA-based enzyme anode was also prepared. To fabricate these enzyme-containing anodes, CA and EAPC were applied onto carbon papers (CPs) via Nafion entrapment to integrate into the fuel cell module. The electrochemical performance of each anode was measured in terms of current-voltage characteristic (V-I) plots ([Fig. 7a](#f7){ref-type="fig"}). According to the V-I plots, the biofuel cell with the EAPC anode produced a higher open cell potential (OCP), a less ohmic overpotential (i.e., a lower slope of its V-I plot) and higher maximum current density output compared to that with the CA anode. Power density plots were also constructed based on these V-I plots ([Fig. 7b](#f7){ref-type="fig"}). The power density outputs of the biofuel cell with EAPC anode were higher than that with CA anode for the entire current density range. Furthermore, the biofuel cell with EAPC anode produced 7.5 times higher maximum power density output than that with CA anode.
The electrochemical performance enhancement of the EAPC-based anode can be analyzed in terms of electron generation rate and electron transfer rate. It is reasonable to assume that the electron generation rate in enzyme electrodes is proportional to the enzyme activity per unit weight of CNTs[@b59][@b60][@b61]. As shown in [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}, the enzyme activity of EAPC per unit weight of CNT is higher than that of CA. Because we fixed the weight loading of CNTs for both CA- and EAPC-based enzyme anodes in our biofuel cell tests, the number of electrons generated per unit time in the biofuel cell with the EAPC anode should be higher than that with the CA anode. However, the electrons generated at the active-site center of GOx during glucose oxidation must be collected at the current collector to produce a net power output. To this end, the electron transfer rate constant can be used to quantify how efficiently each enzyme electrode can transfer the electrons from the enzyme active sites to the backbone electrode of carbon paper. Laviron's simulation, based on CVs at various scan rates, was employed to obtain electron transfer rate constants of the CA and EAPC anodes ([Fig. S4](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"})[@b62]. The electron transfer rate constants of CA and EAPC were 1.8 and 3.1 s^−1^, respectively ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}); hence, the electron transfer rate constant of EAPC anode was 1.7 times higher than that of CA anode. This suggests that the EAPC electrode is more efficient in transferring electrons from the enzyme active sites to the backbone electrode even though it contains a higher number of non-conductive enzyme molecules in the form of crosslinked enzyme clusters. In other words, EAPC-based biofuel cells generate more electrons and transfer these electrons more efficiently to the current collector than CA-based biofuel cells. Consequently, the biofuel cell with EAPC anode showed higher electrochemical performance than that with CA anode.
It is possible that the enhanced electrochemical performance of EAPC-based biofuel cells is largely a result of its higher enzyme loading than CA-based biofuel cells. If so, the open circuit potential (OCP) should be similar for both types of enzyme electrodes. However, the OCP of EAPC-based biofuel cell is 1.5-fold higher than that of its CA-based counterpart, which indicates that the EAPC intrinsic electronic properties (e.g., electron transfer rate constant) are improved. Even though theoretical OCP values are a thermodynamic property, experimental values in working fuel cells are strongly influenced by kinetic parameters, including the charge transfer rate due to the small amount of current leakage. The ohmic overpotential for the EAPC anode is also lower than that of the CA-anode as shown in their V-I plots. Furthermore, the maximum power density ratio between EAPC-based and CA-based biofuel cells (7.2) is higher than their enzyme activity ratio (4.5) ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). This difference can be explained by the difference in their electron transfer rate constants. When the activity ratio between EAPC and CA samples is multiplied by their electron transfer rate constant ratio (1.7), the multiplied value (7.6) is similar to their maximum power density ratio under the biofuel cell operating condition (7.2). This analysis suggests that the higher power output of the EAPC anode vs. the CA anode results from the combined effects of higher electron generation rate and improved electron transfer efficiency offered by the EAPC sample. The lower electron transfer rate constant of CA electrode can be explained by the damage of CNTs upon acid treatment, which lowers the electron conductivity of CNTs[@b39]. As a result, intact CNTs used in the EAPC anode have higher intrinsic electrical conductivity than ox-CNTs used in the CA anode.
In summary, simple dispersion of intact CNTs in aqueous enzyme solutions represents an effective protocol for the facile enzyme immobilization on intact CNTs. When considering the tedious and time-consuming surface functionalization of CNTs for their use in aqueous solution, this simple protocol of CNT dispersion in the operating enzyme solution can renovate the protocols of enzyme immobilization on CNTs. As an example, in the present work we demonstrated the successful dispersion of CNTs in GOx solutions with simultaneous adsorption of the enzyme onto the CNTs followed by precipitation and crosslinking. Such EAPCs of GOx resulted in highly active and stable form of immobilized enzyme preparations at high enzyme loading. The prevention of CNT defects by obviating the tedious acid-treatment step for increasing the hydrophilicity, and hence dispersibility, of CNTs is likely to be helpful in taking full advantage of CNT electron conductivity in various electrochemical applications. As an example, the EAPC of GOx showed improved electron conductivity in a biofuel cell operation when compared to conventional enzyme immobilization of covalent enzyme attachment using acid-treated and oxidized CNTs. The versatile uses of CNTs are well established and still growing, and it is anticipated that the simple CNT dispersion in enzyme solutions can find additional applications of biomolecules in the development of biosensing and bioelectronics devices.
Methods
=======
Materials
---------
Glucose oxidase (GOx) from *Aspergillus niger*, trypsin (TR) from porcine pancreas, chymotrypsin (CT) from from bovine pancreas, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), sulfuric acid (H~2~SO~4~), nitric acid (HNO~3~), sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, Tris-HCl, Trizma base, 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), glutaraldehyde (GA), ammonium sulfate, β-D-glucose, *o*-dianisidine and Nafion^®^ were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS) was obtained from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA), while N-ethyl-N'-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was purchased from Pierce (Rockford, IL, USA). CNTs (multi-walled, 30 ± 15 nm in outer diameter and 1\~5 μm in length, purity \>95%) were purchased from Nanolab Inc. (Newton, MA, USA), while graphenes (3 nm in average flake thickness and 10 μm in average diameter) were purchased from Graphene Laboratories Inc. (Calverton, NY, USA). A carbon paper (CP) and membrane electrode assembly (MEA) were purchased from Fuel Cell Store (San Diego, CA, USA).
Preparation of ADS, CA, EAC and EAPC on CNTs
--------------------------------------------
CNTs (2 mg) in 2 mL of phosphate buffer (PB, 100 mM, pH 7.0) were mixed with 1 mL of GOx solution (10 mg/mL in 100 mM PB, pH 7.0). The mixture was incubated at room temperature under shaking (200 rpm) for 1 h and incubated at 4 °C overnight. We denote this process as the enzyme adsorption (EA) of GOx (ADS-GOx/CNTs, ADS).
For preparation of covalently-attached GOx on CNTs (CA-GOx/ox-CNTs, CA), CNTs were incubated in the acid solution, consisting of H~2~SO~4~ (98%, 7.5 mL) and HNO~3~ (70%, 2.5 mL), at room temperature under shaking (200 rpm) overnight. Acid-treated CNTs were washed with distilled water, dried at 80 °C in a vacuum oven, and stored at room temperature. Acid-treated and dried CNTs (ox-CNTs, 20 mg) were suspended in distilled water (10 mL), and then added to a mixture of MES buffer (4 mL, 500 mM, pH 6.5), NHS aqueous solution (4 mL, 434 mM), and EDC aqueous solution (2 mL, 53 mM). After rigorous stirring at room temperature for 1 h, the suspension was excessively washed with 100 mM MES buffer (pH 6.5). CA was prepared by adding EDC-NHS conjugated CNTs (2 mg/mL) to the 1 mL of GOx solution (10 mg/mL in 100 mM PB, pH 7.0). The mixture was then incubated at room temperature under shaking (200 rpm) for 1 h and incubated at 4 °C overnight.
For the preparation of enzyme adsorption, precipitation, and crosslinking on CNTs (EAPC-GOx/CNTs, EAPC), ammonium sulfate (22 wt% for GOx) was added to the CNTs (2 mg) pre-dispersed in 1 mL of GOx (10 mg/mL), and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 30 min. After the enzyme precipitation step, crosslinking was performed by adding GA to the mixture at a final concentration of 0.25% (w/v) GA to generate EAPC-GOx. As a control, enzyme adsorption and crosslinking (EAC) on CNTs (EAC-GOx/CNTs, EAC) was prepared without the enzyme aggregation step by omitting the addition of ammonium sulfate for EAPC. The other conditions for preparation of EAC were the same as those for the preparation of EAPC. After GA addition, the samples were incubated at room temperature under shaking (200 rpm) for 30 min, followed by incubation at 4 °C overnight. After overnight incubation, all GOx immobilized samples were treated with Tris buffer (100 mM, pH 7.2) for 30 min, and washed excessively until no enzyme leaching was observed. All the GOx-immobilized CNTs were suspended in 100 mM PB (pH 7.0) at the concentration of 0.5 mg/mL CNTs, and stored at 4 °C until use.
Activity and stability measurements
-----------------------------------
The activity of immobilized GOx on CNTs was measured by a conventional GOx assay[@b63]. GOx-immobilized CNTs (10 μL, 0.5 mg/mL) were added to the mixture of 10% (w/v) D-glucose solution (980 μL) with 10 uL of 0.21 mM *o*-dianisidine and 6 units/mL horseradish peroxidase solution. GOx activity was determined by measuring the increase in absorbance at 500 nm over time by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Japan). One unit of GOx activity is defined by the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 1 μmole of glucose per min. GOx stability was determined by measuring residual enzyme activity after different times of incubation by using an aliquot from the stock solutions of free and immobilized enzymes under incubation at room temperature. The relative activity was calculated from the ratio of residual activity at each time point to the initial activity of each sample.
Preparation of enzyme anodes, and operation of enzymatic biofuel cell
---------------------------------------------------------------------
A CP electrode with a thickness of 0.37 mm and an area of 0.33 cm^2^ was used as the backing material for preparation of enzyme anodes. CP was treated with the mixed solution of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide to enhance its hydrophilicity. The acid-treated CPs were immersed in 0.5% Nafion^®^ containing GOx immobilized by one of the two methods described above for 10 min, and dried under ambient conditions. The CP enzyme anodes were kept in 100 mM PB (pH 7.0) at least overnight before use.
An air-breathing home-made biofuel cell (2 × 2 cm) was used to test each enzyme anode, and the electrochemical measurements were performed using a Bio-Logic SP-150 potentiostat (BioLogic Science Instrument, Grenoble, France)[@b43][@b64]. The key components of a biofuel cell are the anode chamber, enzyme anode, current collector, and MEA. The MEA consists of a proton exchange membrane (Nafion^®^ 117) and a Pt cathode. Glucose solution (200 mM) in 100 mM PB (pH 7.0) was fed as a fuel to the anode chamber, while ambient air was provided to the cathode. Polarization curves were obtained using the constant load discharge (CLD) mode. In this manner an external load was applied to the cell from a resistance box while the current and voltage outputs were measured.
Laviron simulation for electron transfer rate constants
-------------------------------------------------------
The electron transfer rate constant of each enzyme electrode was estimated using Laviron's model[@b55]. By adopting the model's formula, two straight lines, (1) E~pa~ − E~0~ vs. log ν and (2) E~pc~ − E~0~ vs. log ν, were obtained. E~pa~ is the anodic peak potential, E~pc~ is the cathodic peak potential, log ν is the logarithm of the scan rate, and E~0~ is the average potential of anodic and cathodic peak potentials. The electron transfer rate constants could be calculated using the transfer coefficient (α), which is determined from the intercepts of the two straight line fits (the anodic and cathodic line fits)[@b65].
Additional Information
======================
**How to cite this article**: Kim, B. C. *et al*. Fabrication of enzyme-based coatings on intact multi-walled carbon nanotubes as highly effective electrodes in biofuel cells. *Sci. Rep.* **7**, 40202; doi: 10.1038/srep40202 (2017).
**Publisher\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Material {#S1}
======================
###### Supplementary Information
This work was also supported by the Global Research Laboratory Program (2014K1A1A2043032) and the '2016, University-Institute Cooperation Program' through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning (MSIP). This work was supported by Energy Efficiency & Resources Core Technology Program (20142020200980) of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning (KETEP) grant funded by the Korea government Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. B.C.K. also thanks to the support by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Institutional Program (2E26260). This work was also supported by a Korea University Grant.
**Author Contributions** B.C.K., I.L., J.S.D., J.K. designed this project. B.C.K., I.L., S.-J.K., Y.W., K.Y.K., C.J., and H.J.A. performed experiments. B.C.K., S.-J.K., J.S.D., H.-T.J., S.H., J.S.D. and J.K. discussed and analysed the results. B.C.K., I.L., S.H., J.S.D., and J.K. worked on the manuscript.
{#f1}
{#f2}
{#f3}
{#f4}
{#f5}
{#f6}
{#f7}
###### Comparison of CA and EAPC enzyme activities, electron transfer rate constants of enzyme-based electrodes, and maximum power densities of enzyme-containing anodes in biofuel cell operation.
Activity (units/mg of CNTs) Electron transfer rate constant (s^−1^) Maximum power density (μW cm^−2^)
--------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------
CA-GOx/ox-CNTs\* 2.0 1.8 1.1
EAPC-GOx/CNTs\*\* 9.0 3.1 7.9
**Ratio (\*\*/\*)** **4.5** **1.7** **7.2**
The ratio of maximum power densities between the two formulations matches well with the combination of activity and electron transfer rate constant ratios.
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
|
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ADO Den Haag maintained their comfortable position in mid-table with a 2-0 home win over Heracles Almelo to extend their unbeaten run to four games.
The hosts enjoyed a dream start when Mike van Duinen scored after just eight minutes and Lex Immers added the second in the final 10 minutes.
The visitors were the first to threaten when Willy Overtoom met Lerin Duarte's corner on the run, but fired wide of the left post.
But, instead of scoring, Overtoom was at fault as ADO went in front after the midfielder lost the ball at the back to Van Duinen, who was left with a clear run on goal and duly beat keeper Remko Pasveer.
Heracles almost shot themselves in the foot again when Jens Toornstra intercepted a wayward pass and sent Van Duinen away, but his angled shot flew wide.
The visitors looked to a response and Duarte's free-kick flew over, before ADO defender Kevin Visser almost gifted them an equaliser when his attempted clearance from Everton's corner hit the post.
Immers doubled ADO's lead in the 81st minute, receiving the ball from John Verhoek and sending a low shot into the right corner from just outside the area.
Immers had the ball in the net again three minutes later when he crashed a shot high into the net following Toornstra's free-kick, but it was ruled out for offside. |
392 F.3d 35
UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,v.Richard CASTELLINI, Defendant, Appellant.
No. 03-2252.
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
Heard November 4, 2004.
Decided December 15, 2004.
COPYRIGHT MATERIAL OMITTED James C. Rehnquist, with whom Sarah Heaton Concannon and Goodwin Procter LLP were on brief, for appellant.
Allison D. Burroughs, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom Michael J. Sullivan, United States Attorney, was on brief, for appellee.
Before SELYA, Circuit Judge, STAHL, Senior Circuit Judge, and LYNCH, Circuit Judge.
LYNCH, Circuit Judge.
1
Richard Castellini ("Castellini"), a married man with three children and no prior criminal record, was convicted of the crime of money laundering the proceeds of a bankruptcy fraud and conspiracy to money launder. 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(3), (c)(7)(D), (h). In fact, the fraud was part of a sting operation by the government which ensnared at least six people. All were associated with Anderson Ark and Associates ("AAA"), a Costa Rican company which moved money offshore through trusts in several countries before returning the "cleansed" (but diminished) funds to investors.
2
At trial, Castellini testified and portrayed himself as an innocent and naive dupe, not a criminal, who was misled by Richard Gonet ("Gonet"), the architect of the money laundering scheme and chief malefactor. In fact, Castellini testified that he had been victimized by AAA and Gonet, who fleeced him of his own money. It was Gonet who introduced Castellini to his troubled friend "Jim Mitchell," and asked him to do two financial transactions for Mitchell. Unfortunately for Castellini, "Mitchell" was in fact James Dowling ("Dowling" or "Agent Dowling"), an undercover agent in a sting operation mounted by the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") against Gonet.
3
The two financial transactions Castellini was asked to, and did in fact, engineer involved multiple offshore transfers of Mitchell's money; Mitchell told Castellini the monies were being hidden from the bankruptcy court.
4
Castellini was tried alone. Gonet pled guilty (but did not testify for the government). A properly instructed jury found that Castellini had engaged in money laundering by conducting financial transactions involving property represented to be the proceeds of "specified unlawful activity," "with the intent... to conceal ... the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of property believed to be the proceeds of specified unlawful activity." 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(3).
5
On appeal, Castellini attacks his conviction and sentence.1 First, he argues that the guilty verdicts on Counts One (for conspiracy to launder), Five, and Six (for the two instances of actual laundering) should be reversed for insufficiency of evidence. Second, he argues that he is entitled to a new trial for errors in the admission of coconspirator statements not meeting the requirements of United States v. Petrozziello, 548 F.2d 20, 22-24 (1st Cir.1977).
6
The insufficiency argument is premised on the correct principle that the "proceeds" used for money laundering must be "proceeds" from a different illegal activity than the illegal activity of money laundering itself. United States v. Mankarious, 151 F.3d 694, 705 (7th Cir.1998). The argument is that the agent did not explicitly or implicitly "represent" that the money Castellini laundered was the proceeds of a specified "unlawful activity," but rather left Castellini with the sense that at most he was helping in the commission of a bankruptcy fraud, not that he was laundering the money derived from an ongoing bankruptcy fraud. While skillfully presented, existing case law dooms the argument. The Petrozziello arguments are also far from frivolous; but they, too, do not prevail, because the statements were admissible on other grounds or their admission was harmless.
7
Castellini was sentenced to twenty-one months' imprisonment; he was not ordered to pay a fine. Castellini attacks this sentence. He argues that the district court wrongly concluded that it did not have authority to consider granting him a downward departure for aberrant conduct. The record reflects that the district court knew it had the authority but did not think Castellini qualified to receive the reduction given that more than one transaction was involved. We have no jurisdiction to review that determination. Castellini also argues for the first time on appeal that his sentence violated Blakely v. Washington, ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). We reject that challenge because there was no plain error.
I.
8
We set out the facts in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict. United States v. Glaum, 356 F.3d 169, 172 (1st Cir.2004).
9
This case involves one of two prosecutions of the leaders of and persons associated with AAA.2 AAA is a Costa Rican company which was the central marketing instrumentality for money laundering schemes to move the proceeds of illegal activity out of the United States via entities such as offshore trusts and then to repatriate such funds back to the United States so as to make the proceeds appear to be from legitimate sources. The conspiracy involved individuals spanning the continent from California to Massachusetts and from Washington to Costa Rica.
10
In December of 1998, after months of investigations, the Criminal Investigation Division of the IRS began a sting operation targeted at Michael Gonet, a Massachusetts resident who had been promoting and marketing offshore trusts. Gonet did not work for AAA but ended up leading the sting operation to the leaders of AAA.
11
Agent Dowling first contacted Gonet by telephone on December 18, 1998. As "Jim Mitchell," Agent Dowling told Gonet a cover story that he ran a company named Pyramid Financial and owned three Burger King restaurants in the Phoenix, Arizona area. He said he had been sued for sexual harassment and was at risk of being forced into personal and corporate bankruptcy. As a result, he said he wanted to conceal some of his assets, namely, $100,000 in cash in a safe deposit box and $300,000 in a corporate bank account, from the bankruptcy court. Agent Dowling asked Gonet for help in concealing the funds from the bankruptcy court.3 Gonet responded affirmatively. Dowling then asked, as a way to move the money, whether Gonet, who had a company in the Bahamas, could "send [Dowling] invoices and [Dowling] could pay the invoices." Gonet told Dowling that this was possible. In a second phone call on December 30, 1998, Gonet and Agent Dowling discussed in some detail how they might move the funds. Gonet told Dowling, "I have a [consulting] company that I can bill it through, you know, however much you want me to bill it."
12
On January 22, 1999, Gonet and Agent Dowling met in person for the first time. Agent Dowling gave Gonet $60,000 in cash, which he told Gonet he wanted to conceal from the bankruptcy court. Gonet moved the cash in installments to an offshore trust account and then back to an undercover bank account designated by Dowling at LaSalle Bank in Chicago in the name of Century Marketing. Gonet kept $9,000 as his fee for assisting Dowling. Castellini visibly entered the picture around March 11 or 12, 1999.
13
Castellini testified that he first met Gonet in 1997, when Gonet tried to sell Castellini an offshore trust. Castellini explained to Gonet that he already had the use of an offshore structure through a complex business organization ("CBO") set up for him by AAA. Castellini had been involved with AAA since 1996, when he began to buy tapes and attend seminars offered by AAA purporting to teach strategies for minimizing taxes. In 1997, as a way to reduce taxes from his own business, Castellini paid $28,000 to have the CBO set up for him by the head of AAA, Anderson, and AAA's head accountant, Drummer, an unindicted coconspirator who also became Castellini's accountant. In late 1997, in accordance with Drummer's advice, Castellini moved about $175,000 of his own money, listed as a bogus "management fee," through the CBO in order to reduce his taxes. For this service, AAA charged him a 5% fee. These were the only times that Castellini used the CBO prior to his involvement in the activities in this case. Castellini also invested in various schemes offered by AAA members, but he lost money on all of them.
14
Castellini testified that Gonet called him on either March 11 or March 12, 1999, to ask him whether he still had his CBO and whether a third party would be allowed to use it. Gonet also explained Dowling's situation to Castellini. After Castellini consulted Drummer, he called Gonet back on March 15, 1999, and told Gonet that it was okay to use his CBO for somebody else's money.
15
Gonet and Agent Dowling spoke twice on March 16, 1999. Gonet told Dowling that he did not have the ability to move the money in the corporate bank account and he was concerned about the paper trail. Gonet did suggest to Dowling a way that the funds could be moved. He explained that he knew of a management company that could generate an invoice for non-existent "management consult[ing]" work. After Dowling paid the invoice with a check drawn on his corporate bank account, "the management company [would] take the funds, deposit them, and then move the funds offshore, and then ultimately back to wherever [Dowling] want[s] them." Gonet explained that the management company could move anything over $175,000 and still raise no suspicion for the high amount charged on the invoice because it did "this as a matter of business on a daily basis." Gonet said that the management company, a "Nevada corporation ... connected with a huge offshore conglomerate," would charge a fee of 25% of the funds moved in this way, and that Gonet's own fee would come out of that 25%. Gonet also assured Dowling that there would be no problems if the bankruptcy court questioned the management company because "they deal with this everyday. It's not like they're coming up with a ... new defense.... They do it all the time."
16
Two days later, on March 18, 1999, Gonet and Dowling met in Florida. During this meeting, which was videotaped, Dowling gave Gonet another $40,000 in cash for Dowling to move offshore and then back into the LaSalle Bank account as before. Gonet also agreed to see if someone from the management company would speak with Agent Dowling directly about moving the funds in his corporate bank account.
17
On March 29, 1999, Gonet called Castellini, explained Dowling's situation in more detail, and asked Castellini to help Dowling move his money. Gonet in turn told Agent Dowling to expect a call from someone in the management company which they had been discussing.
18
The next day, Castellini called Agent Dowling and told him that Gonet had explained his situation to him. Castellini said that he could help Agent Dowling to retain control of and hide from the bankruptcy court the $300,000 in the corporate bank account by using Castellini's management company, RLC Management. RLC Management is a Nevada company which Castellini controlled as part of his CBO. Castellini suggested that Agent Dowling give RLC Management checks drawn on Pyramid Financial's corporate account; RLC Management would then move the funds through its "majority shareholder," a domestic trust, offshore into a foreign trust, and thence through a series of offshore bank accounts under Castellini's and Gonet's direction until the funds were deposited back in the United States into a bank account controlled by Agent Dowling. (Castellini later explained that RLC Management is actually a Nevada partnership, and the domestic trust is a 99% partner in the partnership.) Castellini told Dowling that this whole structure was set up by "an attorney and a former IRS Agent" as a way to use "the laws that are in place to the fullest extent." Agent Dowling asked Castellini, "[H]ow do I get [the money offshore] back then?" Castellini responded, "[T]here's different vehicles for you to use [such as] ... business corporations ... or... trusts." Castellini also said, "[A]s far as you getting use of the funds afterwards, you ... talk to Mike on [sic] that regard."
19
Consistent with what Gonet had said earlier, Castellini said he would invoice Pyramid Financial, Agent Dowling's company, for bogus "management ... consulting fee[s]" so that the check would look like a "legitimate ... business expense" even though no consulting work would be done for Dowling. Agent Dowling asked Castellini, "[A]ll I do is just don't tell anyone about the transaction then?" Castellini replied, "[A]s far as you know, you hired us to do some consulting.... [A]s the rest of it goes, you don't ... know anything." Castellini told Dowling that he should not "tell the attorney" about the transaction because then Dowling would be told by the bankruptcy counsel to list the funds on the bankruptcy petition. Castellini confirmed that he could handle transactions between $175,000 and $200,000, and that the fee would be 25%, with Castellini taking care of Gonet's share. Agent Dowling consented to the "pretty steep" fee.
20
Castellini urged Dowling to delay the bankruptcy filing as long as possible because the trustee looks "pretty heavily" at transactions during the "last 90 days" and they did not want to "raise a red flag." In order to lessen the likelihood that the bogus transaction would be scrutinized, Castellini suggested that the invoices be backdated to February and advised Dowling to backdate the checks to RLC to be from the same time as the most recent group of checks he had written subsequent to the invoice date so that the false checks would not "stick out like a sore thumb." Castellini also offered to generate some "paperwork," such as a management report or proposal, as supporting documentation for the false invoices.
21
When Agent Dowling said he was a little "nervous" about the transactions because his attorney might, as he had in the past, "jump[ ] up and down about, you know, bankruptcy fraud," Castellini told him, "[Y]ou're not committing... fraud if you hire a company to come in and ... provide a service." But Castellini also acknowledged that no services would actually be provided. Agent Dowling asked Castellini, "[T]he only one knows [sic] about the `service' will be you and me[?]" Castellini replied, "Right. They don't know, they don't have to know what happened to it." Agent Dowling asked Castellini, "[H]ave you ever done this before?" Castellini replied, "I've never had anyone come back and ask.... [I]t's never been questioned."
22
On April 8, 1999, Castellini called Dowling to initiate their plan, or, in his words, "do that invoice thing." Castellini told Dowling that he would make out an invoice in the amount of $30,000 dated February 1, 1999, and instructed Dowling to write out a check dated the same as the last time in February when Dowling thought he wrote out other checks. This invoice was sent on April 20, 1999.
23
On April 29, 1999, Castellini and Agent Dowling met at a restaurant in New Jersey, where Dowling gave Castellini a check for $30,000, dated February 8, 1999, and made out to RLC Management, in "payment" for the false consulting invoice Castellini had sent to Agent Dowling. After a two-hour lunch, the two engaged in the following conversation to justify the false invoice:
24
Agent Dowling: So, and on this thing here, you've chosen 25 percent. Is there anything, if something ever happens, you'll be on my team, and that's what the 25 percent — That's kind of high.
25
Castellini: If something ever happens, whatever happens, they call me. And I can verify that we consulted. I mean, it's as simple as that. I'm not hiding anything. Did you and I just consult over business ventures and strategies?
26
Agent Dowling: We've been talking [sic] hiding my money.
27
Castellini: Did we discuss business strategies?
28
Agent Dowling: Sure.
29
Castellini: Yes. We're not lying, are we? Hiding your money is a business strategy, isn't it?
30
Agent Dowling: You've got a point. That's a great point.
31
Castellini deposited the $30,000 check into the RLC Management account and then transferred the money to the account of Sawtooth Enterprises, another AAA account available to Castellini. From the Sawtooth account, the funds — minus the 25% fee for Castellini and Gonet — moved through banks in Vienna, Austria, Costa Rica, the Isle of Man, the Bahamas, and ultimately, back to Agent Dowling's Century Market account in LaSalle Bank, Chicago. Castellini and Gonet both took part in directing the money transfers, and some of the accounts belonged to Gonet.
32
A few days later, during a telephone conversation on May 4, 1999, Castellini told Dowling that he had made up another false invoice for $170,000 dated March 15, 1999, which he was going to send out to Dowling. He asked Dowling to "trash the envelope" when he got the invoice because "it will have a postmark [much later than the false date of the invoice] on it and stuff like that." Agent Dowling did receive such an invoice. However, due to a conversation that Dowling later had with Castellini's accountant, Drummer, nothing further was done with this false invoice.
33
In September of 1999, Castellini sent Dowling another invoice for "consulting services" backdated July 30, 1999, for $30,000, and Agent Dowling made out a check in that amount, backdated July 31, 1999, to RLC Management.4 The money went on the same world-wide tour as the first $30,000. Ultimately, $22,500, representing the balance after the 25% fee, was deposited in the Century Market account.
34
Having himself successfully transferred $60,000 for Dowling, Castellini referred Dowling to Richard Marks ("Marks"), another coconspirator ultimately indicted along with Castellini, for further money transfers. Marks controlled Sawtooth Enterprises, which was one of the entities through which the $60,000 Castellini helped Dowling hide had moved. During a telephone conversation on October 18, 1999, Castellini told Dowling that he would "give Richard [Marks] the whole overview of what your situation is and, you know, what we've done so far." On November 1, 1999, Castellini told Dowling that Marks had agreed to speak with Dowling directly.
35
Thereafter, Marks helped Agent Dowling hide $150,000 before referring Agent Dowling to Wayne Anderson. Wayne Anderson was the brother of Keith Anderson, and was himself also a leader in AAA. Ultimately, Wayne Anderson helped Dowling hide $100,000.
36
In late 2000, Pyramid Financial, Agent Dowling's fictitious company, filed its bankruptcy petition (the bankruptcy court was informed ahead of time that the petition was fictitious and the petition was ultimately dismissed). Agent Dowling and another IRS agent posing as his fiancee met Castellini and his wife in February 2001 to let Castellini know that bankruptcy had been filed and "to thank him for his help." Eight days after this dinner meeting, Castellini was arrested.
37
Castellini testified that he made no money from the transactions he conducted for Dowling because, out of the 25% fee, Gonet took 15% and left 5% each for AAA and Castellini, but AAA refused to send Castellini his share.
II.
38
On March 29, 2001, a federal grand jury in the District of Massachusetts indicted Richard Castellini and codefendants Keith Anderson, Wayne Anderson, Karolyn Grosnickle, Richard Marks, and Michael Gonet.5 Count One of the indictment charged Castellini with conspiracy to launder money in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(h); Counts Five and Six charged Castellini with money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(3) based on the two separate $30,000 transactions. All of the charges were premised on the fictional "specified unlawful activity" of bankruptcy fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 152.6 The relevant portion of the "money laundering sting" statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(3), provides that:
39
Whoever, with the intent —
40
(A) to promote the carrying on of specified unlawful activity; [or]
41
(B) to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of property believed to be the proceeds of specified unlawful activity;
42
...
43
conducts or attempts to conduct a financial transaction involving property represented to be the proceeds of specified unlawful activity ... shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or both. For purposes of this paragraph ..., the term "represented" means any representation made by a law enforcement officer or by another person at the direction of, or with the approval of, a Federal official authorized to investigate or prosecute violations of this section.
44
Castellini's jury trial began on July 8, 2002. The government elected to proceed only on Counts One, Five, and Six. The trial lasted seven days.
45
During trial, the government played excerpts of twenty-three recorded conversations between Agent Dowling and members of the conspiracy. Of these, five conversations were with Gonet, thirteen were with Castellini, four were with Marks, and the last one was with Grosnickle. One of the conversations involving Gonet was the March 18, 1999 meeting in a Florida hotel room between Agent Dowling and Gonet, and the government played a videotape recording of the meeting.
46
At the outset of the government's case, the district court allowed the defense to lodge a continuing hearsay objection to the admission of each of these recordings of conversations between Agent Dowling and the alleged coconspirators. The defense renewed this objection on the third day of the trial. The objections were overruled by the trial court but preserved for appeal. The defense also moved for a mistrial on the basis of the admission of this evidence after the government rested, at the close of all the evidence, and after the verdict. These motions were denied.
47
On July 19, 2002, the jury found Castellini guilty on all three counts. At his August 12, 2003 sentencing hearing, Castellini moved for a downward departure for "aberrant behavior" under U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5K2.20. Castellini argued that the charged conduct was an "eight-month lapse in a 38-year life of good citizenship." The district court denied the motion, saying, "I think that this is a departure in terms of his behavior. You know, that eight-month period... is like a black hole in an otherwise reasonable life. But I don't believe that it adds up to the downward departure that you are talking about." The court sentenced Castellini to twenty-one months' imprisonment but did not impose a fine and stayed Castellini's sentence pending appeal.
48
Castellini timely filed his notice of appeal on August 19, 2003.
III.
49
We address in turn each of Castellini's claims on appeal.
A. Sufficiency of the evidence
50
On challenges to sufficiency of the evidence, we take all the evidence and inferences in the light most favorable to the verdict and ask whether a rational factfinder could find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the prosecution successfully proved the essential elements of the crime. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979); United States v. O'Brien, 14 F.3d 703, 706 (1st Cir.1994).
51
The essential elements of the money laundering sting statute are:
52
Whoever, with the intent —
53
(A) to promote the carrying on of specified unlawful activity; [or]
54
(B) to conceal or disguise the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of property believed to be the proceeds of specified unlawful activity;
55
...
56
conducts or attempts to conduct a financial transaction involving property represented to be the proceeds of specified unlawful activity ... shall be fined under this title or imprisoned for not more than 20 years, or both.
57
18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(3) (emphasis added). The statute further defines the term "represented" as "any representation made by a law enforcement officer or by another person at the direction of, or with the approval of, a Federal official authorized to investigate or prosecute violations of this section." Id.
58
A money laundering defendant must act with a certain type of intent. One sort of requisite intent is the intent to "conceal... the nature, location, source, ownership, or control of property believed to be the proceeds of specified unlawful activity." Id. (emphasis added). The intent requirement is bolstered by the requirement that the financial transactions in question must involve "property represented to be the proceeds of specified unlawful activity." Id. (emphasis added).
59
On first read, it might seem odd to refer to money laundering of "proceeds" from a bankruptcy fraud. After all, bankruptcy fraud involves hiding the debtor's own money from the bankruptcy court, and unlike other types of fraud does not involve wrongfully taking money ("proceeds") from others by deception. Proceeds are usually defined as "[t]he value of land, goods, or investments when converted into money" or "the amount of money received from a sale." Black's Law Dictionary 1242 (8th ed.2004). Nonetheless, Congress expressly included bankruptcy fraud as one of the predicate crimes producing "proceeds" which could be money laundered. 18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(7)(D). It is not difficult to think of bankruptcy fraud in terms similar to the other types of fraud — money which is hidden from the bankruptcy court is, in a sense, taken from the creditors. In any event, the case law as well as the statute establishes that bankruptcy fraud can produce "proceeds." See United States v. Richard, 234 F.3d 763, 770 (1st Cir.2000). The "sting" portion of the money laundering statute means that the "proceeds" can be part of a fiction the government creates.
60
Castellini argues that the agent never represented the money to be the proceeds of unlawful activity, and so no rational jury could conclude that element of the crime was proven. The argument is based on the general rule that the money laundering statute is meant to punish a separate offense from the underlying "specified unlawful activity," and thus, it criminalizes separate financial transactions involving the funds derived from such illegal activity. See United States v. Mankarious, 151 F.3d 694, 705 (7th Cir.1998) ("Money laundering requires proceeds of a discrete predicate crime. That predicate crime must have produced proceeds in acts distinct from the conduct that constitutes money laundering."); United States v. LeBlanc, 24 F.3d 340, 346 (1st Cir.1994) (Money laundering is a "separate crime distinct from the underlying offense that generated the money.").
61
In the analogous context of 18 U.S.C. § 1957, which criminalizes money laundering of "criminally derived property of a value greater than $10,000 and is derived from specified unlawful activity,"7 § 1957(a), we have reversed convictions when the government did not prove that the money involved in the alleged laundering transactions was the proceeds of a separate specified unlawful activity. See United States v. Carucci, 364 F.3d 339, 345-46 (1st Cir.2004) (conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 1957 cannot be upheld because government failed to introduce sufficient evidence to allow a rational jury to conclude that defendant laundered money which was "proceeds" from gambling, extortion, or drug trafficking, the underlying specified unlawful activities).
62
The two issues of the agent's representation and the nature of the proceeds are connected. We understand Castellini to argue that if the representations had been nothing more than that the agent wanted Castellini to take property and hide it from the bankruptcy court, then that would not be a representation that property was the "proceeds" of bankruptcy fraud. Castellini argues that the representation then would be only about property, the concealment of which constituted the bankruptcy fraud, but not about property which was itself the proceeds of bankruptcy fraud.
63
Castellini supports his position with two types of arguments. First, he argues that all of Agent Dowling's representations were that the funds were from legitimate business activities, and Castellini had no reason to infer otherwise. He cites the rule that the government must at least prove "that an enforcement officer or authorized person made the defendant aware of circumstances from which a reasonable person would infer that the property was [illegal] proceeds." United States v. Kaufmann, 985 F.2d 884, 893 (7th Cir.1993). The government agent need not expressly state that the funds are proceeds of illegal activity if that is the natural inference to be drawn. See, e.g., United States v. Puche, 350 F.3d 1137, 1143 (11th Cir.2003); United States v. Jensen, 69 F.3d 906, 911 (8th Cir.1995); see also Kaufmann, 985 F.2d at 893-94 (agent's representation to defendant that the purchaser was a marijuana dealer, interested only in paying cash for a car, and wanted the car to be registered in another person's name was sufficient to satisfy the "represented" and "proceeds" elements of money laundering even absent express statements that the cash was drug proceeds); United States v. Marbelt, 129 F.Supp.2d 49, 54 (D.Mass.2000) (representation need only be specific enough to lead reasonable person in defendant's position to infer funds derived from specified unlawful activity).
64
Castellini has a second argument as well. He argues that he could not have violated the bankruptcy fraud statute because the statute criminalizes the act of (not merely the intention of) transferring or concealing funds, and at the time Agent Dowling gave Castellini money, there had been no specified unlawful activity which produced the requisite proceeds of an illegal activity for money laundering. In other words, Castellini argues, his actions were nothing more than aiding and abetting the commission of the underlying bankruptcy fraud; those actions could not simultaneously have constituted money laundering.
65
We start with the representations argument. A "representation" is "the manifestation to another that a fact... exists." Black's Law Dictionary 1327 (8th ed.2004). It is true that the initial representation made was that Agent Dowling wanted to hide from the bankruptcy court his legitimately earned money. Specifically, that Castellini would receive the money in a legitimate manner. Agent Dowling approached Castellini and said that he had a successful business and wanted Castellini to help him hide money from the bankruptcy court; and then gave the money to Castellini to hide from the bankruptcy court, itself a fraud.
66
Agent Dowling's representations also went far beyond the initial transfer of money to an agreement that there would be a series of steps taken after Castellini received the funds. The steps discussed in the conversations were classic money laundering. In their conversations, Castellini described to Agent Dowling in detail the steps that would be taken to siphon the funds offshore and move them around before they would be made available again to Agent Dowling. Dowling represented that this was acceptable. Castellini explained the division of work between himself and Gonet in the scheme, and the fee that he and Gonet would charge. Dowling represented that he understood and agreed to the scheme and the "pretty steep" fee.
67
Indeed, the evidence shows that Castellini did conclude, from the representations, that he would be handling the proceeds of an illegal activity. For example, Castellini acknowledged to Agent Dowling, within their first conversation, that exchanging a check for a false invoice while providing no actual consulting service would be fraud. Castellini told Agent Dowling that the money Dowling was going to give to Castellini would not have to be listed in the bankruptcy petition because "[o]nce you give it to me, it's no longer yours." Furthermore, in a later conversation on June 25, 1999, Castellini demonstrated his awareness that he was handling "tainted money" by telling Agent Dowling, "[Y]ou're not going to use the word `laundering' are you? ... It just makes it sound so dirty. I mean, but what we do — ."
68
Secondly, Castellini argues that even if he transferred funds around the world, what he did was simply aiding and abetting bankruptcy fraud and could not simultaneously be money laundering. The argument has some attraction, particularly in light of the doctrine, broadly stated, that money laundering requires there to be proceeds of illegal activity and cannot be the same as the illegal activity which produces the proceeds. The money laundering statutes "interdict only the financial transactions..., not the anterior criminal conduct that yielded the funds allegedly laundered." United States v. Cabrales, 524 U.S. 1, 1, 118 S.Ct. 1772, 141 L.Ed.2d 1 (1998); see also Mankarious, 151 F.3d at 704 ("A money launderer must obtain proceeds before laundering can take place.") (emphasis in original). Castellini relies on the fact that the indictment's allegations can be read to mean that Agent Dowling's delivery of the two $30,000 checks to him initiated the money laundering, from which Castellini argues that it is a logical necessity that the same acts "cannot simultaneously have completed the underlying bankruptcy fraud necessary for money laundering to have occurred."8
69
Castellini uses the concept of non-simultaneity. The concept, though, hides a distinction, one which was pointed out in Mankarious. The strict emphasis on time should not obscure the real principle of these cases. It is not a requirement that the underlying crime must be fully completed before any money laundering can begin. It is simply that the non-simultaneity principle means that "money laundering criminalizes a transaction in proceeds, not the transaction that creates the proceeds." Mankarious, 151 F.3d at 705. The cases cited by Castellini stand for the rule "that the predicate offenses must produce proceeds before anyone can launder those proceeds," but that does not require the two crimes involved to be entirely separate in time. Id.
70
"Proceeds" of an illegal activity may be created before the completion of an underlying on-going crime. Id. Here, "proceeds" of bankruptcy fraud were created as of the time Castellini accepted the checks from the agent in order to hide them from the bankruptcy court. There are variations on the theme. Some types of fraud, like bank and wire fraud, usually create proceeds only on execution of the first scheme, while mail fraud can create proceeds before a mailing takes place. Id. Similarly, the first of multiple efforts to hide a series of assets from the bankruptcy court may create proceeds of illegal activity. See Richard, 234 F.3d at 770 (proceeds laundered in money laundering may result from "a completed phase of an ongoing offense") (quoting United States v. Conley, 37 F.3d 970, 980 (3d Cir.1994)) (emphasis in Richard); United States v. Butler, 211 F.3d 826, 830 (4th Cir.2000) (bankruptcy fraud committed and funds became "criminally derived property" when debtor gave check to innocent third party so that funds would be held on debtor's behalf and concealed from the bankruptcy court; money laundering occurred when funds were used to purchase cashier's checks a year later, even if these acts were also a further phase of bankruptcy fraud). From that point of view, the fact that Castellini's additional actions after initially receiving the funds (moving the funds around, and so forth) could have been charged as either money laundering or aiding and abetting an on-going bankruptcy fraud could be thought to be irrelevant. Once the basic elements of the underlying crime are sufficiently far along to create proceeds, the logic goes, the money becomes proceeds of illegal activities and it can be laundered.
71
There may be a case in which the line between bankruptcy fraud and money laundering is so close that the element of showing that the funds are proceeds of an illegal activity or the element of representation is not met. Arguably, a case where a defendant merely received money to be hidden from the bankruptcy court in his account and did nothing more with it might be such a situation. That is not this case. Here the further activities Castellini discussed and engaged in after initially receiving the money were archetypal money laundering. While the "classic" money laundering case involves a drug trafficker "acting with the complicity of a banker or other person in a financial institution [and] deposit[ing] the drug proceeds in a bank under the guise of conducting a legitimate business transaction," United States v. Johnson, 971 F.2d 562, 568 (10th Cir.1992), the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986, which enacted 18 U.S.C. § 1956, "prohibits a much broader range of conduct than just the `classic' example of money laundering." Johnson, 971 F.2d at 569. The definitions and language of the statute indicate that "Congress intended to criminalize a broad array of transactions designed to facilitate numerous federal crimes," LeBlanc, 24 F.3d at 346, including bankruptcy fraud. See 18 U.S.C. § 1956(c)(7)(D). It is clear from the legislative history that Congress's purpose in enacting § 1956 was to close "the gap in the criminal law with respect to the post-crime hiding of the ill gotten gains." Johnson, 971 F.2d at 569 (quoting United States v. Edgmon, 952 F.2d 1206, 1213 (10th Cir.1991)). Congress had reason to be concerned. The money laundering of the proceeds of an underlying illegal activity may make the underlying crime more difficult to detect or to prove. And Congress wanted to curtail the separate market of criminal activity which money laundering represents.
72
The transactions here were within "the full contemplation of Congress when it enacted [§ 1956]." LeBlanc, 24 F.3d at 347. Castellini asked Dowling to start out with a smaller check to avoid arousing the suspicion of the bankruptcy court; he invoiced Dowling for fictitious "management consulting" work; he received the checks; and he then negotiated the checks obtained from the bankruptcy fraud, sending the money, minus their fee, to tour the world under his and Gonet's guidance. Cf. id. ("[Defendant] asked gamblers to structure their checks in amounts less than $10,000; he asked that the gamblers make the checks payable to fictitious payees; he received the checks; and he then negotiated the checks."). His conduct was at the heart of what Congress sought to criminalize. At least on these facts, where a reasonable listener could easily infer the proceeds were from a bankruptcy fraud, which produced proceeds at the time, and the further activities contemplated and actuated were typical of money laundering, a reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty of money laundering beyond a reasonable doubt.
73
Castellini points to United States v. Anderson, 371 F.3d 606 (9th Cir.2004), which reversed the conviction of Wayne Anderson, a coconspirator indicted and charged along with Castellini in the same sting operation but tried separately in the Eastern District of California. Anderson does not provide support for Castellini. Anderson involved convictions on two counts: one count of conspiracy to launder money premised on the underlying unlawful activity of bankruptcy fraud (which was based on the same cover story that Agent Dowling used on Castellini), and a second count of money laundering premised on the underlying unlawful activity of bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344(2). Anderson, 371 F.3d at 608-09. The Anderson court affirmed the conviction for the conspiracy to commit money laundering count based on bankruptcy fraud but reversed on the other money laundering count based on bank fraud. Id. at 612. Anderson supports the conclusion here; indeed, it affirmed the money laundering conviction based on bankruptcy fraud. Id. at 610.
74
The reversal in Anderson of the money laundering conviction based on bank fraud does not help Castellini. Unlike bankruptcy fraud, bank fraud has as an element that the money be attained from a federally chartered or insured financial institution. Id. at 612. Anderson held that no such representation had been made or could be inferred from the agent's very different representation that the funds had been fraudulently received from individual clients. Id. Noting that the government could easily have structured the sting to make the needed representation, the court held that the government had failed to meet its burden of proof. Id. Here, the prosecution did not make such a mistake.
B. Admission of coconspirator statements
75
Castellini also argues that a new trial is necessary because the district court erred by admitting prejudicial coconspirator statements made by Gonet in taped conversations. More specifically, the claims are that the district court (1) never made explicit findings regarding the existence of the conspiracy and whether the statements were made in furtherance of the conspiracy, and (2) admitted numerous statements by Gonet that were not made during and in furtherance of the conspiracy. See United States v. Petrozziello, 548 F.2d 20, 23 (1st Cir.1977).
76
Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E) provides that "a statement by a coconspirator of a party during the course and in furtherance of the conspiracy" is not hearsay evidence and is admissible for the truth of the matter asserted. In this Circuit, coconspirator statements are only admissible under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) if the trial court finds it "more likely than not that the declarant and the defendant were members of a conspiracy ... and that the statement was in furtherance of the conspiracy." Petrozziello, 548 F.2d at 23.9
77
We will sustain a trial court's determination of admissibility under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) unless the ruling is clearly erroneous. United States v. Portela, 167 F.3d 687, 703 (1st Cir.1999).
78
This deferential standard of review places a heavy burden on a defendant seeking to overturn a trial court's Petrozziello ruling: A finding is clearly erroneous when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.
79
United States v. Newton, 326 F.3d 253, 257 (1st Cir.2003).
80
Castellini limits his challenge to those out-of-court statements by Gonet which were made before March 30, 1999. His challenge is thus confined to the following five conversations between Gonet and Agent Dowling: 1) the December 18, 1998 telephone call; 2) the December 30, 1998 telephone call; 3) the two telephone calls on March 16, 1999; and 4) the videotaped meeting in Florida on March 18, 1999.
81
We dispose of the procedural aspect of Castellini's challenge quickly. The record shows that the district court did, in fact, make Petrozziello rulings, though not as explicitly as Castellini would like. In accordance with the procedures set out in United States v. Ciampaglia, 628 F.2d 632, 638 (1st Cir.1980), at the start of the government's presentation of evidence, Castellini requested and was allowed a continuing objection to the admission of Gonet's out-of-court statements. Castellini renewed his objection at the start of the next day of the trial, and the district court replied, "That is on the record. I think there is plenty to justify the conversations coming in...." The district court also reminded the defendant to renew the objection at the close of the government's case. At the close of all evidence, Castellini asked the district court to make the Petrozziello findings. The district court responded, "I make those findings for the record." Castellini did not ask the court to be more specific. After the charge to the jury, Castellini again asked the court to make the Petrozziello findings, and the district court said, "I did. I told you at the end of the case, just consider them made." Castellini's counsel said, "Okay," and made no other comment, request, or objection.
82
The district court's Petrozziello findings, though not explicitly separated out, necessarily entail that the district court found by a preponderance of the evidence that there was an existing conspiracy at the time Gonet made the statements, that Castellini was involved in the conspiracy at some point, and that the statements were made in furtherance of the conspiracy. See Petrozziello, 548 F.2d at 23. This conclusion is also supported by other rulings made by the district court. Castellini twice moved for a mistrial on the ground that there was no conspiracy at all until Castellini joined on March 30, 1999, and that thus Gonet's out-of-court statements before that date were inadmissible hearsay which was prejudicial to Castellini. The government countered that the record indicated, by inference, that Castellini and Gonet had been talking about Agent Dowling's situation before March 30, 1999, and at the time the challenged statements were made, a conspiracy involving Gonet and Castellini did exist.10 The trial judge accepted the government's arguments and denied the motions.
83
The government's argument that there was a conspiracy between Gonet and Castellini before March 30, 1999, is based on several components. When Castellini first spoke to Dowling on March 30, Castellini already knew what Dowling had told Gonet earlier. That, by itself, does not establish a conspiracy between Gonet and Castellini on each of the earlier dates. The government also relies on the corroboration given to Gonet's pre-March 30 statements about the management company and the methods by which the money would be laundered by Agent Dowling's later conversations with Castellini about the transactions and the subsequent transactions themselves.11 The entire false-invoice scheme was carried out by Castellini essentially as Gonet had explained it to Agent Dowling on March 16, 1999. Also on March 16, 1999, Gonet mentioned a third party, a Nevada corporation, and the evidence showed that RLC Management, Castellini's company, turned out to be a Nevada partnership. Further, Castellini admitted that he had told Gonet of his AAA-derived CBO in 1997, and Gonet asked Castellini on March 11 or 12 of 1999 whether his CBO could be used for a third party. Castellini counters that there is no evidence that there was any agreement between Castellini and Gonet at the time of these pre-March 30 conversations; Gonet might have come up with the plan on his own and simply instructed Castellini later to carry it out. Also, Castellini argues, there were material differences in the transactions described by Gonet and those carried out by Castellini.
84
Indeed, Castellini argues, in Gonet's December 18 and December 30 conversations with Agent Dowling, Gonet said he owned the company which might be used to produce the false invoices and did not say a third party was involved. In the March 16 conversation, Gonet mentioned a Nevada corporation but also stated he had not yet involved anyone from the corporation and hoped to talk with someone that night. Further, on March 18, Gonet said that he still had not obtained agreement from anyone at the corporation.
85
The government's case is strongest as to the existence of the conspiracy as of the March 16 and 18 conversations, but hardly compelling even as to those. On this record, whether the district court's ruling that there was a conspiracy on the dates before March 16 constituted clear error is a close call. We need not decide that question for several reasons.
86
First, some of the statements are admissible on grounds other than the coconspirator exception under Rule 801(d)(2)(E). For example, the December 18, 1998 conversation was admissible for a purpose other than to prove the truth of the matter asserted therein and thus would not be hearsay. This conversation simply showed the initial contact between Gonet and Agent Dowling, and provided background and context for understanding the subsequent transactions and investigative steps targeted at Gonet and Castellini. See United States v. Cintolo, 818 F.2d 980, 999 (1st Cir.1987) (out-of-court statements regarding conversation between FBI agents and a witness were admissible to provide context and background even though defendant did not ask for a limiting instruction). The same applies to the conversation of December 30, 1998, during which Gonet said, "I have a company that I can bill it through." This also provided context and background to understand subsequent references to "the company you talked about" as the laundering scheme was discussed in subsequent conversations.
87
Second, even if there were error in admitting some of the later conversations, any error was harmless. "The essential inquiry in harmless error review is whether the improperly admitted evidence likely affected the outcome of trial." United States v. Torres-Galindo, 206 F.3d 136, 141 (1st Cir.2000). "[A] harmlessness determination demands a panoramic, case-specific inquiry considering, among other things, the centrality of the tainted material, its uniqueness, its prejudicial impact, the uses to which it was put during the trial, the relative strengths of the parties' cases, and any telltales that furnish clues to the likelihood that the error affected the factfinder's resolution of a material issue." United States v. Sepulveda, 15 F.3d 1161, 1182 (1st Cir.1993).
88
Castellini does argue he was prejudiced. For example, Castellini contends that he was prejudiced by two references Gonet made to money laundering during the March 18, 1999 meeting. Gonet's first reference was to his own scheme for sending money via UPS around the country as "documents" and has nothing to do with Castellini. Second, Gonet said in the conversation that accepting Agent Dowling's money and depositing it into an offshore account could be considered money laundering. Against this is the fact that the evidence of Castellini's own illicit transactions was overwhelming. And the second reference is no more prejudicial to Castellini than Castellini's own statement: "You're not going to use the word `laundering' are you?.... It just makes it sound so dirty...." At most, Gonet's earlier conversations were "cumulative and the weight of the additional [non-hearsay] evidence overwhelming." United States v. LiCausi, 167 F.3d 36, 50 (1st Cir.1999).
89
Castellini next argues that he was prejudiced because the content of some of Gonet's statements at the March 18, 1999 meeting was "shocking" in comparison to the "gentler tone" of the other testimony and gave rise to the negative impression that Castellini was a hard core criminal. In order to assure Agent Dowling that his funds would be safe with Castellini, Gonet told Agent Dowling at the March 18 meeting that "these people" (who would be handling Dowling's money at the management company) were more "hard core," more "hard line," and "a lot tougher" than Gonet, and that "these people" could "stand the heat." The jury could evaluate Castellini themselves: Castellini testified at length and told the jury that he was very naive and gullible, and he elicited laughter for his portrayal of himself as a "[c]abana boy" because everyone at work asked him to do things.
90
Finally, Castellini argues that Gonet's statements only inculpated Castellini, not other conspirators, so that Castellini appeared to be more important to the conspiracy than he actually was. The prosecution in this case is of Castellini, not other conspirators, and the jury in this trial heard evidence about others involved in the money laundering. There is no basis for a new trial.12
IV.
91
A. Sentencing: Downward departure for "aberrant behavior"
92
Castellini also charges the district court with error in sentencing him, asserting that the court ruled as a matter of law that it had no discretion to grant Castellini's request for a downward departure pursuant to U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5K2.20. We reject this claim.
93
When a district court exercises its discretion to refuse to grant a downward departure, that decision is not reviewable. United States v. Mejia, 309 F.3d 67, 70 (1st Cir.2002). Appellate review is available for refusal to depart if the district court misunderstood the scope of its authority under the guidelines and mistakenly believed that it lacked the discretion to depart. United States v. Rivera-Rodriguez, 318 F.3d 268, 275 (1st Cir.2003).
94
The departure was sought under the November, 2002 version of § 5K2.20, which states, in relevant part, "A sentence below the applicable guideline range may be warranted in an extraordinary case if the defendant's criminal conduct constituted aberrant behavior." The commentary to the guideline defines "aberrant behavior" as "a single criminal occurrence or single criminal transaction that (A) was committed without significant planning; (B) was of limited duration; and (C) represents a marked deviation by the defendant from an otherwise law-abiding life." U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5K2.20, cmt. n. 1 (2002).
95
At the sentencing hearing, the district court made its initial ruling on Castellini's "aberrant behavior" departure motion by stating:
96
I don't think there is sufficient evidence for me to give a downward departure for aberrant behavior, although ... I think that the conduct involved was an extraordinary departure from what had been this man's life.
97
My concern is that ... that is not enough to permit me to find him having committed something because of aberrant behavior.
98
Castellini then argued that the court should grant the departure because it had found Castellini's behavior "to be an extraordinary departure." The district court responded:
99
What I said to you is that I think that this is a departure in terms of his behavior. You know, that eight-month period, you know, is like a black hole in an otherwise reasonable life. But I don't believe that it adds up to the downward departure that you are talking about.
100
....
101
I don't think this really is a single criminal offense. I think that it is an episode.
102
....
103
[H]ere we had, at least arguably, two offenses ... eight months apart, both for $30,000. So it isn't one. It is not a single.
104
From the quoted passages, it is clear that the district court understood that it had the authority to depart, but decided that departure was not warranted because there was insufficient evidence to justify it. In particular, the district court denied the departure because the multiple transactions in an elaborate scheme involving a network of offshore entities over an eight-month period put it outside the purview of the single occurrence/transaction without advanced planning and of limited duration contemplated by the guideline.13 See Rivera-Rodriguez, 318 F.3d at 275-76. That decision is not subject to review.
B. The Blakely challenge
105
Castellini finally argues, for the first time on appeal, that his sentence should be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing because the jury did not make a factual determination regarding the amount of laundered funds attributable to him under the sentencing guidelines, as he contends is required under Blakely v. Washington, ___ U.S. ___, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). Because Castellini did not raise this argument before the district court, review is for plain error. United States v. Morgan, 384 F.3d 1, 8 (1st Cir.2004). To establish plain error, Castellini must demonstrate "(1) that an error occurred (2) which was clear or obvious and which not only (3) affected [his] substantial rights, but also (4) seriously impaired the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings." United States v. Duarte, 246 F.3d 56, 60 (1st Cir.2001).
106
Under existing pre-Blakely First Circuit precedent, the amount of laundered funds is a sentencing factor for determination by the court. See United States v. Robinson, 241 F.3d 115, 121 (1st Cir.2001) ("[S]entence-enhancing facts still may be found by the judge under a preponderance-of-the-evidence standard as long as those facts do not result in a sentence that exceeds the original statutory maximum."). "Because the trial judge acted in accordance with circuit precedent (not yet clearly established to be erroneous), we cannot say plain error occurred, and we need not proceed further." Morgan, 384 F.3d at 8.
V.
107
Castellini's convictions and sentence are affirmed.
Notes:
1
The government also cross-appealed Castellini's sentence in No. 04-1339. On December 2, 2004, the cross-appeal was dismissed pursuant to Fed. R.App. P. 42(b) upon the government's motion
2
AAA's leader, Keith Anderson ("Anderson"), was also involved in an organization called Global Prosperity and possibly another organization called Investors International. The record is not entirely clear as to what the relationships between the different organizations were, but it appears that Anderson left Global Prosperity at some point and founded AAA. Some of Castellini's business dealings described later on in this case were with coconspirators (notably Anderson and Roosevelt Drummer ("Drummer")) when they were involved with Global Prosperity. The government and Castellini, in their briefs, refer to AAA even when discussing transactions involving Global Prosperity. For ease of reference, therefore, AAA is used throughout this opinion to refer to both Global Prosperity and AAA
3
Virtually all of the conversations between Agent Dowling and the targets of the sting operation, whether by telephone or in person, were recorded. In total, over 400 conversations were recorded. Approximately twenty-three of these recordings were played for the jury during the trial, and five of those recordings form the basis of a hearsay challenge that Castellini asserts here. Castellini testified about his conversations with Gonet to which Agent Dowling was not a party, but these were, for obvious reasons, not recorded
4
As the result of a conversation between Agent Dowling and Castellini's accountant, Drummer, who advised Agent Dowling to increase the wages he paid himself from his company, this check was drawn on Agent Dowling's personal account rather than the Pyramid Financial corporate account
5
On May 24, 2001, all charges against the Andersons, Grosnickle, and Marks were dismissed, on motion of the government, in favor of prosecution in the Eastern District of California. Gonet pled guilty to all charges against him in the District of Massachusetts
6
The statute imposes criminal liability on any person who "in contemplation of a case under title 11 [the Bankruptcy Code]... or with intent to defeat the provisions of title 11, knowingly and fraudulently transfers or conceals any of his property." 18 U.S.C. § 152(7)
7
Although 18 U.S.C. § 1957 uses the phrase "criminally derived property" instead of the phrase "proceeds of specified unlawful activity," which is used in 18 U.S.C. § 1956, courts have interpreted the two to be equivalent and have read cases decided under § 1957 as persuasive authority in the interpretation of cases arising under § 1956See Mankarious, 151 F.3d at 705 n. 1; United States v. Savage, 67 F.3d 1435, 1442 (9th Cir.1995); see also 18 U.S.C. § 1957(f)(2) (defining "criminally derived property" to be "any property constituting, or derived from, proceeds obtained from a criminal offense") (emphasis added).
8
Under the current (2004) Sentencing Guidelines, Castellini faces a higher penalty for money laundering than for bankruptcy fraud. The base offense level for money laundering is 8. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2S1.1(a)(2). The base offense level for bankruptcy fraud is 6Id. at § 2B1.1(a)(2).
9
The ellipsis replaces the words "when the hearsay statement was made."Petrozziello, 548 F.2d at 23. This restriction was dicta in Petrozziello, and was withdrawn by United States v. Baines, 812 F.2d 41, 42 (1st Cir.1987) (affirming admission of statements of coconspirators made before defendant joined the conspiracy). See United States v. Portela, 167 F.3d 687, 703 n. 13 (1st Cir.1999) (recognizing modification of Petrozziello by Baines).
10
The government did not argue at trial that there was a conspiracy between Gonet and the other conspirators, and that Castellini, even if he did not join the conspiracy until March 30, became responsible for the earlier statements regardless of his awareness of the earlier conductSee Baines, 812 F.2d at 42. There was also no evidence in the pre-March 30 conversations that Gonet made the statements in furtherance of a much larger umbrella conspiracy to which both Gonet and Castellini belonged. Cf. United States v. Marino, 277 F.3d 11, 25-26 (1st Cir.2002) (out-of-court coconspirator statements admissible where declarant and defendant were members of larger umbrella conspiracy even though they belonged to rival factions).
11
The agreement between Agent Dowling and Gonet cannot be a conspiracy because there can be no conspiracy as a matter of law solely between a defendant and a government agentUnited States v. Giry, 818 F.2d 120, 126 (1st Cir.1987) ("[I]n situations where the conspiracy involves only [one] defendant and a government [agent,] ... there can be no conspiracy because it takes two to conspire and the government [agent] is not a true conspirator.") (quoting United States v. Martino, 648 F.2d 367, 405 (5th Cir. Unit A June 1981) (internal quotation marks omitted) (second alteration in Giry)). This is why the focus is on the existence of a conspiracy involving Gonet and some other coconspirator, most likely Castellini.
12
Castellini also argues that the recordings involving Gonet and Agent Dowling took up most of the second day of trial and "assume[d] a prominent role in the government's case." In actuality, the second day of trial lasted only a half day, and although Agent Dowling's testimony took up the whole time, the bulk of the testimony was not focused on the recordings, none of which was particularly long. These five relatively short recordings cannot be said to have assumed a particularly prominent role in light of the twenty-three recordings used in total and the other evidence introduced by the government during the course of a seven-day trial
13
The November 2004 version of § 5K2.20 makes it clear that "a fraud scheme generally would not meet [the] requirements [of § 5K2.20]" U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 5K2.20, cmt. n. 2 (2004)
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Streamwood
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The village of Streamwood was home to dozens of farms from the 1830s until the farms started to give way to suburbia in the 1950s.
The post-war housing boom started with a developer who brought in pre-assembled houses to meet the needs of veterans looking to settle in subdivisions with GI Bill financing.
A local contractor assembled the homes in less than two weeks. Suddenly there were enough homes and residents to qualify for incorporation in 1957.
Billed as the “Town of Tomorrow,” the northwest suburban community found progress had a tough time keeping up at first. The community banded together, staging protests to wrestle control from the builders who served as the town’s government, demanding better services and schools to accommodating the booming population. Eventually, new leadership was elected and focused more on building community than buildings.
The Streamwood Park District and library district were formed and new housing developments and shopping centers followed. The community’s Hoosier Grove Park and Park Place Family Recreation Center opened.
A major retail sector opened along Route 59 with the Sutton Park and Streamwood Crossing Shopping Centers offering major retailers and restaurants. Corporate centers and business parks expanded industrial and business opportunities.
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True to its veteran heritage, the village built a veteran’s memorial in the heart of a new municipal campus.
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Q:
How does one show untracked files in current directory only while using .gitignore filter?
As a followup on this question
The answer there show all untracked files. How to show untracked files in current directory only, and use the .gitignore, i.e. files in .gitignore shouldnt be shown?
Thanks
A:
Your requirements are not quite clear.
If you want to see only untracked files that match the .gitignore filter then
git ls-files --other --exclude-standard --ignored|grep -v /
If you want to see only untracked files that do not match the .gitignore filter then
git ls-files --other --exclude-standard|grep -v /
Used options of git ls-files:
-o, --others Show other (i.e. untracked) files in the output
-i, --ignored Show only ignored files in the output. When showing
files in the index, print only those matched by an exclude pattern.
When showing "other" files, show only those matched by an exclude
pattern.
--exclude-standard Add the standard Git exclusions:
.git/info/exclude, .gitignore in each directory, and the user’s global
exclusion file.
Files not from the current directory are filtered out with grep.
|
Q:
Freeing a generators resources after iterating only over a part of the sequence
I would like to parse a string line by line and provide a generator for the results of each parse. The code that iterates over these results may choose not to iterate over the full sequence if it finds the information it wants:
import StringIO
def foo(string):
sstream = StringIO.StringIO(string)
for line in sstream:
res = doSomethingWith(line)
yield res
sstream.close()
for bar in foo(mystring):
if condition(bar):
break
I presume, that this will leave sstream open if condition(bar) becomes True. What is the best way to guarantee that sstream will be closed when we're finished iterating over foo()? Will I have to wrap the generator in a class definition and implement __del__? Or can I rely on garbage collection here? I plan to call foo() for a lot of different strings.
A:
What is the best way to guarantee that sstream will be closed when
we're finished iterating over foo()?
In the general case of a 'cleanup' function that absolutely has to be called, you'll probably have to call it outside of the generator with something like...
from StringIO import StringIO
def foo(sstream):
for line in sstream:
res = doSomethingWith(line)
yield res
sio = StringIO(mystring)
try:
for bar in foo(sio):
if condition(bar):
break
finally:
sio.close()
Context managers don't seem to work inside generators unless they're exhausted. For example...
from StringIO import StringIO
from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def my_stringio(s):
print 'creating StringIO'
sio = StringIO(s)
yield sio
print 'calling close()'
sio.close()
def mygen():
with my_stringio('abcdefghij') as sio:
while 1:
char = sio.read(1)
if not char:
break
yield char
for char in mygen():
print char
if char == 'c':
break
...never prints 'calling close()'.
Will I have to wrap the generator in a class definition and implement
__del__?
That's another option, but the problem with that approach is that if you somehow manage to create a circular reference with a class instance, the __del__ method will never get called.
Or can I rely on garbage collection here?
In this case, you can.
With a StringIO it doesn't really matter if you call the close() method. The only thing you might want to ensure is that the memory it was using has been garbage-collected, which will happen regardless of the way your for loop terminates - the generator will go out of scope, and its locals will be GC'd.
|
WBLC
WBLC (1360 AM) is a radio station licensed to Lenoir City, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by Lifetalk Radio, Inc.
References
External links
BLC
Category:Three Angels Broadcasting Network radio stations
Category:Radio stations established in 1974
Category:1974 establishments in Tennessee
BLC |
A wound dressing is used to begin the healing process and prevent the wound from infection or other complications. Wound dressings are different from a bandage that holds the dressing in place, it is designed to be in direct contact with the wound. Wound dressing serves a variety of purposes depending on the type, sternness and position of the wound. Apart from the major function of reducing the risk of infection, and also stop hemorrhaging and start clotting. Wound dressing helps to improve the overall well-being of patients affected from the aforementioned disorders.
The growth of the global wound dressing market attributed due high demand for enhanced quality of care, high return of investment achieved by the adoption of these solutions and reduce costs while improving the quality of healthcare. Moreover, increasing focus on patient satisfaction, initiatives and incentives by governments across the globe likely to add novel opportunities for the global wound dressings market over the forecast period.
The “Global Wound Dressings Market Analysis to 2025” is a specialized and in-depth study of the healthcare industry with a focused global market trend. The report aims to provide an overview of global wound dressings market with detailed market segmentation by wound dressing type, application, end user and geography. The global wound dressings market is expected to witness high growth during the forecast period. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the leading market players and offers key trends and opportunities in the market.
On the basis of wound dressing type the market is segmented into advanced wound dressings and traditional wound dressings. The advanced wound dressings segment is further divided into film dressings, foam dressings, wound contact layers, superabsorbent dressings, collagen dressings, hydrocolloids dressings, hydrogels, hydrofiber dressings and alginates. The traditional wound dressings segment is also further classified as dry dressings, surgical tapes and anti-infective dressings. On the basis of application, the market is segmented into real-time locating systems and event-driven patient tracking. By component, the market is segmented into chronic wounds and acute wounds. The delivery mode market is segmented into on-premise and cloud-based. Based on end user, the market is segmented into hospitals, ambulatory surgical centers, clinics and others.
The report provides a detailed overview on the industry including both qualitative and quantitative information. It provides overview and forecast of the global wound dressings based on wound dressing type, application and end user. It also provides market size and forecast till 2025 for overall wound dressings market with respect to five major regions, namely; North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East &Africa (MEA) and South & Central America. The market by each region is later sub-segmented by respective countries and segments. The report covers analysis and forecast of 13 countries globally along with current trend and opportunities prevailing in the region.
North America is expected to dominate the wound dressings market in the global arena due to the growing awareness about wound management and increasing incidences of chronic wounds such as varicose veins and pressure ulcers in the region. Moreover, the Asia-Pacific region is anticipated to show a significant growth rate over the next five years in the global wound dressings market due to the growing demand for the advanced wound care products and increase in healthcare expenditure by the government in the region.
The report analyzes factors affecting market from both demand and supply side and further evaluates market dynamics effecting the market during the forecast period i.e., drivers, restraints, opportunities, and future trend. The report also provides exhaustive PEST analysis for all five regions namely; North America, Europe, APAC, MEA and South & Central America after evaluating political, economic, social and technological factors effecting the market in these regions.
The report also includes the profiles of key wound dressings manufacturing companies along with their SWOT analysis and market strategies. In addition, the report focuses on leading industry players with information such as company profiles, products and services offered, financial information of last 3 years, key development in past five years. Some of the key players influencing the market are ConvaTec Inc., Coloplast Corp, KCI Licensing, Inc.,Integra LifeSciences, SmithNephewplc, Derma Sciences Inc., Hollister Incorporated, 3M, Medtronic, Medline Industries, Inc. and others.
Request for Sample
Your data will never be shared with third parties, however, we may send you information from time to time about our products that may be of interest to you. By submitting your details, you agree to be contacted by us. You may contact us at any time to opt-out. |
/*
* Copyright 2012-2020 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.boot.configurationprocessor;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.boot.configurationprocessor.metadata.ConfigurationMetadata;
import org.springframework.boot.configurationprocessor.metadata.ItemMetadata;
import org.springframework.boot.configurationprocessor.metadata.Metadata;
import org.springframework.boot.configurationsample.immutable.DeducedImmutableClassProperties;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
/**
* Metadata generation tests for immutable properties deduced because they're nested.
*
* @author Phillip Webb
* @author Stephane Nicoll
*/
class DeducedImmutablePropertiesMetadataGenerationTests extends AbstractMetadataGenerationTests {
@Test
void immutableSimpleProperties() {
ConfigurationMetadata metadata = compile(DeducedImmutableClassProperties.class);
assertThat(metadata).has(Metadata.withGroup("test").fromSource(DeducedImmutableClassProperties.class));
assertThat(metadata).has(Metadata.withGroup("test.nested", DeducedImmutableClassProperties.Nested.class)
.fromSource(DeducedImmutableClassProperties.class));
assertThat(metadata).has(Metadata.withProperty("test.nested.name", String.class)
.fromSource(DeducedImmutableClassProperties.Nested.class));
ItemMetadata nestedMetadata = metadata.getItems().stream()
.filter((item) -> item.getName().equals("test.nested")).findFirst().get();
assertThat(nestedMetadata.getDefaultValue()).isNull();
}
}
|
Houston-Galveston Area Council - Houston, TX4
H-GAC is seeking a Senior Auditor to join the Internal Audit department. The incumbent will plan and perform internal audits, reviews, and special projects that...
Estimated: $69,000 - $91,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
HRSS CPAs & Advisors - Houston, TX4
We are currently seeking qualified candidates for an excellent career opportunity as an Audit Senior Associate in our Houston office....
Estimated: $64,000 - $84,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Venator - Houston, TX4.7
Senior Internal Auditor. Venator is currently recruiting for a Senior Internal Auditor to join its growing team....
Estimated: $80,000 - $110,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
MaloneBailey, LLP - Houston, TX
AIG - Houston, TX3.8
As a Senior Auditor, you will be a part of our Internal Audit Consumer audit team. Draw appropriate conclusions from audit work performed and report to lead...
Estimated: $81,000 - $110,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Ensco International - Houston, TX4
The Senior Auditor reports to the Audit Supervisor or the Senior Manager - Internal Audit. The Senior Auditor will interact and communicate with all levels...
Estimated: $64,000 - $87,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
PwC - Houston, TX4
Exam must be passed for promotion to senior associate. Demonstrates thorough skills and abilities related to controls around the financial reporting, compliance...
Estimated: $100,000 - $140,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
General Electric - Houston, TX3.8
Baker Hughes, a GE company is currently hiring a Senior IT Auditor based in Houston, Texas. The Senior IT Auditor is a specialist of audit systems and...
Estimated: $71,000 - $99,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Baker Hughes - Houston, TX4
Baker Hughes, a GE company is currently hiring a Senior IT Auditor based in Houston, Texas. The Senior IT Auditor is a specialist of audit systems and...
Estimated: $70,000 - $89,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Bristow Group - Houston, TX4
Company Overview: Bristow is the world’s leading provider of helicopter services to the oil and gas industry. As the first civil helicopter transport company...
Estimated: $70,000 - $98,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
LyondellBasell Industries - Houston, TX3.9
The Senior IT Auditor role is an experienced position intended to utilize audit principles, skills, and techniques to evaluate the adequacy of Information...
Estimated: $63,000 - $90,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Parsons - Houston, TX3.8
Ready to put your finance skills to work with departments and teams that change the urban fabric of our community? Would you enjoy working with top level...
Estimated: $73,000 - $100,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Weatherford - Houston, TX3.9
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Briggs & Veselka Co. - Houston, TX3.6
Senior Audit Associate Briggs & Veselka Co. is a full service CPA firm offering tax, audit, business valuations, and various financial consulting services....
Estimated: $62,000 - $77,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Kraton Corporation - Houston, TX
Kraton Corporation is looking to add a new member to our Internal Audit team in Houston, TX. Major Roles & Responsibilities: Internal Audit Assist in...
Estimated: $69,000 - $95,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Enbridge - Houston, TX3.9
Prepare audit reports and communicate results to the appropriate parties, which may include executive and senior management. Temporary (Fixed Term)-Full time....
Estimated: $59,000 - $80,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Briggs & Veselka Co. - Houston, TX3.6
As Houston's largest independent accounting firm, and the fourth largest firm based in Texas, Briggs & Veselka has fostered a unique environment where our...
Estimated: $72,000 - $99,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Venator - Houston, TX4.7
Senior Internal Auditor. Venator is currently recruiting for a Senior Internal Auditor to join its growing team....
Estimated: $80,000 - $110,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
Texas Mutual Insurance Company - Houston, TX4
Assesses, identifies, and calculates the earned premium exposure for the most complex and largest accounts. Conducts large and complex audits as assigned in...
Estimated: $65,000 - $88,000 a year
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures.
AIG - Houston, TX3.8
Please note that all salary figures are approximations based upon third party submissions to SimplyHired or its affiliates. These figures are given to the SimplyHired users for the purpose of generalized comparison only. Minimum wage may differ by jurisdiction and you should consult the employer for actual salary figures. |
Bisphenol A exposure via thermal paper receipts.
Bisphenol A (BPA) has one of the highest production volumes of all chemicals worldwide. It has been widely studied because of its endocrine modulating activity. In addition to dietary intake, absorption of BPA via the skin from handling thermal papers is believed to be a relevant route of exposure. We studied BPA exposure via thermal paper receipts in simulation experiments performed by three volunteers, and examined urinary excretion of BPA. We also evaluated background BPA excretion among the Finnish working-age population. The geometric mean BPA excretion among non-occupationally exposed working-age Finns (n=121) was 2.6 μg/l, the range being 0.8-18.9 μg/l. The 95th percentile of the non-occupationally exposed people was 8 μg/l, and this was set as the reference limit for the non-occupationally exposed population. In the first simulation experiment, which was conducted under conditions representing the most likely exposure, i.e., the work of a cashier in a supermarket, BPA excretion remained below the reference limit in all participants. In the second simulation experiment, with more intensive, short-time handling of thermal paper (three times 5 min), urinary excretion also remained at or below background levels (highest value being 10.3 μg/l). The calculated maximum BPA excretion per day after handling thermal paper was less than 0.2 μg/kg of body weight, suggesting a total daily intake over 25 times lower than the European Food Safety Authority's (EFSA's) proposal for a temporary tolerable daily intake (temporary TDI) (5 μg/kg/day). |
#!/bin/sh
#
# This is automatically generated file. DO NOT MODIFY !
#
# Firewall Builder fwb_pf v5.0.1.3591
#
# Generated Wed Nov 30 18:39:13 2011 PST by vadim
#
# files: * firewall13.fw /etc/fw/firewall13.fw
# files: firewall13.conf /etc/fw/firewall13.conf
#
# Compiled for pf
#
# testing detection of empty groups
# firewall13:NAT:0: warning: Empty group or address table object 'egroup'
# firewall13:NAT:0: warning: After removal of all empty groups and address table objects rule element OSrc becomes 'any' in the rule 0 (NAT)
# Dropping rule 0 (NAT) because option 'Ignore rules with empty groups' is in effect
# firewall13:NAT:1: warning: Empty group or address table object 'egroup'
# firewall13:NAT:2: warning: Empty group or address table object 'sgroup'
# firewall13:NAT:2: warning: After removal of all empty groups and address table objects rule element OSrv becomes 'any' in the rule 2 (NAT)
# Dropping rule 2 (NAT) because option 'Ignore rules with empty groups' is in effect
# firewall13:Policy:0: warning: Empty group or address table object 'egroup2'
# firewall13:Policy:1: warning: Empty group or address table object 'sgroup'
# firewall13:Policy:1: warning: After removal of all empty groups and address table objects rule element Srv becomes 'any' in the rule 1 (global)
# Dropping rule 1 (global) because option 'Ignore rules with empty groups' is in effect
FWDIR=`dirname $0`
IFCONFIG="/sbin/ifconfig"
PFCTL="/sbin/pfctl"
SYSCTL="/sbin/sysctl"
LOGGER="/usr/bin/logger"
log() {
echo "$1"
command -v "$LOGGER" >/dev/null 2>&1 && $LOGGER -p info "$1"
}
diff_intf() {
func=$1
list1=$2
list2=$3
cmd=$4
for intf in $list1
do
echo $list2 | grep -q $intf || {
# $vlan is absent in list 2
$func $intf $cmd
}
done
}
verify_interfaces() {
:
}
set_kernel_vars() {
:
$SYSCTL -w net.inet.ip.directed-broadcast=0
$SYSCTL -w net.inet.ip.forwarding=1
$SYSCTL -w net.inet.ip.sourceroute=0
$SYSCTL -w net.inet.ip.redirect=0
}
prolog_commands() {
:
}
epilog_commands() {
:
}
run_epilog_and_exit() {
epilog_commands
exit $1
}
configure_interfaces() {
:
}
log "Activating firewall script generated Wed Nov 30 18:39:13 2011 by vadim"
set_kernel_vars
configure_interfaces
prolog_commands
$PFCTL -f /etc/fw/firewall13.conf || exit 1
epilog_commands |
Monday, June 18, 2012
Case of the Week 212
The following was received in clinical parasitology for identification. The patient (a physician) was concerned because he found this arthropod attached to his thigh and wants to know what he should do. It was attached for approximately 6 hours. After removing it, he put it in the first container he could find (hence the interesting submission container!)
9 comments:
This is an Ixodes tick. If this is in the US the main thing of conern is Lyme disese. If he is in an endmic area a single dose of doxycycline might be warrented, although the risk of infection goes up with longer tick attachment.Bill M.
Ixodes tick, for the lyme disese he does not need antibotics or a screen. Borrelia are transmitted by leeching more than 24 hours. When he visited europe or asia, than he need a vaccination against FSME, RSSE or TBE.
It's a lovely, but unengorged Ixodes. 'Watchful waiting' is probably the best response except in hyperendemic areas -- and even there, given the unengorged nature of the creature. His risk of Lyme at least is low with a short attachment time. If he develops rash at the site, or fever, then treatment, without Lyme testing (which is insenstivie in early disease) is indicated; possibly with testing for Anaplasma or Babasia.
BTW: A rash is not 'compulsory' for a Lyme disease infection. I have Late Lyme and never had the famous rash. My advice would be to go to LLMD and not take any chances. Lyme disease and it's coinfections are disastrous.
Hello from the epicenter of Lyme disease in northeast CT. We do administer stat dose of doxy 200 mg and counsel about watching for signs and symptoms of Lyme, but also anaplasma and babesia, which are increasingly prevalent. These latter two, as well as TBE in Europe, can be transmitted within the first hours of feeding.
Deer tick, female, Ixodes scapularis.Flat-no sign of being on long enough to draw a lot of blood lowers the risk of disease transmission if the tick is infected with Lyme disease or Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis or Babesia microti but doesn't rule it out. Doxycycline-antibiotic.
Welcome to Parasite Case of the Week
Every week I will post a new Case, along with the answer to the previous case. Please feel free to write in with your answers, comments, and questions. Also check out my image archive website at http://parasitewonders.com. Enjoy!
The Fine Print:Please note that all opinions expressed here are mine and not my employer. Information provided here is for educational purposes only. It is not intended as and does not substitute for medical advice. I do not accept medical consults from patients. |
class LibraryEntryLogRemovalWorker
include Sidekiq::Worker
sidekiq_options queue: 'later'
def perform
LibraryEntryLog.where('created_at <= ?', 1.month.ago).destroy_all
end
end
|
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
#include <common.h>
#include <twl4030.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/omap_mmc.h>
#include <asm/arch/mux.h>
#include <asm/arch/sys_proto.h>
#include <jffs2/load_kernel.h>
#include <linux/mtd/rawnand.h>
#include "igep00x0.h"
DECLARE_GLOBAL_DATA_PTR;
/*
* Routine: set_muxconf_regs
* Description: Setting up the configuration Mux registers specific to the
* hardware. Many pins need to be moved from protect to primary
* mode.
*/
void set_muxconf_regs(void)
{
MUX_DEFAULT();
}
/*
* Routine: board_init
* Description: Early hardware init.
*/
int board_init(void)
{
int loops = 100;
/* find out flash memory type, assume NAND first */
gpmc_cs0_flash = MTD_DEV_TYPE_NAND;
gpmc_init();
/* Issue a RESET and then READID */
writeb(NAND_CMD_RESET, &gpmc_cfg->cs[0].nand_cmd);
writeb(NAND_CMD_STATUS, &gpmc_cfg->cs[0].nand_cmd);
while ((readl(&gpmc_cfg->cs[0].nand_dat) & NAND_STATUS_READY)
!= NAND_STATUS_READY) {
udelay(1);
if (--loops == 0) {
gpmc_cs0_flash = MTD_DEV_TYPE_ONENAND;
gpmc_init(); /* reinitialize for OneNAND */
break;
}
}
/* boot param addr */
gd->bd->bi_boot_params = (OMAP34XX_SDRC_CS0 + 0x100);
return 0;
}
#if defined(CONFIG_MMC)
int board_mmc_init(bd_t *bis)
{
return omap_mmc_init(0, 0, 0, -1, -1);
}
void board_mmc_power_init(void)
{
twl4030_power_mmc_init(0);
}
#endif
|
Category: Uncategorized
Hello everybody! August, for me, is always the best summer month mostly because this is the season for my favorite fruit: the mirabelle. Mirabelle is a sweet golden little plum that usually is sold in August and September in France. Originally from Lorraine in the North-East of France, they are one of the symbols of… Continue reading Mirabelle Tart
Hello everybody! As you must probably know by now, I really like vegetables and summer is the perfect time to experiment new recipes because of all the colorful vegetables that grow in that season. Today I want to share with you my recipe of vegan pot stickers filled with hearty vegetables but still very flavorful… Continue reading Crispy Pot Stickers
Hi everybody! Time for a healthy and colorful recipe! Summer is the best time of the year when it comes to vegetables and it would be too bad to skip on these gorgeous and delicious summer veggies! One of my favorite vegetables during summer is peppers because they come in sunny colors and they are… Continue reading Peppers In Tomato Sauce
Hello everybody! As you may already know, one of the things I love the most about cooking and baking is that I get the opportunity to experience food from all over the world and it’s also a good way to know a new culture. One of the first cookies I have ever made were alfajores,… Continue reading Alfajor Tart
Hello everybody! Today’s recipe is smooth, sweet and vegan! One of the most popular French dessert is crème brulée, a delicious custard cream topped with a crunchy layer of caramel. This dessert is simple and delicious but it contains cream and eggs, which makes it heavier but also not suitable for a vegan diet. I… Continue reading Vegan Crème Brûlée
Hello everybody! Today I am sharing with you another classic of French cuisine: confiture de lait. Confiture de lait can be literally translated into milk jam but it is like dulce de leche. While it is a specialty of Normandy in the North-West of France, you can find dulce de leche in different parts of… Continue reading Confiture De Lait
Hello everybody! I showed you how to make béchamel sauce last week and today I will be sharing a recipe where you can use béchamel sauce. We all have childhood dishes that stay with us and that even though we grew up, we still love them to death. For me it would be a pasta… Continue reading Pasta Shell Gratin |
The City Attorney of Seattle revealed this week that his office is considering filing such a lawsuit and is partnering up with class action law firm, Keller Rohrback L.L.P., to explore legal options for doing so.
Seattle’s willingness to pursue climate litigation was revealed in a statement Seattle City Attorney Pete Holmes provided ABC affiliate KOMO News. Activists had taken issue with an opinion piece Holmes wrote in the Seattle Times which justified actions his office had taken to press charges against protesters who had shut down roads and blocked emergency responders. Holmes’ statement was in response to accusations that his office was more concerned with prosecuting protestors than addressing issues of climate change.
“As I informed the Mayor and City Council in May, my office is in the midst of researching the fossil fuel industry’s climate impact on Seattle to inform potential forthcoming litigation,” Holmes told KOMO News. “We’re working with the Keller Rohrback law firm on this effort, and they’re operating on a contingency fee basis (they don’t get paid unless we secure settlement or victory in the courtroom). If/when the time comes that we have a viable legal strategy to move forward, you can expect that I’ll be submitting an op-ed that highlights the very real threat climate change poses to our planet.”
Meanwhile, local governments in British Columbia have voted to take action compelling energy companies to pay for damages resulting from severe weather events. The towns of Squamish and Whistler voted in favor of asking 20 of the world’s largest fossil fuel companies to reimburse these communities due to the prevalence of wildfires and low snow levels, which they attribute to climate change resulting from the use of fossil fuels. The motion was supported by environmental groups My Sea to Sky and West Coast Environmental Law.
“Local governments face a choice between, on the one hand, fiscal negligence in just assuming that taxpayers will bear the full burden of these rising costs alone and, on the other, seeking to ensure that fossil fuel companies pay their fair share of climate costs,” West Coast Environmental Law Attorney Andrew Gage said in a news release.
Next week, the Union of British Columbia Municipalities will meet to consider a related motion, which would permit the UBCM member governments to send similar letters to the top 20 fossil fuel companies.
In Vancouver, one political party is running on a platform of filing similar lawsuits as those filed in American municipalities.
“OneCity is advocating that the City of Vancouver join British Columbia municipalities (supported by West Coast Environmental Law) in exploring how taking legal action could assign liability and help claim compensation for the costs of preparing for climate change,” wrote OneCity candidate Christine Boyle, who is running for a seat on the Vancouver city council.
If Seattle or Vancouver were to move forward with a climate lawsuit it would be joining more than a dozen other municipalities who have filed similar suits against energy producers for damages related to climate change. King County, Washington is among them, and is the county in which Seattle is located.
But such litigation has so far faced headwinds in the American courts. Several cases, including the lawsuit brought by the City and County of Boulder and San Mateo County in Colorado, has been remanded from state court to federal court—where their chance of success is considered far less likely. Lawsuits filed in New York City, San Francisco, and Oakland were dismissed earlier this year. Judges in those cases based their decision on the fact that questions of climate change fall under the purview of the legislative and executive branches, not the judicial branch.
Washington State Governor Jay Inslee offered “tepid” support for the climate litigation trend, in comments provided to Axios.
“I support people having access to the courts. I support the right to bring this lawsuit. I wouldn’t be in favor of shutting them down,” he said.
While Gov. Inslee’s comments stopped short of reading as a ringing endorsement of the strategy, he has been outwardly supportive and active on other climate issues. Inslee is currently pushing voters to support a ballot initiative in November that would enact a carbon “fee” on major polluting facilities in the state. His administration also supported state legislation that would have mandated a carbon tax on fossil fuel emissions. The bill failed to pass last legislative session.
“…As discussed above, these types of ‘interstate pollution’ claims arise under federal common law, and the Clean Air Act displaces claims arising from damages caused by domestic greenhouse gas emissions because Congress has expressly delegated these issues to the EPA,” District Court Judge John Keenan wrote in his opinion dismissing the New York City climate case. “Given the interstate nature of these claims, it would thus be illogical to allow the City to bring state law claims when courts have found that these matters are areas of federal concern that have been delegated to the Executive Branch as they require a uniform, national solution.”
All of these cases are being filed by local municipalities with support from plaintiff attorney law firms who are working on a contingency fee basis. So far the arguments put forth have failed to sway federal judges, since federal court precedent does not fall in the plaintiff’s favor.
“We’ve seen these cases being brought time and again. We’re seeing the same group of attorneys shopping these cases to different municipalities,” said Lindsey de la Torre, Executive Director of the Manufacturers’ Accountability Project (MAP), during a recent media availability. “We’ve seen upwards of 23 percent in contingency fees so we expect that additional cases may be filed, but the reality is that judges in California and New York have dismissed these lawsuits, as well as the Supreme Court. We know there are appeals pending in the 9th Circuit and the 2nd Circuit, but we are confident the courts will concur with the decision that they should be dismissed.”
On the same media call, Utah Attorney General Sean Reyes pointed to “the litigious nature of our society which only increases and incentivizes that type of copycat conduct” when asked about possible lawsuits emerging in the Pacific Northwest.
Louisiana Association of Business and Industry President and CEO Stephen Waguespack cited the volume of cases and lack of success as evidence of “venue shopping” on the part of the plaintiff’s attorneys.
“When it comes to why are these petitions being filed in other areas when they’ve been thrown out, and I think it’s just good old-fashioned venue shopping,” Waguespack said during the MAP event. “It’s not uncommon for us to see there are a host of firms around the country who have made a lot of money venue shopping different cases around until they find the right court that will take the bait.”
The King County litigation is not Washington’s only foray into pursuing climate lawsuits. Just last month, a state judge dismissed another climate case brought by youth activists against the Washington state government, based on similar grounds as the New York City, San Francisco, and Oakland dismissals.
The lawsuit, filed by 12 minors, “suggest the State of Washington should strive to achieve a 96% reduction of CO2 by 2050.”
King County Superior Court Judge Michael Scott granted the defendants’ motion to dismiss on the basis that the questions posed were political in nature and therefore should be addressed by the legislature and the Governor, not the court system.
“The relief sought by Plaintiffs would require the Court to usurp the roles of the legislative and executive branches of our state government,” Judge Scott wrote in his opinion. “Plaintiffs ask the court to order and oversee the development of a far-ranging climate action plan that would involve a complex regulatory scheme. Any climate action plan and regulatory regime would require the assessment of numerous costs and benefits, balancing many interests, and resolving complex social, economic, and environmental issues. This policy-making is the prerogative and the role of the other two branches of government, not the judiciary.”
The lawsuit was one of many being filed on behalf of youth plaintiffs by the environmental group, Our Children’s Trust (OCT). As Western Wire has previously reported, OCT is underwritten by groups like the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation and Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
The group has judicial actions pending in six other states, and lists additional legal actions in all 50 states. |
Powered partial adenoidectomy.
To confirm our clinical impression that the powered microdebrider is superior to curettes for performing partial adenoidectomy (removal of the superior one half to three fourths of the adenoid pad). Observational study of 100 children undergoing partial adenoidectomy with the powered microdebrider compared with 40 children undergoing conventional partial adenoidectomy with curettes. Private and public tertiary care centers. All patients younger than 20 years undergoing partial adenoidectomy at the respective institutions during the study period. Partial adenoidectomy as indicated for chronic otitis media, airway obstruction, or chronic or recurrent tonsillitis with either the powered microdebrider or curettes. Operative time (with specific quantification of the time required for tissue removal and hemostasis), blood loss, complications, and subjective ease of use. Operative time was 59% shorter for the microdebrider group (mean, 3 minutes 22 seconds; range, 1 minute 6 seconds to 12 minutes 45 seconds) than for the conventional group (mean, 8 minutes 8 seconds; range, 1 minute 2 seconds to 22 minutes 0 seconds) (P<.001). Blood loss was comparable for both groups (powered group: mean, 2.0 mL/kg; range, 0.4 to 9.4 mL/kg; conventional group: mean, 2.0 mL/kg; range, 0.3 to 6.7 mL/kg; P=.34). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications in either group. Surgeon satisfaction with the microdebrider was high. The powered microdebrider for partial adenoidectomy is quicker and is not associated with blood loss or complications above that of conventional partial adenoidectomy. The degree of control afforded by the microdebrider technique is of utmost value in preventing complications such as velopharyngeal insufficiency, and this is now our procedure of choice. |
Cerebellar foliation in rats. 5. Structural relations between Purkinje cells and heterotopic external granular layer in normal and protein deprived foetal rats.
Different types of heterotopia of granule cells and of the external granular layer (EGL) occur naturally in the cerebellum of rats. In the present study sagittal plastic sections of the cerebellum of 75 normal and protein deprived rat foetuses from the four last days of gestation were examined. Perivascular nests of EGL cells were present in all of the rat foetuses examined without obvious differences between normal and protein deprived foetuses. They were most frequent in regions adjacent to the fissures. It was found that the EGL nests affected the orientation and position of Purkinje cells when passing through this layer. In 2 out of 37 protein deprived foetuses, there were continuous layers of Purkinje cells surrounding some EGL nests in the sub-cortical region associated with a malformation of the posterior lobe. These heterotopic Purkinje cells had an apical process mostly pointing towards the EGL nests and there was a primitive molecular layer lying between the heterotopic Purkinje cells and the EGL cells. These findings indicate that migration of Purkinje cells towards the perivascular EGL had occurred possibly as a consequence of transfer of the endfeet of radial glial cells from the pial to the vascular mesodermal surface. Similar mechanisms may be involved in nervous system malformations such as cerebellar polymicrogyria in man. Experimental protein deprivation has not previously been reported to result in major malformations of the central nervous system. Although two protein deprived foetuses had cerebellar malformation which were not seen in normal foetuses, the present material does not allow any conclusions with regard to a causal relation between the protein deprivation and the malformations. |
by BRIAN NADIG
A mixed-use development could be coming to the south side of Irving Park Road between Kenneth Avenue and Kilbourn Avenue, including on the site of the recently closed Sabatino’s Restaurant.
GW Properties, a Chicago Development company, acquired the restaurant site, 4441 W. Irving Park Road, in early April. A sign recently posted on the site states that between 25,000 to 62,500 square feet of land on the block is available for a potential development.
GW Properties owner Mitch Goltz said that he is looking into acquiring the remaining parcels on the block, which include a car lot and two two-story apartment buildings, and that while a development plan has not been finalized, he envisions one or two projects for the block, each with residential and commercial components.
In November, Alderman John Arena (45th) met with the board of directors of the Old Irving Park Association to discuss a preliminary redevelopment idea for the Sabatino’s site and possibly other lots on the block, but the project never materialized.
Sabatino’s closed last December after about 50 years in business.
|
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Inequity in health outcomes is a global challenge that creates economic losses and health care burdens, such as loss of productivity and tax payments, higher welfare payments and health care costs \[[@CR1]--[@CR7]\]. Inequity in child health often translates into chronically poorer health in adulthood, adding further burdens on the health care system and the population \[[@CR8]\]. Measures associated with socioeconomic status (SES), such as income, employment, and education, are only a few of the social determinants of health \[[@CR2]\]. However, social programs addressing some of these determinants have been shown to be effective at alleviating health inequity in Canada \[[@CR9]\] and globally \[[@CR10]\]. Researchers at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP) are currently conducting multiple evaluations as part of the PATHS (Pathways To Health and Social Equity for Children) program of research, with the aim of determining the impact of established programs on health and social inequity in children in Manitoba \[[@CR11]\]. Among these programs is the Physician Integrated Network (PIN), a primary care renewal initiative developed by the Ministry of Health in Manitoba, which aimed to improve primary care outcomes by providing clinics with pay-for-performance (P4P) funding \[[@CR12]\].
The PIN program provided funding to clinics in Manitoba for meeting quality of care targets on selected clinical process indicators, including meeting childhood vaccination targets. The provincially recommended childhood vaccination program in Manitoba follows a vaccination schedule that stipulates a primary series be administered by age 2 \[[@CR13]\]. The vaccinations have been shown to afford valuable protection against mortality from infectious disease in Canada \[[@CR14]\], defending against all-cause mortality \[[@CR15]\] and limiting exacerbation of chronic diseases such as asthma attacks \[[@CR16], [@CR17]\]. However, analyses of provincial vaccination data from 2002/03 and 2007/08 have demonstrated that childhood vaccination rates in low-SES Manitoba populations fall significantly below the provincial average \[[@CR13]\]. Inequity in vaccination exists in other Canadian provinces and globally, and is associated with factors such as SES \[[@CR18]--[@CR24]\], household income \[[@CR19], [@CR21], [@CR25], [@CR26]\], mother's knowledge about vaccinations \[[@CR23], [@CR27]\], length of maternity leave \[[@CR23]\], and access to transportation \[[@CR28]\].
Although the PIN program aimed to improve the overall quality of primary care and did not specifically target low-SES Manitobans, there is concern that P4P programs operating within the current pattern of health inequity can widen the socioeconomic gap. It has long been recognized that inequities left unaddressed have damaging effects on health outcomes in vulnerable populations \[[@CR10]\]. Therefore, we evaluated the PIN P4P program to determine whether it alleviated SES-based inequity in childhood vaccination rates in Manitoba.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
Administrative data sources {#Sec3}
---------------------------
The PATHS Data Resource \[[@CR11]\] is a de-identified collection of data which is part of the Population Health Research Data Repository (the Repository) housed at MCHP, University of Manitoba. The PATHS resource was created by linking information across several databases of population-based individual-level data using scrambled personal identifying numbers, such that it comprises health and social services use data for over 99 % of the children in Manitoba. In this study, we used three datasets within the PATHS resource: the Manitoba Immunization Monitoring System which contains vaccination dates and identifiers; claims for physician visits and tests ordered; and the Manitoba Health Registry which includes demographic data (e.g., sex, age, postal code) on virtually every child residing in Manitoba. The validity of the data included in the PATHS resource have been well documented \[[@CR29]--[@CR32]\]. The study was approved by the University of Manitoba Health Research Ethics Board (HREB) and the Manitoba Health Information Privacy Committee (HIPC).
Income quintiles were constructed using public-use census data for each dissemination area (\~400-700 individuals) in Manitoba based on the postal code of the child at age 2. The dissemination areas were sorted by average income and divided into quintiles of equal population size. About 1 % of individuals in Manitoba were excluded from the income quintiles, because their postal code did not link with a dissemination area, their dissemination area had a suppressed average household income, or they lived in a dissemination area where 90 % or more of the population was institutionalized (i.e., personal care home, prison).
Study cohorts {#Sec4}
-------------
The PIN program was implemented in two phases: Phase 1 was launched in 2007 with the participation of four primary care clinics, and eight additional clinics were recruited for Phase 2 in 2008. The twelve clinics were distributed across Manitoba regional health authorities (RHAs) and included 170 physicians with over 180,000 patients assigned to their care during the period of study \[[@CR33]\]. P4P funding was based on 15 care provision process indicators, including childhood immunizations, with quarterly extracts from the clinic electronic medical record providing evidence of clinical practice.
The development of the study cohorts is described in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}. PIN clinics first identified their core patients in their electronic medical records using an established algorithm \[[@CR33]\]. Children were included in the PIN clinic cohort if they were born in Manitoba between 2003 and 2010, were continuously registered with Manitoba Health, Healthy Living and Seniors (MHHLS) up to their second birthday, and were identified as core PIN clinic patients. We matched these patients to non-PIN clinic controls by RHA of residence, income quintile and birth year.Fig. 1Flowchart depicting the creation of study cohorts from PATHS Data Resource administrative data
Primary outcomes {#Sec5}
----------------
We determined the rate of vaccination completion by income quintile in each cohort by counting the number of vaccine doses children had received by the age of 2 and comparing these to the Manitoba Immunization Guidelines \[[@CR12]\]. To measure the distribution of our health outcome (completion of vaccination) across income quintiles, we calculated the concentration index for the five-year study period, providing an estimate of SES-related inequity \[[@CR34], [@CR35]\]. The concentration index is estimated from the concentration curve, which is based on the proportion of people in a population at different SES levels with a particular outcome (in this case, vaccination). The concentration index is determined by calculating the area between the concentration curve and the line of equity (representing 100 % equal distribution of vaccination among SES quintiles), and thereby allows an estimation of SES-related inequity with values ranging from -1 to +1. A concentration index with a value of 0 would indicate that vaccination was distributed evenly across income quintiles. A concentration index approaching +1 would indicate that vaccination is concentrated among the wealthy quintiles, while a value approaching -1 would mean it is more common among the poor quintiles. Concentration indices were calculated for PIN and matched non-PIN cohorts before and after the PIN program was implemented to assess whether the PIN program was associated with reduced SES-related inequity in vaccinations.
Changes in concentration indices for vaccination could be influenced by corresponding changes in underlying income inequality \[[@CR36]\]. We therefore estimated the Gini coefficient to quantify the distribution of family income over the study period \[[@CR34], [@CR35], [@CR37]\]. The Gini is estimated from the Lorenz curve, a measure of wealth distribution within a population that demonstrates the percentage of people falling within a certain range of income. The Gini represents the area between the Lorenz curve and 100 % equality in income distribution, allowing the degree of income inequality to be quantified with values falling between 0 (equal distribution of income across the population) and 1 (absolute inequality, where all income belongs to a single individual). Gini coefficients were calculated before and after the PIN program was implemented in both PIN and non-PIN cohorts to determine whether income inequality changed over time in the study population.
We also estimated the Kakwani Progressivity Index (KPI). The KPI is defined as the difference between the concentration index (health inequity) and the Gini coefficient (income distribution), and ranges from -2 to 1 \[[@CR38]\]. For our study, the KPI was modified (mKPI) so that mKPI = Gini - \|concentration index\|. Hence, a positive mKPI would occur when health inequity was less than income inequality, i.e., given the unequal distribution of income across the population (indicated by the Gini coefficient), health inequity is less than would be expected. Conversely, a negative mKPI would signify that health inequity was greater than expected, taking into account the underlying income inequality. Measures of precision (e.g., standard errors, 95 % confidence intervals \[CI\]) were estimated for the concentration indices, Gini coefficients and mKPIs using bootstrapping \[[@CR39]\]. All data analyses for this paper were generated using SAS software, Version 9.3 \[[@CR40]\].
Results {#Sec6}
=======
Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} shows the development of the study cohorts, and Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"} lists the demographics for the children included in the study cohorts. The children were matched by birth year, RHA of residence, and income quintile; and although we didn't match for sex, the proportions were very similar between groups.Table 1Demographics of the study populationPIN clinic cohort^a^No. (%)*N*6, 185Birth Year 2003117 (1.9) 2004610 (9.9) 2005956 (15.5) 20061, 494 (24.2) 20071, 548 (25.0) 2008913 (14.8) 2009547 (8.8)Sex Male3, 182 (51.4) Female3, 003 (48.6)RHA Interlake-Eastern115 (1.9) Northern20 (0.3) Southern4, 026 (65.1) Prairie Mountain (Western)1, 036 (16.8) Winnipeg/Brandon988 (16.0)Income Quintile Q1 (lowest)865 (14.0) Q21, 132 (18.3) Q31, 738 (28.1) Q41, 538 (24.9) Q5 (highest)912 (14.7)*RHA* regional health authority^a^The PIN and non-PIN clinic cohorts were matched on birth year, RHA and income quintile. In the non-PIN clinic cohort, there were 3,161 (51.1 %) males and 3,024 (48.9 %) females
Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} shows the rates of vaccination completion by income quintile for the study cohorts before and after the PIN program. Children in the higher income quintiles were more likely to have completed the primary vaccination series than those in the lower income quintiles. In the non-PIN clinic cohort, vaccination completion rates declined in children in Q2 and Q3 over the course of the PIN program.Fig. 2Rates of vaccination completion at age 2 by income quintile. Error bars indicate 95 % CIs
Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} presents measures of the distribution of income and SES-related differences in vaccination for the study cohorts before and after implementation of the PIN program. At baseline, inequality in income distribution existed in both groups, as the Gini coefficients were significantly higher than 0 in the PIN clinics and non-PIN clinics. Concentration indices for the PIN clinics and the non-PIN clinics were significantly higher than 0, indicating that there was health inequity in vaccination present in both groups, that is, individuals with higher income were more likely to be vaccinated than those with lower income. The mKPI in both groups was also significantly greater than 0 at baseline, indicating that although health inequity was present, it was less than expected given the underlying income inequality.Table 2Measures of income distribution and SES-related inequity in vaccination completionPIN clinicsNon-PIN clinicsDifference between groups(95 % CI)(95 % CI)(95 % CI)Prior to PINGini0.135 (0.127, 0.142)0.154 (0.147, 0.160)0.019 (0.010, 0.028)Conc index0.036 (0.019, 0.053)0.031 (0.016, 0.045)0.005 (-0.011, 0.022)KPI0.099 (0.080, 0.117)0.123 (0.108, 0.138)−0.024 (−0.048,−0.001)After PINGini0.136 (0.129, 0.143)0.152 (0.146, 0.158)0.016 (0.006, 0.025)Conc index0.042 (0.027, 0.057)0.067 (0.048, 0.086)0.025 (0.002, 0.049)KPI0.094 (0.077, 0.111)0.084 (0.066, 0.103)0.010 (−0.008, 0.027)*CI* confidence interval, *Conc Index* concentration index, *KPI* Kakwani Progressivity Index
At the end of the 5-year PIN program, Gini coefficients in the PIN clinics and non-PIN clinics remained significantly higher than 0, signifying that a significant difference in income distribution between the two groups persisted. Concentration indices for the PIN clinics and the non-PIN clinics remained significantly higher than 0, indicating that health inequity in vaccination continued in both groups after the PIN intervention. The mKPI showed that health inequity was less than expected when accounting for the underlying income inequality in these groups.
In Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}, we show the changes in health equity measures between the start and the end of the 5-year PIN program (i.e., difference over time). The Gini did not change significantly in either cohort over the course of the PIN program. The concentration index for the non-PIN clinic cohort increased significantly, indicating that health inequity in vaccination completion worsened over time in this cohort. In other words, in clinics that did not have P4P funding, the gap in vaccination rates between wealthy and low-income families widened over the study period. In this same cohort, mKPI decreased significantly over time, indicating that by the end of the study period, any factors mitigating the impact of the income inequality on health inequality had weakened.Table 3Changes in income inequality and health inequity measures over timePIN clinicsNon-PIN clinicsDifference over time (95 % CI)Difference over time (95 % CI)Gini coefficient0.002 (−0.004, 0.007)−0.002 (−0.004, 0.008)Concentration index0.006 (−0.008, 0.021)0.037 (0.013, 0.060)mKPI−0.005 (−0.010, 0.019)−0.039 (-0.064, -0.014)*CI* confidence interval, *mKPI* modified Kakwani Progressivity Index
Discussion {#Sec7}
==========
The findings of this study suggest that the PIN program helped to maintain the pre-intervention level of inequity in childhood vaccination rates by the age of 2. Although income distribution remained unequal in the both the PIN and non-PIN groups throughout the course of the P4P intervention, inequities in vaccination across income quintiles worsened in non-PIN clinics while remaining stable in PIN clinics. We expected to see a decrease in health inequity in the PIN clinics, but this was offset by the health inequity increase in the non-PIN clinics.
In the last decade, P4P programs have become a popular method of encouraging improved primary health care, although it is still uncertain how they impact patient care and disease management \[[@CR41], [@CR42]\]. With regard to vaccinations specifically, these programs have produced mixed results. A study in Ontario demonstrated that a P4P program had no effect on childhood immunizations, and only modest effects on other indicators such as mammograms and colorectal cancer screening \[[@CR43]\]. An analysis in the United States measured the effect of P4P programs on health care quality, including childhood vaccination \[[@CR44]\]; however, the study failed to find evidence that P4P initiatives brought about major improvements in quality of care. Another study found that P4P funding modestly improved childhood vaccination rates \[[@CR45]\].
To our knowledge, our study is the first to examine whether a P4P intervention can effectively alleviate SES-related health inequities in vaccination. Our findings suggest that in the absence of a P4P funding initiative, inequity in vaccination completion increased in the general population. Although the PIN program mitigated the increasing negative effect of low SES on vaccination during the study period, the program did not address the pre-existing health inequity. The social determinants of health, including SES, have a direct effect on the health of individuals and populations, and disparities in health affect the health status of the overall population \[[@CR46], [@CR47]\]. Although P4P funding models may provide incentive to clinicians to improve the quality of care they offer to patients, other research has shown that they do little to address health equity gaps \[[@CR48]--[@CR50]\], unless the equity gap is extreme. Our results demonstrated a positive effect compared to the control group, but did not show an absolute reduction in inequity. The relatively small gap in vaccination completion rates in Manitoba (Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}) may have contributed to the PIN program's lack of effect on health equity, since there is more potential for improving low-SES patient outcomes where a large equity gap exists.
Strengths and limitations {#Sec8}
-------------------------
Strengths of our study include the ability to link administrative data across several databases, allowing us to capture virtually all of the eligible population for our study cohort, including rural and urban populations. Although our findings are specific to the primary care renewal initiatives implemented in the province of Manitoba, the inclusion of different geographic regions lends generalizability to the results for the entire population of the province. The analysis was limited by the use of area-level income data. However, studies have shown that area-level measurements, such as those collected from dissemination areas, provide a good approximation of individual-level SES \[[@CR51]\]. Although we detected a significant gap in health equity over time, the absolute change in the concentration index between groups was very small; this is common for outcomes (such as vaccination completion) where the health equity gradient from low- to high-income is narrow at baseline.
Conclusions {#Sec9}
===========
Overall, our study suggests that a P4P incentive program was effective at maintaining SES-related health equity in vaccination completion, but did not improve it. Given how few studies address equity in the delivery of primary care, future research should take into consideration not only whether primary care renewal initiatives have an impact on health, but also the role of social determinants in driving inequities in health and health care use.
CI
: Confidence interval
HIPC
: Health Information Privacy Committee
HREB
: Health Research Ethics Board
KPI
: Kakwani Progressivity Index
MCHP
: Manitoba Centre for Health Policy
MHHLS
: Manitoba Health, Healthy Living and Seniors
mKPI
: modified KPI
PIN
: Physician Integrated Network
PATHS
: Pathways to Health and Social Equity for Children
P4P
: Pay-for-performance
SES
: Socioeconomic status
**Competing interests**
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
**Authors' contributions**
AK, MB, DC, and the other members of the PATHS Equity Team contributed to the conception and design of the study. AK and members of the PATHS Equity Team were involved in data acquisition. CT and DC conducted the data analysis, and all other authors participated in the interpretation of the data. AK and JEE drafted the manuscript and revised it with input from all other authors. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
This work was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) grant FRN 115206 and the Heart & Stroke Foundation of Canada grant PG-12-0534. We are indebted to Health Information Management, Manitoba Health, Healthy Living and Seniors (HIPC\#2011/2012-24-D), the Manitoba Immunization Monitoring System, and the Manitoba Health Registry for provision of data. We acknowledge the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy for use of data contained in the Population Health Research Data Repository. The results and conclusions are those of the authors and no official endorsement by the data providers is intended or should be inferred.
At the time of this work, Dr. Patricia Martens was supported by CIHR and the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) for her CIHR/PHAC Applied Public Health Research Chair (2008-2014). Dr. Marni Brownell acknowledges the financial support of the Government of Manitoba through the MCHP Population-Based Child Health Research Award. Dr. Alan Katz acknowledges funding from the Heart and Stroke Foundation and Research Manitoba in support of his Primary Prevention Research Chair. We also acknowledge Andrea Kroeker for her assistance with manuscript preparation.
PATHS Equity Team members: James Bolton; Marni Brownell; Charles Burchill; Elaine Burland; Mariette Chartier; Dan Chateau; Malcolm Doupe; Jennifer E. Enns; Greg Finlayson; Randall Fransoo; Chun Yan Goh; Milton Hu; Doug Jutte; Alan Katz; Laurence Katz; Lisa Lix; Patricia J. Martens\*; Colleen Metge; Nathan C. Nickel; Colette Raymond; Les Roos; Noralou Roos; Rob Santos; Joykrishna Sarkar; Mark Smith; Carole Taylor; Randy Walld
\*deceased
|
Q:
How do I use a property to initialize another property?
Why is this:
public int X { get; } = 5
public int Y { get; } = X;
not possible?
Because doing it manually:
public TestClass()
{
X = 5;
Y = X;
}
Works, and so does (obviously?) this:
public static int X { get; } = 5;
public static int Y { get; } = X;
Is there a way to get the first example to compile, or do I have to do it manually in the ctor?
(My real problem is far more complex, not just ints, but instances that are then being used to create other instances, but this example is easier to discuss)
A:
The reason why this is not possible is that these initializations are done before the constructor is called. So it happens in a static context. The object is not yet fully initialized and there is no this reference yet. So you cannot access a non-static property like X.
For the same reason it works for the static properties in your third example.
So I don't see a workaround but doing this kind of initialization in a constructor.
|
This year, I had the pleasure of celebrating the 4th of July with my family at Rehoboth Beach, Deleware The weather was beautiful, and the beach was alive with children, teenagers, and families of all kinds of backgrounds, speaking all kinds of languages enjoying themselves in the cool, clean water.
I loved watching everyone have a good time body surfing, kayaking, wading, watching the dolphins, and running back and forth with the waves—a favorite activity of the 5-and-under crowd. In this struggling economy, it was also reassuring to see hotels, motels, restaurants, and shops bustling with activity from tourists like me. In fact, beach tourism pumps more than $300 billion into the U.S. economy every year.
For me, what also makes visiting beaches so great is that they are a free resource, available to everyone and easily accessible via train, plane, car, bus, bike, or foot. As a mother and a beach goer, I understand the importance of clean water as a resource that is vital to our communities and our health. That’s why EPA has been working closely with state and local officials to reduce pollution at local beaches. This year alone, the agency has provided nearly $10 million in beach monitoring grants.
Still, we can only continue to protect our beaches if we also protect the upstream waters, including small streams and wetlands, from pollution that would otherwise flow to the beaches. To achieve that goal, on April 27, 2011, EPA and the Army Corps of Engineers proposed for public comment, a guidance document that reaffirms protection for critical waters and provides clearer, more predictable guidelines for determining which water bodies are protected by the Clean Water Act.
This “Waters of the United States” guidance is based on science and makes common sense: Protecting the smallest water sources is the best and most cost-effective way to protect the larger bodies of waters that they flow into.
Do your part to ensure the protection of our waters for future generations: Submit your comments on our draft guidance between now and July 31st. And when you’ve done that, visit the EPA’s beach page for updates on your local beaches so you can enjoy a healthy and safe summer!
About the author: Nancy Stoner is the Acting Assistant Administrator for the EPA’s Office of Water and grew up in the flood plain of the South River, a tributary of the Shenandoah River.
Editor’s Note: The opinions expressed in Greenversations are those of the author. They do not reflect EPA policy, endorsement, or action, and EPA does not verify the accuracy or science of the contents of the blog.
Editor's Note:
The opinions expressed here are those of the author. They do not reflect EPA policy, endorsement, or action, and EPA does not verify the accuracy or science of the contents of the blog.
Please share this post. However, please don't change the title or the content. If you do make changes, don't attribute the edited title or content to EPA or the author. |
I have this same problem. it started at the wing its now a pin hole. But I weld so I'm going to clean it up tack it and prime thill I get it painted one day. Just take out the bulb when you see water... |
Author
Topic: Does MSG contain gluten? (Read 35403 times)
Monosodium Glutamate often appears on lists of food ingredients that definitely do contain gluten, or may contain gluten.
It is a fact that it is technically possible to make MSG from wheat. However this is not the usual case. In addition, the process of creating MSG uses an acid to break down the original components of the source food product in such a way that any proteins are broken down into their original components. One of these original components is Glutamic Acid. That is used to make MSG.
So, firstly the source food product used to make MSG is either rarely or never wheat.Secondly, if the source food product was wheat, then the gluten component is destroyed in the process of breaking it down into Glutamic Acid.Therefore, I conclude from looking at the food science involved that MSG can be expected to be gluten free.
Some people do not trust their own ability to interpret the food science, and instead rely on a trusted authority figure to tell them what they should or should not eat. This is not an unusual position in the celiac community. For those people I offer this quotation from the Canadian Celiac Association:
Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)MSG is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, an amino acid found in many foods. It has been produced from both wheat gluten and sugar beet molasses but is now produced almost entirely from the latter in a highly purified form. Most authorities agree that it is harmless. There should be no concern among Celiacs about the use of foods containing MSG. |
A delicious discovery could let you indulge your sweet tooth more often in the future without worrying so much about the negative effects on the body.
More seriously, it could mean an effective treatment for obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Scientists identified an enzyme — a hormone called G3PP — that allows the body to destroy excess sugar, meaning your body doesn’t store it as fat. It may also be able to control the toxic effects of that excess sugar on vital organs.
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Normally, too much sugar in the body creates an organ-damaging chemical called glycerol-3-phosphate, which affects the inner workings of cells and alters the body’s metabolism. Those changes send glucose levels rising, threatening the insulin-producing pancreas, liver, and other organs.
G3PP can break down that chemical and flush it out of cells, reining in glucose levels, which would protect organs from harm.
“It is extremely rare since the 1960s that a novel enzyme is discovered at the heart of metabolism of nutrients in all mammalian tissues, and likely this enzyme will be incorporated in biochemistry textbook,” said Dr. Marc Prentki, one of the researchers leading the study at the University of Montreal Hospital Research Center.
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This is largely still theoretical science, additional animal and human trials are still needed to see how the process works outside the lab, but the researchers believe their discovery could lead to drug therapy for obesity and diabetes. They are already expanding their research to find out if G3PP could be used to control metabolism disorders like metabolic syndrome.
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Any practical use of the discovery is still several years away at best.
The researchers published their findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Learn more at the Montreal Hospital Research Center. (Photo: la-fontaine, CC)
Give Your Friends Sweet Hope… |
(1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a shift register, and more particularly to a shift register with a latch circuit suitable for a serial arithmetic logic unit.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
A serial arithmetic logic unit (serial ALU) consists of a shift register which has a required number of bits, and a 1-bit ALU which is connected to the least significant bit of the shift register and which executes an operation corresponding to one bit in one cycle and feeds the result back to the most significant bit of the shift register. By way of example, it is applied as a peripheral equipment in order to determine the "on" and "off" timings of control signals, etc. in various control systems employing data processors.
The serial ALU for such uses requires a shift register with a latch circuit in order to set desired value data into the shift register and to read out operated result data from the shift register. In the case where the serial ALU and circuits associated therewith are put into the form of a LSI so as to fabricate a device which is multipurpose for various control systems, the shift register with the latch circuit needs to be made as a circuit arrangement exhibiting a low power dissipation and suited to the form of a LSI. |
/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
* contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
* this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
* The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
* (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
* the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package net.sourceforge.retroweaver.harmony.runtime.java.util;
/**
* An implementation of Deque, backed by an array.
*
* ArrayDeques have no size limit, can not contain null element, and they are
* not thread-safe.
*
* All optional operations are supported, and the elements can be any objects.
*
* @param <E>
* the type of elements in this collection
*
* @since 1.6
*/
public class ArrayDeque<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements Deque<E> {
private static final int DEFAULT_SIZE = 16;
private enum DequeStatus {
Empty, Normal, Full;
}
private transient DequeStatus status;
private transient int modCount;
// the pointer of the head element
private transient int front;
// the pointer of the "next" position of the tail element
private transient int rear;
private transient E[] elements;
@SuppressWarnings("hiding")
private class ArrayDequeIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
private int pos;
private final int expectedModCount;
private boolean canRemove;
@SuppressWarnings("synthetic-access")
ArrayDequeIterator() {
super();
pos = front;
expectedModCount = modCount;
canRemove = false;
}
@SuppressWarnings("synthetic-access")
public boolean hasNext() {
if (expectedModCount != modCount) {
return false;
}
return hasNextInternal();
}
private boolean hasNextInternal() {
// canRemove means "next" method is called, and the Full
// status can ensure that this method is not called just
// after "remove" method is call.(so, canRemove can keep
// true after "next" method called)
return (pos != rear)
|| ((status == DequeStatus.Full) && !canRemove);
}
@SuppressWarnings( { "synthetic-access", "unchecked" })
public E next() {
if (hasNextInternal()) {
E result = (E) elements[pos];
if (expectedModCount == modCount && null != result) {
canRemove = true;
pos = circularBiggerPos(pos);
return result;
}
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
@SuppressWarnings("synthetic-access")
public void remove() {
if (canRemove) {
int removedPos = circularSmallerPos(pos);
if (expectedModCount == modCount
&& null != elements[removedPos]) {
removeInternal(removedPos, true);
canRemove = false;
return;
}
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
}
/*
* NOTES:descendingIterator is not fail-fast, according to the documentation
* and test case.
*/
@SuppressWarnings("hiding")
private class ReverseArrayDequeIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
private int pos;
private final int expectedModCount;
private boolean canRemove;
@SuppressWarnings("synthetic-access")
ReverseArrayDequeIterator() {
super();
expectedModCount = modCount;
pos = circularSmallerPos(rear);
canRemove = false;
}
@SuppressWarnings("synthetic-access")
public boolean hasNext() {
if (expectedModCount != modCount) {
return false;
}
return hasNextInternal();
}
private boolean hasNextInternal() {
// canRemove means "next" method is called, and the Full
// status can ensure that this method is not called just
// after "remove" method is call.(so, canRemove can keep
// true after "next" method called)
return (circularBiggerPos(pos) != front)
|| ((status == DequeStatus.Full) && !canRemove);
}
@SuppressWarnings( { "synthetic-access", "unchecked" })
public E next() {
if (hasNextInternal()) {
E result = (E) elements[pos];
canRemove = true;
pos = circularSmallerPos(pos);
return result;
}
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
@SuppressWarnings("synthetic-access")
public void remove() {
if (canRemove) {
removeInternal(circularBiggerPos(pos), false);
canRemove = false;
return;
}
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
}
/**
* Constructs a new empty instance of ArrayDeque big enough for 16 elements.
*/
public ArrayDeque() {
this(DEFAULT_SIZE);
}
/**
* Constructs a new empty instance of ArrayDeque big enough for specified
* number of elements.
*
* @param minSize
* the smallest size of the ArrayDeque
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public ArrayDeque(final int minSize) {
int size = countInitSize(minSize);
elements = (E[]) new Object[size];
front = rear = 0;
status = DequeStatus.Empty;
modCount = 0;
}
/*
* count out the size for a new deque, and ensure that size >= minSize
*/
private int countInitSize(final int minSize) {
int size = Math.max(minSize, DEFAULT_SIZE);
// get the smallest number that not smaller than size,
// and is a power of 2.
size = Integer.highestOneBit(size - 1) << 1;
if (0 >= size) {
size = minSize;
}
return size;
}
/**
* Constructs a new instance of ArrayDeque containing the elements of the
* specified collection, with the order returned by the collection's
* iterator.
*
* @param c
* the source of the elements
* @throws NullPointerException
* if the collection is null
*/
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public ArrayDeque(Collection<? extends E> c) {
elements = (E[]) new Object[countInitSize(c.size())];
front = rear = 0;
status = DequeStatus.Empty;
modCount = 0;
Iterator<? extends E> it = c.iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
addLastImpl(it.next());
}
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @param e
* the element
* @throws NullPointerException
* if the element is null
* @see java.util.Deque#addFirst(java.lang.Object)
*/
public void addFirst(E e) {
offerFirst(e);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @param e
* the element
* @throws NullPointerException
* if the element is null
* @see java.util.Deque#addLast(java.lang.Object)
*/
public void addLast(E e) {
addLastImpl(e);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @param e
* the element
* @return true
* @throws NullPointerException
* if the element is null
* @see java.util.Deque#offerFirst(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean offerFirst(E e) {
checkNull(e);
checkAndExpand();
front = circularSmallerPos(front);
elements[front] = e;
resetStatus(true);
modCount++;
return true;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @param e
* the element
* @return true if the operation succeeds or false if it fails
* @throws NullPointerException
* if the element is null
* @see java.util.Deque#offerLast(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean offerLast(E e) {
return addLastImpl(e);
}
/**
* Inserts the element at the tail of the deque.
*
* @param e
* the element
* @return true if the operation succeeds or false if it fails.
* @throws NullPointerException
* if the element is null
* @see java.util.Queue#offer(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean offer(E e) {
return addLastImpl(e);
}
/**
* Inserts the element to the tail of the deque.
*
* @param e
* the element
* @return true
* @see java.util.AbstractCollection#add(java.lang.Object)
*/
@Override
public boolean add(E e) {
return addLastImpl(e);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @param e
* the element to push
* @throws NullPointerException
* if the element is null
* @see java.util.Deque#push(java.lang.Object)
*/
public void push(E e) {
offerFirst(e);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the head element
* @throws NoSuchElementException
* if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#removeFirst()
*/
public E removeFirst() {
checkEmpty();
return removePollFirstImpl();
}
/**
* Gets and removes the head element of this deque. This method throws an
* exception if the deque is empty.
*
* @return the head element
* @throws NoSuchElementException
* if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Queue#remove()
*/
public E remove() {
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the head element
* @throws NoSuchElementException
* if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#pop()
*/
public E pop() {
return removeFirst();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the tail element
* @throws NoSuchElementException
* if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#removeLast()
*/
public E removeLast() {
checkEmpty();
return removeLastImpl();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the head element or null if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#pollFirst()
*/
public E pollFirst() {
return (status == DequeStatus.Empty) ? null : removePollFirstImpl();
}
/**
* Gets and removes the head element of this deque. This method returns null
* if the deque is empty.
*
* @return the head element or null if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Queue#poll()
*/
public E poll() {
return pollFirst();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the tail element or null if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#pollLast()
*/
public E pollLast() {
return (status == DequeStatus.Empty) ? null : removeLastImpl();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the head element
* @throws NoSuchElementException
* if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#getFirst()
*/
public E getFirst() {
checkEmpty();
return elements[front];
}
/**
* Gets but does not remove the head element of this deque. It throws an
* exception if the deque is empty.
*
* @return the head element
* @throws NoSuchElementException
* if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Queue#element()
*/
public E element() {
return getFirst();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the tail element
* @throws NoSuchElementException
* if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#getLast()
*/
public E getLast() {
checkEmpty();
return elements[circularSmallerPos(rear)];
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the head element or null if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#peekFirst()
*/
public E peekFirst() {
return (status == DequeStatus.Empty) ? null : elements[front];
}
/**
* Gets but not removes the head element of this deque. This method returns
* null if the deque is empty.
*
* @return the head element or null if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Queue#peek()
*/
public E peek() {
return (status == DequeStatus.Empty) ? null : elements[front];
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the tail element or null if the deque is empty
* @see java.util.Deque#peekLast()
*/
public E peekLast() {
return (status == DequeStatus.Empty) ? null
: elements[circularSmallerPos(rear)];
}
private void checkNull(E e) {
if (null == e) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
}
private void checkEmpty() {
if (status == DequeStatus.Empty) {
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
}
private int circularSmallerPos(int current) {
return (current - 1 < 0) ? (elements.length - 1) : current - 1;
}
private int circularBiggerPos(int current) {
return (current + 1 >= elements.length) ? 0 : current + 1;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
/*
* If array of elements is full, there will be a new bigger array to store
* the elements.
*/
private void checkAndExpand() {
if (status != DequeStatus.Full) {
return;
}
if (Integer.MAX_VALUE == elements.length) {
throw new IllegalStateException();
}
int length = elements.length;
int newLength = length << 1;
// bigger than Integer.MAX_VALUE
if (newLength < 0) {
newLength = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
}
E[] newElements = (E[]) new Object[newLength];
System.arraycopy(elements, front, newElements, 0, length - front);
System.arraycopy(elements, 0, newElements, length - front, front);
front = 0;
rear = length;
status = DequeStatus.Normal;
elements = newElements;
}
/**
* Resets the status after adding or removing operation.
*
* @param adding
* if the method is called after an "adding" operation
*/
private void resetStatus(boolean adding) {
if (front == rear) {
status = adding ? DequeStatus.Full : DequeStatus.Empty;
} else {
status = DequeStatus.Normal;
}
}
private boolean addLastImpl(E e) {
checkNull(e);
checkAndExpand();
elements[rear] = e;
rear = circularBiggerPos(rear);
resetStatus(true);
modCount++;
return true;
}
private E removePollFirstImpl() {
E element = elements[front];
elements[front] = null;
front = circularBiggerPos(front);
resetStatus(false);
modCount++;
return element;
}
private E removeLastImpl() {
int last = circularSmallerPos(rear);
E element = elements[last];
elements[last] = null;
rear = last;
resetStatus(false);
modCount++;
return element;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @param obj
* the element to be removed
* @return true if the operation succeeds or false if the deque does not
* contain the element
* @see java.util.Deque#removeFirstOccurrence(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean removeFirstOccurrence(Object obj) {
return removeFirstOccurrenceImpl(obj);
}
/**
* Removes the first equivalent element of the specified object. If the
* deque does not contain the element, it is unchanged and returns false.
*
* @param obj
* the element to be removed
* @return true if the operation succeeds or false if the deque does not
* contain the element
* @see java.util.AbstractCollection#remove(java.lang.Object)
*/
@Override
public boolean remove(Object obj) {
return removeFirstOccurrenceImpl(obj);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @param obj
* the element to be removed
* @return true if the operation succeeds or false if the deque does not
* contain the element.
* @see java.util.Deque#removeLastOccurrence(java.lang.Object)
*/
public boolean removeLastOccurrence(final Object obj) {
if (null != obj) {
Iterator<E> iter = descendingIterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
if (iter.next().equals(obj)) {
iter.remove();
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
private boolean removeFirstOccurrenceImpl(final Object obj) {
if (null != obj) {
Iterator<E> iter = iterator();
while (iter.hasNext()) {
if (iter.next().equals(obj)) {
iter.remove();
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/*
* Removes the element in the cursor position and shifts front elements to
* fill the gap if frontShift is true, shifts rear elements otherwise.
*
*/
private void removeInternal(final int current, final boolean frontShift) {
int cursor = current;
if (frontShift) {
while (cursor != front) {
int next = circularSmallerPos(cursor);
elements[cursor] = elements[next];
cursor = next;
}
front = circularBiggerPos(front);
} else {
while (cursor != rear) {
int next = circularBiggerPos(cursor);
elements[cursor] = elements[next];
cursor = next;
}
rear = circularSmallerPos(rear);
}
elements[cursor] = null;
resetStatus(false);
}
/**
* Returns the size of the deque.
*
* @return the size of the deque
* @see java.util.AbstractCollection#size()
*/
@Override
public int size() {
if (status == DequeStatus.Full) {
return elements.length;
}
return (front <= rear) ? (rear - front)
: (rear + elements.length - front);
}
/**
* Returns true if the deque has no elements.
*
* @return true if the deque has no elements, false otherwise
* @see java.util.AbstractCollection#isEmpty()
*/
@Override
public boolean isEmpty() {
return 0 == size();
}
/**
* Returns true if the specified element is in the deque.
*
* @param obj
* the element
* @return true if the element is in the deque, false otherwise
* @see java.util.AbstractCollection#contains(java.lang.Object)
*/
@SuppressWarnings("cast")
@Override
public boolean contains(final Object obj) {
if (null != obj) {
Iterator<E> it = new ArrayDequeIterator<E>();
while (it.hasNext()) {
if (obj.equals((E) it.next())) {
return true;
}
}
}
return false;
}
/**
* Empty the deque.
*
* @see java.util.AbstractCollection#clear()
*/
@SuppressWarnings("cast")
@Override
public void clear() {
if (status != DequeStatus.Empty) {
int cursor = front;
do {
elements[cursor] = null;
cursor = circularBiggerPos(cursor);
} while (cursor != rear);
status = DequeStatus.Empty;
}
front = rear = 0;
modCount = 0;
}
/**
* Returns the iterator of the deque. The elements will be ordered from head
* to tail.
*
* @return the iterator
* @see java.util.AbstractCollection#iterator()
*/
@SuppressWarnings("synthetic-access")
@Override
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return new ArrayDequeIterator<E>();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @return the reverse order Iterator
* @see java.util.Deque#descendingIterator()
*/
public Iterator<E> descendingIterator() {
return new ReverseArrayDequeIterator<E>();
}
}
|
Immobilized RGD peptides on surface-grafted dextran promote biospecific cell attachment.
Dextran has recently been investigated as an alternative to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for low protein-binding, cell-resistant coatings on biomaterial surfaces. Although antifouling properties of surface-grafted dextran and PEG are quite similar, surface-bound dextran has multiple reactive sites for high-density surface immobilization of biologically active molecules. We recently reported nontoxic aqueous methods to covalently immobilize dextran on material surfaces. These dextran coatings effectively limited cell adhesion and spreading in the presence of serum-borne cell adhesion proteins. In this study we utilized the same nontoxic aqueous methods to graft cell adhesion peptides on low protein-binding dextran monolayer surfaces. Chemical composition of all modified surfaces was verified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Surface-grafted cell adhesion peptides stimulated endothelial cell, fibroblast, and smooth muscle cell attachment and spreading in vitro. In contrast, surface-grafted inactive peptide sequences did not promote high levels of cell interaction. Surface-grafted high affinity cyclic RGD peptides promoted cell type-dependent interactions. With dextran-based surface coatings, it will be possible to develop well-defined surface modifications that promote specific cell interactions and perhaps better performance in long-term biomaterial implants. |
Left ventricular remodeling after experimental myocardial cryoinjury in rats.
The standard coronary ligation, the most studied model of experimental myocardial infarction in rats, is limited by high mortality and produces unpredictable areas of necrosis. To standardize the location and size of the infarct and to elucidate the mechanisms of myocardial remodeling and its progression to heart failure, we studied the functional, structural, and ultrastructural changes of myocardial infarction produced by experimental myocardial cryoinjury. The cryoinjury was successful in 24 (80%) of 30 male adult CD rats. A subepicardial infarct was documented on echocardiograms, with an average size of about 21%. Macroscopic examination reflected closely the stamp of the instrument used, without transition zones to viable myocardium. Histological examination, during the acute setting, revealed an extensive area of coagulation necrosis and hemorrhage in the subepicardium. An inflammatory infiltrate was evident since the 7th hour, whereas the reparative phase started within the first week, with proliferation of fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and myocytes. From the 7th day, deposition of collagen fibers was reported with a reparative scar completed at the 30th day. Ultrastructural study revealed vascular capillary damage and irreversible alterations of the myocytes in the acute setting and confirmed the histological findings of the later phases. The damage was associated with a progressive left ventricular (LV) remodeling, including thinning of the infarcted area, hypertrophy of the noninfarcted myocardium, and significant LV dilation. This process started from the 60th day and progressed over the subsequent 120 days period; at 180 days, a significant increase in LV filling pressure, indicative of heart failure, was found. In conclusion, myocardial cryodamage, although different in respect to ischemic damage, causes a standardized injury reproducing the cellular patterns of coagulation necrosis, early microvascular reperfusion, hemorrhage, inflammation, reparation, and scarring observed in myocardial infarction with a late evolution toward heart failure. This model is therefore suitable to study myocardial repair after injury. |
Intravitreal injection of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and pneumatic displacement of submacular haemorrhage.
We report a case of a patient with hypertension and ischaemic heart disease on anti-platelet treatment, who developed uniocular profound visual loss from a submacular haemorrhage secondary to valsalva retinopathy. He was treated with a combination of intravitreal recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas followed by strict prone positioning. He demonstrated significant displacement of the haemorrhage and improvement of vision postoperatively. |
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this is fashion like This is it. |
Vampire bats build friendships in the same way people do, by starting slow and deepening over time into potentially life-saving bonds, according to intriguing new research.
These highly social bats, native to Central and South America, were already known to maintain decade-long relationships, but scientists didn’t know how these connections began.
Now, a new study, published March 19 in Current Biology, shows that the world’s only known blood-sucking mammals develop trust with unrelated individuals first by grooming each other, then eventually regurgitating blood to share—an act of altruism for a species that must eat every three days. What’s more, blood-sharing tends to be reciprocal, with bats more likely to provide a meal to a partner that has shared with them in the past. (Read how vampire bats evolved to feed on blood.)
“In vampire bat relationships, we saw that the history of interactions mattered, and the social environment mattered,” says study leader Gerry Carter, a behavioral ecologist at Ohio State University.
The research supports the relatively new “raising the stakes" theory in ecology, which holds that unrelated animals “test the waters” of altruism first with low-cost behaviors, ie. cleaning each other’s fur, and then work up to more costly investments, in this case, sharing food. (Learn more about why female vampire bats in particular help each other out.)
First proposed in 1998, the theory may hold true in other social animals—including humans.
That’s why studying these social sanguivores may also reveal insights into the complexities of human friendships, he says.
Blood brothers
To test how these bonds emerge, Carter and his colleagues captured 27 common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus)—one of three known species—from two distant sites in Panama. Active at night, the bats gallop along the ground, approaching their prey on all fours. Razor-sharp teeth slice painlessly into the victim's vein—usually cattle or another large animal—allowing them to lap up the trickling blood with their tongues. (Learn more about how vampire bats hunt.)
In the laboratory, the scientists placed the bats either in pairs, with one from each location in Panama, or in small mixed groups. They then withheld food from one of the bats and observed how it interacted with its roostmates.
After 15 months together, some patterns emerged. Many of the strangers eventually formed grooming relationships, but far fewer of the bats shared blood via regurgitation.
Grooming always came before food-sharing among strangers. And in those that did regurgitate food for others, mutual grooming ramped up before the first exchange of blood and then leveled off.
World's Weirdest: Vampire Bats Vampire bats are the only mammals on an all-blood diet—and an unsuspecting cow is the perfect prey.
What’s more, relationships between strangers were more likely to form when familiar bats weren’t around. When bats were introduced as isolated pairs, they formed relationships faster and more frequently than when they were in large groups.
Raising the stakes
The “raise the stakes” theory is simple and intuitive: You don’t want to invest a lot in helping someone who doesn’t help you back, says Tom Sherratt, a co-creator of the model and a biologist at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada.
“You test the trustworthiness of your potential partner by making a low-level investment first and then seeing if it is reciprocated,” Sherratt says. If not, no relationship forms and it’s no big deal.
“It’s a powerful strategy because it means you can escalate into a trusting relationship, but you also don’t lose out too much if you meet an uncooperative individual.”
But it’s been difficult to demonstrate the theory in animals. Detecting such a pattern would mean introducing random strangers and monitoring what happens over a long period of time—exactly what Carter and his colleagues successfully did here, says Sherratt, who was not involved in the bat research. (Watch a rare video of vampire bats feeding on penguins.)
Tit for tat
Some people may not like to admit it, but reciprocity is a vital part of human relationships, too, Carter adds.
“Human friendships have subtle contingencies and expectations, but it’s not in anyone’s best interest to make that explicit,” he says.
Think of it this way: “What would happen if one of your friends became completely unreliable?” Carter asks. |
Former Vice President Joe Biden explicitly distanced himself from his party’s left flank Friday speaking to reporters in Washington, D.C.
Biden initially showed confusion between his own self-descriptions. When a reporter asked about him saying he’s the “most progressive” candidate, Biden said, “No, I said liberal. I didn’t say progressive.”
However, Biden had said just weeks ago he has the “most progressive record of anybody running.” He seemed to accept being corrected on that quote and went on to make a point about how his “liberal” record on gay marriage and other issues is no longer considered “progressive” enough because he’s not a socialist.
President Trump tweeted a meme about Joe Biden and the Democrats and the MSM are now claiming it’s a “doctored” video. Alex points out that the left has lost their sense of humor.
“I’m not sure when everybody else came out and said they’re for gay marriage. I’m not sure when everybody came out and talked about a lot of the things I’ve talked about, but my point is the definition of a progressive now seems to be changing. That is, are you a socialist? That’s a real progressive,” he said.
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The Emergency Election Sale is now live! Get 30% to 60% off our most popular products today! |
As soon as I saw the Narwhal on the package, I knew the time had come. I was full of eager anticipation as I unwrapped the box, and boy, was I in for a wonderful surprise.
My secret santa enclosed a touching letter which brought a smile to my face. I received thoughtful gifts - clearly a product of thorough stalking (I salute you!) - and each one brought a smile to my face.
Firstly, the Mayonnaise. I absolutely love the stuff, and put it on everything. I received a lovely big tube Best Foods Mayo infused with Olive Oil. Usually I'm very brand loyal to the 'Hellmans' stuff I get in Scotland, but this tastes simply amazing!
I also received sun screen to protect my from the sun on my travels when I move to Australia next week. Again, very thoughtful, as my secret santa rightfully realized that we don't see much of this life-giver back in Scotland.
The coffee beans and espresso mug/saucer were also a delightful addition, and I'm enjoying a fine mug of San Diego coffee as I write this.
Finally, last but not least, the Dolphin coaster. What can I say - who doesn't love Dolphins? This finely crafted piece of local apparatus will be put to good use throughout the festive period as I 'coast' my drinks in style.
Secret Santa - thank you kindly for bringing such a huge smile to my face, and your gifts of 'awesomeness' have been received with much gratitude all the way over in the climes of dreary Scotland. I wish you all the very best! |
423 So.2d 458 (1982)
Raymond TRENARY, Appellant,
v.
STATE of Florida, Appellee.
No. 81-2138.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Second District.
December 8, 1982.
*459 Jerry Hill, Public Defender, and Paul C. Helm, Asst. Public Defender, Bartow, for appellant.
Jim Smith, Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, and Peggy A. Quince, Asst. Atty. Gen., Tampa, for appellee.
CLARKE, THOMAS L., Jr., Associate Judge.
On September 5, 1980, two days before his sixteenth birthday, Raymond Trenary was indicted by the Hendry County Grand Jury for first degree murder. Trenary was charged with the August 17, 1980, stabbing death of Earl S. Dyess. On May 26, 1981, Trenary pled nolo contendere to a lesser included offense of second degree murder (ordinarily a first degree felony, but subject to enhancement to a life felony pursuant to section 775.087, Florida Statutes (1979)). Upon entering his plea, Trenary stated that he understood the penalty could be life in prison; however, prior to being sentenced on July 27, 1981, he contended that the sentence should be pursuant to the Youthful Offender Act (which at the time of the offense was mandatory[1]) which would limit the sentence to four years imprisonment followed by two years on community control. The trial judge declined to sentence pursuant to the Youthful Offender Act, but rather sentenced Trenary to one hundred thirty-seven years imprisonment, retaining jurisdiction over the first one third of the sentence.
The state concedes that unless Trenary was convicted of a life felony he meets all of the requirements for sentencing under the Youthful Offender Act, section 958.04, Florida Statutes (1979). Second degree murder is ordinarily a first degree felony; however, in the instant case since Dyess succumbed to a stabbing (with a knife), section 775.087, Florida Statutes (1979), must be considered in regard to whether the degree of the offense was enhanced to a life felony thus disqualifying Trenary from youthful offender treatment.
Section 775.087, Florida Statutes (1979), provides:
(1) Unless otherwise provided by law, whenever a person is charged with a felony, except a felony in which the use of a weapon or firearm is an essential element, and during the commission of such felony the defendant carries, displays, uses, threatens, or attempts to use any weapon or firearm, or during the commission of such felony the defendant commits an aggravated battery, the felony for which the person is charged shall be reclassified as follows:
(a) In the case of a felony of the first degree, to a life felony.
The indictment charged Trenary with "stabbing the said Earl S. Dyess, Sr." Implied in such language is the use of some type weapon. The record is clear that the weapon consisted of a knife (not a common pocketknife) and as such amounts to a weapon as contemplated by section 775.087(1), Florida Statutes (1979). See Bryant v. State, 386 So.2d 237 (Fla. 1980); § 790.001(13), Fla. Stat. (1979). As a result, pursuant to section 775.087(1), Florida Statutes (1979), the offense was enhanced from that of a first degree felony to that of a life felony and thus Trenary did not qualify for sentencing under the Youthful Offender Act as section 958.04(1)(b), Florida Statutes (1979), requires, among other things, that the offense not exceed a first degree felony. Williams v. State, 407 So.2d 223 (Fla. 2d DCA 1981).
While the trial judge made no reference to section 775.087, Florida Statutes (1979), in ruling that the Youthful Offender Act was not applicable, it is well-settled law that a correct ruling of a trial court will be sustained even if incorrect reasons are assigned to the ruling. Moore v. City of St. Petersburg, 281 So.2d 549 (Fla. 2d DCA 1973).
*460 We therefore affirm the decision of the trial judge to refuse to sentence pursuant to the Youthful Offender Act. Consideration must, however, be given to section 39.111(6)(a), Florida Statutes (1979), as Trenary was a juvenile at the time of the offense. This provision requires that a trial court, when imposing adult sanctions on a juvenile convicted of a crime, receive and consider a predisposition report prepared by the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services. Although we recognize that the penalty for a life felony is a minimum of thirty years, section 39.111(6)(a), Florida Statutes (1979), makes no distinction between the degree of the crime and thus the trial court is required to comply therewith when imposing adult sanctions. Leach v. State, 407 So.2d 1066 (Fla. 2d DCA 1981).
Accordingly, the judgment is affirmed, but the case is remanded for correction of the judgment to reflect that the crime of which appellant was convicted was committed while in possession of a weapon and for resentencing after compliance with section 39.111(6), Florida Statutes (1979).
GRIMES, A.C.J., and CAMPBELL, J., concur.
NOTES
[1] The mandatory sentencing provision has since been eliminated by the Legislature.
|
Heat Pumps Donated to Technical Schools to Help Students Learn Trade
There’s no better way to learn a trade than with hands-on experience. Thanks to Bangor Hydro and Maine Public Service, local high schoolers are getting a head start learning about a system that’s really heating up. Students at United Technologies Center in Bangor are always working on something. Right now, it’s heat pumps. ” For us to be able to get a little ahead of the curve and have our students a little ahead of the curve, it’s huge,” said Fred Woodman, director of UTC. The pumps, donated by Bangor Hydro and Maine Public Service, are booming in popularity since there’s a rebate and financing program available. ” Everyone’s looking to save money on their heating costs especially in Maine in the cold winters, so this is really a great way to do that,” said Susan Faloon, spokeswoman for Bangor Hydro. Students are learning the ins-and-outs of the units. ” We went over each step multiple times so we know everything from the beginning to the end,” said Cody Johnston, a senior at UTC. Cody Johnston wants to be a master electrician and says this opportunity gives him a good head start. ” It was a cool experience just because we learned something that not a lot of people know yet,” explained Johnston. Kyle Farley is also a student at UTC. He says even if he doesn’t become an electrician, he’s glad he knows how to do this.” It’s still good to have the experience so we can do it ourselves and we don’t necessarily have to pay the extra money for installations and other people to come do it for us,” said Farley. It’s also a way to show the students that there are job opportunities in the state. ” It’s important to them so they can remain here, and live here, and raise their families here,” said Woodman. Students will continue to work with the pumps, gaining training on something experts say is a hot industry in Maine. Pumps were also donated to Northeast Technical Institute in Bangor. For more information, visit Bangor Hydro’s website. |
--
-- Replication-Trx-Stuff
-- Fxingin parent column and reference (=>search)
--
-- 23.07.2015 07:30
-- URL zum Konzept
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;
-- 23.07.2015 07:30
-- URL zum Konzept
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;
-- 23.07.2015 08:44
-- URL zum Konzept
UPDATE AD_Tab SET Name='Lieferung/Kommissionierung',Updated=TO_TIMESTAMP('2015-07-23 08:44:56','YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS'),UpdatedBy=100 WHERE AD_Tab_ID=540564
;
-- 23.07.2015 08:44
-- URL zum Konzept
UPDATE AD_Tab_Trl SET IsTranslated='N' WHERE AD_Tab_ID=540564
;
-- 23.07.2015 08:45
-- URL zum Konzept
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-- 23.07.2015 08:45
-- URL zum Konzept
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-- 23.07.2015 08:45
-- URL zum Konzept
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-- 23.07.2015 08:45
-- URL zum Konzept
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|
Q:
Implement specialization in ER diagram
I want to implement this specialization relationship. Knowing that I will have different attributes for each account type. Here's my try:
accounts(account_id, email, username, password, ...)
user_accounts(account_id, ..)
admin_accounts(account_id, ..)
messages(subject, body, from_account_id, to_account_id)
Where account_id in user_accounts and admin_acounts is the primary key and foreign key references account_id on accounts
And from_account_id, to_account_id in messages references account_id on accounts.
But what happens if I wanted to create a relationship with one of the account type only. For example I want to give permissions to admins to manage something, So I would do something like this:
permissions(admin_account_id, type, value, ..)
Where admin_account_id is a foreign key references account_id on admin_accounts
Is that possible? And what would happen If I tried to enter a permission for a user_account_id instead?
I hope my question is clear and excuse my English language.
A:
You might want to look into two techniques: class-table-inheritance and shared-primary-key.
By applying these two techniques to your case, you may end up with a simpler, yet more powerful design than the one you propose. In some cases, you can dispense with the TypeID entirely, because a join between the generalized table and the appropriate specialized table will yield precisely the objects you are looking for. In addition, because the join is on two primary keys, the join will be relatively fast.
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In human females, the pelvic floor muscles may become weak or lose conditioning as the result of age, childbirth, injury or disease. As a result, those with weak or unconditioned muscles may experience difficulty controlling or stopping the flow of urine. As a result, these individuals may experience episodes of incontinence, sexual dysfunction, or other undesirable situations related to muscle control. In order to improve the condition of the pelvic floor muscles and thus reduce the incidences of incontinence, improve sexual function, and/or improve other undesirable situations, individuals may perform various exercises including an exercise that involves the voluntary contraction of the pelvic floor muscles. The most well-known of these is the Kegel exercise. When performing Kegel exercises, a subject generally will attempt to contract their muscles for a short period of time, release the contraction of those muscles and then repeat this process. The desired result is the improvement of muscle tone in the pelvic floor muscles. Some individuals may have difficulty identifying the correct muscles to contract or may not hold the contraction long enough to be beneficial. In other cases, the individual may not remember to perform the exercises or lose interest and either stop performing the exercise or not perform them frequently enough to obtain a desired benefit.
There have been devices disclosed that assist a user in their efforts to learn to contract the muscles of the pelvic floor using various methods of electrically stimulating those muscles. In fact, various classes of muscle stimulators have been defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration including muscle stimulators for the improvement of muscle tone, muscle stimulators for the treatment of incontinence and stimulation for the treatment of muscle pain. Devices for facilitating some of these treatments are also known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,501 (Sherlock) discloses a device for providing an electrode for electrical stimulation. This same device may also be used to receive biofeedback signals. With such a device, a user may receive stimulation in order to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor. In addition to the stimulation portions, Sherlock also discloses a biofeedback portion. The biofeedback portion may be used to measure a user's muscle activity in response to such stimulation or as the result of exercises initiated by the user. Such a device may be of value to a user who desires to strengthen their pelvic floor muscles by combining stimulation with self-initiated muscle exercise. A user of such a device must be diligent with regard to their self-initiated exercises in order to see optimum results with regard to muscle strengthening. The use of games or similar methods of engaging a user may be beneficial in that such methods may encourage the user to persist in their exercise program. Various classes of muscle stimulators have been defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration including muscle stimulators for the improvement of muscle tone, muscle stimulators for the treatment of incontinence and stimulation for the treatment of muscle pain feedback.
Applications for regulated stimulation and interactive feedback extend beyond the pelvic floor muscles and incontinence issues. Various other muscle groups may be educated and re-educated to perform in desirable ways. Herein, the terms education and re-education may be used interchangeably. Examples of such applications include, but are not limited to, replantation patients, stroke victims, paralysis victims, and individuals experiencing other injuries or conditions. In such cases, the amount of muscle stimulation required for safe and optimal muscle education must be determined and utilized. In many cases, the optimal amount of muscle stimulation is specific to the particular user based on the user's physical characteristics, injury or condition, and progress within the muscle education program. Therefore, what is needed is a system and method which provides regulated muscle stimulation and interactive feedback for muscle education.
A system and method which provides regulated muscle stimulation and interactive feedback for muscle education is disclosed. The muscle education may involve neurological (hypothalamic) and spinal locomotor pattern generation. In an embodiment of such a device and system, a muscle stimulation system may be combined with a biofeedback receiving system that interacts with a plurality of games. A user of such a device may engage the muscle stimulation system to both provide conditioning to pelvic floor muscles and also to learn what sort of muscle response produces the desired conditioning of the pelvic floor muscles. A user may also use the plurality of games to encourage the user to perform exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. Games may have the benefit of encouraging the user to initiate the desired exercise and also to provide guidance to the user in regards to an optimum exercise level and technique. In an embodiment of the invention, a firewall may be created between the stimulation portion and the feedback portion to prevent the use of the feedback portion to control the stimulation. Such a firewall may be physical in nature, in other words, a physical isolation between the electronic components comprising the stimulation and biofeedback portion of an embodiment of the invention. In other embodiments of the invention, the firewall may be formed by the software programming of the embodiment. In such an example, the software may be designed to prevent interaction between the biofeedback and stimulation portions of the embodiment. In an embodiment of the device in which the firewall is formed in software, an enabling code may be implemented such that persons seeking to change or modify the device programming may be prevented from doing so without having the proper enabling code. Such an enabling code feature may also be used to prevent software modifications or game designs that may be harmful to a user of the device.
The muscle stimulation provided may be regulated to reflect a desired outcome. Too much muscle stimulation can be counter-productive as it may result in regression of muscle education. Too little muscle stimulation may not be sufficient to educate the muscles.
For each individual user the maximum therapeutic efficacy may be achieved by way of an algorithmic demonstration of sufficient muscle performance and respiration. Salient to the multi-variable algorithm is the status of the targeted muscle tissues including, but not limited to, muscle responsiveness to following the requisite task and a determination of blood flow. So, if the muscle is unable to perform specific template driven low level contraction challenges and/or exhibits any indications of spasm as monitored by EMG then the next stimulation (NMES) cycle is blocked and remains arrested for as long as the muscle or muscle group cannot perform the threshold point prequalification parameters. As such, the stimulation to be provided may be determined based on characteristics of the specific individual user.
Alternatively, or in addition, the stimulation to be provided may be determined based on the user's condition or injury. In exemplary embodiments, a visualization tool may be provided with the regulated stimulation. The visualization tool may provide a visualization of the desired outcome during periods of regulated stimulation to incorporate the user's locomotor pattern generation in therapy so as to include but not limited to procedural memory when the pattern of the objects drives action and when that perception is integral to action in the act of mapping the patterns of the world onto the patterns of the body. Alternatively, or in addition, the visualization tool may provide a visualization of the biofeedback received at the device for enhanced precision in developing specific procedural memory tasks for the specific individual user.
Further features and advantages of the devices and systems disclosed herein, as well as the structure and operation of various aspects of the present disclosure, are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying figures. |
Q:
DotNetCLI@2 pack seems to be ignoring configuration inputs
The below YAML snippet does not seem to work as expected.
I configured it in a pipeline that runs using the windows-latest image and it attempts to restore all of the projects that are in the repo, instead of looking just to the solution file.
Also, it seems to completely ignore the --no-restore flag
- task: DotNetCoreCLI@2
displayName: Package to Staging directory
inputs:
command: pack
configuration: $(BUILD_CONFIGURATION)
projects: 'support-libs.sln'
packDirectory: $(Build.ArtifactStagingDirectory)
nugetConfigPath: 'sf-solution/nuget.config'
arguments: '--no-restore'
verbosityRestore: Minimal
The command that appears on the step logs is:
"C:\Program Files\dotnet\dotnet.exe" pack
d:\a\1\s\sf-solution\SampleProject\SampleProject.csproj --output
d:\a\1\a /p:Configuration=Debug --verbosity Detailed
The above project is not even included in the support-libs SLN file the snippet has configured.
A:
I was finally able to do what I wanted and to pack all the libraries inside the solution, however I had to use a custom command instead of the pack one:
- task: DotNetCoreCLI@2
displayName: Package to Staging directory
inputs:
command: custom
custom: 'pack'
arguments: 'support-libs.sln -c=$(BUILD_CONFIGURATION) -o $(Build.ArtifactStagingDirectory)'
verbosityRestore: Minimal
verbosityPack: Minimal
feedsToUse: select
vstsFeed: personalnugetfeed
nuGetFeedType: internal
includeNuGetOrg: true
I was also having authorization issues with the internal feed that was in the Nuget configuration and linking to that file, even from a custom command, had the same issues.
Explicitly stating from which feed the restore should be made worked perfectly and I was able to retrieve all the dependencies removing the need to use the --no-restore flag.
|
var78(:,:,0) =
1 -92 -60 -52 95 -76
37 39 -19 -57 -75 117
-55 109 99 2 -77 12
-70 -69 85 106 -83 -108
-48 68 76 -34 -112 51
-84 76 109 -77 69 -35
-96 -42 96 92 -57 -105
-93 -4 -60 30 -97 -1
-91 36 24 -126 36 99
-24 45 112 -55 37 -103
-123 -89 74 3 90 55
var78(:,:,1) =
-77 59 40 39 115 -80
27 -19 27 88 -121 113
59 84 90 -55 99 27
-38 -99 122 -95 47 45
-96 -27 124 -27 -108 94
32 121 7 -5 -99 124
-52 25 -2 -11 -9 7
-32 -22 -84 48 -70 54
123 8 -45 125 67 76
63 -70 -79 94 -89 -54
122 9 -120 36 107 -48
|
Shcherbatov apartment house
The Shcherbatov apartment house is the building in the center of Moscow on the Garden Ring (Novinsky Boulevard, 11). The apartment house was built in 1911–1913 by order of knyaz S. A. Shcherbatov by architect A. I. Tamanyan. The building belongs to the neoclassical style and has the status of an object of cultural heritage of Federal importance.
History
The apartment house of S. A. Shcherbatov was built in 1911–1913 by architect A. I. Tamanyan with the participation of sculptors A. A. Kudinov, V. V. Kuznetsov. Interior paintings made by artist I. I. Nivinsky. The construction was led by architect A. N. Ageenko. The project of the building was awarded the I prize and the gold medal of the competition of the best buildings, held by The city Council in 1914. According to Shcherbatov's plan, the building was to house a Museum of private collections intended for the exhibition of private collections. The apartments Shcherbatov often gathered famous Moscow writers and artists, including A. N. Tolstoy and V. A. Serov.
After the October revolution, the apartments in the former apartment house of Shcherbatov were transferred to the workers of the "trekhgornaya manufactory". On November 8, 1921, an outpatient clinic was opened in the building (now 2nd Central clinic of the Ministry of defence). In 1991, the clinic moved from the building on the street of Academician Skryabin, 3. Now in the house are some residential apartments and offices.
Аrchitecture
The building has a H-shape and consists of three volumes. In its composition, it looks like a typical Moscow city estate. The central part has five floors and is located in the depth of the front yard. Three-storey side wings extend to the street. In the apartment house there were 28 eight-room apartments intended for rent. On the last two floors of the Central building housed apartments S. A. Shcherbatov.
The side wings are decorated with four large order pilasters with entablature, above which is a semicircular window. The Central building stands out for its rich decoration, especially the last two floors with Shuvalov apartments. They are marked with Corinthian colonnade with projecting porticoes on both sides, decorated with bas-reliefs and sculpture. The corners of the Central building are rounded, which gives it a special expressiveness.
In the front yard, originally separated from the street bars, were planted luxury flower beds. Housed in the back yard with a stables and a garage.
References
Category:Cultural heritage monuments in Moscow
Category:1913 establishments
Category:Arbat District
Category:Residential buildings in Moscow |
Xerox CEO: 'If You Don't Transform, You're Stuck'
Xerox CEO Ursula Burns began her career with the company in 1980 as a summer intern. In 2009, she became the first African-American woman to lead a Fortune 500 company.
J. Scott Applewhite
/ AP
Listen
Listening...
/
Originally published on May 23, 2012 5:14 am
Xerox is one of America's most venerable companies. Founded in 1906, its name is virtually synonymous with "photocopy."
But in recent years, in an era of email and paperless offices, Xerox has struggled to stay relevant. Today, the company is trying to turn itself around and thrive in the digital age.
Leading Xerox through that transformation is Ursula Burns, a woman who has undergone tremendous change in her own life. Burns, 53, grew up in New York City's Lower East Side, an area she has described as a tough, drug-infested ghetto.
Burns began her career at Xerox in 1980 as an intern, after completing her Master's degree in mechanical engineering. She rose through the ranks to become the company's CEO — and the first African-American woman to lead a Fortune 500 company — at a time when less than 20 percent of corporate executives are female.
Burns talks with NPR's Renee Montagne about her journey from young engineer to CEO and her efforts to transform Xerox from a manufacturing icon into a thriving international services provider.
Interview Highlights
On why she has stayed with Xerox
"I didn't think, when I walked into the company, that I would be the CEO. I did expect to be successful, though. My mother raised us to think that if we worked hard, and if we put our end of the bargain in, it would work out OK for us. And I loved the place, they seemed to like me well enough, so a marriage was formed, and I've been there ever since. ...
"What I found there was an organization that accepted me for whom I was. They actually tried to round out some edges — which I think they did a reasonably good job at — without taking away the person that they hired."
On being young, black and female in corporate America
"Race and gender definitely came up occasionally in my life at work. But the bigger challenge that I had was age. I took roles earlier in my career than people expected, and so a lot of what I got was, 'Do you actually know enough to do this?' I was always a little bit younger and I got a lot of pushback for that. I think that was a big issue for me. ...
"As you move up — as you engage more and more people in the company and take on broader roles — this idea of quote-unquote "looking the part" becomes more and more of a challenge when you don't look the part.
"But there's nothing I can do, or wanted to do, about being a black female — I kind of like both of those things. So at the end of the day, the people who were around me had to do a little bit more adjusting than I did. ... And if you're faced with people who can't deal with it, there's not much I can do.
"Now, I got beat up for doing bad things or not moving fast enough, but never for trying stuff or for being a woman or for being black. It's just not a part of the way that we operated."
On the growing number of services Xerox provides
"A lot of people enjoy the benefit of E-ZPass, which means when you go through a toll, you don't have to stop and put cash into those things. ... Xerox manages the infrastructure of E-ZPass for a large number of states. ... So when you say E-ZPass, or get some bill from E-ZPass, or call and ask a question, you're talking to a Xerox person. We manage that infrastructure.
"If you get a ticket for running a red light in certain states ... Xerox actually provides the installation and management of the camera systems [and] the back-office system to assure that we're sending the ticket to the right place. ...
"If you live in the state of California and you have anything to do with Medicaid, the entire communication — the statement of benefits and the locking together of the services provided and the payments that you got — is done by Xerox Corporation."
On the imperative to transform
"The world is changing. We all know this. And as that world changes, if you don't transform your company, you're stuck. Even if you could figure out a way to be profitable and reasonably successful, I think you would be under-using your assets if you don't figure out a way to become more relevant as the world transforms and evolves ...
"When we started, our mission was to automate work processes. We became so good at this one ... business process that we didn't think about all the rest of them that were out there. So as the market started to change, and as customers said 'Can you do more for us?' they also said, 'You're already engaged here — why don't you get engaged with the ... benefit forms? Why don't you generate the things?' ...
"So I think [the shift to providing services] was a really easy transformation ... because we didn't have to go from making food to making airplanes. It was pretty close — it was in our neighborhood."
On an international corporation's responsibility to American workers
"I think that Xerox, as an American company, has a responsibility to have jobs in the U.S. But we also have a huge business in the U.K.; I have a responsibility to have jobs in the U.K. I have a growing business in India; I have a responsibility to have jobs in India. I have a big business in Russia. ... So, I don't look at is as myopically or as single-focused as providing jobs in the U.S. only.
"I think that because we are here, I will bring back jobs, we do bring back jobs, we bring jobs into the United States, as long as the U.S. can continue to be competitive. And we can. We are an innovative group of people in the United States, and we can be competitive in both cost but also in quality and ... innovativeness."
Copyright 2012 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/. |
Jerome Powell Is Between A Rock And A Hard Place
One of the major drags on the market, besides trade wars, has been uncertainty about whether the Fed will raise rates this month. Despite the verbal bravado of Federal Reserve Chairman, Jerome Powell, over how strong the U.S. economy is, he doesn’t live in a vacuum.
Powell’s borne the brunt of President Trump’s recent accusations that the Fed’s hikes are what’s hurting the stock market and threatening the economy. That lead to a media debate over whether Powell would “cave” to Trump or demonstrate that the Fed is the independent body that it’s legally designed to be, and continue with planned hikes anyway.
Powell’s recently indicated again that he planned to go ahead with another 0.25 rate hike when the Fed meets Dec. 19, which would be the fourth increase this year.
But on Nov. 28, he revealed something in his speech at the Economic Club of New York that I’ve been predicting. He dialed back talk about rate hikes. He said that rates were “just below” neutral. That contrasted sharply with his comments from Oct. 3rd when he said “We are a long way from neutral at this point.”
In other words, he’s turned dovish.
That’s a major shift in less than two months’ time. But why the change? It likely had much less to do with pressure from Trump than deteriorating economic and market conditions. Heavy market volatility was just starting to return when he his Oct. 3 comment. It’s only gotten worse since then. At some point, the wobbling in the financial markets must have gotten to him.
As the Daily Reckoning’s, Brian Maher said, single-day losses of 300, 500, 700 — 800 points — seem almost commonplace now. “The stock market is a wreck of nerves these days,” he said, “like a man walking point in a dark enemy jungle.”
There are just so many points of uncertainty and weakness brewing in the markets, both within the U.S. and the global economy overall.
During 2017, a large part of the global economy was enjoying what appeared to be a sustained period of growth. Large advanced economies like the U.S., the EU and China were bustling and many emerging-market countries were healthy.
This year, that trend has all but reversed. Uncertainty has crept into stock and bond markets, along with economies around the world. China’s economic growth has fallen to its weakest level since 2009. At home, spreads are widening on corporate credit, lots of CEO are warning about slowing growth, and we’ve seen an 8.9% decline in new home sales.
What has emerged is a growing fear that the future could be gloomier than many analysts, governments and central bank leaders anticipated. There are now two major factors that could curtail growth in the U.S.
One is the Federal Reserve itself. If the Fed were to continue raising rates too quickly, it would cause government, corporate and consumer debt payments to increase. Such a move would lead to higher deficits and defaults — and lower economic growth.
Second, while President Trump’s estimated $1.5 trillion in tax cuts have contributed to boosting U.S. GDP this year, the same impact is unlikely to carry on into next year.
Because of the economic boom and tax stimulus, companies have had a lot of cash to buy their own shares. By implementing corporate buyback programs, the private sector has been able to keep share prices high, despite increasing volatility. Unfortunately, stock buybacks alone are not enough to keep GDP rising.
Now there’s a considerable reason to believe that on the back of slower buybacks and the threat of economic bubbles, the Fed will have to reconsider their policy of hiking interest rates. Powell’s latest dovish comments were a reaction to realities like the ongoing trade war, for example, which despite the recent “truce,” is far from over.
In fact, the U.S. may have broken the truce by having Canadian police arrest Meng Wanzhou, the CFO of Huawei, which is China’s largest telecom equipment manufacturer.
Though no charges have actually been specified, U.S. officials suspect Huawei uses its smartphone technology to spy on Americans. They also have raised suspicions that the firm has violated international sanctions against Iran. Meng will likely be extradited to the U.S. to face trial unless some kind of deal can be worked out. But don’t expect China to take it lying down.
U.S. GDP is still growing and probably will into next year. But it could all come unglued after that. A previous article by economists Nouriel Roubini and Brunello Rosa lists ten reasons why 2020 could be the year of the next financial crisis. They range from the economic to the geopolitical triggers. The main four reasons are:
Trump’s trade wars “will almost certainly escalate, leading to slower growth and higher inflation” around the world.
Growth outside of the U.S. will likely slow down – especially if more countries retaliate against U.S. protectionism. In addition, China would have to slow its growth to reduce its level of “excessive leverage” in order to avoid “a hard landing.” Plus, emerging markets can get hurt by a double whammy of trade wars and dollar-strengthening.
In the event of a correction, “the risk of illiquidity and fire sales/undershooting will become more severe.” That could result in high-frequency/algorithmic trading that produces “flash crashes” which could hurt exchange-traded and dedicated credit funds.
When you add it all up, it means that rather than moving forward with the forecasted hike this December and four in 2019, the Fed will hike less. Last Thursday provided a powerful clue about the Fed’s likely direction.
After plunging 800 points Tuesday, markets were sinking like a rock again Thursday, mostly on the trade war news mentioned earlier. But late in the day it all turned around after The Wall Street Journal reported the Fed is mulling whether to “signal a new wait-and-see mentality” on interest rates at their upcoming meeting in less than two weeks.
Thursday’s rally only reinforced how much the stock still depends on the Fed. The fact is that markets remain addicted to low interest rates and central bank credit. But that just keeps the Fed trapped in a catch-22.
It wants to “normalize” rates as much as possible after years of heavy support to the markets, but it’s now seeing how markets react without that support.
The Fed can tolerate weakness in the stock market, but it fears a complete collapse, which is a very real possibility. So Jerome Powell is between a rock and a hard place. Keep the bubble going, which only prolongs the day of reckoning and makes it worse, or withdraw support and risk a crash.
For now, he’s more worried about a crash. The Fed is realizing that economic growth is slowing and that raising rates too much, too quickly, could spook the markets at a critical time and cause a recession.
That’s why you should expect more dovishness to come from the FOMC meeting on Dec. 18-19, which will lift markets into year-end. You can also expect the Fed to proceed very cautiously next year.
The Daily Reckoning
You May Also Be Interested In:
About Nomi Prins:
Nomi Prins is an American author, journalist, and public speaker. She has worked as a managing director at Goldman-Sachs and as a Senior Managing Director at Bear Stearns, as well as a senior strategist at Lehman Brothers and analyst at the Chase Manhattan Bank. Prins is known for her book All the Presidents’ Bankers in which she explores over a century of close relationships between the 19 Presidents from Teddy Roosevelt through Barack Obama and the key bankers of their day based on original archival documents. Prins also received recognition for her whistleblower book, It Takes a Pillage: Behind the Bonuses, Bailouts, and Backroom Deals from Washington to Wall Street, for her views on theU.S. economy, for her published spending figures on federal programs and initiatives related to the 2008 bailout, and for her advocacy for the reinstatement of the Glass–Steagall Act and regulatory reform of the financial industry. |
The Loire Valley is, of course celebrated for its châteaux. The banks of the river, and its tributaries the Cher and the Indre, are home to the finest examples of the castle builder's art; from the medieval fortresses of Amboise and Angers, through the renaissance masterpieces of Chenonceaux and Chambord to the fabulous gardens of Villandry.
The attractions of the region are not limited to stone and mortar. The riverbanks are lined with the vineyards of many fine wine domaines; sparkling Saumur, reds from Bourgueil and Chinon, Anjou rosés and Touraine whites.
The cuisine of the region makes use of the local specialties such as its many cheeses, the mushrooms of which the area is a major producer, and river fish like salmon and pike. Our routes take in all of the major châteaux; we also visit other attractions including Leonardo da Vinci's home and studios at Clos Lucé near Amboise, and 'troglodyte' houses carved out of the soft 'tufa' rock along the banks of the Loire.
The cycling is gentle, following riverbanks and meandering across country along quiet tree lined roads. This tour takes in the fabulous château of the Renaissance: Chenonceau, Chaumont, Chambord and Cheverney, the oft-overlooked medieval town of Loches, Leonardo da Vinci's manor house at Amboise, to name but a few.
The riding takes us through the ancient hunting forests of the kings, often on traffic-free well surfaced bike tracks. Along the way there is time to sample the extremely drinkable white wines of Touraine. |
Ethanol self-administration in ALKO rats: I. Effects of selection and concentration.
The ALKO Alcohol Accepting (AA) rats and Alcohol Non-Accepting (ANA) rats were used to study the relationship between ethanol preference in a two-bottle choice paradigm and oral ethanol self-administration in an operant conditioning paradigm. Ethanol served as a positive reinforcer in the preferring AA line. Under a continuous reinforcement schedule (FR 1), ethanol deliveries were consistently greater than water (vehicle) deliveries and varied as an orderly inverted U-shaped function of ethanol concentration. Conversely, in nonpreferring ANA animals, ethanol did not serve as a reinforcer. Findings obtained with the AA rats were compared with those obtained with Sprague-Dawley rats. Sprague-Dawley rats maintained higher levels of responding and greater ethanol intake, relative to AA rats, at all concentrations of ethanol tested. The data are consistent with evidence that genotype is a critical factor in determining the extent to which ethanol serves as a reinforcer. The results also suggest that ethanol preference and the maintenance of ethanol reinforced behavior under operant conditions appear to have some common mechanisms. However, since the selection for ethanol preference in AA rats apparently did not maximize the maintenance of ethanol-reinforced behavior in an operant paradigm, ethanol drinking behavior in the preference paradigm may not be completely generalizable to that observed in the operant model. |
CTG repeats associated with human genetic disease are inherently flexible.
The lengthening of tracts of CTG, CGG and GAA triplet repeats during progression of a pedigree has been associated with more than 12 human genetic diseases, including fragile X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy and Friedreich's ataxia. These repetitive sequence elements have the potential to form alternative DNA secondary structures that may contribute to their instability. The alternative DNA secondary structures may mediate errors during DNA replication, repair or recombination of the triplet repeat, leading to expansion. Here we show that DNA composed of pure CTG or CGG repeats exhibits anomalously fast mobility on polyacrylamide gels, confirming a previous observation for DNA containing CTG and CGG triplet repeats flanked by mixed sequence DNA. Moreover, we show that even short tracts of duplex CTG repeats have an unusual helix structure. CTG repeats reduce overall curvature associated with phased A-tract or GGCC curves, but alone they do not introduce curvature into DNA. The reduction in curvature of phased A-tracts by CTG repeats is similar to that afforded by an interspersed flexible region associated with a (TT).(TT) mispair. CTG-containing DNAs exhibit a rapid rate of cyclization, consistent with a flexible helix. These results suggest that tracts of (CTG).(CAG) repeats are inherently flexible. In addition, our results suggest that the unusual rapid electrophoretic mobility of CTG or CGG-containing DNA may be a consequence of an extended flexible DNA chain. |
Fish choose appropriately when and with whom to collaborate.
Collaborative abilities are integral to human society [1] and their evolutionary origins are of great interest. Chimpanzees are capable of determining appropriately when and with whom to collaborate in a rope-pull experiment [2]--the only non-human species known to possess both abilities. Chimpanzees are thought to share these abilities with humans as a result of common ancestry [2]. Here, we show that a fish--the coral trout Plectropomus leopardus--has partner-choice abilities comparable to those of chimpanzees in the context of its collaborative hunting relationship with moray eels [3]. Using experiments analogous to those performed on chimpanzees [2], but modified to be ecologically relevant to trout, we showed that trout recruit a moray collaborator more often when the situation requires it and quickly learn to choose the more effective individual collaborator. Thus, these collaborative abilities are not specific to apes and may be more closely linked to ecological need [4] than brain size or relatedness to humans. |
Q:
Pandas fromat column multiple sheets
With the following code, I manage to create excel files for each of the Country's but I am not able to format excel columns:
df=TOT.reset_index()
for n, g in df.groupby('Country'):
X = n.strip(" ")
out_path = "C:/temp/" + n.strip(" ") + ".xlsx"
C =TOTSPPerc.reset_index(level=0)[TOTSP.reset_index(level=0).Country==n].drop('Country', axis=1)
B =TOTPerc.reset_index(level=0)[TOTPerc.reset_index(level=0).Country==n].drop('Country', axis=1)
A= TOTcntPerc.drop('Country', axis=1)
writer = pd.ExcelWriter(out_path , engine='xlsxwriter')
format2 = workbook.add_format({'num_format': '0%'})
A.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="Country")
B.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="Stores")
C.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="SPs")
writer.save()
print(n)
I need to format column B:F for each of the 3 sheets for each of the created files.
A:
You can set custom format to each sheet:
for n, g in df.groupby('Country'):
print (g)
#your code
writer = pd.ExcelWriter(out_path , engine='xlsxwriter')
A.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="Country")
B.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="Stores")
C.to_excel(writer, sheet_name="SPs")
workbook = writer.book
worksheet1 = writer.sheets['Country']
worksheet2 = writer.sheets['Stores']
worksheet3 = writer.sheets['SPs']
format2 = workbook.add_format({'num_format': '0%'})
worksheet1.set_column('B:F', 18, format2)
worksheet2.set_column('B:F', 18, format2)
worksheet3.set_column('B:F', 18, format2)
writer.save()
And more dynamic solution:
for n, g in df.groupby('Country'):
print (g)
#your code
writer = pd.ExcelWriter(out_path , engine='xlsxwriter')
dfs = [A,B,C]
sheetnames = ['Country','Stores','SPs']
for i, df1 in enumerate(dfs):
df1.to_excel(writer, sheet_name=sheetnames[i])
workbook = writer.book
worksheet1 = writer.sheets[sheetnames[i]]
format2 = workbook.add_format({'num_format': '0%'})
worksheet1.set_column('B:F', 18, format2)
writer.save()
|
Raspberry Pi Bare Metal Programming with Rust - thiagopnts
https://blog.thiago.me/raspberry-pi-bare-metal-programming-with-rust/
======
jcoffland
As a long time C programmer this is not very convincing. A C program to do the
same requires far less voodoo. All you need to do is take the address of the
GPIO register then toggle the bit. No name mangling. No error handlers to
override. Don't get me wrong I know rust does have some compelling features.
It does seem odd to me that so many of what would be compiler options in C are
hard coded.
~~~
pcwalton
Point by point:
> All you need to do is take the address of the GPIO register then toggle the
> bit.
Yes, and that is unsafe. Rust makes you put that in an unsafe block, to
encourage you to build safe interfaces. This is a good thing.
> No name mangling.
The alternative to name mangling is not having a module system, with all the
fun name conflict issues that come with it. Rust made the right decision here.
> No error handlers to override.
C has no concept of a panic handler because what would be panics in C are
undefined behavior. Undefined behavior is bad for safety and understandability
of the code. Having to declare an error handler is a small price to pay.
> It does seem odd to me that so many of what would be compiler options in C
> are hard coded.
Because Rust is safe by default. That's one of its most important features.
Being more like C in the ways you mention would mean compromising that
principle.
~~~
jeffreyrogers
After having played around with Rust a bit and seeing it used in some non-
trivial applications I've grown to like it a lot, despite being an initial
skeptic. However it's aggravating that in every post about Rust which raises
valid criticisms about the language (in this case having to do with the ease
with which C allows you to do low level programming), those associated with
the Rust project leap to its defense and suggest that Rust's decisions are
right for every situation.
Just because Rust can't easily do things that C can doesn't make it a bad
language, but it does mean that, shockingly, there are somethings that Rust
isn't as well positioned for as other languages are.
Similarly, there are things that C is bad at. Both at the high level and the
low level. At the low level it hides too much of the CPU's features so for
some very low level programming you need to drop to assembly. At the high
level it has obvious deficiencies, many of which Rust addresses, but for
interfacing with the actual hardware it is tough to beat C in terms of
convenience.
~~~
pcwalton
Of those three issues, I see not sectioning off unsafe code as the only real
defensible choice when comparing C to Rust. Whether you should have to type
"unsafe" is a legitimate tradeoff; if all your code is unsafe, the unsafe
keyword adds noise.
Undefined behavior and the lack of namespacing don't fall into this category,
though. C would be a better language all around if it required that null
pointer dereference trap to an error handler (at least on hardware with an MMU
or MPU). It would also be a better language if it had a module system.
Not every engineering decision is a tradeoff. Sometimes certain decisions are
just better all around. I think that modules and error handlers fall into this
category.
~~~
mpweiher
> Not every engineering decision is a tradeoff.
Scratch the "not". For example, if I have a small-enough code-base, a module-
system, is not worth it, unless it has zero cost. Or if the module system
doesn't fit my needs, it will often be easier to create what I need if I don't
have to work around what is there. Same with error handlers.
_Every_ engineering decision is a tradeoff, though you may be in a space
where the tradeoffs obviously point in one direction.
~~~
pcwalton
A module system is always worth it because every program needs to use library
functions. Even if you think you don't, LLVM will generate calls to library
functions for ordinary code; for example, if you move structures around on the
stack, LLVM might just decide to call memcpy(), even if you didn't ever import
string.h. (Checking your code after the fact to verify there are no library
calls doesn't get around this because a new version of the compiler might add
a library call where there wasn't one before.) Now you want some mechanism to
isolate your code's names from the library's names. That's a module system.
~~~
nitrogen
Does bare metal Rust also use memcpy() or other library functions? If so, how
are those linked into the final binary?
~~~
steveklabnik
Yes, LLVM will assume three or four functions exist regardless. The rlibc
crate provides a Rust implementation of them, so you just add it and you're
done.
[https://github.com/alexcrichton/rlibc](https://github.com/alexcrichton/rlibc)
------
notabot
As a C programmer who fiddles with low level stuff I wonder why people get
exciting about such trivial thing.
Don't get me wrong. Rust is an interesting language. The thing described in
this post is well within its capability, i.e. IMO there isn't really anything
that worths bragging about. Such trivial thing neither demonstrates the real
potential of Rust, nor answers important questions from real world engineering
perspective.
I'm all for having better tool to write low level stuff. I have dabbled with
Rust and the experience was eye-opening. I think Rust still have a lot to
catch up though.
~~~
rdc12
Has hello world ever been exciting, it is only really a building point. You
can't do anything intersting until you know the basics, of building and
flashing the board.
The question is what does Rust have to offer as your embedded program grows.
~~~
notabot
> Has hello world ever been exciting
The HN upvote says otherwise. :-)
But I guess had there been an HN-equivalent in assembly age people would get
excited about C, too.
> The question is what does Rust have to offer as your embedded program grows.
Exactly.
We are aware of the good, bad and ugly bits of C. The industry has built
extensive tooling around it. Rust has a long way to go. I certainly wish to
see more pioneering projects from Rust.
------
Aeolos
I have the perfect project for this! Generate a signal using the GPIO ports to
drive a mirror and camera in a synchronized fashion.
Does anyone know if the RPi GPIOs can be driven at around 80KHz? I've seen
reports that this is possible, but that the USB or video driver tends to lock
the CPU for long times, messing with timings - but hopefully running on bare
metal would take care of that.
~~~
jcoffland
You could do this with much less than an RPi. I would recommend using an AVR
or better yet a 555 timer if all you need is an 80KHz signal. Let me know if
you want help with this I'm looking for projects like this or something much
more complicated.
~~~
IshKebab
I wouldn't recommend an AVR. That is outdated technology. Even Atmel mostly
makes ARM microcontrollers now (and they are much nicer than their AVR ones).
~~~
niccl
horses for courses. If you want a small microcontroller that has a very simple
IO model then avr is great, and if you use something like an attiny they're
cheap as ... chips.
~~~
zokier
At small scale the price difference is pretty meaningless or even non-
existent. For example right now the cheapest AVR at quantity of 10 costs
$0.837, while cheapest ARM is $0.714.
(prices checked from digikey)
------
akerro
Is Rust the future? As a C++ (hobby), Java (full time) developer, should I
invest my time in Rust?
~~~
jacquesm
Rust, Go, Java, Scala, Clojure, Javascript... (leaving out quite a few other
choices for brevity). They say choice is a good thing but too much choice is
actually really annoying and fragments the community across a very large
number of ecosystems.
~~~
akerro
I can't stand JS and Go syntax, I tried a few times... This is the worst thing
that happened to humanity after in XXI century. I feel more comfortable with
Prolog than with JS.
~~~
jacquesm
In a way Go is a step backwards from C towards Pascal. Since a number of
people that had extensive C experience and were in fact present at the birth
of the C language made that decision I figure they are doing it for a good
reason.
I can read Go easily enough, I haven't done any major writing in it (yet),
other than some minor work on Hugo trying to help to nail down/replicate a
bug. It was easy enough that I think I'd pick it up quite fast, the syntax
feels 'weird' to me but that's most likely just unfamiliarity.
------
akhilcacharya
Outside of C, are there any other languages or platforms that can do this? I'd
like something modern, but I haven't liked what I've seen with Rust
personally.
~~~
pjmlp
Still alive: Ada, SPARK, ATS, FreePascal, D
Controversial: Go (if someone ports the runtime to bare metal), embedded JVMs,
embedded, Swift (depending how Apple drives it), .NET Native (if C# gets
missing features from System C#)
Faded away: Algol, PL/I, CPL, Mesa, Modula-2, Modula-2+, Modula-3, Oberon,
Oberon-2, Active Oberon, Component Pascal, Turbo Pascal, Forth, Sing#, System
C#
~~~
jeremyjh
I think he was asking which languages could actually be used to do this today,
without writing a new cross-compiler first.
~~~
akhilcacharya
That's exactly right. I didn't know that D would be an appropriate language
for things like this - I'll have to check it out.
~~~
pjmlp
Check some of the videos here
[http://wiki.dlang.org/Videos](http://wiki.dlang.org/Videos)
Namely "Tiny, Ubiquitous Machines Powered by D" and "x86 Bare Metal and Custom
Runtime Programming".
------
nickysielicki
I remember reading a couple months ago that bare metal using Rust was in a bad
state. If I recall correctly the outputs were prohibitively large, among other
issues.
Has that changed?
~~~
steveklabnik
The real reason that Rust isn't necessarily wonderful for bare metal is that a
lot of the things you need to do aren't stable yet.
Binary size isn't a problem, though. A lot of the threads talking about sizes
aren't doing all the stuff you need to get truly small binaries. That's
because, as this stuff is on nightly, it has much worse (or no) docs, so it's
easy to miss things.
I'm working on a little kernel, the one linked in the first line of the post,
and it's great.
------
kod
If you want to play around with the code in this post that requires nightly,
multirust makes it much more pleasant to use nightly and / or stable rust.
[https://github.com/brson/multirust](https://github.com/brson/multirust)
------
s986s
Very cool! Rust has been impressing me alot these past few months.
------
Animats
Very nice. A few more months and that should be stable.
------
kalimatas
Thanks for sharing!
|
Q:
Why is my background image not showing?
I have a button on my page that I'd like to apply a background image to.
When I have the following code, it doesn't apply. Can anyone explain why?
Demo: https://jsfiddle.net/p7octep1/
.form-file-upload .close {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: -13px;
right: -13px;
width: 26px;
height: 26px;
font-size: 18px;
text-align: center;
line-height: 26px;
z-index: 3;
border: 0;
background: url(http://placehold.it/26x26) 0 0 no-repeat;
}
<div class="form-file-upload">
<button type="button" class="close"></button>
</div>
A:
You've hidden your button with top:-13px, right:-13px and position:absolute properties. Position your button at the left top corner to see that background is applied:
.form-file-upload .close {
display: block;
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: 0;
width: 26px;
height: 26px;
font-size: 18px;
text-align: center;
line-height: 26px;
z-index: 3;
border: 0;
background: url("http://placehold.it/26x26") 0 0 no-repeat;
}
<div class="form-file-upload">
<button type="button" class="close"></button>
</div>
|
Q:
Django's template cannot get a list
When a list render from "view.py", template cannot get this.
This is my views.py:
class MyFavCourseView(LoginRequiredMixin, View):
def get(self, request):
course_list = []
fav_courses = UserFavorite.objects.filter(user=request.user, fav_type=1)
for fav_course in fav_courses:
course_id = fav_course.fav_id
course = Course.objects.filter(id=course_id)
course_list.append(course)
return render(request, 'usercenter-fav-course.html', {
"course_list": course_list
})
/urls.py:
url(r'^course/', include('courses.urls', namespace="course")),
/courses/urls.py:
url(r'^detail/(?P<course_id>\d+)/$', CourseDetailView.as_view(), name="course_detail"),
a link in "usercenter-fav-course.html":
{% for course in course_list %}
<div class="module1_5 box">
<a href="{% url 'course:course_detail' course.id %}">
<img width="214" height="190" src="{{ MEDIA_URL }}{{ course.image }}"/>
</a>
{% endfor %}
When enter this page, an error occured:
https://i.stack.imgur.com/PU8Vy.png
A:
You have made an oversight
course_id = fav_course.fav_id
course = Course.objects.filter(id=course_id)
course_list.append(course)
By following you have appended whole course Queryset (even if it holds 1 element it is still not that element as you use only filter) as first element of an array, which makes course.id non existent or null in template world
You should have get instead
course_id = fav_course.fav_id
# Get single course instead of filtering selection out
course = Course.objects.get(id=course_id)
course_list.append(course)
|
TO BOYCOTT OR NOT?
After the Uri attack, various attempts to isolate Pakistan have been made by Indian government but as far as banning of Pakistani artists is concerned, the government has taken its steps back.
The government on Thursday clarified that Pakistani artistes remain free to perform in the Indian entertainment industry as there is no "blanket ban" against them. The Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) reiterated that the creative space is open in India for Pakistan nationals even as Pakistan has annonced to ban Indian TV channels and radio stations with effect from October 21.
"As far as the government of India is concerned, there is certainly no blanket ban on the Pakistani artists. Due to the prevailing atmosphere, the security situation and the sentiment of local organisers, we will do so on a case-by-case basis," said Vikas Swarup, Spokesperson of the MEA. Swarup emphasised that India's policy on allowing Pakistani artistes remains unchanged and described Pakistan's planned ban on Indian TV and radio stations as, "unfortunate."
"We do not have such bans. Pakistani programmes and series can be viewed in several channels. According to me, it reflects lack of self-confidence," he said. The MEA however maintained that its policy to highlight Pakistan as a supporter of terror-tactics remains on track. On the other hand, The Cinema Owners Exhibitors Association of India (COEAI) recently said that it won't release films starring actors from Pakistan, in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Goa. There are also mixed reactions from various actors, producers, directors and artists from the Bollywood.
So, the tumultuous relation between the two countries has affected the field of art. AMIT GUPTA talks to eminent personalities belonging to cultural and literary world of Jammu to elicit their opinion. Here are the excerpts:
Ramesh Mehta: Writer and Painter
I totally endorse that Pakistani artists should be allowed to work in India. Moreover, this is the job of government to clear it. The central government has not imposed any ban on the artists but Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) has been against them in the past as well. The voices being raised against terrorism are national voices but the voices being raised against artists are not national voices. There are some liberal voices as well that should not be suppressed by radical voices. As far as banning of Indian content on Pakistani T.V. and radio is concerned, it is in retaliation to the comments of Indian producers. We cannot stop people from loving the artists.
Everyone loves to listen to Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Rahat Fateh ali Khan and other singers from Pakistan and out of your radical behavior you cannot stop people from doing so. These artists have made their goodwill in the hearts of Indians through their talent and hard work but they are being isolated in return by political voices. I still remember when Pakistani artist Shaheed Nadeem's play "Bulla" was performed in Abhinav Theatre few years back in Jammu.
It got a huge response and was appreciated as it was well portrayed. They are doing their work honestly, so they should be allowed to do so without any hindrance.
Shivdutt: FilmmakerI am of the view that art is beyond everything but it is unfortunate that it is being affected by such inhumane acts. If something like banning the artists goes on then it will create differences only. We should not personalize the things also. We are expecting Pakistani artists to condemn the attacks openly but they are also feared of the conditions prevailing back there in Pakistan. Many producers have invested their money, time and hard work in various projects with artists from other nations, so something like this may affect them severely. They had no idea that Uri attack or any such attack would take place. Moreover, it is also a loss of art and culture. Art has always been a bridge between people to connect them but it collapses, then it will only take people away from each other.Of course, nation is the first priority when something like this happens and it is unfortunate that we need to take strong steps. As an artist I really don't want this to happen but if it has crossed its limits then sadly strong steps should be taken. I believe these things are momentary and would heal with time.
Deepak Kumar: Director and PlaywrightIt is an exaggerated issue. Government must deal with it not the civil society. In my view, artists are beyond the boundaries of nations but if the government thinks that it is not in favour of the nation then it may ban it. We must think about such issues liberally. If someone likes any artist and appreciated its work then no one can stop him from doing so. People want peace irrespective of the fact that they are artists or not. Actually, art and culture spreads the message of peace. In 2005, I visited Pakistan and the people there loved to listen to Jagjeet Singh's songs and gazals. No one could stop them from doing so. If we are in bad terms with Pakistan in the present times, then other political treaties should be affected rather than art. Artists are becoming victims of politics. As far as condemning the attacks is concerned, then it is their inhumane behavior. We are not responsible for it. They will feel ashamed and regret later but we should be tolerant enough to accept them. If they are dishonest or bad to us then it doesn't mean that we should also do the same.
Prof. Hari Om: Historian
The relations between India and Pakistan have never been normal. Government of India (GOI) must have stopped any kind relations with Pakistan with immediate effect after Uri attacks. Favours like Indus water treaty and most favoured nation should not exist now. GOI's attitude towards Pakistan is disappointing and in contradiction with foreign policy of India. If any country is exporting terrorism on your soil, how can you allow any kind of trade or cultural exchange with such a nation? Though the GOI carried out surgical strikes on Pakistan yet a lot after that was needed to be done as Pakistan violated seize fire many times even after that. The whole nation is against terrorism and Pakistan is its ultimate source, so the government must respect the national sentiments but it seems that it is against the national sentiments. It is only the MNS in Maharashtra that took a stand against it and a result Producers' Guild of India also decided not to work with Pakistani artists in future.The people who are favouring the Pakistani artists don't understand the threat over India. The self respect of India is hurt. Moreover, Pakistan has also banned Indian content on its T.V. and radio stations. Their behaviour towards India has never changed. State co-ordinal principles should be followed and a strong message must be given to Pakistan. |
This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.
Body camera video released by Chino police on Friday shows an officer shooting a man apparently hiding behind a door during a search of a residence in July.
The incident, which happened at a home in the 6800 block of Rockrose Street in Chino around 4 p.m. on July 3, left 49-year-old Li Xi Wang of Fontana dead, according to the Police Department.
Officers were serving a search warrant involving a complaint about possible drug cultivation and trafficking at the location, police said.
Bodycam footage released as part of an incident video briefing shows police entering the home after knocking and announcing a warrant at least three times.
Upon opening the door, police found a woman, 53, and escorted her outside of the residence. A couple of officers questioned her outside, asking her if she spoke English and if anybody was inside the home, footage shows.
The woman is seen shaking her head. “We don’t want to hurt anybody,” one of the officers is heard telling her.
Police searched the home with their weapons up. At some point, one of them sees somebody behind a door.
“I’m gonna… Let me see your hands, dude,” one officer said before promptly firing at the man. At least one officer is heard declaring “shots fired.”
The officials rendered aid as paramedics responded to the scene. Wang was taken to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead, police said.
The woman, who was not identified in the briefing, was arrested on suspicion of cultivating marijuana and grand theft, according to authorities.
Officers determined that the pair operated “another marijuana grow house” in Fontana, and they ultimately seized a total of nearly 1,500 marijuana plants, $35,000 in cash and evidence of grand theft of more than $105,000, according to Chino police.
They did not find any weapons in the home where the shooting occurred, the Police Department said.
“It’s tragic for all parties,” police Chief Wesley Simmons said in the video briefing, saying that the department has offered its condolences to Wang’s family.
Authorities did not disclose the relationship between the woman involved and Wang.
The case, including the shooting, remains under investigation by Chino police, the San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department and the District Attorney’s Office.
34.012235 -117.688944 |
Complete mitogenome of Hemiculter leucisculus (Cyprinidae: Cultrinae).
The complete mitogenome was first determined for a minnow Hemiculter leucisculus in this study. It is 16,622 bp in length and has 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 control region. Overall nucleotide base composition is 30.4% A, 27.10% C, 17.10% G and 25.40% T. All the tRNA genes can fold into the typical clover-leaf secondary structures, except the tRNA-Ser2 which loses the dihydrouridine arm and is replaced with one 11 bp loop. The origin of light-strand replication (OL) was found between the tRNA-Asn and tRNA-Cys genes while the termination associated sequence (TAS) and the conserved sequence blocks (CSB1-3) were found in the control region. |
The Secular Coalition for American has announced the appointment of a new Executive Director to replace Sean Faircloth (who has taken up a position with the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science). She will be Edwina Rogers, who now has an interview on the SCA’s site.
Rogers is a lawyer and lobbyist who appears to have deep skills and experience in the management of national lobby organisations, as shown by her apparently successful leadership of the Patient Centered Primary Care Collaborative: the SCA states on its site that:
She has a proven track record of managing coalitions and implementing nation-wide strategies. In her most recent roll [sic] as Executive Director of the Patient Centered Primary Care Collaborative, she organized a coalition that included major employers, consumer groups, labor unions and health care providers. In this position she also planned and implemented a successful 50-state strategy.
That sounds good to me. On the face of it, we are talking about a person with high level skills in management, policy development and implementation, coordinating with allied organisations, and all that is involved in acting as the Executive Director of a national lobby group. Rogers appears to be a polished and capable professional, well suited to her new role. (You’ll find all sorts of people proposed in comment threads in the blogosphere, but I doubt that many of them possess this mix of skills and experience.)
Her appointment is already proving controversial because she has a background in policy and legal work for the Republican Party, Republican administrators, and individual Republican politicians. That does not seem to be what she has mainly done in her career – though the bio on SCA’s site (which you can download as a pdf) is a bit confusing. He main experience seems to be economic and general policy work, particularly in relation to the public health issues. Still, her past associations will doubtless taint her in some people’s eyes, and not only because they may raise a question about where her heart really lies.
As far as I’m concerned, the proof of the pudding will be in the eating. If, at this stage of her life and career, Ms Rogers wishes to put her (apparently) undoubted legal, political, managerial, and lobbying skills in the service of secularism, then good for her. We’ll see what her priorities are and how effective she is.
To be frank, she does seem to be putting a rather pollyanna-ish view of the Republican Party in her public statements so far – claiming that most in the party do not have sympathy for its theocratic tendencies in recent decades. That sounds implausible, but, really, what do we expect her to say? She’s a lobbyist: she’s not there to alienate the people she is going to be lobbying. I would expect (and recommend) that someone in her position would say such optimistic things, whether it’s their sincere personal view or not.
The bottom line for me is: Let’s give her a chance. I wish her and her new employer well – now to watch how it all works out.
Average Rating: 4.4 out of 5 based on 216 user reviews. |
The present invention relates in general to semiconductor memories and, more particularly, to a non-volatile semiconductor memory made with ferro-electric capacitors.
Semiconductor memories are used in a myriad of applications to store data for later retrieval and usage. Many applications require the memory to be non-volatile in that the data must remain valid for a long period of time even when external power is removed from the memory cell. One such application involves the use of tag memory where one or more memory cells are placed on an item, e.g. personal luggage, that does not have a power source. The tag memory on the luggage may be accessed, for example at airports and depots, to make identification as to the owner and destination. An RF signal is transmitted remotely from a reader to access the tag memory. Some of the received RF transmission signal power energizes the tag memory cell so that the data may be retrieved and transmitted back to the reader. The tag memory must be non-volatile since it remains dormant for long periods of time between accesses.
In the prior art, ferro-electric capacitors have been used as the non-volatile memory storage element. However, the number of available data accesses is limited because the ferro-electric property degrades with each memory access cycle. Most if not all ferro-electric memory structures drive the ferro-electric material completely around its hysteresis loop every time the ferro-electric memory cell is accessed. Thus, with the ferro-electric capacitors used as the non-volatile memory storage element, the continuous memory cycling leads to an unnecessary amount of polarization domain switching that also causes excessive power consumption by the ferro-electric cell and reduces the endurance and data retention time of the memory circuit.
Hence, a need exists for a non-volatile storage device that can be accessed remotely while retaining data for long periods of time. |
Friday, September 16, 2016
Sex-Related Neuroanatomical Basis of Emotion Regulation Ability - "Behavioral research has demonstrated that males have a higher capability of regulating their own and others' emotions than females; however, little is known about the sex-specific brain mechanisms involved in emotion regulation ability. In the present study, we used voxel-based morphometry to investigate the neural basis underlying emotion regulation ability in a large sample of young adults. Assessment of emotion regulation ability was performed using the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale. As expected, males significantly scored higher in emotion regulation ability than females did. More importantly, we found the sex differences in the neuroanatomical basis of emotion regulation ability. Males showed a stronger positive relation between emotion regulation ability and regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, females demonstrated a stronger positive relation between emotion regulation ability and rGMV in an anatomical cluster that extends from the left brainstem to the left hippocampus, the left amygdala and the insular cortex. The present study provides the first empirical evidence regarding the sex-linked neuroanatomical correlates of emotion regulation ability. These findings may help understand why there is a higher prevalence of affective disorders in females and maladaptive behaviors in males."This is proof that women are more emotional (and crazier) than men
Hard disk reliability examined once more: HGST rules, Seagate is alarming - "For a second year, the standout reliability leader was HGST. Now a wholly owned subsidiary of Western Digital, HGST inherited the technology and designs from Hitachi (which itself bought IBM's hard disk division). Across a range of models from 2 to 4 terabytes, the HGST models showed low failure rates; at worse, 2.3 percent failing a year. This includes some of the oldest disks among Backblaze's collection; 2TB Desktop 7K2000 models are on average 3.9 years old, but still have a failure rate of just 1.1 percent. At the opposite end of the spectrum are Seagate disks... Newer Seagate disks also show more encouraging results. Although still young, at an average age of just 0.9 years, the 4TB HDD.15 models show a reasonably low 2.6 percent failure rate. Coupled with their low price—Backblaze says that they tend to undercut HGST's disks—they've become the company's preferred hard drive model. As before, this doesn't mean that anyone with a Seagate disk is at risk of an imminent hard disk failure (though you should always have backups!). Backblaze operates disks outside of the manufacturer's specified parameters. Significantly, most consumer-grade disks aren't intended to be heavily used 24/7; they're meant to be operational for about 8 hours a day and replaced every 3 to 5 years. Most home usage environments are likely to be lower in vibration than Backblaze's 45-disk storage pods, too. In more normal conditions, the Seagates are likely to fare much better."
Islamists who preached chastity caught having sex on beach - "A pair of Islamist politicians who have advocated for chastity were caught having sex on a Moroccan beach, officials said. The lovefest between Moulay Omar Benhammad, 63, and Fatima Nejjar, 62, landed them in hot water with their Islamic Unity and Reform Movement (MUR), which is the ideological wing of the Islamic Justice and Development Party"
New York's Biggest Douchebag is Now Terrorizing Asia With His 'JewJetting' - "Whether it’s feasting on caviar and champagne in first class or staying at the most luxurious suites in Shanghai, Mumbai or Tokyo, Lee has done it all — and at little to no cost. He’s an expert in cheating the system and will always find a way to get that free upgrade."Kate Nardi has really strange facial expressions
Congenital analgesia: The agony of feeling no pain - "One of the things I'm going to have to face soon is the fact that I won't have my left leg anymore. I've had quite a bit of surgery on my left knee in the past and it's got to the point where my doctors have told me to wait until it gives out completely. Once that occurs they're just going to have to amputate."
Heben Nigatu — deadlydinos: When straight men are like “but if... - "When straight men are like “but if I share a locker room with a gay guy he might look at me!”
Okay leaving aside the fact that gay doesn’t mean attracted to you
And gay doesn’t mean “lacking in any sort of human decency or inability to prevent staring”
DOES THE THOUGHT OF SOMEONE LOOKING AT YOU IN A SEXUAL WAY, EVEN THOUGH YOU’RE NOT TRYING TO BE SEXUAL, MAKE YOU SLIGHTLY UNCOMFORTABLE MY STRAIGHT MALE FRIEND?
DOES IT
DOES
IT"Okay. I'm going into the girls' locker room
Singapore Tamil Brahmin Singles (Singapore) - Meetup - "This is a Unique Platform for all Single ladies and gentlemen from the Tamil Brahmin Community in Singapore to meet up and socialise. Who knows about the outcome?Possibilities are endless-Networking, New Friendships, Romance and more."That's exclusive
BBC World Service - The World This Week, Turkey Takes Action in Syria - "There's been a wave of anti-American sentiment from Turks towards Americans. But this is a nation well-versed in conspiracy theories. And polls show the majority of Turks somehow believe the US was somehow involved in the failed coup. The CIA somehow or the US government...
Most of what's on TV can trace its origins back to cinema or newspapers or the novel or, of course, to radio. But [the Great British] Bakeoff and its variants are pure television, which wouldn't work in another medium. TV realised that what we audience crave is to see ourselves. Or a slightly heightened and nicer version of us, with the unruly and grumpy and unattractive and just plain boring excluded at the selection stage."
BBC World Service - The World This Week, Russian warplanes use Iranian airbase - "'Putin has perhaps wrong-footed the West again'
'I think so David. I think that basing Russian warplanes in Iran tells us one more thing about Vladimir Putin. He loves being one step ahead of the West. This element of surprise. We've seen it so many times over the last few years. He loves catching the United States off-guard. Now whether that's Russia launching cruise missiles suddenly from the Caspian Sea towards Syria. Or whether it's announcing that Russia is going to be basing its warplanes in Iran. These are things that Putin can point to. Elements of surprise. And again in his world, in his mind I would imagine, this is an example of Russia catching the US off-guard and showing it's a great power'
'See that's why they make ideal friends with Iranian leaders. They love doing the same thing'"
BBC World Service - The World This Week, Germany at Crossroads over Terror Threat - "Germany may have in effect imported terror too. I spoke to a senior intelligence source here actually a few days ago and he said to me that they are investigating, his agents are investigating 100s of reports that among refugees IS has actually sent in so-called hit squads. Teams of people posing as asylum seekers to come into Germany and prepare attacks... Another concern among the security services here. They know that IS are trying to radicalise young vulnerable asylum seekers... Many of them of course have been very traumatised by what they've gone through. They're now sitting in refugee accommodation waiting for their asylum papers to be processed. They can't work. There's not much to do. So they're very very vulnerable to radicalisation... Any suggestion of a greater role of the German military on the streets is obviously problematic for Germany given the legacy of World War II and the constitutional ban on the State deploying the army... German armed soldiers haven't deployed on the streets on home soil since the Second World War. It is the ultimate taboo to reverse that. And now it's being discussed"
Is the Internet Making Us an Angrier Society?, episode #162 of Question of the Day on Earwolf - "'I've had death threats... I've had it over 2 different articles... I said no war can be justified... nobody should go to college. The one where I said no one should go to college, a Senior at Brown sent me an email with a death threat. And I actually called Brown University's security and they're like: oh he's a Senior. Do you really want to cause him trouble? He said yeah we've had a problem with him before, he threatened a librarian. Do you really want to cause this kid a problem though? He's almost about to graduate"
People Are Pissed That Matt Bomer Is Going To Play A Trans Woman - "On social media, however, it was a much different story. Almost immediately following the Monday announcement, many expressed their frustration at Hollywood’s decision to cast Bomer, who is openly gay, in a transgender role... Both Eddie Redmayne and Jared Leto came under fire from a number of LGBT rights advocates for playing trans characters in 2015’s “The Danish Girl” and 2013’s “The Dallas Buyers Club,” respectively. It should be noted that both actors received Academy Award nominations for their roles; Leto took home the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in 2014"Moral of the story: don't bother making movies about "minorities"
Comments: "So now a member of the LGBT community playing a member of the LGBT community isn't acceptable because he's not the right kind of LGBT community member? Even when things are going in the right direction, it's the wrong direction. SMH"
"Gay people have played straight people for years, and over the past couple years some straight actors have played gay people. They are called actors for a reason. It's because they are ACTING."
"Did any transgender actors actually audition for the role? Express any interest? And if they auditioned and Bomer auditioned for the part, do you automatically give it to the transgender actor even if Bomer gave the better performance?"
"If the role is for a straight person, does that mean only straight people can play that role? If only a deaf actor can play a deaf role, let's say the role is that of a teacher. Is someone with an education background more qualified to play that role? Should Laverne Cox only be considered for transgender roles?"
Social Justice Warriors Push Teen to Suicide - "Extremists of every stripe resort to indiscriminate violence, while moderates and innocent bystanders—including sympathizers to the social justice movement—are made victims based on the color of their skin or socioeconomic status... I was fully immersed in the social justice movement at the time—before I realized that it was more of a cult than an actual cause. I know how bad the culture is now, but I’d be lying if I said I didn’t get upset when people branded me a racist. And when you’re fully immersed in groupthink, the last thing you want is to be socially ostracized by your peers and disconnected from your only support network. It is a culture of fear... Phoebe Collop isn’t even the first victim of this culture of fear. In 2015, a fan artist who drew illustrations of her favorite characters in the cartoon show, Steven Universe, was bullied into attempting suicide. The artist, who went by the name Zamii, was accused by the Steven Universe and Homestuck fandoms—which are heavily immersed in social justice rhetoric—of racism, transphobia, fatphobia, ableism, and a litany of other sins. She came under fire for drawing an anime character with slightly slanted eyes and yellow skin, and again for drawing a “Native American” Fluttershy from the popular My Little Pony cartoon that was accused of being “stereotypical.” The complaints turned from a trickle into a torrent when she drew Rose Quartz, a Steven Universe character, with slightly less body fat than the official character. And the transphobia she was accused of? It’s because she called someone who identified as gender-neutral “dude.” No number of apologies on her part would get the bullying to stop. In all, over 40 Tumblr blogs and countless social media accounts were created to smear her reputation and brand her a bigot. When one of the show’s creators spoke up on her behalf, he was immediately bombarded with comments accusing him of apologia. He deleted the tweet, and Zamii found herself without any support. So she attempted suicide. Fortunately, she survived the attempt."
Sex-Related Neuroanatomical Basis of Emotion Regulation Ability - "Behavioral research has demonstrated that males have a higher capability of regulating their own and others' emotions than females; however, little is known about the sex-specific brain mechanisms involved in emotion regulation ability. In the present study, we used voxel-based morphometry to investigate the neural basis underlying emotion regulation ability in a large sample of young adults. Assessment of emotion regulation ability was performed using the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale. As expected, males significantly scored higher in emotion regulation ability than females did. More importantly, we found the sex differences in the neuroanatomical basis of emotion regulation ability. Males showed a stronger positive relation between emotion regulation ability and regional gray matter volume (rGMV) in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, females demonstrated a stronger positive relation between emotion regulation ability and rGMV in an anatomical cluster that extends from the left brainstem to the left hippocampus, the left amygdala and the insular cortex. The present study provides the first empirical evidence regarding the sex-linked neuroanatomical correlates of emotion regulation ability. These findings may help understand why there is a higher prevalence of affective disorders in females and maladaptive behaviors in males."This is proof that women are more emotional (and crazier) than men
Hard disk reliability examined once more: HGST rules, Seagate is alarming - "For a second year, the standout reliability leader was HGST. Now a wholly owned subsidiary of Western Digital, HGST inherited the technology and designs from Hitachi (which itself bought IBM's hard disk division). Across a range of models from 2 to 4 terabytes, the HGST models showed low failure rates; at worse, 2.3 percent failing a year. This includes some of the oldest disks among Backblaze's collection; 2TB Desktop 7K2000 models are on average 3.9 years old, but still have a failure rate of just 1.1 percent. At the opposite end of the spectrum are Seagate disks... Newer Seagate disks also show more encouraging results. Although still young, at an average age of just 0.9 years, the 4TB HDD.15 models show a reasonably low 2.6 percent failure rate. Coupled with their low price—Backblaze says that they tend to undercut HGST's disks—they've become the company's preferred hard drive model. As before, this doesn't mean that anyone with a Seagate disk is at risk of an imminent hard disk failure (though you should always have backups!). Backblaze operates disks outside of the manufacturer's specified parameters. Significantly, most consumer-grade disks aren't intended to be heavily used 24/7; they're meant to be operational for about 8 hours a day and replaced every 3 to 5 years. Most home usage environments are likely to be lower in vibration than Backblaze's 45-disk storage pods, too. In more normal conditions, the Seagates are likely to fare much better."
Islamists who preached chastity caught having sex on beach - "A pair of Islamist politicians who have advocated for chastity were caught having sex on a Moroccan beach, officials said. The lovefest between Moulay Omar Benhammad, 63, and Fatima Nejjar, 62, landed them in hot water with their Islamic Unity and Reform Movement (MUR), which is the ideological wing of the Islamic Justice and Development Party"
New York's Biggest Douchebag is Now Terrorizing Asia With His 'JewJetting' - "Whether it’s feasting on caviar and champagne in first class or staying at the most luxurious suites in Shanghai, Mumbai or Tokyo, Lee has done it all — and at little to no cost. He’s an expert in cheating the system and will always find a way to get that free upgrade."Kate Nardi has really strange facial expressions
Congenital analgesia: The agony of feeling no pain - "One of the things I'm going to have to face soon is the fact that I won't have my left leg anymore. I've had quite a bit of surgery on my left knee in the past and it's got to the point where my doctors have told me to wait until it gives out completely. Once that occurs they're just going to have to amputate."
Heben Nigatu — deadlydinos: When straight men are like “but if... - "When straight men are like “but if I share a locker room with a gay guy he might look at me!”
Okay leaving aside the fact that gay doesn’t mean attracted to you
And gay doesn’t mean “lacking in any sort of human decency or inability to prevent staring”
DOES THE THOUGHT OF SOMEONE LOOKING AT YOU IN A SEXUAL WAY, EVEN THOUGH YOU’RE NOT TRYING TO BE SEXUAL, MAKE YOU SLIGHTLY UNCOMFORTABLE MY STRAIGHT MALE FRIEND?
DOES IT
DOES
IT"Okay. I'm going into the girls' locker room
Singapore Tamil Brahmin Singles (Singapore) - Meetup - "This is a Unique Platform for all Single ladies and gentlemen from the Tamil Brahmin Community in Singapore to meet up and socialise. Who knows about the outcome?Possibilities are endless-Networking, New Friendships, Romance and more."That's exclusive
BBC World Service - The World This Week, Turkey Takes Action in Syria - "There's been a wave of anti-American sentiment from Turks towards Americans. But this is a nation well-versed in conspiracy theories. And polls show the majority of Turks somehow believe the US was somehow involved in the failed coup. The CIA somehow or the US government...
Most of what's on TV can trace its origins back to cinema or newspapers or the novel or, of course, to radio. But [the Great British] Bakeoff and its variants are pure television, which wouldn't work in another medium. TV realised that what we audience crave is to see ourselves. Or a slightly heightened and nicer version of us, with the unruly and grumpy and unattractive and just plain boring excluded at the selection stage."
BBC World Service - The World This Week, Russian warplanes use Iranian airbase - "'Putin has perhaps wrong-footed the West again'
'I think so David. I think that basing Russian warplanes in Iran tells us one more thing about Vladimir Putin. He loves being one step ahead of the West. This element of surprise. We've seen it so many times over the last few years. He loves catching the United States off-guard. Now whether that's Russia launching cruise missiles suddenly from the Caspian Sea towards Syria. Or whether it's announcing that Russia is going to be basing its warplanes in Iran. These are things that Putin can point to. Elements of surprise. And again in his world, in his mind I would imagine, this is an example of Russia catching the US off-guard and showing it's a great power'
'See that's why they make ideal friends with Iranian leaders. They love doing the same thing'"
BBC World Service - The World This Week, Germany at Crossroads over Terror Threat - "Germany may have in effect imported terror too. I spoke to a senior intelligence source here actually a few days ago and he said to me that they are investigating, his agents are investigating 100s of reports that among refugees IS has actually sent in so-called hit squads. Teams of people posing as asylum seekers to come into Germany and prepare attacks... Another concern among the security services here. They know that IS are trying to radicalise young vulnerable asylum seekers... Many of them of course have been very traumatised by what they've gone through. They're now sitting in refugee accommodation waiting for their asylum papers to be processed. They can't work. There's not much to do. So they're very very vulnerable to radicalisation... Any suggestion of a greater role of the German military on the streets is obviously problematic for Germany given the legacy of World War II and the constitutional ban on the State deploying the army... German armed soldiers haven't deployed on the streets on home soil since the Second World War. It is the ultimate taboo to reverse that. And now it's being discussed"
Is the Internet Making Us an Angrier Society?, episode #162 of Question of the Day on Earwolf - "'I've had death threats... I've had it over 2 different articles... I said no war can be justified... nobody should go to college. The one where I said no one should go to college, a Senior at Brown sent me an email with a death threat. And I actually called Brown University's security and they're like: oh he's a Senior. Do you really want to cause him trouble? He said yeah we've had a problem with him before, he threatened a librarian. Do you really want to cause this kid a problem though? He's almost about to graduate"
People Are Pissed That Matt Bomer Is Going To Play A Trans Woman - "On social media, however, it was a much different story. Almost immediately following the Monday announcement, many expressed their frustration at Hollywood’s decision to cast Bomer, who is openly gay, in a transgender role... Both Eddie Redmayne and Jared Leto came under fire from a number of LGBT rights advocates for playing trans characters in 2015’s “The Danish Girl” and 2013’s “The Dallas Buyers Club,” respectively. It should be noted that both actors received Academy Award nominations for their roles; Leto took home the Oscar for Best Supporting Actor in 2014"Moral of the story: don't bother making movies about "minorities"
Comments: "So now a member of the LGBT community playing a member of the LGBT community isn't acceptable because he's not the right kind of LGBT community member? Even when things are going in the right direction, it's the wrong direction. SMH"
"Gay people have played straight people for years, and over the past couple years some straight actors have played gay people. They are called actors for a reason. It's because they are ACTING."
"Did any transgender actors actually audition for the role? Express any interest? And if they auditioned and Bomer auditioned for the part, do you automatically give it to the transgender actor even if Bomer gave the better performance?"
"If the role is for a straight person, does that mean only straight people can play that role? If only a deaf actor can play a deaf role, let's say the role is that of a teacher. Is someone with an education background more qualified to play that role? Should Laverne Cox only be considered for transgender roles?"
Social Justice Warriors Push Teen to Suicide - "Extremists of every stripe resort to indiscriminate violence, while moderates and innocent bystanders—including sympathizers to the social justice movement—are made victims based on the color of their skin or socioeconomic status... I was fully immersed in the social justice movement at the time—before I realized that it was more of a cult than an actual cause. I know how bad the culture is now, but I’d be lying if I said I didn’t get upset when people branded me a racist. And when you’re fully immersed in groupthink, the last thing you want is to be socially ostracized by your peers and disconnected from your only support network. It is a culture of fear... Phoebe Collop isn’t even the first victim of this culture of fear. In 2015, a fan artist who drew illustrations of her favorite characters in the cartoon show, Steven Universe, was bullied into attempting suicide. The artist, who went by the name Zamii, was accused by the Steven Universe and Homestuck fandoms—which are heavily immersed in social justice rhetoric—of racism, transphobia, fatphobia, ableism, and a litany of other sins. She came under fire for drawing an anime character with slightly slanted eyes and yellow skin, and again for drawing a “Native American” Fluttershy from the popular My Little Pony cartoon that was accused of being “stereotypical.” The complaints turned from a trickle into a torrent when she drew Rose Quartz, a Steven Universe character, with slightly less body fat than the official character. And the transphobia she was accused of? It’s because she called someone who identified as gender-neutral “dude.” No number of apologies on her part would get the bullying to stop. In all, over 40 Tumblr blogs and countless social media accounts were created to smear her reputation and brand her a bigot. When one of the show’s creators spoke up on her behalf, he was immediately bombarded with comments accusing him of apologia. He deleted the tweet, and Zamii found herself without any support. So she attempted suicide. Fortunately, she survived the attempt." |
Alden March
Alden March (1795–1869) was a leading nineteenth century American physician, surgeon and medical inventor.
March grew up in Sutton, Massachusetts. His brother was army surgeon, David March. March married Joanna P. Armsby in 1824.
He received his MD from Brown University on 1820.
Career
In 1821, March taught the first anatomy course in the history of New York State. He later founded the Practical School for Anatomy and Surgery in Albany, NY, and held the first chair in surgery at Albany Medical College. Among the devices invented by March were novel methods for removing dead bone and renal calculi.
He served as President of the American Medical Association and the New York State Medical Society.
Legacy
The Alden March Bioethics Institute at Albany Medical College is named after March.
References
Kelly, Howard Atwood. A cyclopedia of American Medical Biography. Philadelphia. WB Saunders and Co. 1912.
Category:1795 births
Category:1869 deaths
Category:Physicians from New York (state)
Category:Physicians from Albany, New York
Category:Brown University alumni |
News:
We have not heard from you in a while but then again Skinwalker Ranch news has never been as active as it is now. We welcome your comments in the forum and we seek to unravel the mystery of Skinwalker Ranch. As many of you may have heard the Government has officially acknowledged the existence of a Department of Defense funded project at Skinwalker Ranch. This is only the tip of the iceberg for the near future coming news releases. Be the first to learn the latest regarding Skinwalker Ranch and the role it has played in the government's ongoing research into the UFO enigma. Updates to the website include a top 10 rank page so highlight the key players involved in research at the ranch and also a new timeline of events.
I would like to personally welcome you back to our forum and look forward to your interest and input as we collectively try to understand the mystery of Skinwalker Ranch and it's shed light on its many secrets.
Good post! Dont know what its worth, but I used to believe the orbs were human controlled or military in nature, but I'm not so sure anymore. The orbs have all but left the ranch and moved north and spanned east and west in both directions and over the ridge ways and washes.
I wonder why? I had another expierence last weekend this time was in the vermillion basin area. This time there was two of them which was a first . They seemed to be searching the ground for something. I was in a state of fear that i have not expierenced in my entire life. I literally couldnt function, I knew the camera was in my hands, i knew that i wanted to take a picture, but i couldnt even lift my arms. I was up there with a the same friend who i was with in dino, and he seems to communicate with these things without knowing it, he always gets real calm and will whisper instead of talking(like in a trance) immeadetly before we have a sighting. I dont know what to think of all this. I always try to see things from many perspectives, i think they are extremely intelligent, but i cant see any way for them to be human controlled or military. That is just my opinion though.
sounds exactly like one of my own encounters. I had the video camera in my hand and no matter how hard i tried i was so overwhelmed with fear that i could not start taping, instead i started running in an complete state of panic. I also go into a trance like medative state prior to seeing these, and oddly feel i can communicate with them prior to their arrival (but not during the encounter).
i got a question for skinwalker or hero, did/do u ever see them blinking lights fly around? they blink red/blueish and they just circle around here in the basin? what are they? they are completely silent and sometimes there will be 2-4 of them, and they sometimes fly side by side. they seem to be looking for something? thats what it seems to me anyways.
i got a question for skinwalker or hero, did/do u ever see them blinking lights fly around? they blink red/blueish and they just circle around here in the basin? what are they? they are completely silent and sometimes there will be 2-4 of them, and they sometimes fly side by side. they seem to be looking for something? thats what it seems to me anyways.
yes we both saw them flying around, yes we saw between 2-4 (one time we saw maybe 9 of them). Yes they seem to be searching for something. The ones i saw seem to be flying in formation. I agree with Hero I think they are looking for biologcal animals...humans..whatever.
2010-07-27 1981-06-27 Two animate UFOs were seen by a group of 15 individuals, who were camped in Cow Canyon , on Lake Powell .
I was a Park Ranger assigned in law enforcement at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area ( Lake Powell ). On the night of 6/29/1981 a gentleman called the Wahweap District Ranger Office and requested a Ranger meet him at the Wahweap launch ramp. A Ranger responded and took this formal Department of Interior, National Park Service, Case Incident Report. The incident was given Case Incident Number 811310.
The gentleman reported, that two nights earlier, his group of 15 individuals from Salt Lake City , Utah were camping in Cow Canyon , in the Escalante River Arm, of Lake Powell . The group were all members of the LDS Church and there was absolutely no use of alcohol, or drugs on the trip. The group had a houseboat, that was used as a base, for the trip.
NOTE: The following account is taken directly and verbatim from the National Park Service Case Incident Report Number 811310. I have used quotation marks for all information taken verbatim from the Case Incident Report. Where I have used the word "NAME" I have left out the name of the person who gave the account of the incident, to the National Park Service. I have corrected some obvious spelling errors that were in the original account and I have put in brackets ( ) information that can clarify the report, to persons reading it.
"On 06-29-81, at approximately 1715 Hrs.(5:15 p.m.), recieved a call from a visitor wanting to report a strange experience in the Escalante River . I contacted NAME at approx. 1745 Hrs.(5:45 p.m.), on the launch ramp (Wahweap launch ramp). On 06-27-81, at approximately 2230 Hrs. (10:30 p.m.), NAME and 14 other persons in his group were camped in Cow Canyon , a side canyon off the Escalante ( Escalante River arm of Lake Powell ). "Name" was about to tell the group a story of an incident his family experienced five years earlier in Explorer Canyon, which is the next canyon south of Cow Canyon, when the same experience began to happen again. A bright light, which was described to be flashing at 2-4 second intervals, was coming down the left side of the canyon in midair. It circled above the group and then flew down the right side of the canyon. The light was described to be similar to a strobe light and bright enough to light up the canyon wall. The group observed the light flying in close proximity to their campsite for approximately one and a half (1 1/2) hours. At one point it (the object) was thirty (30) feet away when group member shined a spot light on it and described what he saw as "creature-like." Further details include: "winged and larger than a bat." NAME then stated that another light appeared and seemed to flash a signal which was answered by the original light. Both lights then disappeared down the middle of the canyon. NAME stated that this experience was very similar to the one five (5) years ago in Explorer Canyon , only the light was brighter. No alcohol was consumed by any member of the group that night. Cleared 1800 Hrs. (6:00 p.m.)."
To me this is an amazing report. The individual making the report did not want his name used and wanted no publicity for himself. The length of time (i.e. 1 1/2 hrs.) that the object was observed, is in itself remarkable and I have not heard of any other report of this duration.
During the summer of 1981 the National Park Service received a number of reports, from visitors, camped on the shoreline of Lake Powell , of "giant fireflys." Several of the reports were recieved at the Carl Hayden Visitor Center ,located near Glen Canyon Dam. At first the National Park Service, staff members, thought the campers were seeing the strobe lights on the stacks of the Navajo Generating Station, southeast of Page, Arizona. These lights can be seen for miles but some of the campers were in canyon locations, where the power plant stacks could not be seen. It is possible that the sightings of "giant fireflys" were what the group of 15 saw on the night of 6/27/1981.
There was a second verbal report given to the Bullfrog District Ranger about a similar sighting to the 6/27/1981 one. The second report was not documented unfortunately but occured two, weeks after the 6/27/1981 report. The individuals who made the second report, were supposed to be on Lake Powell for a week, on a houseboat. The first night out of Bullfrog, Utah , where they rented the houseboat, they camped in Cow Canyon , the same canyon as the 6/27/1981 sighting. The second sighting was very similar to the first sighting. The second group were so disturbed by what they saw, that they returned to Bullfrog Marina, the following morning and turned in their houseboat and said "we are getting the hell out of here," after describing what had happened to them.
I have a kept a copy of the original Case Incident Report over the years because of the unusual nature of the UFOs observed. I did submit a copy of this case incident to the Aerial Phenomenon Research Organization in Tucson and they thought it was a most interesting sighting.
I just read UFO Disclosure Countdown Clock and and in the article it mentioned this site or you yourself that expressed some interest in the San Antonio "cute Orb" so I came here to see myself.. I just wanted to say that it is REAL.. and in addition to seeing and filming it myself- my husband also saw it with naked eyes as it was downstairs approx 60 ft away from us..Also while i am at it to tell u that I film Orbs here where i live and that I have had orb in bedroom that was very similar to the one in the vid that "just appeared" in front of my tv- a tv that just placed in my room to start viewing 4+ months of footage for first time that I had been filming at night after my first "sighting" almost 2 yrs ago. Also that I have had Orbs, one in particular about dime-nickel size that popped into view daytime less than foot or two away from me-- it was so cute I smiled at it and it popped back out of view.In addition I know that the Orbs come onto my porch while filming at night- flashes of light-streak of light for split second.. since reading UDCC site i have tried "calling" Orbs as well as praying for them..(praying part because thats what I do)AND- I film Orbs of all colors-shapes and sizes.. I don't begin to say i understand why except perhaps because i film sooo much practially everyday- so are orbs everwhere? I happen to believe so.. but WHY?? or Where are they from?? WHAT do they want? I am not afraid of them- but have been very frightened for a long while after 1st sighting...??After my "first sighting" I, for a long while, felt a "connection" (crazy as THAT sounds)and "communicated" or felt as if I could with "Them"..lol
I'm running on-- just really wanted to say that the video is real- believe it or not.. and I have some pics from way back when first started filming of "object- Orb" coming in thr bars at night on porch- I didn't see it only on film- but it must have been really fast as it has a corkscrew trail at back end of "it".Thank you,openureyes10
Can you please provide more context and background on your experiences and videos?For example,
1) Do you live in rural or urban setting?
2) Do you live in/or near an area that has historical or spiritual attributes (like old cemetery, native American burial ground, native American holy place, etc.)?
3) Are these orbs you see and film, seen any time and any day (randomly) or periodically on specific days/times? Do you see them at night or only daytime?
4) Are you the only person who see these orbs or do you have other eyewitnesses who also see them when you film them?
5) How close have you gotten to them?
6) What makes you feel that they are sentient?
7) How big of an area do they appear? Only around your house or around the whole neighborhood or around the whole town?
Thanks much, Tony
Tony,
I am happy to give you more information on my experiences, as strange as they are. In response to your questions:
1. I live on the NW side of San Antonio, TX in a third floor apartment. My balcony faces a large green area with an unobstructed view to the north and northwest horizon. 2. I am not aware of any historical or spiritual attributes associated with the area. However, approximately 7 miles north is Camp Bullis, which is an Air Force training center. 3. My sightings have occurred both day and night and not just restricted to my apartment complex. 4. The sightings usually occur when I am alone; however, there are three instances with witnesses.5. The closest sighting was a nickel sized white orb that appeared just outside my balcony railing, less than 2 feet away.6. This is an interesting question. There have been times that I have mentally called out to them, asking them to appear, and before the Ďcute orbí video was filmed I had been mentally asking for them to slow down so I could have clear footage. Does this mean they are aware and responded? Or is it just coincidence? I donít know. The Thanksgiving 2010 sighting, I had been mentally projecting for a craft to appear so that my daughter could witness. Several hours later we both saw a craft that hovered silently over a home adjacent to this property. 7. I have sighted unexplained objects within the green area below my balcony; within the horizon I have seen or filmed crafts, orbs, objects, rods, and strange lights; and away from the immediate area, which is several miles away.
Iíd now to share some experiences.
The first sighting was three amber spheres with six or seven small white orbs dancing around them. This was seen during the daytime. Several days later, while at Walmart, I saw a small dull, dark, rectangular box above the parking lot lights at approximately 8:30 pm. A day or two later there was a small metallic object hovering and rotating above the treetops in the green area during the afternoon. These first three sightings occurred during a time span of 7-10 days.
Shortly after, I witnessed through binoculars a brilliant white light on the NW horizon that within a few moments transformed into an airplane. It flew a short distance then stopped ejected a small object and vanished. It didnít fly away, it simply disappeared.
I observed a large grey, military like, airplane that just hung in the sky with its nose down in the approximate location of the first sighting of spheres.
These are but a few of the many, many sightings I have witnessed over the past two years. I have thousands of hours of video, which I had never listened to, but I recently discovered I had recorded audio of a womanís voice speaking. Another audio was hissing and then a third was a growl. I stopped listening. I hope this answers some of your questions but undoubtedly, it creates more.
Thank you very much, Openyoureyes10, for your thorough and prompt reply.
You are certainly a fascinating person with some extraordinary experiences.
You bring up a key question that I always had: is phenomena associated with a specific geographic location or with a person.
In the past I arrived at the following conclusion: It is not where you are but who you are with, that determines if you have a sighting.
While in this forum we are very focused on the Skinwalker Ranch location - where phenomena is repeatedly seen.I am still not convinced that it is not tied to people.For example, the phenomena at Skinwalker Ranch really increased when Terry Sherman moved it. Did he had more to do with it than the location?Likewise, Ryan Burns and Ryan Skinner had had numerous anomalous experiences (before getting involved with the Skinwalker Ranch area), but is it them that attracts it or allows them to see it or is it the location.
I don't know for sure, but this is my working hypothesis. Some people are just more aware or in tuned or open to seeing these odd phenomena.
Hopefully, the MUFON video experts or other scientific folks are examining your videos for acquiring knowledge or at least try to come up with a Hypothesis on what these orbs are and what they are not. |
New York A Film About the Sights and Sounds of New York City(2005) A Film About The Sights And Sounds Of New York City Synopsis:Take a private tour through one of the greatest cities in the world - New York City! Two native New Yorkers take you through Times Square, Little Italy, Chinatown, the Subway, Grand Central, Central Park, Museum Mile, New York Taxi Cabs, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Washington Square, the UN, the Chrysler and Empire State Buildings, the Fashion District, the Broadway Dance Center, the New York Stock Exchange, the Financial Dis... |
Research in contextEvidence before this studyBM32 is a novel vaccine for treatment of grass pollen allergy. It comprises four recombinant fusion proteins consisting of hepatitis B virus-derived PreS fused to hypoallergenic peptides from the IgE binding sites of the four major timothy grass pollen allergens Phl p 1, 2, 5 and 6. The vaccine was designed to lack allergenic activity, reduce the presence of allergen-specific T cell epitopes and, upon immunization, induce allergen-specific IgG responses. These effects have been demonstrated in preclinical studies. BM32 has been evaluated regarding safety, dosing and immunological effects in a clinical AIT trial conducted outside the grass pollen season in an exposure chamber setting. In a recent two year, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre AIT field trial, it was found that treatment with BM32 was well tolerated and reduced symptoms of grass pollen allergy. This treatment effect was found to be more pronounced in the second year of treatment.Added value of this studyOur sub-study is the first to investigate specific B cell and T cell as well as cytokine responses to the major grass pollen allergen molecules and synthetic allergen-derived peptides during the 2 years of field treatment and two seasons of natural grass pollen exposure. We found that AIT, with only few pre-seasonal injections with BM32 induced a continuously increasing allergen-specific IgG~4~ response, which could be strongly boosted with one single injection. The allergen-specific IgG~4~ response was achieved with only minor activation of allergen-specific T cell responses and allergen-specific pro-inflammatory cytokine responses were absent.Implications of all the available evidenceOur study demonstrates that BM32 is a non-inflammatory form of AIT, which builds up a continuously increasing allergen-specific IgG~4~ response (year 2 \> year1). Our immunological findings thus may explain the high safety profile of the vaccine and the higher clinical efficacy in year 2 compared to year 1 in the AIT field trial. Our findings also suggest that clinical efficacy of BM32 can be increased by applying vaccination schedules, which enhance the build-up of allergen-specific IgG~4~ responses and that clinical efficacy may further increase during prolonged treatment with only few booster injections.Alt-text: Unlabelled box
1. Introduction {#sec0004}
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Almost 30% of the population are affected by Immunoglobulin-E (IgE)-associated allergy, the most common hypersensitivity disease \[[@bib0001],[@bib0002]\]. Allergic patients suffer from a variety of allergic symptoms such as rhinoconjunctivitis (i.e., hayfever), asthma, food allergy, allergic skin inflammation and life-threatening anaphylactic shock \[[@bib0003], [@bib0004], [@bib0005]\]. The longitudinal determination of the evolution of allergen-specific IgE responses and the development of allergic symptoms in population-based birth cohorts indicates that allergy often starts in the form of a clinically silent IgE sensitization in early childhood which later in life progresses to symptoms of increasing intensity \[[@bib0006], [@bib0007]\]. While symptoms of allergy can be mitigated by anti-inflammatory drugs and biologics, only allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) seems to be able to modify the course of the disease as it was found to prevent the progression of mild forms of allergy to severe forms when given early in childhood \[[@bib0008], [@bib0009], [@bib0010], [@bib0011]\]. AIT may be considered as a therapeutic vaccination treatment which, upon administration of the disease-causing allergens, induces a protective IgG antibody response and immunological alterations in cellular immune responses towards a non-inflammatory phenotype \[[@bib0008],[@bib0012],[@bib0013]\]. The induction of allergen-specific IgG~4~ antibodies is considered as an important biomarker for clinically successful AIT as it prevents allergen-induced mast cell and basophil activation, IgE-facilitated allergen presentation to T cells and thus T cell activation and boost of IgE production upon natural allergen exposure by competing with IgE for the binding sites on the allergens \[[@bib0014],[@bib0015]\].
However, several factors limit the broad application of AIT. Current forms of AIT are based on natural allergen extracts which, due to the fact that they are made from natural allergen sources, maybe concerned by safety problems and incomplete effectiveness \[[@bib0016],[@bib0017]\]. Thus, several efforts have been made to increase safety, quality, efficacy and convenience of AIT by molecular approaches \[[@bib0018],[@bib0019]\].
The recombinant grass pollen allergy vaccine BM32 has been constructed to induce blocking IgG antibodies against the IgE binding sites of the major grass pollen allergens and thus to prevent allergen-induced mast cell and basophil degranulation, IgE-facilitated allergen presentation and consecutive T cell activation as well as rises of allergen-specific IgE production induced by natural allergen contact [@bib0020]. The vaccine contains recombinant fusion proteins composed of hypoallergenic peptides from the IgE-binding sites of the four major timothy grass pollen allergens (Phl p 1, 2, 5 and 6) and the hepatitis B virus derived PreS protein \[[@bib0021],[@bib0022]\]. The choice of these allergens for the vaccine was based on serological data confirming that most patients worldwide are sensitized to these respective allergens [@bib0023]*.* PreS was selected as a non-allergenic carrier molecule able to recruit T cell help for induction of allergen-specific blocking antibodies [@bib0024]*.* In contrast to previously developed recombinant hypoallergenic vaccines which showed only reduced IgE reactivity but maintained allergen-specific T cell epitopes, the presence of allergen-specific T cell epitopes in BM32 has been reduced to diminish side effects during AIT caused by T cell activation [@bib0025]. Immunization experiments showed that BM32 indeed induced the production of allergen-specific blocking IgG antibodies [@bib0026]. The reduced ability of the BM32 proteins to induce mast cell-mediated immediate and T cell-mediated late phase reactions was confirmed in a skin test study conducted in grass pollen allergic patients [@bib0027]. Thereafter, a safety and dose-finding study was conducted outside the grass pollen season in a pollen exposure chamber showing the safety of the vaccine [@bib0021]. This study also showed that vaccination with BM32 reduces symptoms of grass pollen allergy upon pollen exposure and demonstrated the induction of blocking allergen-specific IgG antibodies, reduced sensitivity of effector cells and the suppression of allergen-specific T cell reactivity in treated patients.
Recently, BM32 was evaluated for the first time in a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre field trial which showed that the vaccine reduces symptoms of grass pollen allergy during two years of seasonal grass pollen exposure [@bib0028]. Here we report the results of a sub-study which was conducted to analyse the immunological effects of treatment with BM32 in patients during natural grass pollen exposure over a period of two years. Specifically, allergen-specific IgE as well as IgG levels including IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ subclass measurements were performed. Furthermore, we studied allergen- as well as allergen-derived peptide-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine patterns induced by allergen stimulation in BM32 and placebo treated patients.
2. Material and methods {#sec0005}
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2.1. Sub-study design and subjects {#sec0006}
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Study subjects were participants of a multicentre, double blind, placebo controlled parallel group trial to investigate safety and efficacy of the new grass pollen vaccine BM32 (EudraCT no. 2012-000442-35, ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier NCT01538979)(28). This sub-study conducted only in the Vienna centre was dedicated to investigating the immunological effects of treatment with BM32 during two years of in-field treatment. To that aim it included blood sampling during the grass pollen season (June) of both treatment years in addition to the blood sampling of the main study in January, April, September of both treatment years and November of the first treatment year. The sub-study was approved by the Ethics committee of the Medical University of Vienna EK Nr. 1757/2012. [Fig. 1](#fig0001){ref-type="fig"} provides an overview of subject recruitment, randomization and their allocation to the treatment arms. Of the 84 patients signing informed consent, 40 were randomized. For inclusion and exclusion criteria, please refer to table S1. A report of the clinical effects of the complete study and the study protocol are available online in Niederberger et al. [@bib0028].Fig 1Sub-study population, randomisation and analysis in treatment year 1 and 2. Numbers of subjects signing informed consent, randomised into placebo, BM32-low, BM32-high treatment during first treatment year and receiving placebo and BM32-low in the second year are displayed. For in- and exclusion criteria, please refer to Table S1. Numbers of subjects who discontinued and reasons are shown.Fig 1
[Fig. 2](#fig0002){ref-type="fig"} provides a schematic overview of grass pollen exposure during the two years of treatment in the Vienna study centre as well as the time points of treatment and blood sampling for the immunological analysis reported in this study. Before the grass pollen season of the first year, 27 patients received three monthly subcutaneous injections of a mix of 20 microgram of each of the four BM32 fusion proteins adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide (i.e., BM32 low) or a mix of 40 microgram of each of the four proteins (i.e., BM32 high) before the pollen season and one booster injection in October, after the pollen season ([Figs. 1](#fig0001){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#fig0002){ref-type="fig"}). A blinded evaluation was performed by an independent data monitoring committee (IDMC) after the grass pollen season of year 1. This committee recommended to continue with the BM32 low dose in year 2, which was given in the form of three monthly pre-seasonal injections to 10 patients of the BM32 low and to 12 patients of the BM32 high group who had continued in year 2. From the 13 placebo patients receiving 3.0 mg/ml Aluminium hydroxide in a physiologic buffer containing 0.9% NaCl who had started in year one, 10 continued in year two. For this sub-study on immunological responses blood samples were obtained at five time points during treatment year 1 (January, April, June, August/September, November) and at four time points during treatment year 2 (January, April, June, August/September) ([Fig. 2](#fig0002){ref-type="fig"}).Fig 2Schematic overview of the study. Patients received three vaccinations (red arrows) before the season of each treatment year (1 and 2) and one booster vaccination in October of treatment year 1. Grass pollen counts (*y*-axes, grey bars, grains per m^3^ per day) are shown for year 1 (upper graph) and year 2 (lower graph). Time points for blood collection are shown by black arrows.Fig 2
2.2. Sub-study design and immunological characterization of patients at baseline {#sec0007}
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In this sub-study, 40 grass pollen allergic patients from the Vienna study centre undergoing treatment with the grass pollen vaccine BM32 (*n* = 27) or placebo (*n* = 13) were analysed regarding allergen-specific immunological parameters. These patients were part of a multicentre double-blind placebo-controlled phase IIb trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01538979) [@bib0028]. [Fig. 1](#fig0001){ref-type="fig"} shows that 10 of the 13 patients who had started in year 1 with the low dose of BM32, continued treatment in year 2 with the low dose and 12 of the 14 subjects who had started with the high dose in year 1 continued in year 2 with the low dose. Of the 13 patients treated with placebo in year 1, 10 subjects continued during the second year with placebo. Patients received three monthly injections before the grass pollen season of year 1 and 2 and a booster injection after the grass pollen season of year 1 in October, amounting to a total of 7 vaccinations during the two years ([Fig. 2](#fig0002){ref-type="fig"}, red arrows). The single booster injection in October of year 1 allowed us to study the influence of a single injection on immune responses. Blood samples were obtained always before the injections and approximately one month after the pre-seasonal treatment course of three injections and the single booster injection in October (i.e., November) ([Fig. 2](#fig0002){ref-type="fig"}, black arrows). In addition, blood samples were collected in June (during grass pollen season) and in September (after grass pollen season) ([Fig. 2](#fig0002){ref-type="fig"}, black arrows).
Demographic, immunological and serological data of the subjects at baseline before treatment are displayed in [Table 1](#tbl0001){ref-type="table"} indicating a balanced distribution of mean grass pollen-specific IgE and IgG levels as well as baseline allergen-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine levels in the placebo and in the treatment group.Table 1Demographic, serological and immunological characterization of the sub-study population at baseline visit. Differences between BM32-treated and placebo group are indicated. (\* = *p* \< .05 and n.s. = not significant). Baseline values for Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 5 and Phl p 6 specific IgE levels and T cell proliferation are displayed only for subjects sensitized to the relevant allergen.Table 1**Patient characteristics at baseline visitPlacebo (*n*** **=** **10)BM32 (*n*** **=** **25)SexMale**4/10 (40%)13/25 (52%)**Female**6/10 (60%)12/25 (48%)**MeanMedianRangeMeanMedianRange*p*-valueAge**27.324.821--4527.326.019--46n.s.**Proliferation (SI)**Recombinant mix-specific1.71.40.7--3.61.61.30.04--5.6n.s.Phl p 1-specific1.31.30.7--221.41.30.7--2.7n.s.Phl p 2-specific1.11.10.5--1.91.21.20.6--2.1n.s.Phl p 5-specific1.11.00.7--1.91.31.30.6--2.3n.s.Phl p 6-specific1.41.30.4--3.71.31.10.6--2.8n.s.Pre S-specific0.040.030.01--0.160.400.040.01--5.1n.s.BM32-mix specific1.41.30.7--2.21.61.50.8--3.0n.s.**Cytokines (pg/ml) in response to stimulation with a mix of Phl p 1, 2, 5, and 6**IL-179.750.212.5--213.388.257.33.3--259.3n.s.IL-258.820.98.4--368.538.918.00--245.2n.s.IL-43.63.10--7.84.13.10--13.9n.s.IL-534.734.413.2--57.733.734.07.6--66.2n.s.IL-6583.1521.0104.1--1856.9766.6630.249.0--3672.0n.s.IL-714.600--145.90.900--9.7n.s.IL-10139.87.70--1327.45.43.90--31.1n.s.IL-1254.400--537.00.100--3.27n.s.IL-13139.091.718.6--454.969.952.80--167.1n.s.IL-17103.364.811.3--342.673.755.30--271.8n.s.GCSF363.2146.763.9--1303.5354.4215.00--1534.5n.s.GMCSF47.526.18.6--197.130.724.20--117.4n.s.IFN-gamma245.8265.2110.2--387.0211.0159.824.2--468.3n.s.MCP2317.72227.2755.4--3925.82204.12146.4167.7--4023.4n.s.MIP-1738.7622.2290.2--1913.3880.1950.268.1--2260.5n.s.TNF-alpha790.8525.60--2226.01683.11217.061.0--6437.6n.s.**IgE (kUA/L)**Total206.8156.08.8--494.0195.677.910.4--1035.0n.s.Phl p 1-specific24.96.20.7--103.021.412.50.7--83.0n.s.Phl p 2-specific15.311.86.5--31.06.02.81.1--20.8n.s.Phl p 5-specific24.28.11.2--121.030.012.02.8--118.0n.s.Phl p 6-specific15.26.12.0--50.212.94.41.2--67.9n.s.**IgG (OD405nm)**Phl p 1-specific0.40.30.2--0.60.40.30.1--0.6n.s.Phl p 2-specific0.30.20.1--0.60.30.30.1--1.2n.s.Phl p 5-specific0.60.50.2--1.10.70.70.1--1.4n.s.Phl p 6-specific0.50.30.1--1.40.30.30.1--0.8n.s.**IgG^1^ (OD405nm)**Phl p 1-specific0.020.020.01--0.030.020.010--0.07n.s.Phl p 2-specific000--0.010.0100--0.11n.s.Phl p 5-specific0.030.010--0.120.070.010--0.56n.s.Phl p 6-specific0.030.010--0.11000--0.03n.s.**IgG^4^ (OD405nm)**Phl p 1-specific0.020.010--0.050.020.010--0.09n.s.Phl p 2-specific000--0.010.0100--0.05n.s.Phl p 5-specific0.030.010--0.180.060.030--0.26n.s.Phl p 6-specific000--0.02000--0.04n.s.
2.3. Assessment of IgE and IgG levels {#sec0008}
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IgE and IgG levels against grass pollen allergens Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 5 and Phl p 6 were measured by ELISA and ImmunoCAP as previously described [@bib0021]. For IgG, IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ measurements ELISA plates (Thermo Scientific Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark) were coated with 2 μg/mL of each of the grass pollen allergens rPhl p 1, 2, 5, or 6. Allergen-specific human IgG responses (total IgG, and IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ subclasses) were measured by diluting sera 1:100 for determination of the total IgG antibodies, and 1:20 for determination of IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ subclasses. Total IgG antibodies were detected with rabbit anti-Fc fragment of human IgG (1:10,000) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, ME, USA), followed by donkey anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase (HRP-coupled IgG antibodies (1:2000), (NA 934; GE Healthcare UK Limited, Chalfont St Giles, United Kingdom). Subclasses IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ were detected using mouse monoclonal anti-human IgG~1~ (clone JDC-1) and IgG~4~ (clone JDC-14) antibodies (1:1000, BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA) followed by HRP-coupled sheep anti-mouse IgG (1:2000) (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA). Colorimetric detection for all ELISAs was done with 2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (Sigma) and optical density (OD405nm-OD490nm) was measured on a Spectra-Max-spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Plate-to-plate normalization was done by a testing control serum pool with established antibody levels for the antigens on each plate. Unspecific binding of detection antibodies was excluded by performing buffer controls (i.e., omission of sera). All determinations were carried out in duplicates and results are shown as means for each sample.
Allergen-specific IgE antibody levels specific for Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 5 and Phl p 6 were quantified by ImmunoCAP technology (Thermofisher, Uppsala, Sweden).
2.4. Measurement of allergen- and peptide-specific PBMC proliferation and secretion of cytokines in cultured PBMCs {#sec0009}
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Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from patients' heparinized blood samples using Ficoll gradient (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA) and cultured as described [@bib0021]. Briefly, PBMCs were washed twice in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and re-suspended in serum-free UltraCULTURE medium (BioWhittaker, Rockland, ME, USA) supplemented with 2 mmol/ [L]{.smallcaps}-glutamine (Sigma, St Louis, MO, USA), 50 μmol/L β-mercaptoethanol (Sigma), and 0.02 g/L of gentamicin (Sigma) before culture in 96 well plates (200,000 cells/well; Nunclone; Nalgene Nunc International, Rosklide, Denmark). Cells were stimulated for one week in the absence or presence of the following antigenic stimuli: (i) mix of 0.25 µg/well of each of the four recombinant grass pollen allergens: rPhl p 1, rPhl p 2, rPhl p 5, rPhl p 6 (Biomay AG, Vienna, Austria), (ii) a mix of synthetic allergen-derived peptides (Phl p 1--5: 0.03298 µg/well; Phl p 2--4: 0.08528 µg/well; Phl p 5--1, Phl p 5--2, Phl p 5--5, Phl p 5--6: each 0.03002 µg/well; Phl p 6--1:0.07589 µg/well); Fig. S1, Table S2), (iii) a mix of 0.25 μg per well of each of the 4 BM32 fusion proteins (BM321, BM322, BM325 and BM326)(Biomay AG), (iv) each of the recombinant grass pollen allergens alone (Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 5, Phl p 6, 0.25 μg per well), (v) recombinant PreS alone (0.15 µg/well) [@bib0021] (vi) each of the synthetic allergen-derived peptides alone (Phl p 1--5: 0.03298 µg/well; Phl p 2--4: 0.08528 µg/well; Phl p 5--1, Phl p 5--2, Phl p 5--5, Phl p 5--6: each 0.03002 µg/well; Phl p 6--1:0.07589 µg/well), (vii) IL-2 (4 U/well) (BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA) as a positive control or (viii) medium alone as negative control.
For measurement of PBMC proliferation, 0.5 µCi of ^3^H thymidine (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA) were added to cultures 16 h before harvesting and counts per minutes (cpm) were measured upon harvesting. The stimulation index (SI) was calculated as follows: cpm (stimulated cells)/cpm (unstimulated cells). Experiments were performed in triplicates. For measurement of cytokines, supernatants were collected from PBMC cultures, which had been prepared identically to the proliferations after one week of culture and frozen at −80 °C until measurements were performed. Supernatants of triplicates were pooled and measured with a human Bio-Plex ProTM Th1/Th2 17-plex immunoassay (Bio-Rad Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. The levels for the following cytokines, i.e., IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, GMCSF, GCSF, MIP, MCP, IFN-γ, TNF-α, were measured using a Luminex 100 System (Luminex Corp., Austin, TX, USA) [@bib0029].
2.5. Flow cytometry for levels of CD23 and FcεRI {#sec0010}
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PBMCs were isolated using Ficoll gradient and washed twice in PBS. Thereafter, cells were blocked using PBS 1% v/v bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma) and 10% v/v mouse serum (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 20 min on ice. After washing, cells were incubated with antibodies or isotype controls for 20 min on ice in PBS 1% v/v BSA. The following antibodies (all Thermo Fisher Scientific) were used: anti-CD23PE (clone EBVCS2), anti-CD19 APC (clone HIB 19), anti-CD27 PECy7 (clone O323), anti-CD123 FITC (clone 6H6), anti-FcεRI PE (clone AER-37), anti-CCR3 APC (clone 5E8-49-B4), viability dye e780 or respective isotype controls. After washing, cells were re-suspended in PBS 1% v/v BSA and samples were acquired using a BD FACS Canto II (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA, USA). Quantibrite beads (BD Bioscience) were used for quantification of the numbers of molecules of CD23 and FcεRI according to manufacturer\'s instructions and as described [@bib0030]. A minimum of 20,000 events per sample (samples in triplicates) were recorded. Data was analysed using Flowjo Software (Treestar, Ashland, OR, USA).
2.6. Statistical analyses {#sec0011}
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The observed time trajectories of antibody levels and other parameters were visualized in terms of scatter plots with a small amount of jittering added to allow for distinction of single values. The mean trajectory was estimated for each group and is shown in the plots. To test whether the trajectories for a given antibody level or parameter are different between the treatment and control group, the null hypothesis of no mean difference was first separately tested for each time-point using an unpaired *t*-test. Subsequently, the obtained *p*-values were adjusted for multiple testing across time-points by the Holm--Sidak method. Adjusted p-values below 0.05 were considered significant. In all calculations and figures measurements below the detection limit entered the analysis with a value of zero. Detection limits of the applied assays were between 0.09 and 3.63 pg/ml. Given the small value of the detection limits compared to the overall range of observed values and given the small number of measurements below the limit, this approximation does not affect the results of the statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism version 6.00 for Windows (GraphPad Software, La Jolla California USA, [www.graphpad.com](http://www.graphpad.com){#interref0001}).
3. Results {#sec0012}
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3.1. Kinetics of allergen-specific IgG, IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ antibody responses during two years of AIT with BM32 {#sec0013}
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[Fig. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"} shows the development of IgG, IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ responses to the four major timothy grass pollen allergens, Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 5 and Phl p 6 during the two years of treatment with BM32 and placebo. The three pre-seasonal injections of BM32 given in year 1 induced an increase of IgG antibodies specific for each of the four major grass pollen allergens which was not observed for the placebo-treated subjects ([Figs. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D) and S2, left panels). This IgG response declined 5 months later (September year 1) but could be boosted with the booster injection in October and with the next pre-seasonal three injections in year 2 ([Fig. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D), and S2 left panels). We noted interesting differences regarding the kinetics of allergen-specific IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ responses ([Figs. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D) and S2, right panels). Allergen-specific IgG~1~ levels induced already after the first treatment course, were higher than allergen-specific IgG~4~ levels but dropped quicker than allergen-specific IgG~4~ responses after the first course of treatment, after the booster injection in October and even after the second course of pre-seasonal treatment ([Figs. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D) and S2, right panels). No changes of allergen-specific IgG~1~ or IgG~4~ responses were noted for the placebo group during the two years of treatment.Fig 3Allergen-specific IgG, IgG~1~, IgG~4~ levels during the two treatment years. (A) Phl p 1-, (B) Phl p 2-, (C) Phl p 5- and (D) Phl p 6-specific IgG (left graphs), IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ (right graphs) levels were measured by ELISA (Optical density levels OD~405nm~, *y*-axes) at indicated time points (*x*-axes). Lines (Placebo: red circles, BM32: blue squares) represent means with standard deviation shown. Symbols for IgG subclasses are indicated in the legends.Fig 3
3.2. Vaccination with BM32 induces a continuously increasing grass pollen allergen-specific IgG~4~ response {#sec0014}
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Allergen-specific IgG~4~ responses induced by BM32 showed a different kinetic behaviour as compared to allergen-specific IgG~1~ responses. While IgG~1~ responses rose quickly after each vaccination, IgG~4~ responses developed slower and were lower than IgG~1~ responses in year 1 ([Fig. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D) and S2, right panels). However, in contrast to IgG~1~, allergen-specific IgG~4~ responses did not drop quickly and continued to increase during treatment, especially in year 2. In fact, allergen-specific IgG~4~ levels were much higher in year 2 than in year 1 and were maintained at high levels four months after the last treatment in September of year 2 whereas IgG~1~ levels had declined ([Figs. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D) and S2, right panels).
3.3. A single booster injection of BM32 is sufficient to restore allergen-specific IgG~1~ responses and to further increase allergen-specific IgG~4~ levels {#sec0015}
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After the first course of three pre-seasonal injections given until March of year 1, the levels of allergen-specific IgG~1~ dropped markedly until September ([Figs. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D), and S2, right panels). Interestingly, the single booster injection administered in October brought allergen-specific IgG~1~ levels back to the same level which had been reached with the first course of three injections ([Figs. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D), and S2, right panels). Even more interesting, the next course of three pre-seasonal injections did not increase allergen-specific IgG~1~ much more than the single booster injection in October ([Figs. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D) and S2, right panels).
The effect of the single booster injection on allergen-specific IgG~4~ was different than that on IgG~1~. Instead of only restoring allergen-specific IgG~4~ levels, the single booster injection further increased allergen-specific IgG~4~ levels ([Figs. 3](#fig0003){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(D) and S2, right panels).
3.4. Vaccination with BM32 does not boost allergen-specific IgE levels and blunts rises of allergen-specific IgE induced by natural allergen exposure {#sec0016}
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[Fig. 4](#fig0004){ref-type="fig"} shows the IgE levels specific for the four major timothy grass pollen allergens as measured in the BM32- and placebo treated patients during the two years course of the study. In contrast to other forms of AIT (e.g., SLIT, AIT with native allergen extracts, hydrolysed allergens, allergoids or other recombinant approaches) \[[@bib0031]--[@bib0037]\], vaccination with BM32 did not induce any increases of allergen-specific IgE levels after the first course of treatment (January--April, year 1), after the booster injection (October, year 1) or after the second course of pre-seasonal injections (January--April, year 2) ([Fig. 4](#fig0004){ref-type="fig"}).Fig 4Allergen-specific IgE levels during two treatment years with BM32 or placebo in patients. (A) Phl p 1-, (B) Phl p 2-, (C) Phl p 5- and (D) Phl p 6-specific IgE levels (*y*-axes: kUA/l) are shown for the patients sensitized to the corresponding allergens at indicated time points (*x*-axes) Dots (Placebo: red circles, BM32: blue squares) represent individual patients and lines represent the means. Differences between BM32-treated and placebo group are indicated. (\* = *p* \< .05 and n.s. = not significant).Fig 4
Natural respiratory allergen exposure induces rises of systemic allergen-specific IgE antibodies \[[@bib0038],[@bib0039]\]. Accordingly we found increases of allergen-specific IgE levels after the first and much more pronounced after the second pollen season (i.e., comparing allergen-specific IgE levels in April versus September) in the placebo group whereas these were partially blunted in the BM32 group ([Fig. 4](#fig0004){ref-type="fig"}).
3.5. Vaccination with BM32 does not induce relevant boosts of T cell responses against native grass pollen allergens {#sec0017}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lymphoproliferative responses to different antigens in BM32- and placebo-treated patients were determined. First, we studied responses to a mix of the BM32 fusion proteins used for treatment which consisted of hepatitis B-derived PreS and attached grass pollen allergen-derived peptides. BM32- but not placebo-treated patients showed increases of lymphoproliferative responses after vaccination ([Fig. 5](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}(A)). Basically no relevant lymphoproliferative responses or increases of responses to hepatitis B-derived PreS alone were observed in the BM32 and placebo-treated patients ([Fig. 5](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}(B)). This is in agreement with data from earlier studies indicating that *in vitro*T cell responses to certain HBV antigens in HBV-vaccinated persons are low [@bib0040]. Furthermore it has been found that PreS fusion proteins induce the production of the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 in PBMC cultures from allergic patients [@bib0041]. We also tested a mix comprising the isolated unfolded allergen-derived synthetic peptides which had been part of the BM32 fusion proteins and found markedly increased lymphoproliferative responses against the peptide mix in the BM32 but not in the placebo-treated patients ([Fig. 5](#fig0005){ref-type="fig"}(C)). Interestingly, when we stimulated patients' PBMCs with a mix of folded, native and wildtype-like allergen, we did not find significant differences regarding allergen-specific lymphoproliferative responses after vaccination between BM32- and placebo-treated patients. A detailed analysis of the lymphoproliferative responses to the individual allergen-derived synthetic peptides and allergens revealed that mainly Phl p 5-derived peptides and the Phl p 6-derived peptide (Phl p 6_1), which is structurally related to one of the Phl p 5-derived peptides (i.e., Phl p 5_x: P2) (Fig. S1, Table S2) contribute to allergen-specific lymphoproliferative responses (Fig. S3).Fig. 5Development of peptide- and allergen-specific T cell proliferation in patients during two years of treatment with BM32 or placebo. (A--D) Proliferation of patients PBMCs (*x*-axes: stimulation indices, SIs) in response to (A) a mix of the four BM32 fusion proteins (BM32 mix), (B) PreS alone, (C) a mix of Phl p 1_5, 2_4, 5_x, 6_1 peptides or (D) a mix of recombinant Phl p 1, 2, 5, 6 allergens. Dots (Placebo: red circles, BM32: blue squares) represent results from individual patients and lines represent the means. Differences between BM32-treated and placebo group are indicated. (\* = *p* \< .05 and n.s. = not significant).Fig 5
3.6. Vaccination with BM32 does not induce relevant boosts of allergen-specific cytokine responses {#sec0018}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To further elucidate the effect of BM32 on allergen-specific T cell responses, we analysed the supernatants of PBMC cultures stimulated with a mix of the four major timothy grass pollen allergens, Phl p 1, 2, 5 and 6 for secretion of cytokines. Importantly, vaccination with BM32 did not induce relevant boosts of Th2, Th1 or other pro-inflammatory allergen-specific cytokine responses ([Figs. 6](#fig0006){ref-type="fig"} and [7](#fig0007){ref-type="fig"}). However, also no boost of an allergen-specific IL-10 response was noted ([Fig. 6](#fig0006){ref-type="fig"}(E)).Fig 6Allergen-specific cytokine responses of cultured PBMCs from patients treated with BM32 (*n* = 25) or placebo (*n* = 10). (A--F) Shown are the levels (*y*-axes, pg/ml) of (A) IL-4, (B) IL-5 (C) IL-13, (D) IFN-γ, (E) IL-10 and (F) IL-17 produced by cultured PBMCs at different time points of the study (*x*-axes) in response to a mix of recombinant Phl p 1, 2, 5 and 6. Dots (Placebo: red circles, BM32: blue squares) represent individual patients and lines represent the means. Differences between BM32-treated and placebo group are indicated. (\* = *p* \< .05 and n.s. = not significant).Fig 6Fig 7Allergen-specific cytokine responses of cultured PBMCs from patients treated with BM32 (*n* = 25) or placebo (*n* = 10). (A--F) Shown are the levels (*y*-axes, pg/ml) of (A) IL-1, (B) IL-2, (C) IL-6, (D) IL-7, (E) IL-8, (F) IL-12, (G) GCSF, (H) GMCSF, (I) MIP-1, (J) MCP and (K) TNF-α produced by cultured PBMCs at different time points of the study (*x*-axes) in response to a mix of recombinant Phl p 1, 2, 5 and 6. Dots (Placebo: red circles, BM32: blue squares) represent individual patients and lines represent the means. Differences between BM32-treated and placebo group are indicated. (\* = *p* \< .05 and n.s. = not significant).Fig 7
In all patients, BM32- as well as placebo-treated patients, Th2 cytokines IL-4 ([Fig. 6](#fig0006){ref-type="fig"}(A)) and IL-5 ([Fig. 6](#fig0006){ref-type="fig"}(B)) showed a trend of increase towards September of the first treatment year, but there was no significant difference in IL-4 or IL-5 secretion between placebo and BM32 treated groups at any of the time points analysed. There was also no difference observed regarding levels of IL-13 ([Fig. 6](#fig0006){ref-type="fig"}(C)) or the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ ([Fig. 6](#fig0006){ref-type="fig"}(D)) between both treatment groups during the two years of treatment. Furthermore, when we investigated the levels of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 ([Fig. 6](#fig0006){ref-type="fig"} (E)) and of IL-17 ([Fig. 6](#fig0006){ref-type="fig"}(F)) again no differences were observed between BM32-treated and placebo groups. There was also no relevant difference between the treatment groups noted for the other cytokines assessed, namely IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12, GCSF, GMCSF, MIP-1, MCP, TNF-α in PBMC cultures stimulated with a mix of major allergens ([Figs. 7](#fig0007){ref-type="fig"}(A)--(K)).
3.7. Vaccination with BM32 has no strong effects on B cell subsets and expression of the high (FcεRI) and low (CD23) affinity receptor for IgE in peripheral blood {#sec0019}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finally we assessed the effect of BM32 vaccination on changes in B cell subsets as well as in expression levels of high (FcεRI) and low (CD23) affinity receptor for IgE by flow cytometry. Absolute levels of receptor expression were quantified using Quantibrite beads [@bib0030]. The percentage of B cell subsets and basophils showed no difference between BM32 and placebo treated groups (Figs. S4 A-C and S5 A). Furthermore the absolute levels of expression of low (Fig. S4 D--F) and high affinity receptor (Fig. S5 B and C) for IgE did not differ in the BM32 treated as compared to the placebo group at any of the time points assessed.
4. Discussion {#sec0020}
=============
We have previously analysed allergen-specific immune responses in grass pollen allergic subjects who had been treated with three doses of three monthly injections with the recombinant grass pollen allergy vaccine BM32 outside the grass pollen season [@bib0021]. In this previous AIT trial effects of treatment were studied by exposing subjects to grass pollen in an exposure chamber but the immunological effects of treatment with BM32 in a field study have not yet been investigated. Here we report effects of vaccination with BM32 on immune responses in grass pollen allergic subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled field study over two years of treatment and natural grass pollen exposure. The study was designed to treat patients with a course of only three monthly pre-seasonal injections of BM32 given before the pollen season of the first and second treatment year [@bib0028]. A single booster injection was given in the autumn of the first treatment year, after the pollen season, thus allowing us to determine the effects of a single injection on immune responses. We found that BM32 induced an allergen-specific IgG response consisting of an early onset but a rather short-lived allergen-specific IgG~1~ response, which was followed by a continuously increasing allergen-specific IgG~4~ response. Notably, in another sub-study allergen-specific IgG levels induced by BM32 were shown to be comparable to those induced by conventional grass pollen allergen extract-based AIT but required five times less injections during the observation period of 2 years [@bib0033]. The allergen-specific IgG~1~ response appeared quickly and returned to almost baseline levels whereas the allergen-specific IgG~4~ response continued to increase during the treatment and was higher in treatment year 2 than in year 1. The different kinetics of IgG~1~ and IgG~4~ cannot be explained by differences in half-life [@bib0042], which are actually comparable, but may be attributed to different binding to Fcγ receptor subtypes. In this respect IgG~1~ shows stronger association constants for most Fcγ receptors as compared to IgG~4~ [@bib0043]. This together with the continuing affinity maturation of IgG~4~ may explain for the continuous rise of this IgG subclass in our study.
The development of allergen-specific IgG antibodies is considered as an important surrogate marker associated with the clinical efficacy of AIT [@bib0013]. In this context it is important to note that it has been found that AIT with BM32 improved symptoms of grass pollen allergy as measured by three different parameters, i.e., first, reduction of a combined symptom medication score, second, improvement of well-being determined by visual analogue score and third, rhinoconjunctivitis-related quality of life. These effects were observed to be more pronounced in year 2 compared to year 1, in parallel with higher allergen-specific IgG~4~ levels [@bib0028]. As there were no big differences regarding cumulative pollen exposures in the evaluated peak pollen seasons in both years, the better treatment effect in year 2 as compared to year one cannot be attributed to varying pollen exposure but seems to be due to the continuously rising IgG~4~ response [@bib0028]. Based on these observations we speculate that treatment for more than two years would further increase clinical efficacy and eventually result in long-term effects. However, it is a limitation of our work that this could not be investigated in our study which was designed only for two years.
Thus this finding indicates that clinical efficacy of BM32 could be improved in the first treatment year by giving additional pre-seasonal injections in order to achieve higher IgG~4~ levels. According to results of a recent AIT trial (NCT02643641) this indeed seems to be the case (Valenta et al., unpublished). Another important notion was that a single booster injection given in October of treatment year 1 after the pollen season was sufficient to boost the allergen-specific IgG~1~ response to levels comparable to three monthly injections and to further increase allergen-specific IgG~4~ responses. This finding indicates that during prolonged treatment with BM32 eventually fewer than three injections may be sufficient to boost allergen-specific IgG production after the first treatment year. Thus there seems to be further potential for increasing efficacy and convenience of treatment with BM32 employing a more vigorous building up of IgG responses by four to five pre-seasonal injections in the first year followed eventually by only one pre-seasonal injection in further treatment years.
BM32 is also unique among other AIT forms because it did not induce any boosts of allergen-specific IgE production, which occurs with SLIT and SCIT using allergen extracts, allergoids, hydrolized allergen preparations, recombinant hypoallergens and allergen-derived long synthetic peptides [@bib0031], [@bib0032], [@bib0033], [@bib0034], [@bib0035], [@bib0036], [@bib0037]. By contrast, treatment with BM32 rather seemed to reduce boosts of allergen-specific IgE production induced by seasonal allergen exposure. While there is no evidence that boosts of IgE production by conventional allergen extract-based vaccines are a problem for therapeutic vaccination, it may represent a bottle neck for prophylactic allergy vaccination. In this context it should be noted that secondary preventive AIT has been shown to prevent the progression of mild forms of allergy (e.g., rhinoconjunctivitis) to severe forms such as asthma [@bib0010] and trials are being conducted with the goal of preventing the progression of clinically silent IgE sensitization towards symptomatic allergy \[[@bib0044],[@bib0045]\]. Moreover, one may consider using AIT also in a primary preventive setting which either may be done very early in childhood before IgE sensitization has taken place or by inducing protective allergen-specific IgG in mothers to be transmitted to their children with the goal to prevent allergic sensitization \[[@bib0046], [@bib0047], [@bib0048], [@bib0049]\]. A B cell epitope-based vaccine such as BM32 which only induces allergen-specific IgG responses without boosting or inducing IgE responses would be useful for each of these preventive AIT strategies [@bib0024].
The analysis of allergen-specific lymphoproliferative responses and cytokine responses in our study further indicates that BM32 is an AIT vaccine with a very low inflammatory potential because we observed only minor increases of allergen-induced T cell proliferation and no induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine responses as compared to placebo treatment. Increases of T cell proliferation were mainly noted for the fusion proteins containing PreS as immunological carrier and to synthetic, non-IgE-reactive allergen-derived peptides whereas the mix of the native-like allergens to which the patient is exposed in the course of natural allergen exposure was not different from that observed for placebo and only a minor induction of specific responses to the structurally related allergens Phl p 5 and Phl p 6 (Fig. S1, Table S2) was noted in treatment year 1. These findings are in agreement with the good safety profile of BM32 with regards to the occurrence of late-phase reactions. In fact, treatment with BM32 did not induce any IgE-mediated anaphylactic reactions and late-phase, T cell-mediated side effects were rare and occurred at much lower frequency than those observed for other hypoallergenic AIT vaccines \[[@bib0037],[@bib0050]\].
The results of our immunological analysis thus explain the low inflammatory potential of BM32 and provide information for refining the treatment with the goal to optimize the induction of protective allergen-specific IgG antibodies to make treatment with BM32 more effective and convenient. Furthermore, the immunological analysis indicates that BM32 may be very useful for preventive AIT.
Data sharing {#sec0021}
============
All original data, the study protocol and methods for analysis are available upon reasonable request after approval of a proposal with a signed data access agreement.
Declaration of Competing Interest
=================================
RV has received research grants from Biomay AG and Viravaxx, Vienna, Austria and serves as a consultant for these companies. He is also recipient of a Megagrant of the Government of the Russian Federation, grant No 14.W03.31.0024 (Project title: "From the immune recognition of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 towards specific diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive strategies for birch pollen-associated allergy\"). The other authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Appendix. Supplementary materials {#sec0023}
=================================
Image, application 1
This study was supported by grants F4605, F4613 and DK 1248-B13 of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). Funders did not have any role in role in study design, data collection and data analysis.
Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at [doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.006](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.11.006){#interref0002}.
|
Indio Hills
The Indio Hills are a low mountain range in the Colorado Desert, near Indio in eastern Riverside County, southern California.
Natural history
Geology
The Indio Hills are located in the Coachella Valley along the San Andreas Fault. The hills have natural springs along the fault. These support native California Fan Palm (Washingtonia filifera) oases habitats.
Parks
The Indio Hills Palms State Reserve and Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge protect sections of the Indio Hills.
See also
Indio Hills Palms
References
External links
Official Indio Hills Palms State Park website
Official Coachella Valley Preserve website
Category:Mountain ranges of the Colorado Desert
Category:Mountain ranges of Riverside County, California
Category:Indio, California
Category:Coachella Valley
Category:Hills of California
Category:Mountain ranges of Southern California |
/****************************************************************************
**
** Copyright (C) 2020 The Qt Company Ltd.
** Contact: http://www.qt.io/licensing/
**
** This file is part of the Qt Quick Controls 2 module of the Qt Toolkit.
**
** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL3$
** Commercial License Usage
** Licensees holding valid commercial Qt licenses may use this file in
** accordance with the commercial license agreement provided with the
** Software or, alternatively, in accordance with the terms contained in
** a written agreement between you and The Qt Company. For licensing terms
** and conditions see http://www.qt.io/terms-conditions. For further
** information use the contact form at http://www.qt.io/contact-us.
**
** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage
** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser
** General Public License version 3 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPLv3 included in the
** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to
** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3 requirements
** will be met: https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html.
**
** GNU General Public License Usage
** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU
** General Public License version 2.0 or later as published by the Free
** Software Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.GPL included in
** the packaging of this file. Please review the following information to
** ensure the GNU General Public License version 2.0 requirements will be
** met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html.
**
** $QT_END_LICENSE$
**
****************************************************************************/
#ifndef QSTYLE_P_H
#define QSTYLE_P_H
#include "qquickstyle.h"
#include <QtCore/private/qobject_p.h>
#include <QtGui/qguiapplication.h>
QT_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
//
// W A R N I N G
// -------------
//
// This file is not part of the Qt API. It exists for the convenience
// of qstyle_*.cpp. This header file may change from version to version
// without notice, or even be removed.
//
// We mean it.
//
// Private class
namespace QQC2 {
class QStylePrivate: public QObjectPrivate
{
Q_DECLARE_PUBLIC(QStyle)
public:
static bool useFullScreenForPopup();
mutable int layoutSpacingIndex = -1;
QStyle *proxyStyle;
};
inline QImage styleCacheImage(const QSize &size)
{
const qreal pixelRatio = qApp->devicePixelRatio();
QImage cacheImage = QImage(size * pixelRatio, QImage::Format_ARGB32_Premultiplied);
cacheImage.setDevicePixelRatio(pixelRatio);
return cacheImage;
}
inline QPixmap styleCachePixmap(const QSize &size)
{
const qreal pixelRatio = qApp->devicePixelRatio();
QPixmap cachePixmap = QPixmap(size * pixelRatio);
cachePixmap.setDevicePixelRatio(pixelRatio);
return cachePixmap;
}
#define BEGIN_STYLE_PIXMAPCACHE(a) \
QRect rect = option->rect; \
QPixmap internalPixmapCache; \
QImage imageCache; \
QPainter *p = painter; \
QString unique = QStyleHelper::uniqueName((a), option, option->rect.size()); \
int txType = painter->deviceTransform().type() | painter->worldTransform().type(); \
bool doPixmapCache = (!option->rect.isEmpty()) \
&& ((txType <= QTransform::TxTranslate) || (painter->deviceTransform().type() == QTransform::TxScale)); \
if (doPixmapCache && QPixmapCache::find(unique, &internalPixmapCache)) { \
painter->drawPixmap(option->rect.topLeft(), internalPixmapCache); \
} else { \
if (doPixmapCache) { \
rect.setRect(0, 0, option->rect.width(), option->rect.height()); \
imageCache = styleCacheImage(option->rect.size()); \
imageCache.fill(0); \
p = new QPainter(&imageCache); \
}
#define END_STYLE_PIXMAPCACHE \
if (doPixmapCache) { \
p->end(); \
delete p; \
internalPixmapCache = QPixmap::fromImage(imageCache); \
painter->drawPixmap(option->rect.topLeft(), internalPixmapCache); \
QPixmapCache::insert(unique, internalPixmapCache); \
} \
}
} // namespace QQC2
QT_END_NAMESPACE
#endif //QSTYLE_P_H
|
package s3
import (
"io/ioutil"
"regexp"
"github.com/djannot/aws-sdk-go/aws"
"github.com/djannot/aws-sdk-go/aws/awserr"
"github.com/djannot/aws-sdk-go/aws/awsutil"
"github.com/djannot/aws-sdk-go/aws/request"
)
var reBucketLocation = regexp.MustCompile(`>([^<>]+)<\/Location`)
func buildGetBucketLocation(r *request.Request) {
if r.DataFilled() {
out := r.Data.(*GetBucketLocationOutput)
b, err := ioutil.ReadAll(r.HTTPResponse.Body)
if err != nil {
r.Error = awserr.New("SerializationError", "failed reading response body", err)
return
}
match := reBucketLocation.FindSubmatch(b)
if len(match) > 1 {
loc := string(match[1])
out.LocationConstraint = &loc
}
}
}
func populateLocationConstraint(r *request.Request) {
if r.ParamsFilled() && aws.StringValue(r.Config.Region) != "us-east-1" {
in := r.Params.(*CreateBucketInput)
if in.CreateBucketConfiguration == nil {
r.Params = awsutil.CopyOf(r.Params)
in = r.Params.(*CreateBucketInput)
in.CreateBucketConfiguration = &CreateBucketConfiguration{
LocationConstraint: r.Config.Region,
}
}
}
}
|
Forsvarsspiller vinder Årets Mandlige Talent for tredje gang
Andreas ”AC” Christensen har med masser af spilletid i engelske Chelsea overbevist kollegerne om, at han igen i år er Årets Mandlige Talent i dansk fodbold.
Han er bare 21 år, men Andreas ”AC” Christensen er allerede et etableret navn i det europæiske fodboldlandskab. I to år var han udlånt fra Chelsea til Borussia Mönchengladbach, hvor det danske forsvarstalent var fast man hos tyskerne.
I sommer vendte han så retur til Chelsea, og her har han som den blot anden tidligere akademispiller i Chelsea formået at tilkæmpe sig en plads på førsteholdet, hvor han ofte er blandt manager Antonio Contes foretrukne.
Det var han også i aftenens topopgør i Premier League, hvor Andreas Christensen fik fuld spilletid i 2-2-kampen i London-derbyet mod Arsenal.
AC er med 14 landskampe ligeledes en fast del af det danske landshold, og han var senest i startopstillingen i den afgørende VM playoff-kamp på udebane mod Irland, hvor han scorede det vigtige danske reduceringsmål. Det var hans første mål for Danmark.
Som Årets Talent scorer han hattrick. Og det er første gang i historien, at en spiller tre år i træk vinder titlen som Årets Mandlige Talent i Danmark. Titlen går til den bedste spiller under 22 år, og dermed er det sidste gang, at 21-årige Andreas Christensen kan vinde prisen. Det er spillerne selv, der har stemt på Årets Mandlige Talent.
Andreas Christensen blev tidligere på ugen også stemt ind på Årets Mandlige Hold 2017. På lørdag til DR’s gallashow Sport 2017 afsløres det, hvem der bliver Årets Mandlige Fodboldspiller 2017.
De seneste fem års vindere
2016: Andreas Christensen
2015: Andreas Christensen
2014: Pierre-Emil Højbjerg
2013: Pierre-Emil Højbjerg
2012: Jores Okore
Se hele listen her >> |
<template lang="pug">
span(class="wrapper")
v-dialog(v-model="loading" persistent)
v-card(id="edit-loading")
v-card-title(primary-title) Updating
v-card-text
v-subheader.error--text(
v-if='error'
id="edit-error"
) {{error}}
v-subheader.success--text(
v-if='success'
id="edit-success"
) {{success}}
v-progress-linear(v-if='!error && !success' indeterminate)
v-card-actions
v-spacer
v-btn(v-if="error" @click='cancel' flat id="edit-close") close
v-btn(v-if="success" @click='close' flat id="edit-close") close
v-dialog(v-model='dialog' max-width="80%")
v-btn(v-if="!label" slot="activator" block icon="icon" @click="refresh")
v-icon edit
v-btn(v-if="label" slot="activator" @click="refresh") {{label}}
v-card(id="edit-form")
v-card-title(primary-title)
.headline Update: {{data.qid}}
v-card-text
v-form
schema-input(
v-if="dialog"
v-model="tmp"
:valid.sync="valid"
:schema="schema"
:pick="required"
path="edit"
)
v-expansion-panel.elevation-0
v-expansion-panel-content( style="display:block")
div( slot="header") Advanced
schema-input(
v-model="tmp"
:valid.sync="valid"
:schema="schema"
:omit="required"
path="add"
)
small *indicates required field
v-subheader.error--text(v-if='error') {{error}}
v-card-actions
v-spacer
v-btn(@click='cancel' id="edit-cancel") Cancel
v-btn(@click='update' :disabled="!valid" id="edit-submit") Update
</template>
<script>
/*
Copyright 2017-2017 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Licensed under the Amazon Software License (the "License"). You may not use this file
except in compliance with the License. A copy of the License is located at
http://aws.amazon.com/asl/
or in the "license" file accompanying this file. This file is distributed on an "AS IS"
BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, express or implied. See the
License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.
*/
var Vuex=require('vuex')
var saveAs=require('file-saver').saveAs
var Promise=require('bluebird')
var _=require('lodash')
var empty=require('./empty')
module.exports={
props:['data','label'],
data:function(){
return {
error:'',
success:'',
dialog:false,
loading:false,
opened:false,
valid:true,
tmp:{}
}
},
components:{
"schema-input":require('./input.vue').default
},
computed:{
type:function(){
return this.data.type || 'qna'
},
schema:function(){
return _.get(this,`$store.state.data.schema[${this.type}]`,{type:"object"})
},
required:function(){
return _.get(this,'schema.required',[])
}
},
methods:{
cancel:function(){
this.dialog=false
this.loading=false
},
close:function(){
this.cancel()
this.$emit('filter')
},
refresh:function(){
if(!this.opened){
this.tmp=_.merge(empty(this.schema),_.cloneDeep(this.data))
this.opened=true
}
},
update:async function(){
var self=this
if(this.valid){
self.loading=true
self.dialog=false
try{
if(self.data.qid!==self.tmp.qid){
var exists=await self.$store.dispatch('api/check',self.tmp.qid)
if(exists){
throw "Question with that ID already Exists"
}else{
await self.$store.dispatch('api/remove',self.data.qid)
}
}
var newdata = clean(_.cloneDeep(self.tmp));
delete newdata.quniqueterms;
await self.$store.dispatch('data/update',newdata)
self.$emit('update:data',_.cloneDeep(newdata))
self.success="success!"
}catch(error){
self.dialog=true
self.loading=false
console.log(error)
self.error=error
}
}
}
}
}
function clean(obj){
if(Array.isArray(obj)){
for( var i=0; i<obj.length; i++){
obj[i]=clean(obj[i])
}
var out=_.compact(obj)
return out.length ? out : null
}else if(typeof obj==="object"){
for (var key in obj){
obj[key]=clean(obj[key])
}
var out=_.pickBy(obj)
return _.keys(out).length ? out : null
}else if(obj.trim){
return obj.trim() || null
}else{
return obj
}
}
</script>
<style lang='scss' scoped>
.wrapper {
display:inline-block;
}
li {
display:flex;
}
</style>
|
SCR-245
The SCR-245 Radio was a mobile MF/HF Signal Corps Radio used by the U.S. Army before and during World War II, for short range ground communications, It was one of the first crystal controlled sets used by the Army.
Use
The SCR-245 was standardized on 10 June 1937, and used by Armored forces for command and control of tank units. It replaced the earlier SCR-189 and was used primarily in the early M2, M3 light tanks as well as the early M3 medium tanks. Their large size required them to be mounted in the tanks sponsons. It was replaced by the SCR-508 sets.
Components
BC-223 Transmitter
Modes: AM, CW.
Frequency range: 4 crystal-controlled channels, 2.0 MHz to 4.5 MHz.
RF Power output: 10 Watts.
Range: CW 45 Miles. Voice 20 Miles.
BC-312 Receiver (See BC-342)
PE-55 Dynamotor (12Volt input)
MP14 or MP37 mast base and 15 foot whip antenna.
Variants
SCR-210 Receiver only set
See also
Signal Corps Radio
SCR-197
Crystal oscillator
References
General references
TM 11-487 Electrical Communications Equipment
TM 11-227 APRIL 1944 Radio Communication Equipment (Directory)
TM 11-272
Radio to free Europe
External links
SCR List (archived) — US Army Signal Corps Museum
BC List — US Army Signal Corps Museum
Category:Amateur radio transmitters
Category:Military radio systems of the United States
Category:World War II American electronics
Category:Military electronics of the United States |
An unusual case of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia of the nose.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare benign vascular lesion that most commonly involves the ear and preauricular area. We report the case of a 38-year-old man who presented with a progressively enlarging mass of the left nasal vestibule. The lesion was diagnosed as a nasal ALHE and treated with surgical excision. There were no complications. |
Lochee United suffered another loss in the Super League, their fifteenth in twenty league games played, when they went down 1-0 at home to visitors Camelon today.
Lochee were looking to capitalize on last weekends 3-1 away win at Penicuik and secure back to back league wins, a feat not achieved this season in the league, and gain ground on Carnoustie and Armadale who saw their game called off today due to a water-logged pitch, but a single goal midway through the first half sealed the points for the visitors.
Lochee United will be aiming to build on last Saturdays 3-1 away win at Penicuik Athletic when they entertain Camelon at Thomson Park this Saturday in the Super League.
Last weekends win kept the Bluebells in direct touch with local side Carnoustie and Armadale in the relegation spots at the foot of the table, and another win would not only boost survival chances but move the Bluebells up a s...
Read More.
22/03/15 - Lochee goals available for viewing...
Lochee Uniteds much needed 3-1 away win at Penicuik Athletic in the Super League on Saturday can be viewed on YouTube by clicking on the following link below.
Lochee United travel to South West Edinburgh to face Penicuik Athletic, desperate for a win and three precious points to kick-start a climb away from the bottom of the Super League.
Following last weeks 3-2 defeat at home to Fauldhouse, the Bluebells tenth defeat in their last twelve league games, the squad know a win is just around the corner to give them a fighting chance for league survival. |
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Add Investment
Modified on: Thu, 11 Oct, 2018 at 7:29 AM
You can add an investment to your MS-10 ledger by first accessing the ledger from either the primary navigationor from the button on the dashboard or Home screen, and then by clicking the button along the bottom of the MS-10 Ledger Dashboard table.
When adding an Investment to the MS-10, it is required that you at least provide the Name of Investment and Type of Investment.
When you've entered all required and relevant investment information, click the button to save the changes made and move on to the next step in the Add Investment process, or the button to discard whichever changes had been made.
Clicking the green "Save" button will automatically direct you to the next interface in the Add Investment process.
On this page, you can add informationpertaining to the funds' Principle values, to reflect the actual cost of the acquisition or securities, its Income values, or its Principal Only values, to reflect the actual market value of the investment. This information can always been edited or updated at a later time with the "Edit Investment" option on the main ledger view.
The "Principal Only" section is considered optional. If you do not wish to report values or have not reported these values in the past, you may leave them as zero for 2018.
When you've finished entering the investment information, click the button to save the changes made, or the button to discard whichever changes had been made. Clicking "Save" will direct you back to the MS-10 Ledger page, and your new fund will be visible. |
Amy Bagshaw
Amy Louise Bagshaw (10 October 1988) is an international gymnast from Shropshire, Great Britain. She competed for the Great Britain team five times, the England team two times and was British National Champion at the age of 11. She went on to compete for Great Britain in Canada but had to retire from gymnastics in September 2005 due to an injury. A member of the 2004 Olympic training squad.
Amy trained at Park Wrekin College Gymnastics Club based in Telford, Shropshire. She was a gymnast for 12 years and was on her way to compete for a spot at the Olympics. She has written an unpublished autobiography and classes meeting Kylie Minogue and Tony Blair as amongst her achievements,
References
External links
Amy Bagshaw on Kid Kountry Site
Park Wrekin College Gymnastics Club
Amy Bagshaw and her book
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:British female artistic gymnasts |
Sen. John Kennedy John Neely KennedyMORE (R-Louisiana) declared on Wednesday that President Trump Donald John TrumpBiden on Trump's refusal to commit to peaceful transfer of power: 'What country are we in?' Romney: 'Unthinkable and unacceptable' to not commit to peaceful transition of power Two Louisville police officers shot amid Breonna Taylor grand jury protests MORE is "serious as four heart attacks and a stroke" on his promise to shut down the government if his demands for border wall funding are not met.
Trump threatened a government shutdown if he did not get the funding he wants for border security during a combative meeting with House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi Nancy PelosiHoyer: House should vote on COVID-19 aid — with or without a bipartisan deal Ruth Bader Ginsburg lies in repose at Supreme Court McCarthy threatens motion to oust Pelosi if she moves forward with impeachment MORE (D-Calif.) and Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer Chuck SchumerCruz blocks amended resolution honoring Ginsburg over language about her dying wish Senate Democrats introduce legislation to probe politicization of pandemic response Schumer interrupted during live briefing by heckler: 'Stop lying to the people' MORE (D-N.Y.) on Tuesday that was televised live.
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"Looks to me like he’s serious as four heart attacks and a stroke," Kennedy told reporters on Capitol Hill. "He’s not bluffing. If I were playing poker with him and I didn’t have the cards, I’d fold. He’s not bluffing."
"On the other hand, even if he makes concessions, Mrs. Pelosi won’t budge," Kennedy also noted. "She wants to be speaker again."
The perspective from Kennedy comes as GOP House leaders are weighing bringing short-term, stopgap funding legislation to the floor that would allocate the $5 billion Trump is requesting for a wall at the U.S. southern border.
The legislation potentially could fund the remaining unfunded federal agencies until at least January.
It is not clear if Republicans have the 218 votes needed for passage despite Trump telling Pelosi on Tuesday that he had the votes.
The prospect of passage in the Senate would also be uncertain.
The border wall and border security was a signature promise made by Trump to his supporters during the 2016 presidential campaign. |
Has Argentina a hidden agenda?
Euronews
Tension is mounting between Argentina and a European country. There is bellicose rhetoric and the risk of a trade war looming. Sounds familiar. But the country is not Britain, but Spain, Argentina’s closest ally in Europe – until now.
Is there more to it than a mere quarrel over an oil company? Host Stefan Grobe attempts to find out by talking to Laurence Allan, Latin America analyst at IHS Global Insight in London.
Also in the programme we report on growing poverty in Spain and the launch of the “new” yuan in China. |
“The bigger story is how potential MSM alliance partners reframe the incident so that they can still join forces with the party," Jeffery said in an emailed research note. “If they opt not to align with the MSM, opposition parties will have to find a way of justifying an alliance with the Ptr under Mr Ramgoolam which could be equally tricky to sell to supporters," he said, referring to the Labour party, one of Mauritius’ three main parties. It is led by former Prime Minister Navinchandra Ramgoolam. Bloomberg |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile terminal and, more particularly, to a mobile terminal available for a touch input and a control method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, terminals may be divided into a mobile terminal and stationary terminal according to whether or not terminals are movable. In addition, mobile terminals may be divided into a handheld terminal and a vehicle mount terminal according to whether or not users can directly carry it around.
As such functions become more diversified, the mobile terminal can support more complicated functions such as capturing images or video, reproducing music or video files, playing games, receiving broadcast signals, and the like. By comprehensively and collectively implementing such functions, the mobile terminal may be embodied in the form of a multimedia player or device. Efforts are ongoing to support and increase the functionality of mobile terminals. Such efforts include software and hardware improvements, as well as changes and improvements in the structural components which form the mobile terminal.
Convenience of user interfaces can be enhanced according to the position and size of objects such as an icon, a widget, a thumbnail, or the like, displayed on a screen of a terminal. To improve such user convenience, a function of editing the layout of objects based on a touch input may be provided in the terminal. |
Tech
name = "SHP_WEAPON_1_4"
description = "SHP_WEAPON_1_4_DESC"
short_description = "SHIP_WEAPON_IMPROVE_SHORT_DESC"
category = "SHIP_WEAPONS_CATEGORY"
researchcost = 10 * [[TECH_COST_MULTIPLIER]]
researchturns = 2
tags = [ "PEDIA_SR_WEAPON_TECHS" ]
prerequisites = "SHP_WEAPON_1_3"
effectsgroups =
[[WEAPON_UPGRADE_CAPACITY_EFFECTS(SR_WEAPON_1_1, 1)]]
graphic = "icons/ship_parts/mass-driver-4.png"
#include "../ship_weapons.macros"
#include "/scripting/common/base_prod.macros"
|
Robert Kiyosaki's new book "8 Lessons in Leadership" draws from his
years at the Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point and his service in
the United Sates Marine Corps. With compelling stories and examples and a
engaging way of comparing and contrasting two very different cultures
and value systems, Robert shares the challenges he faced in
transitioning to civilian life&hellipwhere chain of command and
team-over-self--once so black and white--were muddy and distorted.
"Permission to speak freely, sir?" Count on it. This is Robert
Kiyosaki--and he does just that, in the forthright and no-nonsense style
that readers have come to expect and appreciate.
From Robert's
perspective, military training shapes lives and supports
entrepreneurship. The training, discipline, and leadership skills taught
in the military can be leveraged for huge success in the civilian world
of business.
Highlights of "8 Lessons in Leadership" include
sections on Mission and Team, Discipline, Respect, Authority, Speed, the
Power of Connectivity, Leaders as Teachers, Sales and Leadership. |
The assessment proposal for long-term and short-term tolerable hygrothermal microclimatic conditions.
A group of four efficient mine rescuers 25 to 35 years old were exposed to a load of a cyclo-ergometer (stages A and B) and a hand ergometer (stage E) in a climate chamber. The total 120 min period of work was divided into four work intervals, 30 min each. There were 5-min breaks between the individual intervals. The load on the ergometer was selected in the range of 25 to 150 W, Tg=20 to 40 degrees C, rh=40 to 80% and v(a)=0.2 to 1.5 m x s(-1). The thermal resistance of the working suit was 0.65 clo at stage A, 1.07 clo at stage B and 0.81 clo at stage E. A total of 200 experiments with 50 combinations of the work and climate loads were made. The heart rate, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, body temperature, skin temperature, water loss by sweating and perspiration, dry and wet bulb air temperature, air velocity and globe temperature were measured during the experiments. The expected production of sweat (SR) and the amount of accumulated heat in the body (Qmax) were calculated for each combination of the work-climate conditions by a computing program ISO 7933:1989 as well as by our own program. Good agreement was reached between the measured and predicted SR values, calculated by the ISO program (r=0.871) as well as between the values calculated by the two programs, respectively (r=0.985). The experimental results have shown good agreement between the predicted and actually measured values of temperature of the body core as an index of short-term tolerable climate load. The values of short-term tolerable time of work calculated at the level of accumulated heat in the body of 50 W x h x m(-2) resulted in an increase of body core temperature by 0.8 to 1.0 K. The values of heart rate did not mostly exceed 140 beats/min, reaching in exceptional (three) cases values above 150 beats/min. The authors recommend to limit the long-term work-heat (climatic) load during a higher metabolic rate (M >80 W x m(-2) including the basal metabolic rate) of acclimatized males and females at a sweat rate SR=270 g x h(-1) x m(-2), of non-acclimatized persons at SR=206 g x h(-1) x m(-2). The limit for low metabolic rates (M < or = 80 W x m(-2)) for non-acclimatized and acclimatized persons is proposed for long-term tolerable loads of SR=147 g x h(-1) x m(-2). The short-term tolerable load by heat storage within the organism for all categories is proposed as Qmax=50 W x h x m(-2). |
Bharatiya Janata Party MP Satyapal Singh on Friday once again questioned Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, reported PTI. “It is our belief that we are descendants of rishis [sages],” Singh said in the Lok Sabha during a discussion on Protection of Human Rights (Amendment) Bill, 2019.
The Lok Sabha passed the bill, which proposed changes to the composition and appointment terms of the National Human Rights Commission and the state human rights commissions.
Singh was making the point that the Indian culture and tradition did not value human rights, and instead focused on building human character. He claimed human rights were a western concept, and accused NGOs working in the field of targeting the establishment, police and soldiers, instead of Maoists, criminals and terrorists. Listing out the Centre’s claims about the benefits of the bill, Singh quoted a former judge as saying that rights of humans should be protected, “not of brutes and rapists”.
The former Mumbai Police chief, who was also a minister in the previous National Democratic Alliance government, said: “Our culture says we are the children of rishis. I don’t want to offend people who believe that we are children of monkeys but according to our culture we are children of rishis.”
His remark drew sharp criticism from the Opposition. “Unfortunately, my ancestors are not rishis,” said Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam MP Kanimozhi. “My ancestors are homo sapiens, as science says, and my parents are Shudras. They were not even born of any god, or part of any god. They were born outside and I am here and many people from my state are here because of the social justice movement and the human rights which we fought for till today and we would continue doing that.”
Trinamool Congress MP Saugata Roy said Singh’s remark was an antithesis of the Constitution. “Article 51(A), sub-Section (h) of the Constitution says that it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform,” he said. “What Satyapal ji has said is that we have not evolved from monkeys. He is denying the theory of evolution of Darwin.” Roy’s party colleague Mahua Moitra also opposed Singh.
This is, however, not the first time that Singh has opposed Darwin’s theory. In January 2018, he had questioned the theory of evolution and pushed for it to be removed from school and college curriculum. In July 2018, he reiterated his objections to Darwin’s theory of evolution, saying he does not consider himself a “child of monkeys”. |
James G. Watt
James Gaius Watt (born January 31, 1938) served as U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1981 to 1983. Often described as "anti-environmentalist", he was one of Ronald Reagan's most controversial cabinet appointments. Watt's pro-development views played an instrumental role in ending the Sagebrush Rebellion.
Early life and career
Watt was born in Lusk, Wyoming, the son of Lois Mae (née Williams) and William Gaius Watt. He attended the University of Wyoming, earning a bachelor's degree in 1960 and a juris doctor degree in 1962. Watt's first political job was as an aide to Republican Party Senator Milward L. Simpson of Wyoming, whom he met through Simpson's son, Alan.
A lifelong Republican, he served as Secretary to the Natural Resources Committee and Environmental Pollution Advisory Panel of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, a pro-business organization that supports primarily Republican candidates. In 1969, Watt was appointed the deputy assistant secretary of water and power development at the Department of the Interior. In 1975, Watt was appointed vice chairman of the Federal Power Commission. In 1977, Watt became the first president and chief legal officer of Mountain States Legal Foundation, a public interest law firm "dedicated to individual liberty, the right to own and use property, limited and ethical government and economic freedom." A number of attorneys who worked for Watt at the firm later became high-ranking officers of the federal government, including Ann Veneman and Gale Norton.
Secretary of the Interior
In 1980, President-elect Reagan nominated Watt as his Secretary of the Interior. The United States Senate subsequently confirmed the nomination.
His tenure as Secretary of the Interior was controversial, primarily because he was perceived as being hostile to environmentalism, and endorsed development of federal lands by foresting and ranching, and for other commercial interests.
According to the Center for Biological Diversity, Watt had the record, among those who served as Secretary of the Interior, of listing the fewest species protected under the Endangered Species Act. The record was later surpassed by Dirk Kempthorne, a George W. Bush appointee who, as of August 27, 2007 , had not listed a single species in the 15-month period since his confirmation.
Greg Wetstone, the chief environment counsel at the House Energy and Commerce Committee during the Reagan administration, who subsequently served as director of advocacy at the Natural Resources Defense Council, argued that Watt was one of the two most "intensely controversial and blatantly anti-environmental political appointees" in American history. The other was Anne Gorsuch, director of the EPA at the time. Environmental groups accused Watt of reducing funding for environmental programs, restructuring the department to decrease federal regulatory power, wanting to eliminate the Land and Water Conservation Fund which aimed at increasing the area of wildlife refuges and other protected land, easing regulations of oil and mining, directing the National Park Service to draft rules that would de-authorize congressionally authorized national parks, and recommending lease of wilderness and shore lands such as Santa Monica Bay to explore and develop oil and gas.
Watt resisted accepting donation of private land to be used for conservation. He suggested that 80 million acres (320,000 km²) of undeveloped land in the United States all be opened for drilling and mining by 2000. The area leased to coal mining quintupled during his term as Secretary of the Interior. Watt boasted that he leased "a billion acres" (4 million km²) of coastal waters, even though only a small portion of that area would ever be drilled. Watt once stated, "We will mine more, drill more, cut more timber."
Watt periodically mentioned his Dispensationalist Christian faith when discussing his method of environmental management. Speaking before Congress, he once said, "I do not know how many future generations we can count on before the Lord returns, whatever it is we have to manage with a skill to leave the resources needed for future generations."
One apocryphal quotation falsely attributed to Watt is: "After the last tree is felled, Christ will come back." Glenn Scherer, writing for Grist magazine, erroneously attributed this remark to 1981 testimony by Watt before Congress. Journalist Bill Moyers, relying on the Grist article, also attributed the comment to Watt. After it was discovered that the alleged quotation did not exist, Grist corrected the error, and Moyers apologized.
"I never said it. Never believed it. Never even thought it," Watt later wrote of the statement. "I know no Christian who believes or preaches such error. The Bible commands conservation — that we as Christians be careful stewards of the land and resources entrusted to us by the Creator."
Beach Boys concert
From 1980 through 1982, The Beach Boys and The Grass Roots separately performed at Independence Day concerts at the National Mall in Washington, D.C., attracting large crowds. In April 1983, Watt banned the concerts, on the grounds that "rock bands" who had performed on the Mall on Independence Day in 1981 and 1982 had encouraged drug use and alcoholism, and had attracted "the wrong element", who would subsequently rob attendees of similar events. Watt then announced that Las Vegas singer Wayne Newton, a friend and an endorser of President Reagan and a contributor to the Republican Party, would perform at the Independence Day celebration at the mall in 1983. During the ensuing controversy, Rob Grill, lead singer of The Grass Roots, stated that he felt "highly insulted" by Watt's remarks, which he termed "nothing but un-American."
The Beach Boys stated that the Soviet Union, which had invited them to perform in Leningrad in 1978, "obviously... did not feel the group attracted the wrong element." Vice President George H. W. Bush said of The Beach Boys, "They're my friends, and I like their music." Watt apologized to The Beach Boys after learning that President Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan were fans of the band. Nancy Reagan apologized for Watt. The White House staff gave Watt a plaster foot with a hole for his "having shot himself in the foot."
The Tonight Show host Johnny Carson poked fun at Watt's last name, saying, "James What? What?"
Other controversies
Mad magazine listed ten Watt controversies on the back cover of their October 1982 issue, under the title "Watt... We Worry!"; the list noted, among other quotes and actions, Watt's statement that "the Department of the Interior ... must be ... the Amicus for the minerals industry ... in Federal Policy."
In an interview with the Satellite Program Network, Watt said, "If you want an example of the failure of socialism, don't go to Russia, come to America and go to the Indian reservations."
Resignation
A controversy erupted after a speech to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce in September 1983, when Watt mocked affirmative action with his description of a department coal leasing panel: "I have a black, a woman, two Jews and a cripple. And we have talent."
Within three weeks of making this statement, on October 9, 1983, he announced his resignation at deputy undersecretary Thomas J. Barrack's ranch, near President Reagan's Rancho del Cielo.
Later life
Misdemeanor conviction
After leaving the Department of the Interior in 1983, Watt lobbied the Department of Housing and Urban Development. Ten years later, Watt was indicted on 18 counts of felony perjury and obstruction of justice and accused of making false statements before a federal grand jury investigating influence peddling at the Department of Housing and Urban Development at that time. On January 2, 1996, Watt pleaded guilty to one misdemeanor count of withholding documents. On March 12, 1996, he was sentenced to five years' probation, and ordered to pay a fine of $5,000 and perform 500 hours of community service.
Views on Bush 43 Presidency
In a 2001 interview with The Denver Post, Watt applauded the energy policy of the second Bush administration, stating that it was just what he recommended in the early 1980s: "You've got to have more oil, you've got to have more coal, you've got to have more of everything," Watt said. "You've got to have more conservation too, but … solar energy and wind energy — they're just teeny infant portions [of energy]. You're not going to run the world with solar energy by the year 2001, or 2002, or 2010."
References
External links
Wolf, Ron. 1981. God, James Watt, and the Public Land. Audubon 83(3):65
Time magazine article (August 23, 1982). "Going, Going...! Land sale of the century"
Inventory of the James G. Watt papers at the University of Wyoming – American Heritage Center
Category:United States Secretaries of the Interior
Category:Reagan administration cabinet members
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:Reagan administration controversies
Category:Federal Power Commission
Category:1938 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Lusk, Wyoming
Category:University of Wyoming alumni
Category:University of Wyoming College of Law alumni
Category:Wyoming Republicans
Category:Wyoming politicians convicted of crimes |
ACT 184, SB2384 SD1 HD1 CD1, 7/1/2016
Requires the department of health to: (1) conduct unannounced visits and inspections, including inspections for relicensing and recertification, for certain state-licensed or state-certified care facilities beginning on July 1, 2019, and unannounced inspections for license renewals for medical marijuana production centers and dispensaries beginning on July 1, 2016; and (2) submit reports to the legislature prior to the regular sessions of 2017, 2018, and 2019 on the number of visits and inspections by the department of health on the specified state-licensed or state-certified care facilities and general outcomes and corrective actions taken. (CD1) |
Primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis in children: a clinical pathologic correlation.
To describe a rare case of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis (PDLG) presenting with progressive proptosis and direct involvement of the optic nerve sheath in a child and review of the relevant literature. Retrospective review of a single case and systematic literature review of 26 biopsy-proven cases reported in the MEDLINE-indexed English literature. A 10-year-old girl developed proptosis and progressive visual loss associated with thickening of the optic nerve sheaths and dilation of the subarachnoid spaces with multilobulated appearance of the brain meninges and thickened peripheral nerve root sheaths. Biopsy of the optic nerve sheath was diagnostic. The patient underwent chemotherapy combined with oral temozolomide and conformational radiotherapy to the brain and spine. She died 3 years after the onset of the disease. An extensive review of the published literature using the key words "primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis" and "optic nerve" confirmed the case herein reported to be the first case of primary diffuse leptomeningeal gliomatosis in which direct optic nerve infiltration was demonstrated during the course of the disease. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of CD56 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, and an elevated level of Ki-67; all the other markers were negative. According to a comprehensive literature review, we report the first case of PDLG that presented with bilateral proptosis and direct involvement of the optic nerve during the course of the disease. These new findings may explain an alternative mechanism of visual loss and proptosis in PDLG. We emphasize the importance of close collaboration between neurologists and ophthalmologists in all cases of visual symptoms associated with a neurologic condition. In case of optic nerve involvement, ophthalmologists could provide an easier route to achieve tissue specimen early in the course of this rare and fatal disease. |
AP Top 25: 3rd week with Oregon and Auburn one and two
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»Play VideoOregon running back LaMichael James (21) jumps in the air as he runs on to the field following an NCAA college football game with Arizona Friday, Nov. 26, 2010, in Eugene, Ore. Oregon defeated Arizona 48-29. (AP Photo/Rick Bowmer)
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NEW YORK (AP) – Boise State said goodbye to its top-five Associated Press college-football ranking for the first time this season.
The Broncos dropped six spots to No. 9 in The Associated Press poll Sunday after having its 24-game winning streak snapped.
For the third straight week, No. 1-ranked University of Oregon and Auburn held the top two spots in the rankings. No. 3 TCU moved up one spot.
The gap between the Ducks and Tigers shrank to 29 points. The Ducks received 36 first-place votes and 1,475 points, while Auburn got 23 and 1,456 from the media panel.
TCU also received a first-place vote. Wisconsin was fourth, followed by Stanford, Ohio State, Michigan State and Arkansas. Oklahoma moved up four spots to No. 10 after beating Oklahoma State 47-41.
Boise State had been ranked no lower than fourth this season, but after an excruciating 34-31 overtime loss to Nevada, the Broncos tumbled out of the national championship race.
Boise State blew a 24-7 halftime lead, then had a chance to win in regulation before kicker Kyle Brotzman missed a 26-yard field goal with 2 seconds left. Brotzman missed a 29-yarder in overtime and Nevada won it with a field goal of its own.
The Wolf Pack moved up five places to No. 14. Nevada has only been ranked in one other season previously. The Wolf Pack reached No. 10 in 1948.
Moving into the rankings were No. 23 West Virginia - in for the third time this season - along with No. 24 Northern Illinois and No. 25 Hawaii.
The Huskies were last ranked in November 2003, and are the first Mid-American Conference team in the poll this season. Hawaii was last ranked in the final poll of the 2007 season.
The Warriors, Wolf Pack and Broncos give the Western Athletic Conference three ranked teams for the first time since the final poll of 1994. BYU, Colorado State and Utah finished that season ranked, and all are now members of the Mountain West.
Boise State is leaving the WAC for the MWC after this season, and Nevada is joining the MWC in 2012. Hawaii is also considering a jump to the Mountain West.
West Virginia gives the Big East a ranked team for the first time in a month.
Falling out after loses this week were North Carolina State, Arizona and Iowa. The Hawkeyes haven't been unranked since September 2009.
No. 11 LSU fell five spots after losing 31-23 to Arkansas. No. 12 is Virginia Tech, followed by Nebraska, Nevada and Missouri. Oklahoma State, Alabama, South Carolina, Texas A&M and Florida State round out the top 20.
No. 21 Utah and No. 22 Mississippi State join the newcomers in the final five. |
Q:
WooCommerce PHP Show Attribute Name in Dropdown
I want to show the name of an attribute at the drop-down-menu when no variation is selected. This is the code:
function wc_dropdown_variation_attribute_options( $args = array() ) {
$args = wp_parse_args( apply_filters( 'woocommerce_dropdown_variation_attribute_options_args', $args ), array(
'options' => false,
'attribute' => false,
'product' => false,
'selected' => false,
'name' => '',
'id' => '',
'class' => '',
'show_option_none' => __( 'Choose:', 'woocommerce' ),
) );
It should be: "Choose: attribute-name" e.g. Color or Size etc.
Can anyone help me?
A:
modifying the core function directly is not recommended at all because you are going to lose any modification that you are going to do when the plugin is updated however with WordPress you can alter the function args with filter so here is how you can achieve your target goal.
add_filter( 'woocommerce_dropdown_variation_attribute_options_args', 'change_default_choose_text' );
function change_default_choose_text( $args ) {
$term = wc_attribute_label( $args['attribute'] ); //Get Attribute label
$args['show_option_none'] = __( 'Choose ' . $term . ' ', 'woocommerce' ); //Modify the Default option value
return $args;
}
Output:
Just put the code above in your functions.php
For More informations about WordPress Filter you can check the below Reference :
WordPress Codex add_filter
|
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