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<html>
<head>
<title>pcre2_set_depth_limit specification</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#00005A" link="#0066FF" alink="#3399FF" vlink="#2222BB">
<h1>pcre2_set_depth_limit man page</h1>
<p>
Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE2 index page</a>.
</p>
<p>
This page is part of the PCRE2 HTML documentation. It was generated
automatically from the original man page. If there is any nonsense in it,
please consult the man page, in case the conversion went wrong.
<br>
<br><b>
SYNOPSIS
</b><br>
<P>
<b>#include <pcre2.h></b>
</P>
<P>
<b>int pcre2_set_depth_limit(pcre2_match_context *<i>mcontext</i>,</b>
<b> uint32_t <i>value</i>);</b>
</P>
<br><b>
DESCRIPTION
</b><br>
<P>
This function sets the backtracking depth limit field in a match context. The
result is always zero.
</P>
<P>
There is a complete description of the PCRE2 native API in the
<a href="pcre2api.html"><b>pcre2api</b></a>
page and a description of the POSIX API in the
<a href="pcre2posix.html"><b>pcre2posix</b></a>
page.
<p>
Return to the <a href="index.html">PCRE2 index page</a>.
</p>
|
Cancer risk in patients with manifest vascular disease: effects of smoking, obesity, and metabolic syndrome.
Patients with vascular disease may be at increased risk of cancer because of shared risk factors and common pathogenesis. Patients with vascular disease (n = 6,172) were prospectively followed for cancer incidence. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated to compare the cancer incidence of the study population with that of the general population. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio's (HRs) of cancer were estimated for smoking status, pack-years, body mass index, waist circumference and visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and metabolic syndrome (MetS). During a median follow-up of 5.5 years, 563 patients were diagnosed with cancer. Patients with vascular disease were at increased risk of cancer [SIR = 1.19; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-1.29]. Specifically, risk of lung cancer (SIR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.31-1.83), as well as bladder cancer (SIR = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.11-2.24) and cancer of the lip, oral cavity, or pharynx in men (SIR = 1.51; 95% CI, 0.89-2.39), and colorectal (SIR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.11-2.53) and kidney cancer (SIR = 2.92; 95% CI, 1.05-6.38) in women was increased. A relation between smoking and cancer risk was observed (HR for current smokers = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.05-1.73), whereas an increase in VAT was associated with higher breast cancer risk in women (HR = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03-1.96). No relation between MetS and cancer risk was found. Patients with vascular disease have a 19% higher cancer risk compared to the general population. Smoking increased cancer risk and abdominal obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer in female patients with vascular disease. These results call for awareness of the increased cancer risk in patients with vascular disease among physicians and underline the necessity of lifestyle improvement not only for reducing cardiovascular risk. |
TEHRAN, Jan. 15 (MNA) – A research team at Isfahan University in cooperation with a Japanese team designed a nanocarrier to deliver anti-cancer drugs.
According to Iran Nanotechnology Innovation Council (INIC), the research team synthesized a nanocarrier based on graphene oxide which can deliver anti-cancer drugs to cancer cells. This prototype is environment-friendly, the solubility of the carrier is improved significantly and the toxicity is lowered compared to similar products.
The product is in the in-vitro experimental phase and the next step before its commercialization would be in-vivo analysis.
Dr. Ali Zarrabi, faculty member and Dr. Matin Islami Ph.D. candidate at Isfahan University along with a research team from Riken Institute are key team members working on this project. The results of this project are published in the International Journal of Nanomedicine with an impact factor of 4.4. |
Epidermal growth factor receptors in clonal lines of a rat osteogenic sarcoma and in osteoblast-rich rat bone cells.
Studies were carried out to identify and characterize the receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF) in osteoblast-rich newborn rat calvarial cells and in 4 clonal lines derived from a transplantable rat osteogenic sarcoma with a well-characterized osteoblast-like phenotype. The cells were grown in monolayer culture in replicate wells; 40,000-50,000 cpm 125I-labeled mouse EGF with a specific activity of 100-120 microCi/micrograms was added to each well. Binding studies were carried out at 37 degrees C. Binding of 125I-labeled EGF was specific, saturable, reversible, and pH dependent. Maximum binding occurred 2 h after addition of the tracer. Thereafter, cell-bound radioactivity decreased to reach a plateau of 15-20% of maximum binding at 24 h. This observation is consistent with internalization and processing of the receptor-hormone complex as has been shown with other EGF target cells. Scatchard analyses revealed a single class of high-affinity binding sites in the normal and malignant osteoblast-like cells. Dissociation constants (KD) in the clonal lines ranged from 2.3 X 10(-10)M to 4.7 X 10(-10)M with receptor number per cell ranging from 25,000 to 33,000. The calvarial cells had a KD of 2.0 X 10(-10)M with 14,000 receptors per cell. In both the normal and malignant cell strains, EGF was found to increase incorporation of 3H-labeled thymidine into acid-precipitable macromolecules. EGF has been shown to stimulate bone resorption; however, studies in organ cultures have not identified the target cell for EGF. The present results point to an interaction of EGF with osteoblasts. |
A 796 bp PsPR10 gene promoter fragment increased root-specific expression of the GUS reporter gene under the abiotic stresses and signal molecules in tobacco.
A 1681 bp PsPR10 promoter was isolated from Pinus strobus and a series of 5'-deletions were fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and introduced into tobacco. GUS activity in P796 (-796 to +69) construct transgenic plant roots was similar with that of P1681 and higher than those of the P513 (-513 to +69) and P323 (-323 to +69) transgenic plants. Moreover, the abiotic stresses of NaCl, PEG 6000 and mannitol, and salicylic acid (SA), abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) induced higher GUS activity in the roots of P796 transgenic tobacco. This study provides a potential inducible root-specific promoter for transgenic plants. |
package net.andreinc.mockneat.unit.text.sql;
/**
* Copyright 2018, Andrei N. Ciobanu
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any user obtaining a copy of this software and associated
documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the
Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. PARAM NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER PARAM AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, FREE_TEXT OF OR PARAM CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS PARAM THE SOFTWARE.
*/
import net.andreinc.mockneat.MockNeat;
import net.andreinc.mockneat.abstraction.MockUnitString;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.function.*;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import static java.util.stream.IntStream.range;
import static net.andreinc.mockneat.utils.ValidationUtils.*;
public class SQLTable {
private final List<SQLInsert> inserts;
private final MockNeat mockNeat;
public SQLTable(MockNeat mockNeat, List<SQLInsert> inserts) {
notNull(mockNeat, "mockNeat");
notNull(inserts, "inserts");
this.inserts = inserts;
this.mockNeat = mockNeat;
}
public MockUnitString fromColumn(String columnName) {
notEmpty(columnName, "columnName");
return mockNeat
.from(inserts)
.mapToString(insert -> insert.getValue(columnName));
}
public Optional<SQLInsert> selectFirstWhere(Predicate<SQLInsert> condition) {
notNull(condition, "condition");
return inserts.stream().filter(condition).findFirst();
}
public List<SQLInsert> selectWhere(Predicate<SQLInsert> condition) {
notNull(condition, "condition");
return inserts.stream().filter(condition).collect(Collectors.toList());
}
public SQLInsert selectRow(int row) {
isTrue(row>=0, ROW_POSITIVE_VALUE);
return inserts.get(row);
}
public SQLTable update(int row, String column, String newValue) {
isTrue(row>=0, ROW_POSITIVE_VALUE);
notEmpty(column, "column");
notEmpty(newValue, "newValue");
inserts.get(row)
.setValue(column, newValue);
return this;
}
public SQLTable update(int row, Consumer<SQLInsert> updater) {
isTrue(row>=0, ROW_POSITIVE_VALUE);
notNull(updater, "updater");
updater.accept(inserts.get(row));
return this;
}
public SQLTable updateAll(BiConsumer<Integer, SQLInsert> updater) {
notNull(updater, "updater");
range(0, inserts.size())
.forEach(i -> updater.accept(i, inserts.get(i)));
return this;
}
public int size() {
return inserts.size();
}
@Override
public String toString() {
StringBuilder buff = new StringBuilder();
inserts.stream()
.map(SQLInsert::toString)
.forEach(sql -> buff.append(sql).append("\n"));
return buff.toString();
}
}
|
Peripheral and central control of flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus motoneurons: the synaptic basis of functional diversity.
The two long toe flexor muscles in the cat, flexor digitorum longus (FDL) and flexor hallucis longus (FHL), have essentially identical mechanical actions, yet are used very differently during locomotion (O'Donovan et al. 1982). We attempted to identify the origin of the synaptic drive responsible for this functional differentiation. The organization of peripheral and central synaptic drive to FDL and FHL motoneurons was examined using two basic paradigms. (1) In animals anesthetized with chloralose or after ischemic destruction of the brain, peripheral reflex circuits were studied by recording intracellular responses from alpha-motoneurons produced by electrical stimulation of muscular and cutaneous nerves. (2) "Fictive locomotion", the centrally generated rhythmic synaptic drive produced in paralyzed, decerebrate animals by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region or intravenous injection of L-DOPA and Nialamide, was monitored by recording electroneurograms from the central end of cut motor nerves. Despite their functional dissimilarity, FDL and FHL motoneurons received monosynaptic EPSPs from both FDL and FHL la afferents. Ipsilateral cutaneous afferents in the sural nerve and from the central plantar pad produced multiphasic PSPs which were not different in FDL and FHL cells. However afferents from the saphenous and superficial peroneal nerves did exert differential effects: the first component of the multiphasic PSP in most FDL cells was an EPSP, which was not present in most FHL cells. The central latency of this early EPSP in FDL motoneurons (0.8-1.5 ms) strongly suggests a disynaptic linkage. Cutaneous afferents from the ipsilateral forelimb produced IPSPs in most FHL cells but in only one of 18 FDL cells. Since some peripheral reflex circuits exerted differential effects on FDL and FHL cells, but others did not, the intracellular data did not demonstrate that the functional differences between FDL and FHL could be explained by differences in reflex organization. During fictive locomotion elicited by electrical or pharmacological stimulation, FHL motoneurons were coactive with ankle extensors during the extension phase of the fictive step cycle. In contrast, FDL motoneurons were most consistently activated in a brief burst at the onset of the flexion phase, showing much weaker and more variable coactivity with ankle extensors. These patients were essentially identical to those reported for FDL and FHL motor pools during treadmill locomotion by O'Donovan et al. (1982). We conclude that the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion produces distinct and highly differentiated sets of instructions for FDL and FHL motoneurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) |
11 Super Bowl Wings for Your Appetizer Spread
Truth be told, I don’t know much about football. But if there’s one thing I can get behind, it’s the food that goes along with the fanfare. While everyone’s gathered around the screen, you’ll find me making a strategic play at the snacking table. And one of the things I’ll be piling high on my plate is chicken wings, in all their bone-licking glory.
The beauty of wings is that no matter which way you make them—baked, broiled, braised, or fried—they’re pretty hard to get wrong. Once you’ve got those flats and drumettes cooked, all they need is a high-intensity, flavor-packing sauce. Buffalo is the perennial favorite, of course. But there are countless other spicy, sweet, and savory possibilities that are just as appropriate for a sports-watching party.
In advance of the big game, here are 11 Super Bowl wing recipes that will please each and every type of palate, from the heat-loving to the chile-averse. If wings aren’t your Super Bowl appetizer of choice, no worries. Just head on over to our Super Bowl recipe headquarters to find tons of other snack recipes for the big game. Visit our friends at CBS Sports for the need-to-know Super Bowl information this year.
Classic Buffalo wings don’t need a whole lot of fuss. In fact, they don’t even need a deep-fryer. These babies get crispy by simply sitting under the broiler. Just toss them in a simple, two-ingredient Buffalo sauce and you’re good to go. Get our Easy Buffalo Wings recipe.
2. Jerk Chicken Wings
One of the pleasures of wings is getting to nibble the meat straight off the bone. But this also demands a flavor that penetrates straight to the core. Jerk spice has just the right intensity to keep you bone-licking till the last bite.Photo and recipe from Martha Stewart
3. Panang Curry Chicken Wings
Think of these as chicken wings that just got back from a semester in Southeast Asia: They’re still the good old friend you know at heart, but there’s something a bit more cultured and well-traveled about them on the outside.Photo and recipe from Lady and Pups
4. Baked Parmesan Garlic Chicken Wings
Wings don’t have to be spicy—they can be savory, too. These crispy delights are coated in garlic, herbs, and Parmesan cheese, for a triple-threat flavor bomb.Photo and recipe from Steamy Kitchen
Sometimes, it helps to have a little sweetness, like with these caramel-y brown-sugar wings. The accompanying red pepper and goat cheese dip keeps things intriguing, offering a tangy alternative to standard-issue blue cheese and ranch.Photo and recipe from Damn Delicious
6. Oven Baked Chicken Wings with Honey Garlic Hot Sauce
If there’s one caveat to wings, it’s that you’re likely to feel more than a little weighed down after having one too many. By baking them, you can reduce that gut-busting feeling. Just don’t skimp on the sauce.Photo and recipe from Recipe Tin Eats
It’s not that wings aren’t perfect on their own, it’s just that sometimes a little extra stuffin’ takes things that much further. These gingery wings are bursting at the seams, both literally and flavor-wise.Photo and recipe from Food Republic
9. Filipino Chicken Adobo Wings
Filipino adobo is best known as a vinegary, garlicky slow-cooked stew, but that doesn’t mean it can’t be adapted for crispy-skinned wings. This recipe concentrates that irresistible balance of flavors down into a spoon-coating glaze.Photo and recipe from The Meatwave
10. Black Bean Chicken Wings
A good braise can work wonders on wing meat, producing tender, pull-apart pieces. These wings go for a swim in Chinese-style black bean sauce, which also adds a healthy dose of umami flavor.Photo and recipe from Appetite for China
11. Old Bay Hot Wings
That’s right: Old Bay Seasoning isn’t just for the crabs. As Marylanders know, the stuff tastes great on almost everything, and wings are no exception.Photo and recipe from Food & Wine
For more tips, tricks, and recipes for the big game, check out our Super Bowl page.
Miki Kawasaki is a New York City–based food writer and graduate of Boston University’s program in Gastronomy. Few things excite her more than a well-crafted sandwich or expertly spiced curry. If you ever run into her at a dinner party, make sure to hit her up for a few pieces of oddball culinary trivia. |
Dynamic contrast-enhancedMRI (DCE-MRI) scans show that with age, the blood-brain barrier becomes leakier. This dysfunction in shown in both humans and mice. A leaky BBB triggers a cascade of cell death that may be the cause of age-related cognitive decline. Credit: Alon Friedman and Daniela Kaufer
Drugs that tamp down inflammation in the brain could slow or even reverse the cognitive decline that comes with age.
In a publication appearing today in the journal Science Translational Medicine, University of California, Berkeley, and Ben-Gurion University scientists report that senile mice given one such drug had fewer signs of brain inflammation and were better able to learn new tasks, becoming almost as adept as mice half their age.
"We tend to think about the aged brain in the same way we think about neurodegeneration: Age involves loss of function and dead cells. But our new data tell a different story about why the aged brain is not functioning well: It is because of this "fog" of inflammatory load," said Daniela Kaufer, a UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology and a senior author, along with Alon Friedman of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel and Dalhousie University in Canada. "But when you remove that inflammatory fog, within days the aged brain acts like a young brain. It is a really, really optimistic finding, in terms of the capacity for plasticity that exists in the brain. We can reverse brain aging."
The successful treatment in mice supports a radical new view of what causes the confusion and dementia that often accompany aging. More and more research shows that, with age, the filtration system that prevents molecules or infectious organisms in the blood from leaking into the brain—the so-called blood-brain barrier—becomes leaky, letting in chemicals that cause inflammation and a cascade of cell death. After age 70, nearly 60% of adults have leaky blood- brain barriers, according to Friedman's magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies.
An accompanying paper by the two researchers and Dan Milikovsky of Ben-Gurion University shows that the inflammatory fog induced by a leaky blood-brain barrier alters the mouse brain's normal rhythms, causing microseizure-like events—momentary lapses in the normal rhythm within the hippocampus—that could produce some of the symptoms seen in degenerative brain diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) revealed similar brain wave disruption, or paroxysmal slow wave events, in humans with epilepsy and with cognitive dysfunction, including Alzheimer's and mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Together, the papers give doctors two biomarkers—leaky barriers detectable by MRI and abnormal brain rhythms detectable by EEG—that can be used to flag people with blood-brain barrier problems, as well as a potential drug to slow or reverse the consequences.
"We now have two biomarkers that tell you exactly where the blood-brain barrier is leaking, so you can select patients for treatment and make decisions about how long you give the drug," said Kaufer, a member of UC Berkeley's Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute. "You can follow them, and when the blood-brain barrier is healed, you no longer need the drug."
Blood-brain barrier
Scientists have long suspected that a leaky blood-brain barrier causes at least some of the tissue damage after brain injury and some of the mental decline that comes with age. But no one knew how.
In 2007, however, Friedman and Kaufer linked these problems to a blood protein, albumin. In 2009, they showed that when albumin leaks into the brain after trauma, it binds to the TGF-β (TGF-beta) receptor in brain cells called astrocytes. This triggers a cascade of inflammatory responses that damage other brain cells and neural circuits, leading to decreased inhibition and increased excitation of neurons and a propensity toward seizures.
They also showed in mice that blocking the receptor with an antihypertension drug, losartan, prevented the development of epilepsy after brain trauma. Epilepsy is a frequent consequence of concussions like those sustained by soldiers from roadside bombs.
Subsequent studies revealed leakiness in the barrier after stroke, traumatic brain injury and football concussions, solidly linking albumin and an overexcited TGF-β receptor to the damage resulting from these traumas.
In their new studies, Kaufer and Friedman showed that introducing albumin into the brain can, within a week, make the brains of young mice look like those of old mice, in terms of hyperexcitability and their susceptibility to seizures. These albumin-treated mice also navigated a maze as poorly as aged mice.
"When we infused albumin into the brains of young mice, we recapitulated aging of the brain: the gene expression, the inflammatory response, resilience to induced seizures and mortality after seizures, performance in a maze. And when we recorded their brain activity, we found these paroxysmal slow wave events," Kaufer said. "And all were specific to the site we infused. So, doing this is sufficient to get an aged phenotype of this very young brain."
When they genetically engineered mice so that they could knock out the TGF-β receptor in astrocytes after they'd reached old age, the senile mouse brains looked young again. The mice were as resistant to induced seizures as a young mouse, and they learned a maze like a young mouse.
Serendipitously, a Palo Alto, California, medicinal chemist, Barry Hart, offered to synthesize a small-molecule drug that blocks the TGF-β receptor in astrocytes only, and that could traverse the blood-brain barrier. When they gave the drug, called IPW, to mice in doses that lowered the receptor activity level to that found in young mice, the brains of the aged mice looked younger, too. They showed young brain-like gene expression, reduced inflammation and improved rhythms—that is, reduced paroxysmal slow wave events—as well as reduced seizure susceptibility. They also navigated a maze or learned a spatial task like a young mouse.
In analyzing brain tissue from humans, Kaufer found evidence of albumin in aged brains and increased neuroinflammation and TGF-β production with age. Friedman developed a special type of MRI imaging—dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging—to detect leakage in the blood-brain barrier and found more leakage in people with greater cognitive dysfunction.
Altogether, the evidence points to a dysfunction in the brain's blood filtration system as one of the earliest triggers of neurological aging, Kaufer said.
Kaufer, Friedman and Hart have started a company to develop a drug to heal the blood-brain barrier for clinical treatment and hope that the drug will help reduce brain inflammation—and, thus, permanent damage—after stroke, concussion or traumatic brain injury, and eventually help older adults with dementia or Alzheimer's disease who have demonstrated leakage of the blood-brain barrier.
"We got to this through this back door; we started with questions about plasticity having to do with the blood-brain barrier, traumatic brain injury and how epilepsy develops," Kaufer said. "But after we'd learned a lot about the mechanisms, we started thinking that maybe in aging it is the same story. This is new biology, a completely new angle on why neurological function deteriorates as the brain ages."
Explore further Seizing control of brain seizures
More information: "Paroxysmal slow cortical activity in Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy is associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction" Science Translational Medicine (2019). "Paroxysmal slow cortical activity in Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy is associated with blood-brain barrier dysfunction"(2019). stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/ … scitranslmed.aaw8954 "Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in aging induces hyperactivation of TGFβ signaling and chronic yet reversible neural dysfunction"Science Translational Medicine (2019). stm.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/ … scitranslmed.aaw8283 Journal information: Science Translational Medicine |
# Following code is generated from CLDR data by script. You can do
# emergency fix here, but you fix will be lost unless it is also
# fixed in CLDR. The data generation scripts exists outside GWT and
# will be run manually after each major CLDR updates. Each update
# will be manually checked before check in to make sure undesired
# changes in CLDR will not break existing applications as possible.
# File generated from CLDR ver. 25
eras = S.M., TM
eraNames = S.M., TM
narrowMonths = J, F, M, A, M, J, J, O, S, O, N, D
months = Januari, Februari, Mac, April, Mei, Jun, Julai, Ogos, September, Oktober, November, Disember
shortMonths = Jan, Feb, Mac, Apr, Mei, Jun, Jul, Ogo, Sep, Okt, Nov, Dis
standaloneNarrowMonths = J, F, M, A, M, J, J, O, S, O, N, D
standaloneMonths = Januari, Februari, Mac, April, Mei, Jun, Julai, Ogos, September, Oktober, November, Disember
standaloneShortMonths = Jan, Feb, Mac, Apr, Mei, Jun, Jul, Ogo, Sep, Okt, Nov, Dis
weekdays = Ahad, Isnin, Selasa, Rabu, Khamis, Jumaat, Sabtu
shortWeekdays = Ahd, Isn, Sel, Rab, Kha, Jum, Sab
narrowWeekdays = A, I, S, R, K, J, S
standaloneWeekdays = Ahad, Isnin, Selasa, Rabu, Khamis, Jumaat, Sabtu
standaloneShortWeekdays = Ahd, Isn, Sel, Rab, Kha, Jum, Sab
standaloneNarrowWeekdays = A, I, S, R, K, J, S
shortQuarters = S1, S2, S3, S4
quarters = Suku pertama, Suku Ke-2, Suku Ke-3, Suku Ke-4
ampms = PG, PTG
dateFormats = EEEE\\, d MMMM y, d MMMM y, d MMM y, d/MM/yy
timeFormats = h:mm:ss a zzzz, h:mm:ss a z, h:mm:ss a, h:mm a
dateTimeFormats = {1} {0}, {1} {0}, {1} {0}, {1} {0}
firstDayOfTheWeek = 2
weekendRange = 7, 1
|
// Copyright (c) .NET Foundation. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See License.txt in the project root for license information.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;
using System.Globalization;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Security;
using DotNetOpenAuth.AspNet;
using DotNetOpenAuth.AspNet.Clients;
using Microsoft.Web.WebPages.OAuth.Properties;
using WebMatrix.WebData;
namespace Microsoft.Web.WebPages.OAuth
{
/// <summary>
/// Contains APIs to manage authentication against OAuth & OpenID service providers
/// </summary>
public static class OAuthWebSecurity
{
internal static IOpenAuthDataProvider OAuthDataProvider = new WebPagesOAuthDataProvider();
// contains all registered authentication clients
private static readonly Dictionary<string, AuthenticationClientData> _authenticationClients =
new Dictionary<string, AuthenticationClientData>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
/// <summary>
/// Gets a value indicating whether the current user is authenticated by an OAuth provider.
/// </summary>
public static bool IsAuthenticatedWithOAuth
{
get
{
if (HttpContext.Current == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(WebResources.HttpContextNotAvailable);
}
return GetIsAuthenticatedWithOAuthCore(new HttpContextWrapper(HttpContext.Current));
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the collection of all registered authentication client;
/// </summary>
/// <returns></returns>
public static ICollection<AuthenticationClientData> RegisteredClientData
{
get
{
// the Values property returns a read-only collection.
// so we don't need to worry about clients of this method modifying our internal collection.
return _authenticationClients.Values;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Facebook client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="appId">The app id.</param>
/// <param name="appSecret">The app secret.</param>
public static void RegisterFacebookClient(string appId, string appSecret)
{
RegisterFacebookClient(appId, appSecret, displayName: "Facebook");
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Facebook client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="appId">The app id.</param>
/// <param name="appSecret">The app secret.</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name of the client.</param>
public static void RegisterFacebookClient(string appId, string appSecret, string displayName)
{
RegisterFacebookClient(appId, appSecret, displayName, extraData: new Dictionary<string, object>());
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Facebook client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="appId">The app id.</param>
/// <param name="appSecret">The app secret.</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
/// <param name="extraData">The data bag used to store extra data about this client</param>
public static void RegisterFacebookClient(string appId, string appSecret, string displayName, IDictionary<string, object> extraData)
{
RegisterClient(new FacebookClient(appId, appSecret), displayName, extraData);
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Microsoft account client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="clientId">The client id.</param>
/// <param name="clientSecret">The client secret.</param>
public static void RegisterMicrosoftClient(string clientId, string clientSecret)
{
RegisterMicrosoftClient(clientId, clientSecret, displayName: "Microsoft");
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Microsoft account client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="clientId">The client id.</param>
/// <param name="clientSecret">The client secret.</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
public static void RegisterMicrosoftClient(string clientId, string clientSecret, string displayName)
{
RegisterMicrosoftClient(clientId, clientSecret, displayName, new Dictionary<string, object>());
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Microsoft account client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="clientId">The client id.</param>
/// <param name="clientSecret">The client secret.</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
/// <param name="extraData">The data bag used to store extra data about this client</param>
public static void RegisterMicrosoftClient(string clientId, string clientSecret, string displayName, IDictionary<string, object> extraData)
{
RegisterClient(new MicrosoftClient(clientId, clientSecret), displayName, extraData);
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Twitter client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="consumerKey">The consumer key.</param>
/// <param name="consumerSecret">The consumer secret.</param>
public static void RegisterTwitterClient(string consumerKey, string consumerSecret)
{
RegisterTwitterClient(consumerKey, consumerSecret, displayName: "Twitter");
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Twitter client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="consumerKey">The consumer key.</param>
/// <param name="consumerSecret">The consumer secret.</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
public static void RegisterTwitterClient(string consumerKey, string consumerSecret, string displayName)
{
RegisterTwitterClient(consumerKey, consumerSecret, displayName, new Dictionary<string, object>());
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Twitter client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="consumerKey">The consumer key.</param>
/// <param name="consumerSecret">The consumer secret.</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
/// <param name="extraData">The data bag used to store extra data about this client</param>
public static void RegisterTwitterClient(string consumerKey, string consumerSecret, string displayName, IDictionary<string, object> extraData)
{
var twitterClient = new TwitterClient(consumerKey, consumerSecret);
RegisterClient(twitterClient, displayName, extraData);
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the LinkedIn client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="consumerKey">The consumer key.</param>
/// <param name="consumerSecret">The consumer secret.</param>
public static void RegisterLinkedInClient(string consumerKey, string consumerSecret)
{
RegisterLinkedInClient(consumerKey, consumerSecret, displayName: "LinkedIn");
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the LinkedIn client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="consumerKey">The consumer key.</param>
/// <param name="consumerSecret">The consumer secret.</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
public static void RegisterLinkedInClient(string consumerKey, string consumerSecret, string displayName)
{
RegisterLinkedInClient(consumerKey, consumerSecret, displayName, new Dictionary<string, object>());
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the LinkedIn client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="consumerKey">The consumer key.</param>
/// <param name="consumerSecret">The consumer secret.</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
/// <param name="extraData">The data bag used to store extra data about this client</param>
public static void RegisterLinkedInClient(string consumerKey, string consumerSecret, string displayName, IDictionary<string, object> extraData)
{
var linkedInClient = new LinkedInClient(consumerKey, consumerSecret);
RegisterClient(linkedInClient, displayName, extraData);
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Google client.
/// </summary>
public static void RegisterGoogleClient()
{
RegisterGoogleClient(displayName: "Google");
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Google client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
public static void RegisterGoogleClient(string displayName)
{
RegisterClient(new GoogleOpenIdClient(), displayName, new Dictionary<string, object>());
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Google client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
/// <param name="extraData">The data bag.</param>
public static void RegisterGoogleClient(string displayName, IDictionary<string, object> extraData)
{
RegisterClient(new GoogleOpenIdClient(), displayName, extraData);
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Yahoo client.
/// </summary>
public static void RegisterYahooClient()
{
RegisterYahooClient(displayName: "Yahoo");
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Yahoo client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
public static void RegisterYahooClient(string displayName)
{
RegisterYahooClient(displayName, new Dictionary<string, object>());
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers the Yahoo client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
/// <param name="extraData">The data bag.</param>
public static void RegisterYahooClient(string displayName, IDictionary<string, object> extraData)
{
RegisterClient(new YahooOpenIdClient(), displayName, extraData);
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers an authentication client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="client">The client to be registered.</param>
[CLSCompliant(false)]
public static void RegisterClient(IAuthenticationClient client)
{
RegisterClient(client, displayName: null, extraData: new Dictionary<string, object>());
}
/// <summary>
/// Registers an authentication client.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="client">The client to be registered</param>
/// <param name="displayName">The display name.</param>
/// <param name="extraData">The data bag used to store extra data about the specified client</param>
[CLSCompliant(false)]
public static void RegisterClient(IAuthenticationClient client, string displayName, IDictionary<string, object> extraData)
{
if (client == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("client");
}
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(client.ProviderName))
{
throw new ArgumentException(WebResources.InvalidServiceProviderName, "client");
}
if (_authenticationClients.ContainsKey(client.ProviderName))
{
throw new ArgumentException(WebResources.ServiceProviderNameExists, "client");
}
var clientData = new AuthenticationClientData(client, displayName, extraData);
_authenticationClients.Add(client.ProviderName, clientData);
}
/// <summary>
/// Requests the specified provider to start the authentication by directing users to an external website
/// </summary>
/// <param name="provider">The provider.</param>
public static void RequestAuthentication(string provider)
{
RequestAuthentication(provider, returnUrl: null);
}
/// <summary>
/// Requests the specified provider to start the authentication by directing users to an external website
/// </summary>
/// <param name="provider">The provider.</param>
/// <param name="returnUrl">The return url after user is authenticated.</param>
[SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1054:UriParametersShouldNotBeStrings", MessageId = "1#", Justification = "We want to allow relative app path, and support ~/")]
public static void RequestAuthentication(string provider, string returnUrl)
{
if (HttpContext.Current == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(WebResources.HttpContextNotAvailable);
}
RequestAuthenticationCore(new HttpContextWrapper(HttpContext.Current), provider, returnUrl);
}
/// <summary>
/// Requests the authentication core.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="context">The context.</param>
/// <param name="provider">The provider.</param>
/// <param name="returnUrl">The return URL.</param>
internal static void RequestAuthenticationCore(HttpContextBase context, string provider, string returnUrl)
{
IAuthenticationClient client = GetOAuthClient(provider);
var securityManager = new OpenAuthSecurityManager(context, client, OAuthDataProvider);
securityManager.RequestAuthentication(returnUrl);
}
/// <summary>
/// Checks if user is successfully authenticated when user is redirected back to this user.
/// </summary>
[CLSCompliant(false)]
public static AuthenticationResult VerifyAuthentication()
{
return VerifyAuthentication(returnUrl: null);
}
/// <summary>
/// Checks if user is successfully authenticated when user is redirected back to this user.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="returnUrl">The return URL which must match the one passed to RequestAuthentication earlier.</param>
[CLSCompliant(false)]
[System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1054:UriParametersShouldNotBeStrings", MessageId = "0#", Justification = "We want to allow relative app path, and support ~/")]
public static AuthenticationResult VerifyAuthentication(string returnUrl)
{
if (HttpContext.Current == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(WebResources.HttpContextNotAvailable);
}
return VerifyAuthenticationCore(new HttpContextWrapper(HttpContext.Current), returnUrl);
}
[SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1054:UriParametersShouldNotBeStrings", MessageId = "1#", Justification = "We want to allow relative app path, and support ~/")]
internal static AuthenticationResult VerifyAuthenticationCore(HttpContextBase context, string returnUrl)
{
string providerName = OpenAuthSecurityManager.GetProviderName(context);
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(providerName))
{
return AuthenticationResult.Failed;
}
IAuthenticationClient client;
if (TryGetOAuthClient(providerName, out client))
{
var securityManager = new OpenAuthSecurityManager(context, client, OAuthDataProvider);
return securityManager.VerifyAuthentication(returnUrl);
}
else
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(WebResources.InvalidServiceProviderName);
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Checks if the specified provider user id represents a valid account.
/// If it does, log user in.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providerName">Name of the provider.</param>
/// <param name="providerUserId">The provider user id.</param>
/// <param name="createPersistentCookie">if set to <c>true</c> create persistent cookie as part of the login.</param>
/// <returns>
/// <c>true</c> if the login is successful.
/// </returns>
[SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Naming", "CA1726:UsePreferredTerms", MessageId = "Login", Justification = "Login is used more consistently in ASP.Net")]
public static bool Login(string providerName, string providerUserId, bool createPersistentCookie)
{
if (HttpContext.Current == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException(WebResources.HttpContextNotAvailable);
}
return LoginCore(new HttpContextWrapper(HttpContext.Current), providerName, providerUserId, createPersistentCookie);
}
internal static bool LoginCore(HttpContextBase context, string providerName, string providerUserId, bool createPersistentCookie)
{
var provider = GetOAuthClient(providerName);
var securityManager = new OpenAuthSecurityManager(context, provider, OAuthDataProvider);
return securityManager.Login(providerUserId, createPersistentCookie);
}
internal static bool GetIsAuthenticatedWithOAuthCore(HttpContextBase context)
{
return new OpenAuthSecurityManager(context).IsAuthenticatedWithOpenAuth;
}
/// <summary>
/// Creates or update the account with the specified provider, provider user id and associate it with the specified user name.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providerName">Name of the provider.</param>
/// <param name="providerUserId">The provider user id.</param>
/// <param name="userName">The user name.</param>
public static void CreateOrUpdateAccount(string providerName, string providerUserId, string userName)
{
ExtendedMembershipProvider provider = VerifyProvider();
provider.CreateOrUpdateOAuthAccount(providerName, providerUserId, userName);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the registered user name corresponding to the specified provider and provider user id.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providerName">Name of the provider.</param>
/// <param name="providerUserId">The provider user id.</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string GetUserName(string providerName, string providerUserId)
{
return OAuthDataProvider.GetUserNameFromOpenAuth(providerName, providerUserId);
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets all OAuth & OpenID accounts which are associted with the specified user name.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="userName">The user name.</param>
public static ICollection<OAuthAccount> GetAccountsFromUserName(string userName)
{
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(userName))
{
throw new ArgumentException(
String.Format(CultureInfo.CurrentCulture, WebResources.Argument_Cannot_Be_Null_Or_Empty, "userName"),
"userName");
}
ExtendedMembershipProvider provider = VerifyProvider();
return provider.GetAccountsForUser(userName).Select(p => new OAuthAccount(p.Provider, p.ProviderUserId)).ToList();
}
/// <summary>
/// Determines whether there exists a local account (as opposed to OAuth account) with the specified userId.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="userId">The user id to check for local account.</param>
/// <returns>
/// <c>true</c> if there is a local account with the specified user id]; otherwise, <c>false</c>.
/// </returns>
public static bool HasLocalAccount(int userId)
{
ExtendedMembershipProvider provider = VerifyProvider();
Debug.Assert(provider != null); // VerifyProvider checks this
return provider.HasLocalAccount(userId);
}
/// <summary>
/// Delete the specified OAuth & OpenID account
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providerName">Name of the provider.</param>
/// <param name="providerUserId">The provider user id.</param>
public static bool DeleteAccount(string providerName, string providerUserId)
{
ExtendedMembershipProvider provider = VerifyProvider();
string username = GetUserName(providerName, providerUserId);
if (String.IsNullOrEmpty(username))
{
// account doesn't exist
return false;
}
provider.DeleteOAuthAccount(providerName, providerUserId);
return true;
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the OAuth client data of the specified provider name.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providerName">Name of the provider.</param>
/// <returns>The AuthenticationClientData of the specified provider name.</returns>
public static AuthenticationClientData GetOAuthClientData(string providerName)
{
if (providerName == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("providerName");
}
return _authenticationClients[providerName];
}
/// <summary>
/// Tries getting the OAuth client data of the specified provider name.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providerName">Name of the provider.</param>
/// <param name="clientData">The client data of the specified provider name.</param>
/// <returns><c>true</c> if the client data is found for the specified provider name. Otherwise, <c>false</c></returns>
public static bool TryGetOAuthClientData(string providerName, out AuthenticationClientData clientData)
{
if (providerName == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("providerName");
}
return _authenticationClients.TryGetValue(providerName, out clientData);
}
internal static IAuthenticationClient GetOAuthClient(string providerName)
{
if (!_authenticationClients.ContainsKey(providerName))
{
throw new ArgumentException(WebResources.ServiceProviderNotFound, "providerName");
}
return _authenticationClients[providerName].AuthenticationClient;
}
internal static bool TryGetOAuthClient(string provider, out IAuthenticationClient client)
{
if (_authenticationClients.ContainsKey(provider))
{
client = _authenticationClients[provider].AuthenticationClient;
return true;
}
else
{
client = null;
return false;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// for unit tests
/// </summary>
internal static void ClearProviders()
{
_authenticationClients.Clear();
}
private static ExtendedMembershipProvider VerifyProvider()
{
var provider = Membership.Provider as ExtendedMembershipProvider;
if (provider == null)
{
throw new InvalidOperationException();
}
return provider;
}
/// <summary>
/// Securely serializes a providerName/providerUserId pair.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="providerName">The provider name.</param>
/// <param name="providerUserId">The provider-specific user id.</param>
/// <returns>A cryptographically protected serialization of the inputs which is suitable for round-tripping.</returns>
/// <remarks>Do not persist the return value to permanent storage. This implementation is subject to change.</remarks>
public static string SerializeProviderUserId(string providerName, string providerUserId)
{
if (providerName == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("providerName");
}
if (providerUserId == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("providerUserId");
}
return ProviderUserIdSerializationHelper.ProtectData(providerName, providerUserId);
}
/// <summary>
/// Deserializes a string obtained from <see cref="SerializeProviderUserId(string, string)"/> back into a
/// providerName/providerUserId pair.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="data">The input data.</param>
/// <param name="providerName">Will contain the deserialized provider name.</param>
/// <param name="providerUserId">Will contain the deserialized provider user id.</param>
/// <returns><c>True</c> if successful.</returns>
[SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1021:AvoidOutParameters", MessageId = "1#", Justification = "This design is acceptable")]
public static bool TryDeserializeProviderUserId(string data, out string providerName, out string providerUserId)
{
if (data == null)
{
throw new ArgumentNullException("data");
}
return ProviderUserIdSerializationHelper.UnprotectData(data, out providerName, out providerUserId);
}
}
} |
Q:
Additional information: Unable to cast object of type 'System.Int32' to type 'System.String'
how to remove the error when i withdraw an amount
con.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0;Data Source=C:\Users\anaabenoja\Documents\sample connection.accdb";
sql = "SELECT * FROM Acc_info where account_no = " +txtaccno.Text;
cmd.Connection = con;
cmd.CommandText = sql;
da.SelectCommand = cmd;
da.Fill(Log_in);
if (Log_in.Rows.Count > 0)
{
error --> *balance = (string )(Log_in.Rows[0]["balance"]);*
num1 = int.Parse("balance");
num2 = int.Parse(txtamount.Text);
A:
con.ConnectionString = @"Provider=Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0;Data Source=C:\Users\anaabenoja\Documents\sample connection.accdb";
sql = "SELECT * FROM Acc_info where account_no = " +txtaccno.Text;
cmd.Connection = con;
cmd.CommandText = sql;
da.SelectCommand = cmd;
da.Fill(Log_in);
if (Log_in.Rows.Count > 0)
{
error --> *balance = (string )(Log_in.Rows[0]["balance"]);*
num1 = int.Parse("balance");
num2 = int.Parse(txtamount.Text);
Do you even need to cast to string if you are parsing it a line later??!
Just use:
num1 = Log_in.Rows[0]["balance"]
Not sure what DataAdapter does as I don't use it much but worst case cast the value to int if it's not already int (i.e. it's boxed - obviously don't cast to int if it's a non compatible type!):
num1 = (int)Log_in.Rows[0]["balance"]
|
[The regional characteristics, trends and factors of development of health care in Smolenskaya oblast].
The article analyses the characteristics of municipal public health, which implements the major part of everyday support of public guarantees of medical care free-of charge. The regional characteristics of population structure in Smolenskaya oblast are analyzed The impact of population health conditions on the public health system of oblast is established. It is proved that the formation of regional health system is impossible without analyzing the demographic situation in the region and its trends. |
Despite legislative challenges on Capitol Hill, struggles getting Obamacare "repealed and replaced" and a new push to get tax reform passed before Thanksgiving, President Trump says the stock market and unemployment levels speak for themselves and prove that his administration is something special.
Thousands of angry students, parents, teachers and neighbors of a Florida high school where 17 people were killed demanded Saturday that immediate action be taken on gun-control legislation, insisting they would not relent until their demands were met.
Anger bubbles over at funerals for students and teachers killed in Florida school shooting.
Anger bubbles over at funerals for students and teachers killed in Florida school shooting.
President Donald Trump visited a Florida community reeling from a deadly school shooting, meeting privately with victims and cheering the heroics of first responders, but extending few public words of consolation...
President Donald Trump visited a Florida community reeling from a deadly school shooting, meeting privately with victims and cheering the heroics of first responders, but extending few public words of consolation to those in deep mourning. |
Q:
What is the difference between duckduckgo.com and start.duckduckgo.com?
Both https://duckduckgo.com and https://start.duckduckgo.com present as the first page of the search engine. I configure my browser to pass search queries to either of them.
I learnt about the start. domain when I stepped through a tutorial/infobox on the regular domain that suggested something like "never see this again".
What is the difference if I use one domain rather than the other? (I'd prefer official documentation that clarifies the goal rather than (just) the implementation.)
A:
The redirect from the regular start page states:
Clear your cookies often? Try our homepage that never shows these messages: start.duckduckgo.com
...this implies that the regular homepage sets a cookie to hide messages the next time you visit, while the "start" page just never displays them.
According to an official DDG support representative on the DDG forum, start.duckduckgo.com was introduced in 2016 as a "cleaner start page". You'll notice there are fewer UI elements, such as tips or links to add-ons, at the start.duckduckgo.com domain. The search experience is exactly the same, though.
|
[Physiopathology of meningoencephalitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans].
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast mainly responsible for meningoencephalitis, especially in AIDS patients. Recent observations using an experimental model of systemic cryptococcosis that mimics the human infection have reinforced the knowledge on the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis. Cryptococcosis may occur several years after inhalation of infecting particles from the environment. A stage of fungemia that reflects the dissemination of infection usually precedes the development of meningoencephalitis. The capsule mainly composed of glucuronoxylomannan constitutes the main virulence factor of C. neoformans. It has several deleterious effects including the inhibition of the host immune responses. The central nervous system involvement differs between AIDS patients and HIV-negative patients. In AIDS patients, histological studies of the brain show numerous cryptococci without significant inflammatory cell response. In other immunodepressed hosts, a granulomatous inflammation containing few yeasts is usually seen. This may reflect an altered local immunological defect against C. neoformans in AIDS patients with cryptococcosis. |
Monday, October 15, 2007
For parents
I am not your enemy.
If your child is autistic and you want a better life for him or her, I am not your enemy. I want a better life for all autistic people. However they communicate, however well or poorly they score on standardized tests. Whether or not they have medical problems in addition to neurological differences, whether the diagnosis is autism, Asperger syndrome, PDD-NOS or something else altogether, I want the best possible life for every person on the spectrum.
By “better life” I mean physical and mental health and I mean freedom from harassment and discrimination and institutionalization. I want respect for your child and accommodation as needed and I want them to have jobs if they want jobs and friends and partners if they want that. I want your child to be happy and healthy.
By “healthy” I do not mean non-autistic. Autism is a lifelong neurological condition, not a disease.
I have never opposed the legitimate treatment of legitimate medical problems. Most children and adults go to the doctor when they are ill. I object to the characterization of autism itself as an illness. I object to the treatment of intestinal problems being characterized as “curing autism” and I object to the marketing of expensive, experimental treatments to desperate parents. More than that, I object to parents being told they should be desperate.
If you have a child who is autistic, I object to people saying that your child has no soul, or is a train wreck, disaster, walking nightmare or empty shell. I know that your child is a valued human being. I know, too, that you want the best for him or her.
I am all for teaching kids to communicate. What I object to is that teaching and learning for autistic children are packaged and marketed as “therapy”, while teaching for non-autistic children is called “teaching." I disagree with anyone who believes that speech is the only “real” way to communicate. I think that children need time to play and relax as well as time to study and learn.
When your child grows up, unless I am mistaken, he or she will still be autistic. I want a safe and accepting world for the adult (s)he will become. I want a world where people will employ her, take him out to dinner, appreciate them for who they are. I know that many people will see this as foolish and naïve. I’m okay with that.
But I am not your enemy. If you have a child on the spectrum and are hoping to cure him or her, hoping to get rid of the autism, I don’t want to argue with you. Most likely, you and I don’t even use the word “autism” to mean the same thing. If you are one of these parents working to change your child, know that I am working, too. If your quest to change the course of autism fails, perhaps the quest to change societal attitudes will fare better. In which case, your autistic child might have a less hostile world to live in.
Thank you for this reminder. I have something framed on my dresser to remind me of this (http://miscthing.blogspot.com/2006/09/my-mission-statement.html). Evenso, it is so easy to lose sight in all of the hype, especially when you feel like you're going against the masses. This is why I read blogs--to not feel alone.
I wish more parents of autistic children heard your message. The way you see things and the way you articulate your thoughts are just incredible. There should be more Bevs out there. I come across so many parents through blogs or in person who are so busy trying to cure their children that they don't stop and smell the roses. I feel bad for these parents, but even worse for their children. It's such a shame. Thank goodness for you and many of the others on the Autism Hub who give me hope for a more tolerant/accepting world for my son to grow up in.
I love the way you explain things. I appreciate the learning and growth I'm experiencing as I explore your site. Thank you. Not only are you helping me to help my son...you are helping so many in so many ways to understand, be informed and come together on the things we can agree about. Thank you, thank you, thank you!
I LOVE reading blogs and the writings on people with autism who are adult! It has helped me accept my boys for who they are and be more conscious of how my non-verbal son may be trying to communicate! Thank you so much for writing this! This is my first time to your site, so I'm looking forward to exploring it!
Bev,I am caught off guard by your disdaine for DAN! My son has made amazing progress with DAN!(the site on Confederate Ave. no less) If you believe they cruelly give false hope please do not assume they help no one.
I appreciate that you can see another side on the matter. Is this the first positive report you have come across re: DAN!? What is it about DAN! that causes a following of negativity? My experience is that they are certainly not an 'anti-autistic society' group and would back those interested in bringing about societal change. Can't it all work together or am I missing something?
I went to your presentation on Communication at Autism Institue in Louisville and I left afterwards in tears. Finally, there was someone who could put all those thoughts into the words that wouldn't come out of my mouth.I made a picture to complement the video you showed at that presentation and I posted it on my blogitlookslikespiltmilk.blogspot.com
I have a son with AS and have been feeling particularly blue about what the future holds for him. I read your pice and thank you - you've made me realise that I am one of the few chosen ones who have been given the priveledge of raising a child who is so truly special! Once again, thank you!
Thank you so much for your belifes your blog brought tears to my eyes. I have been fighting people to just accept my son for who he is and who he will ALWAYS be and that is a person who is Autistic and that he wouldnt be him if he wasnt. I hope one day that we all will see Autistic people in a more understanding way and accept them for who they are. A PROUD parent of an Autistic child.
Dear friend, you can't imagine how it was important for me to find your blog today. I'm deeply emotioned and I want to thank you for sharing so much information and emotions with us. I'm a mother of a wonderful Aspie boy. He is now 14, and he was diagnosed at 6. He is a strong worker, and because of his determination he has overcomed lots of difficulties till now. But he still is "different" in social terms. I dont want to think about the future with fear. I prefer to work hard (with him) to prepare himself to be strong and to face the world in a positive way. But I know that he will face lots of difficulties...Your blog will be very important for me, from now on. I'll be back to follow your articles. Your experience will be a great help.Thank you for sharing. Thank you for being there.Be happy! You deserve it.
"What is it about DAN! that causes a following of negativity? My experience is that they are certainly not an 'anti-autistic society' group and would back those interested in bringing about societal change."
Excuse me? An organization called DEFEAT Autism Now is not anti-autistic?
Brilliant! I must share your site with my 18yo daughter. She has Asperger's and it is part of who she is. We get her help for what she needs help with (anxiety, diet issues) but she has always been a delightful person and I can't see anything that needs "curing".
As an NT parent of an Autistic daughter I have learned over the years that as soon as I assume to know what is 'best' for her or think I know better or more about a situation involving her, I need to stop and be silent and to listen for her truth. Because everytime I assume something I get it wrong. My daughter has incredible patience and is a great teacher. I just have to make sure I am the one who has the listening ears and teachable heart.
Hi Bev,I am fairly new to blogging and relatively new to the diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome and Autism for me and my two boys and it often amazes and saddens me how much division there is in this community.
I appreciated reading your heartfelt post and will be interested to read other postings.
I really appreciate your sentiment that we are not enemies. I think that one of the saddest things in the world of autism is how families have turned against each other to such a degree. I do think we all want the same thing and I think you have elucidated it beautifully. I offer my thoughts in the spirit of respectful discourse.My experience has been different. My son is mostly recovered from his ASD now- the ASD was not "who he is" it was obscuring "who he is" like dark clouds obscuring the sun. Healing him has had nothing to do with "making him act normal" and he has received almost no "therapy". I homeschool my kids (my other son had ADHD and OCD), well actually we unschool. I do this because I want my kids to live in freedom to be themselves and live free of stigma and negative expectations about what they “should” be able to do and how they “should” behave. My sons are free to indulge their interests and learn what they want in the way they want. They are free to be as quirky and as atypical as they want to be.Having said that, understanding that my kids’ neurological symptoms were the result of underlying biological injuries, and then healing them from these injuries, has resulted in my ASD son no longer being on the spectrum and my other son no longer having ADHD, OCD, and severe anxiety. There are thousands of children who did have autism, whose biological injuries have been healed, and who no longer have autism. So we know that autism is not always a life-long neurological condition, although it may often be such. Regardless of whether or not ASD is lifelong I absolutely agree that all people, including those with ASD, have the right to live in a world that respects and honors them and their abilities as they are in the present, not as we may “want” or envision them to be in the future.There is no shame in being injured, sick, or poisoned. I myself am all three of those. The way I see it, healing someone whose injuries result in neurological manifestations should not imply a lack of respect for the person any more than giving glasses to a child with poor vision implies that you can't respect or love the child unless he can see better. We do it because improved sight is helpful for the child. I am healing my son so that his true self can shine through. I am in no way trying to “shape” or “control” how that self should look or behave. He has always been extraordinary and I hope to god he never becomes normal! “Who my son is” is bigger than ASD, and his gifts and creativity are ever stronger the closer he gets to being healed. In our experience the gifts and the struggles of ASD are not “two sides of the same coin”. I feel sad that only in the world of autism are parents who want to heal their kids labeled as "desperate" in a negative way. We hear so many stories in the media of parents who fight to extremes to help their children with seizures, cancer, paralysis, and physical injuries, and they are always hailed as heroes. When the child has autism, suddenly these parents are deluded and to be pitied. These parents are some of the most informed and knowledgeable people I have ever met and are the LAST people to be "suckered" or to blindly follow someone. It's not doctors who push biomed on parents, it's informed parents demanding what they need from doctors. It’s easy to judge and label people whose behavior we don’t understand, but please, in the spirit of being allies and not enemies, please don’t judge biomed parents any more than you want to be judged yourself.
Definately not an enemy, but going the other way, this is the issue that I have for my own son. He is high functioning Aspergers/PDD, he is so bright, and we try to keep him focused and make sure all his homework is done and he has everything located in a safe place. I wish I could get through to him, that I am not his enemy. I just want him to be successful, and to be able to live a full life. Anyways, nice to read this article...thank you.
I don't want to change my son. I just want people to understand him. When I tell people he has Asperger's they have no clue what I'm saying. If I simplify it and say he has Autisim, they don't buy it because he's not what they had in mind.
I think one of the major problems is that for most people it does not take a major mental leap to go from words like "syndrome", "condition", "disorder" to construing that to be "illness" and from "illness" to "epidemic" and from that to "cure" and "eradication" and calling the centre for disease control! Especially when there's hyperbole involved!!! |
Q:
I don't get the CheckboxFor html helper in asp.net mvc
I don't why the Html.CheckBoxFor(x => x.IsChecked) helper was implemented. Why does it force you to have to use a bool value?
From what I seen the regular html input can have a "value" of any string. So why does the html helper limit you?
I am having a problem right now where I would love to change the "value" to store my GUID but since it only takes in a bool I can't do this.
I see other people make a HiddenFor() to get around this but I just find this weird.
A:
It's because usually a checkbox has 2 states: checked and unchecked. Which is perfectly modeled by a boolean. Now I understand your pain and agree with you that this could be a bit of a limitation because the underlying <input> HTML element allows for potentially any type. But this limitation is very easily workarounded by simply adding a boolean property to your view model and then bind the CheckBoxFor helper to this property.
|
# RimBack CMS
_CMS base for the community of web programmers Rimorsoft Online._
## Starting
_Get a copy, fork and give us a super star. I want you to be aware of [this playlist](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRpYm5K__hQ&list=PLhCiuvlix-rQXtJOYDEpjn41TLsFSaM49) They are videos in Spanish, but the YouTube translator helps a lot_ this is `rimback::create()`
# Installation Steps
## 1. Require the Package
After creating your new Laravel application, you must create the simple login system: `php artisan make:auth`
## 2. Add the database credentials
Remember that all this is done from the `.env` file:
**Example**
```json
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_DATABASE=rimback
DB_USERNAME=root
DB_PASSWORD=root
```
## 3. Run the installer
We achieved it with the command: `composer require rimorsoft/rimback dev-master`
## 4. Next, add your new provider
We must do it in the file to the providers array of `config/app.php`:
```php
'providers' => [
// ...
Rimorsoft\Rimback\Providers\RimbackServiceProvider::class,
],
```
## 4. Decompress public files
This step is necessary to access the theme, driver, some views, configuration file, etc: `php artisan vendor:publish --force`
## 5. Install the tables in the database
Create the tables with the command: `php artisan migrate:refresh`
## 6. Last step
> Get clients and be very successful
---
## Build in
_Thank you very much_
* [Laravel](https://www.laravel.com/) - used framework
## You want to contribute?
Please see [here](https://rimorsoft.com/rimback) to see our code of conduct, and the process of sending a pull requests.
## Authors
_You can be here_
* **Italo Morales** - *Founder of the project* - [italomoralesf](https://github.com/italomoralesf)
* **your name here**
_You can help with documentation, creation of themes, package incorporation, etc_
## License
This project is under license (MIT).
## Gratitude - Our heroes
_Our community of web programmers **Rimorsoft Online**_
* *[Rimorsoft Online](https://rimorsoft.com/)*
---
_file v1.1_ |
The present invention relates to processed cheese and methods of making processed cheese. In particular, the invention relates to the use of a protein cross-linking enzyme during the manufacturing process to produce a processed cheese having an improved firmness.
Processed cheese has become a staple of the food industry. It is also a commodity, meaning that there are many suppliers of processed cheese. As a result, the price charged for processed cheese has a great impact on a supplier's share of the market. Thus processed cheese manufacturers are under constant pressure to reduce their costs. On the other hand, government regulations regarding the ingredients that can be used, and the desire for functional qualities such as taste, firmness, mouth feel and meltability, constrain efforts to reduce costs. In addition to the quality perceived by the consumer, functional qualities are also important in the manufacturing process.
One of the efforts to reduce cost for cheese has been to keep the whey proteins from being lost in the cheese making process. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,639 discloses a process for making cheese by using ultrafiltration and diafiltration to keep all of the whey proteins in the final cheese. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,598 discloses the use of transglutaminase to cross-link proteins in milk to increase the yield of the curds from the milk. In addition, whey solids are a common ingredient mixed with cheese to make processed cheese. However, the presence of whey solids in processed cheese has a negative impact on the firmness of the processed cheese. Other ingredients that may he added to processed cheese may also have a negative impact on the firmness or meltability of the processed cheese. Also, many other measures taken to reduce cost often have a negative impact on the firmness of processed cheese.
Transglutaminase has been suggested for use in various food products. Transglutaminase cross-links proteins in meat products to improve the hardness and elasticity of the products, as well as to improve the texture of products containing low meat content. Transglutaminase has also been disclosed for use in dairy products. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,914 discloses a process for incorporating whey proteins into cheese using transglutaminase, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,242,036 discloses cheese curd made using transglutaminase and a non-rennet protease. U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,814 discloses incorporation of whey into process cheese. However, the common problem with many of these processes is that transglutaminase is currently fairly expensive. Thus, the benefit it provides is not worth its cost. None of the foregoing processes using transglutaminase are believed to be currently used on a commercial basis in the United States.
Another approach for utilizing transglutaminase in processed cheese is disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2594340. In the disclosed process, cheese and other ingredients are melted, mixed together and cooked to make a processed cheese. The temperature is then reduced and transglutaminase is added and allowed to act on the melted cheese mixture to produce a product with optimal stringiness and high temperature shape retention. One problem with this process is that the processed cheese is stirred at a medium temperature, such as 50° C. (122° F.), for 30 minutes while the transglutaminase reacts. This material then has to be reheated to 85° C. (185° F.) to deactivate the transglutaminase. All of this post-manufacture processing of the processed cheese is impractical in making a commodity processed cheese, which otherwise requires only a very short residence time in the mixing and cooking equipment.
Hence, there is still a need for a process for making processed cheese that has good firmness, but which is commercially practical. Also, a processed cheese that is inexpensive, but still has good firmness and melt properties would be highly desirable. |
b|a
float|int
458.7|12345
456.7|123
457.7|1234 |
Technology
Breaking News
Woman Jailed 20 Years For Aborting Her Baby
Purvi Patel, Feticide
Purvi Patel
A 33-year-old Indiana woman, Purvi Patel, has been found guilty and convicted for 20 years after she aborted her own baby.Patel was charged for killing a fetus and child neglect. She was arrested after delivering a stillborn baby and throwing the body in a dumpster. The case is the first time a woman has been convicted of feticide for ending her own pregnancy.Court records reveal that in 2013, Patel went to a hospital because she was bleeding profusely. During examination, doctors quickly realized that she had lost a pregnancy, and she confessed that she had left the fetus in a dumpster.Patel became a suspect and was subsequently questioned in the hospital after undergoing surgery to remove the placenta.In addition to the charge of negligence, prosecutors later added the charge of feticide based on text messages that were on the woman’s phone, showing that she took abortion drugs, which she purchased online.The text messages was sufficient for a jury to convict Patel of feticide.Feticide is a charge normally used against those who harm a pregnant women, but was never used for a pregnant woman aborting her own baby. |
Red-fronted parrot description
Distinctive red markings on the forehead, thighs and leading edge of the wings give this fairly large and stocky, but nonetheless attractive, parrot its common name. The rest of the body is largely green, although the flight feathers and short, squarish tail feathers are brownish black and the feathers of the back and wings are dark, with greenish edges, giving a scalloped appearance (2)(5). The face and chin are also slightly darker, but the rump and uppertail-coverts are a lighter yellowish-green. The upper mandible of the beak is grey, tipped black, and the lower mandible is black. The legs are dark grey to black, and the eye is surrounded by a bare ring of pinkish-white skin (3)(5). Both sexes are similar in appearance (5), though females may have an orange-brown, rather than a reddish-orange, iris (2). Juveniles are paler in colour and lack the distinctive red markings of the adult (2)(5). Red-fronted parrots are fairly noisy birds, emitting high-pitched, harsh calls in flight and while perched. Quieter whistling calls are used when feeding, and individuals kept as pets may learn to mimic (3)(5).
Three subspecies of red-fronted parrot are recognised: Poicephalus gulielmi gulielmi, Poicephalus gulielmi fantiensis and Poicephalus gulielmi massaicus. P. g. fantiensis is slightly smaller than P. g. gulielmi, with orange rather than red markings, and sometimes paler green underparts, while P. g. massaicus is paler green with a smaller beak, and red markings that are restricted to the forehead (2)(3)(5).
Related species
Red-fronted parrot biology
Red-fronted parrots are generally found in groups of up to ten birds, though larger flocks may form at feeding and roosting sites. The diet consists of a variety of seeds, fruits, flowers and insects, and includes the fruits of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis(2)(3)(5), and in some areas the red-fronted parrot may possibly make lengthy daily foraging trips of up to 60 kilometres (3)(5).
The red-fronted parrot nests between November and January in Tanzania, March and November in Kenya, and around September in the Congo Basin (3). Nests are usually located in tree cavities, up to 12 metres above the ground (2)(5). Between 2 and 4 glossy white eggs are laid, and hatch after an incubation period of around 28 days, the young parrots fledging 10 to 11 weeks later. Red-fronted parrots have been known to live up to 30 years in captivity (2)(3)(5).
Red-fronted parrot range
The red-fronted parrot appears to have several distinct distributions (5). P. g. fantiensis occurs from Liberia east to Ghana, P. g. gulielmi from southeast Nigeria and southern Cameroon, south to Cabinda (northern Angola) and east to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda, and P. g. massaicus in the highlands of parts of Kenya and Tanzania (2)(3)(5).
Red-fronted parrot status
Red-fronted parrot threats
Keeping the red-fronted parrot as a pet has risen steadily in popularity in recent years (6), and as a result the species has been heavily traded on the wild bird market (3)(7). Trapping for this trade may pose a significant threat to the species (8), particularly the population around Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, where it could lead to local extinction. The red-fronted parrot is also at risk from deforestation in parts of its range (2)(5). However, the species still occurs over a wide area and is not currently considered globally threatened, although global population trends have yet to be quantified (7).
Red-fronted parrot conservation
The red-fronted parrot is found in several protected areas, including Lopé-Okanda National Park in Gabon, a World Heritage Site (9), and in Korup National Park in Cameroon and Bia National Park in Ghana (2)(5). The species is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that international trade in red-fronted parrots should be carefully controlled (4). However, a key problem in many areas is the lack of appropriate legislation, and the lack of enforcement of legislation where it does exist (8). Wild trade in this bird and destruction of its forest habitat may need better monitoring to ensure that red-fronted parrot populations do not suffer future declines.
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For more than a century, South Carolina Democrats seeking political office have traveled by horseback and automobile to a general store on the banks of the Pee Dee River to make their case to curious voters. Their destination: the biennial stump meeting in Galivants Ferry, S.C., which has been hosted by different generations of the same family since the late 1800s.
But on Monday, organizers of the 2019 Galivants Ferry Stump will add new twists to what has become a 143-year tradition. For the first time, the stump meeting will host presidential candidates — and it will do so in the fall of an odd-numbered year.
“A whole new presidential edition,” Sally P. Howard, the event’s director, said. “We’re excited — and nervous.”
Perhaps 2,000 people will make the pilgrimage to Pee Dee Farms General Store on Monday, the site of what the hosts say is the oldest and largest political “stump speaking” event in the country. It has long welcomed candidates for South Carolina governor, United States senator and other local offices, while sometimes attracting national political figures as keynote speakers. |
package rl
import (
"math"
)
// Vector2Zero - Vector with components value 0.0
func Vector2Zero() Vector2 {
return NewVector2(0.0, 0.0)
}
// Vector2One - Vector with components value 1.0
func Vector2One() Vector2 {
return NewVector2(1.0, 1.0)
}
// Vector2Add - Add two vectors (v1 + v2)
func Vector2Add(v1, v2 Vector2) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(v1.X+v2.X, v1.Y+v2.Y)
}
// Vector2Subtract - Subtract two vectors (v1 - v2)
func Vector2Subtract(v1, v2 Vector2) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(v1.X-v2.X, v1.Y-v2.Y)
}
// Vector2Length - Calculate vector length
func Vector2Length(v Vector2) float32 {
return float32(math.Sqrt(float64((v.X * v.X) + (v.Y * v.Y))))
}
// Vector2DotProduct - Calculate two vectors dot product
func Vector2DotProduct(v1, v2 Vector2) float32 {
return v1.X*v2.X + v1.Y*v2.Y
}
// Vector2Distance - Calculate distance between two vectors
func Vector2Distance(v1, v2 Vector2) float32 {
return float32(math.Sqrt(float64((v1.X-v2.X)*(v1.X-v2.X) + (v1.Y-v2.Y)*(v1.Y-v2.Y))))
}
// Vector2Angle - Calculate angle between two vectors in X-axis
func Vector2Angle(v1, v2 Vector2) float32 {
angle := float32(math.Atan2(float64(v2.Y-v1.Y), float64(v2.X-v1.X)) * (180.0 / float64(Pi)))
if angle < 0 {
angle += 360.0
}
return angle
}
// Vector2Scale - Scale vector (multiply by value)
func Vector2Scale(v Vector2, scale float32) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(v.X*scale, v.Y*scale)
}
// Vector2Multiply - Multiply vector by vector
func Vector2Multiply(v1, v2 Vector2) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(v1.X*v2.X, v1.Y*v2.Y)
}
// Vector2Negate - Negate vector
func Vector2Negate(v Vector2) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(-v.X, -v.Y)
}
// Vector2Divide - Divide vector by vector
func Vector2DivideV(v1, v2 Vector2) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(v1.X/v2.X, v1.Y/v2.Y)
}
// Vector2Normalize - Normalize provided vector
func Vector2Normalize(v Vector2) Vector2 {
return Vector2Scale(v, 1/Vector2Length(v))
}
// Vector2Lerp - Calculate linear interpolation between two vectors
func Vector2Lerp(v1, v2 Vector2, amount float32) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(v1.X+amount*(v2.X-v1.X), v1.Y+amount*(v2.Y-v1.Y))
}
// Vector2CrossProduct - Calculate two vectors cross product
func Vector2CrossProduct(v1, v2 Vector2) float32 {
return v1.X*v2.Y - v1.Y*v2.X
}
// Vector2Cross - Calculate the cross product of a vector and a value
func Vector2Cross(value float32, vector Vector2) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(-value*vector.Y, value*vector.X)
}
// Vector2LenSqr - Returns the len square root of a vector
func Vector2LenSqr(vector Vector2) float32 {
return vector.X*vector.X + vector.Y*vector.Y
}
// Mat2Radians - Creates a matrix 2x2 from a given radians value
func Mat2Radians(radians float32) Mat2 {
c := float32(math.Cos(float64(radians)))
s := float32(math.Sin(float64(radians)))
return NewMat2(c, -s, s, c)
}
// Mat2Set - Set values from radians to a created matrix 2x2
func Mat2Set(matrix *Mat2, radians float32) {
cos := float32(math.Cos(float64(radians)))
sin := float32(math.Sin(float64(radians)))
matrix.M00 = cos
matrix.M01 = -sin
matrix.M10 = sin
matrix.M11 = cos
}
// Mat2Transpose - Returns the transpose of a given matrix 2x2
func Mat2Transpose(matrix Mat2) Mat2 {
return NewMat2(matrix.M00, matrix.M10, matrix.M01, matrix.M11)
}
// Mat2MultiplyVector2 - Multiplies a vector by a matrix 2x2
func Mat2MultiplyVector2(matrix Mat2, vector Vector2) Vector2 {
return NewVector2(matrix.M00*vector.X+matrix.M01*vector.Y, matrix.M10*vector.X+matrix.M11*vector.Y)
}
// Vector3Zero - Vector with components value 0.0
func Vector3Zero() Vector3 {
return NewVector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
}
// Vector3One - Vector with components value 1.0
func Vector3One() Vector3 {
return NewVector3(1.0, 1.0, 1.0)
}
// Vector3Add - Add two vectors
func Vector3Add(v1, v2 Vector3) Vector3 {
return NewVector3(v1.X+v2.X, v1.Y+v2.Y, v1.Z+v2.Z)
}
// Vector3Multiply - Multiply vector by scalar
func Vector3Multiply(v Vector3, scalar float32) Vector3 {
result := Vector3{}
result.X = v.X * scalar
result.Y = v.Y * scalar
result.Z = v.Z * scalar
return result
}
// Vector3MultiplyV - Multiply vector by vector
func Vector3MultiplyV(v1, v2 Vector3) Vector3 {
result := Vector3{}
result.X = v1.X * v2.X
result.Y = v1.Y * v2.Y
result.Z = v1.Z * v2.Z
return result
}
// Vector3Subtract - Subtract two vectors
func Vector3Subtract(v1, v2 Vector3) Vector3 {
return NewVector3(v1.X-v2.X, v1.Y-v2.Y, v1.Z-v2.Z)
}
// Vector3CrossProduct - Calculate two vectors cross product
func Vector3CrossProduct(v1, v2 Vector3) Vector3 {
result := Vector3{}
result.X = v1.Y*v2.Z - v1.Z*v2.Y
result.Y = v1.Z*v2.X - v1.X*v2.Z
result.Z = v1.X*v2.Y - v1.Y*v2.X
return result
}
// Vector3Perpendicular - Calculate one vector perpendicular vector
func Vector3Perpendicular(v Vector3) Vector3 {
result := Vector3{}
min := math.Abs(float64(v.X))
cardinalAxis := NewVector3(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)
if math.Abs(float64(v.Y)) < min {
min = math.Abs(float64(v.Y))
cardinalAxis = NewVector3(0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
}
if math.Abs(float64(v.Z)) < min {
cardinalAxis = NewVector3(0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
}
result = Vector3CrossProduct(v, cardinalAxis)
return result
}
// Vector3Length - Calculate vector length
func Vector3Length(v Vector3) float32 {
return float32(math.Sqrt(float64(v.X*v.X + v.Y*v.Y + v.Z*v.Z)))
}
// Vector3DotProduct - Calculate two vectors dot product
func Vector3DotProduct(v1, v2 Vector3) float32 {
return v1.X*v2.X + v1.Y*v2.Y + v1.Z*v2.Z
}
// Vector3Distance - Calculate distance between two vectors
func Vector3Distance(v1, v2 Vector3) float32 {
dx := v2.X - v1.X
dy := v2.Y - v1.Y
dz := v2.Z - v1.Z
return float32(math.Sqrt(float64(dx*dx + dy*dy + dz*dz)))
}
// Vector3Scale - Scale provided vector
func Vector3Scale(v Vector3, scale float32) Vector3 {
return NewVector3(v.X*scale, v.Y*scale, v.Z*scale)
}
// Vector3Negate - Negate provided vector (invert direction)
func Vector3Negate(v Vector3) Vector3 {
return NewVector3(-v.X, -v.Y, -v.Z)
}
// Vector3Normalize - Normalize provided vector
func Vector3Normalize(v Vector3) Vector3 {
result := v
var length, ilength float32
length = Vector3Length(v)
if length == 0 {
length = 1.0
}
ilength = 1.0 / length
result.X *= ilength
result.Y *= ilength
result.Z *= ilength
return result
}
// Vector3Transform - Transforms a Vector3 by a given Matrix
func Vector3Transform(v Vector3, mat Matrix) Vector3 {
result := Vector3{}
x := v.X
y := v.Y
z := v.Z
result.X = mat.M0*x + mat.M4*y + mat.M8*z + mat.M12
result.Y = mat.M1*x + mat.M5*y + mat.M9*z + mat.M13
result.Z = mat.M2*x + mat.M6*y + mat.M10*z + mat.M14
return result
}
// Vector3Lerp - Calculate linear interpolation between two vectors
func Vector3Lerp(v1, v2 Vector3, amount float32) Vector3 {
result := Vector3{}
result.X = v1.X + amount*(v2.X-v1.X)
result.Y = v1.Y + amount*(v2.Y-v1.Y)
result.Z = v1.Z + amount*(v2.Z-v1.Z)
return result
}
// Vector3Reflect - Calculate reflected vector to normal
func Vector3Reflect(vector, normal Vector3) Vector3 {
// I is the original vector
// N is the normal of the incident plane
// R = I - (2*N*( DotProduct[ I,N] ))
result := Vector3{}
dotProduct := Vector3DotProduct(vector, normal)
result.X = vector.X - (2.0*normal.X)*dotProduct
result.Y = vector.Y - (2.0*normal.Y)*dotProduct
result.Z = vector.Z - (2.0*normal.Z)*dotProduct
return result
}
// Vector3Min - Return min value for each pair of components
func Vector3Min(vec1, vec2 Vector3) Vector3 {
result := Vector3{}
result.X = float32(math.Min(float64(vec1.X), float64(vec2.X)))
result.Y = float32(math.Min(float64(vec1.Y), float64(vec2.Y)))
result.Z = float32(math.Min(float64(vec1.Z), float64(vec2.Z)))
return result
}
// Vector3Max - Return max value for each pair of components
func Vector3Max(vec1, vec2 Vector3) Vector3 {
result := Vector3{}
result.X = float32(math.Max(float64(vec1.X), float64(vec2.X)))
result.Y = float32(math.Max(float64(vec1.Y), float64(vec2.Y)))
result.Z = float32(math.Max(float64(vec1.Z), float64(vec2.Z)))
return result
}
// Vector3Barycenter - Barycenter coords for p in triangle abc
func Vector3Barycenter(p, a, b, c Vector3) Vector3 {
v0 := Vector3Subtract(b, a)
v1 := Vector3Subtract(c, a)
v2 := Vector3Subtract(p, a)
d00 := Vector3DotProduct(v0, v0)
d01 := Vector3DotProduct(v0, v1)
d11 := Vector3DotProduct(v1, v1)
d20 := Vector3DotProduct(v2, v0)
d21 := Vector3DotProduct(v2, v1)
denom := d00*d11 - d01*d01
result := Vector3{}
result.Y = (d11*d20 - d01*d21) / denom
result.Z = (d00*d21 - d01*d20) / denom
result.X = 1.0 - (result.Z + result.Y)
return result
}
// MatrixDeterminant - Compute matrix determinant
func MatrixDeterminant(mat Matrix) float32 {
var result float32
a00 := mat.M0
a01 := mat.M1
a02 := mat.M2
a03 := mat.M3
a10 := mat.M4
a11 := mat.M5
a12 := mat.M6
a13 := mat.M7
a20 := mat.M8
a21 := mat.M9
a22 := mat.M10
a23 := mat.M11
a30 := mat.M12
a31 := mat.M13
a32 := mat.M14
a33 := mat.M15
result = a30*a21*a12*a03 - a20*a31*a12*a03 - a30*a11*a22*a03 + a10*a31*a22*a03 +
a20*a11*a32*a03 - a10*a21*a32*a03 - a30*a21*a02*a13 + a20*a31*a02*a13 +
a30*a01*a22*a13 - a00*a31*a22*a13 - a20*a01*a32*a13 + a00*a21*a32*a13 +
a30*a11*a02*a23 - a10*a31*a02*a23 - a30*a01*a12*a23 + a00*a31*a12*a23 +
a10*a01*a32*a23 - a00*a11*a32*a23 - a20*a11*a02*a33 + a10*a21*a02*a33 +
a20*a01*a12*a33 - a00*a21*a12*a33 - a10*a01*a22*a33 + a00*a11*a22*a33
return result
}
// MatrixTrace - Returns the trace of the matrix (sum of the values along the diagonal)
func MatrixTrace(mat Matrix) float32 {
return mat.M0 + mat.M5 + mat.M10 + mat.M15
}
// MatrixTranspose - Transposes provided matrix
func MatrixTranspose(mat Matrix) Matrix {
var result Matrix
result.M0 = mat.M0
result.M1 = mat.M4
result.M2 = mat.M8
result.M3 = mat.M12
result.M4 = mat.M1
result.M5 = mat.M5
result.M6 = mat.M9
result.M7 = mat.M13
result.M8 = mat.M2
result.M9 = mat.M6
result.M10 = mat.M10
result.M11 = mat.M14
result.M12 = mat.M3
result.M13 = mat.M7
result.M14 = mat.M11
result.M15 = mat.M15
return result
}
// MatrixInvert - Invert provided matrix
func MatrixInvert(mat Matrix) Matrix {
var result Matrix
a00 := mat.M0
a01 := mat.M1
a02 := mat.M2
a03 := mat.M3
a10 := mat.M4
a11 := mat.M5
a12 := mat.M6
a13 := mat.M7
a20 := mat.M8
a21 := mat.M9
a22 := mat.M10
a23 := mat.M11
a30 := mat.M12
a31 := mat.M13
a32 := mat.M14
a33 := mat.M15
b00 := a00*a11 - a01*a10
b01 := a00*a12 - a02*a10
b02 := a00*a13 - a03*a10
b03 := a01*a12 - a02*a11
b04 := a01*a13 - a03*a11
b05 := a02*a13 - a03*a12
b06 := a20*a31 - a21*a30
b07 := a20*a32 - a22*a30
b08 := a20*a33 - a23*a30
b09 := a21*a32 - a22*a31
b10 := a21*a33 - a23*a31
b11 := a22*a33 - a23*a32
// Calculate the invert determinant (inlined to avoid double-caching)
invDet := 1.0 / (b00*b11 - b01*b10 + b02*b09 + b03*b08 - b04*b07 + b05*b06)
result.M0 = (a11*b11 - a12*b10 + a13*b09) * invDet
result.M1 = (-a01*b11 + a02*b10 - a03*b09) * invDet
result.M2 = (a31*b05 - a32*b04 + a33*b03) * invDet
result.M3 = (-a21*b05 + a22*b04 - a23*b03) * invDet
result.M4 = (-a10*b11 + a12*b08 - a13*b07) * invDet
result.M5 = (a00*b11 - a02*b08 + a03*b07) * invDet
result.M6 = (-a30*b05 + a32*b02 - a33*b01) * invDet
result.M7 = (a20*b05 - a22*b02 + a23*b01) * invDet
result.M8 = (a10*b10 - a11*b08 + a13*b06) * invDet
result.M9 = (-a00*b10 + a01*b08 - a03*b06) * invDet
result.M10 = (a30*b04 - a31*b02 + a33*b00) * invDet
result.M11 = (-a20*b04 + a21*b02 - a23*b00) * invDet
result.M12 = (-a10*b09 + a11*b07 - a12*b06) * invDet
result.M13 = (a00*b09 - a01*b07 + a02*b06) * invDet
result.M14 = (-a30*b03 + a31*b01 - a32*b00) * invDet
result.M15 = (a20*b03 - a21*b01 + a22*b00) * invDet
return result
}
// MatrixNormalize - Normalize provided matrix
func MatrixNormalize(mat Matrix) Matrix {
var result Matrix
det := MatrixDeterminant(mat)
result.M0 /= det
result.M1 /= det
result.M2 /= det
result.M3 /= det
result.M4 /= det
result.M5 /= det
result.M6 /= det
result.M7 /= det
result.M8 /= det
result.M9 /= det
result.M10 /= det
result.M11 /= det
result.M12 /= det
result.M13 /= det
result.M14 /= det
result.M15 /= det
return result
}
// MatrixIdentity - Returns identity matrix
func MatrixIdentity() Matrix {
return NewMatrix(
1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
}
// MatrixAdd - Add two matrices
func MatrixAdd(left, right Matrix) Matrix {
result := MatrixIdentity()
result.M0 = left.M0 + right.M0
result.M1 = left.M1 + right.M1
result.M2 = left.M2 + right.M2
result.M3 = left.M3 + right.M3
result.M4 = left.M4 + right.M4
result.M5 = left.M5 + right.M5
result.M6 = left.M6 + right.M6
result.M7 = left.M7 + right.M7
result.M8 = left.M8 + right.M8
result.M9 = left.M9 + right.M9
result.M10 = left.M10 + right.M10
result.M11 = left.M11 + right.M11
result.M12 = left.M12 + right.M12
result.M13 = left.M13 + right.M13
result.M14 = left.M14 + right.M14
result.M15 = left.M15 + right.M15
return result
}
// MatrixSubtract - Subtract two matrices (left - right)
func MatrixSubtract(left, right Matrix) Matrix {
result := MatrixIdentity()
result.M0 = left.M0 - right.M0
result.M1 = left.M1 - right.M1
result.M2 = left.M2 - right.M2
result.M3 = left.M3 - right.M3
result.M4 = left.M4 - right.M4
result.M5 = left.M5 - right.M5
result.M6 = left.M6 - right.M6
result.M7 = left.M7 - right.M7
result.M8 = left.M8 - right.M8
result.M9 = left.M9 - right.M9
result.M10 = left.M10 - right.M10
result.M11 = left.M11 - right.M11
result.M12 = left.M12 - right.M12
result.M13 = left.M13 - right.M13
result.M14 = left.M14 - right.M14
result.M15 = left.M15 - right.M15
return result
}
// MatrixTranslate - Returns translation matrix
func MatrixTranslate(x, y, z float32) Matrix {
return NewMatrix(
1.0, 0.0, 0.0, x,
0.0, 1.0, 0.0, y,
0.0, 0.0, 1.0, z,
0, 0, 0, 1.0)
}
// MatrixRotate - Returns rotation matrix for an angle around an specified axis (angle in radians)
func MatrixRotate(axis Vector3, angle float32) Matrix {
var result Matrix
mat := MatrixIdentity()
x := axis.X
y := axis.Y
z := axis.Z
length := float32(math.Sqrt(float64(x*x + y*y + z*z)))
if length != 1.0 && length != 0.0 {
length = 1.0 / length
x *= length
y *= length
z *= length
}
sinres := float32(math.Sin(float64(angle)))
cosres := float32(math.Cos(float64(angle)))
t := 1.0 - cosres
// Cache some matrix values (speed optimization)
a00 := mat.M0
a01 := mat.M1
a02 := mat.M2
a03 := mat.M3
a10 := mat.M4
a11 := mat.M5
a12 := mat.M6
a13 := mat.M7
a20 := mat.M8
a21 := mat.M9
a22 := mat.M10
a23 := mat.M11
// Construct the elements of the rotation matrix
b00 := x*x*t + cosres
b01 := y*x*t + z*sinres
b02 := z*x*t - y*sinres
b10 := x*y*t - z*sinres
b11 := y*y*t + cosres
b12 := z*y*t + x*sinres
b20 := x*z*t + y*sinres
b21 := y*z*t - x*sinres
b22 := z*z*t + cosres
// Perform rotation-specific matrix multiplication
result.M0 = a00*b00 + a10*b01 + a20*b02
result.M1 = a01*b00 + a11*b01 + a21*b02
result.M2 = a02*b00 + a12*b01 + a22*b02
result.M3 = a03*b00 + a13*b01 + a23*b02
result.M4 = a00*b10 + a10*b11 + a20*b12
result.M5 = a01*b10 + a11*b11 + a21*b12
result.M6 = a02*b10 + a12*b11 + a22*b12
result.M7 = a03*b10 + a13*b11 + a23*b12
result.M8 = a00*b20 + a10*b21 + a20*b22
result.M9 = a01*b20 + a11*b21 + a21*b22
result.M10 = a02*b20 + a12*b21 + a22*b22
result.M11 = a03*b20 + a13*b21 + a23*b22
result.M12 = mat.M12
result.M13 = mat.M13
result.M14 = mat.M14
result.M15 = mat.M15
return result
}
// MatrixRotateX - Returns x-rotation matrix (angle in radians)
func MatrixRotateX(angle float32) Matrix {
result := MatrixIdentity()
cosres := float32(math.Cos(float64(angle)))
sinres := float32(math.Sin(float64(angle)))
result.M5 = cosres
result.M6 = -sinres
result.M9 = sinres
result.M10 = cosres
return result
}
// MatrixRotateY - Returns y-rotation matrix (angle in radians)
func MatrixRotateY(angle float32) Matrix {
result := MatrixIdentity()
cosres := float32(math.Cos(float64(angle)))
sinres := float32(math.Sin(float64(angle)))
result.M0 = cosres
result.M2 = sinres
result.M8 = -sinres
result.M10 = cosres
return result
}
// MatrixRotateZ - Returns z-rotation matrix (angle in radians)
func MatrixRotateZ(angle float32) Matrix {
result := MatrixIdentity()
cosres := float32(math.Cos(float64(angle)))
sinres := float32(math.Sin(float64(angle)))
result.M0 = cosres
result.M1 = -sinres
result.M4 = sinres
result.M5 = cosres
return result
}
// MatrixScale - Returns scaling matrix
func MatrixScale(x, y, z float32) Matrix {
result := NewMatrix(
x, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0,
0.0, y, 0.0, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, z, 0.0,
0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
return result
}
// MatrixMultiply - Returns two matrix multiplication
func MatrixMultiply(left, right Matrix) Matrix {
var result Matrix
result.M0 = right.M0*left.M0 + right.M1*left.M4 + right.M2*left.M8 + right.M3*left.M12
result.M1 = right.M0*left.M1 + right.M1*left.M5 + right.M2*left.M9 + right.M3*left.M13
result.M2 = right.M0*left.M2 + right.M1*left.M6 + right.M2*left.M10 + right.M3*left.M14
result.M3 = right.M0*left.M3 + right.M1*left.M7 + right.M2*left.M11 + right.M3*left.M15
result.M4 = right.M4*left.M0 + right.M5*left.M4 + right.M6*left.M8 + right.M7*left.M12
result.M5 = right.M4*left.M1 + right.M5*left.M5 + right.M6*left.M9 + right.M7*left.M13
result.M6 = right.M4*left.M2 + right.M5*left.M6 + right.M6*left.M10 + right.M7*left.M14
result.M7 = right.M4*left.M3 + right.M5*left.M7 + right.M6*left.M11 + right.M7*left.M15
result.M8 = right.M8*left.M0 + right.M9*left.M4 + right.M10*left.M8 + right.M11*left.M12
result.M9 = right.M8*left.M1 + right.M9*left.M5 + right.M10*left.M9 + right.M11*left.M13
result.M10 = right.M8*left.M2 + right.M9*left.M6 + right.M10*left.M10 + right.M11*left.M14
result.M11 = right.M8*left.M3 + right.M9*left.M7 + right.M10*left.M11 + right.M11*left.M15
result.M12 = right.M12*left.M0 + right.M13*left.M4 + right.M14*left.M8 + right.M15*left.M12
result.M13 = right.M12*left.M1 + right.M13*left.M5 + right.M14*left.M9 + right.M15*left.M13
result.M14 = right.M12*left.M2 + right.M13*left.M6 + right.M14*left.M10 + right.M15*left.M14
result.M15 = right.M12*left.M3 + right.M13*left.M7 + right.M14*left.M11 + right.M15*left.M15
return result
}
// MatrixFrustum - Returns perspective projection matrix
func MatrixFrustum(left, right, bottom, top, near, far float32) Matrix {
var result Matrix
rl := right - left
tb := top - bottom
fn := far - near
result.M0 = (near * 2.0) / rl
result.M1 = 0.0
result.M2 = 0.0
result.M3 = 0.0
result.M4 = 0.0
result.M5 = (near * 2.0) / tb
result.M6 = 0.0
result.M7 = 0.0
result.M8 = right + left/rl
result.M9 = top + bottom/tb
result.M10 = -(far + near) / fn
result.M11 = -1.0
result.M12 = 0.0
result.M13 = 0.0
result.M14 = -(far * near * 2.0) / fn
result.M15 = 0.0
return result
}
// MatrixPerspective - Returns perspective projection matrix
func MatrixPerspective(fovy, aspect, near, far float32) Matrix {
top := near * float32(math.Tan(float64(fovy*Pi)/360.0))
right := top * aspect
return MatrixFrustum(-right, right, -top, top, near, far)
}
// MatrixOrtho - Returns orthographic projection matrix
func MatrixOrtho(left, right, bottom, top, near, far float32) Matrix {
var result Matrix
rl := right - left
tb := top - bottom
fn := far - near
result.M0 = 2.0 / rl
result.M1 = 0.0
result.M2 = 0.0
result.M3 = 0.0
result.M4 = 0.0
result.M5 = 2.0 / tb
result.M6 = 0.0
result.M7 = 0.0
result.M8 = 0.0
result.M9 = 0.0
result.M10 = -2.0 / fn
result.M11 = 0.0
result.M12 = -(left + right) / rl
result.M13 = -(top + bottom) / tb
result.M14 = -(far + near) / fn
result.M15 = 1.0
return result
}
// MatrixLookAt - Returns camera look-at matrix (view matrix)
func MatrixLookAt(eye, target, up Vector3) Matrix {
var result Matrix
z := Vector3Subtract(eye, target)
z = Vector3Normalize(z)
x := Vector3CrossProduct(up, z)
x = Vector3Normalize(x)
y := Vector3CrossProduct(z, x)
y = Vector3Normalize(y)
result.M0 = x.X
result.M1 = x.Y
result.M2 = x.Z
result.M3 = -((x.X * eye.X) + (x.Y * eye.Y) + (x.Z * eye.Z))
result.M4 = y.X
result.M5 = y.Y
result.M6 = y.Z
result.M7 = -((y.X * eye.X) + (y.Y * eye.Y) + (y.Z * eye.Z))
result.M8 = z.X
result.M9 = z.Y
result.M10 = z.Z
result.M11 = -((z.X * eye.X) + (z.Y * eye.Y) + (z.Z * eye.Z))
result.M12 = 0.0
result.M13 = 0.0
result.M14 = 0.0
result.M15 = 1.0
return result
}
// QuaternionLength - Compute the length of a quaternion
func QuaternionLength(quat Quaternion) float32 {
return float32(math.Sqrt(float64(quat.X*quat.X + quat.Y*quat.Y + quat.Z*quat.Z + quat.W*quat.W)))
}
// QuaternionNormalize - Normalize provided quaternion
func QuaternionNormalize(q Quaternion) Quaternion {
var result Quaternion
var length, ilength float32
length = QuaternionLength(q)
if length == 0.0 {
length = 1.0
}
ilength = 1.0 / length
result.X *= ilength
result.Y *= ilength
result.Z *= ilength
result.W *= ilength
return result
}
// QuaternionInvert - Invert provided quaternion
func QuaternionInvert(quat Quaternion) Quaternion {
result := quat
length := QuaternionLength(quat)
lengthSq := length * length
if lengthSq != 0.0 {
i := 1.0 / lengthSq
result.X *= -i
result.Y *= -i
result.Z *= -i
result.W *= i
}
return result
}
// QuaternionMultiply - Calculate two quaternion multiplication
func QuaternionMultiply(q1, q2 Quaternion) Quaternion {
var result Quaternion
qax := q1.X
qay := q1.Y
qaz := q1.Z
qaw := q1.W
qbx := q2.X
qby := q2.Y
qbz := q2.Z
qbw := q2.W
result.X = qax*qbw + qaw*qbx + qay*qbz - qaz*qby
result.Y = qay*qbw + qaw*qby + qaz*qbx - qax*qbz
result.Z = qaz*qbw + qaw*qbz + qax*qby - qay*qbx
result.W = qaw*qbw - qax*qbx - qay*qby - qaz*qbz
return result
}
// QuaternionSlerp - Calculates spherical linear interpolation between two quaternions
func QuaternionSlerp(q1, q2 Quaternion, amount float32) Quaternion {
var result Quaternion
cosHalfTheta := q1.X*q2.X + q1.Y*q2.Y + q1.Z*q2.Z + q1.W*q2.W
if math.Abs(float64(cosHalfTheta)) >= 1.0 {
result = q1
} else {
halfTheta := float32(math.Acos(float64(cosHalfTheta)))
sinHalfTheta := float32(math.Sqrt(float64(1.0 - cosHalfTheta*cosHalfTheta)))
if math.Abs(float64(sinHalfTheta)) < 0.001 {
result.X = q1.X*0.5 + q2.X*0.5
result.Y = q1.Y*0.5 + q2.Y*0.5
result.Z = q1.Z*0.5 + q2.Z*0.5
result.W = q1.W*0.5 + q2.W*0.5
} else {
ratioA := float32(math.Sin(float64((1-amount)*halfTheta))) / sinHalfTheta
ratioB := float32(math.Sin(float64(amount*halfTheta))) / sinHalfTheta
result.X = q1.X*ratioA + q2.X*ratioB
result.Y = q1.Y*ratioA + q2.Y*ratioB
result.Z = q1.Z*ratioA + q2.Z*ratioB
result.W = q1.W*ratioA + q2.W*ratioB
}
}
return result
}
// QuaternionFromMatrix - Returns a quaternion for a given rotation matrix
func QuaternionFromMatrix(matrix Matrix) Quaternion {
var result Quaternion
trace := MatrixTrace(matrix)
if trace > 0.0 {
s := float32(math.Sqrt(float64(trace+1)) * 2.0)
invS := 1.0 / s
result.W = s * 0.25
result.X = (matrix.M6 - matrix.M9) * invS
result.Y = (matrix.M8 - matrix.M2) * invS
result.Z = (matrix.M1 - matrix.M4) * invS
} else {
m00 := matrix.M0
m11 := matrix.M5
m22 := matrix.M10
if m00 > m11 && m00 > m22 {
s := float32(math.Sqrt(float64(1.0+m00-m11-m22)) * 2.0)
invS := 1.0 / s
result.W = (matrix.M6 - matrix.M9) * invS
result.X = s * 0.25
result.Y = (matrix.M4 + matrix.M1) * invS
result.Z = (matrix.M8 + matrix.M2) * invS
} else if m11 > m22 {
s := float32(math.Sqrt(float64(1.0+m11-m00-m22)) * 2.0)
invS := 1.0 / s
result.W = (matrix.M8 - matrix.M2) * invS
result.X = (matrix.M4 + matrix.M1) * invS
result.Y = s * 0.25
result.Z = (matrix.M9 + matrix.M6) * invS
} else {
s := float32(math.Sqrt(float64(1.0+m22-m00-m11)) * 2.0)
invS := 1.0 / s
result.W = (matrix.M1 - matrix.M4) * invS
result.X = (matrix.M8 + matrix.M2) * invS
result.Y = (matrix.M9 + matrix.M6) * invS
result.Z = s * 0.25
}
}
return result
}
// QuaternionToMatrix - Returns a matrix for a given quaternion
func QuaternionToMatrix(q Quaternion) Matrix {
var result Matrix
x := q.X
y := q.Y
z := q.Z
w := q.W
x2 := x + x
y2 := y + y
z2 := z + z
xx := x * x2
xy := x * y2
xz := x * z2
yy := y * y2
yz := y * z2
zz := z * z2
wx := w * x2
wy := w * y2
wz := w * z2
result.M0 = 1.0 - (yy + zz)
result.M1 = xy - wz
result.M2 = xz + wy
result.M3 = 0.0
result.M4 = xy + wz
result.M5 = 1.0 - (xx + zz)
result.M6 = yz - wx
result.M7 = 0.0
result.M8 = xz - wy
result.M9 = yz + wx
result.M10 = 1.0 - (xx + yy)
result.M11 = 0.0
result.M12 = 0.0
result.M13 = 0.0
result.M14 = 0.0
result.M15 = 1.0
return result
}
// QuaternionFromAxisAngle - Returns rotation quaternion for an angle and axis
func QuaternionFromAxisAngle(axis Vector3, angle float32) Quaternion {
result := NewQuaternion(0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0)
if Vector3Length(axis) != 0.0 {
angle *= 0.5
}
axis = Vector3Normalize(axis)
sinres := float32(math.Sin(float64(angle)))
cosres := float32(math.Cos(float64(angle)))
result.X = axis.X * sinres
result.Y = axis.Y * sinres
result.Z = axis.Z * sinres
result.W = cosres
result = QuaternionNormalize(result)
return result
}
// QuaternionToAxisAngle - Returns the rotation angle and axis for a given quaternion
func QuaternionToAxisAngle(q Quaternion, outAxis *Vector3, outAngle *float32) {
if math.Abs(float64(q.W)) > 1.0 {
q = QuaternionNormalize(q)
}
resAxis := NewVector3(0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
resAngle := 2.0 * float32(math.Acos(float64(q.W)))
den := float32(math.Sqrt(float64(1.0 - q.W*q.W)))
if den > 0.0001 {
resAxis.X = q.X / den
resAxis.Y = q.Y / den
resAxis.Z = q.Z / den
} else {
// This occurs when the angle is zero.
// Not a problem: just set an arbitrary normalized axis.
resAxis.X = 1.0
}
*outAxis = resAxis
*outAngle = resAngle
}
// QuaternionTransform - Transform a quaternion given a transformation matrix
func QuaternionTransform(q Quaternion, mat Matrix) Quaternion {
var result Quaternion
x := q.X
y := q.Y
z := q.Z
w := q.W
result.X = mat.M0*x + mat.M4*y + mat.M8*z + mat.M12*w
result.Y = mat.M1*x + mat.M5*y + mat.M9*z + mat.M13*w
result.Z = mat.M2*x + mat.M6*y + mat.M10*z + mat.M14*w
result.W = mat.M3*x + mat.M7*y + mat.M11*z + mat.M15*w
return result
}
// Clamp - Clamp float value
func Clamp(value, min, max float32) float32 {
var res float32
if value < min {
res = min
} else {
res = value
}
if res > max {
return max
}
return res
}
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Staying ahead in the race for FDI
Thu, Jul 31, 2014, 01:02
Foreign direct investment (FDI) by overseas firms can never satisfy all of Ireland’s employment needs. But it can make – and for many decades has made – a significant contribution to developing and modernising the domestic economy; by creating jobs, raising productivity and improving the skill levels of both management and workforce.
At present, 3,300 foreign owned firms based in Ireland employ a quarter of a million people directly. Minister for Jobs Richard Bruton yesterday outlined how the Government’s plans to compete in future for FDI. He set a target of securing 7,000 net new jobs from FDI each year between 2015 and 2020.
International competition to attract foreign investment has greatly intensified with the recession and its aftermath. Governments have struggled to meet the challenge of high unemployment at a time of low growth and weakened public finances. And tax has become a major weapon in the fight for jobs. The UK has lowered its corporate tax rate to attract more inward investment and other countries are set to do so. Where Ireland led the world in favouring a low rate of corporate taxation – starting in 1956 with zero tax on export profits, and refined in stages to a 12.5 per cent tax rate – others have followed. A feature of the Government’s new policy statement on FDI is its commitment both to retaining and defending the 12.5 per cent tax rate, and to supporting multilateral reform of the international tax system.
President Obama’s recent intervention in the tax debate, where he criticised US companies for using low tax countries like Ireland to avoid paying higher taxes in America, risks confusing different issues and exposing Ireland’s low corporate tax regime to unjustified attack. An increasing number of US companies have relocated to Ireland for tax purposes by acquiring an Irish based company and reincorporating here in what is called a tax inversion.
They have done so to benefit from a lower (12.5 per cent) corporate tax rate rather than pay a higher (35 per cent) US rate. American corporate tax – the highest in the developed world – has given companies a strong financial incentive to relocate, while American laws have made this easy to achieve. Nevertheless Ireland, which gains little from the recent spate of company inversions, has become embroiled in a controversy which is not of its making and one to which the US should provide its own solution by legislating for change.
Ireland’s low corporate tax rate remains its unique selling point in attracting inward investment. What is now clear, as the Government document states, is that future FDI policy will involve developing, in addition to a low tax regime, other areas of competitive advantage. The challenge for Ireland, as the Government states, “is to recognise and nurture the factors that can truly differentiate our offering”. |
Alexander von Taube
Baron Alexander Alexandrovich von Taube (August 21, 1864 – January 1919) was an Imperial Russian general. He fought in the war of Russia against the Empire of Japan. In WWI - Major General, later as Lieutenant General commanding 5th Siberian Infantry division. After 1916 democratic revolution in Russia he was elected by soldiers council to lead Omsk (Siberia) military district. After 1917 Bolshevik insurrection he was conscripted, as military specialist, to serve in the Red army. His service with the Red army, during 1918, was planning strategic operations in Siberia. During that time, the Red Army in Siberia was defeated by the Volunteer Army of admiral Alexander Kolchak. General Taube was detained on the territory controlled by the Volunteer army. Being taken to Yekaterinburg, at that time one of the centers of the White movement) he was investigated, offered service with the Volunteer Army, however while still in detention he died of typhus.
Many years later Soviet historians described him as a first Red General, however it is well known that Soldiers Council Soviets in Siberia were under control of Social Revolutionary Party who were largely independent of Moscow Bolsheviks. It is confirmed that he was in the Red Army in 1918 as a "military specialist" (a person conscripted to serve the Red Army by order of the government).
At the same time, his oldest son Alexandre, was an officer in Volunteer Army under admiral Alexander Kolchak fighting against the Red troops while his younger children were under Bolsheviks rule in Moscow. General Taube was born in Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg. He had several brothers, including Mikhail Taube. He was a recipient of the Imperial Ruisshan decorations: Order of Saint Vladimir, the Order of Saint Anna, the Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov) and the Gold Sword for Bravery.
Bibliography
Их именами названы улицы Омска. Омск. 1988.
Сибирский красный генерал. В. С. Познанский. Новосибирск, 1972 (2-е изд. — 1978). A Soviet, following communist party line book, being published in the USSR.
Таубе Александр Александрович. Вибе П. П., Михеев А. П., Пугачёва Н. М. Омский историко-краеведческий словарь. Москва. 1994.
Sources
Энциклопедия Омска: Омск в лицах
Биография на сайте Хронос
Category:1864 births
Category:1919 deaths
Category:Deaths from typhus
Category:Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
Category:Russian military personnel of World War I
Category:Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War
Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd class
Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
Category:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
Category:Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
Category:Recipients of the Gold Sword for Bravery |
When Elder Scrolls Online launched back in 2014, I didn't find much exciting about it. It was an MMO that stuck close to the template established by World of Warcraft, rather than the Elder Scrolls games that preceded it. Elder Scrolls Online wore the clothing, but it lacked the heart and soul, and fans were open with their disappointment. Five years later, Zenimax Online's exploration of Tamriel is celebrating 13.5 million players, up 2.5 million from the previous year. It's a fantastic turnaround, one which Bethesda attributes to the players that kept enjoying the game.
"Obviously, there was a ton of feedback from the PC launch," Elder Scrolls Online game director Matt Firor tells USG. "That was the core of what we then used over the next year to make changes in the game. Even during that period, there was a pretty large group of people that were playing the game every day and a lot of the changes that we made were just as much looking at what those players were doing. That and the player feedback is what we used to create the roadmap that went all the way through One Tamriel."
The Turnaround
MMOs and service games not having the best launch isn't that rare occurrence these days. Some games live and die on that one update that makes everything better, the moment where a tired and beleaguered community is able to turn to their friends and go, "See? This is a good game!" For Final Fantasy 14, it was A Realm Reborn. For The Division, it was the patch 1.8. For Elder Scrolls Online, it was more of a one-two punch. 2015 saw the release of Tamriel Unlimited, which offered a free-to-play tier and transitioned subscribers over to ESO Plus. Zenimax Online followed that in 2016 with One Tamriel, which tore down the level-based gameplay and switch everything over to a level-scaling model. This meant players could jump in and play whatever they wanted, including the newest content.
"It seems like ever since our One Tamriel update back in 2016, which leveled out the leveling curve and let everyone play with everyone else, that's when the game really started taking off," says Firor.
Part of Elder Scrolls Online's success has also been the strong contingent of console players on Xbox One and PlayStation 4. Both console versions launched in 2015, and Firor points to "a series of really successful free trials" on Xbox One as part of the reason for its growth. Elder Scrolls Online launched on Xbox Game Pass last year, bringing a whole host of new players into the game. Given its free-to-play tier, players can transition right from Game Pass into everything ESO has to offer.
"Do we think it helped? For sure. It got more people into the game. More people got to see what the game was, which was a good thing for us," says Elder Scrolls Online creative director Rich Lambert.
While players wait for The Elder Scrolls 6, Elder Scrolls Online is there to provide some version of that experience, especially with its thriving community. So far, ESO has gone from the alien swamps of Morrowind, the shining shores of Summerset, the cutthroat lands of the Gold Coast, and the frozen peaks of Skyrim. Zenimax Online has fully firmed up its vision for Elder Scrolls Online-an MMO based heavily in story, with significant player build options-and is commitment to delivering further on that vision. Just don't expect another update as sweeping in terms of changes as One Tamriel.
Xbox Game Pass helped bring more players into ESO. | Zenimax Online
"We have a roadmap of things that we want to do. We're already working on next year's things. We are already planning the year after that and the year after that as well," says Lambert. "I don't know that-at least for the short term-that there's anything that's is that massive of a change. One Tamriel especially was a massive undertaking. We essentially changed the entire world in one update, and went from a leveled playing experience to a levelless playing experience that opened up the world. That being said, we're always looking at where we can make improvements. That's always first and foremost in our mind."
Firor notes that One Tamriel should show players that Zenimax Online isn't "afraid of taking risks when we feel they're warranted," but the team feels great about the current state of the game. The most recent change to how Elder Scrolls Online is delivered is rooted in storytelling. Elsweyr is part of Elder Scrolls Online's Season of the Dragon, which started with the Wrathstone DLC in January, and will continue with additional DLC releases in the third and fourth quarter of 2019. The content release cadence has been largely the same for ESO since the Horns of the Reach DLC in 2017, which new updates every quarter. What's changed with the Season of the Dragon is having all of the related DLC rooted in similar story threads, rather than jumping around from plot-to-plot. Lambert says this model will likely continue into the future of ESO.
"From my point of view, the single story for the entire year works really well. We did the jumping around, and it was really hard for players to grapple with what was going on and how they should interact with the game. The 'Season of,' which is kind of a natural evolution, is working really well right now. It's probably safe to assume that we will do more of the same," he tells USG.
Many dragons will die, but their season till continue. | Mike Williams/USG, Zenimax Online
Continuing to Tell A New Story
Player feedback led to One Tamriel, but for an MMO, that feedback never ends. According to Lambert, most of the current feedback surrounding current Elder Scrolls Online is related to performance issues or story content. In terms of performance issues, as ESO has grown, players have had to deal with disconnects and queueing problems. Firor says the recent growth caught the studio off-guard, but now they're more prepared for a greater influx of players.
"We did have a pretty hefty explosion of players from late December through February that took us off-guard. We didn't know we were going to be that popular, which is a great problem to have. A lot of the server overcrowding and queue problems happened because of that. We added server capacity," he admits.
Part of that was the launch on Xbox Game Pass, but Firor says that seasonal in-game events have also been a strong driver of new players. "There were a couple in the first quarter that got an insane number of people to log in. Those players were doing generally the same content. When Elsweyr launched, we saw another big influx. It's a good problem to have, but we need to make sure that we're supporting the players we have," he tells USG. Lambert agrees and says that the team is "definitely looking at those events" as a strong part of Elder Scrolls Online content heading into the future.
Under the new levelless system, players can jump into any part of Elder Scrolls Online and play which content strikes your fancy. If you want to start on Morrowind, you can. If you want to jump back to the beginning, that works too. This means new players have a lot of choices, and never have to worry about not being able to play with friends. But it also means that it's a little more confusing to experience the older content that ESO has to offer. The community has resources to let players know where older storylines begin, but some have asked for a way to experience ESO in release order. Lambert says that Zenimax Online is "always interested in making sure that we put our best foot forward," which is usually the newest content available. That said, the team has talked about a way for players to enjoy ESO in chronological order.
ESO lets you start where you want and do what you want. | Mike Williams/USG, Zenimax Online
"[What] we're trying to avoid there is the gen one MMO problem. The cool new content launches, and new players have to play through 18 years of old content. We definitely wanted to avoid that. If they're seeing marketing images about dragons, we want them to play Elsweyr," says Firor.
Elsweyr is front-and-center as the focus of Elder Scrolls Online, and it brings with it a rage of dragons. Dragons are a new world event in the Elsweyr region. You can see them flying overhead, and join other players in pitched battles to take them down. One thing you won't see is the dragon system expanding beyond Elsweyr itself. "For lore and continuity, we can't just have a giant dragon invasion that goes across all of Tamriel," says Firor. Elder Scrolls Online actually pulls an Old Republic, taking place hundreds of years prior to the mainline Elder Scrolls games. "The way we worked it into the lore was that this was an isolated event that happened just in Elsweyr, and then a 1,000 years later when the rest of Elder Scrolls began, people forgot about this event in history," explains Lambert.
Even with dragons appearing only within a single region, players are saying that the dragons themselves are a bit too similar and easy to take down. Lambert says that "we have plans" to offer more unique encounters with the dragons, and Firor adds that players are currently fighting the dragons in a fully-populated Elsweyr. That won't always be the case in the future. "When there's only 10 people fighting it, it's going to be a lot harder, rather than the 30-man zergs you have right now," he says.
Public dungeons like Orcrest are there if players want a challenge. | Mike Williams/USG, Zenimax Online
Finding the Proper Balance
The relative ease of content in Elsweyr and Elder Scrolls Online as a whole has been a common complaint as the game's playerbase ages. Players have asked for alternate difficulty options for the open-world questing experience, to have a challenge outside of dungeons and trials. Lambert says that this probably won't be coming because Zenimax Online wants the entire storyline to be accessible.
"Balance is obviously a tricky thing. What is too easy for one player is impossible for another," he tells us. "We try to balance so that the average player can have a good experience, especially with the main story content. That's our critical path. If they want to challenge themselves, they can go and do Public Dungeons, or Trials with 12 of their friends. We do make that conscious choice with the crit path to make it playable for as many people as possible."
"As for the extra difficulty, that's something our playerbase has talked about for a long time. A lot of our original players forget that we had that with [Cadwell's Gold and Silver] way back when. The feedback that we got about that was they didn't like it. It wasn't fun. The extra difficulty wasn't what they wanted. They wanted to enjoy the story. It's a catch-22."
Since launch, Elder Scrolls Online has only added two classes to the roster. Morrowind allowed players to infuse themselves with the power of nature as the Warden, while Elsweyr introduced the Necromancer, masters of the dead. Compared to some MMOs, ESO has a relatively small roster, with only six classes in total. This is due to the freedom in terms of player builds, as any class can fill any role, and in a variety of potential ways.
Take up the necromantic ways to kill your foes. | Mike Williams/USG, Zenimax Online
"Adding classes to ESO is a little more difficult than it is in other games, just because we have so many shared abilities. It means, that the variety of builds is that much higher. We have to make sure that we're not introducing a super-meta, or a class that no one wants to play. We're going to do it sparingly, but players love new classes," says Firor.
Even with ESO's class flexibility, there are preferred builds coming from veteran players and min-maxers. For example, the Dragonknight is known as one of the preferred tanks in the game, especially if you're doing harder content. As part of Elsweyr, Zenimax Online did start to take a stronger look at their class balance, and Lambert admits this is an ongoing process.
"With Elsweyr, we started on an audit of all the classes and class abilities," Lambert says. "That's where a lot of the balance changes came from. We only got through the class abilities, we didn't get through the guild lines and stuff like that. We're slowly going through them. Once we get through that, then we'll look at the various roles: What makes a [Dragonknight] Tank so great? What makes a Sorcerer Damage Dealer so good?"
There's more to be done after the Usurper Queen is gone. | Mike Williams/USG, Zenimax Online
Before I wrapped up my interview with the pair of developers, I also wanted to know if the team was to address one of Elder Scrolls Online's major issues: inventory space. Currently, your inventory is rather limited per character, and bank space is shared across your account. The best way to fix the problem is by becoming an ESO Plus subscribers, which gives you a Crafting Bag that greatly lessens the strain. I asked Firor and Lambert if there were any changes coming in this regard, like allowing purchased inventory increases (and mount improvements) to be account-wide instead of character-specific.
"We've definitely heard feedback about inventory and inventory management. It's one of those things that's on a lit, that we're looking at. I wouldn't say that we're opposed to changing them, but there's a lot of technical reasons why they are the way they are. And changing that is not easy," says Lambert.
Elder Scrolls Online continues to grow and evolve. The Season of the Dragon will stretch on throughout 2019, offering further stories featuring the community's favorite characters and more challenges to overcome. With One Tamriel, Morrowind, Summerset, and now Elsweyr, ESO has a firm foundation for that future. "Players enjoy the content updates we're giving them. We're looking at roadmaps for the future, but we like where we are right now," admits Firor. With 13.5 million players, it looks like community likes where ESO is too. |
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Fun Facts For Easter
As you gather with family and friends this Easter you may enjoy a hearty feast with all the fixings. And, you're not that only one. According to the Del Monte Easter Feast Ranking, ham and corn are popular menu items. Based on a study of search data from Google Trends and post data from Facebook Insights over the past 90 days, these are the top states which folks will “ham it up” and “get corny” this Easter season: |
Alison Bradshaw, DVM
As she was looking through a college catalog trying to decide what to do with her life, she came across pre-veterinary medicine. “At that point I realized that veterinary medicine is the only career I could see myself doing for the rest of my life.” She is still convinced that it is the greatest job on earth.
Hometown
Cleveland, MS
Why did you become a vet?
I have always had a special place in my heart for animals, but I did not grow up with a lot of animals, which I think sparked my interest in them. When I had to decide on a career path for college, veterinary medicine was the only career I could see myself enjoying for the rest of my life. Thankfully, everything fell into place, and I was able to continue right through undergraduate and then vet school.
What do you enjoy about your job?
It is difficult for me to choose just one thing I enjoy most about my job. It is a great feeling to wake up and do what I love every day. I also work with the greatest co-workers. We all care about each other, and it’s great to be able to bounce ideas and difficult medical cases off my colleagues. Since practicing at The Pet Hospitals, I have formed bonds with so many pets and their owners; many pets feel like my own. Knowing that I’ve helped patient and client has no comparison.
Education
Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine· Class of 2011
Mississippi State University· B.S. in Biological Sciences 2007
What do you love most about living in Memphis?
Since I grew up in a small Mississippi town, I think my favorite part of living around Memphis is that there is always something going on. My family and I love going to music events and festivals, and the zoo is always a great place to go with the family.
What secret talent do you wish that you had?
If I could choose a secret talent, it would be having a magic crystal ball. It would come in so handy in our profession. |
Washington Report – Passing the “Cromnibus”
Washington got back to work after the elections, or at least what passes for it in the nation’s capital. The so-called “lame duck” session faced a hard deadline just to keep the government operating, but as usual, the spending deal didn’t get cut until the 11th hour.
Party tensions were thick, as the session represented the dying gasps of Democratic control of the Senate, and Republicans were still simmering with outrage at the president’s executive order on immigration amnesty. Conservatives in both chambers argued against making any kind of funding agreement that would extend into the next session, when Republicans will control the Senate. As a result, it was obvious from the get-go that any spending deal would need to garner support from Democrats just to pass each chamber. And the Democrats weren’t giving away anything for free.
The format of the funding bill would be somewhat unprecedented. Past agreements of this type generally came in two flavors – a “continuing resolution” or simply “CR,” which continues government funding at the same levels, or an “omnibus” bill to combine the 13 separate spending bills that comprise the traditional appropriations process.
In the end, this deal would combine both approaches, so it assumed the newly minted moniker of “cromnibus” as it took shape. Under the pressure of the deadline, and knowing that the bill needed to draw support from both parties, negotiators seemed willing to consider a broad variety of “sweetener” provisions to draw additional support. Your Washington team worked diligently to include pro-hunting provisions in the bill, but the final content of the deal was a swirling mystery until just before voting began.
The fog would quickly clear, revealing a handful of provisions to benefit hunters and sportsmen. First, the bill would prevent the Environmental Protection Agency from banning traditional ammunition and fishing tackle as “toxic substances.” Anti-hunting groups are currently suing EPA in an attempt to force this type of regulation, and this threat has now been forestalled.
The second key provision prevented the listing of the Greater and Gunnison sage grouse under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Regulators had already moved to list the Gunnison sage grouse, and seemed close to listing the Greater species as well. The listing of these species under ESA would have had a broad and lasting impact on enormous amounts of land in the West, where state agencies are already demonstrating progress with conventional management techniques to protect grouse habitat.
The blunt sword that is the ESA would ignore the conservation success that range states are demonstrating, instead applying the one-size-fits-all federal land lockup mentality that is a proven failure in conservation. So the threat of the listing of both species has been forestalled as well.
Finally, the cromnibus bill included another provision to prevent the EPA and the Army Corp of Engineers from issuing new Waters of the United States regulations that would have restricted certain agricultural practices and allowed the regulation of farm ponds and irrigation ditches under the Clean Water Act. Despite being rebuffed not once but twice by the U.S. Supreme Court, green groups are bound and determined to apply heavy-handed federal regulation to the smallest and most fleeting bodies of water everywhere in the country. Should they ever appear poised to succeed, farmers and ranchers will naturally take prudent measures to prevent these regulations from applying to their production lands. So the effort to pursue these regulations actually poses an enormous threat to the very type of temporary wetlands that many species of wildlife count on for habitat and breeding grounds. This threat has now been forestalled as well.
I use the word “forestalled” because all spending bills are temporary in nature, lasting only for a certain period of funding. So these provisions are temporary as well, lasting only until the end of the government’s 2015 fiscal year. But they give breathing room to pursue more permanent solutions, and their success in passing as part of the cromnibus bodes well for enacting permanent provisions.
You’d be smart to assume that the news can’t be all good in this kind of last minute legislative sausage-making, and you’d be correct. The cromnibus was accompanied in passage by the National Defense Authorization Act, which contained a handful of land transfers long sought by environmental groups. The single most notable provision will transfer the Valles Caldera National Preserve to the National Park Service, the federal agency least receptive to hunting as a conservation tool in any of its properties. This unwelcome development came at the last minute, and was an obvious sop to the environmental left. Burying the transfers in the Defense bill tied them to the funding of our nation’s military, another transparent tactic. Given the extremely short deadline for action at this point, opponents of the transfers were left no reasonable option to defeat the transfers.
In the end, the overall funding agreement represented the kind of deal that no one supported wholeheartedly. But that’s precisely the type of outcome needed to pass through chambers that are led by different parties. Next year begins with a clean slate, with unified leadership of both the House and Senate. And that’s when we will finally be able to pursue a sweeping pro-hunting legislative agenda. Your Washington team will be at the forefront of the charge and you, as always, will read about it here.– Patrick O’Malley
Tracking the Capitols is a source of legislation currently being tracked by the Congressional Sportsmen’s Foundation state policy team to keep you informed of the most pertinent and timely state legislation affecting hunting, angling, recreational shooting and trapping and other conservation issues. Inclusion in Tracking the Capitols does not necessarily con […]
On Feb. 5, 2016, Safari Club International was pleased to present its Federal Legislator of the Year Award to Congressman Billy Long (R-MO-07) for the year 2015. The award was presented to Congressman Long at the 44th Annual Hunters Convention. Congressman Long has worked tirelessly to protect the rights of hunters nationwide during his time … Continue readi […]
Safari Club International (SCI) is encouraging all of its Arizona members to provide their input to the Arizona Game and Fish Department for revisions of a portion of the Sonoran Desert National Monument (SDNM). Under a March 2015 federal court order, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) is required to reanalyze the impacts of recreational … Continue reading […] |
My growing tech horizon
GSoC
I have been selected for the Google Summer of code program under Kalzium under the molecular calculator project. Yippeeeee!!! 🙂 🙂 🙂 :D. I have started doing some ground work for the molecular calculator project. I have started designing the user-interface for the same. There was a user-interface for the Kstars calculator. It was really user friendly and cool. The same kind of interface could work out even in Kalzium. I have created a basic interface using the Qt designer. I have taken some screen shots of the same. Please comment. The calculator as of now looks kind of primitive, and I haven’t completed it yet. It will look great once completed. Please shower me with suggestions.
The above is the Calculator in Kstars.
There are tabs on the left which you can choose, on the right, you do the calculations.
The above software is kstars. The desktop planetorium of KDE.
The following are the screen shots of the molecular calculator interface design that I have tried to come up with for Kalzium.
The above is the layout of the molecular calculator, I plan to create. It has different tabs for different calculations.
After filling it up, it will look like the picture above. This is the introduction page. There are other tabs which include
Molecular mass calculator
Concentration calculator
Nuclear calculator
Gas densities
Equation Balancer
Scientific calculator
The picture you see below is the Concentration calculator, where the user enters the amount of substance along with the units and quantity ( which by default are according to the configurations.) The result is printed at the bottom.
The concentration calculator has 2 other parts which calculate the amount of solute and the amount of solvent respectively.
You can see the molecular calculator below. It has two parts, the molecular mass calculator and the molecule predictor.
The user can select the molecules from the list of commonly used compounds / history or he can enter the molecule in the text area. There is also a prediction for the molecule that pops out once the user starts typing the molecule. There is also a table of short-forms for compounds like amino acids. sugars, etc.
The molecule predictor will take in the molecular mass, some of the elements present in the molecule and predict all possible molecular formulae for the molecule.
Bottom: You can see the display of results, composition and other data.
Please give my regards to Carsten, feel welcome at #cdk for general chemistry chatting on IRC (though strictly speaking it’s around the CDK, but there are other non-cdk opensource chemistry developers hanging out there anyway), and make sure to ask Carsten to talk to you about the Blue Obelisk! 🙂 |
An Indiana University sophomore who screamed racially-tinged language and attacked a Muslim woman says he’s sorry and not a monster, reports WTHR.
Police paint a different picture, however, and says Triceten Bickford,19, is a suspect in a hate crime.
“He started to yell ‘White power,’ couple times he yelled ‘White power, White power,’ very loud,” said the victim who asked not to be identified. “I found him at my neck, like pushing me down, squeezing my neck, and putting my head to the table.”
Bickford says he doesn’t know what came over him. He had been heavily drinking and forgot to take his anti-anxiety medication.
“They’re making me out to be a monster. I’m just a normal person,” he said. “I’m so sorry to that woman. I have no idea who she is, but words can’t explain how much that– I’ve never hurt someone like that before.”
The victim did not require medical attention.
Bickford faces six charges including felonies for strangulation and battery on a police officer.
13 WTHR Indianapolis |
/**
*
*/
package org.zkoss.zk.ui.select.impl;
/**
* The model of Selector token.
* @since 6.0.0
* @author simonpai
*/
public class Token {
private int _begin;
private int _end;
private Type _type;
public Token(Type group, int begin, int end) {
_type = group;
_begin = begin;
_end = end;
}
public Type getType() {
return _type;
}
public int getBeginIndex() {
return _begin;
}
public int getEndIndex() {
return _end;
}
public static enum Type {
// selector body //
IDENTIFIER, UNIVERSAL,
// white space //
WHITESPACE, MINOR_WHITESPACE,
// comma //
SELECTOR_SEPARATOR, PARAM_SEPARATOR,
// combinator //
CBN_CHILD, CBN_ADJACENT_SIBLING, CBN_GENERAL_SIBLING,
// selector notation //
NTN_ID, NTN_CLASS, NTN_PSDOCLS, NTN_PSDOELEM,
// attribute boolean operator //
OP_EQUAL, OP_BEGIN_WITH, OP_END_WITH, OP_CONTAIN,
// pairwise //
SINGLE_QUOTE, DOUBLE_QUOTE, OPEN_BRACKET, CLOSE_BRACKET, OPEN_PAREN, CLOSE_PAREN,
// unknown //
UNKNOWN_CHAR;
}
public String source(String mother) {
return mother.substring(_begin, _end);
}
public String toString() {
return _type + " [" + _begin + ", " + _end + "]";
}
}
|
RSpec.describe Krane::Rbac::Graph::Concerns::Nodes do
# testing with builder using this concern
subject do
Krane::Rbac::Graph::Builder.new path: '/some-path', options: OpenStruct.new(verbose: false)
end
describe '#nodes' do
context 'with nodes buffer present' do
let(:nodes) { build_list(:node, 1) }
before do
subject.instance_variable_set(:@node_buffer, nodes)
end
it 'maps all elements in buffer to their string representation' do
res = subject.nodes
node = nodes.first
expected_attrs = node.attrs.map {|k,v| "#{k.to_s}:'#{v.to_s}'"}.join(", ")
expect(res).to include(
"(#{node.label}:#{node.kind} {#{expected_attrs}})"
)
end
end
context 'without any node in the buffer' do
it 'returns empty Set' do
expect(subject.nodes).to be_empty
end
end
end
describe '#network_nodes' do
context 'with node buffer present' do
let(:nodes) { build_list(:node, 1) }
before do
subject.instance_variable_set(:@node_buffer, nodes)
end
it 'maps all elements in buffer to their network representation' do
res = subject.network_nodes
n = nodes.first
expect(res).to include(
id: n.label.delete_prefix(Krane::Rbac::Graph::Builder::NODE_LABEL_PREFIX),
label: "#{n.kind}: #{n.attrs[:name]}",
group: Krane::Rbac::Graph::Node::GRAPH_NETWORK_NODE_GROUP[n.kind],
value: 0,
title: "#{n.kind}: #{n.attrs[:name]}"
)
end
end
context 'without any edge in the buffer' do
it 'returns empty Set' do
expect(subject.network_edges).to be_empty
end
end
end
describe 'private methods' do
describe '#add_node' do
let(:kind) { 'source_label' }
let(:label) { :SOME_RELATION_NAME }
let(:attrs) { {key: 'value'} }
before do
subject.send(:add_node, kind, label, attrs)
end
it 'adds a Node to graph node buffer' do
node = subject.instance_variable_get(:@node_buffer).first
expect(node.class).to eq Krane::Rbac::Graph::Node
expect(node.kind).to eq kind
expect(node.label).to eq label
expect(node.attrs).to eq attrs
end
end
describe 'builders' do
# label for each node will be generated in the same way
let(:label) { "#{Krane::Rbac::Graph::Builder::NODE_LABEL_PREFIX}1" }
#== :Role
describe '#node_role' do
let(:role_attrs) { build(:role_node_attrs) }
it 'creates :Role graph node for RBAC Role/ClusterRole' do
expect(subject).to receive(:add_node).with(:Role, label, role_attrs)
subject.send(:node_role, role_attrs)
end
end
#== :Namespace
describe '#node_namespace' do
let(:ns_name) { 'some-name' }
it 'creates :Namespace graph node' do
expect(subject).to receive(:add_node).with(:Namespace, label, {name: ns_name})
subject.send(:node_namespace, name: ns_name)
end
end
#== :Rule
describe '#node_rule' do
let(:rule_attrs) { build(:rule_node_attrs, :for_resource) }
it 'creates :Rule graph node for RBAC Role/ClusterRole rule' do
expect(subject).to receive(:add_node).with(:Rule, label, rule_attrs)
subject.send(:node_rule, rule: rule_attrs)
end
end
#== :Psp
describe '#node_psp' do
let(:psp_attrs) { build(:psp_node_attrs) }
it 'creates :Psp graph node for RBAC PodSecurityPolicy' do
expect(subject).to receive(:add_node).with(:Psp, label, psp_attrs)
subject.send(:node_psp, attrs: psp_attrs)
end
end
#== :Subject
describe '#node_subject' do
let(:sub_kind) { :User }
let(:sub_name) { 'some-user' }
let(:subject_attrs) do
{
kind: sub_kind,
name: sub_name
}
end
it 'creates :Subject graph node for subjects referenced in RoleBinging/ClusterRoleBinding' do
expect(subject).to receive(:add_node).with(:Subject, label, subject_attrs)
subject.send(:node_subject, kind: sub_kind, name: sub_name)
end
end
end
end
end
|
--
-- Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
-- contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
-- this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
-- The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
-- (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
-- the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
--
-- http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
--
-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-- distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-- WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-- See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-- limitations under the License.
--
run resource '/org/apache/derbyTesting/functionTests/util/testRoutines.sql';
CREATE FUNCTION GET_TABLE_PROPERTY (SCHEMA_NAME VARCHAR(128), TABLE_NAME VARCHAR(128), PROP_KEY VARCHAR(1000)) RETURNS VARCHAR(1000) EXTERNAL NAME 'org.apache.derbyTesting.functionTests.util.TestPropertyInfo.getTableProperty' LANGUAGE JAVA PARAMETER STYLE JAVA;
-- Get a property that hasn't been set yet - should return null
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('key1');
-- Set a couple of properties
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('key1', 'one, two, three');
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('key2', 'eins, zwei, drei');
-- and fetch them
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('key1');
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('key2');
-- and delete one of theme
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('key2', null);
-- and fetch them
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('key1');
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('key2');
-- Now check some explicit properties
-- ************ derby.storage.pageSize
-- See what the default is first
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageSize');
drop table T;
-- set the per-database value
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.storage.pageSize', '16384');
-- this create table should pick up the per-database
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageSize');
drop table T;
-- check that setting to an invalid value reverts to the default
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.storage.pageSize', 'a');
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageSize');
drop table T;
-- setting to NULL is also invalid
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.storage.pageSize', 'NULL');
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageSize');
drop table T;
-- ************ derby.storage.minimumRecordSize
-- See what the default is first
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.minimumRecordSize');
drop table T;
-- set the per-database value
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.storage.minimumRecordSize', '42');
-- this create table should pick up the per-database
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.minimumRecordSize');
drop table T;
-- ************ derby.storage.pageReservedSpace
-- See what the default is first
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageReservedSpace');
drop table T;
-- set the per-database value
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.storage.pageReservedSpace', '17');
-- this create table should pick up the per-database
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageReservedSpace');
drop table T;
-- ************ derby.database.noAutoBoot
-- should be set in service.properties, not the conglomerate, but that's transparent here ...
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.database.noAutoBoot');
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.database.noAutoBoot', 'true');
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.database.noAutoBoot');
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.database.noAutoBoot', 'false');
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.database.noAutoBoot');
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.database.noAutoBoot', null);
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.database.noAutoBoot');
-- Now check some explicit properties
-- Now check with derby.storage.pageSize if derby.database.propertiesOnly
-- ensures that system wide properties are ignored
-- See is currently set, should be 16384
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageSize');
drop table T;
-- set system value
CALL TESTROUTINE.SET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY('derby.storage.pageSize', '8192');
-- this create table should pick up the system value - 8192
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageSize');
drop table T;
--
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.database.propertiesOnly', 'true');
-- this create table should pick up the database value - 16384
create table T (i int);
values GET_TABLE_PROPERTY('APP', 'T', 'derby.storage.pageSize');
drop table T;
-- verify that creation time only properties may not be set.
call SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_SET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.engineType', '9');
values SYSCS_UTIL.SYSCS_GET_DATABASE_PROPERTY('derby.engineType');
drop function GET_TABLE_PROPERTY;
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for issuing repair alerts for various mechanical components assembled in an electric injection molding machine, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for issuing repair alerts which automatically execute diagnostic processing to determine the need for repair without requiring action by a worker in charge of operation of the electric injection molding machine.
2. Description of the Related Art
Common electric injection molding machines can use servomotors, for example, AC servomotors instead of hydraulic drives. Generally, a rotary drive of the servomotor is applied to a rotation direct-transmission mechanism, in which a nut and a ball screw are combined, through a pulley and a timing belt, thereby shortening the entire length of the injection molding machine to achieve space saving for installation.
The operating condition of such an electric injection molding machine varies depending on an individual user. For an electric injection molding machine having a high operation rate, the period between inspections needs to be short, that is, the frequency of inspection needs to be high. Under such circumstances, a worker spends much time taking direct measurements during inspections, and even more time processing the measured data to predict when a repair may be needed.
Particularly, with regard to inspection of timing belts, which are arranged dispersedly, the worker needs to compare tension measured using a tension meter and that of the initial state from values or visually from graphical values, listening to noise generated by the machine and inferring from experience, or the like for each timing belt.
Recently, a portable sound wave type belt tension meter capable of measuring the tension of a timing belt with sound waves has been provided to facilitate the measurement of the tension to some extent (refer to, for example, pamphlet of sound wave type belt tension U-507, 5000 sheets issued by Gates Unitta Asia on Apr. 13, 2004).
In the above-described conventional method, which captures change over time of components in the drive force transmitting mechanism of the servomotor, the issuance of repair alerts is not executed automatically. This is because a worker is always needed. Only a skilled person can determine such a change since a portion of the inspection depends on visual check or acoustic sense. It takes more time to perform such a procedure. Furthermore, there may be a difference in the outcome of the inspection as it depends on the individual person performing the inspection and evaluating the outcome.
In another conventional method, vibration is applied to a structure body of a machine with a vibration exciter and its vibration waveform is detected at other portions of the structure with a sensor so as to analyze the characteristic of the vibration by waveform analysis. Such a method exaggerates the measurement work itself including setting the vibration exciter and arranging a sensor. Furthermore, analysis of cause-and-effect relationship in the vibration is not easy.
Recently, a fast Fourier-converting method has been proposed. In the method, a signal from an encoder is converted by fast Fourier transform by applying white noise for gain adjustment of the servosystem in a numerical control machine tool (refer to, for example, Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2001-175303).
The white noise principally contains all the frequency components. Each frequency component has substantially the same amplitude. Any conventional white noise generator can be used.
As described above, the method, which captures change overtime of components in the drive force transmitting mechanism of the servomotor, does not allow the repair alert to be issued easily. This is because a worker is always needed. In addition, only a skilled person can determine such a change since a portion of the inspection depends on visual check or acoustic sense. Such inspection procedure takes time, and there may be a difference in the outcome of the inspection depending on the individual person evaluating the outcome. |
Q:
Python OpenCV chamerMatching function reference
I have searched everywhere and I find it truly amazing that there is no reference on the chamerMatching function, especially in Python. Someone else also had the same problem with no answer:
I don't really want to know about the algorithm - I know how the algorithm works - I want to know how to call it in Python and retrieve the costs, results and bestfit. I have tried the following code.
import numpy as np
import cv2
cap = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
ret, frame = cap.read()
frame = cv2.GaussianBlur(frame, (13, 13), 0)
frame = cv2.cvtColor(frame,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
frame = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(frame,255,cv2.ADAPTIVE_THRESH_GAUSSIAN_C,cv2.THRESH_BINARY,11,2)
templ = cv2.imread("template.png",cv2.CV_LOAD_IMAGE_GRAYSCALE)
cannyframe = cv2.Canny(frame,5,50,apertureSize=3)
cannytempl = cv2.Canny(templ,5,50,apertureSize=3)
cv2.imshow("cannyframe",cannyframe)
cv2.imshow("cannytempl", cannytempl)
cv2.waitKey(0)
#The line below, and NOT any other line, crashes the program
cv2.chamerMatching(cannytempl,cannyframe)
All of it runs fine except the final call to the chamerMatching function which causes the python interpreter to crash and stop working for some reason with a message that looks like this:
With absolutely zero documentation on the function, I can't figure out why.
EDIT:
The code above now includes all the required lines to run and below is template.png.
A:
i don't know if you still need this information. But I also needed chamfer matching for my research. And here's what I found after encountering the same dilemma as you've had.
http://code.opencv.org/issues/3602
:)
|
USAF CSAR program apparently flops
Yet again, the USAF bidding process appears to have fallen on its face. The CSAR (Combat Search And Rescue) Helicopter program that the Air Force has
been trying to bid for some time now, may have only one bid submitted, as of the close of bidding on January 3.
Sikorsky has confirmed that they submitted a bid based on the H-60 airframe. Other possible competitors for the contract, valued at $6.8B have said
that they would skip the competition, with one saying that they were considering their options for a legal challenge to the process.
Lieutenant General Charles Davis said that the process was set up to tell the competitors exactly what the Air Force needed in the helicopter, and
what they could afford. Rumors are that the RFP was set up to favor the H-60, which he denied.
Boeing previously won the competition with the H-47 airframe, but lost the $15B contract to legal challenges.
The Air Force has refused comment as to whether only one bid was received. They say that once they select a winner, they can comment.
KC-46 anyone? I swear the Air Force doesn't know how to bid a contract anymore. It seems like every single contract that they bid is overturned at
least once, if not multiple times, because they don't know what they're doing. It's like the Keystone Kops have taken over procurement for
them.
The U.S. Air Force on Friday declined to confirm that it had received only one bid for a $6.8 billion helicopter competition that closed on
Thursday, saying that information was “source selection sensitive.”
All but one of the contractors expected to bid to build a new combat search and rescue helicopters for the Air Force announced last month that they
would not compete, raising the prospect that the Air Force would have to adopt a different approach to the acquisition program.
Sikorsky Aircraft, a unit of United Technologies Corp , did submit a bid for the competition, based on its H-60 helicopter, according to a company
spokesman. Other potential competitors confirmed that they had decided to skip the bidding, and at least one of the companies said it was exploring a
possible legal challenge to the terms of the competition.
Survivability and age. The new CSAR will be able to get on scene faster, and take more damage than a Black Hawk and get home. When they rescued the
F-117 pilot that was shot down in Yugoslavia, there were unfriendly troops all around him. They were lucky that they weren't hit on the way in and
out. Same with Scott O'Grady, except they were fired on heading out. The HH-60G is getting old too.
Ok, now that my brain is awake. They need new replacements for the PJ,s. They are some bad mofos who train just like the Navy Seals. My good friend
from High School was actually shown graduating the course in the Discovery Channel program about them.
For what they do and where they go, they need to have some of the Stealth ones that the Navy Seals use to rescue downed pilots behind enemy lines. The
rest they can just rebuild as the Pave Hawk H-60 is perfect for everything else.
Survivability and age. The new CSAR will be able to get on scene faster, and take more damage than a Black Hawk and get home. When they rescued the
F-117 pilot that was shot down in Yugoslavia, there were unfriendly troops all around him. They were lucky that they weren't hit on the way in and
out. Same with Scott O'Grady, except they were fired on heading out. The HH-60G is getting old too.
edit on 1/5/2013 by Zaphod58 because:
(no reason given)
Pretty sure they used Navy Pave Lows for that op since they flew from a carrier. A bigger helicopter. I know they need some for Pilot rescue but the
whole fleet does not need to change because we don't have the money for it since Congress is loaded with Greedy do nothing for anyone scumbags.
Well apparently they're going to get a new Black Hawk, because Sikorsky appears to be the sole bidder. It's a 14 year development contract, and
proves yet again that the Air Force can't bid a contract to save their lives (pun intended)
The Air Force is rapidly getting to where the only things that aren't 20+ years old are the F-22s, and eventually the F-35s. Yes, the economy is in
bad shape, but so is the Air Force, and it's getting worse. There are rumors of some interesting black projects out there, but those are small scale
projects right now. We're going to get to a point where they're going to give a war, and the Air Force is going to call time out because they
don't have anything capable of fighting if we're not careful.
Yes, the economy is in bad shape, but so is the Air Force, and it's getting worse.
I think "and" is a more appropriate conjunction to use there -
"Yes, the economy is in bad shape, AND so is the Air Force... " - the 2 are inextricably linked.
And in my extremely non-professional opinion, they aren't going to change until the US realises that wealth is created by making stuff - adding value
- and not betting on whether an exchange rate will rise or fall.
The Above Top Secret Web site is a wholly owned social content community of The Above Network, LLC.
This content community relies on user-generated content from our member contributors. The opinions of our members are not those of site ownership who maintains strict editorial agnosticism and simply provides a collaborative venue for free expression. |
Q:
How to display an image using kivy
How do I display an image in my pwd?
import kivy
from kivy.app import App
from kivy.uix.button import Button
from kivy.uix.image import Image
class MyApp(App):
def build(self):
return Image('b1.png')
MyApp().run()
A:
You can check the Image documentation to see that the image source is controlled by the source property. Therefore you should be able to change just one line to make it work:
return Image(source='b1.png')
|
Q:
Receive push message after time of publication with Parse in Android
I'm using Parse to send push messages and everything is works fine. My question is how to user can receive message after the time of publication? E.g: The admin sends a push message, but in the moment of publication the user don't have any network available. After an hour the user have access to a wi-fi network and the pending messages send previously are delivered to the user. What is the parameter to do this or method?
A:
You need not to worry about the network. Whenever your network will be available, your device will receive the push messages been sent.
|
These are notes about the NT filesystem
More documentation is available at:
http://linux-ntfs.sourceforge.net/ntfs/index.html
|
Relationship between the duration of the breast-feeding period and the lipoprotein profile of children at the age of 13 years.
Selected parameters of lipid metabolism were studied in a group of 76 children aged 12-13 years. The children were divided into 4 subgroups according to the duration of neonatal nutrition (no breast feeding, breast feeding for 3, 6 or more than 6 months). We studied the concentration of total serum cholesterol, its distribution into lipoprotein fractions, the concentration of serum triacylglycerols and apolipoproteins A1 (Apo A1) and B (Apo B). Atherogenic indexes were calculated from the data obtained. The highest cholesterol levels (5.20+/-0.15 mmol x l(-1)) were found in children who had been breast-fed for more than 6 months, while the highest concentrations of Apo B (0.80+/-0.07 g x l(-1)) and Apo A1 (1.76+/-0.06 g x l(-1)) and the highest Apo B/Apo A1 ratio (0.45+/-0.04) were found in children with the shortest period of breast-feeding. No significant sex-related differences in total, VLDL, LDL, HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols and apolipoproteins were observed. |
Food Allergy Tattoos for Kids Could Save Lives
SafetyTat is a temporary tattoo designed to alert parents and teachers to a child’s food allergies
SafetyTat
These allergy alert tattoos are bright and easy to apply.
No more double-guessing on field trips and during birthday parties if Johnny is allergic to red dye. Allergy SafetyTat creates a safe and innovative way for kids to quickly communicate their allergies and intolerances to a nearby adult without saying a word. The tattoos are brightly-colored red and yellow, and list “Medical Attention” information, as well as an “In Case of Emergency” phone number, so that parents can rest easy when their children are out of their sight and within reach of nuts and food dye.
SafetyTat was created by Michele Welsh, whose nephew has a potentially fatal nut allergy. After multiple trips to the ER, Welsh came up with a way to prevent food allergy attacks. The company also makes similar tattoos for safety in case a child is lost, and the tattoos can be applied by a parent at a moment’s notice without water.
“It became apparent that there had to be a way to make sure those around my nephew knew of his condition to help prevent an accidental exposure to any foods that contain nuts,” Welsh told The Daily Meal. “We created Allergy and Medical Alert SafetyTat tattoos in response to our own experiences.” |
Main navigation
SPURS: THE SEASON THAT HAD IT ALL
On 30 April 2017, Tottenham beat Arsenal 2-0 to finish above their rivals for the first time since 1994/95. What the Spurs players of both generations shared was a gift for the spectacular, a great team spirit and an unbreakable bond with the fans. Football isn’t about trophies, it’s about creating unforgettable moments. Never has that been truer than at Tottenham in 1994/95.
In The Team That Dared To Do, manager Gerry Francis reveals the diary entries he made after being forced out of QPR and landing the job at Spurs under chairman Alan Sugar. In a series of exclusive interviews conducted by BBC sports journalist Chris Slegg we hear from former players including Jürgen Klinsmann, Teddy Sheringham, Darren Anderton, and Sol Campbell about what life was like in the Tottenham dressing room and on the training ground.
From the magic of Klinsmania and Ossie Ardiles’ audacious, yet failed, attempt to make a success of his ‘Famous Five’ forward line, to some magnificent performances under Francis, it was a season that had it all.
The Team That Dared To Do offers an exclusive, behind-the-scenes look at one of Tottenham Hotspur’s most memorable seasons. Read previously unseen diary extracts from Spurs manager Gerry Francis, in which he reveals:
How he was forced out of his beloved QPR
The argument with Alan Sugar over making Jürgen Klinsmann captain
His view of life in the dugout and the dressing room as he oversaw a series of unforgettable matches |
American Mensa National Scholarship
Several $1,000 scholarships are awarded each year by the Mensa Foundation to college-bound Mensa members and/or the dependents of Mensa members. The general rules, qualifications and deadlines of the U.S. scholarship program apply, with the exception that there is only one round of judging, which takes place at the national level. Winners of Mensa member scholarships are announced with the U.S. scholarship program winners.
Process
If you are a Mensa member interested in the Mensa Member Award Program for you or your IRS-recognized dependent(s), please note you may apply to the U.S. scholarship program as well as the Mensa member program and are encouraged to do so. |
American Dipper (displaying the nictitating membrane, an additional translucent eyelid that allows the creature to see while affording its eyes additional protection. This is especially handy for birds that search for food underwater and for birds of prey flying at high speed, as it prevents their eyes from drying out. |
{
"images" : [
{
"idiom" : "universal",
"filename" : "userIsExpertIcon36x36.png",
"scale" : "1x"
},
{
"idiom" : "universal",
"scale" : "2x"
},
{
"idiom" : "universal",
"scale" : "3x"
}
],
"info" : {
"version" : 1,
"author" : "xcode"
}
} |
Q:
Bind collection of lines to canvas in WPF
I have an observable collection of line segments specified by its boundary points. How can I bind it to draw the lines on a canvas?
I have seen the solution for shapes using only one point to define the position. But for applying this approach to lines it need awkward precomputations on coordinates to get the position of outer rectangle and make line coordinates relative to it. Is there a way to avoid it?
A:
Here is an example how you could do it:
The line is defined as follows:
public class Line
{
public Point From { get; set; }
public Point To { get; set; }
}
MainWindow.xaml:
<Window x:Class="WpfApplication20.MainWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
Title="MainWindow" Height="300" Width="300">
<ItemsControl ItemsSource="{Binding Lines}">
<ItemsControl.ItemsPanel>
<ItemsPanelTemplate>
<Canvas/>
</ItemsPanelTemplate>
</ItemsControl.ItemsPanel>
<ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
<DataTemplate>
<Line X1="{Binding From.X}" Y1="{Binding From.Y}"
X2="{Binding To.X}" Y2="{Binding To.Y}"
Stroke="DarkGray" StrokeThickness="3"/>
</DataTemplate>
</ItemsControl.ItemTemplate>
</ItemsControl>
</Window>
MainWindow.xaml.cs:
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
public ObservableCollection<Line> Lines { get; private set; }
public MainWindow()
{
Lines = new ObservableCollection<Line>
{
new Line { From = new Point(100, 20), To = new Point(180, 180) },
new Line { From = new Point(180, 180), To = new Point(20, 180) },
new Line { From = new Point(20, 180), To = new Point(100, 20) },
new Line { From = new Point(20, 50), To = new Point(180, 150) }
};
InitializeComponent();
DataContext = this;
}
}
In the above example, the lines are static, i.e. if you update the From and To positions, the UI will not update. If you want the UI to update, you must implement INotifyPropertyChanged for the Line class.
This sample shows a window that looks like this:
|
Influence of the stroke code activation source on the outcome of acute ischemic stroke patients.
In our metropolitan area, the Stroke Code (SC) system allows immediate transfer of patients with acute stroke to a stroke center. It may be activated by community hospitals (A), emergency medical services (EMS, B), or the emergency department of the stroke center (C). Our aim was to analyze whether the SC activation source influences the access to thrombolytic therapy and outcome of patients with ischemic stroke. We prospectively registered patients with ischemic stroke admitted to the acute stroke unit who arrived through the SC system. The primary outcome variable was good outcome at discharge (Rankin Scale <or= 2). Secondary outcome was neurologic improvement >or=4 in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score or NIHSS score 0 to 1 at 24 hours. A total of 262 consecutive patients with hyperacute ischemic stroke were studied; the SC source was A in 112, B in 57, and C in 92. Median time from onset to admission was longer in Group A and stroke severity higher in Groups B and C. Percentage of tPA administration was higher in patients from Groups B and C (27%, 54%, and 46% of patients; p = 0.001). With respect to Group A, Group B was associated with good outcome with an odds of 2.9 (1.2-6.6; p = 0.01), and Group C with an odds of 2.4 (1.1-4.9; p = 0.01) after adjustment for age and stroke severity at baseline. Patients coming via levels B and C were more likely to improve at 24 hours. Patients arriving directly to the stroke center via emergency medical services or on their own receive neurologic attention sooner, are more frequently treated with tPA, and have better clinical outcome than those patients who are first taken to a community hospital. |
Image: Valerie
This unique bear has an unusually long tongue that is uses to feed on honey and insects.
The tongue, measuring an average of 8-9 inches, is especially impressive when we consider that the average human tongue is less than half that length (averaging around 3.8 inches) and the World Record for the longest dog tongue is only 4.5 inches.
Image: Justin McGregor
Sun bears use their remarkably long tongues to extract termites, beetle and bee larvae, and some types of fruit. They also occasionally eat vertebrates like birds, reptiles, and small mammals when given the opportunity. These bears have a voracious appetite for honey and honeycombs, and uses its surprisingly powerful jaws to open up hardwood trees to get to it.
Other than their tongues, sun bears can be identified by the large, white crescent shape on their chest, their inward turning paws (for climbing), and their small size relative to other bears. Adults only weigh up to 175 lb.
Image: Cloudtail
You can find sun bears in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia, although their population is declining rapidly due to deforestation, poaching, and the baffling demand for bear bile in Asia. Because of this demand, numerous individuals are held in captivity on bile farms in Laos, Vietnam, and Myanmar.
“In Myanmar, Thailand, Lao PDR, Cambodia and Vietnam, sun bears are commonly poached for their gall bladders (i.e., bile) and bear-paws; the former is used as a Traditional Chinese Medicine, and the latter as an expensive delicacy.” IUCN
Want to give sun bears a fighting chance? Share this article!
Video: |
Q:
ui test xcode, handle datepicker
i really stuck at this problem
i cant swipe and then select the year at this datepicker, maybe some experienced on automation can give solution this tupe of datepicker i wabt to handle
i had code from result of recorded test like below,
let datePickersQuery = app.datePickers
let pickerWheel = datePickersQuery.pickerWheels["2000"]
pickerWheel.tap()
pickerWheel.
let pickerWheel2 = datePickersQuery.pickerWheels["1996"]
pickerWheel2.tap()
but still force close when running the test
A:
You interact with date pickers a little differently and I have never seen recorded tests "get it right". You should use app.datePickers["Your matcher"].adjust(toPickerWheelValue: <String>) in order to set a value for a picker.
If you're having trouble with your date picker query, you can specify the index of which picker wheel you want to set by app.datePickers.element(boundBy: <UInt>).
Here's the link to the apple reference doc https://developer.apple.com/reference/xctest/xcuielement/1618672-adjust
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It started off as a peaceful protest. He had gone to share a message of love and acceptance. (He said that he wanted to prove that love trumps hate.) Even though he didn’t support the same political aspirations as most of the crowd, he shared some of their views. He was disappointed with the current administration and was disgruntled with the establishment. Like the crowd, he felt it was time for an outsider to rise up and make the nation great again.
Now, I should be honest and say that my friend — prior to all the controversy — had a pretty big following. A lot of people liked and shared what he said. He was relatively well-known and had a relatively large amount of influence. And he was trying to use that influence to start a movement. He wanted to change the system.
Why? Because unlike most of the crowd, he had a great deal of sympathy for the oppressed — women, minorities, and immigrants. (My friend was a refugee from the Middle East.) He worried about what might happen if he didn’t take a stand against the violent rhetoric he had been hearing. So he went into the chaos, into the crowd, and he stood. That is when things got ugly.
Needless to say, his message was not well received. Of course, he knew this would happen. Heck, he had been making comments about tearing down walls, not building them. He wanted to let people in; they wanted to keep people out. He knew it would be tense. But I don’t think he knew it would get as bad as it did.
He was pushed and slapped and spit on as he made his way through the crowd. One guy mocked him for his religion and another guy called him a terrorist. Then it got really, really bad. The “aspiring politician” called him out in front of everybody. He compared my friend to a murderer, an enemy of the state. And the saddest part? When he did that, the crowd went crazy. They began chanting…
“Crucify him! Crucify him!”
He died a few hours later.
—
Image by Steve Rhodes.
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Alburtia Stevens: The son on the program today NEEDS HELP.... bi-polar??? PLEASE help him Dr. Phil. a fallen acorn can grow up to be a very TWISTED TREE & could possibly do HARM. May God lead U in your talks. |
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
No. 18-888V
Filed: August 22, 2019
UNPUBLISHED
LISA SARGENT,
Petitioner, Special Processing Unit (SPU);
v. Ruling on Entitlement; Concession;
Table Injury; Tetanus Diphtheria
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Vaccine;
HUMAN SERVICES, Shoulder Injury Related to Vaccine
Administration (SIRVA)
Respondent.
Summer Pope Abel, Law Offices of Leah V. Durant, PLLC, Washington, DC, for
petitioner.
Linda Sara Renzi, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.
RULING ON ENTITLEMENT1
Dorsey, Chief Special Master:
On June 21, 2018, petitioner filed a petition for compensation under the National
Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10, et seq.,2 (the “Vaccine
Act”). Petitioner alleges that “her receipt of a Tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis
(“Tdap”) vaccine on June 7, 2017, caused her to suffer a right-sided shoulder injury.”
Petition at 1. The case was assigned to the Special Processing Unit of the Office of
Special Masters.
1The undersigned intends to post this ruling on the United States Court of Federal Claims' website. This
means the ruling will be available to anyone with access to the internet. In accordance with Vaccine
Rule 18(b), petitioner has 14 days to identify and move to redact medical or other information, the
disclosure of which would constitute an unwarranted invasion of privacy. If, upon review, the undersigned
agrees that the identified material fits within this definition, the undersigned will redact such material from
public access. Because this unpublished ruling contains a reasoned explanation for the action in this
case, undersigned is required to post it on the United States Court of Federal Claims' website in
accordance with the E-Government Act of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012) (Federal Management
and Promotion of Electronic Government Services).
2National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755. Hereinafter, for
ease of citation, all “§” references to the Vaccine Act will be to the pertinent subparagraph of 42 U.S.C. §
300aa (2012).
On August 22, 2019, respondent filed his Rule 4(c) report in which he concedes
that petitioner is entitled to compensation in this case. Respondent’s Rule 4(c) Report
at 1. Specifically, respondent states that “petitioner’s claim meets the Table criteria for
SIRVA.” Id. at 5. Respondent further agrees that “petitioner’s SIRVA and its sequela
persisted for more than six months after the administration of the vaccine.” Id. at 6.
In view of respondent’s position and the evidence of record, the
undersigned finds that petitioner is entitled to compensation.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Nora Beth Dorsey
Nora Beth Dorsey
Chief Special Master
2
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/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*
* pg_type.h
* definition of the system "type" relation (pg_type)
* along with the relation's initial contents.
*
*
* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2017, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*
* src/include/catalog/pg_type.h
*
* NOTES
* the genbki.pl script reads this file and generates .bki
* information from the DATA() statements.
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
#ifndef PG_TYPE_H
#define PG_TYPE_H
#include "catalog/genbki.h"
/* ----------------
* pg_type definition. cpp turns this into
* typedef struct FormData_pg_type
*
* Some of the values in a pg_type instance are copied into
* pg_attribute instances. Some parts of Postgres use the pg_type copy,
* while others use the pg_attribute copy, so they must match.
* See struct FormData_pg_attribute for details.
* ----------------
*/
#define TypeRelationId 1247
#define TypeRelation_Rowtype_Id 71
CATALOG(pg_type,1247) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(71) BKI_SCHEMA_MACRO
{
NameData typname; /* type name */
Oid typnamespace; /* OID of namespace containing this type */
Oid typowner; /* type owner */
/*
* For a fixed-size type, typlen is the number of bytes we use to
* represent a value of this type, e.g. 4 for an int4. But for a
* variable-length type, typlen is negative. We use -1 to indicate a
* "varlena" type (one that has a length word), -2 to indicate a
* null-terminated C string.
*/
int16 typlen;
/*
* typbyval determines whether internal Postgres routines pass a value of
* this type by value or by reference. typbyval had better be FALSE if
* the length is not 1, 2, or 4 (or 8 on 8-byte-Datum machines).
* Variable-length types are always passed by reference. Note that
* typbyval can be false even if the length would allow pass-by-value;
* this is currently true for type float4, for example.
*/
bool typbyval;
/*
* typtype is 'b' for a base type, 'c' for a composite type (e.g., a
* table's rowtype), 'd' for a domain, 'e' for an enum type, 'p' for a
* pseudo-type, or 'r' for a range type. (Use the TYPTYPE macros below.)
*
* If typtype is 'c', typrelid is the OID of the class' entry in pg_class.
*/
char typtype;
/*
* typcategory and typispreferred help the parser distinguish preferred
* and non-preferred coercions. The category can be any single ASCII
* character (but not \0). The categories used for built-in types are
* identified by the TYPCATEGORY macros below.
*/
char typcategory; /* arbitrary type classification */
bool typispreferred; /* is type "preferred" within its category? */
/*
* If typisdefined is false, the entry is only a placeholder (forward
* reference). We know the type name, but not yet anything else about it.
*/
bool typisdefined;
char typdelim; /* delimiter for arrays of this type */
Oid typrelid; /* 0 if not a composite type */
/*
* If typelem is not 0 then it identifies another row in pg_type. The
* current type can then be subscripted like an array yielding values of
* type typelem. A non-zero typelem does not guarantee this type to be a
* "real" array type; some ordinary fixed-length types can also be
* subscripted (e.g., name, point). Variable-length types can *not* be
* turned into pseudo-arrays like that. Hence, the way to determine
* whether a type is a "true" array type is if:
*
* typelem != 0 and typlen == -1.
*/
Oid typelem;
/*
* If there is a "true" array type having this type as element type,
* typarray links to it. Zero if no associated "true" array type.
*/
Oid typarray;
/*
* I/O conversion procedures for the datatype.
*/
regproc typinput; /* text format (required) */
regproc typoutput;
regproc typreceive; /* binary format (optional) */
regproc typsend;
/*
* I/O functions for optional type modifiers.
*/
regproc typmodin;
regproc typmodout;
/*
* Custom ANALYZE procedure for the datatype (0 selects the default).
*/
regproc typanalyze;
/* ----------------
* typalign is the alignment required when storing a value of this
* type. It applies to storage on disk as well as most
* representations of the value inside Postgres. When multiple values
* are stored consecutively, such as in the representation of a
* complete row on disk, padding is inserted before a datum of this
* type so that it begins on the specified boundary. The alignment
* reference is the beginning of the first datum in the sequence.
*
* 'c' = CHAR alignment, ie no alignment needed.
* 's' = SHORT alignment (2 bytes on most machines).
* 'i' = INT alignment (4 bytes on most machines).
* 'd' = DOUBLE alignment (8 bytes on many machines, but by no means all).
*
* See include/access/tupmacs.h for the macros that compute these
* alignment requirements. Note also that we allow the nominal alignment
* to be violated when storing "packed" varlenas; the TOAST mechanism
* takes care of hiding that from most code.
*
* NOTE: for types used in system tables, it is critical that the
* size and alignment defined in pg_type agree with the way that the
* compiler will lay out the field in a struct representing a table row.
* ----------------
*/
char typalign;
/* ----------------
* typstorage tells if the type is prepared for toasting and what
* the default strategy for attributes of this type should be.
*
* 'p' PLAIN type not prepared for toasting
* 'e' EXTERNAL external storage possible, don't try to compress
* 'x' EXTENDED try to compress and store external if required
* 'm' MAIN like 'x' but try to keep in main tuple
* ----------------
*/
char typstorage;
/*
* This flag represents a "NOT NULL" constraint against this datatype.
*
* If true, the attnotnull column for a corresponding table column using
* this datatype will always enforce the NOT NULL constraint.
*
* Used primarily for domain types.
*/
bool typnotnull;
/*
* Domains use typbasetype to show the base (or domain) type that the
* domain is based on. Zero if the type is not a domain.
*/
Oid typbasetype;
/*
* Domains use typtypmod to record the typmod to be applied to their base
* type (-1 if base type does not use a typmod). -1 if this type is not a
* domain.
*/
int32 typtypmod;
/*
* typndims is the declared number of dimensions for an array domain type
* (i.e., typbasetype is an array type). Otherwise zero.
*/
int32 typndims;
/*
* Collation: 0 if type cannot use collations, DEFAULT_COLLATION_OID for
* collatable base types, possibly other OID for domains
*/
Oid typcollation;
#ifdef CATALOG_VARLEN /* variable-length fields start here */
/*
* If typdefaultbin is not NULL, it is the nodeToString representation of
* a default expression for the type. Currently this is only used for
* domains.
*/
pg_node_tree typdefaultbin;
/*
* typdefault is NULL if the type has no associated default value. If
* typdefaultbin is not NULL, typdefault must contain a human-readable
* version of the default expression represented by typdefaultbin. If
* typdefaultbin is NULL and typdefault is not, then typdefault is the
* external representation of the type's default value, which may be fed
* to the type's input converter to produce a constant.
*/
text typdefault;
/*
* Access permissions
*/
aclitem typacl[1];
#endif
} FormData_pg_type;
/* ----------------
* Form_pg_type corresponds to a pointer to a row with
* the format of pg_type relation.
* ----------------
*/
typedef FormData_pg_type *Form_pg_type;
/* ----------------
* compiler constants for pg_type
* ----------------
*/
#define Natts_pg_type 30
#define Anum_pg_type_typname 1
#define Anum_pg_type_typnamespace 2
#define Anum_pg_type_typowner 3
#define Anum_pg_type_typlen 4
#define Anum_pg_type_typbyval 5
#define Anum_pg_type_typtype 6
#define Anum_pg_type_typcategory 7
#define Anum_pg_type_typispreferred 8
#define Anum_pg_type_typisdefined 9
#define Anum_pg_type_typdelim 10
#define Anum_pg_type_typrelid 11
#define Anum_pg_type_typelem 12
#define Anum_pg_type_typarray 13
#define Anum_pg_type_typinput 14
#define Anum_pg_type_typoutput 15
#define Anum_pg_type_typreceive 16
#define Anum_pg_type_typsend 17
#define Anum_pg_type_typmodin 18
#define Anum_pg_type_typmodout 19
#define Anum_pg_type_typanalyze 20
#define Anum_pg_type_typalign 21
#define Anum_pg_type_typstorage 22
#define Anum_pg_type_typnotnull 23
#define Anum_pg_type_typbasetype 24
#define Anum_pg_type_typtypmod 25
#define Anum_pg_type_typndims 26
#define Anum_pg_type_typcollation 27
#define Anum_pg_type_typdefaultbin 28
#define Anum_pg_type_typdefault 29
#define Anum_pg_type_typacl 30
/* ----------------
* initial contents of pg_type
* ----------------
*/
/*
* Keep the following ordered by OID so that later changes can be made more
* easily.
*
* For types used in the system catalogs, make sure the values here match
* TypInfo[] in bootstrap.c.
*/
/* OIDS 1 - 99 */
DATA(insert OID = 16 ( bool PGNSP PGUID 1 t b B t t \054 0 0 1000 boolin boolout boolrecv boolsend - - - c p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("boolean, 'true'/'false'");
#define BOOLOID 16
DATA(insert OID = 17 ( bytea PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 1001 byteain byteaout bytearecv byteasend - - - i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("variable-length string, binary values escaped");
#define BYTEAOID 17
DATA(insert OID = 18 ( char PGNSP PGUID 1 t b S f t \054 0 0 1002 charin charout charrecv charsend - - - c p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("single character");
#define CHAROID 18
DATA(insert OID = 19 ( name PGNSP PGUID NAMEDATALEN f b S f t \054 0 18 1003 namein nameout namerecv namesend - - - c p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("63-byte type for storing system identifiers");
#define NAMEOID 19
DATA(insert OID = 20 ( int8 PGNSP PGUID 8 FLOAT8PASSBYVAL b N f t \054 0 0 1016 int8in int8out int8recv int8send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("~18 digit integer, 8-byte storage");
#define INT8OID 20
DATA(insert OID = 21 ( int2 PGNSP PGUID 2 t b N f t \054 0 0 1005 int2in int2out int2recv int2send - - - s p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("-32 thousand to 32 thousand, 2-byte storage");
#define INT2OID 21
DATA(insert OID = 22 ( int2vector PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 21 1006 int2vectorin int2vectorout int2vectorrecv int2vectorsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("array of int2, used in system tables");
#define INT2VECTOROID 22
DATA(insert OID = 23 ( int4 PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 1007 int4in int4out int4recv int4send - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("-2 billion to 2 billion integer, 4-byte storage");
#define INT4OID 23
DATA(insert OID = 24 ( regproc PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 1008 regprocin regprocout regprocrecv regprocsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered procedure");
#define REGPROCOID 24
DATA(insert OID = 25 ( text PGNSP PGUID -1 f b S t t \054 0 0 1009 textin textout textrecv textsend - - - i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("variable-length string, no limit specified");
#define TEXTOID 25
DATA(insert OID = 26 ( oid PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N t t \054 0 0 1028 oidin oidout oidrecv oidsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("object identifier(oid), maximum 4 billion");
#define OIDOID 26
DATA(insert OID = 27 ( tid PGNSP PGUID 6 f b U f t \054 0 0 1010 tidin tidout tidrecv tidsend - - - s p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("(block, offset), physical location of tuple");
#define TIDOID 27
DATA(insert OID = 28 ( xid PGNSP PGUID 4 t b U f t \054 0 0 1011 xidin xidout xidrecv xidsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("transaction id");
#define XIDOID 28
DATA(insert OID = 29 ( cid PGNSP PGUID 4 t b U f t \054 0 0 1012 cidin cidout cidrecv cidsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("command identifier type, sequence in transaction id");
#define CIDOID 29
DATA(insert OID = 30 ( oidvector PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 26 1013 oidvectorin oidvectorout oidvectorrecv oidvectorsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("array of oids, used in system tables");
#define OIDVECTOROID 30
/* hand-built rowtype entries for bootstrapped catalogs */
/* NB: OIDs assigned here must match the BKI_ROWTYPE_OID declarations */
DATA(insert OID = 71 ( pg_type PGNSP PGUID -1 f c C f t \054 1247 0 0 record_in record_out record_recv record_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 75 ( pg_attribute PGNSP PGUID -1 f c C f t \054 1249 0 0 record_in record_out record_recv record_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 81 ( pg_proc PGNSP PGUID -1 f c C f t \054 1255 0 0 record_in record_out record_recv record_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 83 ( pg_class PGNSP PGUID -1 f c C f t \054 1259 0 0 record_in record_out record_recv record_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* OIDS 100 - 199 */
DATA(insert OID = 114 ( json PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 199 json_in json_out json_recv json_send - - - i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define JSONOID 114
DATA(insert OID = 142 ( xml PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 143 xml_in xml_out xml_recv xml_send - - - i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("XML content");
#define XMLOID 142
DATA(insert OID = 143 ( _xml PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 142 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 199 ( _json PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 114 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 194 ( pg_node_tree PGNSP PGUID -1 f b S f t \054 0 0 0 pg_node_tree_in pg_node_tree_out pg_node_tree_recv pg_node_tree_send - - - i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("string representing an internal node tree");
#define PGNODETREEOID 194
DATA(insert OID = 3361 ( pg_ndistinct PGNSP PGUID -1 f b S f t \054 0 0 0 pg_ndistinct_in pg_ndistinct_out pg_ndistinct_recv pg_ndistinct_send - - - i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("multivariate ndistinct coefficients");
#define PGNDISTINCTOID 3361
DATA(insert OID = 3402 ( pg_dependencies PGNSP PGUID -1 f b S f t \054 0 0 0 pg_dependencies_in pg_dependencies_out pg_dependencies_recv pg_dependencies_send - - - i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("multivariate dependencies");
#define PGDEPENDENCIESOID 3402
DATA(insert OID = 32 ( pg_ddl_command PGNSP PGUID SIZEOF_POINTER t p P f t \054 0 0 0 pg_ddl_command_in pg_ddl_command_out pg_ddl_command_recv pg_ddl_command_send - - - ALIGNOF_POINTER p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("internal type for passing CollectedCommand");
#define PGDDLCOMMANDOID 32
/* OIDS 200 - 299 */
DATA(insert OID = 210 ( smgr PGNSP PGUID 2 t b U f t \054 0 0 0 smgrin smgrout - - - - - s p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("storage manager");
/* OIDS 300 - 399 */
/* OIDS 400 - 499 */
/* OIDS 500 - 599 */
/* OIDS 600 - 699 */
DATA(insert OID = 600 ( point PGNSP PGUID 16 f b G f t \054 0 701 1017 point_in point_out point_recv point_send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("geometric point '(x, y)'");
#define POINTOID 600
DATA(insert OID = 601 ( lseg PGNSP PGUID 32 f b G f t \054 0 600 1018 lseg_in lseg_out lseg_recv lseg_send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("geometric line segment '(pt1,pt2)'");
#define LSEGOID 601
DATA(insert OID = 602 ( path PGNSP PGUID -1 f b G f t \054 0 0 1019 path_in path_out path_recv path_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("geometric path '(pt1,...)'");
#define PATHOID 602
DATA(insert OID = 603 ( box PGNSP PGUID 32 f b G f t \073 0 600 1020 box_in box_out box_recv box_send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("geometric box '(lower left,upper right)'");
#define BOXOID 603
DATA(insert OID = 604 ( polygon PGNSP PGUID -1 f b G f t \054 0 0 1027 poly_in poly_out poly_recv poly_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("geometric polygon '(pt1,...)'");
#define POLYGONOID 604
DATA(insert OID = 628 ( line PGNSP PGUID 24 f b G f t \054 0 701 629 line_in line_out line_recv line_send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("geometric line");
#define LINEOID 628
DATA(insert OID = 629 ( _line PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 628 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* OIDS 700 - 799 */
DATA(insert OID = 700 ( float4 PGNSP PGUID 4 FLOAT4PASSBYVAL b N f t \054 0 0 1021 float4in float4out float4recv float4send - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("single-precision floating point number, 4-byte storage");
#define FLOAT4OID 700
DATA(insert OID = 701 ( float8 PGNSP PGUID 8 FLOAT8PASSBYVAL b N t t \054 0 0 1022 float8in float8out float8recv float8send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("double-precision floating point number, 8-byte storage");
#define FLOAT8OID 701
DATA(insert OID = 702 ( abstime PGNSP PGUID 4 t b D f t \054 0 0 1023 abstimein abstimeout abstimerecv abstimesend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("absolute, limited-range date and time (Unix system time)");
#define ABSTIMEOID 702
DATA(insert OID = 703 ( reltime PGNSP PGUID 4 t b T f t \054 0 0 1024 reltimein reltimeout reltimerecv reltimesend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("relative, limited-range time interval (Unix delta time)");
#define RELTIMEOID 703
DATA(insert OID = 704 ( tinterval PGNSP PGUID 12 f b T f t \054 0 0 1025 tintervalin tintervalout tintervalrecv tintervalsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("(abstime,abstime), time interval");
#define TINTERVALOID 704
DATA(insert OID = 705 ( unknown PGNSP PGUID -2 f p X f t \054 0 0 0 unknownin unknownout unknownrecv unknownsend - - - c p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("");
#define UNKNOWNOID 705
DATA(insert OID = 718 ( circle PGNSP PGUID 24 f b G f t \054 0 0 719 circle_in circle_out circle_recv circle_send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("geometric circle '(center,radius)'");
#define CIRCLEOID 718
DATA(insert OID = 719 ( _circle PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 718 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 790 ( money PGNSP PGUID 8 FLOAT8PASSBYVAL b N f t \054 0 0 791 cash_in cash_out cash_recv cash_send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("monetary amounts, $d,ddd.cc");
#define CASHOID 790
DATA(insert OID = 791 ( _money PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 790 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* OIDS 800 - 899 */
DATA(insert OID = 829 ( macaddr PGNSP PGUID 6 f b U f t \054 0 0 1040 macaddr_in macaddr_out macaddr_recv macaddr_send - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX, MAC address");
#define MACADDROID 829
DATA(insert OID = 869 ( inet PGNSP PGUID -1 f b I t t \054 0 0 1041 inet_in inet_out inet_recv inet_send - - - i m f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("IP address/netmask, host address, netmask optional");
#define INETOID 869
DATA(insert OID = 650 ( cidr PGNSP PGUID -1 f b I f t \054 0 0 651 cidr_in cidr_out cidr_recv cidr_send - - - i m f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("network IP address/netmask, network address");
#define CIDROID 650
DATA(insert OID = 774 ( macaddr8 PGNSP PGUID 8 f b U f t \054 0 0 775 macaddr8_in macaddr8_out macaddr8_recv macaddr8_send - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX, MAC address");
#define MACADDR8OID 774
/* OIDS 900 - 999 */
/* OIDS 1000 - 1099 */
DATA(insert OID = 1000 ( _bool PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 16 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1001 ( _bytea PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 17 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1002 ( _char PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 18 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1003 ( _name PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 19 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1005 ( _int2 PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 21 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define INT2ARRAYOID 1005
DATA(insert OID = 1006 ( _int2vector PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 22 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1007 ( _int4 PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 23 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define INT4ARRAYOID 1007
DATA(insert OID = 1008 ( _regproc PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 24 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1009 ( _text PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 25 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define TEXTARRAYOID 1009
DATA(insert OID = 1028 ( _oid PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 26 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define OIDARRAYOID 1028
DATA(insert OID = 1010 ( _tid PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 27 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1011 ( _xid PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 28 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1012 ( _cid PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 29 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1013 ( _oidvector PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 30 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1014 ( _bpchar PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1042 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send bpchartypmodin bpchartypmodout array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1015 ( _varchar PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1043 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send varchartypmodin varchartypmodout array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1016 ( _int8 PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 20 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1017 ( _point PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 600 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1018 ( _lseg PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 601 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1019 ( _path PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 602 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1020 ( _box PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \073 0 603 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1021 ( _float4 PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 700 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define FLOAT4ARRAYOID 1021
DATA(insert OID = 1022 ( _float8 PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 701 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1023 ( _abstime PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 702 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1024 ( _reltime PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 703 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1025 ( _tinterval PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 704 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1027 ( _polygon PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 604 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1033 ( aclitem PGNSP PGUID 12 f b U f t \054 0 0 1034 aclitemin aclitemout - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("access control list");
#define ACLITEMOID 1033
DATA(insert OID = 1034 ( _aclitem PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1033 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1040 ( _macaddr PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 829 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 775 ( _macaddr8 PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 774 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1041 ( _inet PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 869 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 651 ( _cidr PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 650 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1263 ( _cstring PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 2275 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define CSTRINGARRAYOID 1263
DATA(insert OID = 1042 ( bpchar PGNSP PGUID -1 f b S f t \054 0 0 1014 bpcharin bpcharout bpcharrecv bpcharsend bpchartypmodin bpchartypmodout - i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("char(length), blank-padded string, fixed storage length");
#define BPCHAROID 1042
DATA(insert OID = 1043 ( varchar PGNSP PGUID -1 f b S f t \054 0 0 1015 varcharin varcharout varcharrecv varcharsend varchartypmodin varchartypmodout - i x f 0 -1 0 100 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("varchar(length), non-blank-padded string, variable storage length");
#define VARCHAROID 1043
DATA(insert OID = 1082 ( date PGNSP PGUID 4 t b D f t \054 0 0 1182 date_in date_out date_recv date_send - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("date");
#define DATEOID 1082
DATA(insert OID = 1083 ( time PGNSP PGUID 8 FLOAT8PASSBYVAL b D f t \054 0 0 1183 time_in time_out time_recv time_send timetypmodin timetypmodout - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("time of day");
#define TIMEOID 1083
/* OIDS 1100 - 1199 */
DATA(insert OID = 1114 ( timestamp PGNSP PGUID 8 FLOAT8PASSBYVAL b D f t \054 0 0 1115 timestamp_in timestamp_out timestamp_recv timestamp_send timestamptypmodin timestamptypmodout - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("date and time");
#define TIMESTAMPOID 1114
DATA(insert OID = 1115 ( _timestamp PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1114 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send timestamptypmodin timestamptypmodout array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1182 ( _date PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1082 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1183 ( _time PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1083 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send timetypmodin timetypmodout array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1184 ( timestamptz PGNSP PGUID 8 FLOAT8PASSBYVAL b D t t \054 0 0 1185 timestamptz_in timestamptz_out timestamptz_recv timestamptz_send timestamptztypmodin timestamptztypmodout - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("date and time with time zone");
#define TIMESTAMPTZOID 1184
DATA(insert OID = 1185 ( _timestamptz PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1184 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send timestamptztypmodin timestamptztypmodout array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1186 ( interval PGNSP PGUID 16 f b T t t \054 0 0 1187 interval_in interval_out interval_recv interval_send intervaltypmodin intervaltypmodout - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("@ <number> <units>, time interval");
#define INTERVALOID 1186
DATA(insert OID = 1187 ( _interval PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1186 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send intervaltypmodin intervaltypmodout array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* OIDS 1200 - 1299 */
DATA(insert OID = 1231 ( _numeric PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1700 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send numerictypmodin numerictypmodout array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1266 ( timetz PGNSP PGUID 12 f b D f t \054 0 0 1270 timetz_in timetz_out timetz_recv timetz_send timetztypmodin timetztypmodout - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("time of day with time zone");
#define TIMETZOID 1266
DATA(insert OID = 1270 ( _timetz PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1266 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send timetztypmodin timetztypmodout array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* OIDS 1500 - 1599 */
DATA(insert OID = 1560 ( bit PGNSP PGUID -1 f b V f t \054 0 0 1561 bit_in bit_out bit_recv bit_send bittypmodin bittypmodout - i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("fixed-length bit string");
#define BITOID 1560
DATA(insert OID = 1561 ( _bit PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1560 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send bittypmodin bittypmodout array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 1562 ( varbit PGNSP PGUID -1 f b V t t \054 0 0 1563 varbit_in varbit_out varbit_recv varbit_send varbittypmodin varbittypmodout - i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("variable-length bit string");
#define VARBITOID 1562
DATA(insert OID = 1563 ( _varbit PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1562 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send varbittypmodin varbittypmodout array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* OIDS 1600 - 1699 */
/* OIDS 1700 - 1799 */
DATA(insert OID = 1700 ( numeric PGNSP PGUID -1 f b N f t \054 0 0 1231 numeric_in numeric_out numeric_recv numeric_send numerictypmodin numerictypmodout - i m f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("numeric(precision, decimal), arbitrary precision number");
#define NUMERICOID 1700
DATA(insert OID = 1790 ( refcursor PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 2201 textin textout textrecv textsend - - - i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("reference to cursor (portal name)");
#define REFCURSOROID 1790
/* OIDS 2200 - 2299 */
DATA(insert OID = 2201 ( _refcursor PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 1790 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 2202 ( regprocedure PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 2207 regprocedurein regprocedureout regprocedurerecv regproceduresend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered procedure (with args)");
#define REGPROCEDUREOID 2202
DATA(insert OID = 2203 ( regoper PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 2208 regoperin regoperout regoperrecv regopersend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered operator");
#define REGOPEROID 2203
DATA(insert OID = 2204 ( regoperator PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 2209 regoperatorin regoperatorout regoperatorrecv regoperatorsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered operator (with args)");
#define REGOPERATOROID 2204
DATA(insert OID = 2205 ( regclass PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 2210 regclassin regclassout regclassrecv regclasssend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered class");
#define REGCLASSOID 2205
DATA(insert OID = 2206 ( regtype PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 2211 regtypein regtypeout regtyperecv regtypesend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered type");
#define REGTYPEOID 2206
DATA(insert OID = 4096 ( regrole PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 4097 regrolein regroleout regrolerecv regrolesend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered role");
#define REGROLEOID 4096
DATA(insert OID = 4089 ( regnamespace PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 4090 regnamespacein regnamespaceout regnamespacerecv regnamespacesend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered namespace");
#define REGNAMESPACEOID 4089
DATA(insert OID = 2207 ( _regprocedure PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 2202 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 2208 ( _regoper PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 2203 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 2209 ( _regoperator PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 2204 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 2210 ( _regclass PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 2205 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 2211 ( _regtype PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 2206 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define REGTYPEARRAYOID 2211
DATA(insert OID = 4097 ( _regrole PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 4096 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 4090 ( _regnamespace PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 4089 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* uuid */
DATA(insert OID = 2950 ( uuid PGNSP PGUID 16 f b U f t \054 0 0 2951 uuid_in uuid_out uuid_recv uuid_send - - - c p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("UUID datatype");
#define UUIDOID 2950
DATA(insert OID = 2951 ( _uuid PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 2950 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* pg_lsn */
DATA(insert OID = 3220 ( pg_lsn PGNSP PGUID 8 FLOAT8PASSBYVAL b U f t \054 0 0 3221 pg_lsn_in pg_lsn_out pg_lsn_recv pg_lsn_send - - - d p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("PostgreSQL LSN datatype");
#define LSNOID 3220
DATA(insert OID = 3221 ( _pg_lsn PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3220 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* text search */
DATA(insert OID = 3614 ( tsvector PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 3643 tsvectorin tsvectorout tsvectorrecv tsvectorsend - - ts_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("text representation for text search");
#define TSVECTOROID 3614
DATA(insert OID = 3642 ( gtsvector PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 3644 gtsvectorin gtsvectorout - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("GiST index internal text representation for text search");
#define GTSVECTOROID 3642
DATA(insert OID = 3615 ( tsquery PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 3645 tsqueryin tsqueryout tsqueryrecv tsquerysend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("query representation for text search");
#define TSQUERYOID 3615
DATA(insert OID = 3734 ( regconfig PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 3735 regconfigin regconfigout regconfigrecv regconfigsend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered text search configuration");
#define REGCONFIGOID 3734
DATA(insert OID = 3769 ( regdictionary PGNSP PGUID 4 t b N f t \054 0 0 3770 regdictionaryin regdictionaryout regdictionaryrecv regdictionarysend - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("registered text search dictionary");
#define REGDICTIONARYOID 3769
DATA(insert OID = 3643 ( _tsvector PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3614 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3644 ( _gtsvector PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3642 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3645 ( _tsquery PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3615 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3735 ( _regconfig PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3734 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3770 ( _regdictionary PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3769 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* jsonb */
DATA(insert OID = 3802 ( jsonb PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 3807 jsonb_in jsonb_out jsonb_recv jsonb_send - - - i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("Binary JSON");
#define JSONBOID 3802
DATA(insert OID = 3807 ( _jsonb PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3802 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 2970 ( txid_snapshot PGNSP PGUID -1 f b U f t \054 0 0 2949 txid_snapshot_in txid_snapshot_out txid_snapshot_recv txid_snapshot_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("txid snapshot");
DATA(insert OID = 2949 ( _txid_snapshot PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 2970 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/* range types */
DATA(insert OID = 3904 ( int4range PGNSP PGUID -1 f r R f t \054 0 0 3905 range_in range_out range_recv range_send - - range_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("range of integers");
#define INT4RANGEOID 3904
DATA(insert OID = 3905 ( _int4range PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3904 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3906 ( numrange PGNSP PGUID -1 f r R f t \054 0 0 3907 range_in range_out range_recv range_send - - range_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("range of numerics");
DATA(insert OID = 3907 ( _numrange PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3906 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3908 ( tsrange PGNSP PGUID -1 f r R f t \054 0 0 3909 range_in range_out range_recv range_send - - range_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("range of timestamps without time zone");
DATA(insert OID = 3909 ( _tsrange PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3908 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3910 ( tstzrange PGNSP PGUID -1 f r R f t \054 0 0 3911 range_in range_out range_recv range_send - - range_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("range of timestamps with time zone");
DATA(insert OID = 3911 ( _tstzrange PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3910 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3912 ( daterange PGNSP PGUID -1 f r R f t \054 0 0 3913 range_in range_out range_recv range_send - - range_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("range of dates");
DATA(insert OID = 3913 ( _daterange PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3912 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze i x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DATA(insert OID = 3926 ( int8range PGNSP PGUID -1 f r R f t \054 0 0 3927 range_in range_out range_recv range_send - - range_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
DESCR("range of bigints");
DATA(insert OID = 3927 ( _int8range PGNSP PGUID -1 f b A f t \054 0 3926 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
/*
* pseudo-types
*
* types with typtype='p' represent various special cases in the type system.
*
* These cannot be used to define table columns, but are valid as function
* argument and result types (if supported by the function's implementation
* language).
*
* Note: cstring is a borderline case; it is still considered a pseudo-type,
* but there is now support for it in records and arrays. Perhaps we should
* just treat it as a regular base type?
*/
DATA(insert OID = 2249 ( record PGNSP PGUID -1 f p P f t \054 0 0 2287 record_in record_out record_recv record_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define RECORDOID 2249
DATA(insert OID = 2287 ( _record PGNSP PGUID -1 f p P f t \054 0 2249 0 array_in array_out array_recv array_send - - array_typanalyze d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define RECORDARRAYOID 2287
DATA(insert OID = 2275 ( cstring PGNSP PGUID -2 f p P f t \054 0 0 1263 cstring_in cstring_out cstring_recv cstring_send - - - c p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define CSTRINGOID 2275
DATA(insert OID = 2276 ( any PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 any_in any_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define ANYOID 2276
DATA(insert OID = 2277 ( anyarray PGNSP PGUID -1 f p P f t \054 0 0 0 anyarray_in anyarray_out anyarray_recv anyarray_send - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define ANYARRAYOID 2277
DATA(insert OID = 2278 ( void PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 void_in void_out void_recv void_send - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define VOIDOID 2278
DATA(insert OID = 2279 ( trigger PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 trigger_in trigger_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define TRIGGEROID 2279
DATA(insert OID = 3838 ( event_trigger PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 event_trigger_in event_trigger_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define EVTTRIGGEROID 3838
DATA(insert OID = 2280 ( language_handler PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 language_handler_in language_handler_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define LANGUAGE_HANDLEROID 2280
DATA(insert OID = 2281 ( internal PGNSP PGUID SIZEOF_POINTER t p P f t \054 0 0 0 internal_in internal_out - - - - - ALIGNOF_POINTER p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define INTERNALOID 2281
DATA(insert OID = 2282 ( opaque PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 opaque_in opaque_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define OPAQUEOID 2282
DATA(insert OID = 2283 ( anyelement PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 anyelement_in anyelement_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define ANYELEMENTOID 2283
DATA(insert OID = 2776 ( anynonarray PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 anynonarray_in anynonarray_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define ANYNONARRAYOID 2776
DATA(insert OID = 3500 ( anyenum PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 anyenum_in anyenum_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define ANYENUMOID 3500
DATA(insert OID = 3115 ( fdw_handler PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 fdw_handler_in fdw_handler_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define FDW_HANDLEROID 3115
DATA(insert OID = 325 ( index_am_handler PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 index_am_handler_in index_am_handler_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define INDEX_AM_HANDLEROID 325
DATA(insert OID = 3310 ( tsm_handler PGNSP PGUID 4 t p P f t \054 0 0 0 tsm_handler_in tsm_handler_out - - - - - i p f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define TSM_HANDLEROID 3310
DATA(insert OID = 3831 ( anyrange PGNSP PGUID -1 f p P f t \054 0 0 0 anyrange_in anyrange_out - - - - - d x f 0 -1 0 0 _null_ _null_ _null_ ));
#define ANYRANGEOID 3831
/*
* macros
*/
#define TYPTYPE_BASE 'b' /* base type (ordinary scalar type) */
#define TYPTYPE_COMPOSITE 'c' /* composite (e.g., table's rowtype) */
#define TYPTYPE_DOMAIN 'd' /* domain over another type */
#define TYPTYPE_ENUM 'e' /* enumerated type */
#define TYPTYPE_PSEUDO 'p' /* pseudo-type */
#define TYPTYPE_RANGE 'r' /* range type */
#define TYPCATEGORY_INVALID '\0' /* not an allowed category */
#define TYPCATEGORY_ARRAY 'A'
#define TYPCATEGORY_BOOLEAN 'B'
#define TYPCATEGORY_COMPOSITE 'C'
#define TYPCATEGORY_DATETIME 'D'
#define TYPCATEGORY_ENUM 'E'
#define TYPCATEGORY_GEOMETRIC 'G'
#define TYPCATEGORY_NETWORK 'I' /* think INET */
#define TYPCATEGORY_NUMERIC 'N'
#define TYPCATEGORY_PSEUDOTYPE 'P'
#define TYPCATEGORY_RANGE 'R'
#define TYPCATEGORY_STRING 'S'
#define TYPCATEGORY_TIMESPAN 'T'
#define TYPCATEGORY_USER 'U'
#define TYPCATEGORY_BITSTRING 'V' /* er ... "varbit"? */
#define TYPCATEGORY_UNKNOWN 'X'
/* Is a type OID a polymorphic pseudotype? (Beware of multiple evaluation) */
#define IsPolymorphicType(typid) \
((typid) == ANYELEMENTOID || \
(typid) == ANYARRAYOID || \
(typid) == ANYNONARRAYOID || \
(typid) == ANYENUMOID || \
(typid) == ANYRANGEOID)
#endif /* PG_TYPE_H */
|
name: sarama
up:
- go:
version: '1.9'
commands:
test:
run: make test
desc: 'run unit tests'
|
Does a new ultrasound probe change the complication rates of transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsies of the prostate?
Transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate needle biopsies are performed to diagnose prostate cancer. This study prospectively evaluated the safety, morbidity and complication rates with two different ultrasound probes. Three huntred and thirty-two patients were biopsied using a biplane 7.5 MHz probe (GE Medical Systems Kretz Ultrasound, Zipf, Austria) and 101 patients using a biplane 5-10 MHz probe (BK-Medical, Herlev, Denmark). Four weeks after the procedure the patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire. There were 3 major and 75 minor complications. The most common complication was haematuria in 8.1% of cases, followed by pain with urination in 5.3% of cases. After changing the ultrasound probe, the complication rates were slightly higher, but no statistical difference in any of the complication rates was found between the two groups. Changing the method within the same team has no influence on complication rates and on prostate cancer detection rates. |
Published: January 4, 2011
Introduction {#sec1}
============
The homeostatic requirements arising from multicellularity contributed to the evolution of complex nervous systems able to adjust both behavior and visceral function on the basis of information about metabolic status and nutrient availability ([@bib21]). In mammals, the sensors and effectors of homeostatic metabolic changes are specific neuronal populations and brain/gut hormones which, when deregulated, can contribute to increasingly prevalent medical conditions such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome ([@bib38; @bib40]). In this regard, the gastrointestinal tract is emerging as an important source of both neural and systemic signals regulating appetite and body weight ([@bib38; @bib40]). However, the intricate nature of these signals can make their study a challenging task. Indeed, autonomic fibers assemble into structurally complex and diverse neural circuits with the enteric nervous system, which, in humans, consists of ca. 500 million neurons. Moreover, the crosstalk between the digestive and nervous systems can also be mediated by a suite of enteroendocrine hormones, as well as those produced centrally by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis ([@bib18; @bib31]). Such regulatory complexity is not conducive to the genetic study of homeostasis, which would benefit from manipulation of gene expression or neuronal function with temporal and spatial resolution.
The simpler neuroanatomy and genetic amenability of invertebrate systems could provide an entry point into the study of metabolic homeostasis in more complex organisms. Recent studies have established functional orthology between mammalian and insect hormones, thereby contributing to the emergence of *Drosophila* as a model for the study of metabolism ([@bib9; @bib27]). However, progress has been hampered by both our lack of detailed knowledge of the fly\'s autonomic neural circuits and the limited repertoire of behavioral and physiological readouts with which to investigate the internal control of nutrient intake and utilization. Consequently, the homeostatic regulation of visceral functions subsequent to the decision of whether or not to eat remains largely unexplored.
Here we investigate the nature and relevance of visceral homeostasis in *Drosophila* by developing an integrative method to quantify metabolic features, which we combine with mutant analyses and the selective manipulation of neuronal subsets. This uncovers a central role for the invertebrate intestine in the integration of neural, nutritional, and reproductive information to adjust nutrient intake and utilization. Furthermore, it reveals extensive and essential autonomic and systemic control of visceral functions by both novel and conserved neural substrates, analogous to those found in the mammalian enteric nervous system and hypothalamic/pituitary gland.
Results {#sec2}
=======
Distinct Domains of the *Drosophila* Intestine Are Innervated by Both Efferent and Sensory Neurons {#sec2.1}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In contrast to the sensory and motor systems, the visceral nervous system of *Drosophila* was largely uncharacterized. The use of multiple markers and reporters revealed complex innervation of the adult intestine, which is confined to three distinct portions ([Figures 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A--1D and see [Figures S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}A--S1C available online). The presence of neurites positive for the motor neuron reporter *OK371-Gal4* ([Figures S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}D--S1F) in these three innervated segments containing valves or sphincters suggests modulation of intestinal transit by neural control of smooth muscle function. Interestingly, in addition to this superficial innervation of intestinal muscles, we also observed a subset of fibers which, analogous to mammalian submucosal fibers ([@bib18]), project through contiguous circular muscles toward the underlying epithelial layer ([Figures 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}E--1G).
While at least some of the enteric fibers innervating the anterior portion of the digestive tract originate from peripheral cell bodies ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}A and [Figure S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}A), the other two innervated portions (pylorus and rectal ampulla/rectum) receive innervation from cell bodies located in the central nervous system ([Figures S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}J and S1K). However, not all of the innervation of the digestive tract is efferent. Indeed, the combined use of sensory neuron drivers and dendritic markers revealed sensory innervation of the esophagus and proventriculus and the presence of one to three peripheral sensory neurons innervating the posterior portion of the hindgut ([Figures 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}H--1J and [Figures S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}G--S1I).
In sum, our anatomical analyses reveal extensive sensory and efferent innervation of both intestinal muscles and epithelial cells, which is confined to discrete portions of the digestive tract.
A New Metabolic Behavior Reveals Homeostatic Control of Food Intake, Intestinal Transit, Diuresis, and Acid-Base Balance in Adult Flies {#sec2.2}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A functional readout was required to explore the homeostatic significance of this innervation. We reasoned that the material excreted by adult flies may provide an integrated readout of digestive and excretory status since the renal tubules discharge into the intestine at the midgut-hindgut boundary ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}B). To measure overall defecation rates, we supplemented standard fly food with a modified lipid probe which only becomes fluorescent after exposure to the fly\'s digestive tract (referred to as Fluoropoo, [Figures 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}A--2D, see the [Experimental Procedures](#sec4){ref-type="sec"} for details), thereby allowing us to quantify the total number of excreta produced (including those deposited on the food, [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}C). We found defecation rate to be modulated by diet in a manner predictive of food intake, as measured by the CAFE assay ([@bib22]) ([Figures 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}L and 2M). Although this is a less direct measure of food intake than the CAFE assay and requires two additional controls ([Table S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}), it can be performed in dietary conditions more comparable to those in which the flies were bred.
In addition to providing quantitative information about intestinal emptying rate, we were able to extract further information about the nature of *Drosophila* excreta by using the pH indicator dye Bromophenol blue (BPB, [Figures 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}E--2G) to obtain colored deposits, which we then analyzed semiautomatedly to extract quantitative information about size, shape, concentration, and color ([Figure S2](#app2){ref-type="sec"}, [Table S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}, and [Experimental Procedures](#sec4){ref-type="sec"} for details). The use of another pH indicator and experiments with diets of defined acidity and water content validated the use of this method to quantify the pH and fluid content of excreta, and revealed dietary modulation of both ([Figures 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}H--2K).
In sum, this semiautomatic analysis of fly excreta provides an integrated physiological readout for food intake, acid-base balance and diuresis, which reveals dietary modulation of intestinal emptying rate, pH, and fluid content.
Intestinal Acid-Base Homeostasis Is Modulated by Diet and Internal Reproductive State {#sec2.3}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The dietary modulation of excreta pointed to a homeostatic role for the intestine. Experiments with defined diets containing different sucrose/protein ratios, but which were otherwise the same pH ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}A, insets), revealed that the posterior hindgut (analogous to the large intestine) differentially adjusts the final pH of excreta when flies are fed on diets known to lead to distinct metabolic states ([@bib47] and [Figure S3](#app2){ref-type="sec"}A): indeed, acidification of deposits and hindgut contents was always apparent in sucrose-fed flies but was never observed in a protein-rich diet ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}A, 3B, and 3E). Interestingly, dietary restriction (a regime that can lead to life span extension in many organisms and which, in *Drosophila*, is implemented by dilution of the food medium in water \[[@bib34]\]) also led to persistent acidification of intestinal contents ([Figures 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}C and 3D). This effect, observed under conditions which did not affect the dietary sugar/yeast ratio, suggested that the dietary modulation of acid-base balance does not passively result from the differential utilization of specific metabolic pathways. Analysis of mutants for the transcription factor *foxo*, which orchestrates changes in metabolic gene expression in response to starvation ([@bib41]), revealed that while the pH shift induced by a sugar-only diet occurred normally in these mutants ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}G), their shift to a more acidic pH in response to nutrient scarcity was impaired ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}F). This confirmed that the *Drosophila* intestine modulates the final composition of intestinal contents in response to diet-induced changes in internal metabolism, and indicated that diet composition and nutrient concentration impact on intestinal pH through two distinct mechanisms.
We then wondered whether, in addition to environmental dietary challenges, internal nutritional challenges such as those associated with reproduction also impact on intestinal acid-base homeostasis. The sexually dimorphic nature of fecal output ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}A, [Figures S4](#app2){ref-type="sec"}A and S4B) is consistent with this hypothesis: females, which produce large and nutrient-rich gametes, show acidification of excreta reminiscent of that caused by the lack of nutrients or protein. Modulation of acid-base homeostasis by egg production was corroborated by the fecal output of *ovo^D1^* sterile females, which is more similar to that of wild-type virgin males than to that of wild-type virgin females ([Figures 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}A, 4E, and 4F, and [Figure S5](#app2){ref-type="sec"}A), and was further confirmed by additional genetic manipulations which differentially interfered with oogenesis and/or egg laying ([Figure S5](#app2){ref-type="sec"}A). These genetic manipulations also suggested that the differential pH is specifically caused by the nutritional demands associated with vitellogenesis.
Together, these results indicate that, like its human counterpart ([@bib14]), the *Drosophila* large intestine modulates the final composition of intestinal contents. Interestingly, it can do so in response to changes in internal metabolism, a role that has been proposed but not directly shown for human colonic absorption ([@bib14]).
A Very Small Subset of Intestinal Neurons Modulates Intestinal Fluid Balance in Response to a Reproductive Hormone {#sec2.4}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The complex modulation of enteric physiology during pregnancy in humans ([@bib25]) prompted us to investigate whether, in addition to pH, reproduction affected additional aspects of intestinal homeostasis. Our assay revealed dramatic changes triggered in females by mating. First, mated females defecate on food more often than virgin females or males do: probably a result of their increased egg laying activity ([Figure S4](#app2){ref-type="sec"}C). Second, in spite of increasing their food intake ([@bib13]), their intestinal transit is markedly decreased ([Figure 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}B). This is accompanied by a remarkable change in intestinal physiology, whereby their intestinal contents and fecal output become more concentrated ([Figures 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}A and 4C and [Figure S4](#app2){ref-type="sec"}D), and they frequently excrete a subpopulation of oblong, even more concentrated deposits (referred to as reproductive oblong deposits or RODs, [Figures 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}A and 4D). These intestinal changes result from the action of the male-derived sex peptide ([@bib28]) on its neural receptor in the female, as revealed by the reduced ROD production resulting from neuronal downregulation of the sex peptide receptor ([Figure S4](#app2){ref-type="sec"}G). Additional experiments in which sterile *ovo^D1^* or *egalitarian* mutant females were mated to wild-type or sex peptide mutant males further confirmed a requirement for the sex peptide in these changes in fluid balance, and established that they are uncoupled from egg production ([Figures 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}E, 4G, and 4H, and [Figures S5](#app2){ref-type="sec"}B and S5C) or food intake ([@bib13; @bib28]), given that *ovo^D1^* females do not increase their food intake after mating ([@bib5]). Instead, they appear to fulfill a water-preserving function, because they can be independently modulated by dietary water: virgin females (and males, albeit less frequently) can excrete RODs under conditions of reduced fluid availability ([Figures S4](#app2){ref-type="sec"}E and S4F, and [Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}I).
To identify the neural effectors of these sex-peptide-triggered changes in fluid homeostasis, we selectively inactivated subsets of neurons by expressing the hyperpolarizing channel Kir2.1 from a collection of *Gal4* drivers. Reduced ROD production was observed upon silencing of *HGN1-Gal4* ([Figures 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}E and 5F), which only showed reproducible expression in a group of two to five hindgut-innervating neurons ([Figures 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}A and 5B). In addition to innervating the circular muscles or the rectal valve and rectum, these neurons innervate the epithelium underlying the rectal valve and the inner muscle layer of the rectum ([Figures 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}C and 5C′). Importantly, this line does not show expression in neurons innervating the female reproductive tract ([Figure 5](#fig5){ref-type="fig"}D).
Together, the results presented in this and the previous section indicate that, in addition to external nutrient availability, internal reproductive state impacts on postfeeding homeostatic processes involving pH and fluid balance in the intestine. Furthermore, they identify a group of epithelium-innervating intestinal neurons previously unknown in invertebrates as effectors of the intestinal changes in fluid homeostasis triggered by a reproductive hormone.
The Digestive/Excretory System Responds to an Essential Vasopressin-like Systemic Signal to Maintain Fluid Homeostasis {#sec2.5}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The dietary modulation of aspects of fluid homeostasis other than ROD production (namely, fluid content and intestinal emptying rate, Figures [2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}I and [6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}A, respectively) suggested additional mechanisms of fluid control. We hypothesized that the insect hormone leucokinin (LK), which can stimulate fluid secretion in vitro ([@bib32]) and is known to be released into the circulatory system by a small group of central neurons ([@bib11]), may be relevant to the regulation of water homeostasis in vivo. We confined our genetic manipulations to adult male flies to bypass developmental effects (data not shown). Overactivation of LK neurons by expression of the heat-activated dTrpA1 ion channel resulted in increased diuresis, as revealed by the presence of lighter (less concentrated) and more abundant deposits ([Figures 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}B and 6C). By contrast, the genetic silencing of LK neurons elicited by expression of Kir2.1 (confined to adults using a *tubulin-Gal80ts* transgene) resulted in concentrated deposits of much smaller size ([Figures 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}D--6F), which were already apparent 24 hr after inactivation. Persistent inactivation over a longer period of time doubled defecation rate ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}J), which we interpret as a compensatory mechanism to attempt to excrete excess fluid. Consistent with this idea, flies became extremely bloated and had highly enlarged abdomens ([Figures 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}G and 6H). Unlike the bloating resulting from a very full crop reported for leucokinin hypomorphic mutants after starvation ([@bib2]), the swelling that we observed in fully fed, humid conditions is caused by excessive fluid retention outside the gut, as revealed by dry/wet weight experiments and examination of abdominal contents ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}I and [Movie S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}), and can occasionally lead to abdominal rupture (data not shown).
LK has recently been shown to regulate meal size through its action on neuronal leucokinin receptors ([@bib2]), but the additional expression of LK receptors in the renal tubules and the digestive tract ([@bib35; @bib43]) suggested a systemic mode of action in the regulation of fluid homeostasis. To test this idea, we selectively downregulated the expression of LK and its receptor in specific tissues using RNA interference ([Figure S6](#app2){ref-type="sec"}). This confirmed that LK acts as a central neurohormone on its receptor in nonneural tissues to control fluid balance, in a manner analogous to mammalian vasopressin ([@bib31]).
Together, these findings indicate that visceral homeostasis in invertebrates is not only regulated by direct autonomic innervation but is also under the control of systemic signals emanating from the central nervous system.
An Insulinergic Brain-Gut Neuronal Circuit Adjusts Feeding to Nutritional Conditions {#sec2.6}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Having established that intestinal homeostasis is subject to neuronal and systemic regulation, we wondered whether the role of intestinal neurons can extend beyond their local action to affect behaviors related to nutrient intake or processing. Our previous work had established that about half of the Ilp7 neurons, a small group of 16--20 insulinergic neurons with cell bodies located in the ventral ganglion (analogous to the spinal cord), innervate the adult hindgut (pylorus and rectal ampulla, [Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}A and [@bib7; @bib30]). Inactivation of Ilp7 neurons had no apparent effect under normal feeding conditions (data not shown). However, we observed that flies with Ilp7-silenced neurons overreact to poor nutritional conditions by increasing their food intake faster than control flies ([Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}F and 7G, additional controls in [Figures S7](#app2){ref-type="sec"}A and S7C; males were used to circumvent phenotypes secondary to egg production).
A subpopulation of Ilp7 neurons does not innervate the hindgut ([@bib30]), thus raising the possibility that the observed effect on food intake is not related to intestinal innervation. Detailed examination of the neuroanatomy of Ilp7 neurons revealed that in the ventral ganglion, the dendrites of the hindgut-innervating Ilp7 neurons ([Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}B and 7B″, white arrow) are densely arborized with those of another subset of Ilp7 neurons located in more anterior segments ([Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}B and 7B″, arrowhead). The axonal terminals of these neurons ([Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}B and B′, yellow arrow) appear to make direct synaptic contact with dendrites emanating from the small group of 10--14 brain median neurosecretory cells (mNSCs, [Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}D and 7E) which express three different insulin-like peptides ([@bib8]) and, in the adult, also innervate the intestine further anteriorly ([Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}A and 7C; [@bib12]). In contrast to Ilp7 neuron inactivation, mNSC silencing led to a persistent hypophagic response to nutrient scarcity, as indicated by their reduced fecal output ([Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}H and 7I, additional controls in [Figures S7](#app2){ref-type="sec"}B and S7D).
Together, our results identify a neuronal circuit consisting of two groups of insulin-producing neurons, which have release sites on all three innervated intestinal domains and function to adjust feeding in response to nutrient scarcity. Anatomical analysis of their neuronal connectivity suggests that the differential modulation of food intake by these two populations may be achieved, at least partly, by synaptic modulation of mNSCs by Ilp7 neurons.
Discussion {#sec3}
==========
Our work has uncovered a central role for the intestine in the execution of extensive (and previously uncharacterized in invertebrates) homeostatic regulation subsequent to the decision whether or not to eat, and has identified intestinal neurons and systemic signals as key mediators of the crosstalk between internal organs. The implications of our findings are discussed below.
Between What Goes in and What Comes Out: Nutrition, Reproduction, Longevity, and the Intestine {#sec3.1}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Our experiments provide evidence for significant regulation of nutrient utilization independent of intake. For example, we find intestinal transit to be differentially modulated by a low-calorie diet and reproductive state: two conditions known to increase food intake. In contrast to the faster emptying rate associated with a low-calorie diet ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}M), the action of a reproductive hormone (the sex peptide) leads to concentration of intestinal contents and slower intestinal transit in mated females ([Figures 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}A--4D and [Figure S4](#app2){ref-type="sec"}D). This effect is strikingly similar to that of progesterone, oxytocin, and estrogen on intestinal passage, secretion, and water absorption, which cause bloating and constipation during pregnancy ([@bib25]). These reproductive gastrointestinal changes may be associated with enhanced nutrient absorption: a possible competitive advantage at a time of high nutritional demands.
The differential enteric physiology of mated females and diet-restricted flies also points to a link between internal diuresis and life span, whereby longevity would be associated with faster intestinal transit and/or diets with a higher water/calorie ratio. This would explain the recently reported deleterious effects of water-poor dietary regimes ([@bib23]), and why the impact on life span of dietary restriction (positive) and mating (deleterious in females) is not entirely attributable to calorie intake or egg production ([@bib5; @bib29]). Consistent with this idea, we also find that sterile *ovo^D1^* mutant females, which do not increase their long-term food intake after mating but still experience mating survival costs ([@bib5]), also concentrate excreta ([Figures 4](#fig4){ref-type="fig"}E and 4G). It will be interesting to establish how intestinal physiology is affected by the amino acid imbalance recently found to account for the life-shortening effects of certain diets ([@bib20]).
Finally, it will be instructive to investigate how intestinal flora affects or is affected by the reproductive changes in enteric physiology triggered by mating, diet, and internal metabolic state. Increasing evidence points to a differential role for specific phyla of gut bacteria in nutrient acquisition, energy regulation, and obesity ([@bib42]). Given the relative simplicity of the intestinal microbial consortium of lab-reared *Drosophila* strains ([@bib15]), our behavioral and physiological readouts could easily be exploited to investigate the interactions between this bacterial diversity and organismal homeostasis.
Intestinal Neurons, Feeding, and Metabolism {#sec3.2}
-------------------------------------------
The organizational principles of mammalian enteric nervous systems are broadly conserved in *Drosophila*. In contrast to the gut of nematode worms (which is devoid of direct innervation, [@bib4]), we find the *Drosophila* intestine to be extensively innervated by sensory and efferent fibers confined to three discrete portions containing smooth muscle sphincters or valves: a neural architecture suggestive of "checkpoints" where intestinal transit may be sensed and modulated. Interestingly, we have also observed that a subset of enteric neurons innervate the underlying intestinal epithelium, and have found that at least one such lineage effects changes in water balance associated with reproduction. This kind of innervation has not been previously described in invertebrates, and is reminiscent of the fibers of the submucosal plexus, which regulate epithelial crypt cell secretion in mammals ([@bib18]).
The direct innervation of the adult intestine by insulinergic fibers suggests a novel mode of action for Ilps. Although Ilp2 appears to act systemically to regulate larval growth ([@bib3; @bib19]), endogenous Ilps have not so far been detected in the circulation. Hence, it is possible that Ilps modulate intestinal physiology locally to regulate food intake (and perhaps some of the previously reported mNSC functions in glucose homeostasis and energy storage, [@bib8; @bib37]). In humans and other mammals, neural and hormonal signals originating from the intestine can promote satiety and modulate pancreatic insulin secretion ([@bib16; @bib40]). Insulin could, in turn, convey information about nutritional state to the intestine, which would integrate additional signals (such as those that we have found to emanate from reproductive tissues or diuretic centers) to regulate nutrient processing or the production of intestinal satiety signals. Such intestinal roles would be consistent with the finding of isolated insulin-producing secretory cells in the digestive tract of other invertebrates and protochordates ([@bib39]). In this regard, the positioning of the ring gland (which is profusely innervated by mNSC fibers) in close proximity to the esophagus and anterior midgut of adult flies ([Figures 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}A and 7C) is strikingly reminiscent of the islet organ of primitive vertebrates such as hagfish: a discrete aggregation of insulin-producing cells found in the same anatomical location ([@bib24]). Hence, the acquisition of insulinergic fate by endocrine organs of different evolutionary origin ([@bib24; @bib44]) may reflect a shared requirement for a local source of insulin release close to the intestine. In any event, it suggests that a differential developmental origin (brain and gut insulins) does not necessarily imply functional diversification.
Neural Control of Internal Fluid Homeostasis {#sec3.3}
--------------------------------------------
We have uncovered an essential role for a very restricted group of central neuroendocrine cells in the systemic regulation of diuresis: a role strikingly similar to the effect on the kidney of vasopressin, a hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the pituitary gland into the blood stream ([@bib31]). Loss of LK signaling has acute effects: fluid retention is such that adult wet weight almost doubles within a few days ([Figure 6](#fig6){ref-type="fig"}I), eventually leading to death. This effect contrasts with the relatively modest weight alterations resulting from interfering with adult feeding, energy storage, or developmental growth (for example, see [@bib26; @bib33]). The importance of fluid regulation, both during development and in adult homeostasis, may therefore have been underestimated. The connections between water consumption, energy intake, and body weight in humans are poorly understood ([@bib46]). Our work and a recent study ([@bib2]) point to a model wherein one neurohormone (LK) acts on the same receptor centrally to regulate food intake and peripherally to maintain fluid balance.
The recent discovery of axonal terminals emanating from water-sensing neurons in the subesophageal ganglion ([@bib10]), where leucokinin-positive dendrites arborize ([@bib17]), suggests sensory input into this vasopressin-like system. Phenotypes like the one resulting from LK neuron silencing provide a behavioral readout with which to test this idea or investigate the nature of possible internal osmolality sensors.
A Metabolic Behavior in an Invertebrate {#sec3.4}
---------------------------------------
In *C. elegans*, the genetic analysis of defecation rate has proved to be an excellent system with which to identify developmental or metabolic genes ([@bib6]). Our assay allows quantification of additional aspects of diuresis, enteric function, and food intake. It is thus the first integrative behavioral readout for metabolism in an invertebrate, which can be used in high-throughput screens for genes or compounds regulating diuresis, gastrointestinal physiology, ion transport, and their neural, nutritional, and reproductive control. In particular, having uncovered at least two distinct mechanisms of nutritional modulation of acid-base homeostasis (only one of which is *foxo* dependent), it will now be of interest to use the pH of excreta as a readout for genetic screens aimed at identifying the metabolic pathways involved, the intestinal mechanisms of pH regulation, and the contribution and site of action of the large number of previously reported *foxo* targets ([@bib41]). In parallel, our assay will also enable future studies aimed at establishing the contribution of specific neurons, peptides, and cell populations, such as gut stem cells and enteroendocrine cells, to gastrointestinal function and organismal homeostasis.
Experimental Procedures {#sec4}
=======================
Defecation and Intestinal Assays using Food Dyes {#sec4.1}
------------------------------------------------
After boiling, food was allowed to cool down to 60°C--65°C before it was supplemented with 0.5% Bromophenol blue sodium salt (B5525, Sigma), 0.5% Bromocresol purple sodium salt (17492, Sigma), and/or 0.03% Fluoropoo (4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene, BODIPY 493/503, Invitrogen). All three dyes were found to be nontoxic to flies and to remain in the digestive tract until they were excreted. Neither BPB nor Fluoropoo was found to affect food intake (measured as ingested volume using the CAFE assay after a 24 hr acclimation period, data not shown). Dissections of dye-containing intestines were performed in saline, leaving the head and posterior cuticle intact to prevent dye leak. Defecation rate experiments and ROD quantification experiments were performed on 10--30 flies, which were individually placed in clear plastic cuvettes (UV grade PPMA cuvettes, Kartell) containing 0.5 ml of food supplemented with BPB (alone or in combination with Fluoropoo). Analyses of the nature of excreta (including color, shape, size, and dye intensity) were conducted as above for individual flies, or in 50 mm petri dishes (Sterilin) containing food supplemented with BPB and groups of eight to ten flies. Digital images of petri lids or cuvette walls were obtained using an Epson Perfection 4990 Photo scanner. Whole-image background adjustment was applied using Adobe Photoshop.
Quantitative Analysis of Defecation Behavior {#sec4.2}
--------------------------------------------
Quantification of excreta was performed manually using cuvettes housing single flies. Digital scans were analyzed for qualitative traits such as color or shape features using Volocity 64 software (Improvision). Briefly, deposits were automatically identified through a saturation and intensity filter (Find Objects Using HSI), corrected for noise and presence of holes (Remove Noise From Objects, Fill Holes in Objects), and filtered by size. The specific filtering values applied were adapted to each experimental scan, but were always identical for all compared samples. Manual correction was employed to remove false positives (e.g., food debris), add individual deposits not identified by the filter, and correct software misinterpretations (e.g., overlapping deposits). Color (Mean Red, Mean Green and Mean Blue) and size (Pixel Count and Perimeter) values were exported to the R environment ([@bib36]) and converted to Hue, Saturation, Lightness values according to previously described formulas ([@bib1]). Dye intensity was calculated as 100 − lightness. Hue density graphs display the population distribution of the hue variable as a continuous estimate smoothed by a Gaussian kernel (R density function, bandwidth = 7, n ≥ 130 deposits per set in all graphs shown, except for [Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}D, in which bandwidth = 10, n ≥ 50).
Metabolic and Mating Assays {#sec4.3}
---------------------------
For starvation experiments, single flies reared in standard food supplemented with BPB and Fluoropoo were transferred to cuvettes containing either the same food, water-soaked filter paper, or nothing. In dietary restriction experiments, single flies reared in standard food supplemented with BPB were transferred to cuvettes containing either a nutritious diet (5.4% sucrose, 3.6% autolysed yeast flakes, 0.5% BPB, 0.18% Nipagin) or food with low nutritional value (0.9% sucrose, 0.6% autolysed yeast flakes, 0.5% BPB, 0.18% Nipagin). After the desired time had elapsed, cuvettes were emptied by transferring the single flies to new cuvettes and deposits were counted.
### Quantification of Gut Contents {#sec4.3.1}
Quantification of gut contents was conducted by homogenizing sets of three flies in 30 μl of water using a plastic pestle in a 1.5 ml Eppendorf tube, followed by 2′ centrifugation at 14,680 rpm, which was repeated for a further 2′ after collecting the first supernatant. The dye content of the second supernatant was determined as the absorbance at 594 nm using a NanoDrop ND-1000 Spectrophotometer. Background absorbance was obtained by processing sets of flies reared on dye-free food in the same manner.
### Wet/Dry Weight Experiments {#sec4.3.2}
Wet/dry weight experiments were carried out by drying sets of five flies overnight at 50°C over a layer of silica gel and weighing them before and after the procedure on a Mettler-Toledo XS105 precision balance.
### Measurements of Abdomen Size {#sec4.3.3}
Flies used for measurements of abdomen size were photographed with a Leica DFC 420C camera attached to a Leica MZ16F dissection microscope at 10× magnification. Leica Acquisition Software was used to quantify the width of the abdomen between the second and third abdominal segment.
### pH Assays {#sec4.3.4}
When used for pH experiments, standard food was adjusted to specific pHs with defined volumes of HCl or NaOH. Final pH was assessed using pH indicator paper (Whatman, type CF). The pH of the defined food used to test the effect of dietary restriction and food composition was monitored using a Mettler Delta 340 pH meter and was brought to a pH of 5.4--5.5 using HCl or NaOH if necessary, so as to ensure that the final pH of all the different diets was the same regardless of their food composition. Two different pH indicators were used because of their convenient color range (pH 3.0--4.6 for BPB, pH 5.2--6.8 for Bromocresol purple).
### Mating Experiments {#sec4.3.5}
Female flies marked as mated were reared in the presence of the opposite sex until the time of the experiment. Mating was subsequently confirmed by the presence of larvae in the food. Males and females were allowed to mate once over a 3 hr period (in the case of the *ovo^D1^* and *egl* experiments) or overnight for the *SPR-RNAi* experiments.
Extended experimental procedures and fly stock information are available in the [Supplemental Information](#app2){ref-type="sec"}.
Supplemental Information {#app2}
========================
Document S1. Seven Figures, One Table, Supplemental Experimental Procedures, and Supplemental ReferencesMovie S1. Increased Fluid Retention upon Genetic Inactivation of LK NeuronsRelated to Figure 6. Insertion of the end of a pair of forceps in the abdomen of a bloated LK-silenced fly in PBS reveals that swelling is caused by fluid retention; note the resulting deflation and the absence of air bubbles.
We are indebted to Alex Gould for supporting this project while still in its infancy, and to Simon Maddrell for providing useful advice on water and acid-base balance. We are grateful to Matthew Piper and Ivana Bjedov for providing assistance with the CAFE assay. We thank Hermann Aberle, Jimena Berni, Simon Bullock, Tracey Chapman, Barry Dickson, Marc Dionne, Sebastian Groenke, Bassem Hassan, Pilar Herrero, Martin Haesemeyer, Michael Hoch, Sven Huelsmann, Yuh Nung Jan, Matthias Landgraf, Isabel Palacios, Linda Partridge, Stefan Pulver, Daniel St Johnston, Marc Tatar, the Bloomington Stock Centre, the Vienna Drosophila RNAi Centre, and the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank for reagents. Jenny Thorne, Anne MacKay, and Zoltan Cseresnyes provided technical assistance. We are grateful to Mike Bate, Barry Denholm, Sebastian Groenke, Lewis Haddow, Matthias Landgraf, Iris Salecker, Ralf Stanewsky, Helen Skaer, Stefan Thor, and members of the lab for providing advice and/or comments on the manuscript. Our work was funded by a Wellcome Trust RCDF to I.M.-A. (WT083559) and a BBSRC studentship to P.C.
Supplemental Information includes seven figures, one table, Supplemental Experimental Procedures, Supplemental References, and one movie and can be found with this article online at [doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2010.12.010](10.1016/j.cmet.2010.12.010).
![Innervation of the Adult Intestine\
Smooth muscles are visualized with phalloidin (in blue). Anterior (oral) is to the left in all images except for (A) and (E) (where oral is toward the top) and (I).\
(A) Anterior midgut. Note the nerve fibers emanating from the corpus cardiacum/hypocerebral ganglion.\
(B) Whole digestive tract, showing three innervated portions. The anterior-most segment comprises the esophagus, esophageal valve, and anterior midgut (proventriculus, analogous to the human stomach, [@bib45]) and is innervated both centrally and by the peripheral corpus cardiacum/hypocerebral ganglion. Following a midgut segment devoid of innervations, central fibers innervate the pyloric valve (which regulates the entry of midgut and renal tubule contents into the hindgut) and, following a short noninnervated ileum segment, the terminal portion of the intestine including the rectal valve, rectal ampulla, and rectum. This innervation pattern was confirmed with the panneuronal *n-syb-Gal4* line ([Figure S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}) and eight other broadly expressed driver lines or antibodies (data not shown).\
(C and D) Innervation of the midgut/hindgut junction (pylorus, C) and the rectal ampulla (D).\
(E--G) Neurites projecting through contiguous circular smooth muscles (arrows) toward the epithelium (stained with anti-FasIII) of the crop duct (E) and the hindgut (F), and the underlying layer of longitudinal muscles in the rectum (G).\
(H) Sensory neurites (as visualized by expression of the dendritic marker *Dscam17.1-GFP* expressed from the peripheral neuron driver *P0163-Gal4*) in the esophagus.\
(I) A peripheral neuron innervating the rectal ampulla, as revealed by its expression of elav (antibody staining, red nucleus) and a membrane-tagged GFP expressed from *elav-Gal4*.\
(J) Sensory innervation of the rectal ampulla, as revealed by the *ppk1.9-Gal4* reporter.\
See also [Figure S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}.](gr1){#fig1}
{ref-type="sec"} for details) reveal pH changes along the intestinal tract under normal conditions (standard diet, pH 5.5). Hindgut contents are acidified just posterior to the renal tubules (J, purple to light orange). Further acidification occurs just prior to excretion in the rectum (K, blue to yellow).\
(L) Compensatory increase in feeding upon food dilution in the 135--15 g/L range, as measured by the CAFE assay (p \< 0.001 135 g/L versus 45 g/L, p = 0.0095 45 g/L versus 15 g/L, p = 0.0018 135 g/L versus 15 g/L, Mann-Whitney U test, n = 14 flies/set, although only five flies were left in the 15 g/L group after 72 hr due to the high lethality caused by this low-calorie diet).\
(M) Differences in fecal output resulting from the same dilution series quantified using our assay (p \< 0.001 135 g/L versus 45 g/L, p = 0.19 45 g/L versus 15 g/L, p \< 0.0001 135 g/L versus 15 g/L, Mann-Whitney U test, n = 15 flies/set). No lethality was observed by 72 hr in the low-calorie 15 g/L diet.\
See also [Figure S2](#app2){ref-type="sec"}, [Table S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}, and the [Experimental Procedures](#sec4){ref-type="sec"} for technical details and quantification protocols. Graphs show average ± standard error of the mean.](gr2){#fig2}
{ref-type="sec"}B--S3I and data not shown). In the next 48 hr, *foxo* mutants do shift to a more acidic pH fully, but this is accompanied by very high lethality (data not shown). The same results were obtained with a different *foxo* mutant combination (*foxo^w24^/foxo^21^*, data not shown).\
(G) The effect of a sugar-only diet on acid-base balance is not affected in *foxo* mutants. The hue density plots of both controls and *foxo* mutants peak at red/orange hues.\
See also [Figure S3](#app2){ref-type="sec"}.](gr3){#fig3}
{ref-type="sec"} for details).\
(B) The defecation rate of wild-type mated females is lower than that of virgin females (p = 0.007, Mann-Whitney U test, n = 10 flies/set).\
(C) The intestinal contents of mated females are more concentrated than those of virgin females. Concentration is already apparent in the crop and anterior midgut (arrows), suggesting a change in intestinal fluid retention.\
(D) Oblong deposits are very concentrated excreta. Left graph shows the distribution of deposits by area and perimeter in relation to circular shapes (lower black line, p = 2π√(a/π)) and an arbitrarily defined oblong shape (a 3 × 1 rectangle, upper black line, p = 8√\[a/3\]); dye intensity is represented in grayscale for each deposit. The subpopulation of noncircular deposits (p ≥ 8√\[a/3\] and area ≤ 200 px, boxed in red) is significantly darker than the population as a whole (right graph, p \< 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test, n = 12 flies).\
(E) Shown are fecal outputs of *ovo^D1^* virgin and mated females, which lack functional ovaries.\
(F) The majority of excreta in *ovo^D1^* virgin females are blue (basic). This contrasts with the wild-type profile of control OreR virgin females, which peaks around more acidic orange/green hues (p \< 0.0001, two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test).\
(G) Mating increases the relative frequency of concentrated RODs in both *w^1118^* controls (brown bars) and *ovo^D1^* females (blue bars, p \< 0.001 and p = 0.009, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test, n = 9--10 flies/set). VF, virgin females; MF, mated females.\
(H) *ovo^D1^* females do not produce RODs when they are mated to sex peptide null (*SP^0^/SP^Δ130^*) males (p \< 0.001 when compared to *ovo^D1^* females mated to control *SP^+^/SP^Δ130^* males, Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher\'s combined probability test, n = 10--13 flies/set, two different experiments).\
See also [Figures S4 and S5](#app2){ref-type="sec"}. Graphs show average ± standard error of the mean.](gr4){#fig4}
{ref-type="sec"} for full genotypes. Graphs show average ± standard error of the mean.](gr5){#fig5}
{ref-type="sec"} for full genotypes. See also [Figure S6](#app2){ref-type="sec"} and [Movie S1](#app2){ref-type="sec"}. Graphs show average ± standard error of the mean.](gr6){#fig6}
{ref-type="sec"}A) or a decrease in the dye content of excreta ([Figure 7](#fig7){ref-type="fig"}F and [Figure S7](#app2){ref-type="sec"}C).\
(H) Fecal outputs of control and mNSC-silenced flies fed a low-calorie diet for 48 hr. Inactivation of mNSC neurons was confined to the late third-instar stage onward using a late *Gal4* driver to circumvent defects associated with reduced growth during development. Flies with genetically inactivated mNSCs excrete fewer deposits. The shift to more orange hues occurs normally.\
(I) Time course analysis of defecation rate following the nutritional challenge. After 24 hr, the defecation rate of mNSC-silenced flies tends to be lower than that of control flies (p \< 0.001 and p = 0.23, Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher\'s combined probability test of two experiments, n ≥ 28 flies/set). After 72 hr, their defecation rate becomes significantly lower than that of controls (p \< 0.0001 and p = 0.002, Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher\'s combined probability test of two experiments, n ≥ 28 flies/set). Graphs and statistics are displayed for one of the two experiments. As in the case of mNSC inactivation, intestinal capacity and dye content controls confirmed that these changes are reflective of food intake ([Figures S7](#app2){ref-type="sec"}B, S7D, and 7H).\
See the [Supplemental Experimental Procedures](#app2){ref-type="sec"} for full genotypes. See also [Figure S7](#app2){ref-type="sec"}. Graphs show average ± standard error of the mean.](gr7){#fig7}
|
We should be worried about the American-Israeli–Saudi grand plan against Iran
Over the last fortnight, Saudi crown prince Salman has conducted a purge or power grab, under the guise of an anti-corruption drive, concentrating all power in his hands. With a carefully orchestrated PR campaign featuring “liberal” reforms, such as allowing Saudi women to drive in the near future and a reduction in the powers and role of the religious police, Salman seeks to project a new, acceptable face for the desert kingdom.
A new flagship Prince Salman project is the scheme to build a $500 billion Red Sea metropolis, Neom, which will extend across the kingdom’s borders into neighbouring Jordan and even across the straits of Tiran into the southern tip of Egyptian Sinai, a western Arabian version of Dubai. This seems like a major project with the capacity to enrich the moderate pro-western Arab states which are relatively benign towards Israel.
So what’s there for us to worry about? Well this.
Last week, Saad Hariri, the premier of Lebanon was summoned to an urgent meeting with the Crown Prince’s father, King Salman, in Riyadh. As soon as his plane touched down, he was placed in a kind of house arrest and had his phones removed by Prince Salman’s agents. He later made a broadcast on the Saudi controlled Arabiya TV channel, reading a prepared script in which he resigned his premiership of Lebanon on the grounds that he was likely to be assassinated by Hezbollah.
He was in effect “resigned”. He is in effect a Saudi hostage; he was allowed to briefly visit the Saudi dominated UAE, albeit on a very tight choke-lead. He is not allowed go home, even if he dared. His fate echoes that of leaders in USSR’s satellite states summoned to Moscow – often a terminal event.
Immediately and on cue, the Israeli foreign ministry secretly cabled all its ambassadors worldwide to urgently contact the “highest officials” in their host country to “ramp up” the pressure against Iran and its Lebanese ally, Hezbollah, claiming that Tehran was engaging in “regional subversion” and calling for the expulsion of Hezbollah from Lebanese coalition and politics.
Some worried, moderate Israeli officials saw in this a plot to destabilise Lebanon and perhaps to trigger a civil war there to allow Netanyahu’s Israeli forces to become involved. They were alarmed by his recent claims that Iran will move aerial forces, naval forces (including submarines) and Iranian armed “divisions” into Lebanon. Heady stuff - but blatantly untrue.
And so they leaked the secret cable to Channel 10, an Israeli TV channel – much to the outrage and embarrassment of Netanyahu and his hawkish ministers.
All this was so obviously orchestrated that even former Obama US ambassador to Israel, Dan Shapiro, felt obliged to write an article in Haaretz on Thursday warning against Israel being sucked into a war provoked by Prince Salman’s attempt to break up the Lebanese government.
Shapiro admitted that Israel and Saudi Arabia are “fully aligned in this regional struggle” and that war with Hezbollah in Lebanon was a real possibility. But he warned Israelis to take care not to find themselves backed into a premature confrontation by the manoeuvers “of their allies who sit in Riyadh”. So this Israeli-Saudi alliance is an open secret even if they have no formal diplomatic relations.
Not since the British and French contrived with Israel to trigger the Suez war in 1956 has there been such a blatant attempt to kindle a crisis using diplomatic deception to create tension and a plausible pretext for war.
Netanyahu has long been trying to suck Trump into military action against Iran without success. Trump has made bellicose noises but the EU and the Russians will not hear of it.
But a small war in Lebanon would suit his purpose. It might check Tehran’s influence in Lebanon if a civil war erupted in which Israel could use its forces to assist a Sunni victory over the Shia, Christian and Druze minorities. Such a scenario would help Netanyahu to pose as the man of action willing to stand in the gap.
Also summoned to Riyadh last week was Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Prince Salman wants to recruit him to a grand alliance between Israel and Saudi Arabia against Iran and the Shia. Abbas however made clear that he wants recognition of the Palestinian state.
The Saudis plan to suck Abbas into a deal that confronts Iran, Assad, Iraq, and Hezbollah now - while agreeing to enter some form of peace process that might deliver recognition for Palestine later. That is the grand plan of Trump, Jared Kushner and Prince Salman. It involves ditching or co-opting Hamas
As part of the process of softening up world, and more specifically US opinion, for armed intervention in Lebanon, Israel has been complaining to the US about the UNIFIL force in South Lebanon which is under the overall command of Irishman, Major-General Mike Beary, and includes an Irish contingent, alleging that the UN force is turning a blind eye to Hezbollah infiltration of the area.
Trump’s newly appointed hawkish ambassador to the UN, Nikki Hayley, a former Republican governor of South Carolina, was in June meeting Maj Gen Beary about the UNIFIL mandate when a senior Israeli officer, Maj Gen Aviv Kochavi, interrupted Beary alleging that UNIFIL was failing to contain Hezbollah in the UNIFIL zone and demanding that UNIFIL now be mandated to confront and disarm Hezbollah.
By August, Ms Haley was dishonestly accusing Maj Gen Beary personally of being “blind” to Hezbollah activity and of having a “baffling” lack of understanding on the matter and accusing UNIFIL of giving Hezbollah a “free pass” in the territory.
That the French government and UN Sec Gen Antonio Guterres fully backed up Maj Gen Beary made no impression on Ms Haley. She insulted and demeaned the Irish general and the UNIFIL mission simply because that plays well with the White House, with the Israelis and with the folks back home in South Carolina
Strident criticism of UNIFIL and of the Irish contingent is nothing new. I witnessed at first hand a similar bad-tempered, arrogant tirade from an Israeli brigadier general at an IDF briefing of Irish TDs on the shores of Lake Galilee more than twenty years ago.
But Israeli sources now anonymously demand withdrawal of UNIFIL to give them a clear line of intervention into Lebanon, saying “we no longer need this force here any longer” (sic). The confrontation with Maj Gen Beary in front of Ms Hayley, it turns out, was carefully pre-planned. An anonymous IDF source later told Al-Monitor columnist Ben Caspit that they had a “terrible crisis with UNIFIL” which causes “more harm than good” and that the UNIFIL battalions should “vacate the premises.”
We have got to see the big risks in current developments. Israel is quite capable of smashing its way through UNIFIL in pursuit of the American-Israeli–Saudi grand plan against Iran.Irish soldiers’ lives are at risk here too.
Let’s just hope Trump does not end up offering sympathy to Irish families bereaved by Israeli war-making. That would be so sincere. |
Background
==========
Two of the genetic instabilities associated with cancer are copy number alterations (CNAs) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) events. Both are distinctive features of tumoural cells, and their acquisition has been reported to affect the expression of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes \[[@B1]\]. Hence, the detection and characterization of both CNAs and LOH in tumoural samples is crucial to identify candidate cancer-related genes, as well as to discriminate cancer types \[[@B2]\] and to understand tumour initiation and complexity \[[@B3]\].
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays of Illumina \[[@B4]\] and Affymetrix \[[@B5]\] platforms allow screening for such alterations at high resolution and throughout the whole genome, providing measures of copy number changes and allelic ratio. Namely, the log R ratio (LRR) reflects the total intensity signals for both alleles, and the B allele frequency (BAF) is the relative proportion of one of the alleles with respect to the total intensity signal. Because they provide complementary information, both LRR and BAF signals are required for a complete characterization of copy number changes and allelic ratio. Yet, although each combination of copy number and allelic ratio has an expected LRR value and a specific BAF band pattern, these can be distorted by experimental probe-specific noise and by autocorrelated \[[@B6]\] and dye \[[@B7]\] biases, respectively.
In the case of tumour samples, three additional issues need to be considered. First, tumour genomes contain numerous altered regions whose copy number is different from two, making the genotypes in nearly the whole genome non-diploid. Under this situation of altered DNA index (i.e., half of the mean copy number), the LRR baseline level is shifted and needs to be estimated. Because this estimation affects copy number assignment \[[@B8],[@B9]\], equally likely results with different biological interpretations are possible. Second, tumour biopsies can be contaminated with normal cells whose genotypes are mainly diploid. This causes the LRR and BAF signals to shrink and converge towards those of a diploid state proportionally to the degree of contamination \[[@B10]\]. Third, tumours can be composed of subclones, this is, subpopulations of cells that harbour specific alterations along with the shared ones, which makes LRR and BAF signals even more complex \[[@B11]\].
Therefore, inferring relevant information such as breakpoint location, copy number state and genotype from tumour samples requires sophisticated mathematical models and computer programs that take general and tumour specific factors into account. There are several methods for automatic CNA and LOH detection in unpaired tumour samples on SNP arrays. Here we focus on those available for the Illumina platform, more abundant than those for Affymetrix: OncoSNP \[[@B9]\], GenoCNA \[[@B12]\], GPHMM \[[@B13]\], MixHMM \[[@B14]\], ASCAT \[[@B15]\] and GAP \[[@B8]\] (see Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The first four are based on hidden Markov models (HMM) whereas the latter two are based on a segmentation procedure followed by ploidy and normal cell contamination estimation, which allow correct segment calling. Other methods, namely PSCN \[[@B16]\] and OverUnder \[[@B17]\], are not considered here, because the former requires matched non-tumoural samples and the latter is not available as a stand-alone software. For a comparison of methods with the Affymetrix platform, we refer to Rasmussen et al. \[[@B18]\].
######
Characteristics of the six assessed methods
**MixHMM** **GenoCNA** **GPHMM** **OncoSNP** **ASCAT** **GAP**
-------------------------------------- ------------ ------------- ----------- ------------- ----------- ---------
User-definable noise levels Yes No No No No Yes
User-definable LRR copy number means Yes No No Yes No Yes
Automatic LRR shift estimation No No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Automatic contamination estimation No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Germline and somatic LOH distinction No No No Yes No Yes
Maximum copy number 5 4 7 8 ? 8
Computation time Low Medium Low High Low Medium
HMM-based methods infer the most likely succession of genotypes (including copy number and allele distribution) given the LRR and BAF values under the assumption of certain conditions such as the expected LRR means for each copy number and the population B allele frequency (PFB) of each SNP. Sample-wide parameters, such as LRR baseline shift, standard deviation of the noise in both signals and proportion of normal cells, are unknown and typically optimized using expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms. The four aforementioned HMM-based methods differ on which parameters are optimized and how the EM is performed, as well as on the definition of the HMMs, including state characterization.
GAP is based on pattern recognition of a segmented and smoothed bi-dimensional profile. The method is implemented as a three-step workflow: (1) tQN (thresholded quantile normalization) normalization \[[@B7]\] for symmetrisation of BAF signal; (2) extraction of germline LOH regions, transformation of BAF into a unimodal symmetric signal (mBAF), segmentation of LRR and mBAF signals, and merging of LOH germline regions breakpoints with segmentation breakpoints; and (3) local copy number assignment through pattern recognition in the bi-dimensional LRR-BAF space. ASCAT transforms BAF into a unimodal symmetric signal, similar to mBAF, and performs a bivariate segmentation of LRR and the BAF transformation. Then, ASCAT assigns to each region the allele copy numbers that better fit the data, based on the ploidy that maximizes a reliability score.
Previous studies have compared some of these methods among themselves \[[@B9],[@B13]\] and against non-tumour-specific methods \[[@B12],[@B14]\], but so far no systematic assessment of the performance of these recently developed CNA and LOH detection approaches has been performed. Therefore, we have developed a comprehensive model that integrates normal cell contamination and intra-tumour heterogeneity to synthetically generate data that mimics tumoural samples on which to perform benchmarks. Using this synthetic data with a wide range of alteration characteristics and normal cell contamination levels, and a dilution series of a breast cancer cell-line \[[@B10]\], we have compared the performance of the six currently available software that consider normal cell contamination and rely on both BAF and LRR to detect CNAs and LOHs from unpaired samples on Illumina SNP arrays.
Methods
=======
The model
---------
The model presented here draws from a model described by Yau et al. \[[@B9]\] that has been extended to integrate normal cell contamination and tumour heterogeneity. Furthermore, with the aim of adapting it to the generation of realistic tumour-like synthetic data, terms for known biases, generation restrictions and alteration variability have been included.
The LRR signal for a locus *i* is modelled as:
$$lrr_{i} = \sum_{j = 1}^{J}w_{i,j}r_{x_{\mathit{ij}}} + l + c_{i}$$
Where *J* is the number of cell types (one for normal cells plus *J*--1 tumour cell types with different copy numbers at locus *i*., *W*~*i,j*~ is the proportion of the *j*-th cell type,$r_{x_{i,j}}$ is the expected LRR value for the copy number *x* of the *j*-th cell type present at locus *i*, the real number *l* is the sample-wide baseline shift, and *c* is an autocorrelated bias that simulates the background noise due to biological features that are not corrected for in the design of the array or in the detection methods.
In the equation above, the cell type proportions are non-null and sum one, and the value *W*~1~ is constant sample-wide given that normal contamination does not change from probe to probe:
$$w_{i,j} \in \left( 0,1 \right\rbrack \land \sum_{j = 1}^{J}w_{i,j} = 1 \land \forall s,t\left( {w_{s,1} = w_{t,1}} \right)$$
the value *r*~*x*~ draws from a Gaussian distribution with a mean *u*~*x*~, which reflects the expected LRR value for copy number *x*, and a standard deviation σ~*x*~, which can be different for each *x*:
$$\left. r_{x} \right.\sim\mathcal{N}\left( {\mu_{x},\sigma_{x}} \right)$$
Finally, the autocorrelated bias *c* follows a Box-Jenkins (i.e. ARMA) model:
$$c_{i} = ARMA\left( {\rho,\tau} \right)_{i}$$
The BAF signal for a locus *i* is modelled as:
$$baf_{i} = \frac{\sum_{j = 1}^{J}w_{i,j}z_{i,j}}{\sum_{j = 1}^{J}w_{i,j}x_{i,j}} + n_{i}$$
Where *z*~*i,j*~ is the number of B alleles of the *j*-th cell type in the locus *i* out of the total copy number *x*~*i,j*~, and *n*~*i*~ is the noise of the BAF signal, modelled as a normal for heterozygous values, and as a mixture of a half-normal and a point mass function (0 in *M*~0~ and 1 in *M*~1~) for homozygous values:
$$P\left( {n_{i}\text{|}b_{i}} \right) = I_{\{{b_{i} = 0}\}}\left\lbrack {\pi\mathcal{N}_{+}\left( {0,\sigma_{baf\_ ho}} \right) + \left( {1 - \pi} \right)M_{0}} \right\rbrack + I_{\{{b_{i} = 1}\}}\left\lbrack {\pi\mathcal{N}_{-}\left( {0,\sigma_{baf\_ he}} \right) + \left( {1 - \pi} \right)M_{1}} \right\rbrack + I_{\{{0 < b_{i} < 1}\}}\mathcal{N}\left( {0,\sigma_{baf\_ ho}} \right)$$
Here, *I* is the indicator function and *π* is the proportion of BAF values that are forced to take the extreme homozygous values zero or one. The standard deviation σ~*baf_ho*~ of homozygous values is set as a separate parameter from σ~*baf_he*~, given that it is usually observed to be lower.
The relationship between *x*~*i*,1~ = 2 and *z*~*i*,1~, thus in normal cells, is described by a binomial distribution:
$$z_{i,1} = \mathcal{B}\left( {x_{i,1},p_{i}} \right)$$
where *p*~*i*~ is the population B allele frequency (PFB) for the SNP captured by the *i*-th probe. In turn, tumour cells will necessarily be homozygous for a locus *i* if normal cells are homozygous. On the other hand, if normal cells are heterozygous, the number of B alleles *z* is bound by *x*:
$$\left. z_{i,1} \in \left\{ {0,x_{i,1}} \right\}\rightarrow\forall j\left( {z_{i,j} = x_{i,1}} \right)j \in \left\{ {\text{1…}J} \right\} \right.$$
$$\left. z_{i,1} = 1\rightarrow\forall j\left( {0 \leq z_{i,j} \leq x_{i,j}} \right)j \in \left\{ {\text{1…}J} \right\} \right.$$
Additionally, there is a coherence restriction that applies to SNPs belonging to the same region. The number of B alleles of a SNP *t* should be the same to the number of B or A alleles of any other SNP *s* within the same region:
$$\forall s,t\left( {z_{t,j} \in \left\{ {z_{s,j},x_{s,j} - z_{s,j}} \right\}} \right)j \in \left\{ {\text{1…}J} \right\}$$
The reason is that different alteration events yield certain possible genotype combinations. For example, given a diploid genotype AB, a CN4 (i.e. copy number 4) AABB genotype would not be coherent with a triplication of one of the alleles, but AAAB and ABBB would.
CnaGen
------
We implemented the described model as an R package whose purpose is the generation of synthetic SNP genotyping data. The software, named CnaGen, is available at <http://web.bioinformatics.cicbiogune.es/cnagen> and has fully customizable parameters as detailed below.
CnaGen allows to generate a broad range of region types combining different copy numbers, presence or not of somatic or germline LOH and spanning different number of SNPs per region. Furthermore, regions with intra-tumour complexity can also be generated establishing the copy number per subclone and the proportion of the major subclone. Regions can be combined in samples by establishing the region types to be present and the number of occurrences of each region type, and by defining the degree of normal cell contamination per sample. Other parameters, such as those defining LRR baseline shift, autocorrelated bias, expected LRR per copy number and noises in the LRR and BAF signals, are also user-definable.
As an alternative to fully specifying region characteristics, the user can provide a scaffold that contains them (length, copy number, allelic ratio and presence of germline LOH). Such scaffold, which implicitly holds the distribution of genomic rearrangements, may be obtained from previous experiments, so we regard this alternatively generated data as hybrid between synthetic and real. In this scenario, additional user-definable genome-wide properties are: long-distance genomic waves and overall level of intra-tumour complexity.
The following options to establish PFBs are available in CnaGen: (i) sampling from B allele frequencies in Caucasian populations of SNPs in the Illumina *Human660W-Quad* array; (ii) sampling from a uniform distribution; (iii) a constant *p*~*i*~=0.5, which maximizes genotype information; (iv) any other constant *p*~*i*~; (v) and a three-peak distribution at 0, 0.5 and 1, which approximates PFBs in the human genome.
Generation of synthetic samples
-------------------------------
In order to assess the performance of each method under different conditions, we generated synthetic SNP genotyping sample sets with CnaGen. The introduced statistical framework models the data observation process, which allows the assessment of the factor it comprises: copy number with the possibility of intra-tumour heterogeneity, presence of LOH, length of region and degree of normal cell contamination. Because the combinatorial space is too large to be explored exhaustively, subsets of values for each factor were selected. To test for the combined effect of number of copies, presence of LOH and length of alteration, fragments with copy numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 with and without somatic or germline LOH spanning 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160 SNPs were generated. Although longer aberrations, which may even comprise whole chromosomal arms, are typically found in tumoural cells, method performance does not change significantly beyond the longest considered length, specially under low normal cell contamination levels, as shown in the Results section. To test for the effect of different levels of normal cell contaminations, four percentages (0, 25, 50 or 75%) of non-tumoural cells were considered.
The latent genomic rearrangement process of tumorigenesis was recreated in CnaGen by generating samples that mimic characteristic tumoural alteration patterns. We chose five typical patterns (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for the code to generate the samples): near-diploid (DNA index 1.03, 45.4% CN2 regions), near-triploid (DNA index 1.32, 40.3% CN3 regions), near-tetraploid (DNA index 1.57, 38.3% CN4 regions), LOH-enriched (DNA index 1.31, 40.1% LOH regions) and a complex pattern with great intra-tumour complexity (DNA index 1.39, 47.6% complex regions). One hundred replicates were generated for every combination of alteration pattern and considered contamination level, having each replicate between 205 and 280 fragments that cover the range of considered copy numbers, lengths and LOH status.
{#F1}
The rest of the parameters were set as follows: the LRR baseline shifts were drawn from Gaussian distributions with means established based on the correlation between DNA index and baseline shift (see \"Parameter relationships\" subsection below). In the Box-Jenkins model, the orders of the autoregressive and moving-average processes (i.e. *p* and *τ* ) were selected so that the resulting autocorrelated noise resembles the genomic curves found by Diskin et al. \[[@B6]\]. Expected means, *μ*~x~, for each copy number *x* were established as half of those values specified in \[[@B8]\] and approach those in the models of the methods evaluated. PFB values were drawn from those of the SNPs present in the Illumina *Human660W-Quad* array in Caucasian populations, and 30% of the homozygous probes were forced to take a zero or one value in the BAF signal in order to resemble real data. Finally, Gaussian noises were set to *σ*~*x*~=0.2 , *σ*~*baf_he*~=0.3 and *σ*~*baf_ho*~=0.15, being the former two similar to those HER2-positive samples of high quality analyzed by Li et al. \[[@B13]\]; and the noise for the homozygous SNPs in the BAF signal was set to half of the noise of the heterozygous SNPs, based on our own observations.
Cell-line
---------
As a complimentary evaluation dataset, we used the dilution series of the CRL-2324 breast cancer cell line, genotyped with Illumina *370k BeadChips* by Staaf et al. \[[@B10]\] where genomic DNA of breast carcinoma cells were mixed with DNA from lymphoblastoid cells at known proportions. This dataset has also been used by other authors \[[@B8],[@B9],[@B13]\] to assess the self-consistency of their methods.
In this dataset, the BAF and LRR signal noises range from 0.02 to 0.03 and from 0.18 to 0.25, respectively. These values are considered good in the case of BAF and on the limit for a sensitive analysis in the case of LRR \[[@B19]\]. GC content bias was found to be between 0.016 and 0.042, which is satisfactory \[[@B13]\]. Chromosomes 6 and 16 were removed from the analysis due to long heterozygous deletions in the lymphoblastoid cells \[[@B8],[@B9],[@B13]\] and sex chromosomes were not included, due to differences in how they are handled by the assessed methods.
Preprocessing
-------------
Because GAP, GenoCNA and MixHMM do not integrate GC content biases into their models, the GC reduction model from the PennCNV package \[[@B19]\] was applied before running these programs on cell-line data. tQN \[[@B7]\], which accounts for dye bias, was only applied in GAP, given that it is part of the method workflow. Similarly, GenoCNA parameters are already adapted to signal asymmetry \[[@B12]\], avoiding the need for such normalization. In turn, no preprocessing was applied to the synthetic data, as it was generated without the known GC and dye biases, and GPHMM and OncoSNP, which do integrate the former, were fed a GC model with constant GC content values.
Assessment
----------
On synthetic data, a region overlapping approach was taken to define recalls and false discovery rates (FDR). An altered region is considered to be recalled when a call with the same copy number overlaps at least half of the length of such region. Other fractions were considered, but the difference in the results is small, as most calls overlap at least a 95% (not shown). In turn, due to the high density of alterations in the synthetic data, and tumoural samples in general, calls are likely to span more than one actual altered region, rendering the FDR an unsuitable measure for regions. Therefore, we used an approximation that consists on defining FDR as the fraction of alterations called with the wrong copy number. Methods with better breakpoint detection yield higher FDRs with such approach, so FDR are not comparable among methods. However, it is useful because it provides insight into how wrong calls are distributed among copy numbers and to what extend methods reduce the number of alteration calls as normal cell contamination increases.
On cell-line data, the set of alterations and their boundaries are unknown, so we evaluated the possibility of using self-consistency with respect to pure tumour calls in order to measure performance. However, we reckon that such measure does not reflect reality if the best performance is not expected to be good. It was thus decided to use a gold standard set of alterations, defined as a manually selected subset of alterations in the pure tumour sample detected by the best performing method over synthetic data. While on synthetic data we considered copy numbers up to 5, in the case of cell-line data, CNAs with copy number equal or greater than 4 were grouped \[[@B13]\] because of the limitations of GenoCNA and the uncertainty in high copy numbers of the gold standard set.
For the computation of recall rates and FDRs, normal diploid (i.e. heterozygous copy number 2) fragments were excluded from all method calls and the reference region sets in both the synthetic and real data assessments.
Results and discussion
======================
LRR and BAF patterns in synthetic data
--------------------------------------
Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} shows the LRR and BAF signals of some of the generated region types by CnaGen at different contaminations levels: a heterozygous deletion (i.e. copy number 1 alteration), a normal diploid region, the various heterozygous CNA events up to copy number 5 and two concrete cases of 2 and 3-subclone CNAs. Specifically, the subclones in the latter present either homozygous deletion (25%), allele duplication (50%) or allele triplication (25%). Although allelic ratio is not among the studied factors, Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} reflects that generated data bears the different imbalances in mind.
{ref-type="supplementary-material"} contains the same figure with noiseless data, so that BAF subclone bands can be seen clearly.](1471-2105-13-192-2){#F2}
In general, the different copy numbers can easily be distinguished on both signals under null contamination, but, as contamination increases, BAF heterozygous bands converge towards 0.5 and LRR levels converge towards zero (LRR shift is disregarded for the sake of clarity). Given the same allelic imbalance pattern of the diploid region and the CNA with double duplication, the only way to distinguish them is the LRR signal, evidencing the need of these two signals for a correct genotype inference. The selected copy numbers and subclone proportions for the depicted complex CNAs yield rather simple band patterns in comparison to most cases. Even so, their BAF signals contain 4 and 6 heterozygous bands, which are so close that they blur into a single wide band even under low normal cell contamination. Besides, under high contamination levels, similar copy numbers are undistinguishable on the LRR signal. Only under unreal conditions of zero probe-specific and autocorrelated noises would some of these scenarios still be distinguishable in both signals (see Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Performance on synthetic samples
--------------------------------
To determine the effect of the different factors tested in each method\'s performance, recall rates were plotted against the different values tested for copy number and length (see Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and Additional file [3](#S3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Graphs were grouped by sample pattern and normal cell contamination level. Recall of LOH status was assessed by regarding correct calls as those that matched not only copy number but also LOH status (lack or presence of LOH, regardless of whether germline or somatic), and similar graphs were generated under this criterion (Additional file [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Methods tested include an updated version of GAP released in September, 2011 (named \"updated GAP\" in the following). See Additional file [5](#S5){ref-type="supplementary-material"} for specifications and parameters used on each method.
{#F3}
In general, normal cell contamination works against recall ability, but ASCAT, GPHMM and OncoSNP seem to perform better when there is some degree of contamination (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). In the case of ASCAT, the reason is that segmentation has low breakpoint sensitivity under null contamination, because the adequate number of breakpoints depends on the segmentation goodness of fit, which is better for lower normal cell contamination levels. Thus, except at heavy normal cell contamination levels, ASCAT outputs less breakpoints for a concrete sample if it contains less normal cells.
Tumoural cells typically present a DNA index greater than 1, and the expected LRR baseline value decreases below zero with the decreasing proportion of normal cells. Therefore, methods that keep the baseline fixed at zero will tend to assign lower copy numbers than the real ones under low normal cell contamination levels, and viceversa. This is the case for GenoCNA and MixHMM, which tend to make copy number 1, 2 and 3 calls under low, medium and high contamination levels respectively (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}B). The lack of baseline shift estimation, and thus of ploidy, makes them perform poorly under any condition that moves away from near-diploidy and little contamination. However, although their performance is similar under little contamination, GenoCNA improves with respect to MixHMM as contamination increases, because the former does estimate normal cell contamination, in contrast to the latter. The rest of the methods estimate both LRR baseline shift and normal cell contamination, and present similar performance over the different copy numbers, except for their exceptional recall rates for copy number 1 alterations and the fact that they tend to make few copy number 2 calls and prefer to assign regions copy numbers 1 and 3. GPHMM presents another exception to such trend. It has the most stable performance over different contamination levels, which is coherent with the results reported by Li et al. However, such stability and self-consistency arises from its tendency to make copy number 3 calls, a preference that is shared with ASCAT. This is visible if we separate recall rates by copy number and also if we look at the overall performance by dataset, as they perform better over samples with more copy number 3 alterations, specially near-triploid samples.
As expected, recall rates are higher for longer regions (Additional file [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). At low normal cell contamination levels, recall rates do not seem to improve much for regions beyond 160 SNPs in length but, at 75% contamination, regions need to be longer in order to be called correctly. Yet, given the observed trend in recall rates by length, we do not expect recall rates to significantly vary beyond lengths of a few hundred SNPs. The greater difference is seen on shorter regions, where GAP is more sensitive than the rest of the methods.
GAP is by far the best performer under the range of tested conditions and alterations. One of the advantages of GAP is that it puts breakpoint sensitivity before specificity. Then, it merges similar segments if necessary. This way, it is less probable for changes in mean to be missed. Additionally, ploidy estimation based on the whole segmented data, a feature that GAP shares with ASCAT, proves to give better results than the expectation maximisation performed by their HMM-based counterparts. Surprisingly, the updated version of GAP, in addition to having a worse performance than its older release, has a clear problem at the pattern recognition step under both null and high normal cell contamination levels, where the recognition fails in most of the samples. This is seen in its graphical output and reflected on the overall recall performance.
If we regard correct calls as those that match not only copy number but also LOH status, methods manage to keep around 90% of the correct calls, with the greatest recall drop being 13.2% for ASCAT under null contamination (see Additional file [5](#S5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Nevertheless, the recalling behaviour is similar to the case where only copy number is required to consider calls correct. Therefore, LOH status recalling is similar to the recalling ability seen in the overall performance.
Complementary to the recall rates, we investigated FDRs and how wrong calls are distributed among copy numbers (see Additional file [6](#S6){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). GPHMM and OncoSNP tend to call higher copy numbers than the real ones, whereas MixHMM and GenoCNA clearly do the opposite. Furthermore, as contamination increases, the calls of these latter two have a bias towards copy number 3, as also seen in Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}B. The reduction in their FDRs at higher contamination levels does not mean better specificity. Instead, it reflects the fact that these methods decrease the number of alteration calls, probably due to the high uncertainty under heavy contamination levels.
When we visualize each method´s calls on one of the complex-patterned samples at 25% contamination (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}), we see that MixHMM and GenoCNA have a bias towards specific copy number, here copy number 2; that GPHMM, OncoSNP and ASCAT have similar call sequences, although each of them ascertains some specific regions; and that GAP is slightly better than the rest, specially because it is able to detect more short regions.
{#F4}
Performance on hybrid samples
-----------------------------
In order to assess whether (i) the spatial distribution of real genomic rearrangements and (ii) the inclusion of long regions result in different method performances from what is observed on purely synthetic data, we generated hybrid samples based on scaffolds taken from GAP\'s output \[[@B8]\] over three real tumour cell-line samples: BLC_B1_T17 (near-diploid), L_B1_T24B (high complexity) and MDA_468 (LOH-rich). Similarly to their fully synthetic counterparts, the samples were generated at 0, 25, 50 and 75% normal cell contamination levels (more details in Additional file [7](#S7){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
In comparison to the tests on synthetic data, we observed slightly better performance in GPHMM and worse in OncoSNP and ASCAT (see Additional file [8](#S8){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Nevertheless, GAP remained as the best performer, and MixHMM and GenoCNA as the worst. Furthermore, observations made using purely synthetic data on the effect of alteration pattern, LRR baseline shift and normal cell contamination also apply.
Performance on cell-line samples
--------------------------------
Given its superior and stable performance over synthetic data, the GAP output on the pure tumour sample was selected as the gold standard for the performance assessment over the cell-line data. There are additional reasons for the selection of GAP: (i) its ability to generate a visual output, which aids in the task of manual adjustment, also available, (ii) the fact that it is open source, which enables manual fine-tuning, and (iii) its confidence scores in the calls. After visual assessment of the output, calls were filtered to leave only those with maximum confidence in a scale from 1 to 4 and a minimum length of 40 SNPs, the length at which GAP recall rates under null contamination start to stabilize on synthetic data (Additional file [4](#S4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). A total of 261 regions out of the original 367 were left. Only 12 of them were copy number 1, so results regarding this copy number were not expected to be reliable. Grouping recall rates by copy number and contamination level, we observed that, in general, methods behave on cell-line data similarly to synthetic data. Specifically, the samples are near-diploid with many copy number-neutral LOH regions and copy number 3 and 4 alterations, so we expected similar results to those with the synthetic LOH-enriched and near-triploid samples.
We examined the recall rates at the available contamination levels closer to those in synthetic data: 0%, 21%, 50% and 77% (see Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Except at 77% contamination, ASCAT proves to be the best performer together with GAP and the updated GAP, and its recall rates are stable throughout the different copy numbers. The updated GAP recognizes the pattern under null contamination, although as we saw on synthetic data, this does not always happen. Additionally, both ASCAT and the updated GAP fail to recognize the alteration pattern at 77% contamination, an issue also observed with synthetic data, and the old GAP is the only method that still correctly estimates the LRR shift at such contamination, a fact that is independent from having selected GAP as a reference. Despite a general good performance, OncoSNP has trouble with copy number 3 regions under null contamination, as it had with the synthetic near-triploid samples. Cell-line results also confirm that MixHMM and GenoCNA are unable to correctly recall most high copy number regions and have a tendency to call higher copy numbers as contamination increases. Manually providing the contamination and LRR shift parameters improves MixHMM recall rates, but its high sensitivity to changes in intensity result in overfragmented calls (see Additional file [9](#S9){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Finally, whereas GPHMM manages to carry out a rather correct breakpoint detection, it fails to estimate the LRR baseline shift on all four contamination levels. Hence, all copy numbers are increased and recall rates are minimum except for copy numbers 4 and higher, given that they are grouped. GPHMM's results stress the importance of correct LRR baseline shift estimation, whether it is made directly, or through ploidy or DNA index estimation. We wish to note that the baseline shift can be correctly estimated (see GPHMM paper \[[@B13]\]), if a PFB \[[@B19]\] with a modified specification is used.
{#F5}
The greater approximation of ASCAT and updated GAP calls to the GAP reference in comparison to GAP calls on non-pure samples validates the gold standard approach we took, based on the results from the best method over the pure tumour sample.
Parameter relationships
-----------------------
In \[[@B8]\], the reduction of signal that is lost proportionally to the level of normal cell contamination is modelled as a separate parameter q, the coefficient of contraction. However, such parameter only makes sense under experimental variability, given its actual theoretical linear relationship with normal contamination. As expected, a linear regression of these two parameters in the samples analyzed by Popova et al. \[[@B8]\] shows a high correlation (R²=0.8, R²=0.9 without one outlier) (see Additional file [10](#S10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), where the coefficient of LRR contraction is approximately half of the level of tumour purity (q=0.49(1-p)). The definition of our synthetic data automatically generates this correlation.
Given that DNA index is linearly affected by normal cell contamination, the relationship between baseline shift and contamination described by Li et al. \[[@B13]\] can be redefined in terms of DNA index against baseline shift. Using the breast cancer samples profiled by Popova et al. \[[@B8]\], we compared the DNA index and the baseline shift obtained by GPHMM \[[@B13]\] and found a high correlation (R²=0.89) (see Additional file [10](#S10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The baseline shift for our synthetic samples was thus established based on this correlation.
Depending on the estimation of the baseline shift, different and plausible biological solutions may be obtained for a sample, and it has been stated that alternative experiments, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), are required in such cases \[[@B12]-[@B14]\]. We reckon that a sensible integration of the aforementioned relationships into future methods\' models can aid on the restriction of possible solutions. Still, because of the convolution of tumour subclones, in presence of normal cell contamination, regions with 2 or more tumour subclones cannot be uniquely genotyped \[[@B11]\] with current SNP array technology.
Conclusions
===========
The model implemented in the software CnaGen, which integrates normal cell contamination and intra-tumour heterogeneity, has proven to generate synthetic samples that mimic the characteristic BAF and LRR signal patterns of real tumour samples. Supporting this, synthetic, hybrid and cell-line data reach similar outcomes in the assessment of the performance of the methods tested in this work.
When it comes to selecting a method to detect germline copy number variations (CNVs), where the additional tumour-related issues do not apply, some authors consider that it is better to use several algorithms and compare data \[[@B20]\], while others consider that this approach might not be appropriate \[[@B21]\]. Given the results of the present study, we consider that the safest option would be to carefully choose a good method that is adequate for the characteristics of the data and knowledge of the researcher. For example, in our case, GAP is the best method, outperforming the rest in nearly all situations, followed by ASCAT and GPHMM, even though this latter and OncoSNP present a more sustained performance at heavy contamination levels. Yet, because the success of a method does not solely depend on performance, but also on the interaction between the user and the software implementation, GAP and ASCAT may not be suitable for users without basic programming skills, who may prefer the easy to use GPHMM. Thus, bearing in mind performance, parameterization and ease of use, we recommend GAP for advanced users and GPHMM for a fully driven analysis.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare no competing interests.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
DMA, AMA and NRE conceived the study. DMA and NRE wrote the manuscript. DMA devised the statistical model, generated the synthetic samples, ran the analyses and compared the methods. NRE participated in the specification of the synthetic samples and in the comparison of the methods. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supplementary Material
======================
###### Additional file 1
Code to generate the synthetic samples.
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###### Additional file 2
**Synthetic regions without noise.**Synthetic BAF (left graph) and LRR (right graph) signals of some example regions generated with CnaGen at different contamination levels and without probe-specific and autocorrelated noises: a heterozygous deletion (first column), a normal diploid region (second column), the various heterozygous CNA events up to copy number 5 (third to seventh columns) and two concrete cases of 2 and 3-subclone CNAs (last two columns). Each SNP probe provides a measurement of the proportion of one of the alleles (BAF) and the total intensity coming from the two alleles (LRR).
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###### Additional file 3
**Recall rates by method, contamination and alteration length.** Recall rates (y-axis) of each of the assessed methods, calculated by contamination and alteration length over each of the 5 synthetic sample sets. Colour code: GAP (orange); Colour code: GAP (orange), updated GAP (golden), ASCAT (purple), GPHMM (black), OncoSNP (blue), GenoCNA (green), MixHMM (grey).
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###### Additional file 4
**Recall rates, considering LOH status, by method, contamination, and alteration copy number and length.** Recall rates (y-axis) of calls made with correct copy number and LOH status. By: (i) normal cell contamination (x-axis), (ii) contamination and copy number (x-axis), and (iii) contamination and alteration length (x-axis) over each of the 5 synthetic sample sets. Colour code: GAP (orange), updated GAP (golden), ASCAT (purple), GPHMM (black), OncoSNP (blue), GenoCNA (green), MixHMM (grey).
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###### Additional file 5
**Method version and parameterization details.** Versions of the methods used in this study and details of parameterization when the default parameters were not used. Additionally, details on the PFB and GC content files used as input when required.
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Click here for file
###### Additional file 6
**FDRs on synthetic samples.** Overall false discovery rates on synthetic samples, broken down by normal cell contamination level and called/real copy number. Cell colour represents the amount of incorrectly made calls when the predicted copy number (y-axis) is different from the actual copy number (x-axis). There are no copy number 0 regions in the samples, but some methods make copy number 0 calls. The total FDR for a certain method and contamination is indicated in the lower right corner of each plot, and is the sum of all the corresponding cell values. Good performance is reflected in the symmetry and narrowness of the wrong call distribution along the correct call diagonal. Departure from such symmetry evidences some kind of bias.
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 7
Generation of hybrid samples.
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 8
**Recall rates by method, contamination, and alteration length.** (A) Recall rates (y-axis) of each of the assessed methods, calculated by contamination over each of the 3 hybrid sample sets. Colour code: GAP (orange), updated GAP (golden), ASCAT (purple), GPHMM (black), OncoSNP (blue), GenoCNA (green), MixHMM (grey). (B) Recall rates (y-axis) of each of the assessed methods, calculated by contamination and alteration length over each of the 3 hybrid sample sets. Alteration lengths (y-axis) are grouped into increasingly bigger bins (10--19 SNPs, 20--39, 40--79, 80--159, 160--319, 320--639, 640--1279 and from 1280 SNPs on) and each bin is represented by the shorter length within it. Alterations shorter than 10 SNPs were not assessed. Colour code: GAP (orange), updated GAP (golden), ASCAT (purple), GPHMM (black), OncoSNP (blue), GenoCNA (green), MixHMM (grey).
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 9
**Cell-line data and method calls.** LRR (top graph) and BAF (bottom graph) signals for the cell-line sample at 21% contamination. Chromosomes 6, 16 and X are excluded for the reasons described in the main text. In the middle, the calls made by the seven methods, including MixHMM with manually set global parameters (LRR shift and contamination), and the reference true calls. If any, calls made with copy numbers higher than 4 are displayed as copy number 4.
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 10
**Parameter relationships.** Tables and regression plots that show the relationship between: (i) coefficient of LRR contraction and degree of normal cell contamination; and (ii) DNA index and baseline shift.
######
Click here for file
Acknowledgements
================
DMA is supported by the Government of Navarra, Spain through the grant \"Ayuda predoctoral para realizar una tesis doctoral y obtener el título de doctor (Plan de Formación y de I+D 2010/2011)\". NRE and AMA are supported by the Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade of the Government of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country (Etortek Research Programs 2009/2011) and from the Innovation Technology Department of the Bizkaia County.
|
Four Peel police officers pleaded guilty Tuesday to attempting to obstruct justice for lying in court about stealing a wooden statue of Scarface character Tony Montana from an accused drug dealer’s storage unit in downtown Toronto.
As part of the plea agreement, the four veteran officers all submitted their resignations to the Peel Regional Police last month.
Calling it a “dark chapter” in the service’s history, Superior Court Justice Bruce Durno agreed to a joint submission by the Crown and defence lawyers that former major drugs and vice unit officers Richard Rerrie, 48, Mihai Muresan, 38, Emanuel Pinheiro, 44, and Damian Savino, 39, each receive a one year conditional sentence, six months to be served under house arrest.
Perjury and theft charges were withdrawn.
On June 23, 2014, the officers were executing a search warrant on a storage locker rented by Lowell Somerville, whom they had arrested earlier on suspicion of drug trafficking.
When Somerville was released on bail, he discovered some of his possessions were missing, including a one-metre, “one-of-a-kind” hand-painted statue of the fictional drug dealer Tony Montana, who was portrayed by Al Pacino in the 1983 movie Scarface. Somerville also alleged that $60,000 and jewelry were missing from the storage unit.
During three separate court proceedings, the officers denied seizing any item from Somerville’s storage locker.
Prior to the start of his trial, Somerville’s lawyer, Kim Schofield, brought a motion asking for a stay on the basis of an abuse of process relating to the alleged thefts from the storage locker.
Schofield obtained surveillance footage of the officers leaving the storage facility with a covered object. Rerrie told court he had taken a standing space heater from the storage area that had a “free” or “take me” sign. The other three officers all testified they had no recollection of Rerrie carrying a large object out of the facility, Crown attorney Peter Scrutton said Tuesday reading from an agreed statement of facts.
Justice Jennifer Woollcombe concluded constitutional breaches had occurred and stayed Somerville’s drug trafficking charges. “She was satisfied that the officers were aware that Const. Rerrie had taken the statue and had provided deceptive testimony about it. She was unable to conclude on a balance of probabilities that the officers had taken the other items that Mr. Somerville alleged were stolen,” Scrutton said.
Peel police initiated an internal affairs investigation leading to perjury, theft and obstruct charges against the officers in June 2018. They had been suspended with pay since May 31, 2017.
Schofield, whom Durno praised for her “diligence and skilful” work in uncovering the deception, was in Brampton court Tuesday listening to the proceedings, as was Somerville, who indicated he had not recovered the Tony Montana statue nor replaced it.
During his submissions, Scrutton told court the officers did not make off with the movie memorabilia for financial gain, or to help build the case against Somerville. Rather, the prosecutor said, it appeared to have been an “impulsive” and “stupid and sophomoric prank.”
The lawyers for the four officers recounted their clients’ exceptional policing records, noting none had any disciplinary history. All said the men have suffered massively for their misconduct, mostly because it has brought their policing careers to an end.
Schofield said she didn’t accept that the theft was a “prank.”
Asked if she was satisfied by the result, Schofield sighed and said, “No.”
Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading...
“But I think with all the things considered, it’s a resolution that it’s better than nothing,” she added, “and most importantly is that you have four police officers that perjured themselves … no longer working as police officers.”
Schofield added that Woollcombe — who stayed the charges against her client — also didn’t find it was a “silly prank,” but that “they stole it, they lied about it, and she didn’t reject the fact that they may have taken other things.” |
A former SAS trooper is taking record breaking to a whole new level.
The 73 year old is planning to cross the Atlantic in a giant 65 foot homemade whale called Moby.
Tom McClean spoke to BBC Radio 5 live Daily's Adrian Chiles about his 20 year old dream adventure and why he's put 100 thousand pounds of his own money into it.
He said: "We're going to go amongst them, film them, put on some whale noises and spout abit and see what happens. Then we're off to New York"." |
Q:
Responsive: resize background image in div
I'm using the code below to display an image as a background in a div. How do I resize it?
#header {
height: 255px;
-webkit-background-size:cover;
-moz-background-size:cover;
background-size:cover;
background-position: 50% 50%;
background-image: url('../simg/header.png');
}
A:
You can try controlling the size of the background by using the background-size property.
E.g.:
#header {
height: 255px;
-webkit-background-size:50%;
-moz-background-size:50%;
background-size:50%;
background-position: 50% 50%;
background-image: url('../simg/header.png');
}
This will reduce the background image to exactly half in either dimension.
|
Impregnation of polytetrafluoethylene (PTFE) vascular grafts with C-14-forskolin, a new concept in surface treatment of grafts.
Ten prosthetic polytetrafluoroethylene grafts (50 mm length, i.d. 4 mm) were surface treated with a 0.01% C-14-forskolin solution prior to interposition in the femoral arteries of 5 Australian sheep. The following parameters were monitored: femoral artery blood flow, platelet aggregation, C-14 blood and graft activity measured at intervals up to 120 minutes after declamping (DC). There was only a slightly decreased platelet aggregation in arterial blood samples 30 min. after DC and no changes in blood flow. After an initial peak C-14-forskolin graft activity declined rapidly during the first 30 minutes, thereafter only very slowly. C-14-forskolin blood activity also showed an initial peak and thereafter a fairly steady level 20-120 minutes after DC. These results are discussed in relation to previously very encouraging results in improving graft patency using an identical protocol of graft treatment with forskolin. |
Update: One of our commenters, Dan, actually spoke to Amanita on Facebook, and they explained the whole situation. Tl;dr - the old Hothead version will receive updates. Here's the full answer, which confirms some of our suspicions about the falling out:
hi, we had to republished Machinarium for Android because the older version was published by Canadian publisher Hothead Games. the collaboration wasn't ideal so we agreed to end it and publish the game again ourselves. |
The development of a high throughput drug-responsive model of white adipose tissue comprising adipogenic 3T3-L1 cells in a 3D matrix.
Adipose models have been applied to mechanistic studies of metabolic diseases (such as diabetes) and the subsequent discovery of new therapeutics. However, typical models are either insufficiently complex (2D cell cultures) or expensive and labor intensive (mice/in vivo). To bridge the gap between these models and in order to better inform pre-clinical studies we have developed a drug-responsive 3D model of white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, spheroids (680 ± 60 μm) comprising adipogenic 3T3-L1 cells encapsulated in 3D matrix were fabricated manually on a 96 well scale. Spheroids were highly characterised for lipid morphology, selected metabolite and adipokine secretion, and gene expression; displaying significant upregulation of certain adipogenic-specific genes compared with a 2D model. Furthermore, induction of lipolysis and promotion of lipogenesis in spheroids could be triggered by exposure to 8-br-cAMP and oleic-acid respectively. Metabolic and high content imaging data of spheroids exposed to an adipose-targeting drug, rosiglitazone, resulted in dose-responsive behavior. Thus, our 3D WAT model has potential as a powerful scalable tool for compound screening and for investigating adipose biology. |
---
title: arangodb
keywords: library, sample, arangodb
repo: arangodb
layout: docs
permalink: /samples/library/arangodb/
hide_from_sitemap: true
redirect_from:
- /samples/arangodb/
description: |
ArangoDB - a distributed database with a flexible data model for documents, graphs, and key-values.
---
ArangoDB - a distributed database with a flexible data model for documents, graphs, and key-values.
{% include library-samples.md %}
|
Find out which companies are about to raise their dividend well before the news hits the Street with StreetInsider.com's Dividend Insider Elite. Sign-up for a FREE trial here.
BOSTON (Reuters) - A Saudi Arabian man who was injured in the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing has settled a lawsuit filed against U.S. conservative media commentator Glenn Beck for claiming the man had helped finance the deadly attack.
The two sides on Wednesday declined to comment on the terms of the settlement deal, first disclosed in a filing in U.S. District Court in Boston on Tuesday.
"No party has admitted any fault, wrongdoing, or responsibility as part of the settlement," the Saudi man, Abdulrahman Alharbi, and Beck's media company, The Blaze Inc, said in a joint statement.
Abdulrahman sued Beck in 2014, saying the commentator had repeatedly described him as the "money man" behind the bombing, which killed three people and injured 264. He said Beck continued to repeat the claim after federal officials had cleared him of wrongdoing.
The attacks were the work of a pair of ethnic Chechen brothers, Dzohkhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev, who planted a pair of homemade pressure-cooker bombs at the race's crowded finish line on April 15, 2013.
Tamerlan died four days later following a gunfight with police as the two tried to flee Boston. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was found guilty last year of the attack and sentenced to death. He is appealing that sentence.
The two were inspired by Al Qaeda militants, federal prosecutors said at trial, though they did not allege that the Tsarnaevs were part of any foreign terror group. |
This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of the art that may be related to various aspects of the present invention. The following discussion is intended to provide information to facilitate a better understanding of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be understood that statements in the following discussion are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
With the introduction of the MSC Pooling standard, several Serving MSCs (MSC-VLR) within a Pool share a broad access area. Mobiles roaming into the access area covered by the MSC Pool are directed to a selected MSC-VLR based on a defined routing algorithm. In the event that one of the MSC-VLR is taken out of service, the mobiles being served by the out of service MSC-VLR needs to be re-homed to another MSC-VLR. In order for these mobiles to receive new calls, they must be re-registered at the HLR to the other MSC-VLR. In addition, it is a system design goal for MSC Pooling, from the S.R0136-0 v2.0 standard, to minimize the interruption time for users that are registered in a MSC that breaks down.
Re-homing mobiles based on a non-triggered re-registration to another MSC-VLR may require a significant amount of time for all the mobiles to re-register. During this time, mobiles not yet re-registered would not receive calls.
Re-homing mobiles using a solution that involves proactively triggering registration notifications to the HLR via a form of mobile probing (e.g., paging) would require managing the impact to the access capacity by staggering the re-homing; and would expect to take several hours. During this time, mobiles not yet re-registered would not receive calls. |
Boar Bristle Brush
Consistent beard brushing will increase blood flow to the hair follicles, which will improve skin health and increase hair growth. A boar bristle brush prevents oil build-up at the scalp, which weights hair down and makes it look greasy. Boar bristles naturally condition hair by carrying sebum (a natural oil produced by the scalp) to the end of the hair shaft, making your beard look fuller and more legendary.
How to use: Brush from the cheek where your beard begins, all the way down to the bottom of your beard, from root to tip. Repeat on the underside, from your neck, down to the end of your beard hair. |
Q:
Lower corner frequency in an emitter follower (Common collector)
I have a doubt about the lower corner frequency of an emitter follower.
I don't rember where, but I have read that it is given by:
\$\omega_L=\frac{1}{R_BC_1}\$ where \$R_B\$ is given by the parallel of the two biasing resistances R1 and R2, and \$C_1\$ is the capacitance before the base of the BJT. This expression should be derivated considering that the input part of the circuit is similar to a high pass filter.
Could you tell me if I correctly rember this thing?
A:
For most transistor circuits the parallel combination of R1 and R2 act as a single resistor that limits the voltage on the base when frequency is low. This is because the impedance of C1 increases with lowering input frequencies.
When the impedance of C1 matches the parallel resistance of R1 and R2 this is known as the cut off frequency or 3 dB point.
|
package com.forgeessentials.core.commands;
import net.minecraft.command.ICommandSender;
import net.minecraft.server.MinecraftServer;
import net.minecraftforge.server.permission.DefaultPermissionLevel;
import com.forgeessentials.core.ForgeEssentials;
import com.forgeessentials.core.misc.Translator;
import com.forgeessentials.core.moduleLauncher.ModuleLauncher;
import com.forgeessentials.util.output.ChatOutputHandler;
public class CommandFeReload extends ForgeEssentialsCommandBase
{
@Override
public String getName()
{
return "fereload";
}
@Override
public String[] getDefaultAliases()
{
return new String[] { "reload" };
}
@Override
public String getUsage(ICommandSender sender)
{
return "/fereload: Reload FE configuration";
}
@Override
public String getPermissionNode()
{
return ForgeEssentials.PERM_RELOAD;
}
@Override
public DefaultPermissionLevel getPermissionLevel()
{
return DefaultPermissionLevel.OP;
}
@Override
public boolean canConsoleUseCommand()
{
return true;
}
@Override
public void execute(MinecraftServer server, ICommandSender sender, String[] args)
{
reload(sender);
}
public static void reload(ICommandSender sender)
{
ModuleLauncher.instance.reloadConfigs();
ChatOutputHandler.chatConfirmation(sender, Translator.translate("Reloaded configs. (may not work for all settings)"));
}
}
|
Experience in prevention of serious complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
To study the causes and prevention of the complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Based on experience with 2 428 cases, the following should be paid attention to when dissecting and separating adhesions around the gallbladder and of the Calot's triangle. The best method for the prevention of mistaking the common bile duct (CBD) for the cystic duct is to find the junction of the cystic infundibulum and duct, separate the gallbladder wall along the infundibulum, and transect the cystic duct at the junction with the infundibulum. If dense adhesions around the gallbladder or of the Calot's triangle are met with, LC should be abandoned and open the cholecystectomy (OC) should be used instead. In separating the Calot's triangle, blunt dissection should be used to avoid burning the extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD), and blind hemostasis should be avoided. If the cystic artery lies in the upper part and the back of the cystic duct, the cystic duct should be dissected out, clipped and cut first, then the cystic artery be dealt with. If the cystic artery is in the front part of the pedicle of the gallbladder, the artery should be separated, clipped and cut first. Injury to the adjacent organs may be avoided by using electric coagulating hook correctly and avoiding accidental damage to the viscera, and keeping from viscera injury due to current chemotaxis in the closed cavity of the body. A total of 2427 patients were cured. One patient died of frequent episodes of supraventricular tachycardia and pneumonia on the 21st day after LC. If LC surgeons follow the above said principles of LC technique. LC is very safe for patients with benign diseases of the gallbladder. |
HAI 1.3
VISIBLE PRODUKT OF "1" AN "2.34"
KTHXBYE
|
Multiresidue Method for Determination of 183 Pesticide Residues in Leeks by Rapid Multiplug Filtration Cleanup and Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
This study reports the development of a novel multiplug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) procedure for analysis of pesticide residues in leek samples followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection. The leek samples were initially purified following the dispersive solid-phase extraction with different sorbents to determine the most suitable proportioning of sorbent materials; then, the m-PFC method was carried out by applying the streamlined procedure with syringes. Average recoveries of most pesticides were in the range from 70.2 to 126.0% with the relative standard deviation < 20% with the m-PFC process. The limits of detection were 0.03-3.3 μg kg(-1). The limits of quantification were 0.1-10 μg kg(-1). The m-PFC process is convenient and time-efficient, taking just a few seconds per sample. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to the determination of pesticide residues in market samples. In that analysis, 35 pesticides were detected in 29 samples, with values ranging from 2.0 to 9353.1 μg kg(-1). |
The chemistry of aluminum in the environment.
There is increased concern over the effects of elevated concentrations of Al in the environment. Unfortunately, studies of the environmental chemistry and toxicity of Al have been limited by our understanding of the processes regulating the aqueous concentration, speciation and bioavailability of this element.Although Al is the most abundant metallic element in the Earth's crust, it is highly insoluble and generally unavailable to participate in biogeochemical reactions. However, under highly acidic or alkaline conditions, or in the presence of complexing ligands, elevated concentrations may be mobilized to the aquatic environment. Ecologically significant concentrations of Al have been reported in surface waters draining "acid-sensitive" regions that are receiving elevated inputs of acidic deposition. Acid- sensitive watersheds are characterized by limited release of basic cations (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), K(+)) and/or retention of strong acid anions (SO4 (2-), NO3 (-), Cl(-)). Under these conditions inputs of strong acids are not completely neutralized, but rather acidic water is exported from the terrestrial environment. It has been hypothesized that acidic deposition to acid-sensitive watersheds mobilizes Al within the mineral soil, causing elevated concentrations in soil solutions and surface waters. As a result of mineral phase solubility constraints, concentrations of aqueous Al increase exponentially with decreases in pH below 6.0.Monomeric Al occurs as a series of complexes in the aqueous environment, including aquo, OH(-), F(-), SO4 (2-), HCO3 (-) and organic species. Of these aquo, OH(-), F(-) and organic complexes are the most significant in natural waters.Elevated concentrations of Al are ecologically significant because: 1) Al is an important pH buffer in acidic waters, regulating the lower limit of pH values following acidification by strong acids; 2) through adsorption and coagulation reactions, Al may alter the cycling and availability of important elements like phosphorus, organic carbon and certain trace metals; 3) Al may serve as a coagulant facilitating the removal of light attenuating materials, thereby increasing the clarity and decreasing the thermal stability of lakes; and 4) Al is potentially toxic to organisms. Better understanding of the chemistry and speciation of Al is essential to assess these effects. |
'use strict';
const assert = require('assert');
const common = require('../common.js');
const configs = {
n: [1e3],
mode: ['Array', 'repeat'],
encoding: ['ascii', 'utf8'],
size: [1e1, 1e3, 1e6],
};
const bench = common.createBenchmark(main, configs);
function main(conf) {
const n = +conf.n;
const size = +conf.size;
const character = conf.encoding === 'ascii' ? 'a' : '\ud83d\udc0e'; // '🐎'
let str;
switch (conf.mode) {
case '':
// Empty string falls through to next line as default, mostly for tests.
case 'Array':
bench.start();
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
str = new Array(size + 1).join(character);
bench.end(n);
break;
case 'repeat':
bench.start();
for (let i = 0; i < n; i++)
str = character.repeat(size);
bench.end(n);
break;
default:
throw new Error('Unexpected method');
}
assert.strictEqual([...str].length, size);
}
|
Q:
Finding average datalength for field of datatype IMAGE
I have a table which stores DOCUMENTS as image datatype. I wish to find the average size of all the documents in the table. I am running the following query
select AVG(DATALENGTH(document)) from DOCUMENT
document is the field of datatype image. I am getting the following exception
Arithmetic overflow error converting expression to data type int.
Please help me resolve this error?
A:
Have you tried casting the DATALENGTH(document) to an int manually?
AVG(CAST(DATALENGTH(document) as BIGINT))
Edit: Changed casting to BIGINT due to jpw's suggestion.
|
black silicon carbide is produced at high temperature in an electric resistance type furnace with quarts sand and petroleum coke as its main raw materials. Its hardness is between fused alumina and synathetic diamond. Mechanical intensity of it is hig-her than fused alumina.it is brittle and sharp and has electrical and heat conductivity in some degree. The abrasives made of it are suitable for working on cast iron, non-ferrous metal, rock, leather, rubber, etc. It is also broadly used as refractory material and metallurgical additive.
characteristic(1) Large melting furnace, longer melting time, lead to more crystallization, bigger crystals, higher purity and less impurities.(2) Good hardness, longer life.(3) Chemical washed and water washed good cleanness. |
Q:
Get facebook comments with the graph api without user authentication
I'm building a flex application using the http://code.google.com/p/facebook-actionscript-api/ library.
Is it possible to get all the comments for an OBJECT_ID (https://graph.facebook.com/OBJECT_ID/comments) without the current user being logged in facebook. If it is, please tell me what the OBJECT_ID needs to be (post in public group or something else).
Thanks in advance.
blz
A:
You need to request the offline_access permission. It will give you an access token that won't expire. Save it in your database and use it for your connections and it will work without the user.
More: http://developers.facebook.com/docs/authentication/permissions/
|
Saudi plants as a source of potential β-lactamase inhibitors.
This study was performed to assess the potential β-lactamase inhibitory properties of nineteen crude Saudi plant extracts belonging to eight families against extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESβL) strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and other medically important pathogens. A total of 276 microbial isolates of pathogenic bacteria were used in this study; only 15 of them showed decreased sensitivity to one or several of ceftazidime, aztreonam, cefotaxime or ceftriaxone, which are deemed to be possible producers of ESβL. Antibacterial activities of plant extracts were carried out against ESβL positive isolates by the disc diffusion method. The potential ESβL suppressing activities of plant extracts and prepared fractions, (chloroform and methanol), with or without antibiotic were studied by disc diffusion method. Results revealed that selected plant extracts showed no antibacterial activity against tested strains; meanwhile, only Echinops viscosus, Pulicaria arabica, Tephrosia nubica, Chrozophora oblongifolia, and Clutia myricoides showed pronounced ESβL inhibitory activities. The extracts were quantified for phenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties. Bio-guided fractionation of the active extracts revealed that the chloroform fraction of C. myricoides possess a promising ESβL inhibitory activity. The separation and the structural elucidation of the active compounds from C. myricoides will offer beneficial leads for developing β-lactamase inhibitors. |
The Plantar Ligaments (ligamenta accessoria plantaria; glenoid ligaments of Cruveilhier).The plantar ligaments are thick, dense, fibrous structures. They are placed on the plantar surfaces of the joints in the intervals between the collateral ligaments, to which they are connected; they are loosely united to the metatarsal bones, but very firmly to the bases of the first phalanges. Their plantar surfaces are intimately blended with the transverse metatarsal ligament, and grooved for the passage of the Flexor tendons, the sheaths surrounding which are connected to the sides of the grooves. Their deep surfaces form part of the articular facets for the heads of the metatarsal bones, and are lined by synovial membrane.
The Collateral Ligaments (ligamenta collateralia; lateral ligaments).The collateral ligaments are strong, rounded cords, placed one on either side of each joint, and attached, by one end, to the posterior tubercle on the side of the head of the metatarsal bone, and, by the other, to the contiguous extremity of the phalanx. |
<?php
/**
* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE!
*
* This file was automatically generated from external sources.
*
* Any manual change here will be lost the next time the SDK
* is updated. You've been warned!
*/
namespace DTS\eBaySDK\Test\Product\Types;
use DTS\eBaySDK\Product\Types\ProductByCompatibilityRequest;
class ProductByCompatibilityRequestTest extends \PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
{
private $obj;
protected function setUp()
{
$this->obj = new ProductByCompatibilityRequest();
}
public function testCanBeCreated()
{
$this->assertInstanceOf('\DTS\eBaySDK\Product\Types\ProductByCompatibilityRequest', $this->obj);
}
public function testExtendsBaseType()
{
$this->assertInstanceOf('\DTS\eBaySDK\Types\BaseType', $this->obj);
}
}
|
From The Jetsons to Bicentennial Man, a common threat running along popular culture is the idea that one day, robots would perform the household chores that we all find so deeply tedious.
Numerous barriers prevent this from becoming a reality, sadly. Perhaps the biggest is that robots lack the innate intuition that humans do. It’s this intuition that makes us expert problem solvers.
Let’s suppose we’re in an unfamiliar kitchen, and you ask me to make you a cup of tea. Even though I may have never used the particular kettle before, and I may not be entirely sure where the milk and teabags are kept, I’ll muddle through.
Give me enough time, and I’ll bring you a smashing cup of “builder’s tea.” Milk first, obviously. Anything else is just wrong.
Computers aren’t like that. They need more explicit instruction. You can’t just say “make me a brew.” You’ve got to spell it out, step by step.
Walk to the kitchen. Open the cabinet. Fetch a cup. Open the tea box. Grab a teabag. Put it in the cup. Open the fridge. Grab the milk. Open the milk. Pour an inch into the cup. Put the lid back on the milk. Return the milk to the fridge. Fill the kettle. Turn it on. Wait for it to boil. Pour the boiling water into the cup. Stir the cup. Let it stand for a minute. Remove the teabag. Drink. Aaaaaah.
Get the idea? Fortunately, researchers from MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), McGill University, the University of Ljubljana, and the University of Toronto are working on a way to make machines more suited to homemaking.
The researchers built a Sims-like environment called VirtualHome. This system represents a typical home environment, allowed the researchers to simulate typical domestic tasks, which were executed by artificial “agents.”
While we’re years away from the world of Bicentennial Man, the ultimate goal of the VirtualHome project is to build the groundwork that could eventually allow real-world robots to perform these tasks.
The researchers trained VirtualHome with 3,000 household activities, which are further broken down for a computer to understand. These activities range from watching TV, turning a toaster on or off, or placing a pot on the stove.
“Describing actions as computer programs has the advantage of providing clear and unambiguous descriptions of all the steps needed to complete a task,” explained PhD student Xavier Puig, who was lead author on the paper.
“These programs can instruct a robot or a virtual character, and can also be used as a representation for complex tasks with simpler actions.”
The VirtualHome agent was able to deconstruct tasks based on natural language. So, you could tell it to “pour milk into a glass,” and it’d figure out the intermediate steps.
The system could also learn tasks, having been provided a video demonstration of the activity.
There’s a caveat here though. The video has to come from the same Sims-like environment used by the robots. However, the researchers hope that eventually, it’ll be able to learn from live-action YouTube videos.
So, you’d record yourself doing something in the house — like opening the oven and inserting a frozen pizza — and it’ll take it from there.
“This line of work could facilitate true robotic personal assistants in the future,” said Qiao Wang, an Arizona State University academic who was not involved in the research.
“Instead of each task programmed by the manufacturer, the robot can learn tasks just by listening to or watching the specific person it accompanies. This allows the robot to do tasks in a personalized way, or even some day invoke an emotional connection as a result of this personalized learning process.”
Personally, I can get behind any research that brings me a robot butler. You can read the full paper from MIT CSAIL here.
Read next: Pokémon Quest launches on the Nintendo Switch as a free-to-play RPG for all ages |
The Biggest Offseason Priorities for the Atlanta Falcons
For some Atlanta Falcons fans, San Francisco's heartbreaking loss to Baltimore was a bit of poetic justice. Yes, misery does love company. Even though Baltimore's win spared the Falcons from having to see the team that ended their season go on to win the Super Bowl again, the official conclusion of the 2012 NFL season left Atlanta in the unenviable position of going into next season as the NFC's runner-up.
San Francisco was the exception. You have to go back to the 2004 Philadelphia Eagles (who coincidentally beat the Falcons) before you find another team who returned to the NFC Championship Game after falling short in the same game the previous year. Atlanta certainly faces a tall task if they want to repeat their 2012 success in 2013.
However, there are still plenty of reasons to be optimistic about the team's future. Atlanta was able to retain both of its coordinators after a frenzied NFL hiring season, Julio Jones is only going to get better in his third year, and most of the key pieces of a team that has won 56 games over the past five seasons should be back.
Let's take a look at Atlanta's top offseason priorities heading into the NFL Scouting Combine in two weeks.
Convince Tony Gonzalez To Play Another Year
Mike Ehrmann/Getty Images
Jared Cook, Zach Ertz and Tyler Eifert all may look great in Falcons uniforms, but no tight end that the Falcons acquire in the draft or via free agency is going to replace Tony Gonzalez's production alone. While Gonzalez still appears likely to retire, he has yet to announce an official decision. The Falcons should employ Roddy White's "Brett Favre strategy" and do everything they can to entice Gonzalez to return for one more season.
If Gonzalez does retire, the Falcons should make sure that they don't have a serviceable replacement on their roster such as Chase Coffman or Michael Palmer before they spend a high draft pick on a tight end. Jared Cook provides an intriguing option in free agency, but it should be noted that the numbers he put up last year did come in a contract year. Retaining a soon to be 37-year-old Tony Gonzalez clearly remains the best option for this team at tight end.
Retain Priority Free Agents Like William Moore
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Before pursuing free agents from other teams, Atlanta needs to be sure to take care of a few of their own players whose contracts have now expired.
Important decisions loom regarding the futures of William Moore, Sam Baker and Brent Grimes. Moore went the Pro Bowl for the first time in his career, and the defense certainly suffered without him this past season when he missed a couple of games with a hip injury (see Week 14 at Carolina). The Falcons should secure a long-term deal with Moore as soon as possible.
Baker was far from elite, but he showed tremendous improvement in 2012 after an injury-plagued 2011 campaign. If he can be retained for a reasonable price, he should remain in a Falcons uniform.
Brent Grimes is a tougher call. An Achilles injury is not easy for any cornerback to bounce back from, but the injury is of particular concern to Grimes because his leaping ability was his calling card. In addition, Robert McClain proved to be dependable in Grimes' absence. Will Atlanta have to make a choice between Brent Grimes and Dunta Robinson for cap reasons?
Upgrade the Talent in the Backfield and Improve the Run-Blocking Up Front
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San Francisco 49ers defensive coordinator Vic Fangio clearly articulated the difference between the Ravens offense and Falcons offense when he talked about the fact that the Ravens ran the ball better than San Francisco's previous two playoff opponents (Green Bay and Atlanta) in a pre-Super Bowl radio interview with KNBR in San Francisco:
These guys run the ball better than the teams we’ve been playing lately, both playoff games. These guys run the ball much better. They block it better and they have better running backs that they’re handing it off to. And it’s a challenge that I’m sure they’re gonna put us through here, because they like to be a balanced offense. But if we do stop it and get it under control, then it could be like we saw against New England where they just come out and throw it a lot. So they’ve got the ability to adjust and be a heavy-throwing team or stick with their balance.
Balance should be the watch word for the Falcons on the offensive side of the ball this offseason. The Falcons may have been able to keep both of their large playoff leads if they had a reliable ground game.
Jacquizz Rodgers is clearly a keeper, but the team needs to make a quick decision on Michael Turner. If he's coming back, then they need to figure out how integrate him into Koetter's offense. If he's not coming back (probably more likely), then Atlanta needs to acquire an every-down back who can share the load with Jacquizz Rodgers and Jason Snelling.
The team also needs to figure out its issues up front on the offensive line. Peter Konz was respectable at guard, but it's probably not his best position. If Konz moves inside to his natural position at center, then who plays at right guard?
Find Out If Lamar Holmes Can Play
Daniel Shirey/Getty Images
Speaking of improving the ground game, last year Atlanta traded back seven picks in the third round of the draft and selected Lamar Holmes. Baltimore, the team that traded up into Atlanta's slot, chose Temple running back Bernard Pierce with the pick they acquired from Atlanta.
Pierce was a key part of Baltimore's Super Bowl run, and he is just the kind of running back that Atlanta could use now. Meanwhile, Lamar Holmes hasn't played much at all in Atlanta. Could Holmes be the solution at right guard, or will he get the chance to push an aging Tyson Clabo at right tackle? Either way, Holmes' "redshirt" year is over.
Third-round picks are expected to contribute in the NFL, and Holmes' time is now.
Infuse More Talent into the Defensive Front Seven
Dale Zanine-USA TODAY Sports
We touched on Atlanta's need to become more balanced on offense, but the team also needs to address the talent disparity between its offense and defense. Atlanta has plenty of elite offensive playmakers, but other than Sean Weatherspoon, the defense (especially the defensive front seven) is lacking the kind of "explosive" players it needs to get off of the field consistently and win on third down when it has to.
John Abraham and Asante Samuel are good veteran pieces, and the team has solid talent on the back end with Thomas DeCoud and William Moore. However, it's time for the Falcons to invest in their pass rush and upgrade their linebacking core through the draft and free agency.
Mike Nolan may not be able to duplicate last season's success if Atlanta doesn't add more speed, athleticism and size to their defensive front. |
Go Escape Analysis Flaws - diakritikal
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CxgUBPlx9iJzkz9JWkb6tIpTe5q32QDmz8l0BouG0Cw/preview?sle=true
======
xdissent
Russ Cox commented on a couple of the proposed fixes:
> Maybe after the compiler is converted to Go.
> I'm not willing to make major changes to escape analysis right now. I intend
> to ask someone to take a look at the whole thing and see whether it should
> be changed/rewritten/fixed/etc in a few weeks.
It sounds to me like there are some significant changes coming down the pipe
anyway, which may or may not effect the current escape analysis behavior.
~~~
twotwotwo
Vyukov and others have made some allocation-related changes that went by today
in [https://twitter.com/golang_cls](https://twitter.com/golang_cls) (small
maps and string-related buffers can now sometimes be stack-allocated,
variables captured by closures less often need to be moved to the heap, and
some other language constructs that used to allocate now don't). It figures
that some stuff wouldn't be approved for 1.5; other changes are going on, and
some compromise mostly seems like the cost of the regular release schedule
they maintain.
------
pbiggar
[tl;dr: I suspect the Go GC isn't very good]
I'm interested and surprised to see people putting much effort into escape
analysis for stack allocation. The research that came out in the 90s and 00s
pretty much said that if you have a good GC you won't see much benefit to
using EA for stack allocation.
[Disclaimer: All of the below written with the expectation of being wrong
because my knowledge is out of date, my memory is bad, and/or there are
specifics to Go or the implementation which invalidates my points. Still wrote
it cause it might be interesting to others or lead to interesting
conversation]
OK, why do I say that. Well:
\- It's very expensive to do EA well (O(n^3) or O(n^6) where n is the depth of
the call graph). You can do it cheaper in a JIT that has on-stack-replacement
(basically where you make optimistic assumptions and reoptimize if your
assumptions are invalidated)
\- You do get good payoff from stack allocation, in terms of time spent
allocating and deallocating memory.
\- The real payoff from EA is to allow synchronization removal in Java (which
shouldnt matter for Go).
\- Stack allocation provides cheap allocation (don't need a malloc, you can
just do an alloca, which is a cheap add operation), but a good copying GC
provides bump allocation which is better.
\- Stack allocation provides cheap deallocation, but not as cheap as a
generational GC which can clear the young generation for very very cheap.
\- Stack allocation also extends object lifetimes, which is bad.
\- Stack allocation also allows you to move object fields into variables which
can get values out of memory and into registers, which is good.
\- Stack allocation also has worse locality than a good GC (a copying
collector has amazing locality, putting things on the stack doesn't
necessarily).
So all this, plus the details in the doc, imply that the Go GC isn't very
good. If it were good, it would have better allocation performance than you
would get from stack allocation, and the only thing left would be that the
benefit from moving values into fields outweighs the costs.
I don't know anything about Go, so this may not be possible, but as a total
bystander with no info at all, I'd say don't work on optimizing EA and instead
focus on improving the GC.
[disclaimer: please reread disclaimer above]
~~~
voidlogic
>I'm interested and surprised to see people putting much effort into escape
analysis for stack allocation. The research that came out in the 90s and 00s
pretty much said that if you have a good GC you won't see much benefit to
using EA for stack allocation.
Garbage never generated is garbage never collected. Large enterprise Java apps
often still have GC issues despite very advanced GCs to choose from. Also Go's
GC is maturing slower than its escape analysis and its object pool
(sync.Pool). Go is younger so its GC is weak compared to Java- but it does a
good job using the stack and offers a state of the art object pool with thread
local caching.
>It's very expensive to do EA well (O(n^3) or O(n^6) where n is the depth of
the call graph). You can do it cheaper in a JIT that has on-stack-replacement
Isn't this apples to oranges since one of these is a compile time expense and
the other is a run time expense?
~~~
coldtea
> _Go is younger so its GC is weak compared to Java_
I see this often repeated, and it's false.
Go's GC is indeed younger compared to Java, but Go being younger doesn't have
anything to do with it.
It's not like GC's "mature" and get better with time organically. They mature
and get better with the effort put into them, which is different than time.
You can have a GC besting an older language's GC in a language that has 1/10
the years the old one has.
~~~
enneff
Yes, it's not true that software magically gets better with age, but we now
have a small team of experts working on the Go runtime, so we expect the GC to
improve dramatically this year.
We didn't have those people before, and one reason for that is that the
project was smaller then.
------
voidlogic
The author, Dmitry, had a recent escape analysis fix related to maps with
impressive results:
[https://go.googlesource.com/go/+/b3be360f16c44d21b2594d06e8d...](https://go.googlesource.com/go/+/b3be360f16c44d21b2594d06e8d0e609e8fe3c0c)
------
twotwotwo
Fixing the "dot-dot-dot arguments always escape" issue could in particular
mean that logging code no longer risks making things escape even when it
doesn't run:
[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27788813/variadic-
functio...](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/27788813/variadic-functions-
causing-unnecessary-heap-allocations-in-go)
...which would be cool.
------
tunesmith
I keep on clicking on these Go headlines thinking they are about the board
game. :-( I thought this was about flaws in a computer-go algorithm.
~~~
chc
Given the relative frequency of topics on HN, that seems like a strange
assumption.
~~~
protopete
Still, s/Go/Golang/ would help clear up any confusion.
~~~
chc
So would /s/Go/Gogame/, but I think you'd agree that's a pretty silly
suggestion.
|
Nutrient comparison of fresh and field-dried, green-seeded soybeans.
Nutrient composition and biologic utilization of cooked, dried, and ground meals prepared from fresh and field-dried, green-seeded edible soybeans were evaluated. On a dry-weight basis, nutrient content of the fresh and field-dried meals were comparable for protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, and iron; fresh beans tended to have higher zinc content than the field-dried beans. Nutrient values for the green-seeded soybean meals were comparable to published values for full-fat soybean flour. Bioassay results indicated that protein efficiency ratios (PER) for rats fed casein were significantly better than those for the soybean-fed animals. Fresh, green-seeded soybean meal supported significantly better growth than did the field-dried, green-seeded soybean meal. Though significantly lower than that for the reference casein diet, the mean PER for fresh, green-seeded soybean meal was 90 per cent of that obtained with the reference casein. The nutrient analysis and protein bioassay data both indicate that green-seeded soybeans used as a vegetable item in the diet are a potentially significant food source of several important nutrients. |
---
abstract: 'Gyrosonic is a novel audio binaural stimulus, that generates rotational perceptions of sound movement in the brain at a particular predetermined frequency. The influence of gyrosonic on the autonomic nervous system of healthy subjects has been examined by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV) in time- and frequency- domain. The M-lagged Poincare plot shows that the parameters SD1, SD2 and ratio SD12 (SD1/SD2) increases with lagged number M, and M-dependence is well described by Pade$\acute{}$ approximant $\chi \frac{1+\beta M}{1+\gamma M}$ where values of $\chi$, $\beta$ and $ \gamma$ depends on parameters SD1, SD2 and SD12. The values of parameters SD1, SD2 and SD12 after gyrosonic stimulation are augmented, compared to pre-stimulation values for all M. The slope and curvature that define the variation of SD12 with M increase considerably due to the stimulation.Slowing down of the Heart rate and increase in the standard deviation SD and the root-mean squared successive differences (RMSSD) in the RR-interval are observed after stimulation. The spectral power of both low (LF) - and high (HF) - frequency go up due to the stimulation.The DFA analysis of RR interval exhibits a decrease in value of exponent $\alpha$ due to the gyrosonic. The results indicate that there may be an improvement of the sympatho-vagal balance due to this novel audio stimulus.'
---
**Modulation of Autonomic Nervous System activity by Gyrosonic stimulation**
**S.K.Ghatak$^{a,*}$, B.Roy$^{b}$, R.Choudhuri$^{c}$ and S.Bandopadhaya $^{c}$**\
$^{a}$Department of Physics and Meteorology, $^{b}$School of Medical Science and Technology\
Indian Institute of Technology,Kharagpur-721392,India\
$^{c}$ WINGARD, Institute of Visual and Auditory Research, Kolkata 700012 ,India\
**Keywords**: Gyrosonics, Moving sound, Autonomic nervous system, Heart rate variability, Poincare plot, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA).
$^*$Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Introduction {#Introduction}
============
Autonomic nervous system (ANS), with its main two divisions; Sympathetic and Parasympathetic, may be viewed as a hierarchically coordinated neuronal network. It regulates the exchange of energy and information with the environment \[1\]. Most of the internal organs like the heart, gastrointestinal tract, lungs, urinary bladder and blood vessels are under the influence of the autonomic nervous system. Usually the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have opposing effects on the organs. The degree of influence may vary and this determines the ultimate activity of that organ. The sympathetic nervous system is rapidly activated in physical or mental stressful conditions. It increases the heart rate, cardiac output and blood flow to the muscles. It dilates the pupil and decreases gastrointestinal tract activity. Its action is therefore, sometimes aptly referred to as the ’flight or fight’ response. On the other hand, the parasympathetic system decreases the heart rate and blood pressure, constricts the pupil and increases gastrointestinal activity. The ’rest and digest’ response is coined for its action\[2\]. The body maintains a proper balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity for appropriate functioning. A deviation from this balance may result in disease conditions like acute coronary syndrome, chronic heart failure, diabetes mellitus etc \[3\].\
It has been shown that sensory inputs, like a harmonic auditory stimulus, can have a wide range of psychological and physical effects \[4\]. A sensory input can trigger a cascading series of events along the nerve down which it travels \[5\]. Many of the beneficial effects of the auditory stimulus take their origin along the route of the impulse. Music has the capacity to modify the psychobiological state of human. It can thus relieve stress and stress related ailments \[6\].Gyrosonic is a novel auditory stimulus and appears to possess such capacity. When applied binaurally, it produces the perception of rotation of the audio source inside the brain. The frequency of this rotation is in the infrasonic region ($\sim2$Hz). The perception of movement in the auditory space by human depends on a number of cues.It has been demonstrated that the moving sound produced by the sequential excitation of a mono source through several speakers in a free field, can generate a specific activity in the brain \[7\]. Sound motion has been shown to evoke a magnetic field inside the brain,and the evoked magnetic response is specific to moving sound and is absent for non-moving sound stimulus \[8\]. Another study has shown that the right parietal cortex is involved in the processing of sound motion \[9\]. Compared to the earlier experiments gyrosonic stimulus has some improved rotational features . Thus it can be expected that this may produce a larger spectrum of brain activation. Earlier studies with this moving sound showed that the arousal level of psychosomatic patients was significantly reduced \[10\].
The heart rate variability (HRV), which is a measure of the beat to beat fluctuation of the heart rate, reflects the time varying influence of ANS and its components on the cardiovascular function. Due to its non-invasive nature and convenience of the measurement, the HRV is often used to assess the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the cardiac function. Under normal circumstances the HRV is regulated by the combined action of heart automaticity and the feedback elements from the vagal and sympathetic activity on the heart. The stimuli that are capable of altering the feedback components therefore change the dynamics of the heart. Gyrosonic stimulus is assumed to be one such stimulus. In this paper we have estimated the influence of gyrosonic stimulus on the dynamics of the heart by assessing the Heart Rate variability (HRV) in response to this stimulus.The HRV can be assessed in time domain and in frequency domain. The time domain analysis provides quantitative measurement of the variation of heart rate, standard deviation SD, root mean square successive differences (RMSSD) in RR-interval.On the other hand the frequency domain analysis of HRV mainly measures the high frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) power spectrum of fluctuation of the RR interval. It has been suggested that the high frequency power spectrum is modulated by parasympathetic (mainly vagal) activity and the low frequency power spectrum is mainly influenced by both parts of ANS activity \[11,12\].
Dynamics of the cardiac system is nonlinear. Hence it is reasonable to assume that a nonlinear analysis is more appropriate means to get an accurate idea about the cardiac system. Poincare$\acute{}$ plot analysis meets this criterion \[13, 14, 15\]. It is a nonlinear geometric method of heart rate analysis. It is basically a scatter plot of any heart rate interval $RR_n$ and next one $RR_{N+1}$.When this plot is adjusted with an ellipse,three important parameters then define the plot.These are the length of the semi-minor axis of the ellipse SD1, the length of the semi-major axis of the ellipse SD2, and their ratio SD12.The parameter SD1 is the standard deviation of instantaneous beat to beat heart rate variability and it is the measure of short term variability of heart. It is mainly influenced by parasympathetic regulation on the heart. Other parameter SD2 is the measure of long term variability. It has been shown that these parameters are correlated with the power spectral density of heart rate fluctuation. SD1 is correlated with the high frequency spectrum and SD2 is mainly associated with the low frequency spectrum \[16\].Instead of taking the successive RR interval, the Poincare$\acute{}$ plot can be generalized by taking a lag of greater than $1$ between RR intervals. A study with a lag of $4$ has shown evidence of being superior to normal Poincare$\acute{}$ \[17\]. Moreover, a study on chronic heart failure patients has demonstrated strong dependency of the parameter SD12 on the lag interval. This study has also shown that the curvature of the plot of SD12 with various lag numbers is significantly different in patients and normal subjects. In chronic heart failure patients the curvature is much smaller \[18\]. Another study on diabetic patients has pointed out that the SD1 decreases in diabetic patients with higher lag numbers \[19\]. Using this lagged Poincare$\acute{}$ plot it has been reported that SD1 and SD2 decreases with an increase in the lag number for smokers \[20\]. Apart from the spectral analysis and Poincare$\acute{}$ plot analysis for the heart rate variability, another method, called Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, can be applied with some added advantages. It has been found that under healthy conditions, the RR interval time series exhibits long-range power law correlation. Similar behavior has also been found in other physical systems \[21\]. The Detrended Fluctuation analysis proposed by Peng et al is supposed to reflect on this long range correlation of the RR interval time series \[22, 23\]and is widely used.
In our study we have used all these methods to examine the change in HRV in healthy subjects after the gyrosonic stimulation. Through this study we propose to show that a change in the autonomic regulation occurs due to the influence of the gyrosonic stimuli.
Stimuli
=======
In this study we have used a gyrosonic stimuli constructed from an Indian percussion instrument, the Tabla. The stimuli were recorded digitally at a sampling rate of $44.1$ kHz and in $16$ bit. Then the amplitude of sound was modulated at $2$ Hz in such a way that the amplitude increased in one ear and decreased in the other ear. This modulation created a perception of moving sound. When one ear heard the sound with higher amplitude it assumed the sound to be moving towards that ear whereas the ear hearing the lower amplitude sound took that the sound was moving away. This produced the effect as though the sound was moving in a horizontal plane around the head. There was a phase of $0.568$ seconds between the advancing or the rising and receding or the falling stimuli. The slopes of the amplitude of the rising or falling sound were exponential. The stimulus was presented through headphones, connected to a computer through a custom electronic interface. The sound was played at a sensation level around $50$ db. The ultimate perception produced was that of a rotating sound moving in a horizontal plane inside the brain. The duration of the stimuli was $9.5$ minutes. This duration was chosen to ensure that the subject perceived the effect in its optimum potential. No subject experienced nausea or episode of vertigo during or after the playback of the stimuli. The stimuli were given in a sound proof room with the subjects in recumbent position.
Subjects and Measurements
=========================
Thirty one subjects ($11$ male, $20$ female with average age $36\pm 12$ yrs) volunteered for the study. All of the subjects were explained about the study and all of them gave their consent for the study. All the subjects were healthy and were not on any kind of medication. There was no history of any type of nervous system disorder. The study was approved by the ethical committee of IIT Kharagpur, India. ECG data was taken from three limb leads. Patients were in supine condition. Sampling rate was $500$ Hz with a resolution of $12$ bit. A pre stimuli ECG was taken for $10$ mins. Then the subjects listened to the gyrosonic stimulus. The post stimulation ECG for $10$ mins was recorded after a gap of $10$ mins from the end of the stimulation. Whole $10$ mins data of ECG for both pre and post stimuli was analyzed after selecting the sinus beats only. Ectopic beats were detected visually and deleted manually. RR interval or better to say normal beat to normal beat interval was detected through the Origin software. The non linear analysis like the Poincare$\acute{}$ plot and the Dretended Fluctuation analysis were done with program written in Matlab Software. The linear HRV analysis was done using standard program.
Data analysis
=============
During the analysis of HRV we have strictly followed the Task Force guideline of HRV analysis\[13\]. In linear time domain the heart rate (HR), standard deviation (SD) of RR interval (basically the normal beat to normal beat interval), root-mean squared successive differences (RMSDD) were calculated. The ratio of SD/RMSDD was considered to be a good measure of the sympatho-vagal balance \[14\]. In the frequency domain, the power spectral density for the low frequency ($0.04$-$0.15$ Hz) and the power spectral density for the high frequency ($0.015$-$0.5$ Hz) were calculated. The distribution of power and the central frequency of LF and HF were not fixed. They usually vary in relation to changes in the autonomic modulation of the heart. According to the Task Force Guideline the RMSDD represented the HF variability and the total variability of the RR interval data was reflected by the SD. The parameters SD1 and SD2, as described earlier, were the width and the length of the ellipse. The ellipse was fitted to the Poincare plot of RRN+M vs RRN where M is the lag number. SD1 and SD2 were calculated for lag M from the relation :SD1 = $(\Phi(M) - \Phi(0))^{1/2}$ and SD2 = $(\Phi(M) + \Phi(0))^{1/2}$ where the auto-covariance function $\Phi$(M) is given by\
$\Phi(M)$ =$E[(RR_N - \bar{RR}) (RR_{N+M} - \bar{RR})]$.
\[16\].
The long term correlation in RR-time sequence was assessed by Detrended Fluctuation Analysis \[22\]. The measure of correlation was given by a scaling exponent ($\alpha$) of the fluctuation function $F(\tau)\approx \tau^\alpha$. The computation of fluctuation function $F(\tau)$ was done in the following way. For a given time sequence $R(t_i)$, $t_i = i \delta t$ where $\delta t$ is characteristic time interval for the sequence and i=1,N , an integrated time series $r(t_i)$ was defined as $r(t_i)=\sum_j^i [R(t_j)-R_m]$, $i=1, N$ where $R_m$ was the mean of $R(t_i)$. The integrated series was divided into boxes of equal size of time $\tau=n\delta t$ and linear function was used to fit box data. The fluctuation function $F(\tau)$ was calculated as root mean square fluctuations relative to the linear trend. The power law behaviour of $F(\tau)$ provided the scaling exponent. It has been observed that acceptable estimate of the scaling exponent $\alpha$ (from DFA) can be obtained from analysis of data sets of length $256$ samples or greater (equivalent to approximately $3.5$ min for RR data at a heart rate of $70$ bpm). The analysis of RR data for period of $10$ min time interval was therefore expected to provide an adequate measure of the scaling exponent.
Results and discussions
=======================
The results of linear analysis of HRV is summarized in Figs.1. The Fig.1 depicts the mean value of HR , the mean of SD and RMSSD in RR-interval of all subjects. In all figures presented here the term PRE and PST indicate respectively before and after gyrosonic stimulation. The heart rate was changed from $83.1$ to $81.8$ per min. The slowing down of HR was found to be more for subject with higher initial HR. Both SD and RMSSD were increased in post stimulation. The LF and HF components of spectral power in RR-interval were also increased after stimulation (Fig.1). The increase in LF- power was more than that of HF component. However, the ratio of LF/HF power was decreased in post condition.The changes of all the above parameters are with $p<0.05$
In Fig.2 the lagged Poincare$\acute{}$ plot of a subject was presented with lag of 1,5,9 and 13 plot. The left and right part of the figure represent respectively the situation before and after gyrosonic stimulus. As lag number increased the plot became more scattered with consequent increase in both width and length of the plot. After stimulation the $RR_{N+M}$ vs $RR_N$ plot were more scattered, and center of the plot was shifted to higher value indicating slower heart rate.
The group average values of parameters SD1, SD2 (both in sec.) and SD12 (SD1/SD2) obtained from corresponding values of individual subject were plotted against lagged number M (Fig.3 points), Both parameters SD1 and SD2 were increasing function of lagged number.After gyrosonic stimulation (PST) their values were higher than those before stimulation (PRE) and the growth rate of SD1 with M is also higher. The result points out that the gyrosonic stimulation can enhance both short and long time correlation of heart beat. The ratio SD12 (points) in post stimulation state was higher than that in pre-state and the difference increased with lag number. The difference between the values of all three parameters before and after stimulation was found to be significant ($p<0.001$). In order to find the relationship of these parameters with lag number M the method of Pade$\acute{}$ approximant \[23\] was used. Assuming simple form of the Pade$\acute{}$ approximant for SD’s as\
$$Y=\frac{a+bM}{c+dM}= \chi \frac{1+\beta M}{1+\gamma M}$$ the ratio of polynomial in M of degree one. Here Y = SD1, SD2 or SD12 and $\chi = a/c$, $\beta = b/a$ and $\gamma = d/c$ were taken as the new unknown parameters. The above equation was chosen by examining trend for small M and large M. For small M, Y increased linearly and deviated at higher M. As shown below, the equ.(1) was found to be an excellent representation of the observed dependence of SD’s on M (solid line in Fig.3). When expressed for small M the equ.(1) can be approximated as $Y = C + L M + Q M^2$ where L =$\chi (\beta - \gamma)$ and Q = - $\gamma L$. It is to be noted that such variation of these parameters for small M were also found earlier \[18\]. The values for L and Q were given in table 1. It was evident that the magnitude of slope and curvature of SD1 after gyrosonic stimulation were increased considerably. On the other hand, the linear coefficient for SD2 increased slightly and curvature remained essentially unaltered. The ratio SD12 for different M for each subject was calculated and the mean value of the ratio was plotted with M in Fig.3 (points in lower curve). The data were excellently fitted by the equation (1) (solid curve) with the parameters value noted in table.1. The ratio SD12 exhibited a larger change in both slope and curvature. The gyrosonic stimulation resulted respectively ${89\%}$ and $44$ percent increase in the magnitude of curvature and slope of SD12.
a $\chi$x$10^{-2}$ $\beta$x$10^{-2} $ $\gamma$x$10^{-2} $ $R^2$ x$10^{-2}$ L x$10^{-3}$ Q x$10^{-4}$
------ ----- ------------------ -------------------- --------------------- ------------------ --------------- ----------------
SD1 PRE $1.34\pm0.02$ $25.52\pm0.85$ $2.15\pm0.11$ $99.99$ $3.14\pm0.13$ $-0.67\pm0.02$
PST $1.68\pm0.02$ $27.25\pm0.96$ $2.56\pm0.12$ $99.98$ $4.14\pm0.2$ $-1.06\pm0.12$
SD2 PRE $3.54\pm0.03$ $15.07\pm0.56$ $3.12\pm0.17$ $99.98$ $4.23\pm0.31$ $-1.32\pm0.1$
PST $4.11\pm0.04$ $13.74\pm0.53$ $2.94\pm0.17$ $99.97$ $4.44\pm0.34$ $-1.31\pm0.11$
SD12 PRE $38.4\pm0.24$ $18.43\pm0.73$ $8.74\pm0.32$ $99.97$ $37.2\pm2.2$ $-32.5\pm2.7$
PST $40.04\pm0.4$ $24.58\pm1.1$ $11.4\pm0.5$ $99.95$ $53.7\pm2.5$ $-61.4\pm2.3$
: The value of parameters $\chi$, $\beta$, $\gamma$ obtained from fit of eq.(1) with respective value of $R^2$.The parameters L and Q are the coefficient of linear and quadratic terms in expansion of Y in terms of M. Values of $\chi$, L and Q for SD1 and SD2 are in second.
Similar analysis was performed for individual subject and it was found that the equation (1) represented quite well with $R^2 \sim0.999$. The values of L and Q for individual subject for pre and post-stimulation were depicted in Fig.4. Except for few (five to six) subjects the slope and magnitude of curvature increased after gyrosonic stimulation. Earlier study on subjects with cardiac illness had shown that the curvature of SD1 and SD12 curves were much reduced compared to those for normal subjects \[17\]. Based on this result it can be argued that the augmentation of the curvature due to gyrosonic stimulation can then be taken as an indicator of better cardio-dynamics. The gyrosonic may be acting as a ’reward’ signal for improvement of sympathovagal balance.\
The coefficient $\alpha$ and its distribution of detrended fluctuation analysis for subjects was plotted in Fig.5a and 5b respectively for pre and post state of stimulation. The gyrosonic stimulation produced a decrease in the coefficient $\alpha$ for most of subjects and mean for the group is lowered. The mean of $\alpha$ for group changes from $0.93\pm0.02$ to $0.82\pm0.02$ after stimulation with a p value of $0.003$. It is to be noted that no significant changes were found in the above mentioned parameters in a group of subjects when we used various monotonous single frequency sound stimulation instead of gyrosonic stimuli.
Conclusions
===========
The ECG data for short duration ($10$ min) is used to analyze the heart rate variability in time and frequency domain in order to assess the influence of novel gyro-sonic stimulation. It is found that the values of parameters SD1, SD2 and their ratio $SD12$ that quantify the Poincare$\acute{}$ analysis of $RR_N$ interval become higher in post stimulation. The variation of these parameters with lag number is represented by an equation that fits excellently the data of SD’s for group average and individual. The coefficients of linear and quadratic (curvature) term of $SD12$ (and $SD1$) vs M relationship are enhanced due to gyrosonic stimulation.The equation (1) is an important findind as it provides the quantitative maesure of variation of SD12 with M - in particular the curvature of the plot which as appears from this and earlier \[18\] can be taken as a good measure of state of cardio-dynamics.The coefficient $\alpha$ of DFA is also decreased in post stimulation state. Gyrosonic stimulation of short duration reduces the heart rate and enhances SD and RMSSD. In frequency domain both LF and HF power are higher in post stimulation condition. The trend of the changes of most of the indicators of HRV supports the hypothesis that gyrosonic has the capacity to influence sympatho-vagal regulation in a favorable way and the gyrosonic can be considered as reward signal for improvement of autonomic activity. The importance of sympatho-vagal regulation on various diseases has already established.So, there is a possibility that the gyrosonic may act through improvement in autonomic regulation. However, more work on a larger group of patients with different health conditions are needed for establishing all aspects of gyrosonic.
Acknowledgement
===============
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Biomedical Signal analysis group, Department of Applied Physics ,Univ. of Kuopio, Finland for allowing to use HRV software, Dr S. Mazumdar for his critical comments and Mr S. Ghosh for his technical help.
References
==========
\[1\] Recordati G. A thermodynamic model of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical 2003; 103: 1-12.
\[2\] Chambers AS, Allen JJB. Cardiac vagal control, emotion, psychopathology, and health . Biological Psychology 2007; 74: 113-115.
\[3\] Curtis BM,O’Keefe JH. Autonomic Tone as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: The Dangers of Chronic Fight or Flight. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2002; 77: 45-54.
\[4\] Iwananga M, Moroki Y. Subjective and physiological responses to music stimuli controlled over activity and preference. Journal of Music Therapy1999; 36: 26-38.
\[5\] Blair RW and Thompson GM. Convergence of multiple sensory inputs onto neurons in the dorsolateral medulla in cats. Neuroscience 2002; 67 : 721-729.
\[6\] Salamon E, Kim M, Beaulieu J, Stefano GB. Sound therapy induces relaxation : down regulating stress processes and pathologies. Med Sci Monit 2002; 9 : RA96-RA101.
\[7\] Griffiths TD, Bench CJ and Frackowiak RS. Human cortical areas selectively activated by apparent sound movement. Curr. Biol 1994; 4: 892-895.
\[8\] Xiang J, Chuang S, Wilson D, Otsubo H, Pang E, Holowka S, Sharma S, Ochi A, Chitoku S. Sound motion evoked magnetic fields Clinical Neurophysiology 2002;113: 1-9.
\[9\] Griffiths TD, Rees G, Rees A, Green GG, Witton C, Rowe D, Buchel C, Turner R, Frackowiak RSJ. Right parietal cortex is involved in the perception of sound movement in humans. Nature Neuroscience 1998; 1: 74-79.
\[10\] Bandopadhyay S, Mandal MK, Chakrabarti PP, Ghatak SK, Chowdhury R, Ray S. Moving sound reduces arousal in psychosomatic patients. Intern. J. Noeuroscience 2006 ; 116 : 915-20.
\[11\] Malliani A, Pagani M, Lombardi F, Cerutti S. Cardiovascular neural regulation explored in the frequency domain.Circulation 1991; 84: 482 - 492.
\[12\] Hayano J, Skakibara Y, Yamada A, Yamada M, Mukai S, Fujinami T, Yokoyama K, Watanabe Y, Takata K. Accuracy of assessment of cardiac vagal tone by heart rate variability in normal subjects. The American Journal of Cardiology 1991; 67: 199-204.
\[13\] Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Heart Rate Variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation, and clinical use. Circulation 1996; 93(5): 1043-65.
\[14\]Woo MA, Stevenson WG, Moser DK, Trelease RB, Harper RM. Patterns of beat -to-beat heart rate variability in advanced heart failure. Am Heart J1992; 123: 704-10.
\[15\] Tulppo MP, Makikallio TH, Takala TE, Seppanen T, Hurikuri HV. Quantitative beat-to-beat analysis of heart rate dynamics during exercise. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 1996; 271: H244-H252.
\[16\] Brennan M, Palaniswami M, Kamen P. Do existing measures of Poincare plot geometry reflect nonlinear features of heart rate variability?. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2001; 48: 1342-1347.
\[17\] Lerma C, Infante O, Perez-Grovas H, Jose MV. Poincare plot indexes of heart rate variability capture dynamic adaptations after haemodialysis in chronic renal failure patients. Clin Physiol. Funct. Im 2003; 23: 72-80.
\[18\] Thakre TP, Smith ML. Loss of lag-response curvilinearity of indices of heart rate variability in congestive heart failure. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 2003; 6: 7.
\[19\] Contrearas P, Canetti R, Migliaro ER. Correlation between frequency-domain HRV indices and lagged Poincare plot width in healthy and diabatic subjects. Physiol Meas 2007; 28: 85.
\[20\] Shi P, Zhu Y, Allen J, Hu S. Analysis of pulse rate variability derived from photoplethysmography with the combination of lagged Poincare plots and spectral characteristics. Medical Engineering and Physics 2009; 31: 866-871.
\[21\] Bak P, Tang C, Wiesenfeld K. Self-organized criticality: An explanation of the 1/f noise. Phys. Rev. Lett 1987; 59: 381-384.
\[22\] Peng CK, Havlin S, Stanley HE, Goldberger AL. Quantification of scaling exponents and crossover phenomena in nonstationary heartbeat time series. Chaos 1995; 5: 82-87.
\[23\] Rodrigiuez E, Lerma C, Echeverria JC, Alvarez-Ramlrez J. ECG scaling properties of cardiac arrhythmias using detrend fluctuation analysis. Physiol. Meas 2008; 29: 1255-1266.
|
For the third time since his arrest for the alleged murder of Bay St. Louis resident Maurice Colly in 2012, suspect Glen Davis has changed his attorney.
Davis, 44, appeared in Hancock County Circuit Court on Tuesday and asked Judge John Gargiulo to allow him to hire local attorney Brian Alexander to represent him.
Davis fired two public defenders who had been appointed to represent him last year and attorney Phil Whittman was then appointed to represent him.
Davis told Gargiulo that he was not happy with Whittman's services either and that his family had hired Alexander.
Whittman told Gargiulo that he would not object to Davis hiring Alexander and Gargiulo agreed to the change.
Davis, who has been dubbed the "Gulf Coast Casanova," was indicted on one count of murder and one count of grand larceny last August.
He was arrested on Aug. 17, 2012 for the murder which took place on March 6, 2012. His preliminary hearing was conducted in Bay St. Louis Municipal Court on Sept. 19, 2012.
At the hearing, police said Davis killed Colly, stuffed his body in the trunk of his car, and then skipped town.
Davis was on the lam for several months and featured on the nationally televised show "America's Most Wanted."
He was captured by authorities in Michigan in August 2012 and returned to Mississippi.
Alexander said Tuesday that he believes Davis has been "unfairly portrayed" by law enforcement officers and the media.
"There has been a gross mis-characterization of Mr. Davis," Alexander said. "I am looking forward to being able to tell Mr. Davis' side of the story."
Gargiulo said that Davis' trial is still set for April 7, 2014, despite the change of attorney.
He ordered Whittman to turn over all of the discovery evidence in the case related to Alexander.
Alexander said Whittman has given him most, if not all, of the discovery, which includes more than 1,600 pages of documents and 22 discs.
Alexander said he may need some extra time to go through all of the evidence.
"I will most likely ask for a continuance because of the volume of information we will have to go through," Alexander said.
Alexander said he does not believe he will ask for a change of venue in the case.
Davis told Gargiulo that he was happy with Alexander so far.
"I am just trying to prepare for my trial and the previous lawyers have not been coming to see me," he said. |
Q:
Can anyone help me our in understanding this particular example of union?
union {
unsigned char raw[8];
struct {
uint8_t gz_method;
uint8_t flag;
uint32_t mtime;
uint8_t xtra_flags_UNUSED;
uint8_t os_flags_UNUSED;
} PACKED formatted;
} header;
I am aware that the memory allocated by union is the maximum of its variables. but here is it that it allocates memory as that taken by the struct?
A:
The whole union will take 8 bytes, because that's the size of its largest member.
Actually, in this case, both members have the same number of bytes (8). So, there are two ways to access to data: directly byte by byte or field by field.
|
package io.objectbox.example.relation;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.graphics.Typeface;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.text.Spannable;
import android.text.SpannableString;
import android.text.style.StyleSpan;
import android.util.Log;
import android.widget.TextView;
import java.util.List;
import io.objectbox.Box;
import io.objectbox.query.QueryBuilder;
import io.objectbox.relation.ToMany;
/** ObjectBox relations example (https://docs.objectbox.io/relations) */
public class RelationActivity extends Activity {
private TextView textViewLog;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.main);
textViewLog = findViewById(R.id.textViewLog);
long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
ordersAndCustomers();
studentsAndTeachers();
long time = System.currentTimeMillis() - start;
log("\nDone in " + time + "ms");
}
/**
* Demonstrates a one-to-many (1:N) relation.
* Order has a to-one to Customer.
* Customer has a to-many backlink to Order.
*/
private void ordersAndCustomers() {
Box<Customer> customerBox = ObjectBox.get().boxFor(Customer.class);
Box<Order> orderBox = ObjectBox.get().boxFor(Order.class);
// Remove all previous object to have clear start for simplicity's sake
customerBox.removeAll();
orderBox.removeAll();
logTitle("Add a customer with an order (using to-one)");
Customer customer = new Customer();
Order order1 = new Order();
order1.customer.setTarget(customer);
orderBox.put(order1);
logOrders(orderBox, customer);
logTitle("Add two orders to the customer (from the other side of the relation using the to-many backlink)");
customer.orders.reset(); // just to be on the safe side before adding
customer.orders.add(new Order());
customer.orders.add(new Order());
customerBox.put(customer);
logOrders(orderBox, customer);
logTitle("Remove (delete) the first order object");
orderBox.remove(order1);
logOrders(orderBox, customer);
logTitle("Remove an order from the to-many relation (does not delete the order object)");
customer.orders.reset();
customer.orders.remove(0);
customerBox.put(customer);
logOrders(orderBox, customer);
}
private void logOrders(Box<Order> orderBox, Customer customer) {
List<Order> ordersQueried = orderBox.query().equal(Order_.customerId, customer.id).build().find();
log("Customer " + customer.id + " has " + ordersQueried.size() + " orders");
for (Order order : ordersQueried) {
log("Order " + order.id + " related to customer " + order.customer.getTargetId());
}
log("");
}
/**
* Demonstrates a to-many relation.
* Student has a to-many to Teacher.
*/
private void studentsAndTeachers() {
Box<Student> studentBox = ObjectBox.get().boxFor(Student.class);
Box<Teacher> teacherBox = ObjectBox.get().boxFor(Teacher.class);
// Remove all previous object to have clear start for simplicity's sake
studentBox.removeAll();
teacherBox.removeAll();
logTitle("Add two students and two teachers; first student has two teachers, second student has one teacher");
Teacher obiWan = new Teacher("Obi-Wan Kenobi");
Teacher yoda = new Teacher("Yoda");
Student luke = new Student("Luke Skywalker");
luke.teachers.add(obiWan);
luke.teachers.add(yoda);
Student anakin = new Student("Anakin Skywalker");
anakin.teachers.add(obiWan);
studentBox.put(luke, anakin);
logTeachers(studentBox, teacherBox);
// https://docs.objectbox.io/queries
logTitle("Query for all students named \"Skywalker\" taught by \"Yoda\"");
QueryBuilder<Student> builder = studentBox.query().contains(Student_.name, "Skywalker");
builder.link(Student_.teachers).equal(Teacher_.name, yoda.name);
List<Student> studentsTaughtByYoda = builder.build().find();
log("There is " + studentsTaughtByYoda.size() + " student taught by Yoda: "
+ studentsTaughtByYoda.get(0).name);
log("");
logTitle("Remove first teacher from first student");
luke.teachers.remove(obiWan);
luke.teachers.applyChangesToDb(); // more efficient than studentBox.put(student1);
logTeachers(studentBox, teacherBox);
logTitle("Remove student of second teacher using backlink");
yoda.students.clear();
yoda.students.applyChangesToDb();
logTeachers(studentBox, teacherBox);
}
private void logTeachers(Box<Student> studentBox, Box<Teacher> teacherBox) {
log("There are " + teacherBox.count() + " teachers");
List<Student> students = studentBox.getAll();
for (Student student : students) {
ToMany<Teacher> teachersToMany = student.teachers;
for (Teacher teacher : teachersToMany) {
log("Student " + student.id + " is taught by teacher " + teacher.id);
}
}
log("");
}
private void log(String message) {
Log.d(App.TAG, message);
textViewLog.append(message + "\n");
}
private void logTitle(String message) {
Log.d(App.TAG, ">>> " + message + " <<<");
Spannable spannableString = new SpannableString(message.concat("\n"));
StyleSpan span = new StyleSpan(Typeface.BOLD);
spannableString.setSpan(span, 0, spannableString.length(), Spannable.SPAN_EXCLUSIVE_EXCLUSIVE);
textViewLog.append(spannableString);
}
} |
Torsten Frings scores his first goal for Toronto. The captain celebrates with the entire team after giving the Reds a 1-0 lead. |
In the United States Court of Federal Claims
OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
No. 19-483V
UNPUBLISHED
ASHLEY MCGLONE, Chief Special Master Corcoran
Petitioner, Filed: May 20, 2020
v.
Special Processing Unit (SPU);
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND Vaccine Rule 21(a); Order
HUMAN SERVICES, Concluding Proceedings
Respondent.
Isaiah Richard Kalinowski, Maglio Christopher & Toale, PA, Washington, DC, for
petitioner.
Darryl R. Wishard, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.
ORDER CONCLUDING PROCEEDINGS 1
On May 20, 2020, the Petitioner filed a Stipulation of Dismissal on behalf of the
parties in the above-captioned case.
Accordingly, pursuant to Vaccine Rule 21 (a), the above-captioned case is
hereby dismissed without prejudice. The Clerk of the Court is hereby instructed that
a judgment shall not enter in the instant case pursuant to Vaccine Rule 21(a).
IT IS SO ORDERED.
s/Brian H. Corcoran
Brian H. Corcoran
Chief Special Master
1 Because this unpublished ruling contains a reasoned explanation for the action in this case, I am
required to post it on the United States Court of Federal Claims' website in accordance with the E-
Government Act of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012) (Federal Management and Promotion of
Electronic Government Services). This means the ruling will be available to anyone with access to
the internet. In accordance with Vaccine Rule 18(b), Petitioner has 14 days to identify and move to
redact medical or other information, the disclosure of which would constitute an unwarranted invasion of
privacy. If, upon review, I agree that the identified material fits within this definition, I will redact such
material from public access.
.
|
This Novel, Handmade Bike Is 17 Pounds Of Sexy
Challenging the tradition of the bike frame by getting rid of a big chunk of it.
Bikes haven’t been just about mobility for a long time. At a glance, you can tell whether a bike’s owner is an adult or a child, outdoorsy or urban, hippie or hipster. That’s why Rizoma, an Italian motorcycle accessory company, has designed a bicycle to be a fashion statement.
"We were looking for a cycle not for sport, but something different, like a dress!" explains CEO Fabrizio Rigolio. The result was the 77|011 Metropolitan, an aluminum and carbon fiber bike that weighs a mere 17 pounds, yet has its own performance completely overshadowed by unique design. The difference—that your eyes have probably noticed without your brain processing—is the bike’s lack of an extended seat tube. Without that long, straight bar in the way, the frame ever so slightly bubbles outward, featuring curves you simply don’t see in this medium.
Rizoma says that the frame is "geometrically perfect," distributing the rider’s weight to negate the need for the seat tube. Even in a mostly transparent bike frame, it creates an airy effect well-complemented by the minimal belt-drive propulsion system. That belt is good for 9,000 miles of biking, and with a pull of a lever and the flip of a tire, switches from fixed gear to single speed.
Notably, Rizoma both designed and is manufacturing every component of the 77|011, assembling it onsite at their headquarters in Italy. Then again, you don’t reimagine the status quo by outsourcing. If you’d like one of your own, the 77|011 is available now for $4,800.
Add New Comment
11Comments
Bicycles are about as difficult to design as chairs but there are those who can do it well.They have very clear performance criteria that has shaped the way the standard design has evolved and It's all been done before. The designer has to decide whether they want to have a functional design or fashionable design. This one is definitely fashion, so in that sense they have met their brief. Unfortunately the product of their vision isn't innovative, every concept or limited edition bike these days has a carbon drive system so this is not new nor even a product of their creation and the removal of the seat tube has been done many times before and really doesn't achieve anything except maybe to make it easier for the riders fashionable bell bottoms or summer dress to get caught in the wheel.
I'm happy that these designers got it that 'form follows function'. So for a bicycle to use in the city (with potholes, bumps, etc.), it's only obvious you would remove all the suspension found in a regular city bicycle. I.e. a modern steel tubing and wide tires. This way the rider has a better 'experience' of the city (i.e. he or she feels every uneven inch of road).
Also it's very obvious it's a fashion bicycle and not a sports bicycle. I mean: what have narrow tires, 37mm brakes, a sporty mirror-design, a -very- sporty position (notice the saddle is a bit higher than the handlebar) and a large gear ratio (big chainring vs. small cog) got to do with sports? It would be crazy to think those are better suitable on sporty bicycles, right?
Also it occurs to me that 'fashion' is only important during daylight. Therefor eliminating the need for a headlight, rear light and reflectors. Who needs accessories anyway? (Oh, wait, Rizoma -IS- an accessory company...)
Then there seem to be a few different variants: without brake, front brake only (37mm, that is...) and a version with both brakes (both 37mm...). The latter one has the rear brake on the dirtiest spot of the whole bicycle (behind the bottom bracket), which is of course very functional. Because if someone wants to brake then, first of all the rim gets cleaned by the brake, and only after the rim is about clean the brake will start to function. It would be silly to assume any need for a well-working brake, right?
Lastly I think the manufacturer will have a hard time finding someone measuring 165cm tall with an inside leg length of at least 91cm...
I have some feeling that something isn't quite right here, but I can't put my finger on it...
the traditional frame design is the most efficient for a bicycle, removing sections of it require the remaining parts to be reinforced to such a degree that to maintain the original stiffness and strength that any expected weight savings would be nulified. frustrating that such a perfect design is not celebrated by designers, instead constantly "improved" like this |
Q:
Why I'm getting this message: "Interface cannot be used (error 229)"
I've plugged an USB NFC/RFID reader, model ACR112U-A9 provided by ACS Ltd.
Although it is plugged I can't read anything and I keep getting this logs in console:
09/06/15 14:13:00,901 com.apple.SecurityServer[83]: reader ACS ACR122U PICC Interface: state changed 16 -> 34
09/06/15 14:13:00,902 com.apple.SecurityServer[83]: token in reader ACS ACR122U PICC Interface cannot be used (error 229)
09/06/15 14:13:01,249 com.apple.SecurityServer[83]: reader ACS ACR122U PICC Interface: state changed 32 -> 18
How can I solve this issue? Do you know what is the error 229 and why it's triggered?
A:
I found a solution: You need to download the ACS ACR122U Drivers for Mac OS X 10.x.
Here the download page and the direct link for PC/SC Driver Installer 1.1.0 (Mac 10.5, Mac 10.6, Mac 10.7, Mac 10.8, Mac 10.9, Mac 10.10) (2014-09-17 306KB).
You have to install it even if the installer is not properly signed.
It will install the useful driver in: /usr/libexec/SmartCardServices/drivers/ifd-acsccid.bundle
Now you are able to use the card reader.
If you want to test it out, I made a simple project here.
|
%% Issue 119, February 2007, of the Active Galaxies Newsletter is
%% now available (as a postscript (gzipped), pdf, LaTeX file or html)
%% at:
%%
%% ******** http://www.manchester.ac.uk/jodrellbank/~agnews ********
%%
%% ************** [email protected] ****************
%%
%% *********** NOTE THE NEW WEB & EMAIL ADDRESS ABOVE ****************
%%
%% This new issue is also included below in its LaTeX version.
%%
%%
%% ********** IMPORTANT CHANGES TO THE NEWSLETTER ***********
%%
%%
%% Please note that the web & email addresses for the Active
%% Galaxies Newsletter has changed. This is part of a
%% rationalisation of servers at the newsletter's host institute.
%% This will be announced in due course. In the immediate future
%% the old web & email address will for forward to the new
%% addresses but please make note of the new address and change
%% your bookmarks.
%%
%% ************ A NEW SECTION FOR THE NEWSLETTER ***********
%%
%% ********* Submitted papers for discussion ***********
%%
%% It has recently been suggested to me by one of the contributers
%% and subscribers to the newsletter that a the inclusion of
%% recently submitted, but not refereed papers, in the newsletter
%% would be a useful addition. This section would allow authors to
%% disseminate there new and exciting work earlier to the community
%% and allow open discussion and feedback to the authors at an
%% early stage. As such from the next issue the newsletter will be
%% publishing abstracts, with associated web-links where the full
%% paper can be downloaded, of submitted but not accepted papers.
%% This will be an additional and separate section in the
%% newsletter and clearly labelled. In addition to the abstract
%% authors will be able to optionally include a short paragraph
%% with additional comments regarding the work. In addition to
%% appearing in the newsletter these contributions will also be
%% posted on the Newsletter's web-pages promptly following their
%% receipt.
%%
%% It is hoped that this new section will be popular and useful to
%% the subscribers and readers by allowing very prompt
%% dissemination and hence discussion of new results amongst a
%% targeted group of researchers.
%%
%%
%% As always as editor of the newsletter I am very interested to hear
%% any suggestions or feedback regarding the newsletter. So do not hesitate
%% in emailing me your suggestions.
%%
%% Many thanks for your continued subscription.
%%
%% Rob Beswick
%%
%%=====================================================================
%% Active Galaxies Newsletter
%% Web - http://www.manchester.ac.uk/jodrellbank/~agnews
%% Email enquiries & Submissions - [email protected]
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------
%% Dr Rob Beswick |
%% University of Manchester, |
%% Jodrell Bank Observatory, |
%% Macclesfield, Cheshire, | Email : [email protected]
%% SK11 9DL, United Kingdom | Web : http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~rbeswick/
%%=====================================================================
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%
%% Issue 119- (LaTeX Version)
%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\documentclass{article}
\textwidth 18cm \textheight 23cm \oddsidemargin -1cm \topmargin 0cm
\parskip 0.15cm
\parindent 0pt
\small
\begin{document}
\def\izq#1{\hbox to -1.5pt{\hss#1}}
\arrayrulewidth 0.04cm
%VERSION 3
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|p{6.0cm}|p{8.5cm}|} \hline
& \\
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{\hspace{0.5cm}\LARGE\bf\sf Active}
& \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\large\em An electronic publication dedicated to}\\ [0.3cm]
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{\hspace{0.5cm}\LARGE\bf\sf Galaxies} & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\large\em the observation and theory of}\\ [0.3cm]
\multicolumn{1}{|l|}{\hspace{0.5cm}\LARGE\bf\sf Newsletter} & \multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\large\em active galaxies}\\ [0.3cm]
\hline
& \\
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\large\bf\sf No. 119 --- February 2007 } &
\multicolumn{1}{|c|}{\bf\sf Editor: Rob Beswick ([email protected])} \\ [-0.1cm]
& \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\small
\begin{center}
{\Large\em Accepted Abstracts - Submitted Abstracts - Thesis Abstracts\\
Jobs Adverts - Meetings Adverts - Special Announcements}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
{\Large\sf From the Editor}
\end{center}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
The Active Galaxies Newsletter is produced monthly. The deadline for
contributions is the last friday of the month. The Latex macros for
submitting abstracts and dissertation abstracts are appended to each
issue of the newsletter and are also available on the web page.
\begin{center}
{\bf IMPORTANT CHANGES TO THE NEWSLETTER}
\end{center}
Please note that the web \& email addresses for the Active Galaxies
Newsletter has changed. This is part of a rationalisation of servers at the
newsletter's host institute. This will be announced in due course. In the
immediate future the old web \& email address will for forward to the new
addresses but please make note of the new address and change your
bookmarks.
\vspace*{0.5cm}
{\large
{\bf THE NEW EMAIL ADDRESS IS: \hspace*{3cm} [email protected]}
\vspace*{0.3cm}
{\bf THE WEB-PAGE ADDRESS IS: \hspace*{0.3cm}
http://www.manchester.ac.uk/jodrellbank/$\sim$agnews}}
\vspace*{0.5cm}
\begin{center}
{\bf A NEW SECTION FOR THE NEWSLETTER:}
{\large\em Submitted papers for discussion }
\end{center}
It has recently been suggested to me by one of the contributers and
subscribers to the newsletter that a the inclusion of recently submitted,
but not refereed papers, in the newsletter would be a useful addition. This
section would allow authors to disseminate there new and exciting work
earlier to the community and allow open discussion and feedback to the
authors at an early stage. As such from the next issue the newsletter will
be publishing abstracts, with associated web-links where the full paper can
be downloaded, of submitted but not accepted papers. This will be an
additional and separate section in the newsletter and clearly labelled. In
addition to the abstract authors will be able to optionally include a short
paragraph with additional comments regarding the work. In addition to
appearing in the newsletter these contributions will also be posted on the
Newsletter's web-pages promptly following their receipt.
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\begin{center}
Rob Beswick
\end{center}
%\vspace*{1cm}
\newpage
\begin{center}
{\Large\sf Abstracts of recently accepted papers}
\end{center}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{ The broad band spectrum and variability of NGC 4151 observed
by BeppoSAX}}
{\bf{ A. De Rosa$^1$, L. Piro$^1$, G.C Perola$^2$, M. Capalbi$^3$,
M. Cappi$^4$, P. Grandi$^4$, L. Maraschi$^5$ and P.O. Petrucci$^6$ }}
$^1$ {Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, INAF,
sezione di Roma, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Roma, Italy} \\
$^2$ {Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\`a degli
Studi ``Roma Tre'', Via della Vasca Navale 84, I--00146 Roma,
Italy} \\
$^3$ {ASI Science Data Center, c/o ESA-ESRIN, Via Galileo Galilei, 00044
Frascati, Italy}\\
$^4$ {Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, INAF, sezione di
Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129, Italy}\\
$^5$ {Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, INAF, Via Brera 28, Milan
I-20121, Italy}\\
$^6$ {Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, BP 43, 38041
Grenoble Cedex 9, France }
\def\sax{{\it BeppoSAX~}}
\def\41{NGC~4151}
{We present an analysis of all \sax observations of \41. This source was
observed 5 times from 1996 to 2001 with durations ranging from a day to
four days. The intrinsic continuum (described as a cut-off power law) is
absorbed at low energies by a complex system: a cold patchy absorber plus a
warm uniform screen photoionised by the central continuum. We find that
this ``dual absorber'' is the main driver of the observed variability, up
to a factor of eight, at 3 keV. In particular the covering fraction of the
cold absorber changes on time scales of the order of a day, supporting its
association with the broad-line region. The column density of the warm gas
varies on a longer time scale (months to year). Some of the small amplitude
spectral variability above 10 keV can be explained with an intrinsic
variation (with variation of the photon index $\Delta\Gamma \sim 0.2$). The
flux below 1 keV remains constant confirming an extended origin. Its
spectrum is reproduced by a combination of a thermal component (with
temperature $kT=0.15$ keV) and a power law with the same slope as the
intrinsic continuum, but with an intensity of a few percent. A Compton
reflection component is significantly detected in 1996 (averaged value of
$\Omega/2\pi \sim0.4$, with the solid angle $\Omega$ covered by the
reflecting medium), with intensity decreasing on a time scale of a year,
and it desappears in 2000 and 2001. The long time scale of variations
argues for an association with an optically thick torus at a distance of a
few light years. An iron line was detected in all spectra. Its energy is
consistent with fluorescence by cold iron. We find that the line is
variable. Its behaviour is reproduced by a variable component proportional
to the level of the reflection flux plus a constant component. The flux of
the latter is consistent with the extended line emission observed by {\it
Chandra}. We conclude that the first component likely arises from the torus
and the second is produced in the extended narrow-line region.}
{ Accepted by Astronomy \& Astrophysics }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint
available at
astro-ph/0611470 }
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{3D Radiative Transfer Modeling of Clumpy Dust Tori Around AGN}}
{\bf{ S.~F. H\"onig, T. Beckert, K. Ohnaka \ and G. Weigelt}}
{Max-Planck-Institut f\"ur Radioastronomie, Auf dem H\"ugel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany}
{We present 3-dimensional radiative transfer models for clumpy dust tori
around AGN (see H\"onig et al. 2006, A\&A, 452, 459). Our method combines
Monte Carlo simulations of individual dust clouds with the actual
3-dimensional distribution of clouds in the torus. The model has been
applied to NIR and MIR photometric and interferometric observations of
NGC~1068. For the first time, it is possible to simultaneously reproduce
both photometric and interferometric observations in the NIR and MIR. We
infer a luminosity $L=2\times10^{45}\,{\rm erg/s}$ and an inclination of
$i=70\deg$ for NGC~1068 from our model.}
{To appear in ``The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei'', ed. L.~C.
Ho and J.-M. Wang (San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2007)}
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0611946}
%\vspace*{0.6cm}
\newpage
{\large\bf{Modeling optical and UV polarization of AGNs I. Imprints of
individual scattering regions}}
{\bf{ Ren\'e W. Goosmann$^{1,2}$ \ and C. Martin Gaskell$^3$ }}
$^1$ {Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, Bo{\v c}ni II 1401,
14131 Prague, Czech Republic} \\
$^2$ {Observatoire de Paris - Meudon, 5 place Jules Janssen,
92190 Meudon, France} \\
$^3$ {Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Nebraska,
Lincoln, NE 68588-0111, USA}
{Spectropolarimetry of AGNs is a powerful tool for studying the structure
and kinematics of the inner regions of quasars. We wish to investigate the
effects of various AGN scattering region geometries on the polarized flux.
We introduce a new, publicly available Monte Carlo radiative transfer code,
{\sc Stokes}, which models polarization induced by scattering off free
electrons and dust grains. We model a variety of regions in AGNs. We find
that the shape of the funnel of the dusty torus has a significant impact on
the polarization efficiency. A compact torus with a steep inner surface
scatters more light toward type-2 viewing angles than a large torus of the
same half-opening angle, $\theta_0$. For $\theta_0 < 53^\circ$, the
scattered light is polarized perpendicularly to the symmetry axis, whilst
for $\theta_0 > 60^\circ$ it is polarized parallel to the symmetry axis. In
between these intervals the orientation of the polarization depends on the
viewing angle. The degree of polarization ranges between 0\% and 20\% and
is wavelength-independent for a large range of $\theta_0$. Observed
wavelength-independent optical and near-UV polarization thus does not
necessarily imply electron scattering. Spectropolarimetry at rest-frame
wavelengths less than 2500~\AA~may distinguish between dust and electron
scattering but is not conclusive in all cases. For polar dust, scattering
spectra are reddened for type-1 viewing angles, and made bluer for type-2
viewing angles. Polar electron-scattering cones are very efficient
polarizers at type-2 viewing angles, whilst the polarized flux of the torus
is weak. We predict that the net polarization of Seyfert-2 galaxies
decreases with luminosity, and conclude that the degree of polarization
should be correlated with the relative strength of the thermal IR flux.
We find that a flattened, equatorial, electron-scattering disk, of
relatively low optical depth, reproduces type-1 polarization. This is
insensitive to the exact geometry, but the observed polarization requires a
limited range of optical depth.}
{ Accepted by Astronomy \& Astrophysics }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
astro-ph/0507072}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{Reverberation Mapping of High-Luminosity Quasars: First Results}}
{\bf{ Shai~Kaspi$^{1,2}$, W. N. Brandt$^3$, Dan~Maoz$^1$, Hagai~Netzer$^1$,
Donald P. Schneider$^3$, and Ohad Shemmer$^3$ }}
$^1$ {School of Physics and Astronomy, Raymond and Beverly
Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978,
Israel} \\
$^2$ {Physics Department, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel} \\
$^3$ {Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey
Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802}
\newcommand \gtorder {\mathrel{\raise.3ex\hbox{$>$}\mkern-14mu
\lower0.6ex\hbox{$\sim$}}}
{Reverberation mapping of nearby active galactic nuclei has led to
estimates of broad-line-region (BLR) sizes and central-object masses for
some 37 objects to date. However, successful reverberation mapping has yet
to be performed for quasars of either high luminosity (above $L_{\rm
opt}\sim 10^{46}~{\rm erg~s}^{-1}$) or high redshift ($z\gtorder$\,0.3).
Over the past six years, we have carried out, at the Hobby-Eberly
Telescope, rest-frame-ultraviolet spectrophotometric monitoring of a sample
of six quasars at redshifts $z=2.2-3.2$, with luminosities of $L_{\rm
opt}\sim 10^{46.4}$--$10^{47.6}~{\rm erg~s}^{-1}$, an order of magnitude
greater than those of previously mapped quasars. The six quasars, together
with an additional five having similar redshift and luminosity properties,
were monitored photometrically at the Wise Observatory during the past
decade. All 11 quasars monitored show significant continuum variations of
order 10--70\%. This is about a factor of two smaller variability than for
lower luminosity quasars monitored over the same rest-frame period. In the
six objects which have been spectrophotometrically monitored, significant
variability is detected in the C{\sc iv}$\lambda1550$ broad emission line.
In several cases the variations track the continuum variations in the same
quasar, with amplitudes comparable to, or even greater than, those of the
corresponding continua. In contrast, no significant Ly$\alpha$ variability
is detected in any of the four objects in which it was observed. Thus, UV
lines may have different variability trends in high-luminosity and
low-luminosity AGNs. For one quasar, S5\,0836+71 at $z=2.172$, we measure
a tentative delay of 595 days between C{\sc iv} and UV-continuum
variations, corresponding to a rest-frame \ delay of 188 days and a central
\ black-hole mass of $2.6\times10^9 M_{\odot}$. }
{ Accepted by ApJ }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://arXiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0612722}
%\vspace*{0.6cm}
\newpage
{\large\bf{Near-infrared spectra of Seyfert galaxies and line
production mechanisms 9 10}}
{\bf{N. Jackson and R. J. Beswick}}
{The University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield,
Cheshire, SK11 9DL U.K.}
{New observations are reported of J-band spectra (1.04\,$\mu$m --
1.4\,$\mu$m) of three Seyfert 2 galaxies, Mkn 34, Mkn 78 and NGC 5929. In
each case the spectral range includes the near-infrared lines of [Fe{\sc
ii}], [P{\sc ii}], He{\sc i} and Pa$\beta$. Each Seyfert galaxy has a known
radio jet, and we investigate the infrared line ratios of the nuclear and
extended regions of each galaxy compared to the radio structure. In Mkn 34
there is a clear indication of an extranuclear region, probably coincident
with a shock induced by the radio jet, in which [Fe{\sc ii}] is
considerably enhanced, although the nuclear emission is almost certainly
the result of photoionization by the continuum of the active nucleus.
Similar effects in extranuclear regions are seen in the other objects, in
the case of Mkn 78 confirming recent studies by Ramos Almeida et al. A
possible detection of extranuclear [P{\sc ii}] emission suggests, if real,
that photoionization by the active nucleus is the dominant line excitation
mechanism over the whole source, including the regions coincident with the
radio jet.}
{ Accepted by MNRAS}
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint
http://arXiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701384}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{An Update on the X-ray transient Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxy
WPVS 007: {\it Swift} observations of UV variability and persistence
of X-ray faintness}}
{\bf{ Dirk Grupe$^{1}$,
Patricia Schady$^{1,2}$,
Karen M. Leighly$^{3}$,
Stefanie Komossa$^{4}$,
Paul T. O'Brien$^{5}$,
\& John A. Nousek$^{1}$}}
$^{1}$ {Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State
University, 525 Davey Lab, University Park, PA 16802}\\
$^{2}$ {Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking,
Surrey RH5 6NT, U.K.; email: [email protected]}\\
$^{3}$ {Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Oklahoma, 440 West Brooks Street, Norman, OK 73019; email:
[email protected]}\\
$^{4}$ {MPI f\"ur extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstr., D-85748
Garching,Germany; email: [email protected]}\\
$^{5}$ {Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of Leicester,
Leicester, LE1 7R, UK, email: [email protected]}
{We report on the detection of UV variability and the persistence of X-ray
faintness of the X-ray transient Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxy WPVS 007
based on the first year of monitoring this AGN with {\it Swift} between
2005 October and 2007 January. WPVS 007 has been an unusual source. While
being X-ray bright during the ROSAT All-Sky Survey it has been extremely
faint in all following X-ray observations. {\it Swift} also finds this NLS1
to be X-ray faint and not detected in the {\it Swift}~X-Ray Telescope at an
3$\sigma$ upper limit of $2.6\times 10^{-17}$ W m$^{-2}$ in the 0.3-10.0
keV band and confirms that the AGN is still in a low state. During the 2006
July and December observations with {\it Swift}'s UV-Optical Telescope
(UVOT) the AGN became fainter by about 0.2 mag in the UV filters and by
about 0.1 mag in V, B, and U compared with the 2005 October to 2006 January
and 2006 September/October observations followed by a rebrightening in the
2007 January observation. This variability can be caused either by a change
in the absorption column density and therefore the reddening in the UV, or
by flux variations of the central engine. We also noticed that the flux in
the UVOT filters agree with earlier measurements by the International
Ultraviolet Explorer taken between 1993-1995, but spectra taken by the
Hubble Space Telescope Faint Object Spectrograph show that WPVS 007 was
fainter in the UV by a factor of at least 2 in 1996. The flat optical/UV
spectrum suggests that some UV extinction is present in the spectrum, but
that alone cannot at all account for the dramatic fading in the X-ray flux.
Most likely we see a partial covering absorber in X-rays. Alternatively,
the current X-ray emission seen from WPVS 007 may also be the emission from
the host galaxy.}
{ Accepted for publication by the Astronomical Journal }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
astro-ph/0701564}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{FIRST `Winged' and `X'-shaped Radio Source Candidates}}
{\bf{ C.C. Cheung$^{1.,2}$}}
$^1$ {Jansky Postdoctoral Fellow, National Radio Astronomy Observatory}\\
$^2$ {Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford
University, Stanford CA 94305}
{A small number of double-lobed radio galaxies (17 from our own census of
the literature) show an additional pair of low surface brightness `wings',
thus forming an overall `X'-shaped appearance. The origin of the wings in
these radio sources is unclear. They may be the result of back-flowing
plasma from the currently active radio lobes into an asymmetric medium
surrounding the active nucleus, which would make these ideal systems in
which to study thermal/non-thermal plasma interactions in extragalactic
radio sources. Another possibility is that the wings are the aging radio
lobes left over after a (rapid) realignment of the central supermassive
black-hole/accretion disk system due perhaps to a merger. Generally, these
models are not well tested; with the small number of known examples,
previous works focused on detailed case studies of selected sources with
little attempt at a systematic study of a large sample. Using the VLA-FIRST
survey database, we are compiling a large sample of winged and X-shaped
radio sources for such studies. As a first step toward this goal, an
initial sample of 100 new candidate objects of this type are presented in
this paper. The search process is described, optical identifications from
available literature data, and basic radio data are presented. From the
limited resolution FIRST images ($\sim$5''), we can already confidently
classify a sufficient number of these objects as having the characteristic
wing lengths $>$80$\%$ of the active lobes to more than double the number
of known X-shaped radio sources. We have also included as candidates,
radio sources with shorter wings ($ 1 \ \mu \rm m$) bandpasses. By comparing to
instantaneous burst, stellar population synthesis models (Bruzual \&
Charlot 2003), we estimate that most of the clusters are consistent with
being $\sim$15 Myr old and have photometric masses ranging from $7 \times
10^{5} \rm M_ {\odot}$ to $4 \times 10^{7} \rm M_{\odot}$. The total
contribution to the star formation rate (SFR) from these clusters is
approximately $10 \rm M_{\odot} \ yr^{-1}$, or $\sim$10\% of the total SFR
in the nuclear region. We use these newly discovered clusters to estimate
the extinction toward NGC 6240's double nuclei, and find values of $ \rm
A_{V}$ as high as 14 magnitudes along some sightlines, with an average
extinction of $\rm A_{V} \sim 7$ mag toward sightlines within $\sim3$
arcsec of the double nuclei.}
{Accepted by ApJ}
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701514}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{The size of BLRs of low luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei}}
{\bf{ Xue-Guang Zhang$^{1,2}$, Dultzin-Hacyan D.$^1$ \ and Ting-Gui Wang$^2$ }}
$^1$ {Instituto de Astronom\'ia, Universidad Nacional Aut\'onoma de
M\'exico, Apdo Postal 70-264, M\'exico D. F. 04510, Mexico} \\
$^2$ {Center for Astrophysics, Department of astronomy and Applied
Physics, University of Science and Technology of China,
Hefei, Anhui, P.R.China}
{We study the size of BLRs of low luminosity Active Galactic Nuclei, also
called 'dwarf AGN', defined as having ($L_{H\alpha}\le10^{41}{\rm erg\cdot
s^{-1}}$). We more than double the sample size analyzed previously (Wang \&
Zhang 2003, hereafter Paper I). In this study we first confirm our previous
result that the sizes of BLRs of low luminosity AGN are larger than the
ones expected from the empirical relation $R_{BLRs} - L_{H\alpha}$ valid
for 'normal' AGN: Seyfert 1s and quasars, except for the objects with
accretion rate $\dot{m_{H\alpha}}>10^{-5.5}$. Second, we find a positive
correlation between the line width of the narrow emission line (as tracer
of velocity dipersion and thus bulge and black hole mass) and the size of
BLRs for both normal and low luminosity AGN. In this paper we find a
non-linear dependence of the BLRs sizes of low luminosity AGN on BH masses.
We also show that their sizes of BLRs are more strongly dominated by the
'specific accretion rate' $\dot{m_{H\alpha}}$ defined as $\dot{m_{H\alpha}}
= L_{H\alpha}/L_{Edd}$, than by the masses of their cetral black holes. {
As an expected result, the distance of emission regions of low-ionization
broad H$\alpha$ of NGC 4395 should be consistent with the value from the
empirical relation of $R_{BLRs} - L_{H\alpha}$, according to the high
accretion rate}
{ Accepted by MNRAS }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610300}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{The properties of optical FeII emission lines of AGN with
double-peaked broad emission lines}}
{\bf{ Xue-Guang Zhang$^{1,2}$, Dultzin-Hacyan D.$^1$ \ and Ting-Gui Wang$^2$ }}
$^1$ {Instituto de Astronom\'ia, Universidad Nacional Aut\'onoma de
M\'exico, Apdo Postal 70-264, M\'exico D. F. 04510, Mexico} \\
$^2$ {Center for Astrophysics, Department of astronomy and Applied
Physics, University of Science and Technology of China,
Hefei, Anhui, P.R.China}
{We study the FeII properties of double-peaked broad low-ionization
emission line AGN (dbp emitters) using a sample of 27 dbp emitters from
SDSS (DR4). Our first result is that the line spectra in the wavelength
range from 4100$\AA$ to 5800$\AA$ can be best fitted by an elliptical
accretion disk model. The best fitted results indicate that the optical
FeII emission lines of dbp emitters originate from the same region in the
accretion disk where the double-peaked Balmer emission lines originate.
Some correlations between FeII emission lines and the other broad emission
lines for normal AGN can be confirmed for dbp emitters. However, these
results should be taken with caution due to the small number of objects and
the bias in selecting strong FeII emitters. We show that for dbp emitters,
BH masses seems to have more influence on FeII properties than
dimensionless accretion rate.}
{ Accepted by Rev. Mex. A\&A }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610432}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{The sizes of BLRs and BH masses of double-peaked broad low-ionization
emission line objects}}
{\bf{ Xue-Guang Zhang$^{1,2}$, Dultzin-Hacyan D.$^1$ \ and Ting-Gui Wang$^2$ }}
$^1$ {Instituto de Astronom\'ia, Universidad Nacional Aut\'onoma de
M\'exico, Apdo Postal 70-264, M\'exico D. F. 04510, Mexico} \\
$^2$ {Center for Astrophysics, Department of astronomy and Applied
Physics, University of Science and Technology of China,
Hefei, Anhui, P.R.China}
{ In this paper, the sizes of the BLRs and BH masses of DouBle-Peaked broad
low-ionization emission line emitters (dbp emitters) are compared using
different methods: virial BH masses vs BH masses from stellar velocity
dispersions, the size of BLRs from the continuum luminosity vs the size of
BLRs from the accretion disk model. First, the virial BH masses of dbp
emitters estimated by the continumm luminosity and line width of broad
H$\beta$ are about six times (a much larger value, if including another dbp
emitters, of which the stellar velocity dispersions are traced by the line
widths of narrow emission lines) larger than the BH masses estimated from
the relation $M_{BH} - \sigma$ which is a more accurate relation to
estimate BH masses. Second, the sizes of the BLRs of dbp emitters estimated
by the empirical relation of $R_{BLR} - L_{5100\AA}$ are about three times
(a much larger value, if including another dbp emitters, of which the
stellar velocity dispersions are traced by the line widths of narrow
emission lines) larger than the mean flux-weighted sizes of BLRs of dbp
emitters estimated by the accretion disk model. The higher electron density
of BLRs of dbp emitters would be the main reason which leads to smaller
size of BLRs than the predicted value from the continuum luminosity.}
{ Accepted by MNRAS }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701657}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{Ly$\alpha$ excess in high redshift radio galaxies: a
signature of star formation.}}
{\bf{M. Villar-Mart\'\i n$^1$, A. Humphrey$^2$, C. De Breuck$^3$,
R. Fosbury$^4$, L. Binette$^2$ and
J. Vernet$^3$}}
$^{1}$ {Instituto de Astrof\'\i sica de Andaluc\'\i a (CSIC), Aptdo.
3004, 18080 Granada, Spain}\\
$^{2}$ {Instituto de Astronom\'\i a, UNAM, Ap. 70-264, 04510, DF,
M\'exico}\\
$^{3}$ {European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarschild Str. 2, D-85748
Garching bei M\"unchen, Germany}\\
$^{4}$ {ST-ECF, Karl Schwarzschild Str. 2, D-85748 Garching bei
M\"unchen, Germany}
{ About 54\% of radio galaxies at $z\ge$3 and 8\% of radio galaxies at
2$\le z$2.5 radio galaxies. The enhanced star formation
activity in LAEs could be a consequence of a recent merger which has
triggered both the star formation and the AGN/radio activities.
The measurement of unusually high Ly$\alpha$ ratios in the extended gas of
some high redshift radio galaxies suggests that star formation activity
occurs in spatial scales of tens of kpc.
We argue that, although the fraction of LAEs may be incompletely
determined, both at 2$\le z<3$ and at $z\ge3$, the much larger fraction of
LAEs found at $z\ge$3 is a genuine redshift evolution and not due to
selection effects. Therefore, our results suggest that the radio galaxy
phenomenon is more often associated with a massive starburst at $z>$3 than
at $z$100 kpc), which have been for more than
two decades valuable sources of information about the evolutionary status
of the host galaxy and its chemical enrichment and star formation
histories.
I present in this paper a summary of the most relevant results about the
giant nebulae obtained in the last $\sim$10 years and the implications on
our understanding of the early phases of evolution of massive elliptical
galaxies. An interesting earlier review can be found in McCarthy (1993).}
{Presented at the workshop on The Fate of the Gas in Galaxies, Dwingeloo,
The Netherlands, July 2006. To appear in New Astronomy Reviews.}
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://babbage.sissa.it/abs/astro-ph/0611763}
%\vspace*{0.6cm}
\newpage
{\large\bf{Chemical enrichment of the intracluster medium by FR~II radio
sources}}
{\bf{ David Heath$^1$, Martin Krause$^1$ \ and Paul Alexander$^1$ }}
$^1$ {Astrophysics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK} \\
{We present 2D axisymmetric hydrodynamic simulations investigating the long
term effect of FR~II radio galaxies on the metal distribution of the
surrounding intra-cluster medium (ICM). A light jet is injected into a
cooling flow atmosphere for $10-30$~Myr. We then follow the subsequen
evolution for $3\,$Gyr on a spherical grid spanning 3~Mpc in radius. A
series of passive tracer particles were placed in an annulus about the
cluster core to simulate metal carrying clouds in order to calculate the
metallicity ($Z$) as a function of time and radial distance from the
cluster centre. The jet has a significant effect on the ICM over the entire
$3\,$Gyr period. By the end of the simulations, the jets produced
metallicities of $\approx ~10$\% of the initial metallicity of the cluster
core throughout much of the cluster. The jets transport the metals not only
in mixing regions, but also through upwelling IC behind the jet, enriching
the cluster over both long and short distances.}
{ Accepted by MNRAS, preprint: astro-ph/0610309}
{E-mail contact: [email protected]}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{Line Variability in the High-Resolution X-Ray Spectrum of MCG
-6-30-15}}
{\bf{ Robert R. Gibson$^1$, Claude R. Canizares$^1$, Herman L. Marshall$^1$,
Andrew J. Young$^1$, \ and Julia C. Lee$^2$ }}
$^1$ {MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research,
Cambridge, MA} \\
$^2$ {Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA}
{The recent 540 ks Chandra HETGS spectrum of the well-studied, variable
active galactic nucleus (AGN) \mbox{MCG -6-30-15} shows strong $1s-2p$
absorption lines from many ions. The spectrum was obtained over a period of
about 10 days, and the large number of counts in the spectrum makes it
ideal for testing variability on short timescales. We apply quantitative
tests for line variability to the $1s-2p$ absorption lines of H- and
He-like Ne, Mg, Si, and S. We find significant correlations and
anticorrelations between lines as a function of time, much as we would
expect if ionization levels in the absorber were varying. We also find
evidence for variation in at least one $1s-2p$ resonance absorption line as
a function of luminosity. We consider several possibilities to explain the
line variation. First we consider factors that could change ionization
levels in the absorber: radial motion, density variation, luminosity
variation, and continuum shape variation. None of these individually can
explain the line variation, although we cannot completely constrain
continuum shape variation without simultaneous knowledge of the ultraviolet
(UV) continuum. Other factors, considered individually, are also unable to
explain all the variation: multiple changing continuum components, variable
obscuration, and changes in velocity dispersion. Changes in line emission
are an unlikely cause of significant variation in absorption-line
measurements, but we are unable to fully constrain them. Variability could
be due to a changing line of sight through a structured absorber. Modeling
such scenarios should produce useful constraints on continuum emission
mechanisms and absorber structure.}
{ Published in ApJ, 655:749-761, 2007 February 1 }
{E-mail contact: [email protected]}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{Giant Ly$\alpha$ nebulae around z$>$2 radio galaxies: evidence
for infall}}
{\bf{ A. Humphrey$^1$, M. Villar-Mart\'\i n.$^{2}$, R. Fosbury$^{3}$, L. Binette$^{1}$, J. Vernet$^{4}$, C. De Breuck$^{4}$, \ and S. di Serego Alighieri$^{5}$}}
$^{1}$Instituto de Astronom\'\i a, UNAM, Ap. 70-264, 04510 M\'exico, DF,
M\'exico\\
$^{2}$Instituto de Astrof\'\i sica de Andaluc\'\i a (CSIC), Aptdo. 3004,
18080 Granada, Spain\\
$^{3}$ST-ECF, Karl-Schwarzschild Str. 2, 85748 Garching bei M\"unchen,
Germany\\
$^{4}$European Southern Observatory, Karl Schwarschild Str, 2, D-85748
Garching bei M\"unchen, Germany\\
$^{5}$INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo Enrico Fermi 5,
I-50125 Firenze, Italy
{We present an investigation into the possible relationship between
side-to-side asymmetries of powerful radio galaxies at high redshift, with
the goal of understanding the geometry, orientation and gas dynamics of
these sources. Our sample consists of 1 1 radio galaxies at
2.3$\le$z$\le$3.6 previously known to have giant, kinematically quiescent
nebulae. We identify several correlated asymmetries: on the side of the
brightest radio jet and hotspot (i) the redshift of the kinematically
quiescent nebula i s highest, (ii) Ly$\alpha$ is brighter relative to the
other lines and continuum, (iii) the radio spectrum is flattest and (iv)
the radio structure has its highest polarization. These asymmetries are
not found to be correlated with either the radio arm l ength asymmetry or
the brightness asymmetry of the UV-optical emitting material. The
correlation between the radio brightness asymmetry and the radial velocity
of the quiescent gas also appears to be present in powerful radio galaxies
with 0$\le$z$\le$1.
Collectively, these asymmetries are most naturally explained as an effect
of orientation, with the quiescent nebulae in infall: this is the first
study to distinguish between the rotation, infall, outflow and chaotic
motion scenarios for the kinematically quiescent emission line nebulae
around powerful active galactic nuclei.}
{ Accepted by MNRAS }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://xxx.lanl.gov/abs/astro-ph/0611778}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{The Environment of Local Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies}}
{\bf{B. A. Zauderer$^1$, S. Veilleux$^1$ \ and H.K.C. Yee$^2$ }}
$^1$ {Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD
20470}\\
$^2$ {Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto,
Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, Canada}
{The spatial cluster-galaxy correlation amplitude, $B_{gc}$, is computed
for a set of 76 $z < 0.3$ ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) from the
1-Jy sample. The $B_{gc}$ parameter is used to quantify the richness of the
environment within 0.5 Mpc of each ULIRG. We find that the environment of
local ULIRGs is similar to that of the field with the possible exceptions
of a few objects with environmental densities typical of clusters with
Abell richness classes 0 and 1. No obvious trends are seen with redshift,
optical spectral type, infrared luminosity, or infrared color
($f_{25}/f_{60}$). We compare these results with those of local AGNs and
QSOs at various redshifts. The 1-Jy ULIRGs show a broader range of
environments than local Seyferts, which are exclusively found in the field.
The distribution of ULIRG $B_{gc}$-values overlaps considerably with that
of local QSOs, consistent with the scenario where some QSOs go through a
ultraluminous infrared phase. However, a rigorous statistical analysis of
the data indicates that these two samples are not drawn from the same
parent population. The $B_{gc}$ distribution of QSOs shows a distinct tail
at high $B_{gc}$-values which is not apparent among the ULIRGs. This
difference is consistent with the fact that some of the QSOs used for this
comparison have bigger and more luminous hosts than the 1-Jy ULIRGs.}
{ Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, v660n1 (May
1, 2007).}
{E-mail contact: [email protected] or [email protected],\newline
preprint available at http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701239}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{Stratified Quasar Winds: Integrating X-ray and Infrared Views
of Broad Absorption Line Quasars}}
{\bf{S. C. Gallagher$^1$ \& J. E. Everett$^2$}}
$^1$ {Department of Physics \& Astronomy, University of California --
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095--1547, USA} \\
$^2$ {Departments of Astronomy \& Physics, and Center for Magnetic
Self-Organization, University of Wisconsin -- Madison, Madison, WI
53706--1390, USA}
{Quasars are notable for the luminous power they emit across decades in
frequency from the far-infrared through hard X-rays; emission at different
frequencies emerges from physical scales ranging from AUs to parsecs. Each
wavelength regime thus offers a different line of sight into the central
engine and a separate probe of outflowing material. Therefore, obtaining a
complete accounting of the physical characteristics and kinetic power of
quasar winds requires a panchromatic approach. X-ray and infrared studies
are particularly powerful for covering the range of interesting physical
scales and ionization states of the outflow. We present a stratified wind
picture based on a synthesis of multiwavelength research programs designed
to constrain the nature of mass ejection from radio-quiet quasars. This
wind comprises three zones: the highly ionized shielding gas, the UV broad
absorption line wind, and the cold dusty outflow. The primary launching
mechanism for the wind likely varies in each zone. While radiative
acceleration on resonance lines dominates for the UV absorbing wind, the
shielding gas may instead be driven by magnetic forces. Ultraviolet
continuum radiative pressure, perhaps coupled with magnetic launching,
accelerates a dusty outflow that obscures the inner broad line region in
unification schemes.}
{To appear in ``The Central Engine of Active Galactic Nuclei,'' ed. L.C. Ho
and J.-M. Wang (San Francisco: ASP).}
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701076}
%\vspace*{0.6cm}
\newpage
{\large\bf{Response of the warm absorber cloud to a variable nuclear flux
in active galactic nuclei}}
{\bf{Lo\"{i}c Chevallier$^{1,2}$, Bozena Czerny$^2$, A.~R\' o\. za\'
nska$^2$, Anabela C. Gon\c{c}alves$^{1,3}$}}
$^1$ {LUTH, Paris Observatory, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon
Cedex, France} \\
$^2$ {CAMK, Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Bartycka 18, 00-716
Warsaw, Poland} \\
$^3$ {CAAUL, Lisbon Observatory, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-018 Lisboa, Portugal}
{Recent modeling of the warm absorber in active galactic nuclei has proved
the usefulness of constant total (gas plus radiation) pressure models,
which are highly stratified in temperature and density. We explore the
consistency of those models when the typical variation of the flux from the
central source is taken into account. We perform a variability study of the
warm absorber response, based on timescales and our photoionization code
\textsc{TITAN}. We show that the ionization and recombination timescales
are much shorter than the dynamical timescale. Clouds very close to the
central black hole will maintain their equilibrium since the characteristic
variability timescales of the nuclear source are longer than cloud
timescales. For more distant clouds, the density structure has no time to
vary, in response to the variations of the temperature or ionization
structure, and such clouds will show the departure from the constant
pressure equilibrium. We explore the impact of this departure on the
observed properties of the transmitted spectrum and soft X-ray variability:
(i) non uniform velocities, of the order of sound speed, appear due to
pressure gradients, up to typical values of 100 km s$^{-1}$. These
velocities lead to the broadening of lines. This broadening is usually
observed and very difficult to explain otherwise. (ii) Energy-dependent
fractional variability amplitude in soft X-ray range has a broader hump
around $\sim$ 1--2 keV, and (iv) the plot of the equivalent hydrogen column
density vs. ionization parameter is steeper than for equilibrium clouds.
The results have the character of a preliminary study and should be
supplemented in the future with full time-dependent radiation transfer and
dynamical computations.}
{Accepted by A\&A.}
{E-mail contact: [email protected],\newline preprint available at
http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0701112}
\vspace*{0.6cm}
{\large\bf{Night-to-night variation in the emission lines of the nucleus
spectrum of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 3227}}
{\bf{ L.P.Metik, I.I.Pronik and L.M.Sharipova }}
{Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, Naudhny, Crimea, Ukraine}
{The results of the emission line study of the optical spectrum of the
Seyfert galaxy NGC 3227 nucleus are presented. 53 spectra obtained during
the maximum nucleus brightness on 12-15 January 1977 with the 6 m telescope
were the basis of the investigations. It was shown that the profilers of
the hydrogen lines broadening during 3 days. The amounts of broadening at
the 0.5 intensity level of H$_\alpha$, H$_\beta$ and H$_gamma$ line profile
peaks were 12\%, 35\% and 44\% respectively. The H$_\beta$ line profile
broadening was accompanied by a decrease in its equivalent width
EW$_\beta$. The increase in the equivalent width EW$_{[OIII]}$ of the
[OIII] line during 3 days was more than 3$\sigma$. It was assumed that a 3
day flare is observed in the galaxy nucleus, which could be caused by shock
in long-lived flows from the galaxy nucleus}
{ Accepted by Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions }
{E-mail contact: [email protected],}
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{
The Active Galaxies Newsletter is available on the World Wide Web.
You can access it via the University of Manchester home page :-
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Another Indian-American jumps into combative US House race
Washington, Jan 28: An Indian-American Republican candidate has jumped into an already combative electoral House race in the Silicon Valley featuring a former aide of President Barack Obama challenging the sitting fellow Democrat.
The new entrant to the race between the seven-term Democrat incumbent Mike Honda of San Jose and his main challenger, former Obama administration trade representative Ro Khanna, is Vanila Singh, a Stanford Medical Centre anaesthesiologist.
India-born Singh, 43, who came to the US as a toddler, says she entered the South Bay contest because it is “time to do my civic duty”.
But her critics, according to SFGate.com, say the man who recruited her to run, Chicago businessman Shalabh ‘Shalli’ Kumar, “has a far more divisive agenda”.
Kumar is founder of the Indian Americans for Freedom, a super PAC or an independent-expenditure only Political Action Committee, which can spend unlimited amounts as long as it doesn’t coordinate directly with the candidate.
Singh acknowledges that after “multiple conversations” with Kumar and other Republican insiders late last year, she filed to run Dec 26 – a day after switching her voter registration from “declined to state” to Republican.
In recent weeks, Singh met Kumar, who chairs the Indian American Advisory Council of the House Republican Conference, in Washington, D.C. said SFGate.
Kumar told ethnic publication IndiaWest that he approached Singh to be part of a “project” he founded with Republican House member Pete Sessions to build a Republican congressional “team” that supports a “pro-India” agenda.
However his critics, according to SFGate.com, suggest his agenda includes securing a visa for Bharatiya Janata Party’s prime ministerial candidate Narendra Modi.
Modi’s US visa was revoked in 2005 because of his alleged role or inaction during the 2002 Gujarat riots.
Singh, according to SFGate, says she has received no money and “no promises” from Kumar or his super PAC.
“I’m not part of his project per se,” and Kumar’s agenda “is not mine”, she was quoted as saying. |
Trump in Britain to meet with May, queen after shaking up NATO summit
President Donald Trump arrived in London Thursday afternoon, where he will attend a state dinner and meet with British Prime Minister Theresa May — after making his mark on the NATO summit in Belgium.
U.S. President Donald Trump and first lady Melania Trump arrive at London Stansted Airport in Essex Thursday for their first official visit to Britain. The Trumps arrived from Belgium, where the president attended the second day of a NATO conference. Photo by Sean Dempsey/EPA-EFE
On arrival in London, Trump and first lady Melania Trump headed for Winfield House, the residence of U.S. Ambassador to Britain Woody Johnson, where the Beatles song We Can Work It Out played outside.
Trump left Brussels shortly after speaking to reporters and boarded Air Force One for the trip to London, where he will attend a state dinner Thursday night. He is scheduled to meet May and then Queen Elizabeth II before leaving Friday. He might also play a round of golf at his resort in Scotland.
Before leaving, Trump spent day two of the NATO summit renewing his call for member states to spend more — this time up to 4 percent of their gross domestic product — on defense. Trump had previously chastised under-spending members for failing to reach the 2 percent threshold required of all NATO allies by 2024.
The United States pays more than any other member on defense — about 3.5 percent on NATO-related measures and 67 percent overall. All NATO members agreed in 2014 to mandate spending 2 percent of their gross domestic product on defense within 10 years, spending that effectively buys NATO protection.
At a news conference, Trump said the United States could withdraw from NATO and go it alone, if necessary, although he said that likely won’t be needed. He also said he expects member states to boost their spending by next year.
“They will. I have no doubt about it,” he said. “They all made commitments, and they will be up to 2 percent over a relatively short period.
“They have stepped up today like they have never stepped up before”
Earlier, Trump dictated his concerns on Twitter.
“Presidents have been trying unsuccessfully for years to get Germany and other rich NATO Nations to pay more toward their protection from Russia,” one tweet said. “They pay only a fraction of their cost. The U.S. pays tens of Billions of Dollars too much to subsidize Europe, and loses Big on Trade!”
“On top of it all, Germany just started paying Russia, the country they want protection from, Billions of Dollars for their Energy needs coming out of a new pipeline from Russia,” read another. “Not acceptable! All NATO Nations must meet their 2% commitment, and that must ultimately go to 4%!”
RELATED
U.S.-Russia summits of the past produced towering highs, icy lows
After taking a firm stance both days of the conference, which included calling Germany a “captive” of Russian energy, Trump did say U.S. commitment to NATO remains strong and he thanked other members for “additional money they are putting up.” He later met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel to air his defense concerns.
U.S. allies played down Trump’s suggestion he was responsible for increased defense spending.
Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte told reporters his country has no plans to increase defense funding. Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said his already has plans to spend more.
Trump’s calls prompted leaders to call an emergency meeting at the summit Thursday, which delayed a session during which NATO leaders had intended to discuss the Afghan conflict. On the issue, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg has said he hopes to reach an agreement to fund Afghan security forces until 2024.
May has already committed 440 more troops to serve in non-combat roles in Afghanistan and the United States has committed 3,000.
Protests are also anticipated in Britain, where the Stand Up to Trump group prepared for a “Carnival of Resistance.” Trump, though, will likely be gone from London before the demonstrations start Friday.
“We need to show the world what millions of people in this country think of the bigotry and the hatred that he represents,” protest organizer Owen Jones said.
Trump will depart Britain Friday for Finland to prepare for a summit with Russian President Vladimir Putin Monday in Helsinki. Trump and Putin, who have never met for an official summit, will hold three sessions before the U.S. president returns to Washington, D.C., early Tuesday. |
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