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Yantr
Yantr is a pseudonymous graffiti artist from Delhi, India. Yantr is a Sanskrit word which literally means "machine".
Early life
The real identity of him is not known. Not much is known about his life. He was raised in Assam where his father owned a garage. He is an Indian artist and designer who introduced contemporary mural art as a street art in India. He is an alumnus of Department of Fine Arts,from The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. Before starting the street art movement he worked nearly 10 years as an art director in advertising industry where he worked on global and Indian brands. Yantr has started contemporary mural art movement from Delhi and spread it to all over India such as in Mumbai, Kochi, Himachal Pradesh and Pune.
Career
Yantr was introduced to street art in 2006 and started working in 2008–09. He has traveled across India to paints murals in various cities including Delhi, Guwahati, Pune, Mumbai. He stenciled a man with notes at different places in Delhi overnight in 2011 to protest against black money. He created Parmanu Muskan, the Buddha wearing a mechanical mask, for creating awareness of environmental issues. He also created an art Heart exchange with Sé Cordeiro in Hauz Khas during 2014 street art festival. He painted a bleeding rhino near Assam Zoo to highlight illegal poaching of rhinos for its horns. H He participated in St+Art Mumbai. At Kochi Muziris Biennale, he pained mechanical giant whale. He also created massive bird by arranging fodder on ground near village in Delhi. During street art festival in 2014, he created a mural of large drone with an eye on the side of five story building in Shahpur Jat area of Delhi. He also participated in 18 Degrees Festival in October 2014 and painted murals in Shillong. During street art festival in Mumbai, Ranjit Dahiya and he partnered to paint India’s largest mural, depicting the father of Indian cinema, Dadasaheb Phalke. He also painted a simple wall with a window into a dream sequence which later featured in home and design trends magazine. In 2015, he created promotional wall arts for Cadbury Oreo biscuits in Delhi. In 2016, he painted India’s tallest mural, 115 feet high water tank, depicting the wildlife conservation named Mission Leopard, in National Capital Region Gurgaon (Now Gurugram). In September 2016, he painted India’s first ever fire station in Pune, depicting the courage and spirit of firemen.
Style
His style is influenced by his childhood experiences in his father's garage and work in field of arts. His works are amalgamation of machines, organic forms and art, sometimes called bio-mechanicals, with eclectic themes.
References
Category:Unidentified people
Category:Living people
Category:Indian graffiti artists
Category:Pseudonymous artists
Category:Political artists
Category:Artists from Delhi
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni |
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Q:
Upload de Arquivo Nodejs
Tô quebrando a cabeça aqui para tentar fazer o upload de imagens com o Nodejs mas tá sendo "freud".
Estou desenvolvendo uma api onde nela terá acesso por parte de três domínios.
Então, a estrutura da minha api está basicamente:
public
src
company
... *.js
routes.js
client
... *.js
routes.js
admin
... *.js
routes.js
routes
routes.js
app.js
Em cada diretório destinado ao seu respectivo domínio, eu tenho o arquivo de rotas chamando seus controllers. Um exemplo, as rotas acessadas pelo domínio company:
router.get('/c/:id', auth.authorize, controller.getData);
router.post('/login', controller.login);
router.post('/register', controller.create);
router.get('/activate/:code', controller.checkActivationCode);
router.put('/update/:id/:section', auth.authorize, controller.update);
router.get('/get_business_hours', auth.authorize, controller.getBusinessHours);
router.post('/logo', auth.authorize, imgUpload);
module.exports = router;
No diretório routes, eu pego essas rotas de cada domínio e condenso num único arquivo, ficando assim:
'use strict';
const express = require('express');
const app = express();
const router = express.Router();
router.get('/', (req, res) => {
res.status(200).send({
version: "1.0.0"
});
});
const companyRoutes = require('../company/routes/company');
app.use('/', router);
app.use('/api/company/', companyRoutes);
module.exports = app;
Como eu vou ter muitas rotas já que serão três domínios acessando, subdividi dessa maneira. Mas agora que vem o problema, na rota post('/logo'), onde faz a chamada do multer para armazenar a imagem, não é feito o upload do arquivo.
No arquivo (controller) do upload da imagem está assim:
const multer = require('multer');
var storage = multer.diskStorage({
destination: function (req, file, cb) {
cb(null, '/public/')
},
filename: function (req, file, cb) {
cb(null, file.fieldname + '-' + Date.now())
}
})
var upload = multer({ storage: storage }).single('logo')
module.exports = upload;
A:
beleza?
É porque o diskStorage utiliza o endereço físico do sistema para armazenar os arquivos em disco na opção de destino. Ou seja, se você colocar só uma barra antes da string no destination ele vai considerar que você quer armazenar o arquivo na raiz do seu sistema. Por exemplo, se você estiver rodando seu localhost num Windows e passar cb(null, '/public/') ou cb(null, '/public') (barra-public) ele vai tentar gravar na unidade C:. Especificamente em C:\public
Então as opções que você pode utilizar são:
cb(null, './public') (ponto-barra-public)
cb(null, 'public')
cb(null, 'public/')
Todas essas opções consideram que o diretório raiz será em relação a pasta do projeto que está rodando em seu servidor local. Então se o seu localhost é em relação à pasta C:\Projetos\Site o multer vai salvar em C:\Projetos\Site\public mesmo que ele seja chamado em C:\Projetos\Site\src\company\routes\company.
|
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The numbers are in for Sarah Palin’s first Real American Stories special on Fox News, and they aren’t good. Palin’s special was expected to pull in big numbers for Fox News, but instead did worse that the regular occupant of the 10 PM slot, On The Record with Greta Van Susteren. The viewers that did tune in didn’t stay long as the show lost viewers in every quarter hour. Sarah Palin delivered yet another bomb.
Real American Stories was the vehicle that was supposed to deliver big numbers for Fox News while helping to further the Palin brand. The show did win its time slot with about 2 million viewers and 472,000 viewers in the 25-54 demographic, but she was not able to beat the numbers of Greta Van Susteren who also averaged over 2 million viewers the night before, but had more viewers in the 25-54 demo, 503,000, than Palin did. Palin’s performance was even worse when compared to Greta’s Tuesday numbers, where she had over 2.4 million total viewers, and 587,000 in the demo.
This is bad news for Fox, but even worse news for Sarah Palin herself. Fox News is the one network where Palin should deliver big numbers, but even on a conservative network, she under performs. Palin and the show itself were both called boring by media critics. Perhaps the worst possible criticism came from Time blogger Steven James Snyder who wrote,” Playing the part of host, Palin was gracious, poised, present – and supremely uninteresting. The same could go for the rest of the show, which postures itself as a gaggle of feel-good American tales but then runs at a pace and rhythm so brisk that we are unable to dive into any single story. It’s less Real American Stories than A Collection of Real American Short Stories, and it’s because of this superficiality that my indifference turns to frustration.”
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Apparently, many of those brave souls who did tune in agreed with Mr. Snyder, as Palin’s show registered double digit decreases in viewers over each quarter hour. The people who should be most nervous right now reside at the Discovery networks, because they just gave Palin a deal for her own reality shown on TLC. If Palin can’t deliver even average numbers on Fox News, how is she going to carry a reality show on TLC?
Networks keep paying Sarah Palin, in order to chase the mythic brass ring that she is some sort of magic ratings draw, when the reality is that she is far too polarizing ever to be a mainstream ratings draw. Sarah Palin is a niche attraction, but most in the media have been too slow to realize that the bloom has long since fallen of Palin’s 2008 media rose.
Fox News tried to play it safe with Sarah Palin’s limited skill set, and they produced a piece of really boring Morning In America television that doesn’t connect with the hard times and reality of many Americans current daily lives. Fox News managed to protect Palin’s image, but they did so at the cost of produce yawn inducing television. The biggest problem with Real American Stories is that it doesn’t tell the story about what is really going on in America today. Sarah Palin isn’t Ronald Reagan and this isn’t 1984. |
Two former Turkish generals suspected of involvement in last year’s coup attempt have applied for asylum in Germany, local media reported on Wednesday.
A total of five Turkish citizens, among them two high-ranking former soldiers, applied for asylum upon their arrival at Frankfurt International Airport on Friday, mass-circulation daily Bild reported.
They travelled from Greece to Germany, according to the paper.
At a press conference, German Foreign Ministry spokesman Martin Schaefer declined to comment on the reports, but reiterated that the government has no political influence on the assessment of asylum applications.
“Decisions are taken by the relevant immigration authority, and if required by the independent courts,” he added.
Since the coup attempt last July, more than 420 Turkish citizens who hold diplomatic or service passports have sought asylum in Germany, according to the diplomats, who spoke to Anadolu Agency on condition of anonymity.
This includes a few dozen soldiers, several diplomats, and others officials, but most were their family members.
Many of the ex-soldiers were troops stationed at NATO bases in Europe who were recalled by Ankara following the foiled coup, blamed by Ankara on the Fetullah Terrorist Organization (FETO).
Several important FETO figures also fled from Turkey to Germany after the failed coup attempt, which left 249 people martyred and around 2,200 others wounded.
Turkish Prime Minister Binali Yildirim sharply criticized Germany on Tuesday for not returning coup suspects to Turkey, and turning a blind eye to the activities of Gulenists in Germany.
“It’s time now for Germany to decide,” he said during a meeting with lawmakers in Ankara.
“If it wants to enhance relations with Turkey and further strengthen historical friendship ties, then it should move towards the Republic of Turkey, not towards FETO or separatists,” he stressed.
Germany, which hosts a 3-million-strong Turkish community, is among the countries where FETO has a large network, with dozens of private schools, businesses, and media organizations.
A 2014 report by Germany’s domestic intelligence agency said followers of the movement had founded more than 500 organizations across the country, including at least 24 schools and many cultural foundations.
Germany views FETO, which is led by U.S.-based cleric Fetullah Gulen, with suspicion, but the group is not outlawed in the country, with authorities stressing that such a move could only come after concrete evidence of criminality is presented. |
Iran unrest: MPs call for death of Mousavi and Karroubi Published duration 15 February 2011
media caption Inside Iranian Parliament as a group of conservative MPs called for the execution of Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi
Members of Iran's parliament have called for opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi and Mehdi Karroubi to be tried and executed.
State TV showed some 50 conservative MPs marching through parliament's main hall on Tuesday, chanting "Death to Mousavi, death to Karroubi".
An MP said two people were killed in violent clashes between protesters and security forces in Tehran on Monday.
US President Barack Obama sharply criticised the authorities' response.
He said that while the Iranian government had celebrated the fall of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, it had attacked and beaten its own citizens holding peaceful demonstrations.
Mr Obama added that the US could not dictate what went on inside Iran, but hoped people would have the courage to continue expressing their yearning for freedom.
Later, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad told state TV: "It is clear that the Iranian nation has enemies."
"You may see hostilities against the government. [The opposition supporters] knew that they would get nowhere. They just wanted to tarnish the Iranian nation's brilliance."
"It is a shining sun. They threw some dust towards the sun," he added. "It is funny. By throwing dust at the sun, the dust will return to their eyes."
During Monday's clashes in Tehran, dozens of protests were detained, and opposition leaders including Mr Mousavi and Mr Karroubi were placed under house arrest.
Police blocked access to Mr Mousavi's home in what the former prime minister's website said was intended to prevent him attending the rally.
Both he and Mr Karroubi - a former speaker of parliament and a senior cleric - disputed the re-election of President Ahmadinejad in June 2009, which triggered protests that drew the largest crowds in Iran since the Islamic Revolution in 1979.
'Corrupt on earth'?
In a statement carried by the official IRNA news agency on Tuesday, conservative parliamentarians said: "Mehdi Karroubi and Mir Hossein Mousavi are corrupts on earth and should be tried."
The charge "corrupt on earth" has been levelled at political dissidents in the past and carries the death penalty in Iran.
media caption Footage of the protests in Tehran was captured on mobile phones
Earlier, thousands of opposition supporters had gathered at Tehran's Azadi Square in solidarity with the popular uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, in their first major show of dissent December 2009, when eight people were killed.
They chanted: "Death to dictators."
But the BBC's Mohsen Asgari, who was at the rally, says it was not long before riot police fired tear gas, while men on motorbikes charged the crowd with batons.
At least three protesters were wounded by bullets, with dozens of others taken to hospital as a result of the beatings, witnesses said.
Iran's semi-official Fars news agency reported that one person was shot dead by protesters and several others wounded.
A conservative MP later said two people had been killed.
Tehran's police chief, Ahmad Reza Radan, blamed the opposition leaders for instigating the protests.
"In one spot of the town in the western part of Tehran, about 150 people rallied and set some rubbish bins on fire," he said. "They were confronted by police and security forces and some of them were arrested.
"Unfortunately, some police and security personnel were shot by them, and nine security forces men and some other people were wounded in this incident."
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said the US "very clearly and directly" supported the protesters.
She said they deserved to have "the same rights that they saw being played out in Egypt" and that Iran had to "open up" its political system.
Mrs Clinton said the US had the same message for the Iranian authorities as it did for those in Egypt, where President Hosni Mubarak was forced to step down after 29 years in power by nationwide mass protests.
On a visit to London, Russian Foreign Secretary Sergei Lavrov appeared to take issue with Mrs Clinton's remarks when he said that Moscow was convinced that revolutions were counter-productive.
"We have had more than one revolution in Russia, and we believe that we don't need to impose revolutions on others," he said.
At a news conference with Mr Lavrov, British Foreign Secretary William Hague accused Iran of a "shameful hyprocrisy" in backing the protests in Egypt but denying the same right to Iranians themselves.
The opposition says more than 80 of its supporters were killed in the six months after December 2009, a figure the government disputes. Several have been sentenced to death, and dozens jailed. |
Immunodetection of bluetongue virus and epizoötic hemorrhagic disease virus in Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).
The avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase system has been used with nitrocellulose membranes to detect bluetongue virus serotypes 10 (BTV-10) and 11 (BTV-11) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 1 (EHDV-1) in individual specimens of Culicoides variipennis (Coquillett). The cross reactivity between BTV-10 and BTV-11 indicates that polyclonal antisera cannot be used to distinguish between flies infected with BTV-10 and BTV-11; however, the procedure can be used to discriminate flies infected with BTV-10 or BTV-11 from flies infected with EHDV-1. Because the test is rapid and sensitive and does not require expensive equipment, it could be used in the field to determine the relative numbers of flies infected with BTV or EHDV. |
Broadcaster says Theresa May and Jeremy Corbyn, who have refused to appear, have until 8pm Thursday to change their minds
This article is more than 3 years old
This article is more than 3 years old
The Conservatives and Labour will send spin doctors to Thursday’s televised leaders’ debate despite Theresa May and Jeremy Corbyn refusing to take part.
Advisers to the two main parties are due to brief the media after a two-hour election special involving the leaders of the SNP, Liberal Democrats, Ukip, Plaid Cymru and the Greens.
Inquiry launched into targeting of UK voters through social media Read more
The decision comes after party sources confirmed that Nicola Sturgeon, Tim Farron, Paul Nuttall, Leanne Wood and Caroline Lucas were expected to attend.
ITV says the invitation to appear remains open to May and Corbyn until the debate goes on air at 8pm. The broadcaster let the parties know that it would not accept representatives, or spokespeople, to appear in the place of the party leaders.
ITV is not intending to publicly “empty chair” Corbyn and May by leaving conspicuous spaces on the set in Salford. “The stage will have the right number of podiums for leaders who attend on the night,” said an ITV spokeswoman.
ITV would not be drawn on how moderator Julie Etchingham, the ITV News anchor who also led the broadcaster’s 2015 debate, would handle explaining the policy position of Labour and the Tories as topics were debated and questions put from the studio audience.
“The debate will address substantial election questions with enough time allocated for a proper free-flowing debate between the leaders,” said the ITV spokeswoman.
Internally ITV News staff are concerned about the format, and popularity, of the debate if Corbyn and May do not attend.
In 2015, BBC1’s party leaders’ debate suffered a 50% ratings drop on its 2010 election programme after David Cameron and Nick Clegg chose not to appear. The 2015 debate attracted 4.3 million viewers, compared with 7.3 million in 2010, and was beaten in the TV ratings by ITV’s Emmerdale.
#grime4Corbyn – why British MCs are uniting behind the Labour leader Read more
“May is definitely not attending, and Corbyn has said he won’t if she won’t, but they have been told they can participate even if they turn up just minutes before broadcast,” said one staffer. “If they don’t turn up people are worried about what kind of debate it is going to end up being. It’s fair to say there is plenty of nervous anticipation. But regardless of how it looks or works on the night it is the leader or nothing.”
ITV’s 2015 leaders’ debate, which featured all seven party leaders, drew an impressive 7 million viewers.
The broadcaster’s 2010 debate – featuring just three politicians, Cameron, Nick Clegg and the then prime minister, Gordon Brown – managed 9.4 million.
The party leaders will get just one break during ITV’s live two-hour debate, when the broadcaster will cut to a commercial break.
Meanwhile, the shadow chancellor, John McDonnell, has challenged the chancellor, Philip Hammond, to a televised debate, accusing him of “talking rubbish about our manifesto and our costings”.
|
Variations among non-sedating antihistamines: are there real differences?
Most of the modern non-sedating H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines) penetrate the brain poorly, allowing the use of doses large enough to counteract allergic processes in peripheral tissues without important central effects. The antihistamines reviewed here are acrivastine, astemizole, cetirizine, ebastine, fexofenadine, loratadine, mizolastine, and terfenadine. However, these drugs are not entirely free from central effects, and there are at least quantitative differences between them. Although psychomotor and sleep studies in healthy subjects in the laboratory may predict that an antihistamine does not cause drowsiness, the safety margin can be narrow enough to cause a central sedating effect during actual treatment. This might result from a patient's individual sensitivity, disease-induced sedation, or drug dosages that are for various reasons relatively or absolutely larger (patient's weight, poor response, reduced drug clearance, interactions). Mild to even moderate sedation is not necessarily a major nuisance, particularly if stimulants need be added to the regimen (e.g. in perennial rhinitis). Furthermore, patients can adjust doses themselves if needed. Sedating antihistamines are not needed for long-term itching, because glucocorticoids are indicated and more effective. It is wise to restrict or avoid using antihistamines (astemizole, terfenadine) that can cause cardiac dysrhythmias, because even severe cardiotoxicity can occur in certain pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Histamine H1 receptor antagonists (antihistamines) are used in the treatment of allergic disorders. The therapeutic effects of most of the older antihistamines were associated with sedating effects on the central nervous system (CNS) and antimuscarinic effects causing dry mouth and blurred vision. Non-specific "quinidine-like" or local anaesthetic actions often led to cardiotoxicity in animals and man. Although such adverse effects varied from drug to drug, there was some degree of sedation with all old antihistamines. Non-sedating antihistamines have become available during the past 15 years. Some of them also have antiserotonin or other actions that oppose allergic inflammation, and they are not entirely free from sedative effects either. In small to moderate "clinical" concentrations they are competitive H1 receptor antagonists, although large concentrations of some of them exert non-competitive blockade. Daytime drowsiness and weakness are seldom really important, and they restrict patients' activities less than the old antihistamines. Some new antihistamines share with old antihistamines quinidine-like effects on the cardiac conducting tissues, and clinically significant interactions have raised the question of drug safety. This prodysrhythmic effect has also been briefly mentioned in comparisons of non-sedative H1 antihistamines. |
Pisa Videos
Pisa Review
Pisa is a city in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the River Arno on the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa. Although Pisa is known worldwide for its Leaning Tower (the bell tower of the city's cathedral), the city of over 87,500 residents contains (...) (from Wikipedia).Visit Pisa
We travelled to Pisa by train from Florence. The local train from
Florence S.Maria to Pisa S Ross (the closest station to the tower) cost
16 euro day return and takes about 1 hour 20 minutes...... Arriving at
Pisa S Ross we left the station turned left and walked for a short
distance to a junction where when we looked to the right we could see
the tower. It took about 10 minutes from station to tower. There were
street vendors but they did not cause us any problems. The cathedral is
free, ticket needed to enter, other attractions fee is charged.
What more can I say?i loved it and i wasnt disappointed, took my breath
away the instant i laid my eyes on it. (hmm on second thought, the size
did disappoint me a tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiny bit but what the heck!) i
recommend going to the cathedral as well, really a beauty to behold.
heads
up: lots of tourists during summer, so it can be a little difficult
taking good pictures where no one photobombs(?) your photos.
dont worry about souvenir shops, there is quite a number of them in front of the tower.
Uh so its a tower that leans. I mean it's pretty but there are
approximately 15 million tourists there every minute of the day all
trying to take pics of their friends pretending to hold up the tower. It
is surrounded but buskers etc trying to sell you overpriced souveneers.
If you are in the area already it's worth seeing, but I wouldn't make a
special trip.
i wasnt overly moved when i saw the towers. it is nice to see being that
i have seen about 6 others. i payed 18 euro to go inside and walk up.
nice view from the time. but if u dont go up u are not really missing a
whole lot. if u happen to be in florence i would say it is worth it.
taking a total trip to pisa would not be UNLESS ur totally into it. the
cathedral and baptistry are good to see as well, but cost. u get into
the cathedral with pisa ticket
Battistero
We recommend both climbing to the gallery and waiting for the attendant
to sing. You really get a feel for the place and it's incredible size.
The gallery steps are narrow but manageable, even for the older folks in
our group. It was interesting hearing the attendant chant and how his
voiced rang through every corner. A quick stop is all that is needed to
take in the beauty.
Do not bypass this if you are in Pisa, as it is worth a visit. They are
quite strict on the silence rule once inside, but if you are lucky
enough you will be there when the attendant closes the doors and starts
to sing. The acoustics are amazing, it is as if there is a choir
singing. Rarely a queue to enter, and entry is free so you have nothing
to lose.
The Battistero di San Giovanni in Pisa is the largest baptistery in
Italy. The construction started in 1153 by the architect Diotisalvi and
was completed in 1363. The Baptistery is dedicated to St. John the
Baptist and his statue is crowning the dome. On the lower levels we see
the same open gallery shape with pillars and arches as we see on the
Cathedral and the Leaning Tower, which are very typical for 12th Century
Romanesque style. The upper levels do not have these round shapes, but
have sharp and pointy shapes which are typical Gothic style and more
popular during the later stages of construction. The outside is
decorated with beautiful sculptures. Just above the entrance there is a
relief depicting several episodes in the life of St. John and crowed
with a statue of Madonna with Child. The interior of the Baptistery is
quite basic, although the large baptismal font, the pulpit and the
beautiful stained glass windows are extraordinary. The large octagonal
font was constructed in 1246 and was used for baptism by immersion, or
full body baptism. There is a bronze sculpture of St. John in the centre
of the font.
The Baptistery leans a little, just like the the
Cathedral but not so much as the Bell Tower. It only leans around 0.6
degrees towards the Cathedral, which is not visible with human eyes, but
use your eyes to see the magnificent Baptistery.
It must be easy to miss the entrance and exit to the gallery above the
baptistery, as so few reviewers mention it - and yet the views, both
internal and external, from the gallery are great. I wonder why such a
huge font was necessary - can they have gone in for total immersion
baptisms? Surely not in Catholic Churches. I didn't count the steps,
mind, so beware, it's not for the feint-hearted!
Pisa
We travelled to Pisa by train from Florence. The local train from
Florence S.Maria to Pisa S Ross (the closest station to the tower) cost
16 euro day return and takes about 1 hour 20 minutes...... Arriving at
Pisa S Ross we left the station turned left and walked for a short
distance to a junction where when we looked to the right we could see
the tower. It took about 10 minutes from station to tower. There were
street vendors but they did not cause us any problems. The cathedral is
free, ticket needed to enter, other attractions fee is charged.
What more can I say?i loved it and i wasnt disappointed, took my breath
away the instant i laid my eyes on it. (hmm on second thought, the size
did disappoint me a tiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiny bit but what the heck!) i
recommend going to the cathedral as well, really a beauty to behold.
heads
up: lots of tourists during summer, so it can be a little difficult
taking good pictures where no one photobombs(?) your photos.
dont worry about souvenir shops, there is quite a number of them in front of the tower. |
Principal Investigator: Fisher. Aron B. PROJECT #6: LYSOSOMAL PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 IN LUNG DPPC METABOLISM Name eraCommons Role on Project Affiliation Aron B. Fisher, M.D. abfifem Responsible Invest. Univ. Penn Sheldon I. Feinstein, Ph.D. feinsteins Co-Investigator Univ. Penn Yefim Manevich, Ph.D. Co-Investigator Univ. Penn Brian Bahnson, Ph.D. Participating Univ. Del Investigator Tomo Oe, Ph.D. Participating Univ. Penn Investigator Position Professor and Director Sr. Research Invest. Sr. Research Invest. Associate Professor Res. Asst. Professor ABSTRACT This project will evaluate the properties and physiological role of a novel phospholipase A2 (aiPLA2) that is one of the enzymatic activities of the protein called peroxiredoxin 6. We have isolated the protein from rat and bovine lungs, have identified the full length cDNA for the human, rat, mouse and bovine enzyme, have generated recombinant protein, and have developed a panel of antibodies that are effective for western blotting, immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemistry. aiPLA2 is Ca++-independent, shows maximal activity at pH 4, and represents a lysosomal-type PLA2. During the present period of grant support, we have shown that aiPLA2: 1) plays a major role in degradation of internalized alveolar DPPC; 2) provides substrate for the reacylation pathway of DPPC synthesis; 3) activity is regulated through protein-protein interactions with SP-A; 4) is localized in lung to lamellar bodies and lysosomes; 5) is activated by phosphorylation; and 6) its expression is developmental^ regulated and hormonally responsive. Specific Aim 1 will study models of under- and over-expression of aiPLA2 (knockout and transgenic mice) in order to evaluate the physiologic role of the enzyme in DPPC degradation and synthesis using isolated cells, the isolated perfused lung, and in vivo studies. Time-related (aging) changes in lung phospholipid content will be determined. Specific Aim 2 will evaluate the structure-function relationships for aiPLA2 activity utilizing |
NZ Dollar Outlook Kiwi may gain on Greek hopes, yield appeal
Nov. 26 (BusinessDesk)
– The New Zealand dollar may rise from a month-high this
week on hopes of progress on Greek financial aid,
America’s fiscal cliff and speculation the kiwi may once
again become a favourite for the carry trade.
The New
Zealand dollar recently traded at 82.37 US cents, having
rallied in US trading on Friday from the 81.63 cents level
it reached in Wellington at the end of last week. It is
expected to trade in a range of 80.50 US cents to 83.50
cents, based on a BusinessDesk survey of six strategists.
Five of the six see the kiwi rising on the week and one sees
it unchanged.
Euro-area finance ministers return to
Brussels tonight to try to forge agreement on the next
instalment of financial aid to Greece, after inconclusive
talks last week. Meantime in the US, officials from the
White House and Congress will resume negotiations this week
on an agreement to prevent automatic tax increases and
spending cuts worth about US$607 billion kicking in on Jan.
1. US President Barack Obama said this month he was
"confident" a new US budget deal would be reached.
“The
kiwi has a firming bias,” said Imre Speizer, senior
markets strategist at Westpac Banking Corp. “US fiscal
negotiations are tending towards some outcome and the Greek
thing will edge towards an outcome. Those two will keep
markets supported.”
Signals out of Europe have been
mixed. EU leaders failed to reach agreement at a special
summit on the 2014-2020 EU budget, worth about 1 trillion
euros, and European Council President Herman Van Rompuy said
they would try to reach a compromise early next year,
according to Reuters. Meanwhile, the Ifo institute's
business climate index for Germany unexpectedly rose,
climbing to 101.4 in November from 100 in October, the first
increase in eight months.
The kiwi traded recently at
63.51 euro cents, down from as high as 66.80 cents in early
August.
“We’re reliant on political decisions for the
direction of markets, and that’s never a good thing,”
said Derek Rankin, director of Rankin Treasury Advisory.
That includes Japan’s looming elections on Dec. 16,
where the opposition LDP is expected to take power and has
vowed to weaken the yen and “if necessary take interest
rates negative,” Rankin said.
The kiwi dollar last
traded at 68 yen, the highest since late March. A change to
a Japanese government more aggressively targeting the yen
“will encourage the carry trade again,” which will help
underpin the kiwi dollar, he said.
New Zealand 10-year
bonds are currently yielding about 3.53 percent while
Japanese bonds of comparable maturity yield just 0.745
percent.
Tim Kelleher, head of institutional FX sales at
ASB Institutional, said the kiwi’s direction this week is
dependent on offshore moves though one local positive is the
allotment of units in the Fonterra Shareholders' Fund, which
begin trading on Friday at noon.
Any offshore investors
would need to buy kiwi dollars to pay for their units though
talk is that the sale “has been scaled
dramatically.”
Investors will also be watching the
Reserve Bank’s survey of expectations, due tomorrow, for
any clues to the central bank’s thinking ahead of the Dec.
6 monetary policy statement. They’ll get another clue to
inflation expectations with the release of the NBNZ Business
Outlook on Thursday.
“Despite a lower near-term
inflation profile, the RBNZ’s outlook is still likely to
entail rising inflationary pressures over the medium-term
horizon, UBS economist Robin Clements said in his weekly
note on Friday. “In short, the RBNZ projections will still
make the case for policy to ‘gradually remove monetary
stimulus’ i.e. next move expected to be a hike, just not
anytime soon.”
Across the Tasman, capex for the third
quarter and spending intentions will be closely watched for
any signs that the life is draining out of the resources
sector.
“Normally it is not too important but people are
saying they might have to downgrade their capex
forecasts,” Westpac’s Speizer said. “If it takes a
dive you will see heavy Australian dollar selling and kiwi
selling on the back of it.”
The week rounds out with
China’s official PMI for October, which is expected to
follow the unofficial HSBC flash PMI in showing
manufacturing in that nation is expanding. UBS is
forecasting the PMI will rise to 51.2 from
50.2.
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Former first daughter Chelsea Clinton called out Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-MN) on Sunday evening for using an anti-Jewish stereotype when she alleged that members of Congress had been paid to support Israel.
Omar began by tweeting “It’s all about the Benjamins baby” in response to a comment by left-wing Israel critic Glenn Greenwald in which he lamented that Congress in general, and Republicans in particular, supported Israel.
It’s all about the Benjamins baby https://t.co/KatcXJnZLV — Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN) February 10, 2019
Omar’s response triggered a torrent of criticism — including from left-wing pundits critical of Israel.
Would love to know who @IlhanMN thinks is paying American politicians to be pro-Israel, though I think I can guess. Bad form, Congresswoman. That’s the second anti-Semitic trope you’ve tweeted. https://t.co/FTCaCe7WyG — Batya Ungar-Sargon (@bungarsargon) February 11, 2019
The first-term Minnesota Democrat — whom Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) promoted to the House Foreign Affairs Committee last month — answered:
Omar’s reference to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) referred to a common theme in antisemitic commentary on the extreme left and right. AIPAC is a lobby group that does not donate to candidates.
Ungar-Sargon, among others, was not impressed:
Please learn how to talk about Jews in a non-anti-Semitic way. Sincerely, American Jews. https://t.co/qo3BU2Pqgn — Batya Ungar-Sargon (@bungarsargon) February 11, 2019
In the ensuing Twitter melée, Omar retweeted a left-wing journalist who said of her comments: “She might as well call us hook-nosed.” She apparently only noticed the first part of his tweet, where he echoed her criticism of Israel.
Eventually, Chelsea Clinton weighed in:
Co-signed as an American. We should expect all elected officials, regardless of party, and all public figures to not traffic in anti-Semitism. — Chelsea Clinton (@ChelseaClinton) February 11, 2019
That drew a response from others on the left, who continued to slam AIPAC.
Disappointed @ChelseaClinton is pilling on @IlhanMN instead of reaching out to her. She is a new MoC and figuring out how to navigate calling out AIPAC ( which is a terrible organization aligned with Bibi) and learning that a lot of folks will assume the worst. https://t.co/eZMy2jyY7y — melissa byrne (@mcbyrne) February 11, 2019
AIPAC is not “aligned” with any particular Israeli government, but rather supports the U.S.-Israel alliance in general.
Others were even more abusive — and Clinton stood her ground against Omar’s “anti-Semitic language and tropes”:
Hi Alexandr – my children are thankfully asleep and have been for hours. I think we always have to call out anti-Semitic language and tropes. I feel that way particularly as a parent. Hope you have a good night. https://t.co/mp3GNStW82 — Chelsea Clinton (@ChelseaClinton) February 11, 2019
Nevertheless, Chelsea Clinton responded by promising to “reach out” to Omar:
Hi Melissa – I will reach out to her tomorrow. I also think we have to call out anti-Semitic language and tropes on all sides, particularly in our elected officials and particularly now. — Chelsea Clinton (@ChelseaClinton) February 11, 2019
Omar replied to the overturn by suggesting her critics were attacking her for her Muslim faith:
Chelsea – I would be happy to talk. We must call out smears from the GOP and their allies. And I believe we can do that without criticizing people for their faith. I look forward to building an inclusive movement for justice with you. https://t.co/EGA9NQfBCi — Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN) February 11, 2019
At no point did Omar acknowledge that what she had said was in any way antisemitic or offensive.
Chelsea Clinton’s husband, Marc Mezvinsky, is Jewish.
Joel B. Pollak is Senior Editor-at-Large at Breitbart News. He is a winner of the 2018 Robert Novak Journalism Alumni Fellowship. He is also the co-author of How Trump Won: The Inside Story of a Revolution, which is available from Regnery. Follow him on Twitter at @joelpollak. |
How Big Is China’s Debt? The Best Guesses
The Chinese state owes a lot of money – but even in Zhongnanhai, the secluded compound where the Communist Party’s top brass have their headquarters, no one really knows how much.
Sovereign debt issued by the central government in Beijing stands at 8.4 trillion yuan ($1.4 trillion), or 16% of GDP, as of the end of last year – wonderfully low by western standards. But the sovereign has kept its balance sheet clean by unloading responsibilities on to local governments and individual ministries, which then borrow to cover their costs. That means adding up the real level of public debt is a complicated job.
Worried that borrowing may be out of control, the leadership has instructed the National Audit Office to do a comprehensive survey of all the official borrowing out there – something private sector economists have been guessing at for years. A quick review of estimates finds a range from the International Monetary Fund’s lowish 46% to Standard Chartered Bank’s more worrying 78% of GDP.
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China has one big advantage over neighbors like South Korea and Indonesia that were laid low by the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997 – almost none of that debt is denominated to foreign currency, or owed to foreigners. That means a Greek-style public debt crisis is hard to imagine, according to Andrew Batson of Dragonomics, a Beijing-based research firm. Instead, the risk is that the government will be tempted either to allow higher inflation to eat away at the value of its debt, or else to keep the financial system highly regulated and prop up weak borrowers indefinitely – pushing down efficiency across the economy and leading towards stagnation.
At 60%, Dragonomics’ estimate for total public debt is in the middle of the pack.
Apart from 8 trillion yuan of sovereign bonds, there could be almost 20 trillion yuan of local government debt out there, according to Standard Chartered’s numbers. Most of China’s provinces, cities and counties are technically not allowed to borrow, but in the two years after Lehman Brothers the central government turned a blind eye as they set up investment vehicles to take out loans on their behalf, mostly to pay for an epic infrastructure splurge. That kept China motoring on through the crisis, but it also left city halls staring at a hefty bill.
The last NAO audit found 10.7 trillion of local government debt as of the end of 2010, and analysts expect a significant jump this time around.
Then there is the Ministry of Railways, which charged China’s (undeniably very good) train network straight to its credit card. That left a 3.1 trillion yuan tab, Standard Chartered counts. The debt was transferred to the newly created train operator, China Railway Corp., which was split off from the ministry in March. But the government says it still stands behind the debt.
And that is not to mention 7.6 trillion yuan of debt issued by China Development Bank and other policy banks, whose main purpose is to further the government’s goals. Analysts disagree about whether the policy bank debt should really be added to the government balance sheet – some of it is lent on to other government entities, so double counting could be an issue. While StanChart includes it the IMF’s low-ball estimate leaves it out – and the railway debt as well.
To round it off, the government is still not quite finished cleaning up the mess from the last bad debt crisis more than a decade ago, when it saved the banks’ bacon by taking bad loans off their hands and assigning them to specially created asset management companies. Those AMCs still have some 1.9 trillion of debt to pay off, StanChart reckons.
The flipside of all this is that, though the Chinese state has a lot of debt, it also has an awful lot of assets it could sell to bail itself out. Local governments have been paying their way with land auctions for years. And when the land runs out there are many thousands of state-owned enterprises that could theoretically be privatized – that is, if they’re not too weighed down with debt themselves.
Then again, the national pension fund is underfunded to the tune of 18.3 trillion yuan, according to a joint study by Deutsche Bank and Bank of China. It will take more than the sale of a few local SOEs to raise that much.
Expert Insight
China’s territorial ambitions in the East and South China seas are by now well-documented. Much less understood is one of the key factors in the country’s ability to realize those ambitions: an increasingly well-funded and capable maritime militia.
The U.S. has been urging allies to steer clear of Asia's new China-led infrastructure investment bank. Robert Zoellick, former president of the World Bank, calls that approach mistaken on multiple levels.
Can legal reform and Communist Party control coexist in a way that will benefit Chinese governance and society?This is the question that confronts the country in the wake of its annual legislative gathering.
China's just-concluded legislative sessions seem to be another example of the deinstitutionalization of politics under Xi Jinping. Months from now, these meetings won’t be seen as harbingers of reform, so much as another lost opportunity, writes CRT analyst Russell Moses.
About China Real Time Report
China Real Time Report is a vital resource for an expanding global community trying to keep up with a country changing minute by minute. The site offers quick insight and sharp analysis from the wide network of Dow Jones reporters across Greater China, including Dow Jones Newswires’ specialists and The Wall Street Journal’s award-winning team. It also draws on the insights of commentators close to the hot topic of the day in law, policy, economics and culture. Its editors can be reached at [email protected]. |
#region Copyright (C) 2007-2018 Team MediaPortal
/*
Copyright (C) 2007-2018 Team MediaPortal
http://www.team-mediaportal.com
This file is part of MediaPortal 2
MediaPortal 2 is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
MediaPortal 2 is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with MediaPortal 2. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#endregion
using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace MediaPortal.Tools.StringManager
{
static class ToolLauncher
{
/// <summary>
/// The main entry point for the application.
/// </summary>
[STAThread]
static void Main(params string[] args)
{
Application.EnableVisualStyles();
Application.SetCompatibleTextRenderingDefault(false);
//// Parse Command Line options
//ICommandLineOptions mpArgs = new CommandLineOptions();
//try
//{
// CommandLine.Parse(args, ref mpArgs);
//}
//catch (ArgumentException)
//{
// mpArgs.DisplayOptions();
// return;
//}
#if !DEBUG
try
{
#endif
Application.Run(new StringManagerForm());
#if !DEBUG
}
// Catch and log all exceptions - fail cleanly
catch (Exception ex)
{
Application.Run(new InfoScreen("StringManager", "Unrecoverable Error","MediaPortal has incountered an unrecoverable error\r\nDetails have been logged",InfoScreen.Image.bug));
}
#endif
}
}
}
|
/*
* Copyright 2018 Niek Haarman
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.nhaarman.acorn.samples.hellotransitionanimation
import com.nhaarman.acorn.android.AcornAppCompatActivity
import com.nhaarman.acorn.android.navigation.NavigatorProvider
import com.nhaarman.acorn.android.presentation.ViewControllerFactory
import com.nhaarman.acorn.android.transition.SceneTransitionFactory
import com.nhaarman.acorn.android.transition.sceneTransitionFactory
class MainActivity : AcornAppCompatActivity() {
override fun provideNavigatorProvider(): NavigatorProvider {
return HelloTransitionAnimationNavigatorProvider
}
override fun provideTransitionFactory(viewControllerFactory: ViewControllerFactory): SceneTransitionFactory {
return sceneTransitionFactory {
(FirstScene::class to SecondScene::class) use FirstToSecondTransition
}
}
}
|
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The Obama administration has lost its argument that a potential threat to national security is grounds to stop a lawsuit challenging the government's warrantless wiretapping program.
A federal Appeals Court in San Francisco on Friday rejected the Justice Department's request for an emergency stay in a case involving a defunct Islamic charity.
Yet government lawyers signaled they would continue fighting to keep the information secret, setting up a new showdown between the courts and the White House over national security.
The Obama administration, like the Bush administration before it, claimed national security would be compromised if a lawsuit brought by the Oregon chapter of the charity, Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, were allowed to proceed.
Now, civil libertarians hope the case will become the first chance for a court to rule on whether the warrantless wiretapping program was legal. It cited the so-called state secrets privilege as a defence against the lawsuit.
"All we wanted was our day in court, and it looks like we're finally going to get our day in court," said Al-Haramain's lawyer, Steven Goldberg. "This case is all about challenging an assertion of power by the executive branch, which is extraordinary."
A Justice Department spokesman declined to comment.
But hours after the court made its decision, government lawyers filed new papers insisting they still did not have to turn over any sensitive information.
"The government respectfully requests that the court refrain from further actions to provide plaintiffs with access to classified information," the filing said, suggesting the Obama administration may appeal the matter again to keep the information secret and block the case from going forward.
The decision by the three-judge Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit is a setback for the new Obama administration as it adopts some of the same positions on national security and secrecy as the Bush administration.
Review ordered
Earlier this month, Attorney General Eric Holder ordered a review of all state secrets claims that have been used to protect Bush administration anti-terrorism programs from lawsuits.
Yet even as that review continues, the administration has invoked the privilege in several different cases, including the Al-Haramain matter.
The case began when the Bush administration accidentally turned over documents to Al-Haramain attorneys. Lawyers for the defunct charity said the papers showed illegal wiretapping by the National Security Agency.
The documents were returned to the government, which quickly locked them away, claiming they were state secrets that could threaten national security if released.
Lawyers for Al-Haramain argued that they needed the documents to prove the wiretapping.
The U.S. Treasury Department in 2004 designated the charity as an organization that supports terrorism before the Saudi Arabian government closed it. The Bush administration redesignated it in 2008, citing attempts to keep it operating.
The Appeal Court eventually agreed that the disputed documents were protected as state secrets. But the court ruled that the Oregon chapter of Al-Haramain could try to find another way to show it had standing to sue the government over domestic wiretapping.
A number of organizations, including the American Civil Liberties Union, tried to sue the government over warrantless wiretapping but were denied standing because they could not show they had been targeted.
Ann Brick, a lawyer for the ACLU of Northern California, said the court has now crafted a way to review the issue in which "national security isn't put at risk, but the rule of law can still be observed." |
Moneyball without the ball
Posts from the ‘Swift Energy (SFY)’ Category
Heading into the OPEC meetings I owned small positions in a number of oil and gas stocks. After the agreement was reached I significantly ramped up those positions. As I wrote on the weekend, in the days following the OPEC meeting I added back Granite Oil (GXO) and added to Resolute Energy, Journey Energy, and Zargon Oil and Gas. But my biggest add was to Swift Energy.
I have talked about Swift before here. I took a position in the spring as the company was coming out of bankruptcy. They had agreed to a pre-packaged bankruptcy deal that would give existing shareholders 4% of the new company. In addition to the equity, existing shareholders received warrants.
It was the warrants that caught my attention. For every share that you received you also received 7.5 warrants. The warrants were way out of the money ($80 and $86), but they also had a long dated expiry (2019 and 2020). It seemed like a good leveraged bet on something going right.
Since that time the company has emerged from bankruptcy and the stock has traded up from around $20 to $33. So that’s pretty good, but remember the distressed levels that many oil and gas companies were trading at in February-March. Swift has really market performed at best.
I think that’s because the stock has been stuck on the grey markets, and only recently began to trade on the OTC market. On a third rate exchange and without liquidity, Swift has seen little interest from investors.
Peer Comparison
Below is a comparison I made between Swift and a few other comparable oil companies. I picked companies that operate in the Eagle Ford and where I could that have a natural gas weighting. Its difficult to find ideal peers to Swift because most Eagle Ford operators are oily. Swift is gassy because they found a sweet spot in the gas window in Fasken and have been exploiting it. But as I will describe, its not wholly accurate to describe Swift as a pure play on gas and they have more in common with their oil peers then their oil weighting suggests. I know this comparison isn’t perfect: I just took the data directly from the last 10-Q, so it doesn’t account for recent transactions from SM Energy or Sanchez Energy, and all of these companies are bigger than Swift; its difficult to find public oil and gas companies in the Eagle Ford that have an enterprise value on par with them. I’m open to suggestions.
Perhaps the closest comparison is Comstock Resources. Comstock is gas weighted, has Eagle Ford land in the same counties as Swift (McMullen and LaSalle counties) but also has a lot of gassy acreage in the Haynesville. Comstock trades at twice the valuation of Swift, based on both flowing boe or EBITDA.
I made a comparison based on EBITDA because it was simple, but if anything it understates Swift’s value because coming out of bankruptcy the company has a relatively low debt level. Swift pays far less in interest than most peers, so more EBITDA drops to cash flow.
Thinking of Swift as a pure gas player is misleading. The history of the company shows that it has typically had an equal oil/gas weighting. It has only been in the last couple of years that gas production has dominated.
Fasken Gas Acreage
This shift to gas is because of the Fasken acreage. In 2014 the company made changes to their completion techniques at Fasken and achieved a dramatic improvement in their results. Below are well results before and after.
Swift has focused its drilling on Fasken since it went into bankruptcy in early January. In early 2015 the gas weighting was around 60%. In the third quarter it had risen to 81%.
While being gassy is often inferior to having a more oily weighting, the Fasken wells generate strong returns. Most of the new wells are have produced over 2.5Bcf (over 400,000boe) in the first year:
Other more Oil Weighted Properties
While the company has focused on Fasken and become a gas-weighted producer as a result, their remaining acreage is more balanced. In particular in McMullen County (their AWP acreage) they have over 200 locations in their oil and condensate windows:
In fact, apart from their newly acquired and untested acreage in Oro Grande and Uno Mas, Swift has far more oil acreage than gas.
Much as they “cracked the code” in Fasken and achieved a step change in results, Swift appears to have had a similar breakthrough in AWP.
The PCQ wells are typically 90% oil while the Northern Bracken/Whitehurst wells are around 50% condensate. In the south Bracken where it is gassy, Swift has had success not far different from Fasken, with Bracken wells IP30s exceeding 5,000boepd and cumulative production that looks like it will exceed 2BCF in the first year. Below are IP30’s from this area:
Capital Expenditures
Swift has curtailed their drilling and completion activity since entering into bankruptcy. In the third quarter 10-Q, they described their 2016 operating activities at Fasken:
At our Fasken field in the Eagle Ford play, eight wells were placed into the system during the first nine months of 2016. Seven wells were placed into the system at rates between 15 – 20 MMcf per day of natural gas and one well had mechanical issues and was placed into the system at a restricted rate of 9 MMcf per day of natural gas. The Company resumed drilling operations at Fasken in October 2016 and expects to drill four wells by the end of the year. These four wells are expected to come online in early 2017.
The expenditures were primarily devoted to completion activity in our South Texas core region as we completed four wells in our AWP Eagle Ford field and also initiated completion work for four wells in our Fasken field.
Prior to October, the company had not drilled any wells in 2016. They completed 4 AWP wells in the first quarter, and completed 8 Fasken wells in the second and third quarter. The impact of these activities can be seen in an area breakout of production results:
Artesia has seen no drilling activity for the last couple of years and the wells in the area have been declining naturally. In 2015 the company drilled and completed only one well at AWP and so the decline there is close to natural. The flattening of production in the first and second quarter at AWP coincides with the 4 well completions during that time. Fasken saw the majority of activity in 2015, followed by a lull in the first quarter of 2016 and a corresponding drop in production that recovered once the 8 new wells were completed in the second and third quarters.
A few implications can be drawn. First, two wells per quarter at AWP seem sufficient to maintain production levels there. Second, 4 wells per quarter at Fasken increased production by 2,000boepd. Third, production declines at Artesia are moderating and should be fairly insignificant to overall corporate production going forward.
The company has spent $60 million on capital expenditures this year. In the 10-K the company said they would spend $12 million on corporate and regulatory costs. That leaves $48 million that has been spent completing 12 wells and starting drilling on maybe one or two of the 4 wells being drilled at Fasken before year end. Given that completion costs at Fasken are around $3.5 million, tie-in is another $0.2-$0.3 million and that costs are AWP are slightly higher, the numbers line up.
Production Going Forward
At current production rates, $3/mcf gas and $50 oil Swift should be able to generate EBITDA of $130 million and be able to cash flow around $115 million. That would be enough cash to drill and complete 4 AWP wells and another 11-12 Fasken wells. That level of drilling should be enough to grow production, with my guess being by about 10%.
This compares favorably to a number of other E&Ps that I have looked at where I have difficulty seeing how they can maintain production levels at $50 oil while remaining within cash flow. In many of these cases its simply the debt burden and interest payments that bog them down.
Nothing is Perfect
Swift is not without risk. One risk with Swift is that their remaining drilling inventory at Fasken is modest. Swift only has about 8,300 acres at Fasken, and in the lower Eagleford, where they have focused their drilling, they only have about 20 locations left. It remains to be seen whether the upper Eagleford, Almos or Austin Chalk can produce as prolifically.
I’m also not sure about the upper management. After emerging from bankruptcy a new Chairman of the Board was appointed, Marcus Rowland. Rowland was an original member of the Chesapeake team being with the company from the early 90’s until 2011. I’m sure he had a lot of successes at Chesapeake but he has also been known for steep executive compensation.
A month before Rowland was appointed, a number of Swift’s original executive team left the company, including Terry Swift. I have mixed feelings about that. I know that many think these guys were incompetent. They totally mishandled the balance sheet and then blew it by not hedging anything heading into the 2014 downturn. But they also were very good operators. They unlocked Fasken, and showed continual improvement in drilling efficiencies and performance. I hope that the engineering teams remain intact.
At any rate there is a void that needs to be filled. They appointed the COO as the new CEO on an interim basis. But we will have to wait for the longer term plan.
Swift also some lower priced hedges. They have about 20-25% of their gas production in 2016 hedged at around $2.80 per mcf and another 25% collared between $3-$3.90 per mcf. They have about 20% of their 2017 oil production hedged at $48 per barrel.
Finally, the Eagleford is not the premier basin that it was a few years ago. That spot has been taken by the Permian. As pointed out in this tweet, $50 oil is not bringing back rigs.
Portfolio Performance
Top 10 Holdings
See the end of the post for my full portfolio breakdown and the last four weeks of trades
Thoughts and Review
My portfolio bounced back this month. This was somewhat remarkable given that my two largest positions, Radisys (RSYS) and Radcom (RDCM), continued to perform poorly. I don’t expect much from either of these stocks until they are able to secure additional contracts with service providers. With year end coming up, I am hopeful (but not counting on) some news on that front.
The rest of my portfolio did extremely well, benefiting from the rotation to small caps that occurred after the election of Donald Trump. I didn’t anticipate the market move or the small cap revival. But I wasn’t the only one, in fact I didn’t hear that prediction from anything I read. I would be interested if anyone else knows of an expert, newsletter writer or manager that predicted the move? They would be worth following.
In retrospect it makes sense; expectations of significantly lower taxes and a relaxation of regulations would lead to a market rally with a bias on small caps with domestic exposure and few tax loop holes. The stocks that have performed the best for me have had that characteristic.
Willdan Group (WLDN) is a text book example. Willdan has always paid a high tax rate, sometimes over 40%. If the companies tax is cut in half, which is not impossible under a Republican government, earnings go up by 30%. They are also essentially an infrastructure play, another positive. The stock has moved from $16 to $24 in the month since the election.
Adding Healthcare, Infrastructure, Biotech
While I wasn’t positioned for a rally leading into November 8th, I adapted as the market moved higher. As I’ve written about here, I added Health Insurance Innovations shortly after the election on the expectation that changes to the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) would open up competition, which would be positive for their business.
I also added an infrastructure play, Smith-Midland (SMID), as it seems that this will be the focus of spending under the Trump administration. Smith-Midland makes make pre-cast concrete products like barriers, sound walls, small buildings, and manholes. They have a market capitalization of $25 million and even after having run up to $5 are not expensive. There is a good article on the company here. I also added to my existing position in Limbach Holdings, another infrastructure play.
My last move in response to the election result was to add to a few biotech names. This worked out initially but interest has waned in the last couple of weeks. I added to my position in Supernus (SUPN), to Bovie Medical (BVX) and added back some TG Therapeutics (TGTX). I may jettison the latter position soon.
Responding to OPEC
The Trump move was followed by the OPEC move, which I again don’t profess to have predicted. I was agnostic going into the OPEC meetings; I held my usual weighting of energy positions, but did not pile into them as a bet that a deal would be reached.
Instead, as is my typical strategy, I chased the news, adding to energy names on the heels of the announcement. By waiting I missed out on the first 10% move, but once the deal was announced it was a far lower-risk entry into stocks on my watchlist.
It can be argued that OPEC’s cut will only lead to high US production, or that it will be diluted by cheating by OPEC members, but nevertheless its difficult to argue that this doesn’t put a floor on prices. And if there is a floor, stocks that previously had to discount the possibility of another move into the $30’s do not have to anymore. Therefore stock prices needed to move higher. I think they still do.
Many of the names I am interested in are small enough that they do not move immediately with the market. Thus I have been able to add to Journey Energy (JOY) and Zargon Oil and Gas (ZAR) at prices not too different to what they were leading up to the announcement. There is a good SeekingAlpha article (and comments, in particular note those on the interim CFO hire) on Zargon here. I haven’t seen any analysis on Journey, and I will try to write up a summary on the stock in the next couple of weeks.
A second energy name that I added to and am in the process of writing up is Swift Energy. As I tweeted on Friday:
$SWTF not moving with rest of oils b/c still on OTC, but trades at around 1/2 of eagleford peers, imo that’s b/c its under everyone’s radar
I also added Resolute Energy (REN), a Permian player I have been in and out of over the past 6 months, and added back Granite Oil (GXO). There was a good comment to my last portfolio update that gave me some perspective on the concerns I had raised about Granite. I wanted to add to Jones Energy (JONE), but it moved so quickly off of the OPEC news that I didn’t get a chance.
Finally I added to a derivative play, CUI Global. CUI Global is a bet on Trump as well as OPEC. The company has said in their presentations that they have struggled gaining traction with their GasPT products in North America because of the dour investment climate for oil and gas infrastructure. This should change under Trump and with support to oil prices. Its no guarantee that CUI Global will be the beneficiary, but if their product is as good as they profess it to be, it should be the preferred measurement tool for new projects.
I also added a position in Contura Energy. It was written up here. I think this article will move behind the paywall soon, so I would recommend reading it sooner than later.
Where we go from here?
I’ve taken on some risk as the market has moved higher and especially after the OPEC agreement. But I do not expect this to last long. I’ll be paring back positions over the next few weeks.
I don’t feel like I know what to expect from this new US regime. Tweets like the one’s Donald Trump made over the weekend, promising a 35% tax against companies moving production abroad, leave me wondering where we end up? Are these just empty threats, impossible to implement? Or is this only going to escalate?
It’s uncharted territory. If government spending increases significantly, taxes are cut and trade restrictions are imposed, I’m not sure where it leaves us. Will bond yields rise, setting off a negative market event? Will investors continue to pile into domestic US equities? Will stocks based in foreign locales or with manufacturing operations abroad sell-off on concerns over tariffs being implemented. The answers are just way beyond me.
Lacking confidence in the answers means I have to get smaller. That’s the only response. Since July (my year end) I am up nearly 30%. I feel like I am pushing my luck asking for the same kind of performance in the second half of my fiscal year.
Portfolio Composition
Portfolio Performance
See the end of the post for the current make up of my portfolio and the last four weeks of trades
Thoughts and Review
I’ve been trying to stick to core ideas over the last four weeks, not taking fliers and taking a very close look before I purchase anything. If you remember, last month I reflected back on the last year, where I really didn’t do all that well, and concluded that my so-so performance could be attributed to too many mistakes with peripheral ideas that I either held too long or should not have gotten into in the first place.
At the same time I’ve been willing to tweak my exposure to stocks up a notch because my two main worries have abated. As I wrote in my February post what worried me was:
The collapse of oil bringing about energy company bankruptcies that a. lead to investor losses that start to domino into broad based selling, and b. lead to bank losses and bond losses that cause overall credit contraction
The collapse of China’s banking system leads to currency devaluation and god knows what else. Kyle Bass wrote a terrifying piece (which I would recommend reading here) about how levered China’s banking system is, how their shadow banking system is hiding the losses, and about how government reserves are not large enough to pacify the situation without a significant currency devaluation.
Both of these events seem off the table, with the first maybe completely eliminated and the second at least postponed.
Still the market is back to that 2,100 level and it is difficult for me to get excited about another move higher. Where I can I have added some index shorts and also some individual tech name shorts to balance in case of a pullback.
Still finding new ideas
Even as I try to be cautious, I still have found a lot of new stocks this month. I added positions in Swift Energy, Clayton Williams Energy, Granite Oil, Medicure, Rentech and Oclaro. It was a busy month and there are lots of stocks written up below. I feel pretty good about all the ideas, with the usual caveat that if oil starts to go south my oil stock positions will be reduced quickly (not Swift though, which is a special situation as I will describe).
Canadian Dollar Doldrums
I’ve had some decent gains in the last month and am back within a a few percent of my highs. But quite honestly my portfolio would be back to its high already if this damn Canadian dollar wasn’t killing me.
About half of my portfolio is in US stocks but as a Canadian I report my gains and losses in Canadian dollars. Lately, every day the market is up the Canadian dollar is up (usually a lot) and because of that a chunk of my gains disappear. To give it perspective: since the beginning of the year the Canadian dollar has gone from about 1.38 US to 1.27. Every $100,000 I had in US dollars was worth $138,000 at the beginning of the year; today its worth $127,000. Its been a headwind.
I’ve been saved by picking some US stocks that have done very well. Radisys continues to be huge. Apigee is a big winner off its lows. Clayton Williams has doubled in a few weeks. Both Iconix Brands and Patriot National have had big runs off their lows. Things would really be rolling if I didn’t have to deduct 10% from the aggregate sums.
Oh well. The Canadian dollar going up means that oil is going up, and living here in Calgary I can tell you that is a good thing. Things are unquestionably slow in the city. If you are in the oil and gas sector, its depressing.
Cowtown Slowdown
As an aside with respect to my home town; I honestly don’t see the Armageddon situation that some have described. I bike past downtown condos every day and while the sun is up so I can’t count the lights, I can count bbq’s and bicycles on the balcony in these supposedly empty apartments. I live in one of the downtown “high-end” neighborhoods where its been said that “every second house is for sale” and yet I see only a smattering of for sale signs and a number of them sold. The restaurants I walk by still seem busy. To be sure, things are slow and if you work downtown in the patch they are miserable, but overall it seems not very different than a year ago. Is this what depression looks like? Or do I just not have the clear perspective of an outsider, what I see being distorted by a home town bias?
Oil move
I’ve given up trying to predict whether this is the real move in oil and if not when that move will come. So just like all the other head fakes, I’ve added positions on the move up with the expectation I can be nimble enough to squeeze out some profits even if this turns out to be another short term blip.
I will repeat what I wrote in September about oil, which could be paraphrased to say “I don’t think anybody really knows”:
But with all that said, I remain neutral in my actions. I’m not going to pound my fist and say the market is wrong. I’m just going to quietly write that I don’t think things are as certain as all the oil pundits write and continue to be ready to pounce when the skies clear enough to show that an alternate thesis is playing out.
With that let’s talk about some stocks because I have a lot to say, starting with two of the three oil stocks I bought (I’ll talk about Clayton Williams at a later date).
Swift Energy
I think this would could be a legitimate 20 bagger if it all pans out. If only I had the confidence to make a Cornwall Capital style bet on it. I tweeted about this last week because I wasn’t sure if I’d be able to mention it in a post before the effective date. Unfortunately that looks to be the case as the stock was halted all day Friday.
Swift is in bankruptcy. At the end of last year they prepackaged a plan with bondholders. That plan has been approved by a judge and the company should be coming out of BK shortly. In the plan existing equity actually does quite well, retaining 4% of the new company shares plus 30% of equity via warrants. The warrants are well out of the money compared to the current pink sheet price. But they are also very long term, with half of them expiring in 2019 and the other half in 2020.
The bankruptcy plan converts ~$900 million of bonds into equity. The company that emerges from bankruptcy will have $325 million of bank debt and, net of cash, somewhere around $250 million of net debt. So the balance sheet is very de-levered compared to the company pre-bankruptcy and also compared to its peers.
The pink sheet implies a market capitalization of around $240 million and an enterprise value of just under $500 million. That means that the market is giving Swift an EV/flowing boe valuation of $16,000. Checking that against the RBC universe, peers trade at between $30K and $100K. On an EV/cf basis, which I again compare off of the RBC price deck for 2016 ($40 oil and $2.50 gas), Swift gets a 5.5x multiple versus 10-20x average for the RBC coverage universe.
As I said the warrants are way out of the money but by my calculations they provide an extremely healthy upside scenario. You get 7.5 warrants per share. Half of those warrants are in the money at ~72 cents, with the other half at ~78 cents. If you get a stock price of 90 cents by 2019 you are looking at nearly a $2 return on your ~20 cents purchase. $1 gets you close to $3 return. See the model below:
Of course a lot has to go right for all this to happen but its a long runway and even at 90 cents you are looking at an EV/flowing boe of around $43K and EV/cf of 15x assuming flat production, $40 oil and $2.50 gas.
The dream scenario is that natural gas prices go up some time between now and 2019. If we hit $4 gas again Swift is going to make a lot of money, and a $2 billion enterprise value is not impossible (would still only be $62,000 per flowing boe on current production). That would give you a 26x return on a 20 cent stock purchase.
On the downside, obviously management is not ideal. Went into downturn with no hedges and way too much debt. Operationally it actually seems like they’ve done pretty well though. And the acreage they own, particularly Fasken, looks like some of the best of the Eagleford.
Granite Oil
This is an oil stock I’ve held in the past and that I bought again after it appeared that oil was going to make a legitimate run. I have added to it in the last week as oil has stayed very firm in the face of some bad news (Doha, Kuwait).
But I’m a bit worried. Granite just doesn’t seem to be performing like it should. Below is a performance comparison I stole from this Investorvillage post:
The problem with investing in any of these Canadian juniors and intermediates is that production data comes out semi-publically through a subscription you pay for via IHS. I of course, do not have access to this data. So there is a chance that some are seeing declines in January and February and getting a head start selling on what will be a weak first quarter.
Granite also hasn’t put out a new presentation since February, which you can construe a few different ways, both positively and negatively.
Granite may also be in the penalty box because the same management team sold out their shareholders when they took an offer for Boulder Energy (of which Granite had split last year) at around $2.50 per share, or about one quarter of what Boulder traded at last year. I imagine there are pre-split shareholders of both names that decided to jettison Granite in disgust after the Boulder news.
Granite currently trades at a $200 million market capitalization and has $40 million debt. In the third quarter they produced 3,476 boe/d. Their valuation is roughly inline with peers, though Granite’s low debt position should allow for some premium in my opinion.
They have proven themselves to be solid operators; in 2015 they “decreased capital costs by 29 percent through the year to $2.0 million per well” and operating costs from $7.50 per boe to $6.00 per boe (source).
What I have always found exciting about Granite is that they have a low-decline and relatively low risk development opportunity applying a gas injection enhanced oil recovery technique on known reserves. But they also have a very large surrounding land position, which allows for a significant expansion of the program if oil prices recover and make them attractive to a larger acquirer. Below is a map from their presentation to give you an idea of their current drilling focus and more importantly the expansive land package that surrounds it:
So I like Granite as a reasonably safe way to play a price recovery. I am optimistic that the poor share price activity is an opportunity and not an omen. The company remains reasonably priced with low debt and is one of the very few oil companies in Canada that can squeak out profitability with oil prices above $40.
Medicure
I got the idea for Medicure from a radio program we have in Canada called Moneytalks. It used to be that Moneytalks was full of gold and silver interviews and end of the world enthusiasts so for a long time I did not make time to listen. But lately Michael Campbell has been interviewing more real managers who have been giving out the odd gem of an idea with Medicure being one that I was enticed to buy.
Medicure was recommended by a PM at Maxam Capital. I found this excerpt on the company in one of Maxam’s recent letters to clients:
Located in Winnipeg Medicure is a small pharmaceutical company with a drug called Aggrastat that prevents thrombosis and is used intervenously in hospitals. Sales of Aggrastat have been growing rapidly since FDA approval first of recommended dosage in 2013 and then an expanded dosage regime in April of 2015.
On top of their ownership of Aggrastat, Medicure also has an option to purchase a growing generic manufacturer in India called Apicore. This is where things get a bit fuzzy. As part of a financing they orchestrated for Apicore in the summer of 2014 Medicure received a 6% interest in Apicore stock and an option to acquire the remaining shares at any time before July 2017. But in a strange twist, the purchase price of the remaining shares of Apicore is undisclosed. I looked all over trying to find an indication of what the option price is, but to no avail. So trying to value the option is a bit of a guessing game.
Medicure gives a small hint in their presentation that it is probably worth more today than it was in the summer of 2014. They provide the following information with respect to Apicore’s sales each of the last 4 years:
Clearly there has been significant revenue growth at Apicore since Medicure was granted the option to purchase the company.
The balance sheet accounting of the Apicore interest doesn’t help much because the only changes Medicure has made to the value of their position is due to currency fluctuations.
Medicure trades at a market capitalization of a little under $90 million. They generated operating cash flow of $7 million in 2015 and do not have significant capital expenditures. Aggrastat is growing and so one should expect increasing cash flow going forward. And then you have Apicore on top of that, which must be worth something, though its not clear what. So adding it all up, it seems that the current price of the stock does not reflect the cash flow generation capacity of Aggrastate let alone the value of the purchase option for Apicore.
Rentech
I got the idea for Rentech from @alex_estebaranz on Twitter. Up until this year Rentech has operated two businesses: the first being wood processing (wood chips and pellets) with operations in Canada and the United States, and the second being fertilizer, with two plants producing nitrogen based fertilizer.
In 2015 the company decided to get out of the fertilizer business in order to reduce debt. In August Rentech sold their East Dubuque fertilizer plant to CVR. They followed this up with the sale of their Pasadena facility in March of this year.
The sale of East Dubuque to CVR was the more significant of the two deals. Rentech received 1.04 units of CVR Partner stock in addition to $2.57 cash. The proceeds have allowed Rentech to pay off about $150 million of debt. Even after the payoff of Rentech retains 7.2 million units of CVR (valued at about $60 million). They have $95 million of cash.
Rentech has 23 million shares outstanding so at $3.30, it holds an $82 million market capitalization. The remaining debt they have is about $136mm. Subtracting what’s left of the CVR units and cash on hand and the enterprise value is low, only about $60 million.
What do you get for $60 million? A wood chip business called Fulghum Fibers, a US wood pellet business and a Canadian wood pellet business. Below was 2015 EBITDA by segment in addition to an EBITDA forecast, which I will talk about shortly.
As you can see the Canadian business is a bit of a mess. They are ramping up new two new facilities and having trouble doing so. It’s costing more money than anticipated, they’ve had to replace equipment and there is some question whether one of the facility can be ramped up to the original capacity expectation.
Nevertheless, even with reduced expectations Rentech expects that these facilities can generate between $13 to $16 million of EBITDA. They sell their pellets to Quebec and Ontario Power for power generation, so they have steady customers for their product.
Rentech has also said they are in the process of taking out $10 million to $12 million out of SG&A.
Basically with the sale of the fertilizer businesses it’s a story about turning around the Canadian business and cutting some costs. If the cost cuts materialize and they can generate the expected EBITDA in Canada, EBITDA can probably touch a number north of $30 million. That would make a $60 million valuation far too low and something at least double that would be more reasonable.
Oclaro
I got the idea for Oclaro from a friend who is always coming up with off the radar ideas. Oclaro makes optical transceivers. The optical transceiver business is not a great business; competition is high and there is always a higher speed device on the horizon to upset any market share gains that you might have scraped together.
You can witness this by taking a look at Oclaro’s gross margins, which tend to hover around the 25% range historically. But Oclaro is on the right side of the cycle right now. The move in the high end of the optical market is towards 100G transceivers, and Oclaro has a leg up in this segment.
In particular there is a large build of long-haul optical in China that Oclaro has been winning business from. They have a contract with China Mobile for 21,000 plus line side 100G long-haul ports. The China Mobile contract is going to be delivered in Q1/Q2. There are also contracts with China Unicom and with China Telecom for 8,000-10,000 ports each so similar size to China Mobile, and these are scheduled for early second half of the year. On top of this there is regional demand from metro China customers that is ramping.
The product wins are leading to a ramp of their 100G production lines:
We will ramp both manufacturing lines for the ACO over this calendar year and we expect to go from shipping hundreds per quarter to thousands per quarter by the end of this year. We continue to believe that the majority of the early demand will be focused on data center interconnect
On their last conference call (second quarter) management made the following interesting comment that demand is exceeding their capacity to build the transceivers:
Our growth in Q3 will not be gated by demand. We’re running very tight on capacity for most of our 100G products, as well as our tunable 10G offerings. As a result, we’re adding significant capacity in all these areas. Our ability to grow will be governed by how quickly our capacity comes online, as well as the capability of some of our piece-part vendors to respond to our increased demand.
In the spreadsheet below I’ve tried to model out what I see happening to Oclaro over the next couple of years and their strong 100G position takes hold. Their fiscal 2016 is half over, with revenues of about $180 million, so I am forecasting some growth over the next couple of quarters there.
In 2017 I am making what is probably a pretty optimistic forecast, with 20% growth in revenue and gross margins increasing to 35%. I’m doing this to get an idea of what Oclaro might be able to generate if things go well. I suspect that the 40 cents of EPS that I estimate would lead to a share price in the $8 range, maybe higher if growth is expected to continue to be strong.
Health Insurance Innovations
I sold some of my Health Insurance Innovations position. Not a lot, but enough to reduce my risk if something goes wrong. I got this across my google alerts and while I don’t know what to make of it, it doesn’t sound positive.
Arkansas News Bureau
LITTLE ROCK — State Insurance Commissioner Allen Kerr said Monday he has issued a cease-and-desist order against a Florida-based company over allegations it has used deceptive practices to try to sell short-term health insurance plans in Arkansas.
Kerr also released a list of tips for avoiding falling prey to dishonest telemarketers trying to sell health insurance plans.
The cease-and-desist order directs Health Plan Intermediaries Holdings, doing business as Health Insurance Innovations, to stop immediately the sale, solicitation or advertising of any insurance plans using unlicensed agents and to stop intentionally misrepresenting the terms of contracts or applications.
Kerr said in a news release that in a phone call with Insurance Department investigators, a Health Insurance Innovations employee offered insurance plans and gave price quotes despite admitting he was not a licensed insurance agent. Also, several company representatives falsely told investigators that two short-term plans, HealtheFlex and Principal Advantage Plan, were in compliance with the federal Affordable Care Act, according to Kerr.
I don’t really know what to make of this news. It’s probably nothing. Still, I felt a little better with a little less exposure to the name.
Radcom
A couple of data points occurred with Radcom in the past month.
First of all Netscout did a call on the NFV market and their service assurance offering. The call was broken into two segments, with the first segment being the more interesting of the two.
In the first segment is an industry expert from Analysys Mason gave a pretty good overview of the NFV opportunity, its risks and why service providers are inevitably going to move towards an NFV solution. His projections for assurance seem a little light based on what I see so far from Radcom, but I guess we will see how that plays out shortly. The call is worth listening to in full.
Second, I listened to the Amdocs fourth quarter conference call. Amdocs gave lots of commentary around what they are doing with NFV and even provided some reference to how RDCM fits in. Here are the comments I note (I highlighted a couple comments in particular):
When speaking about who will be the winners in this new market:
we think that actually the early adopters would come and the disruptor will come from the small companies. There is a lot of startups in this field, and we believe that some of it will go to the tradition, Cisco or Ericsson and the like but a lot of it will go to smaller companies.
Speaking of carrier advantages of NFV and their role as consolidator:
You can imagine that if you have a network that is all software devices, if you want to accelerate capacity or to change features instead of sending a technician that go to the box and do something, you just tweak it on a control plane in the data center. It’s like managing a huge data center. So the bottom line is that the trend is absolutely there. The nets are trying to fight it as much as they can, we are the disruptor, there are very few others, definitely not in our scale. We believe we could be the integrator of small companies.
And in terms of which carriers are getting a head start on their deployment:
In terms of the geographic spread that you asked, AT&T is probably by far the most advanced company with its theory and its power line under the Domain 2.0. You see some activities in Singapore Telecom, in Bell Canada, in Vodafone Group.
…So in the next 12 months to 18 months, you will see the big guys making decisions, that is to say Bell Canada in Canada, AT&T and Verizon in the USA, Singapore Telecom in Asia, Telefônica probably, Vodafone, these are the guys that will make decision.
Finally, what Amdocs will and will not do:
We will not try to build a better virtualized probe than the people that I expect on this or virtualized– if you see packet core (50:39) or something like this, we would not. So we are mainly after the high-end NFV component and maybe some services and integration on the SDN.
Radcom hasn’t performed terribly well as the market has recovered. The stock has been essentially flat. But this isn’t unexpected. It’s still a $100 million dollar company that reported revenue of a little over $2 million last quarter. I don’t expect a significant move in the stock until it either reports some big numbers, announces another contract, or gets bought out. The problem is that the last two items are game-changing events, and you can’t predict if one of them is going to happen tomorrow or next year. So I wait patiently.
Portfolio Composition
This is not a full update of my portfolio so I will not be providing all the details of my current positions and trades over the last few weeks. I’ll do that again in the next week or two. Below are my current top 10 holdings and their percentage weighting in the portfolio.
In this post I want to write about the tenuous nature of most of the stocks I hold. While I make many purchases based in part on the judgment that an undervaluation exists, I’m not really a value investor in any strict sense of the definition. I don’t really look for stocks that are simply cheap to their intrinsic/discounted/net asset value and then wait for something to happen to change that.
In addition to cheap I’m always looking for a catalyst. Something that will change perception of the stock and where the stock has enough leverage to the change to make for meaningful upside.
Because of these two criteria I find that I am drawn into an inordinate number of cyclical, indebted, tenuous or heavily capital dependent businesses. They are not great businesses over the long-run. Their true value is usually wildly erratic depending on the assumptions used. While this characteristic represents the opportunity it also means I have to continually re-evaluate the thesis and sometimes admit that I am wrong and give up. Read more
This isn’t a complete portfolio update. I won’t be posting my performance or trades; I will leave that for another week. I just want to give a short update on some of the earnings reports that have come out or are still to come out while the thoughts are still fresh in my mind. Here is a quick snapshot of the top positions in my portfolio as of Friday’s close.
MagicJack
MagicJack earnings come out Monday after the market close. I’m nervous about them, because the stocks action has been poor, it is a large position for me and because I’m not convinced the numbers will be great.
The company lowered advertising spend significantly in the quarter in anticipation of the release of the new version of the device and the app. That will help costs, but it will also probably hurt revenue. On the fourth quarter call the company said that they expected the first half of the year to be “soft”. Read more
Portfolio Performance
See the end of the post for the current make up of my portfolio and the last four weeks of trades.
Recent Developments
During the Christmas break I began to focus my attention on the Canadian market, searching out stocks that had not yet participated in the bull market or that had further room to run. I started to call these stocks my “Venture” ventures but that is not really accurate; I’ve actually only invested in a couple of companies that trade on the Venture exchange. But they do tend to be small and micro and even nano cap companies, so many of them are Venture in spirit if not name.
My thesis was based upon a few pillars. First, the Canadian markets severely underperformed the US markets in 2013 and given the tie between the trade of the two countries I didn’t think this disconnect could continue forever. Second, The Canadian markets were dragged down by a rout in commodity stocks, particularly gold, and I wondered how much of the general downdraft had resulted in non-commodity businesses being dragged down unfairly. Third, the Canadian dollar had fallen 10% and I had to think that this made any kind of export based business much more attractive.
The fall of the Canadian dollar also provided me with another reason to return to my home-country market. I have done really well in the past year owning stocks in American dollars. Its been a 10% gain across the board, even if a individual stock did nothing. But this force can work two ways and I am wary of a 5% correction to the upside that causes my portfolio to take a hit. Read more
Portfolio Performance
Update
Since my last update I exited Radian Group, Arkansas Best and MBIA. The sales reflect a desire to redeploy cash in other opportunities as well as some lingering concerns about each company.
With Arkansas Best, its my uncertainty about the outcome of union negotiations. The negotiations were extended this week for a second time. An escalation to a strike does not seem out of the question. If a strike occurs the stock price may or may not get hit; while a positive resolution could be quite good for the stock in the long-run (see my original post about how Arkansas Best would benefit from a contract structured in a similar manner to the one that YRC Worldwide operates with) the uncertainty may drive panic selling. I’ve decided to wait this one out for a few weeks and see how it plays out. Read more
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Influence of the phenophase on the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of Dalmatian sage.
This study aimed to research the influence of phenophase on the phenolic profile (phenolic acids, flavonoids and stilbenes) and related antioxidant properties of sage, one of the most characteristic plants of Dalmatian karst. The total phenol and flavonoid contents in sage leaves were determined spectrophotometrically, while the principal phenolics were determined using HPLC-RP-DAD. Antioxidant properties of this well known medicinal plant were determined as free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and by Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction (BR). The results strongly indicate that Dalmatian sage leaves are rich source of valuable phenolics, mainly phenolic acids, with extremely good antioxidant properties. The presence of resveratrol or its derivatives was confirmed in all extracts. The best results for total phenols and flavonoids, as well as the best antioxidant properties were obtained for May sage, while the highest amounts of catechin monomers and compounds from group of stilbenes were found in February extract. |
Q:
Get a value from an multidimensional array
I have a variable called $authors_id that gives me an array of 3 users, and inside each user theres an ID i need to call to be able to get their pics.
Here:
i have tried calling it like this:
$authors_img = $authors_id[0]['data]['ID'];
But it doesnt work. Can someone point me out what im doing wrong?
A:
What you need is:
$authors_img = $authors_id[0]->data->ID;
|
Contraception issue fought to a draw
The Obama administration’s decision on Catholic institutions and contraception may have rekindled the social issue debate in American politics — particularly in the GOP primary.
But polling suggests the two sides have essentially fought to a draw.
While polling released before the issue became so hot-button showed a majority of Americans supported requiring all employers to require contraception coverage, a new poll from the Pew Research Center suggests that Americans are much more evenly split when it comes to religious institutions.
The new Pew poll shows 48 percent of Americans say religious institutions should be exempted from providing birth control to their employees, while 44 percent say those institutions should be required to provide contraception coverage.
So the Pew poll suggests some movement toward the conservative view, right?
Not exactly.
The difference between these three polls is that, while the Pew poll placed the question in the context of religiously affiliated groups, the PRRI and Fox polls did not. Once that element is introduced into the equation, the calculus becomes a little more difficult than simply saying the all employers should cover birth control.
(Update: the PRRI poll did also test the issue in the context of religious institutions and got slightly different numbers than its initial 55/40 split. The numbers when religion was broached changed to 49 percent in favor of requiring the coverage and 46 percent against.)
And really, religion is the crux of the issue right now, so those numbers probably reflect the current debate a little more accurately. (Pew also excluded people who hadn’t heard about the controversy, which might also have moved the needle toward favoring an exemption.)
At the same time, we haven’t seen any reason to believe that this issue has actually moved any numbers.
Even among Catholics — the one group that we might think would bristle at Obama’s proposed requirement — there isn’t any less support for Obama now than there was before the controversy. Sargent notes that Obama’s approval rating hasn’t even changed among church-going Catholics.
As with so many social issues — including abortion and gay marriage — this issue appears to have turned out to be, in large part, a wash. It may have mobilized a few social conservatives and social liberals and made the GOP presidential race a little more focused on social issues, but right now there’s no reason to believe it will have any lasting implications in the general election later this year. |
Q:
Types 'std::array' and 'char' are not compatible
I have a problem with build this code when I try give to the function indicator to array ? Any ideas ?
Compiler error:
Types 'std::array<char, 6>' and 'char' are not compatible
Here's my code:
void NextHash( std::array<char,6>* state ) {
std::string tablica = {'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9','a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z'};
int j = 5;
for( int i = 0; i < 36; i++ ) {
if( tablica[i] == state[j] ) {
if( i == 35 ) {
state[j] = tablica[0];
j--;
i=-1;
}
else{
state[j] = tablica[i+1];
i = tablica.size();
}
}
}
}
A:
You're passing in a pointer to a std::array as a parameter, but then using the indexing operator [] directly on it instead of dereferencing the pointer first (the [] operator is defined for both raw pointer types and std::array, hence the confusion).
I suggest changing your function to accept a reference:
void NextHash( std::array<char,6>& state ) {
...or continue to use array<char,6>* but then dereferencing it:
if( tablica[i] == (*state)[j] ) {
...
(*state)[j] = tablica[0];
If you're using std::array instead of raw arrays/pointers for safety reasons, you should consider using the at method instead of the indexing operator:
void NextHash( std::array<char,6>* state ) {
...
if( tablica[i] == state->at(j) ) {
...
state->at(j) = tablica[0]; // this is valid C++ as references can be assigned to
Or:
void NextHash( std::array<char,6>& state ) {
...
if( tablica[i] == state.at(j) ) {
...
state.at(j) = tablica[0];
|
delhi
Updated: Feb 23, 2017 15:28 IST
Days before the cash machine of the State Bank of India in south Delhi’s Sangam Vihar dispensed five notes with ‘Churan Lable’ on them, another ATM in Ghaziabad had dished out a fake Rs 2,000 note to an employee of a MNC.
The victim in this January 24 incident, 26-year-old Sidhant Shashikar, tried his best to recover his lost money, but the bank manager allegedly dismissed his allegations saying that all the notes are “sorted” before the ATM’s vault is filled. After reading about the fake notes at Sangam Vihar and police action after that, he is now set to file a police report.
Shashikar is employed as a network engineer in HCL Technologies and was headed to work when he decided to withdraw Rs 2,000.
Shashikar had stopped at an SBI ATM at the bank’s branch in Indirapuram’s Gyankhand area and used his grandmother’s PNB card to withdraw Rs2,000. The note that was allegedly dispensed at 8.57am was strikingly similar to the ones dispensed by another SBI ATM in south Delhi’s Sangam Vihar on February 6.
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.clrboth {clear:both}
Spot the difference 1. Bharatiya Manoranjan Bank instead of Bharatiya Reserve Bank 2. Serial number 000000 3. Rupee sign missing 4. Churan Lable instead of strip with leaf markings 5. P.K. logo instead of RBI seal 6. I promise to pay the barer two thousand coupens (sic) instead of I promise to pay the bearer the sum of two thousand rupees 7. Governor’s signature missing 8. Churan Lable instead of the Ashok emblem 9. Children Bank of India instead of Reserve Bank of India 10. Guaranteed by the Children Government instead of Gauranteed by the Central Government
“When I checked the note, I could not believe my eyes. It had the words ‘Churan Lable’, ‘Bharatiya Manoranjan Bank’ and ‘Children Bank of India’ written on it. I immediately realised something was wrong and showed it to the guard at the ATM before visiting the branch manager,” said Shashikar.
The bank manager, however, returned the hand-written letter to Shashikar by writing that the note in question did not pertain to them “as all the notes are sorted before replenishing them in the ATM”.
An angry Shashikar did not report to work that day and returned home to complain about the error and the bank manager’s alleged response to his aunt.
His aunt immediately shot off a mail to SBI officials at [email protected], but allegedly received no response.
“There is no redressal system where I can seek help. Your customer care numbers have been constantly busy and not responding and not giving me the right choice. Your website is not opening,” she wrote in her mail.
The family said they did not approach the police as they had little hopes from them, but had safely kept the note with them all this while. |
Vintage Jockstrap Photos: Volume 1
The photo shoot itself was fun Strutting around the Locker room in a Leather poser. Bike Pro 10 made for the professional athlete. The other is the Bike No. This extremely rare Mizpah from the s was made for Bieedhatch Sporting Goods, Spokane, WA and is one of the older jockstraps in my collection. Mary Torres You can see the hole article here www.
Vintage Jockstrap Photos Volume 1
Boys of Facebook Photo credit: A high quality, top choice supporter for both professional and amateur athletes features a 3" waistband and full-cut knitted mesh pouch. Mesh support pouch and signature logo patch on the waistband. Now scroll down for some skin! Bands contain covered rubber for comfort and support.
Vintage Jockstrap Photos: Volume 3
Description: An unusual but very comfortable supporter. I was really knocked out by Billy's first tat which spelt out 'I Love Carlos Forever' and was tattooed on Billy's big beautiful bicep. Once back in the big city we couldn't wait to show off our newly acquired body art to our friends. The pouch is "all-webbing elastic for maximum support and protection. Men And Sports Photo credit: |
Q:
Two list of figures
I'm trying to get two separate lists of figures. Ones are the figures containing some plots created using tikzpicture like:
\begin{figure}
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}
...
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{figure}
and the others are simple images. At result I need to have List of Figures and a List of Plots. How can I achieve it? Please give an example if possible.
A:
The package newfloat offers you a simple interface:
\usepackage{newfloat}
\DeclareFloatingEnvironment[
fileext=lop,
listname={List of Plots},
name=Plot,
placement=tp,
%within=section,% activate it if you want
%chapterlistsgaps=on,% meaningful only if chapters exist
]{plot}
Full example:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{newfloat}
\usepackage{pgfplots}
\DeclareFloatingEnvironment[
fileext=lop,
listname={List of Plots},
name=Plot,
placement=tp,
%within=section,% activate it if you want
%chapterlistsgaps=on,% only meaningful when chapters exist
]{plot}
\pgfplotsset{compat=1.13}
\begin{document}
\listoffigures
\listofplots
\section{Test}
\begin{figure}[htp]
\centering
\fbox{\rule{0pt}{3cm}\rule{3cm}{0pt}}
\caption{A figure}
\end{figure}
\begin{plot}[htp]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
\begin{axis}[
extra x ticks={-2,2},
extra y ticks={-2,2},
extra tick style={grid=major}]
\addplot {x};
\draw (axis cs:0,0) circle[radius=2];
\end{axis}
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption{A plot}
\end{plot}
\end{document}
|
Sal The Stockbroker From Howard Stern Show Smile Makeover
Follow Sal The Stockbroker on his Twitter @salgovernale
"SAL THE STOCKBROKER" IS THE "SPECIAL GUEST HOST" FOR "GIRLS GONE DEAD" MOVIE AFTER-PARTY
AT TOOTSIE'S CABARET MIAMI, MARCH 28TH
Photos From http://thehowardshrine.blogspot.com/
Sal G's Before and After Imaging with SNAP Instant Dental Imaging And Temporary
Sal's Finals |
Q:
LoadError for dotenv/load while Dotenv.load works
I want to use dotenv in pure ruby environments. I mean I'm not using Rails.
The github instruction says there are two ways for loading the variables.
require 'dotenv/load'
# or
require 'dotenv'
Dotenv.load
In my environments the latter way works, but `require 'dotenv/load' raises the this error:
LoadError: cannot load such file -- dotenv/load
I gonna use Dotenv.load if former way doesn't work, but I want to know the reason of the error.
I'm using ruby 2.3.3p222 and dotenv (2.1.1).
What am I doing wrong?
Additional Info
I'm using bundle exec pry and `load 'myapp.rb'.
When I load the script I get the error.
A:
'dotenv/load' is implemented from 2.1.2 or 2.2.0.
To upgrade the dotenv gem is needed.
|
701 So.2d 1389 (1997)
STATE of Louisiana, Plaintiff-Relator,
v.
James BLACKWELL, Defendant-Respondent.
No. 30281-KW.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Second Circuit.
November 10, 1997.
*1390 Lavalle B. Salomon, Monroe, for Defendant-Respondent.
Richard Ieyoub, Attorney General, Jerry L. Jones, District Attorney, Susan E. Hamm, Assistant District Attorney, for Plaintiff-Relator.
Before MARVIN, C.J., and WILLIAMS and CARAWAY, JJ.
MARVIN, Chief Judge.
In response to the supreme court's order remanding to this court the State's application for supervisory review "for briefing, argument and opinion," the State and the respondent have reiterated their respective positions, pro and con, on the correctness of the trial court's denial, after a hearing, of the State's Prieur motion to admit other crimes evidence.
Having again reviewed pleadings and transcript of the hearing filed in support of the State's motion, we find no error or abuse of discretion in the ruling complained of for these reasons:
DISCUSSION
Blackwell, a high school teacher and track coach, is formally charged with eight counts of carnal knowledge of one of his juvenile students, CR, during March, April and May 1996. After a hearing on the State's first Prieur motion to admit other alleged criminal conduct by Blackwell with CR and with another student, CC, the trial court granted the motion as to CR while denying it as to CC. The State's application for supervisory review of the trial court ruling as to CC was denied by this court because the state failed to show any specific conduct of Blackwell toward CC. The State did not seek further review of this court's ruling. Our docket no. 30,069-KW.
The State then made a second Prieur motion to admit other alleged criminal conduct by Blackwell with other students, AP and MM. In this second Prieur motion, the State again moved to admit Blackwell's conduct with CC that had been alleged in the State's first Prieur motion. After a hearing, the trial court denied the State's second Prieur motion.
For evidence of other crimes to be admissible, the state must prove (1) that the other acts or crimes occurred and were committed by the defendant by clear and convincing evidence; (2) that the other acts fall within one of the exceptions to inadmissibility provided in La. C.E. art. 404(B)(1) [proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake or accident]; and (3) that the probative value of the evidence outweighs its prejudicial effect. State v. Jackson, 625 So.2d 146 (La. 1993).
A trial court's ruling on the admissibility of other crimes evidence will not be *1391 overturned absent an abuse of discretion. State v. Lee, 25,917 (La.App.2d Cir. 5/4/94), 637 So.2d 656.
Here, as in State v. Driggers, 554 So.2d 720, 724 (La.App.2d Cir.1989), the State seeks to present to the jury evidence of defendant's allegedly similar, though not identical, acts with girls other than the alleged victim to show that the defendant took advantage of one-on-one situations with juvenile, female members of his track team, that he was motivated to commit the acts by an unnatural interest in adolescent females, and that the facts giving rise to the instant charges did not occur fortuitously or accidentally but were intended by the defendant.
The State emphasizes that Blackwell used his position to be alone with 15-17-year-old girls at the school track office after school hours, engaging in "helping" them with their athletic skills and "rehabilitating" their respective "injuries" as a subterfuge to make verbal sexual advances and inappropriate "touches."
The State, however, presents no evidence which connects Blackwell's earlier "rehabilitation" of CR's "injury" with her later consent to sexual intercourse with him. CC naively thought Blackwell's "touching" of her during his "rehabilitative" efforts was accidental. Blackwell's conduct with CC and AP, although it may constitute sexual battery, ceased when they impliedly objected to it and recoiled from the touching and did not result in sexual intercourse. MM refused Blackwell's invitations to play one-on-one basketball with him at night and said he never attempted any sexual contact with her.
The State showed in the earlier Prieur hearing that Blackwell took CR to motels, using his wife's credit card to rent a room. The State has not shown that Blackwell proposed or attempted similar conduct with CC, AP and MM.
Impliedly finding the State's evidence of other crimes to be less than clear and convincing, the trial court said the State's "problem" was that the other girls did not consent to intercourse as CR did and that "the pattern is just not established by the State."
CONCLUSION
In this prosecution charging Blackwell's carnal knowledge of CR, the State makes two arguments: that "preparation, plan, opportunity and lustful disposition are the major issues and thus other crimes or acts must be similar but do not have to arise to the level of signature crimes" and "the fact that AP and CC did not allow the touching of the genitalia to develop into a consensual sexual relationship ... does not negate that defendant in the same manner gained access to students under his control for the purpose of having sex with them."
Blackwell's demonstrated "lustful disposition" toward other adolescent girls (his inordinate desire, obsession to proposition them and inappropriately "touch" them and to engage them in sexual intercourse) would be germane to a charge of sexual battery of another adolescent girl. State v. Driggers, supra. Sexual battery includes the element of intent. La. R.S. 14:43.1. Other crimes evidence would be admissible on the State's case in chief to prove such things as motive, preparation, plan and intent, if those things were at issue. C.E. 404(B)(1).
The crime of carnal knowledge of a juvenile is committed when one person of requisite age "has sexual intercourse, with consent, with any person" of the requisite lesser age. It does not contain the element of intent or disposition to commit the crime. La. R.S. 14:80. Motive, preparation, plan and intent [here summarized as lustful disposition] to engage in sexual intercourse with a juvenile simply is not an element of the crime. Lustful disposition is not related "to conduct that is an integral part" of the crime of carnal knowledge of a juvenile [consensual intercourse with the requisite age difference] that would allow introduction of evidence of that disposition in the State's case in chief. C.E. 404(B)(1).
The question of whether the State may introduce evidence of defendant's lustful disposition toward adolescent girls on crossexamination or rebuttal is not before us at this juncture.
*1392 DECREE
Finding no error or abuse of discretion, we affirm the trial court's ruling of which the State complains.
|
List of universities in Germany
This is a list of the universities in Germany, of which there are about seventy. The list also includes the 13 German universities of technology which have official and full university status, but w usually focus on engineering and the natural sciences rather than covering the whole spectrum of academic disciplines. Nearly about 17 German universities rank among top 250 universities in world[1]
This is a list of the ten oldest universities that have been in continuous operation since their founding in present-day Germany.
Some universities were established in the 14th or 15th centuries, but shut down for longer periods and later re-opened (e.g. the universities of Cologne, Erfurt, Ingolstadt, Mainz and Würzburg). These are not included in this list. |
Slideshow ( 2 images )
Former No. 1 draft pick Jameis Winston has one game remaining on his season-opening suspension, but Tampa Bay Buccaneers wide receiver DeSean Jackson wants Ryan Fitzpatrick to keep the job.
“He’s playing on fire right now,” Jackson said of Fitzpatrick on the NFL Network. “With the way the team is rallying behind him and just playing lights-out football, you have to kind of honor it. You can’t take the hot man out. You got the hot fire right now. It’s like NBA Jam. We used to play NBA Jam - whoever got that hot fire shot, you got to keep shooting, man.”
Tampa Bay is 2-0 behind veteran quarterback Fitzpatrick, who is 48-of-61 passing (78.7 percent) and leads the league with 819 yards. The 35-year-old has thrown eight touchdown passes against just one interception, and his 151.5 passer rating also leads the league.
Jackson has caught three of those touchdown passes and leads the league with 275 receiving yards.
Bucs coach Dirk Koetter would not commit to a starting quarterback beyond Week 3, when Tampa Bay plays host to the Pittsburgh Steelers.
“I won’t be the one getting into that because we’ll worry about that when the time comes,” Koetter said Monday. “Right now, right after I get out of here we’re going to start working on Pittsburgh, and that’s all that matters right now. Everything else is in the future because it could all change like that.”
On Aug. 30, general manager Jason Licht wouldn’t commit to Winston starting in Week 4 when he returns from suspension for violating the league’s personal conduct policy.
“I don’t think it’s fair to say right now that he’s going to be the guy,” Licht said then while speaking on the Bucs’ broadcast on WFLA TV.
--Field Level Media |
---
abstract: |
The dramatic success of deep neural networks across multiple application areas often relies on experts painstakingly designing a network architecture specific to each task. To simplify this process and make it more accessible, an emerging research effort seeks to automate the design of neural network architectures, using e.g. evolutionary algorithms or reinforcement learning or simple search in a constrained space of neural modules.
Considering the typical size of the search space (e.g. \~$10^{10}$ candidates for a $10$-layer network) and the cost of evaluating a single candidate, current architecture search methods are very restricted. They either rely on static pre-built modules to be recombined for the task at hand, or they define a static hand-crafted framework within which they can generate new architectures from the simplest possible operations.
In this paper, we relax these restrictions, by capitalizing on the collective wisdom contained in the plethora of neural networks published in online code repositories. Concretely, we
extract and publish GitGraph, a corpus of neural architectures and their descriptions;
we create problem-specific neural architecture search spaces, implemented as a textual search mechanism over GitGraph;
we propose a method of identifying ***unique*** common subgraphs within the architectures solving each problem (e.g., image processing, reinforcement learning), that can then serve as modules in the newly created problem specific neural search space
.
author:
- 'Kamil Bennani-Smires'
- Claudiu Musat
- Andreea Hossmann
- Michael Baeriswyl
bibliography:
- 'sample-bibliography.bib'
title: 'GitGraph - Architecture Search Space Creation through Frequent Computational Subgraph Mining'
---
|
Q:
Custom UIView wrap-around
I have an NSArray of custom UIViews (ACTileView). They act as one row. I would like to be able to slide them left or right (which is currently already possible) but have the wrap-around (to create the effect of endless "Tiles" much like the UIDatePickerView on the iPhone). I don't have any ideas anymore on how I can achieve this effect.
Help would be greatly appreciated
kind regards, JNK
A:
I once did something similar with 50+ views one could page through. Clearly, for memory reasons you should not load all those views into an array if they are not visible.
So what I did was to have the amount of visible views +2 on each side in my array. Which each change of the position, I would update the array by popping one view off one side and adding the next one on the other side.
I put this logic into the scrollViewDidEndDecelerating delegate method of the UIScrollView, but you could also put it into scrollViewDidScroll and then check for the necessary adjustments of views.
You can re-assign an new NSArray each time and discard the old one, or do everything in a MSMutableArray.
If your views are all visible at the same time, use this method and just double the chain.
|
Introduction {#sec1}
============
At normal levels, glucose is not detectable in urine. Glycosuria, the presence of glucose in urine above normal levels, may be caused by either an increase in blood glucose such that the renal tubules are overwhelmed and complete reabsorption of presented glucose is not possible, a lowering of the renal threshold, or inhibition of renal tubule reabsorption ([@ref1]). Although prevalence estimates for glycosuria vary, it seems likely that the condition effects around 50% of women at some stage of their pregnancy ([@ref2]) and is thought to occur primarily as a result of pregnancy-related increases in renal blood flow resulting in a lower threshold for excreting glucose in urine. It also reflects pregnancy-related increases in circulating blood glucose. While, outside of pregnancy, glycosuria is considered a diabetes indicator, glycosuria in pregnancy is not specific or sensitive for gestational diabetes risk and is not recommended as a screening tool for it ([@ref2],[@ref3]).
There is evidence that glycosuria is associated with adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, in offspring ([@ref4]) and with later life outcomes, such as cardiovascular disease death, in mothers ([@ref7]). Therefore, the presence of glycosuria may potentially indicate future adverse outcomes in pregnancy and the life course.
Both glucose regulation and renal function are heritable, with reliable evidence for several genetic variants being associated with a range of relevant traits, including fasting glucose ([@ref8],[@ref9]), insulin sensitivity ([@ref8],[@ref9]), type 2 diabetes ([@ref10]) and glomerular filtration rate in general non-pregnant populations ([@ref11]). While these studies have yielded valuable new insights into glucose metabolism, still outstanding is an investigation of the genetic contribution to glycosuria during pregnancy. To investigate whether common genetic variants are associated with glucose in urine during pregnancy and to explore potential links to other glycaemic and renal-function-related traits, we set out to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of glycosuria during pregnancy in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) and looked for confirmatory evidence in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986). We further investigated the genetic overlap between identified loci and multiple diabetes-related traits.
Results {#sec2}
=======
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of self-reported glycosuria during pregnancy performed in ALSPAC represents our primary analysis. Additional work exploring associations further was conducted in the same cohort. Due to lack of available data, a replication GWAS was not possible. We instead sought supporting evidence from a secondary GWAS analysis performed in NFBC1986 and combined GWAS results from ALSPAC and NFBC1986 to identify persistent associations. An overview of the study and its components is presented in [Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"} and Supplementary Material, [Figure S1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
{#f1}
Primary Analysis {#sec3}
================
ALSPAC GWAS {#sec4}
-----------
Assuming an additive genetic model, the estimated variance explained by genotype across all variants in ALSPAC was estimated to be 1.6% (standard error (SE) = 0.08), corresponding to an estimated narrow-sense heritability of 10% (SE = 0.05, [@ref12]). There was evidence for association at genome-wide significance (*P*-value = 5 × 10^−8^) at 55 SNPs (Supplementary Material, [Figures S2](#sup2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, [S3](#sup3){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and Supplementary Material, [Table S1](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) across chromosomes 16 ([Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}) and 9 (Supplementary Material, [Figure S4](#sup4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The lead SNP on chromosome 16 was rs13337037 (odds ratio (OR) of glycosuria per A allele: 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30, 1.56; *P*-value = 1.97 × 10^−13^; minor allele frequency (MAF) = 28%; [Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}) and the only SNP on chromosome 9 was rs10991823 (OR of glycosuria per T allele: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.68; *P*-value = 4.02 × 10^−8^; MAF = 10%; Supplementary Material, [Figure S4](#sup4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The lead SNP on chromosome 16 is part of a block of 17 SNPs in high linkage disequilibrium (LD; *R*^2^ \> 0.8; [Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}) in a region containing multiple genes: *ARMC5, TGFB1I1, SLC5A2* and *C16orf58.* The lead SNP on chromosome 9 is part of a block of 25 SNPs in high LD (*R*^2^ \> 0.8; Supplementary Material, [Figure S4](#sup4){ref-type="supplementary-material"}) surrounding the *AUH* gene. Conditional analysis did not reveal any additional associations on either chromosome.
 build: hg19).](ddaa054f2){#f2}
The correlation between self-reported glycosuria and glycosuria determined by reagent strip was 0.31 (*P*-value = 2.2 × 10^−16^; Supplementary Material, [Table S2](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Logistic regression showed the association of rs13337037 with glycosuria was stronger (with overlapping confidence intervals) when glycosuria was determined by reagent strip (OR per A allele of a positive reagent strip test result: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.35, 2.00; *P*-value = 6.72 × 10^−7^). The corresponding OR for rs10991823 was 1.10 (OR per T allele of a positive reagent strip test result: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.82, 1.48; *P*-value = 0.51).
Secondary analysis {#sec5}
------------------
In a GWAS performed in NFBC1986 using offspring genotype and maternal midwife-reported glycosuria, there was evidence for an association (*P*-value = 5 × 10^−8^) at 49 SNPs on chromosome 6 (Supplementary Material, [Figures S5](#sup5){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, [S6](#sup6){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and Supplementary Material, [Table S3](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). To evaluate the persistence of signal across the two cohorts, association results were combined. This revealed evidence for a consistent effect on glycosuria at rs13337037 on chromosome 16 only (Z-score: 7.833; *P*-value: 4.75 × 10^−15^; effect allele = A; MAF = 27%) (Supplementary Material, [Figures S7](#sup7){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, [S8](#sup8){ref-type="supplementary-material"} and Supplementary Material, [Table S4](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The effect estimate for rs13337037 in NFBC1986 was OR: 1.25 (5% CI: 1.12, 1.38; *P*-value = 9.8 × 10^−4^; effect allele = A; MAF = 26%). The re-scaling of this effect size to approximate the allelic effect in mothers ([@ref15],[@ref16]), as in ALSPAC, gave an OR of 1.57 (95% CI, 1.30, 1.83). Results of analyses undertaken to test the validity of this re-scaling are presented in Supplementary Information and Supplementary Material, [Table S5](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Additional analysis {#sec6}
-------------------
### Overlap of genome-wide significant SNPs in ALSPAC with other GWASs {#sec7}
None of the SNPs reaching genome-wide significance (*P*-value = 5 × 10^−8^) in the primary analysis showed evidence of association with fasting insulin ([@ref8]), fasting glucose ([@ref8]), HbA1c ([@ref9]), type 2 diabetes ([@ref10]), BMI ([@ref17]) or estimated glomerular filtration rate ([@ref11]) at a genome-wide level of significance (Supplementary Material, [Table S5](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In a comparison of effect estimates of SNPs associated with each of these traits and the estimates for the same SNPs in our GWAS of glycosuria, the strongest correlation was found with estimated glomerular filtration rate (*r*^2^ = −0.44; 95% CI = −0.54, −0.34; *P*-value = 5.78 × 10^−13^), with weaker correlations found for type 2 diabetes (*r*^2^ = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.04, 0.13; *P*-value = 0.0005) and HbA1c (*r*^2^ = −0.07; 95% CI = −0.14, −0.001; *P*-value = 0.046) (Supplementary Material, [Figure S9](#sup9){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
### Linkage disequilibrium score regression {#sec8}
Of the 832 traits available in LD Hub (date accessed: 19/02/2019), genetic correlations were not returned for 81 traits, with a further two traits showing correlations above 1 and below −1 (LDSR mean Chi^2^ = 1.022). Our main focus was on trait categories from LD Hub that were a priori related to glycosuria (anthropometric, cardiometabolic, glycaemic, kidney, reproductive), and results for these are shown in Supplementary Material, [Table S6](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Of the 43 traits from the categories of interest, those that showed the strongest genetic correlation with our glycosuria trait were urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in non-diabetes (*R*~g~ = 0.7; SE = 0.24; *P*-value = 0.004) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (*R*~g~ = 0.64; SE = 0.22; *P*-value = 0.004).
### Functional informatics {#sec9}
We passed the rs13337037-defined signal (including SNPs in high LD) through the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor. All SNPs were existing variants with the 'MODIFIER' impact annotation, suggesting they are non-coding variants or variants affecting non-coding genes (Supplementary Material, [Table S7](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). rs13337037 is a non-coding variant downstream of *ARMC5* (a member of the ARM (armadillo/beta-catenin-like repeat) superfamily implicated in mediation of protein--protein interactions ([@ref18])) and upstream of *TGFB1I1* (coactivator of the androgen receptor ([@ref19])) and *SLC5A2*; there was a weak evidence of an impact on any of these genes from the lead SNP (Supplementary Material, [Table S7](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
In GTEx, there was evidence that rs13337037 acts as a cis-eQTL (expression quantitative trait locus) for a number of nearby genes, including *ARMC5, TGFB1I1, SLC5A2* and *ZNF843* across a number of different tissues (Supplementary Material, [Table S8](#sup10){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Discussion {#sec10}
==========
In a GWAS analysis of glycosuria during pregnancy conducted in ALSPAC (a European longitudinal cohort), we identified an association between a block of common SNPs with high LD surrounding multiple genes (*ARMC5, TGFB1I1, SLC5A2* and *C16orf58*) on chromosome 16 and self-reported phenotype. When examining the relationship between rs13337037 and glycosuria determined by reagent strip, we found consistent evidence for association despite differences in sample size and the frequency of glycosuria status. Each A allele of rs13337037 was associated with a 47% increased risk of self-reported glycosuria and a 64% increased risk of glycosuria determined by reagent strip. While we lacked fully replicable datasets for our GWAS of self-reported glycosuria, we instead made use of offspring genotype as a predictor for maternal genotype in the NFBC1986 collection. The only signal that persisted in efforts to filter out chance associations in ALSPAC by combining GWAS results from the two cohorts was that at rs13337037 on chromosome 16.
rs13337037 lies 15 kb upstream of *SLC5A2* and, while it is difficult to assert a direct relationship between neighbouring loci and signal at specific SNPs ([@ref20]), evidence has implicated *SLC5A2* in familial renal glycosuria ([@ref21],[@ref22]). *SLC5A2* encodes a low-affinity, high-capacity Na(+)/glucose cotransporter (SGLT2, sodium glucose cotransporter 2) ([@ref23]). For the other genes surrounding the lead SNP on chromosome 16, their relation to glycosuria is unclear: *ARMC5* is implicated in mediation of protein--protein interactions ([@ref18]) and may act as a tumour suppressor ([@ref24]) (date accessed: 02/22/2019---<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/79798>); *TGFB1I1* encodes a protein that acts as a coactivator of the androgen receptor ([@ref19]) and which may be involved in prostate cancer ([@ref25]) (date accessed: 02/22/2019---<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7041>); *C16orf58* is not well characterized but is thought to be involved in protein--protein interaction (date accessed: 02/22/2019---<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64755>).
Sodium glucose cotransporters mediate the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney, with the *SLC5A2-*encoded SGLT2 responsible for 90% of this glucose reabsorption and SGLT1 (high affinity and low capacity) responsible for the remaining \~ 10% ([@ref23]). Studies show SGLT2 levels are increased in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetics, though the mechanism for this is not understood ([@ref1]). In adults with type 2 diabetes, pharmaceutical targeting of renal glucose reabsorption by inhibition of SGLT2 can be successful at improving glycaemic control via excretion of glucose in urine ([@ref26]). These gliflozin inhibitors act independently of insulin, providing a novel therapeutic avenue ([@ref26]). Aberrant expression of *SGLT2* is known to result in glycosuria ([@ref23]), though, due to mutations within the *SLC5A2* locus mostly being within families, common mutations have yet to be identified. In GTEx, there is evidence that rs13337037 acts as a cis-eQTL for *SLC5A2*.
In a clinical setting, the relationship between glycosuria during pregnancy and other related metabolic traits such as fasting blood glucose and type 2 diabetes (either during pregnancy or more generally) is unclear. In our exploration of the shared genetic contribution to glycosuria during pregnancy and other metabolic traits, we found that while there was no overlap in genome-wide significant hits across the traits, estimates of shared heritable contribution (i.e. considering genetic effects across the entire genome) identified urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio as the most strongly correlated trait. While the LDSR approach used for these analyses provides only an approximation of genetic correlation and results should ideally be followed up by more detailed analyses ([@ref27]), these preliminary findings suggest that renal function may be an important component of glycosuria.
Limitations {#sec11}
-----------
We used a glycosuria measurement that was retrospectively reported by mothers in pregnancy for our main ALSPAC analyses. This is likely to be reported with error and will likely include women with very different levels of glycosuria (for example, it may include women who were told they had 'a trace of sugar' in their urine as well as those with higher levels). This is supported by the higher prevalence of glycosuria defined by retrospective report compared with the definition used for glycosuria determined by reagent strip of at least '++' on at least two occasions from all glycosuria measures in antenatal records (20% versus 4%). However, these two measures were correlated. Any misclassification of this maternal retrospective report is likely to be non-differential by genotype (as the women will not know their genotype) and so would be expected to attenuate any genome-wide results towards the null. This is consistent with our finding that the lead SNP was more strongly associated with the reagent strip measure of glycosuria than with the retrospective report.
In the absence of other studies with both glycosuria assessed during pregnancy and corresponding associated genome-wide genetic data, we were limited in our ability to perform an independent replication of the GWAS performed in ALSPAC. However, we were able to look for persistent signal using results from a GWAS performed in NFBC1986 using offspring genotype. It has been suggested that allelic effect estimates derived in this way can be re-scaled (multiplied by 2) to give an approximation of the allele effect in the mother. However, given that this re-scaling is based on expectation, one can expect the actual multiplication factor, in any given instance, to vary around this expectation. Furthermore, we did not carry out a comprehensive validation of this approach within the context of this study, where additional issues such as the potential for a direct effect of offspring genotype on maternal glycosuria phenotype could be relevant. Therefore, while the combined results indicate persistence of the primary signal across the two datasets and we see reasonable agreement with respect to the magnitude of effect in the two studies, our results should be treated with caution until replicated, preferably in independent large cohorts where both maternal genotype and phenotype are available.
Summary {#sec12}
-------
Our GWAS of reported glycosuria during the third trimester of pregnancy has identified associations of genetic variants on chromosome 16 near multiple genes, including *SLC5A2*, which has been implicated in familial renal glycosuria and the gene product of which is the target of some type 2 diabetes drugs (gliflozins, e.g. Dapagliflozin). Furthermore, hypothesis-free genetic correlation analysis suggested genetic loci underpinning glycosuria susceptibility may be linked with kidney disease, reflecting the joint role of circulating glucose and renal function on glycosuria and the possible effect of hyperglycaemia on renal function. This shared heritability suggests distinguishing gestational diabetes from other presentations of diabetes or kidney disease may not be possible. Further replication of these findings is important.
Materials and Methods {#sec13}
=====================
ALSPAC overview {#sec14}
---------------
Participants were mothers from ALSPAC, a large prospective cohort study that recruited 14 541 pregnancies in the former Avon Health Authority area in South West England, with expected delivery dates between the 1^st^ April 1991 and the 31^st^ December 1992 ([@ref28],[@ref29]) (see Supplementary Information, ALSPAC Overview, for full details). The study website (<http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/>) contains details of all the data that is available through a fully searchable data dictionary and variable search tool (<http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/our-data/>). Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees (<http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/research-ethics/>). Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaire and clinics was obtained from participants following recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time. Full details of the ALSPAC consent procedures are available on the study website (<http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/research-ethics/>).
ALSPAC phenotype data {#sec15}
---------------------
### Self-reported glycosuria {#sec16}
We used two measures of glycosuria in ALSPAC (Supplementary Material, [Figure S1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Firstly, mothers were sent a pregnancy-related self-report questionnaire approximately 8 weeks after the end of their pregnancy, which included the following question: 'During the last months of pregnancy (from seven months onwards) did you experience sugar in urine?', with possible answers 'yes, in the last months of pregnancy', 'no, not in the last months of pregnancy' and 'don't know'. In total, 11 710 women returned the questionnaire and 11 660 (99%) answered this question, with 2389 (21%) responding 'yes, in the last months of pregnancy'. Of the 11 660 women who answered the glycosuria question, 7429 (64%) had genetic data and, of these, 1519 (20%) self-reported having glycosuria.
At recruitment, women were also asked about existing diabetes and any previous history of gestational diabetes. Women were classified into one of four mutually exclusive categories: no evidence of glycosuria or diabetes (*n* = 11 773), existing diabetes before the pregnancy (*n* = 47), gestational diabetes (i.e. a diagnosis written in the medical records of gestational diabetes in any woman with no history of existing diabetes; *n* = 57) and glycosuria (i.e. ++ glycosuria on two occasions in women with no evidence of existing or gestational diabetes; *n* = 404) ([@ref4],[@ref5]). Of the 7429 women with phenotype and genetic data, we excluded those without information on pre-existing diabetes and gestational diabetes and glycosuria, and those with pre-existing diabetes or gestational diabetes, leaving 7089 (61% of 11 660 respondents), of whom, 1399 (20%) self-reported having glycosuria. After excluding women who had withdrawn consent for the phenotype and genetic data, and related individuals, 6639 (93%) women had self-reported glycosuria data and genotype data. Finally, we removed women who did not have information on our second measure of glycosuria (glycosuria determined by reagent strip), leaving 6389 (96%; 55% of 11 660) women of whom 1249 (20%) self-reported having glycosuria.
### Reagent strip defined glycosuria {#sec17}
Due to potential misreporting in the postnatal questionnaire response, we also generated a variable based on objectively measured reagent strip tests of pregnancy glycosuria (glycosuria determined by reagent strip). Information on glycosuria (recorded in the obstetric records as none, trace, +, ++, +++ or more) was abstracted from the records of each antenatal clinic visit made by the woman (median number, 12 per woman (interquartile range: 9--14)). Glycosuria was defined as a record of at least ++ (equal to 13.9 mmol/l or 250 mg/100 mL) on at least two occasions at any time during the pregnancy. In total, 12 281 women had information on reagent strip defined glycosuria.
Of the 12 281 women with information on reagent-strip-determined glycosuria, we excluded those without information on pre-existing diabetes and gestational diabetes and glycosuria, and those with pre-existing diabetes or gestational diabetes. Of the remaining 12 177 women, 404 (3%) fulfilled our criteria for glycosuria and 7652 (63%) had available genetic data. Of the 7652 women, 261 (3%) fulfilled our criteria for glycosuria. After excluding women withdrawing consent for the phenotype and genetic data, as well as related individuals, 6866 (91%) women had data on glycosuria determined by reagent strip and genotype data, of which 227 (3%) fulfilled our criteria for glycosuria.
ALSPAC genotype data {#sec18}
--------------------
Imputation of ALSPAC mother's genetic data was performed on a combined mother and child data set using Impute2 against the 1000 Genomes Phase 1 reference panel ([@ref30]). ALSPAC mothers were genotyped using the Illumina human660W-quad array at Centre National de Génotypage (CNG). For ALSPAC mothers, SNPs with a minor allele frequency (MAF) of \<1%, a call rate of \<95%, or evidence for violations of Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium (*P* \< 1 × 10^−06^) were removed. ALSPAC children were genotyped using the Illumina HumanHap550 quad chip genotyping platforms by 23andMe subcontracting the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK and the Laboratory Corporation of America, Burlington, NC, USA. For ALSPAC children, SNPs with MAF of \<1%, a call rate of \<95% or evidence for violations of Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium (*P* \< 5 × 10^−7^), were removed. In total, we removed 1946 individuals based on relatedness and withdrawal of consent for both genotype and the phenotype data, leaving 15 896 individuals for further analysis, of which 7921 were mothers. See Supplementary Information for full details on ALSPAC genetic data and imputation.
NFBC1986 overview {#sec19}
-----------------
The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC1986) is a prospective birth cohort that recruited women in the two northernmost provinces of Finland (Oulu and Lapland) with an expected delivery date between 1^st^ July 1985 and 30^th^ June 1986. A total of 9362 mothers were included in the study, resulting in 99% of all eligible births in the region being recruited (*n* = 9432 live born children) ([@ref31])(Supplementary Material, [Figure S1](#sup1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Informed written consent was obtained from all participants, and the research protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of Northern OStrobothnia Hospital District, Finland.
NFBC1986 phenotype data {#sec20}
-----------------------
Data were gathered prospectively at the first antenatal clinic visit and onwards (mean gestational age at inclusion = 12 weeks). Mothers provided information on maternal background via self-report questionnaires. Data on antenatal visits, hospital admissions and birth outcomes were obtained from maternity health centres and hospital medical records. Midwives were given questionnaires to complete during the mother's last visit to the antenatal care unit or during the first home visit after the delivery, which included the following question: 'urinary glucose' with possible answers '+' (equivalent to yes) and '−' (equivalent to no) ([@ref31]). Pregnancy questionnaires are available at the NFBC1986 pregnancy and antenatal data website (<https://www.oulu.fi/nfbc/node/18143>), with information on glycosuria reported in 'Pregnancy Questionnaire II (yellow form)', question 7.
Of the 9362 women included in the study, 9336 had data available on midwife-reported glycosuria. Of these 9336, 1789 (19%) were reported with '+'. Of the 9336 women with available midwife-reported glycosuria, 3738 (40%) had quality-controlled offspring genetic data available and, of these mothers, 747 (20%) were reported as having glycosuria.
For this GWAS, maternal genotype data were not available and so we tested for an association of offspring genotype with midwife-reported glycosuria as our main outcome.
NFBC1986 genotype data {#sec21}
----------------------
In the absence of genetic data for the mothers in NFBC1986, we used offspring genome-wide data, as a proxy for maternal genotype in this cohort. NFBC1986 children were invited to clinic at age 16 and 3834 individuals with consent were genotyped using the Illumina OmniExpressExome-8v1.2 Chip and the GenomeStudio algorithm. Quality control comprised of exclusions based on sex mismatch, outlying heterozygosity, duplicate samples and relatedness, after which genotype data were available for 3743 individuals---five of which had no information on mother's glycosuria during pregnancy. After excluding SNPs not in Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium (*P* \< 0.0001) or with low call rate (\<0.99), imputation was performed using Impute2 against the 1000 Genomes Phase 3 reference panel ([@ref30]). The total number of individuals with genotype and phenotype information was 3738 and of these 747 (20%) had glycosuria.
Primary analysis {#sec22}
----------------
### ALSPAC GWAS {#sec23}
The total number of variants after imputation equalled 28 699 509. Prior to genome-wide analysis, SNPs were filtered based on an info score threshold of ≥0.3 and a MAF threshold of ≥0.01, leaving 9 323 831 variants in the analysis. Testing an additive genetic model, we carried out a GWAS of imputed data on self-reported glycosuria in the third trimester of pregnancy (1249 cases and 5140 controls) using logistic regression and adjusting for the top 10 principal components of genetic ancestry to control for potential confounding by population stratification in SNPTEST (v2.5.2). We present all GWAS results and focus on those that satisfy a conventional genome-wide significance threshold of *P*-value ≤5 × 10^−8^. Full details of how the GWAS was performed, including how principal components were generated, are provided in the Supplementary Information. We estimated the proportion of variance explained by all SNPs in our GWAS using GCTA (v1.26.0) ([@ref29]). We carried out conditional analysis with the lead SNPs coded as an additive effect for evidence of secondary signals on the same chromosome using SNPTEST (v2.5.2) and appraised the pattern of association at our lead SNPs using LocusZoom ([@ref32]).
### Within-cohort validation {#sec24}
We examined the relationship between self-reported glycosuria and glycosuria determined by reagent strip performing a Pearson's correlation test in R ([@ref33]) (version R-3.5). We investigated the relationship between glycosuria determined by reagent strip and the lead SNPs, assessing the odds per effect allele of a positive response for reagent strip glycosuria using logistic regression in R.
Secondary analysis {#sec25}
------------------
### NFBC1986 GWAS {#sec26}
The total number of variants after imputation equalled 81 571 831. We performed a logistic regression GWAS using SNPTEST (version 2.5) with the mother's glycosuria in pregnancy as the outcome and offspring's imputed genotype as the predictor of interest, assuming an additive model and including the top four multidimensional scaling (MDS) coordinates as covariates to adjust for population stratification ([@ref34]). We filtered results based on an info score threshold of ≥0.3 and an MAF threshold of ≥0.01, resulting in 9 873 828 variants. We present all GWAS results and focus on those that satisfy a conventional genome-wide significance threshold of *P*-value ≤5 × 10^−8^.
Based on quantitative genetics theory (i.e. the rules of inheritance) and assuming an additive genetic effect, we expected that any allelic effect estimated in the NFBC1986 analysis (i.e. using offspring genotype in place of mother's own) would be smaller compared to that observed using own genotype. More specifically, it has previously been suggested that the average (expected) allelic effect of one allele in the offspring (on the parental phenotype) is half the effect that would be observed using the parent's own genotype ([@ref15],[@ref16]). Further consideration of the validity of this re-scaling approach in the context of this study is presented in the Supplementary Information.
### Combined analysis {#sec27}
In order to evaluate the persistence of signal across the two cohorts, association results from the two cohorts were combined. Given the different designs of the two analyses (i.e. the substitution of offspring genotype for mother's genotype in the NFBC1986 GWAS), we performed a sample size-based approach in which the direction of effect and *P-*value observed in each study are converted into a signed Z-score indicating the strength and direction of effect ([@ref35]). *Z*-scores for each allele were then combined across studies in a weighted sum, with weights proportional to the square root of the effective sample size for each study. We present all combined results and consider any associations reaching a conventional genome-wide significance threshold of *P*-value ≤5 × 10^−8^ as providing evidence of a persistent signal.
Additional analysis {#sec28}
-------------------
### Overlap of genome-wide significant SNPs in ALSPAC with other GWASs {#sec29}
To investigate evidence of overlap of association between glycosuria and glucose regulation and renal function traits, we examined whether SNPs associated with glycosuria in pregnancy in ALSPAC are also associated with the following traits at a genome-wide significance threshold of *P*-value ≤5 × 10^−8^: HBA1c ([@ref9]), fasting insulin ([@ref8]), fasting glucose ([@ref8]), type 2 diabetes ([@ref10]), BMI ([@ref17]), estimated glomerular filtration rate ([@ref11]) (see Supplementary Information for full details of summary level data used). In addition, we explored concordance between effect estimates for SNPs reaching genome-wide significance (*P*-value ≤5 × 10^−8^) extracted from GWAS for the aforementioned traits and effect estimates for the same SNPs in our GWAS of glycosuria. Data were visualized in scatter plots and concordance assessed via Pearson's product-moment correlation. The numbers of SNPs included in this analysis were as follows: type 2 diabetes = 1792, estimated glomerular filtration rate = 4196, BMI = 1860, fasting glucose = 290 and HBA1c = 821.
### Linkage disequilibrium score regression {#sec30}
Using results from the ALSPAC GWAS, we estimated the genetic correlation of glycosuria with the 832 available traits in LD Hub (<http://ldsc.broadinstitute.org/ldhub/>) using linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression (LDSR) ([@ref36]).
### Functional informatics {#sec31}
To identify potential functional roles of lead SNPs, we examined the effects of lead SNPs and SNPs in high LD (*R*^2^ ≥ 0.8) on genes and regulatory regions via the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor ([@ref37]). We examined the effect of lead SNPs in GTEx ([@ref20]).
Data and Material Availability {#sec33}
==============================
Data are available from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort (NFBC) for researchers who meet the criteria for accessing confidential data. Please contact NFBC project centre ([NFBCprojectcenter\@oulu.fi](http://[email protected])) and visit the cohort website ([www.oulu.fi/nfbc](http://www.oulu.fi/nfbc)) for more information.
Code for the analysis and visualization of the data is available at: <https://github.com/mattlee821/001_glycosuria_GWAS>
Summary statistics from GWAS are available at data.bris---[https://doi.org/10.5523/bris.9vjsikubd658257lbu6lrizog](10.5523/bris.9vjsikubd658257lbu6lrizog)
ALSPAC data used for this submission will be made available on request to the ALSPAC Executive via the website, which also provides full details and distributions of the ALSPAC study variables: <http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/access/>. The ALSPAC data management plan (available here: <http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/researchers/data-access/documents/alspac-data-management-plan.pdf>) describes in detail the policy regarding data sharing. A sample set of similar data containing relevant ALSPAC variables is available from the European Genome-phenome Archive (accession number: EGAS00001000090): <https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ega/studies/EGAS00001000090>.
Author Contributions {#sec34}
====================
Matthew A. Lee, George McMahon and Ville Karhunen are responsible for data curation, formal analysis, investigation, visualization, writing---original draft preparation. Dr Kaitlin H. Wade, Dr Laura J Corbin and Dr David A Hughes supervised and were responsible for writing---review and editing. Professor George Davey Smith and Professor Debbie A Lawlor were responsible for funding acquisition, writing---review and editing. Professor Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin for conceptualization, funding acquisition, project administration, supervision, writing---review and editing. Professor Nicholas J. Timpson for conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, project administration, supervision, writing---review and editing.
Supplementary Material
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We are extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses.
We thank all cohort members and researchers who have participated in the NFBC1986 study. We also wish to acknowledge the work of the NFBC project centre.
We thank Peter Joshi, Simon Haworth and Rachel Freathy for constructive discussions in the preparation and review of this manuscript.
Funding {#sec35}
=======
This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust through a Wellcome Trust Investigator award to NJT (202802/Z/16/Z); and through the core programme support for The Avon Longitudinal Study for Parents and Children (102215).
The UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome (Grant ref: 217065/Z/19/Z) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors and M.A.L and N.J.T. will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (<http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf>); genetic data for this research were specifically funded by The Wellcome Trust (WT08806).
NFBC1986 is funded by EU QLG1-CT-2000-01643 (EUROBLCS) grant no. E51560, NorFA grant no. 731, 20056, 30167 and USA/NIHH 2000 G DF682 grant no. 50945.
G.D.S., N.J.T., D.A.L., K.H.W., L.J.C., D.A.H., G.M. and M.A.L. work in the Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, which is supported by the Medical Research Council (grant numbers for 2013-2018: MC_UU_12013/1-6; 2018-2023: MC_UU_00011/1-7) and the University of Bristol. M.A.L. is funded by a GW4 studentship (grant number: MR/R502340/1). N.J.T. is a Wellcome Trust Investigator (202802/Z/16/Z) and the PI of the ALSPAC (MRC & WT 102215/2/13/2), is supported by the University of Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre (S- BRC-1215-20011), the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_12013/3) and works within the CRUK Integrative Cancer Epidemiology Programme (C18281/A19169). K.H.W, L.J.C and D.A.H are supported by N.J.T.'s Wellcome Trust Investigator award (202802/Z/16/Z).
Conflict of Interest statement {#sec36}
==============================
None declared.
|
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February 2015
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Electric rocker switches are known from the prior art. In generally, a rocker switch with a moveable contact part which is loaded pretensioned in the direction of the one switch position and is held in the other switch position via a magnet is shown. Furthermore, a rocker switch that is moveable between two positions has a controllable actuator that is in operative connection with the rocker. A system made from electromagnets having a coil and rotor is used in the known rocker systems. Corresponding space in the housing must be provided for such systems, which impedes miniaturization. It is additionally disadvantageous in the preceding systems that no symmetrical haptics are realized for on and off switching. Meanwhile, the haptics of the switching process are dependent on the friction at the elastic body. Temperature and lubrication strongly influence the switching feeling. |
Deal Done? £35m RATED Attacker Confirm He Is Off To Arsenal
Goonersden brings you news from top football news sites from the likes of ESPN, SkySport, Daily Mail, Daily Star and Metro… We also Analyse football, player, transfer and predict Arsenal starting line-up.
Arsene Wenger has confirmed his interest in Riyad Mahrez and has hinted Arsenal could launch a bid to sign the £35m-rated Leicester City attacker this summer, according to the Independent.
Mahrez has been heavily linked with a move to the Emirates in the previous transfer window after his breakthrough in the football world as he helped the Foxes in winning the Premier League.
The former PFA player has indicated his decision to leave the King Power Stadium this summer having just recently signed a contract extension last summer.
“The relationship I share with the club and our amazing fans is something I will treasure forever and I truly hope they will understand and respect my decision.”
The reports claims Wenger plans on signing the £40million rated winger who has been sensational since winning the Premier League with the Foxes in the 2015/2016 season.
The 26-year-old is expected to find a new club this summer after handing in a written transfer request to Leicester last week stating that he was ambitious and was ready for a new challenge.
Mahrez is quoted as saying by the Independent:
“Out of the huge admiration and respect I hold for Leicester City Football Club I wanted to be totally honest and transparent with them and have therefore informed the club that I feel now is the time for me to move on.
“I had a good discussion with the Chairman last summer and we agreed at that time that I would stay for another year in order to help the club as best as I could following the transition of winning the title and in the Champions League.
“However, I am fiercely ambitious and feel that now is the time to move on to a new experience.” |
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Introduction {#s1}
============
The fabrication and utilization of polymeric hollow capsules with high drug loading capacity and a controllable drug release profile have received enormous attention in the field of controlled drug delivery systems (Kumar et al., [@B13]; Hoffman, [@B6]; Mura et al., [@B18]). Multiple attempts have been devoted to the development of diverse triggered-release systems using different polymeric components; however, some challenges still remain, such as the loading capacity and functionality of loaded molecules.
Polydopamine (PDA), a polymeric form of dopamine (DA) monomer, has been utilized as a promising polymeric material for various purposes. For example, the utilization of PDA coating on polyethylene to enhance the power capacities of batteries was previously mentioned by Ryou et al. ([@B24]) or the incorporation of PDA nanoparticles within PEGylated borate-coordination-polymer system for cancer therapy was described by Liu et al. ([@B14]). In the context of drug delivery purposes, the employment of PDA coating onto sacrificial templates for the fabrication of hollow capsules has many benefits; for instance, it can adhere onto many types of particulate particles and renders the ability to control the thickness of obtained capsules through its polymerization process, and it was previously proven for its excellent biocompatibility (Chen et al., [@B2]; Ryu et al., [@B25]; Wu et al., [@B28]). In addition, the surface chemistry of PDA contains multiple amine groups, which can facilitate further surface modifications to enhance the selectivity of synthesized capsules (Chang et al., [@B1]; Wang et al., [@B26]; Wei et al., [@B27]).
Despite the convenience and benefits of PDA coating, its use to fabricate hollow capsules still has some drawbacks, which mainly arise from the sacrificial core removal process due to the requirement of harsh chemical treatment (Cui et al., [@B4]; Hong et al., [@B7]; Zhang et al., [@B31]). For example, silica particle is a commonly used template for making hollow capsules and hydrofluoric acid (HF) put in long form at first use is required to completely dissolve the silica. Recently, a novel approach using PDA coating to aid the silica particles dissolution in water was reported by Nador et al. ([@B19]). It was suggested that polyamines and/or polyimines originating from the polymerization of DA monomer could assist the formation of selective catechol--silica \[Si(C~6~H~4~O~2~)~3~\], which promotie the dissolution rate of silica up to 15-25 folds (Mizutani et al., [@B16]; Patwardhan et al., [@B20]; Nador et al., [@B19]). This finding is very beneficial for the development of drug delivery system in term of enhancement of drug loading capacity as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) is well-known for its high drug loading capacity (Yu et al., [@B30]; Plush et al., [@B21]), and its subsequent disintegration in water after PDA coating would significantly reduce the effect on the fundamental functionality of encapsulated molecules.
So far, there is still little research on the study of the potential parameters that might influence the silica dissolution process. With this in mind, a systematic study to evaluate the effects of various parameters on silica dissolution process mediated by PDA and water is conducted. Specifically, the effect of factors that involve PDA coatings, such as PDA coating thickness and temperature, and the rigidity of the sacrificial silica core template was chosen to study. In addition, the influence of water requirement for silica removal process was also of interest.
The remaining integrity and functionality of the encapsulated molecules within hollow capsules are always important for the development of a drug delivery system. In this context, catalase was chosen as a model biomacromolecule to be encapsulated into PDA capsules and its bio-functionality was evaluated to study whether the silica core removal has any effect on the bioactivity of encapsulated enzyme.
Experimental Section {#s2}
====================
Reagents and Materials
----------------------
Dopamine hydrochloride (DA), ammonia hydroxide (NH~4~OH, 28--30%), ethanol (EtOH), 2-propanol (iPrOH), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Pluronic F127, 3-(aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), catalase (C30), fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), hydrogen peroxide (H~2~O~2~), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sodium azide (NaN~3~) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Australia. Phosphate buffer (PB) solutions with different pH were made by mixing 0.2 M NaH~2~PO~4~ with Na~2~HPO~4~ and adjusted to appropriate pH using 2.0 M HCl and 2.0 M NaOH solutions. Milli-Q water (18.2 MΩ cm) was utilized in all the experiments.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSN)
--------------------------------------------------
MSN particles were prepared by a sol-gel process with binary surfactant system previously described by Kim et al. ([@B12]). In brief, 0.5 g of CTAB and 2.05 g of Pluronic F127 were dissolved in a mixture of water (96 mL), EtOH (43.1 mL), and concentrated NH~4~OH solution (28 wt. %) (11.2 mL) by stirring at room temperature (RT). After obtaining a well-dispersed homogenous solution, 1.93 mL of TEOS was added quickly into the mixture under vigorous stirring for 90 s. The mixture was kept static for the next 24 h at RT for further condensation. The white precipitate was then collected, washed three times with water, and calcined at 550°C for different time intervals (2, 4, and 6 h) to remove the surfactants.
Surface Modification of MSN by Amine Functional Groups
------------------------------------------------------
The functionalization of bare MSN with amine groups followed previous work described by Huang et al. ([@B9]) with slight modifications. Briefly, 0.2 g of MSN was refluxed with 10 mL of toluene and 1 mL of APTES under stirring at 70°C for 18 h. The white precipitate was then collected via centrifugation and washed with toluene and pentane, respectively.
Coating MSN With PDA
--------------------
A previous procedure of PDA coating (Nador et al., [@B19]) was followed with slight modifications. Briefly, 57 mg DA was dissolved in 39 mL iPrOH. Then, 2.25 mL NH~4~OH and 30 mg MSN were added to the solution. The coating process was left for 18 or 24 h under magnetic stirring at RT. The MSN\@PDA particles were obtained by centrifugation and washed several times with EtOH.
Dissolution of the Silica Core of MSN\@PDA in Water
---------------------------------------------------
For MSN core removal, MSN\@PDA particles were dispersed in different water volumes. The vial was kept under stirring for 48 h in an incubator with set temperature at 37°C. The PDA hollow capsules were obtained via centrifugation and washed 3 times by water.
Preparation of FITC-Labeled Catalase
------------------------------------
The conjugation of FITC and catalase followed the previous procedure described by Yu et al. ([@B30]) with slight modifications. In brief, 300 μl of FITC/DMSO (1 mg/mL) was added to 4 mL of 1 mg/mL catalase solution in PB (pH 8.0). The mixture was allowed to stand for 50 min, followed by the dialysis against PB (pH 7.0) for 72 h, changing the solution every 24 h.
Encapsulation of FITC-Catalase in PDA Hollow Capsules
-----------------------------------------------------
Approximately 4 mg of amine-grafted MSN particles were added and incubated with 4 mL of 1 mg/mL FITC-catalase solution at room temperature for 24 h. The FITC-catalase loaded MSN were then washed with PB (pH 7.4) to remove unbound enzyme. These particles were later subjected to PDA coating at RT and core removal process as described above.
Evaluation of Enzyme Activity After Encapsulation
-------------------------------------------------
An amount of 50 μL of free PDA capsule and catalase\@PDA capsule solution (5 mg/mL) was added to a solution of 10 mM H~2~O~2~ in PB pH 7. The activity of catalase was examined based on the absorbance change at 240 nm of the H~2~O~2~ solution, in response to the addition of free PDA capsules and catalase\@PDA capsules.
Material Characterization
-------------------------
The UV-Visible spectroscopy was carried out with a Cary 5000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Australia). FTIR was performed on MSN and PDA\@MSN to check the silanol bonds in the silica network and success of PDA coating. It was performed using a Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS5 FT-IR Spectrometer, with 8 scans being performed per test.
Morphology of MSN and PDA hollow capsules were examined by using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FeSEM, ZEISS SUPRA 40VP, Germany) at an acceleration voltage of 3 kV.
Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was utilized to observe of the interior structure of MSN\@PDA after being dispersed in water as well as to quantify the remaining Si element. TEM and EDS were performed by using a JEM 2100F (JEOL Ltd., Japan) at room temperature at a voltage of 200 kV.
To confirm the successful loading of FITC-catalase into PDA capsules, visualization of FITC fluorescence were performed using Olympus Fluoview 1000 IX81 (Japan) confocal laser scanning microscope, operated using 100× oil-immersion objective combined with 5× optical zoom.
Results and Discussion {#s3}
======================
PDA Coating of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSN)
----------------------------------------------------
The preparation of monodispersed MSN was reproduced by a sol-gel process using a binary surfactant system with the aid of triblock copolymer Pluronic F127 and CTAB described by Kim et al. ([@B12]). In this process, TEOS plays as the main source of silica precursor. As could be seen in [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, the obtained particles were quite uniform, with a spherical shape, and their size distribution was calculated to be 158 ± 13 nm based on an average of 100 particles. It was found that the calcination time at 550°C (2, 4, or 6 h) does not significantly affect the size of synthesized MSN. However, as per a previous report, calcination time might affect the surface area and rigidity of particles due to the condensation of the Si-O-Si network (Mokaya, [@B17]; Ruckdeschel et al., [@B23]).
{#F1}
The PDA coating on MSN took place in a DA solution under mild basic conditions, with the assistance of oxygen. It has been suggested that the formation of PDA has consecutive steps, initiated by the oxidization of DA monomer, followed by further oxidization, cyclization, and rearrangement to form 5, 6-dihydroxyindole (Hong et al., [@B8]). The obtained 5, 6-dihydroxyindole products are then adsorbed onto MSN particles via covalent oxidative polymerization and non-covalent interactions, such as II-II interactions, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding (Hong et al., [@B8]; García et al., [@B5]). The visual color change of MSN from white to dark-brown gives an indication of the successful coating of PDA ([Figure 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). To support for this, the FT-IR spectrum of MSN before coating shows two peaks in the range of 963--1,054 cm^−1^, which is attributed to the silanol bonding (Si-O-Si) in the silica network. After PDA coating, two additional peaks are observed in the range of 1,495--1,609 cm^−1^ due to the C-C stretching of benzene rings and the N-H bending of PDA ([Figure 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
It was observed that the average size of MSN significantly increased after PDA coating, and the coating thickness was strongly affected by the coating conditions such as polymerization time. For example, the average size of MSN increased from 158 to 178 and 226 nm after being coated with PDA for 18 and 24 h, respectively. This equals to PDA coating thickness of 20 nm (18 h) and 68 nm (24 h). The PDA coating thickness was also affected by the coating temperature. For example, for the polymerization carried out at 45°C, the average sizes of PDA particles were 221 and 232 nm for 18 and 24 h coating condition, respectively. It could be reasoned that the deposition rate and the polymerization degree of the PDA layer were influenced by the coating temperature and the duration of the coating process (Jiang et al., [@B11]; Cho and Kim, [@B3]). Compared to the coating condition at ambient temperature, the polymerization of DA occurs at a higher rate, which results in thicker PDA coating. Of note, there was no aggregation of PDA-coated MSN regardless of different coating conditions, as shown in [Figures 2C,D](#F2){ref-type="fig"}.
Preparation of PDA Capsules by Dissolution of Silica Core
---------------------------------------------------------
PDA hollow capsules were obtained by the removal of silica core templates by simply dispersing the MSN\@PDA particles in water. However, we found that the silica dissipation process was strongly influenced by a few factors including dissolution conditions and the properties of MSN\@PDA particle itself, such as the thickness of PDA coating layer and/or the rigidity of the interior core of MSN; see below for detailed studies.
### Effect of PDA Coating Thickness on Silica Dissolution
The PDA thickness effect was examined by dispersing two batches of as-prepared MSN\@PDA particles with a thickness of 20 nm (coated for 18 h at RT) and 68 nm (coated for 24 h at RT) into the water for 1 and 2 days. The morphology change of MSN\@PDA particles is shown in [Figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}. It was interesting to observe that the dissolution rate of silica increases with thicker coating; i.e., the silica core of PDA\@MSN particles with 68 nm coating (D) dissolved more quickly than particles with 20 nm PDA coating (C). The reason might be that thicker PDA coating possesses more polyamine (or polyimine) groups on the particle, leading to the acceleration of the silica dissipation rate.
{#F3}
### Effect of PDA Coating Temperature on Silica Dissolution
It has been indicated above that increasing the PDA coating temperature resulted in thicker PDA coating. Additionally, higher coating temperature might also affect the resulting structure of PDA, such as a higher polymerization degree and a more rigid structure. This was evidenced by the silica dissipation rate and morphology. [Figure 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} shows MSN\@PDA particles with 74 nm PDA coating (coated at 45°C) after dispersion in water for 24 and 48 h. Compared with MSN\@PDA particles with similar PDA thickness (68 nm) but coated at RT ([Figures 3B,D](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), the disintegration of silica core is much quicker. The removal of silica for PDA coating at RT could only be visible after 48 h. However, this phenomenon could be well-observed within 24 h when PDA was coated at 45°C. Of note, MSN\@PDA particles coated at 45°C after core removal yielded hollow capsules with a more free-standing structure, while MSN\@PDA coated at RT yielded collapsed capsules. This could be attributed to the higher polymerization degree, higher intensity and/or uneven deposition of PDA layer at 45°C. The disintegration of the interior MSN core was then confirmed under TEM analysis, which was displayed in [Figures 4C,D](#F4){ref-type="fig"}. As could be seen, compared to the size of bare MSN, the silica core was dissolved up to 58% after the first 24 h water dispersion, and it continued to be removed up to 70% for the next 24 h. Of note, there was a discrepancy in the thickness of the PDA coating before and after the water dispersion process. The thickness of the PDA wall after being dispersed was calculated to be approximately 22 nm, which was much thinner than 74 nm of those before being dispersed. This discrepancy is likely due to the involvement of PDA wall to form complexes of selective catechol--silica \[Si(C~6~H~4~O~2~)~3~\] during the dissolution process.
{#F4}
### Effect of MSN Calcination Time on Silica Dissolution
Another factor we found that influences the water disintegration of silica core is the polymerization and condensation degree of silanol bonding in the silica network. Previous studies suggested that the silica network synthesized by the Stober method contains various silica species, and most of them are Q3 and Q4, which represent trimers and tetramers (Zhang et al., [@B32]; Lunevich et al., [@B15]). The content of Q3/Q4 varies in regards to the calcination conditions during the surfactant removal process. With this in mind, an experiment was designed to investigate whether, at the same temperature conditions, different calcination durations have any effect on the silica removal process after coating. Under the same PDA coating conditions and water availability, MSN\@PDA particles with the sacrificial silica calcined for 2 h exhibited a faster core dissolution compared to those of 4 and 6 h calcined silica cores ([Figures 5A--H](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Silica core was not observed in some capsules after 48 h water dispersion. This could be explained by the fact that the ratio of Q4 to Q3 increases in relation to the length of the calcination duration; specifically, the longer the calcination duration was, the more rigidity of the silica network (Ruckdeschel et al., [@B23]). To support this observation, the elemental analysis was carried out by using EDS. As expected, the content of Si element in the sample with the sacrificial core of 2 h-calcined MSN had the lowest weight percentage with 3.24 and 2.61% after 24 and 48 h water dispersion, respectively, whereas those figure of 6 h-calcined MSN samples were only 8.29 and 7.29%, respectively ([Figures 5D,H](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). From the obtained results, it can be confirmed that a reduction in silica calcination can facilitate silica disintegration later on.
{#F5}
### Effect of Water Amount on Silica Dissolution
The silica dissipation was also affected by water availability during the removal process. To test this point of view, MSN\@PDA particles with 68 nm PDA coating were dispersed in water for 2 consecutive days with three different ratios (1:1, 1:5, and 1:10 (MSN\@PDA/H~2~O, mg/mL). As can be seen in [Figure 6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, the volume of water was a crucial factor for the silica core removal. At the ratio of 1:1, there was a slight dissolution of MSN, leaving the wrinkle of the PDA wall. The rate of dissolution significantly increased when more water was used. At the ratio of 1:10, the silica core was almost completely dissolved and hard to be seen under SEM.
{#F6}
To support this observation, the MSN\@PDA after 48 h water dispersion were examined by FT-IR. The spectra revealed that the intensity of silica peak of MSN\@PDA decreased significantly in the range around 1,054 cm^−1^, which represented the presence of silanol bonding (Si-O-Si) in silica network ([Figure 2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). This also meant that the silica core could be largely dissolved. According to Igarashi et al. ([@B10]), the regularity of loss of silica core involves adsorption of water onto the silanol groups located on the silica surface, which initiates the cleavage of the nearby Si--O--Si bonding, eventually resulting in the structural collapse and dissipation. In terms of silica structure, it is made of a condensed network of silanol bonding; hence, in order to speed up the cleaving process, water availability seems to be essential.
Encapsulation of Enzyme in PDA Hollow Capsules
----------------------------------------------
PDA hollow capsules were then assessed for their capacity to encapsulate macro-biomolecules. For this purpose, catalase was chosen as a model enzyme to be encapsulated into PDA hollow capsules using the pre-loading strategy that we developed previously (Yu et al., [@B30]). The encapsulation was carried out by first loading catalase onto MSN, followed by PDA coating and silica dissolution in water. Before catalase adsorption, MSN was grafted with amino groups in order to enhance the electrostatic interaction with catalase. The amount of catalase adsorbed onto amine-functionalized MSN was measured the UV-Vis absorbance of catalase before and after loading. It was determined that the amount of catalase adsorbed onto MSN was approximately 302 ± 78 mg/g of MSN. This amount was significantly higher than that for bare MSN (\~75 mg/g). The catalase loaded MSN was subjected to PDA coating and silica core removal. The successful loading of catalase into PDA capsules was confirmed by the uniform fluorescence within the hollow capsule under CLSM when FITC-catalase was used ([Figure 7A](#F7){ref-type="fig"}). It was previously reported that the illumination of protein with a fluorescent tag could be quenched by PDA (\~80% quenching effectiveness) (Qiang et al., [@B22]; Xing et al., [@B29]); however, the fluorescence of FITC-catalase entrapped within PDA capsules could be observed to be quite vibrant. This is likely due to the high concentration of FITC-labeled protein being encapsulated.
{#F7}
One drawback of previous work on using silica nanoparticles for hollow capsule preparation is that harsh conditions such HF are needed to dissolve silica templates, which might affect the bioactivity of biomacromolecules. The advantage of the present work is that we are able to dissolve the silica core using water. Whether the encapsulated catalase retains its activity was examined by its capacity to interact with and decompose H~2~O~2.~ This was carried out by measuring the absorbance of H~2~O~2~ at 240 nm upon the addition of catalase\@PDA capsule. Empty PDA capsules at the same concentration was used as a control. As can be seen in [Figure 7B](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, the catalytic activity of encapsulated catalase was prominent upon the addition to H~2~O~2~ solution, and the rate of absorbance change of H~2~O~2~ solution was calculated to be 0.006 per minute. This result suggests that the catalytic activity of entrapped catalase is still retained after the encapsulation and silica removal process, even though the breakdown of H~2~O~2~ occurred slowly and gradually since the interaction between encapsulated catalase and H~2~O~2~ molecules was reduced by the PDA layer. From the obtained results, it suggested that the PDA capsule wall was likely porous, which served as a pathway for H~2~O~2~ molecule penetration.
Conclusion {#s4}
==========
We have demonstrated the successful preparation of PDA hollow capsules by templating mesoporous silica particles. After PDA coating, silica cores were able to be removed simply in water. The factors that influenced the rate of silica dissolution were studied in detail. It was found that the length of time required for silica removal process varied depending on the PDA coating temperature and duration. In addition, the amount of available water was also a factor attributing to the rate of silica disassembly. More importantly, the encapsulated catalase within PDA hollow capsules still retained its function to decompose its substrate H~2~O~2~. The outcomes of this study offer significant insights into silica dissolution process mediated by PDA and contributes to the development of an eco-friendly approach for hollow capsules fabrication which could be utilized as drug delivery systems to encapsulate various biomolecules and drugs, with retained bioactivity.
Data Availability {#s5}
=================
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Author Contributions {#s6}
====================
HT conducted the synthesis experiment and wrote the draft paper. GX conducted the sample characterization. MB, CS, and AY were involved in the project design and paper writing.
Conflict of Interest Statement
------------------------------
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
**Funding.** Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship, Guangdong Innovation Research Team for Higher Education \[2017KCXTD030\], and High-level Talents Project of Dongguan University of Technology \[KCYKYQD2017017\] are acknowledged for partially supporting this project.
[^1]: Edited by: Giuseppe Mensitieri, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
[^2]: Reviewed by: Guoqing Pan, Jiangsu University, China; Simona Zuppolini, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Italy
[^3]: This article was submitted to Polymer Chemistry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Chemistry
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The growth of the flavonoid-degrading intestinal bacterium, Eubacterium ramulus, is stimulated by dietary flavonoids in vivo.
A human study was performed to investigate the influence of different dietary flavonoids on the faecal population of the flavonoid-degrading bacterium Eubacterium ramulus. Twenty-eight healthy subjects, divided into five groups, consumed for 6 days a flavonoid-free diet. On day 4 of this intervention period the study participants ingested a single dose of quercetin (14 mg kg(-1) body mass (bm)), rutin (pure or as buckwheat leaves, 28 mg kg(-1) bm) or a placebo. During the first 3 days of the intervention period the total faecal flora decreased by 61-88% and the population of E. ramulus by 40-75%. The oral intake of the flavonoids resulted in a dramatic increase in the faecal E. ramulus population. The relative proportion of E. ramulus rose from minimally 0.2% (on day 1) to maximally 6.9% of the total flora on day 8. The faecal concentrations of degradational products were highly variable but reflected the bacterial breakdown of the flavonoids. |
Long-term outcomes after biliopancreatic diversion with and without duodenal switch: 2-, 5-, and 10-year data.
There are minimal long-term data on biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) with or without duodenal switch (BPD/DS). To investigate the long-term weight loss, co-morbidity remission, complications, and quality of life after BPD and BPD/DS. An academic, university hospital in the United States. We conducted a retrospective review of patients who underwent BPD or BPD/DS between 1999 and 2011. Outcomes included weight loss measures at 2, 5, and 10-15 years postoperatively; co-morbidity remission; long-term complications; nutritional deficiencies; and patient satisfaction. One hundred patients underwent BPD (34%) or BPD/DS (64%). Mean preoperative body mass index (BMI) was 50.2 kg/m2. Mean follow up was 8.2 years (range: 1-15 yr) with 72% of eligible patients in active follow up at 10-15 years postoperatively. Excess weight loss (EWL) was 65.1% at 2 years, 63.8% at 5 years, and 67.9% at 10-15 years. Approximately 10% higher %EWL was achieved for those with preoperative BMI<50 kg/m2 versus≥50 kg/m2 and patients who underwent BPD/DS versus BPD. Although co-morbidities improved, 37% of patients developed long-term complications requiring surgery. There were no 30-day mortalities; however, there was one mortality from severe malnutrition. Nutritional deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, anemia, and secondary hyperparathyroidism were common. Overall, 94% of patients reported satisfaction with their choice of surgery. This clinical experience supports the long-term positive safety profile and efficacy of BPD and BPD/DS at a single U.S. center. Higher levels of excess weight loss are achieved by patients with a lower preoperative BMI and BPD/DS. Although nutritional deficiencies and postoperative complications are common, patient satisfaction remains high. |
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Voting time: From 2017/11/30 10:00 AM (UTC) to 2017/12/05 10:00 AM (UTC).At the start of the voting period, we will tweet each of the nominated candidate coins individually. If you would like to vote for the coin, you simply need to Follow @Binance_2017 and retweet the relevant candidate tweet.At the end of the voting period, we will review the retweets garnered by each candidate for final review.As always, we reserve the right to adjust the weightings of each vote based on legitimacy of the account used to vote. Upon completion of the voting process, Binance will list the coin on our exchange within a reasonable time frame. Depending on market response, we will try to conduct this event monthly. Binance reserves all rights to change the rules of this event without notification, including the revoking of results suspected of vote manipulation. The weight of each vote will vary based on a variety of factors including but not limited to the level of historical activity of the account used to vote.
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Dev, I think the tweet reward should be about voting for the listing on binance.com
For this round, voting will be done on Twitter. Here is how to vote:
At the start of the voting period, we will tweet each of the nominated candidate coins individually. If you would like to vote for the coin, you simply need to Follow @Binance_2017 and retweet the relevant candidate tweet.At the end of the voting period, we will review the retweets garnered by each candidate for final review.
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so we need a better exchange , hope community can support us.
Dev, the registration for binance will be open on November 30, please this time register in time to vote the best of the consurso is free, this time it's by votes on twitterIt is a great opportunity to reach the Chinese market and believe the currency
Dev, I think the tweet reward should be about voting for the listing on binance.com
For this round, voting will be done on Twitter. Here is how to vote:
At the start of the voting period, we will tweet each of the nominated candidate coins individually. If you would like to vote for the coin, you simply need to Follow @Binance_2017 and retweet the relevant candidate tweet.At the end of the voting period, we will review the retweets garnered by each candidate for final review.
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so we need a better exchange , hope community can support us.
Dev, the registration for binance will be open on November 30, please this time register in time to vote the best of the consurso is free, this time it's by votes on twitterIt is a great opportunity to reach the Chinese market and believe the currency
Dev, I think the tweet reward should be about voting for the listing on binance.com
For this round, voting will be done on Twitter. Here is how to vote:
At the start of the voting period, we will tweet each of the nominated candidate coins individually. If you would like to vote for the coin, you simply need to Follow @Binance_2017 and retweet the relevant candidate tweet.At the end of the voting period, we will review the retweets garnered by each candidate for final review.
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so we need a better exchange , hope community can support us.
Dev, the registration for binance will be open on November 30, please this time register in time to vote the best of the consurso is free, this time it's by votes on twitterIt is a great opportunity to reach the Chinese market and believe the currency
Dev, I think the tweet reward should be about voting for the listing on binance.com
For this round, voting will be done on Twitter. Here is how to vote:
At the start of the voting period, we will tweet each of the nominated candidate coins individually. If you would like to vote for the coin, you simply need to Follow @Binance_2017 and retweet the relevant candidate tweet.At the end of the voting period, we will review the retweets garnered by each candidate for final review.
If we want to do this we need something extra. There will be coins with few hundred or more retweets for sure. Any ideas how we can get huge amount of retweets? This needs to be something viral.
@ideaupdater do you have any MTNC budget for marketing?
in the services section of this forum there are marketing services, for twitter and facebook, in addition to this, the reward for twitter can be used as a trampoline, and the airdrop, I do not think you should give free coins to people who do not really fans of the currency, they are for these moments in which you must show that you are a fan of a currency
I have long suggested in personal messages to use the service https://theviralexchange.com/it is not difficult to set up to buy retweets. I am ready to help if there is a budget for a promo.
well, someone who contacts the Dev, urgent, because sometimes the disappears, and the registration date is passed in binance.com, like the previous monthand I think all the help we can receive will be welcome, I think the development team should invest to be listed in that exchange because it will help the growth of masternodecoin in many ways
great project! i would like to buy some this coin right now! but on the novaexchange, the volume is too low! the seller is too few! but i will keep watching this project and be a masternode in the further! good luck with me !
so we need a better exchange , hope community can support us.
Dev, the registration for binance will be open on November 30, please this time register in time to vote the best of the consurso is free, this time it's by votes on twitterIt is a great opportunity to reach the Chinese market and believe the currency
Dev, I think the tweet reward should be about voting for the listing on binance.com
For this round, voting will be done on Twitter. Here is how to vote:
At the start of the voting period, we will tweet each of the nominated candidate coins individually. If you would like to vote for the coin, you simply need to Follow @Binance_2017 and retweet the relevant candidate tweet.At the end of the voting period, we will review the retweets garnered by each candidate for final review.
If we want to do this we need something extra. There will be coins with few hundred or more retweets for sure. Any ideas how we can get huge amount of retweets? This needs to be something viral.
@ideaupdater do you have any MTNC budget for marketing?
in the services section of this forum there are marketing services, for twitter and facebook, in addition to this, the reward for twitter can be used as a trampoline, and the airdrop, I do not think you should give free coins to people who do not really fans of the currency, they are for these moments in which you must show that you are a fan of a currency
I have long suggested in personal messages to use the service https://theviralexchange.com/it is not difficult to set up to buy retweets. I am ready to help if there is a budget for a promo.75$ - 2000 points = 2000 retweets
Yeah, but we can't do it for voting. Binance strictly prohibted such actions to get listed.
great project! i would like to buy some this coin right now! but on the novaexchange, the volume is too low! the seller is too few! but i will keep watching this project and be a masternode in the further! good luck with me !
so we need a better exchange , hope community can support us.
Dev, the registration for binance will be open on November 30, please this time register in time to vote the best of the consurso is free, this time it's by votes on twitterIt is a great opportunity to reach the Chinese market and believe the currency
Dev, I think the tweet reward should be about voting for the listing on binance.com
For this round, voting will be done on Twitter. Here is how to vote:
At the start of the voting period, we will tweet each of the nominated candidate coins individually. If you would like to vote for the coin, you simply need to Follow @Binance_2017 and retweet the relevant candidate tweet.At the end of the voting period, we will review the retweets garnered by each candidate for final review.
If we want to do this we need something extra. There will be coins with few hundred or more retweets for sure. Any ideas how we can get huge amount of retweets? This needs to be something viral.
@ideaupdater do you have any MTNC budget for marketing?
in the services section of this forum there are marketing services, for twitter and facebook, in addition to this, the reward for twitter can be used as a trampoline, and the airdrop, I do not think you should give free coins to people who do not really fans of the currency, they are for these moments in which you must show that you are a fan of a currency
I have long suggested in personal messages to use the service https://theviralexchange.com/it is not difficult to set up to buy retweets. I am ready to help if there is a budget for a promo.75$ - 2000 points = 2000 retweets
Yeah, but we can't do it for voting. Binance strictly prohibted such actions to get listed.
great project! i would like to buy some this coin right now! but on the novaexchange, the volume is too low! the seller is too few! but i will keep watching this project and be a masternode in the further! good luck with me !
so we need a better exchange , hope community can support us.
Dev, the registration for binance will be open on November 30, please this time register in time to vote the best of the consurso is free, this time it's by votes on twitterIt is a great opportunity to reach the Chinese market and believe the currency
Dev, I think the tweet reward should be about voting for the listing on binance.com
For this round, voting will be done on Twitter. Here is how to vote:
At the start of the voting period, we will tweet each of the nominated candidate coins individually. If you would like to vote for the coin, you simply need to Follow @Binance_2017 and retweet the relevant candidate tweet.At the end of the voting period, we will review the retweets garnered by each candidate for final review.
If we want to do this we need something extra. There will be coins with few hundred or more retweets for sure. Any ideas how we can get huge amount of retweets? This needs to be something viral.
@ideaupdater do you have any MTNC budget for marketing?
in the services section of this forum there are marketing services, for twitter and facebook, in addition to this, the reward for twitter can be used as a trampoline, and the airdrop, I do not think you should give free coins to people who do not really fans of the currency, they are for these moments in which you must show that you are a fan of a currency
I have long suggested in personal messages to use the service https://theviralexchange.com/it is not difficult to set up to buy retweets. I am ready to help if there is a budget for a promo.75$ - 2000 points = 2000 retweets
Yeah, but we can't do it for voting. Binance strictly prohibted such actions to get listed.
yes ,we should follow the rule of Binance .
requirement have been submit ,waiting for feed back from Binance.
thanks Dev, for being attentive and giving this opportunity to list the currency in binance.com, I think that if all those who are registered in the airdrop make an effort to support the currency we can do it
Its been a long time I opened my mtnc qt wallet software and it's still the old version since 1st airdrop I have on my PC. I hope I won't lose my mtnc coins if I open it now and sync ?
syncing wont lose your coins.
But it is better to update to the latest version before trying to send them or use any other features. Also make sure to have a backup
OK thanks very much buddy.
But my question about the update is that is it possible to update directly from the old qt wallet?ORI have to manually download and install the new qt wallet separately and restore my wallet.dat file ?? |
Hardware support under Linux is far better than it ever has been in the past. These days, most things “just work” out of the box, and you probably won’t have to compile any custom kernel modules. Certainly a far cry from where things were a decade ago. But that doesn’t mean everything will work to 100% of its abilities. Take for example, the Duck keyboard that [Cynthia Revström] has. Sure it works as a basic keyboard under any OS, but getting those fancy RGB LEDs working is another story entirely.
Don’t get the wrong idea here, [Cynthia] isn’t just trying to get the keyboard to flash along to music; the goal was to use the RGB lighting of the Ducky keyboard for notifications that the user can’t possibly ignore. Even the most laser-focused among us would have a hard time not noticing that the entire keyboard is blinking red. But the “DuckyRGB” software that you need to do something like that is Windows-only and apparently distributed via a sketchy Google Drive link. Yikes.
The first step to creating an alternative was to spin up a Windows VM and install DuckyRGB. From there, Wireshark could listen in between the virtual computer and the Ducky keyboard to see what the software was sending over the wire. After identifying a version number being sent in the clear, [Cynthia] was able to isolate the LED commands by searching for the hex color codes. From there, it was a relatively simple matter of writing some glue code to connect it up to an alert service and get notifications going.
There was only one problem; the keyboard didn’t work anymore. Turns out the tool that [Cynthia] wrote to control the keyboard’s LEDs was claiming the device so the kernel couldn’t access it for normal input. It took a detour with HIDAPI to get everyone playing together nicely, and now changing the color of your Ducky keyboard on Linux doesn’t turn it into a paperweight.
Even if you don’t have a Ducky keyboard, or aren’t particularly interested in having its LEDs blinked at you if you do, this project is a phenomenal example of practical USB reverse engineering. [Cynthia] says the inspiration for this project came from friend [Ben Cox], who’s write-up on creating USB userspace drivers we covered last year. If you’ve got and old USB gadget with Windows-only drivers, maybe it’s time you take a crack at unlocking it. |
Rock PI S - an RK3308 based SBC
(January 2020)
TL; DR: Another magnificent little SBC - based on an RK3308, and running in 64bit. I like it.
What? Another SBC?!?
Well... what can I say? I have a weakness for these machines :-)
Nerdy addictions are difficult to trace - but I suspect that the origins of this particular obsession can be traced to my first-ever computer: the magnificent ZX Spectrum. A machine from a more civilized era - when men were men, wrote their own drivers, and had no fear of "the guts" of machines.
Let's have a look at the "guts" of the ROCK PI S :-)
The hardware
I received this new toy a few days ago - courtesy of Seeed Studio.
I don't have giant hands - it really is this tiny :-)
What's inside?
RK3308 Quad A35 64bit CPU
256MB or 512MB RAM. My board is the 512MB model, costing ~12 Euros at the time I am writing this.
USB 2.0 OTG (type-C) and a separate USB 2.0 type-A port
RJ45 10/100Mbit Ethernet
802.11 b/g/n Wifi + bluetooth 4.0 with external antenna connector (antenna not included)
26 pin GPIO header
26 pin voice/audio header (I2S, PCM, TDM, PDM, SPDIF, and HDMI ARC)
Dimensions of 1.7 x 1.7 inch (~38.1mm x 38.1mm)
Since I don't have USB-C equipment, I used a simple micro-USB to USB-C adapter to power up the board:
With a micro-USB to USB-C adapter
As I do with all my SBCs, I then setup access to the primary serial port. This is very important; it allows me to interact with the board as early as possible (at boot time), and perform anything necessary to setup the network - to allow easier access (over SSH).
Since this is a 3.3V device, I used my PL2303HX adapter...
USB-to-TTL adapter. Just connect TX/RX and GND
...and after reading the documentation, connected it to pins 6 (GND), 8 (USB RX) and 10 (USB TX):
Connecting serial pins.
The software
That took care of the HW setup. But what SW should we run on this tiny machine?
At a high level, there are basically two options with most SBCs (including this one).
Either you trust the makers of the board with the custom distributions they build (including Android ones)
...or you trust Armbian.
I am on the second camp - mostly because I can build the entire, flashable Armbian distribution for my targets from source. This is what I did - and if you have enough experience with Linux and embedded devices, you can do so relatively easily. It involves booting a from-scratch Ubuntu-bionic VM (via Vagrant), and following the build instructions. The Armbian developers have documented everything you need; and note also that the ROCK PI S is indeed shown in the list displayed from compile.sh . Choosing it, the build machinery will download the source code and compile the entire Armbian distribution from scratch, creating an image for flashing.
Then again, if you trust the Armbian developers, you can simply download the pre-built image - and then "flash" it in any micro SD card. With the Debian one, you'd execute something like this:
# ls -l *img -rw-r--r-- 1 ttsiod users 1518338048 Jan 20 07:02 Armbian_20.02.0-rc0_Rockpi-s_buster_legacy_4.4.207.img # dd if=Armbian_20.02.0-rc0_Rockpi-s_buster_legacy_4.4.207.img \ bs=1M oflag=sync iflag=fullblock status=progress of=/dev/sdc
In the example invocation above, my SD card is under /dev/sdc - make sure you use the appropriate target here, otherwise you will wipe out your own machine's data! The output of dmesg is your friend here, look at it (and the output of lsblk ) to see the name of the device for your SD.
The sync output flag of dd caused a significant improvement in reliability with my SD writer. You may or may not need this option - but if you don't use it, make sure you actually invoke sync after dd is complete. And you will definitely benefit from a big block size ( bs=1M ) and a nice and simple progress report while the writing takes place ( status=progress ).
Booting Armbian
After that, plugging in the USB-to-TTL adapter shows a new serial port under /dev/ttyUSB0 ; and the ROCKPIS is running it at 1.5MBits per second, so we launch minicom with that baudrate - and see Armbian boot:
(This recording in fact shows my 2nd login - after I've completed the setup and rebooted to see it all work from scratch. In the first boot, you must login as root , with the password 1234 - after which Armbian will take care of the remaining setup actions - and therefore be able to reset your password. More importantly, you'll also be able to connect to your network! In my case, I easily connected to my Wi-Fi via nmtui-connect .
Benchmarking CPU performance
After that, I could connect to the ROCK PI S over SSH - and benchmark the device with my renderer.
# apt install libsdl1.2-dev # wget -q -O - https://github.com/ttsiodras/renderer/archive/v2.3b.tar.gz \ | tar zxvf - # cd renderer-2.3b # ./configure # make -j4 ... # make bench
My renderer uses all available cores, and stresses the memory and the FPU a lot. You can see results from all kinds of machines running it via the Phoronix test suite.
In terms of the results on my SBCs:
My Orange PI Zero, scored 21 frames per second and rose its temperature above 80C - which forced me to install a fan to keep it cool...
Average value: 21.027340 Std deviation: 0.037930 Median: 21.017200 Min: 20.979300 Max: 21.082800
My Raspberry PI2 reached 58C - and scored 17fps...
Average value: 17.306140 Std deviation: 0.199651 Median: 17.401600 Min: 17.064300 Max: 17.479500
What about the newcomer? Well, the ROCK PI S scored 70% higher than the Raspberry...
Average value: 28.139440 Std deviation: 0.084740 Median: 28.153200 Min: 28.003400 Max: 28.227900
...with a temperature that didn't exceed 76C (shown via armbianmonitor -m ).
Very decent result. For its price, this is a nice, 64 bit machine, with more than adequate power for all kinds of IoT processing.
Benchmarking storage
I then wanted to check USB storage performance, so I connected an externally powered USB hub, with a 1TB USB drive attached. I could then measure USB transfer speeds.
Now, I know the port is a USB2 one - but I wanted to see how close we are to the theoretical maximums. After half a minute of dd -ing raw data (thus avoiding any seek overheads and seeing the fastest possible result), I got something close to 31MBytes/second:
root@rockpi:~# dd if=/dev/sda bs=1M | pv > /dev/null 1.02GiB 0:00:34 [30.8MiB/s]
Not stellar - but then again, this isn't a machine made to be a NAS. For what it is, the ability to connect USB2 peripherals is very welcome.
Power consumption
Putting my USB power meter in the loop, I measured the current going in. During boot, this spiked up to around 300mA - and then settled down in idle, to around 80mA.
Put differently: 0.08A x 5V = 0,4W. 400mWatt!
Very impressive!... Things have really changed since I last measured this; I didn't keep a detailed journal like I did for this board, but I believe the Orange PI Zero was somewhere around 250mA - more than 3 times this little guy.
As for the consumption during the other benchmarks:
when stress-testing with my renderer loading all CPUs at 100% and fully using the floating point unit on all of them, the current consumption reached a ceiling of 370mA. Simply put, the maximum consumption I managed to force on the ROCK PI S, was a bit less than 2W.
When maximising the USB bus usage with dd from an external 1TB drive, the current consumption topped at 150mA (0.75W)
Conclusions
I haven't yet "played" with all features offered by this board - but my overall impression so far is very positive. Given the price of 12 Euros, this machine definitely outperforms my Orange PI Zero (which is basically the only competitor at the same level). It consumes 2x-3x less energy, runs 33% faster, and it's also running at 64bit (which could result in even better comparison results when doing integer arithmetic). I try to avoid this kind of comparisons, though [1]. You don't need them to see that this is quite performant IoT hardware.
I love it that one can buy such machines for this kind of prices - and delegate peripheral processing to "edge" computing.
I just wish one could avoid the shipping costs from China. If you do decide to buy this board, I humbly suggest that you amortize the shipping cost by bundling more goodies in the basket.
It's a good excuse to buy even more things - no? :-)
[1] The reason I avoid sysbench , dhrystones and the like, is because they really aren't representative "loads". My renderer is a far better overall stress tester - checking the performance of integer and FPU calculations, done by multiple cores, while at the same time stress-testing the memory bandwidth.
Back to index My CV Last update on: Sun Jul 5 12:14:45 2020
The comments on this website require the use of JavaScript. Perhaps your browser isn't JavaScript capable or the script is not being run for another reason. If you're interested in reading the comments or leaving a comment behind please try again with a different browser or from a different connection. |
import scala.quoted._
abstract class Test {
type T
val T: Type[T]
val getT: Type[T] = T // need this to avoid getting `null`
given Type[T] = getT
def foo(using QuoteContext): Expr[Any] = {
val r = '{Option.empty[T]} // error: is not stable
{
val t: Test = this
import t.{given _}
println(summon[Type[t.T]].show)
// val r = '{Option.empty[t.T]} // access to value t from wrong staging level
val r2 = '{Option.empty[${t.T}]} // works
}
{
val r1 = '{Option.empty[${T}]} // works
val r2 = '{Option.empty[List[${T}]]} // works
val r3 = '{summon[Type[${T}]]} // error: is not stable
val r4 = '{summon[${T} <:< Any]} // error: is not stable
}
{
val s = '{Option.empty[${T}]} // works
val r = '{identity($s)} // works
val r2 = '{identity(${s: Expr[Option[T]]})} // error // error : is not stable
}
r
}
}
@main def main = ()
|
<?php
namespace MajorGlitches\DeathMountain;
use ALttP\Item;
use ALttP\World;
use TestCase;
/**
* @group MajorGlitches
*/
class EastTest extends TestCase
{
public function setUp(): void
{
parent::setUp();
$this->world = World::factory('standard', ['difficulty' => 'test_rules', 'logic' => 'MajorGlitches']);
$this->addCollected(['RescueZelda']);
$this->collected->setChecksForWorld($this->world->id);
}
public function tearDown(): void
{
parent::tearDown();
unset($this->world);
}
/**
* @param string $location
* @param bool $access
* @param array $items
* @param array $except
*
* @dataProvider accessPool
*/
public function testLocation(string $location, bool $access, array $items, array $except = [])
{
if (count($except)) {
$this->collected = $this->allItemsExcept($except);
}
$this->addCollected($items);
$this->assertEquals($access, $this->world->getLocation($location)
->canAccess($this->collected));
}
public function accessPool()
{
return [
["Spiral Cave", true, []],
["Paradox Cave Lower - Far Left", true, []],
["Paradox Cave Lower - Left", true, []],
["Paradox Cave Lower - Middle", true, []],
["Paradox Cave Lower - Right", true, []],
["Paradox Cave Lower - Far Right", true, []],
["Paradox Cave Upper - Left", true, []],
["Paradox Cave Upper - Right", true, []],
];
}
}
|
DENVER -- Third-grade teacher Kyle Schwartz is used to telling her students about the world. But she wanted to know more about the world they live in, where 93 percent of the students qualify for meal assistance.
She created a simple assignment where she wrote "I wish my teacher knew..." and ask her students to fill in the answer.
"It's just a simple, powerful way to let kids advocate for themselves," said Schwartz.
Here are some of the answers Schwartz posted to her Twitter account:
#iwishmyteacherknew sometimes my reading log isn't signed because my mom is not around a lot #edchat pic.twitter.com/mUsm4zRdKc — Kyle Schwartz (@kylemschwartz) April 6, 2015
Had my students write "I wish my teacher knew___" It's a reality check. #edchat #fellowschat pic.twitter.com/8vFUZqQnu0 — Kyle Schwartz (@kylemschwartz) March 28, 2015
Some of the students we spoke with told us it was a lot easier writing down their feelings as a class assignment, instead of saying it out loud. Mikylah Lenkiewizc took the opportunity to explain why she sometimes comes to school tired.
"What I wanted her to know is that I don't get much sleep at night because my baby sister, she cries a lot," said Mikylah.
A great idea caught on. Teachers in at least 17 states have used the assignment.
A student in Winchester, Virginia wrote: "I got bullied on the bus. It made me feel sad."
Some were typical kid gripes: "My homework is not as easy on Mondays."
But the biggest change was in Schwartz' own classroom.
"When there was a note that said 'I wish my teacher knew I don't have a friend to play with,' the next day at recess all the girls huddled around her and they were all playing together because kids support each other," said Schwartz. |
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- Copyright (c) .NET Foundation and contributors. All rights reserved. Licensed under the Microsoft Reciprocal License. See LICENSE.TXT file in the project root for full license information. -->
<Project DefaultTargets="Build" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003" ToolsVersion="4.0">
<PropertyGroup>
<ProjectGuid>{DA52F5B8-F74A-455B-B81C-A55377DD467D}</ProjectGuid>
<AssemblyName>WixVSExtension.MSBuild12</AssemblyName>
<OutputType>Library</OutputType>
<RootNamespace>Microsoft.Tools.WindowsInstallerXml.Extensions.WixVSExtension</RootNamespace>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Compile Include="AssemblyInfo.cs" />
<Compile Include="MSBuild12Project.cs" />
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Reference Include="Microsoft.Build, Version=12.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a, processorArchitecture=MSIL" />
<Reference Include="Microsoft.Build.Engine, Version=12.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a, processorArchitecture=MSIL" />
<Reference Include="Microsoft.Build.Framework, Version=12.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a, processorArchitecture=MSIL" />
<Reference Include="Microsoft.Build.Utilities.v12.0, Version=12.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a, processorArchitecture=MSIL" />
<Reference Include="System" />
<Reference Include="System.Xml" />
<ProjectReference Include="..\..\..\..\tools\Wix\Wix.csproj" />
<ProjectReference Include="..\WixVSExtension.csproj" />
</ItemGroup>
<Import Project="$([MSBuild]::GetDirectoryNameOfFileAbove($(MSBuildProjectDirectory), wix.proj))\tools\WixBuild.targets" />
</Project>
|
// Copyright 2012 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// This file implements typechecking of builtin function calls.
package types
import (
"go/ast"
"go/constant"
"go/token"
)
// builtin type-checks a call to the built-in specified by id and
// returns true if the call is valid, with *x holding the result;
// but x.expr is not set. If the call is invalid, the result is
// false, and *x is undefined.
//
func (check *Checker) builtin(x *operand, call *ast.CallExpr, id builtinId) (_ bool) {
// append is the only built-in that permits the use of ... for the last argument
bin := predeclaredFuncs[id]
if call.Ellipsis.IsValid() && id != _Append {
check.invalidOp(call.Ellipsis, "invalid use of ... with built-in %s", bin.name)
check.use(call.Args...)
return
}
// For len(x) and cap(x) we need to know if x contains any function calls or
// receive operations. Save/restore current setting and set hasCallOrRecv to
// false for the evaluation of x so that we can check it afterwards.
// Note: We must do this _before_ calling unpack because unpack evaluates the
// first argument before we even call arg(x, 0)!
if id == _Len || id == _Cap {
defer func(b bool) {
check.hasCallOrRecv = b
}(check.hasCallOrRecv)
check.hasCallOrRecv = false
}
// determine actual arguments
var arg getter
nargs := len(call.Args)
switch id {
default:
// make argument getter
arg, nargs, _ = unpack(func(x *operand, i int) { check.multiExpr(x, call.Args[i]) }, nargs, false)
if arg == nil {
return
}
// evaluate first argument, if present
if nargs > 0 {
arg(x, 0)
if x.mode == invalid {
return
}
}
case _Make, _New, _Offsetof, _Trace:
// arguments require special handling
}
// check argument count
{
msg := ""
if nargs < bin.nargs {
msg = "not enough"
} else if !bin.variadic && nargs > bin.nargs {
msg = "too many"
}
if msg != "" {
check.invalidOp(call.Rparen, "%s arguments for %s (expected %d, found %d)", msg, call, bin.nargs, nargs)
return
}
}
switch id {
case _Append:
// append(s S, x ...T) S, where T is the element type of S
// spec: "The variadic function append appends zero or more values x to s of type
// S, which must be a slice type, and returns the resulting slice, also of type S.
// The values x are passed to a parameter of type ...T where T is the element type
// of S and the respective parameter passing rules apply."
S := x.typ
var T Type
if s, _ := S.Underlying().(*Slice); s != nil {
T = s.elem
} else {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not a slice", x)
return
}
// remember arguments that have been evaluated already
alist := []operand{*x}
// spec: "As a special case, append also accepts a first argument assignable
// to type []byte with a second argument of string type followed by ... .
// This form appends the bytes of the string.
if nargs == 2 && call.Ellipsis.IsValid() && x.assignableTo(check.conf, NewSlice(universeByte), nil) {
arg(x, 1)
if x.mode == invalid {
return
}
if isString(x.typ) {
if check.Types != nil {
sig := makeSig(S, S, x.typ)
sig.variadic = true
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, sig)
}
x.mode = value
x.typ = S
break
}
alist = append(alist, *x)
// fallthrough
}
// check general case by creating custom signature
sig := makeSig(S, S, NewSlice(T)) // []T required for variadic signature
sig.variadic = true
check.arguments(x, call, sig, func(x *operand, i int) {
// only evaluate arguments that have not been evaluated before
if i < len(alist) {
*x = alist[i]
return
}
arg(x, i)
}, nargs)
// ok to continue even if check.arguments reported errors
x.mode = value
x.typ = S
if check.Types != nil {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, sig)
}
case _Cap, _Len:
// cap(x)
// len(x)
mode := invalid
var typ Type
var val constant.Value
switch typ = implicitArrayDeref(x.typ.Underlying()); t := typ.(type) {
case *Basic:
if isString(t) && id == _Len {
if x.mode == constant_ {
mode = constant_
val = constant.MakeInt64(int64(len(constant.StringVal(x.val))))
} else {
mode = value
}
}
case *Array:
mode = value
// spec: "The expressions len(s) and cap(s) are constants
// if the type of s is an array or pointer to an array and
// the expression s does not contain channel receives or
// function calls; in this case s is not evaluated."
if !check.hasCallOrRecv {
mode = constant_
val = constant.MakeInt64(t.len)
}
case *Slice, *Chan:
mode = value
case *Map:
if id == _Len {
mode = value
}
}
if mode == invalid {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s for %s", x, bin.name)
return
}
x.mode = mode
x.typ = Typ[Int]
x.val = val
if check.Types != nil && mode != constant_ {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(x.typ, typ))
}
case _Close:
// close(c)
c, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Chan)
if c == nil {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not a channel", x)
return
}
if c.dir == RecvOnly {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s must not be a receive-only channel", x)
return
}
x.mode = novalue
if check.Types != nil {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(nil, c))
}
case _Complex:
// complex(x, y floatT) complexT
var y operand
arg(&y, 1)
if y.mode == invalid {
return
}
// convert or check untyped arguments
d := 0
if isUntyped(x.typ) {
d |= 1
}
if isUntyped(y.typ) {
d |= 2
}
switch d {
case 0:
// x and y are typed => nothing to do
case 1:
// only x is untyped => convert to type of y
check.convertUntyped(x, y.typ)
case 2:
// only y is untyped => convert to type of x
check.convertUntyped(&y, x.typ)
case 3:
// x and y are untyped =>
// 1) if both are constants, convert them to untyped
// floating-point numbers if possible,
// 2) if one of them is not constant (possible because
// it contains a shift that is yet untyped), convert
// both of them to float64 since they must have the
// same type to succeed (this will result in an error
// because shifts of floats are not permitted)
if x.mode == constant_ && y.mode == constant_ {
toFloat := func(x *operand) {
if isNumeric(x.typ) && constant.Sign(constant.Imag(x.val)) == 0 {
x.typ = Typ[UntypedFloat]
}
}
toFloat(x)
toFloat(&y)
} else {
check.convertUntyped(x, Typ[Float64])
check.convertUntyped(&y, Typ[Float64])
// x and y should be invalid now, but be conservative
// and check below
}
}
if x.mode == invalid || y.mode == invalid {
return
}
// both argument types must be identical
if !Identical(x.typ, y.typ) {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "mismatched types %s and %s", x.typ, y.typ)
return
}
// the argument types must be of floating-point type
if !isFloat(x.typ) {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "arguments have type %s, expected floating-point", x.typ)
return
}
// if both arguments are constants, the result is a constant
if x.mode == constant_ && y.mode == constant_ {
x.val = constant.BinaryOp(constant.ToFloat(x.val), token.ADD, constant.MakeImag(constant.ToFloat(y.val)))
} else {
x.mode = value
}
// determine result type
var res BasicKind
switch x.typ.Underlying().(*Basic).kind {
case Float32:
res = Complex64
case Float64:
res = Complex128
case UntypedFloat:
res = UntypedComplex
default:
unreachable()
}
resTyp := Typ[res]
if check.Types != nil && x.mode != constant_ {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(resTyp, x.typ, x.typ))
}
x.typ = resTyp
case _Copy:
// copy(x, y []T) int
var dst Type
if t, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Slice); t != nil {
dst = t.elem
}
var y operand
arg(&y, 1)
if y.mode == invalid {
return
}
var src Type
switch t := y.typ.Underlying().(type) {
case *Basic:
if isString(y.typ) {
src = universeByte
}
case *Slice:
src = t.elem
}
if dst == nil || src == nil {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "copy expects slice arguments; found %s and %s", x, &y)
return
}
if !Identical(dst, src) {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "arguments to copy %s and %s have different element types %s and %s", x, &y, dst, src)
return
}
if check.Types != nil {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(Typ[Int], x.typ, y.typ))
}
x.mode = value
x.typ = Typ[Int]
case _Delete:
// delete(m, k)
m, _ := x.typ.Underlying().(*Map)
if m == nil {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not a map", x)
return
}
arg(x, 1) // k
if x.mode == invalid {
return
}
if !x.assignableTo(check.conf, m.key, nil) {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not assignable to %s", x, m.key)
return
}
x.mode = novalue
if check.Types != nil {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(nil, m, m.key))
}
case _Imag, _Real:
// imag(complexT) floatT
// real(complexT) floatT
// convert or check untyped argument
if isUntyped(x.typ) {
if x.mode == constant_ {
// an untyped constant number can alway be considered
// as a complex constant
if isNumeric(x.typ) {
x.typ = Typ[UntypedComplex]
}
} else {
// an untyped non-constant argument may appear if
// it contains a (yet untyped non-constant) shift
// expression: convert it to complex128 which will
// result in an error (shift of complex value)
check.convertUntyped(x, Typ[Complex128])
// x should be invalid now, but be conservative and check
if x.mode == invalid {
return
}
}
}
// the argument must be of complex type
if !isComplex(x.typ) {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "argument has type %s, expected complex type", x.typ)
return
}
// if the argument is a constant, the result is a constant
if x.mode == constant_ {
if id == _Real {
x.val = constant.Real(x.val)
} else {
x.val = constant.Imag(x.val)
}
} else {
x.mode = value
}
// determine result type
var res BasicKind
switch x.typ.Underlying().(*Basic).kind {
case Complex64:
res = Float32
case Complex128:
res = Float64
case UntypedComplex:
res = UntypedFloat
default:
unreachable()
}
resTyp := Typ[res]
if check.Types != nil && x.mode != constant_ {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(resTyp, x.typ))
}
x.typ = resTyp
case _Make:
// make(T, n)
// make(T, n, m)
// (no argument evaluated yet)
arg0 := call.Args[0]
T := check.typ(arg0)
if T == Typ[Invalid] {
return
}
var min int // minimum number of arguments
switch T.Underlying().(type) {
case *Slice:
min = 2
case *Map, *Chan:
min = 1
default:
check.invalidArg(arg0.Pos(), "cannot make %s; type must be slice, map, or channel", arg0)
return
}
if nargs < min || min+1 < nargs {
check.errorf(call.Pos(), "%s expects %d or %d arguments; found %d", call, min, min+1, nargs)
return
}
var sizes []int64 // constant integer arguments, if any
for _, arg := range call.Args[1:] {
if s, ok := check.index(arg, -1); ok && s >= 0 {
sizes = append(sizes, s)
}
}
if len(sizes) == 2 && sizes[0] > sizes[1] {
check.invalidArg(call.Args[1].Pos(), "length and capacity swapped")
// safe to continue
}
x.mode = value
x.typ = T
if check.Types != nil {
params := [...]Type{T, Typ[Int], Typ[Int]}
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(x.typ, params[:1+len(sizes)]...))
}
case _New:
// new(T)
// (no argument evaluated yet)
T := check.typ(call.Args[0])
if T == Typ[Invalid] {
return
}
x.mode = value
x.typ = &Pointer{base: T}
if check.Types != nil {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(x.typ, T))
}
case _Panic:
// panic(x)
T := new(Interface)
check.assignment(x, T, "argument to panic")
if x.mode == invalid {
return
}
x.mode = novalue
if check.Types != nil {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(nil, T))
}
case _Print, _Println:
// print(x, y, ...)
// println(x, y, ...)
var params []Type
if nargs > 0 {
params = make([]Type, nargs)
for i := 0; i < nargs; i++ {
if i > 0 {
arg(x, i) // first argument already evaluated
}
check.assignment(x, nil, "argument to "+predeclaredFuncs[id].name)
if x.mode == invalid {
// TODO(gri) "use" all arguments?
return
}
params[i] = x.typ
}
}
x.mode = novalue
if check.Types != nil {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(nil, params...))
}
case _Recover:
// recover() interface{}
x.mode = value
x.typ = new(Interface)
if check.Types != nil {
check.recordBuiltinType(call.Fun, makeSig(x.typ))
}
case _Alignof:
// unsafe.Alignof(x T) uintptr
check.assignment(x, nil, "argument to unsafe.Alignof")
if x.mode == invalid {
return
}
x.mode = constant_
x.val = constant.MakeInt64(check.conf.alignof(x.typ))
x.typ = Typ[Uintptr]
// result is constant - no need to record signature
case _Offsetof:
// unsafe.Offsetof(x T) uintptr, where x must be a selector
// (no argument evaluated yet)
arg0 := call.Args[0]
selx, _ := unparen(arg0).(*ast.SelectorExpr)
if selx == nil {
check.invalidArg(arg0.Pos(), "%s is not a selector expression", arg0)
check.use(arg0)
return
}
check.expr(x, selx.X)
if x.mode == invalid {
return
}
base := derefStructPtr(x.typ)
sel := selx.Sel.Name
obj, index, indirect := LookupFieldOrMethod(base, false, check.pkg, sel)
switch obj.(type) {
case nil:
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s has no single field %s", base, sel)
return
case *Func:
// TODO(gri) Using derefStructPtr may result in methods being found
// that don't actually exist. An error either way, but the error
// message is confusing. See: https://play.golang.org/p/al75v23kUy ,
// but go/types reports: "invalid argument: x.m is a method value".
check.invalidArg(arg0.Pos(), "%s is a method value", arg0)
return
}
if indirect {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "field %s is embedded via a pointer in %s", sel, base)
return
}
// TODO(gri) Should we pass x.typ instead of base (and indirect report if derefStructPtr indirected)?
check.recordSelection(selx, FieldVal, base, obj, index, false)
offs := check.conf.offsetof(base, index)
x.mode = constant_
x.val = constant.MakeInt64(offs)
x.typ = Typ[Uintptr]
// result is constant - no need to record signature
case _Sizeof:
// unsafe.Sizeof(x T) uintptr
check.assignment(x, nil, "argument to unsafe.Sizeof")
if x.mode == invalid {
return
}
x.mode = constant_
x.val = constant.MakeInt64(check.conf.sizeof(x.typ))
x.typ = Typ[Uintptr]
// result is constant - no need to record signature
case _Assert:
// assert(pred) causes a typechecker error if pred is false.
// The result of assert is the value of pred if there is no error.
// Note: assert is only available in self-test mode.
if x.mode != constant_ || !isBoolean(x.typ) {
check.invalidArg(x.pos(), "%s is not a boolean constant", x)
return
}
if x.val.Kind() != constant.Bool {
check.errorf(x.pos(), "internal error: value of %s should be a boolean constant", x)
return
}
if !constant.BoolVal(x.val) {
check.errorf(call.Pos(), "%s failed", call)
// compile-time assertion failure - safe to continue
}
// result is constant - no need to record signature
case _Trace:
// trace(x, y, z, ...) dumps the positions, expressions, and
// values of its arguments. The result of trace is the value
// of the first argument.
// Note: trace is only available in self-test mode.
// (no argument evaluated yet)
if nargs == 0 {
check.dump("%s: trace() without arguments", call.Pos())
x.mode = novalue
break
}
var t operand
x1 := x
for _, arg := range call.Args {
check.rawExpr(x1, arg, nil) // permit trace for types, e.g.: new(trace(T))
check.dump("%s: %s", x1.pos(), x1)
x1 = &t // use incoming x only for first argument
}
// trace is only available in test mode - no need to record signature
default:
unreachable()
}
return true
}
// makeSig makes a signature for the given argument and result types.
// Default types are used for untyped arguments, and res may be nil.
func makeSig(res Type, args ...Type) *Signature {
list := make([]*Var, len(args))
for i, param := range args {
list[i] = NewVar(token.NoPos, nil, "", defaultType(param))
}
params := NewTuple(list...)
var result *Tuple
if res != nil {
assert(!isUntyped(res))
result = NewTuple(NewVar(token.NoPos, nil, "", res))
}
return &Signature{params: params, results: result}
}
// implicitArrayDeref returns A if typ is of the form *A and A is an array;
// otherwise it returns typ.
//
func implicitArrayDeref(typ Type) Type {
if p, ok := typ.(*Pointer); ok {
if a, ok := p.base.Underlying().(*Array); ok {
return a
}
}
return typ
}
// unparen returns e with any enclosing parentheses stripped.
func unparen(e ast.Expr) ast.Expr {
for {
p, ok := e.(*ast.ParenExpr)
if !ok {
return e
}
e = p.X
}
}
|
Ridley Scott‘s extended cuts can be somewhat hit or miss. The longer versions of American Gangster and Robin Hood, for example, mostly just added more minutes to the running time. Neither version proved to be the Kingdom of Heaven: Director’s Cut, a fantastic cut that contains all the nuances lost in the theatrical version.
Last year we heard rumblings about an extended cut of The Martian, and it’s been confirmed that later this year we might see Scott’s longer version of the adaptation.
The most important thing about The Huntsman: Winter’s War is that there is at least one scene where Emily Blunt rides a polar bear. This was true when the first trailer arrived last month and it continued to be true when the second trailer arrived last week. This film seems to offer its fair share of pleasures for all kinds of people – the astonishingly handsome Chris Hemsworth strutting about with just enough chest exposed, the lovely Jessica Chastain kicking all kinds of ass in black leather, the incredible Charlize Theron vomiting black goo all over the place – but I’m buying a ticket because Emily Blunt is a literal ice queen who rides a fantasy polar bear. How did this movie gain access to the darkest corners of my brain?
Anyway, a batch of new The Huntsman: Winter’s War clips have arrived and one of them is entirely about Emily Blunt and her polar bear. Be still, my pounding heart.
Sunday was the first official day of spring, so naturally Universal is celebrating with a trailer that’s all about winter. The Huntsman: Winter’s War takes Eric the Huntsman (Chris Hemsworth) and Ravenna (Charlize Theron) back before they met Snow White, to a time when he got caught up in the battle between Ravenna and her sister Freya (Emily Blunt).
As one of Freya’s loyal protectors, Eric is forbidden to fall in love with a fellow Huntsman — but that rule becomes awfully difficult to follow when he sets eyes on Sara (Jessica Chastain). Watch the Huntsman: Winter’s War trailer below.Read More »
Over the course of his career, Aaron Sorkin has put his words in the mouths of some very talented actors, from Michael Fassbender (Steve Jobs) to Jeff Bridges (The Newsroom) to Jesse Eisenberg (The Social Network). And now that he’s getting ready to make the leap from writing to directing, he’s got his eye on another world-class thespian. Jessica Chastain is being courted to lead Molly’s Game, based on a true-life story set in the world of high-stakes underground poker. Read More »
The most important thing to understand about the new The Huntsman: Winter’s War trailer is that there are at least two shots where Emily Blunt, playing a literal ice queen named Freya, rides a polar bear. Now, I’m not sure what you value in life, but Emily Blunt as an ice-blasting sorceress sitting astride a polar is the kind of thing that can get us through a dark and lonely day. That’s some serious D&D shit right there.
The rest of the trailer for The Huntsman: Winter’s War isn’t nearly as inspiring, looking like a half-baked rehash of the already half-baked Snow White and the Huntsman. And yet it’s hard to find too much to hate about a movie that somehow managed to wrangle Chris Hemsworth, Charlize Theron, Jessica Chasten, and Emily Blunt (on a polar bear!) into the same ensemble.
The full trailer for The Huntsman: Winter’s War debuts next week, but in the meantime, Universal has released a teaser for the trailer. The sequel/spinoff features an excellent cast, which is why, after the underwhelming first film, Snow White and the Huntsman, this might actually be worth seeing.
After the jump, watch a whopping 15 seconds from The Huntsman: Winter’s War.
UPDATE: Shortly after we shared the first The Huntsman teaser, the first full-length The Huntsman trailer went up. Watch it below.
Universal ditched the Snow White half of Snow White and the Huntsman some time ago, but the Huntsman will be back next year headlining his very own movie. And as of today, that movie has a new title, a new synopsis, and four first-look promotional images.
The Huntsman: Winter’s War has dished out four new character posters featuring Chris Hemsworth, Charlize Theron, Emily Blunt, and Jessica Chastain, or, as I think of them, “Thor and three people the internet wishes would play Captain Marvel.” Get your The Huntsman first look after the jump. Read More »
We’re a week and a half away from the opening of Guillermo del Toro‘s Crimson Peak. The buzz is strong for the director’s horror-romance, but it’s still a financial gamble. Del Toro’s film is an original, R-rated period piece, which are never a sure thing at the box-office. Then again, there’s nothing else quite like Crimson Peak coming out anytime soon, so maybe that’ll be enough to draw general audiences in. It’s a very good, beautifully directed movie — and a Crimson Peak clip, a handful of features and TV spots highlight the beauty of del Toro’s latest. Check them out after the jump.
Writer-director Guillermo del Toro‘s Crimson Peak made a surprising debut this weekend at a festival well-suited for the film. The romantic horror picture, from the director of Pan’s Labyrinthand Pacific Rim, probably wouldn’t have fit in at Toronto or the ongoing NYFF. But at Austin’s Fantastic Fest, del Toro’s latest was perfect for the genre-oriented film festival. To no one’s surprise, the first wave of Crimson Peak reviews are positive.
Crimson Peak, the new film from Guillermo del Toro, is the writer/director’s take on a gothic haunted house movie, with Tom Hiddleston and Jessica Chastain as sibling residents of an old mansion who welcome Hiddleston’s bride, played by Mia Wasikowska, into their midst.
Actually, “welcome” isn’t the word to use at all, as this new Crimson Peak clip shows. While the first couple trailers for the film have been all atmosphere and effects, this one is mostly drama, as Chastain thoroughly denies any warm welcome to her brother’s new bride. Read More » |
<?php
if (!defined('sugarEntry') || !sugarEntry) {
die('Not A Valid Entry Point');
}
require_once('data/SugarBean.php');
// Contact is used to store customer information.
class SecurityGroupUserRelationship extends SugarBean
{
// Stored fields
public $id;
public $securitygroup_id;
public $securitygroup_noninheritable;
public $user_id;
public $noninheritable;
public $primary_group;
// Related fields
public $securitygroup_name;
public $user_name;
public $table_name = "securitygroups_users";
public $object_name = "SecurityGroupUserRelationship";
public $column_fields = array("id"
,"securitygroup_id"
,"user_id"
,"noninheritable"
,"primary_group"
,'date_modified'
);
public $new_schema = true;
public $additional_column_fields = array();
public $field_defs = array(
'id'=>array('name' =>'id', 'type' =>'char', 'len'=>'36', 'default'=>'')
, 'securitygroup_id'=>array('name' =>'securitygroup_id', 'type' =>'char', 'len'=>'36', )
, 'user_id'=>array('name' =>'user_id', 'type' =>'char', 'len'=>'36',)
, 'noninheritable'=>array('name' =>'noninheritable', 'type' =>'bool', 'len'=>'1')
, 'primary_group'=>array('name' =>'primary_group', 'type' =>'bool', 'len'=>'1')
, 'date_modified'=>array('name' => 'date_modified','type' => 'datetime')
, 'deleted'=>array('name' =>'deleted', 'type' =>'bool', 'len'=>'1', 'default'=>'0', 'required'=>true)
);
public function __construct()
{
$this->db = DBManagerFactory::getInstance();
$this->dbManager = DBManagerFactory::getInstance();
$this->disable_row_level_security =true;
}
/**
* @deprecated deprecated since version 7.6, PHP4 Style Constructors are deprecated and will be remove in 7.8, please update your code, use __construct instead
*/
public function SecurityGroupUserRelationship()
{
$deprecatedMessage = 'PHP4 Style Constructors are deprecated and will be remove in 7.8, please update your code';
if (isset($GLOBALS['log'])) {
$GLOBALS['log']->deprecated($deprecatedMessage);
} else {
trigger_error($deprecatedMessage, E_USER_DEPRECATED);
}
self::__construct();
}
public function fill_in_additional_detail_fields()
{
if (isset($this->securitygroup_id) && $this->securitygroup_id != "") {
$query = "SELECT name from securitygroups where id='$this->securitygroup_id' AND deleted=0";
$result =$this->db->query($query, true, " Error filling in additional detail fields: ");
// Get the id and the name.
$row = $this->db->fetchByAssoc($result);
if ($row != null) {
$this->securitygroup_name = $row['name'];
}
}
if (isset($this->user_id) && $this->user_id != "") {
$query = "SELECT user_name from users where id='$this->user_id' AND deleted=0";
$result =$this->db->query($query, true, " Error filling in additional detail fields: ");
// Get the id and the name.
$row = $this->db->fetchByAssoc($result);
if ($row != null) {
$this->user_name = $row['user_name'];
}
}
}
public function create_list_query(&$order_by, &$where)
{
$query = "SELECT id, first_name, last_name, user_name FROM users ";
$where_auto = "deleted=0";
if ($where != "") {
$query .= "where $where AND ".$where_auto;
} else {
$query .= "where ".$where_auto;
}
$query .= " ORDER BY last_name, first_name";
return $query;
}
}
|
Comparing air dispersion model predictions with measured concentrations of VOCs in urban communities.
Air concentrations of nine volatile organic compounds were measured over 48-h periods at 23 locations in three communities in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Concentrations at the same times and locations were modeled using a standard regulatory air dispersion model (ISCST3). The goal of the study was to evaluate model performance by comparing predictions with measurements using linear regression and estimates of bias. The modeling, done with mobile and area source emissions resolved to the census tract level and characterized as model area sources, represents an improvement over large-scale airtoxics modeling analyses done to date. Despite the resolved spatial scale, the model did not fully capture the spatial resolution in concentrations in an area with a sharp gradient in emissions. In a census tract with a major highway at one end of the tract (i.e., uneven distribution of emissions within the tract), model predictions atthe opposite end of the tract overestimated measured concentrations. This shortcoming was seen for pollutants emitted mainly by mobile sources (benzene, ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes). We suggest that major highways would be better characterized as line sources. The model also failed to fully capture the temporal variability in concentrations, which was expected since the emissions inventory comprised annual average values. Based on our evaluation metrics, model performance was best for pollutants emitted mainly from mobile sources and poorest for pollutants emitted mainlyfrom area sources. Important sources of error appeared to be the source characterization (especially location) and emissions quantification. We expect that enhancements in the emissions inventory would give the greatest improvement in results. As anticipated for a Gaussian plume model, performance was dramatically better when compared to measurements that were not matched in space or time. Despite the limitations of our analysis, we found thatthe regulatory air dispersion model was generally able to predict space and time matched 48-h average ambient concentrations of VOC species within a factor of 2 on average, results that meet regulatory model acceptance criteria. |
Saturday, October 11, 2008
We haven't switched to the dark side, we've just discovered a long-established anvil that we'd never before thought to categorize as such.
I'm having YouTube difficulties tonight--why aren't any of these clips online? I'd do it myself if I could, but you start throwing words like "divx" and "codec" and "bitrate" at me, and I'm lost.
Anyway, there are new Bones sides out which show Booth and Brennan solving a case that involves ice and skating and maybe hockey.
And you know what that means...
Skating lessons!
The last scene in the episode is Booth and Brennan on the ice late at night, arms linked. Brennan is not a good skater; Booth, a fan of le hockey, obviously is a good skater.
Same thing that happens to everyone.
Jim and Pam, circa "Michael's Birthday." Everyone heads to the ice rink, Jim helps Pam get her footing on the ice. I squee.
Luke and Lorelai, circa "Women of Questionable Morals." Lorelai's having issues with the snow, so to cheer her up, Luke builds an ice rink in her front yard and brings skates. He stays on solid snowy ground, but he does watch with amusement as she enjoys her gift.
Sydney and Vaughn, circa "A Dark Turn," "Second Double," and "Nocturne." Vaughn's an avid hockey player, and once they get together, he brings her along for practice. Though Syd's a natural on the ice (what is Sydney Bristow *not* good at?), Vaughn teaches her how to play. Very sweet.
And now Booth and Brennan. I guess it was really only a matter of time before these two took to the ice. I think skating has perhaps a very childlike, innocent connotation--wintry magic combined with the need to gather support from your OTPartner. It also gives just-friends/partners the opportunity to touch. In these sides, it says "they intertwine arms."
Also, these are the sides for episode thirteen. When in the world are we going to get the Booth/Brennan relationship development that's been hinted at so hard it hurts? At this point, I go into every episode thinking it's going to be the week where they finally hook up. And then you know what? They never do. So maybe this is the episode that pushes them across the line. Up all night (Mae says Booth must have a concussion), ice rink lit only by a disco ball, music playing--if that's not romantic, I don't know what is.
Tell you what--this is making me yearn for winter. Bring on the holiday season and some skating love for the agents!
3 Responses to “Anvils for Skaters--Nope, Not That Kind”
I know I'm one of the few, but I'm REALLY hoping that Booth and Brennan don't hook up this season. This whole skating thing definitely sounds adorable and I'm excited for it, but David and Emily have the best sexual tension/easy affection combination of almost anyone on television, and this season especially, it's become very easy and comfortable and natural. In my opinion, them actually being together would ruin it. I want to see it eventually, of course, and I don't want them to come up with more stalls (Sully was my least favorite character on the history of the show), but I am very pleased with where they are right now. Something will have to change eventually, but I hope it's not that soon.
You forgot one of the best OTP skating moments ever--Buffy's "What's My Line, Pt. 1," which includes David Boreanaz as Angel, no less. She knows what she's doing on an ice rink, but we don't get a chance to see whether he does because they have to lose the skates to kill of some form of beastie. But it's terribly romantic until then!
Bummer! I've actually never seen an episode of Buffy, but I'll look for this scene on YouTube. Thanks for further proving my theory! I also found a clip this morning of Doug and Carol roller blading in an early episode of ER. (Carol's an expert; Doug ends up injuring himself.) Funny how they usually seem to be about one person being a good skater and the other not.
Interested in Joining?
We write about what we love--which means sometimes good shows get neglected because they're just not our thing. What do you watch that we're not covering? Are you interested in bringing the voice of that fandom to Chaos in General? Leave a comment and we'll talk! |
Q:
push with git subtree to project root
I am currently working on a github pages project and generate the website to a folder named dist on a branch named dev. I want to push the content of dist to the master branch. Googling around I found github subtree and I could push the dist directory to master using the command:
git subtree push --prefix dist origin master
issue is this pushes the entire directory. So master branch has one directory named dist, containing dist/index.html etc. Instead I would like to push all the content of dist to the master branch. So that the master branch contains index.html and all other content. How can this be done?
A:
It is not easily done (beside doing some git filter-branch magic)
If you have a look at "Configuring a publishing source for GitHub Pages", you should instead generate your site directly in the gh-pages branch.
Or, you can stay in master branch, but generate in a docs/ folder instead of dist.
In both cases, GitHub pages will render that content.
However, for a User Page:
If your site is a User or Organization Page that has a repository named <username>.github.io or <orgname>.github.io, you cannot publish your site's source files from different locations.
User and Organization Pages that have this type of repository name are only published from the master branch.
In that case, reverse your workflow:
develop your site on a dev branch,
generate your site on the master branch
When you are in your dev branch, you can declare the master branch as a submodule (see here for the procedure), which will therefore be visible as a "subfolder" (for example a "dist" subfolder, except that subfolder will actually be your same Git repo, on master)
Generate your site as usual (in dist), go in dist, add, commit and push (that subfolder being a submodule, it will push on its associated branch: master)
Then go back to your project repo folder (parent of dist, currently on the dev branch), add, commit and push (to record the new state of the submodule dist)
|
Promotion
Up in the Air trailer online
There's a new trailer for Up in the Air online and to be honest there's not much more to the trailer other than a few more hints at the rest of the story that the blurb revealed.
There's a glimpse of the relationship that enters the life of the character played by George Clooney, a bit more of the younger talent he has to take under his wing, and of the most interesting part of the story I find, the return home.
The story is about a man who works for a company that flies him around the world to work for other companies downsizing them and in the process he's building up his air miles to a mammoth five million, and at the same time he's met the woman of his dreams, someone that loves the travelling as much as he does.
Just at that high point of his life his company downsizes and his travelling is drastically cut back, and that means he has to return home and spend much more time there.
That's where the interesting part of the Up in the Air trailer for me, seeing this man that has lived his life on the road return to an empty and sanitised apartment that is, on paper, his home and sits down having to reassess his life. Now that's where this story looks to get interesting for me, what about you? |
A Python Approximate Bayesian Computing (ABC) Population Monte Carlo
(PMC) implementation based on Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) with Particle
Filtering techniques.
|
Q:
How to count number of records if number of records is more than 50,000 limit?
Following query won't work if number of records is more than 50,000.
Integer c = [SELECT COUNT() FROM MyObj__C];
Is there a workaround to do calculation anyway?
A:
http://www.salesforce.com/us/developer/docs/pages/index_Left.htm#StartTopic=Content/pages_controller_readonly_context.htm
Set the context to read Only .Read only on page will allow you to query for million records atleast
<apex:page controller="SummaryStatsController" readOnly="true">
<p>Here is a statistic: {!veryLargeSummaryStat}</p>
</apex:page>
Controller code
public class SummaryStatsController {
public Integer getVeryLargeSummaryStat() {
Integer closedOpportunityStats =
[SELECT COUNT() FROM Opportunity WHERE Opportunity.IsClosed = true];
return closedOpportunityStats;
}
}
|
After keeping Americans waiting for seven long years, House Republicans on Monday achieved a minor miracle: they released a plan to repeal and replace Obamacare that managed to upset just about everybody besides Paul Ryan, who helped write it, and Donald Trump, who almost certainly does not understand it. Conservative Republicans are attacking the plan’s tax credits, which they worry would create a “new entitlement” program. Moderate Republicans are in a panic over the bill’s drastic cuts to Medicaid, which would leave millions of constituents without a safety net. Doctors, like Democrats, are outraged that after promising legislation to improve the health-care system, Ryan and Trump are moving forward with a plan that would likely cause millions of people to lose their coverage.
On Wednesday, the White House conceded that this was, in fact, precisely the point. Health insurance “is not really the end goal here, is it?” Mick Mulvaney, the director of the White House Office of Management and Budget, asked rhetorically in response to a question on MSNBC’s Morning Joe about how many people would be covered under the new plan. “It‘s one of the conservatives’—one of the Republicans’—complaints about the Affordable Care Act from the very beginning: it was a great way to get insurance and a lousy way to actually be able to go to the doctor.”
Mulvaney continued, arguing that “it will be possible for more people to get better care at the doctor under this plan than it was under Obamacare.” But the first part of his response belied the second: Ryan’s plan to reform the health-care system is not designed to help more people afford insurance coverage, or even to keep coverage levels stable. In fact, just the opposite. Republican lawmakers believe, at an ideological level, that redistribution of wealth is both immoral and harmful to the people it is designed to help. Increasing consumer choice and promoting personal responsibility, not subsidizing coverage, has always been the conservative end goal.
White House press secretary Sean Spicer made much the same point, in similarly coded language, during his daily press briefing. “I can’t overstate this. There is a difference between having a card and having care. Being told you have coverage and not being able to use it, is no good,” Spicer told reporters Wednesday. “When we get the question, ‘How many people are going to be covered?’ that is not the question that should be asked,” he explained. “Having coverage with a high deductible and in some cases not having a plan that allows you to get the coverage that you need or afford it, isn’t real coverage.”
The Republican argument for cutting the Obamacare subsidies, in other words, appears to be that no insurance is better than flawed insurance. Or, more generously, that expanding freedom of choice for higher-income consumers is preferable to preserving coverage for the poor. |
/*
* Copyright 2012, Google Inc.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
* met:
*
* * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
* copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
* in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
* distribution.
* * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
* contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
* this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
* "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
* A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
* OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
* LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
* DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
* THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
* (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
* OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
package org.jf.dexlib2.builder.instruction;
import org.jf.dexlib2.Format;
import org.jf.dexlib2.Opcode;
import org.jf.dexlib2.builder.BuilderOffsetInstruction;
import org.jf.dexlib2.builder.Label;
import org.jf.dexlib2.iface.instruction.formats.Instruction10t;
import javax.annotation.Nonnull;
public class BuilderInstruction10t extends BuilderOffsetInstruction implements Instruction10t {
public static final Format FORMAT = Format.Format10t;
public BuilderInstruction10t(@Nonnull Opcode opcode,
@Nonnull Label target) {
super(opcode, target);
}
@Override public Format getFormat() { return FORMAT; }
}
|
*x - 4, -4*u - t*x = -4. Solve -2*y = u*a, 0*y - 4*y = 4*a + 4 for y.
-3
Suppose -12*h - 37 = 2*w - 9*h, 3*w = 3*h - 48. Let g be 171/38*(5 - -1). Let b be w/(-9) - (-3)/g. Solve -b = -z, 22 = 4*v + 5*z - 0 for v.
3
Let y be (15 - (0 + -4)) + 3. Suppose -9*x - y = -20*x. Suppose -7*g - 2 + x = 0. Solve -4*a + 15 = -5*u, -9 = -g*u + 3*u - 4*a for u.
-3
Let n be (-10)/(((-95)/10 + 2)/3). Solve -2*a + 10 = 5*w - 23, n*a - 1 = 3*w for a.
4
Suppose -2*z + 2*b + 44 + 128 = 0, b = -5*z + 448. Suppose 12*s - z = 91. Solve -y - 7 = -2*g, -2*y = 2*y + 5*g + s for y.
-5
Let h(p) be the second derivative of 5*p**3/6 + 133*p**2/2 + 21*p + 3. Let t be h(-26). Solve 4*b - t*f - 11 = 1, 0 = -5*b + 2*f + 15 for b.
3
Let w(j) = j**3 - 7*j**2 + 18. Let r be w(7). Solve -r = 4*i + 2*q, -14 - 10 = 5*i + q for i.
-5
Let c(g) = -21*g**2 + 25*g - 101. Let p be c(6). Let j be (-10807)/p - 2/7. Solve -3*t = 4*k - j, t - 4 = -3*k + 6 for t.
1
Let m be ((-12360)/(-36))/10 + 2 + 12/(-9). Solve -4*y - 5*x = 11, -4*y - m*x = -40*x + 21 for y.
-4
Let z(w) = -w**2 + 18*w + 19. Let v be z(18). Suppose v = 5*c - 6. Solve -h + 5*o = 18, -h = o - c*o + 14 for h.
2
Let n = -28309 - -28325. Solve 0*y - 2*u = -4*y + 14, 0 = 2*y - 4*u - n for y.
2
Let n be 4*5/((-80)/36). Let r = -8 + n. Let y = -14 - r. Solve 5*a + 16 = -y*x, x = 2*a - 4*x + 25 for a.
-5
Suppose 6*z + 1 - 19 = 0. Suppose 1 = c - 4. Suppose 2*x + 3*x = -z*q + c, -10 = 5*x. Solve 7 = -q*p - 3*h + 41, -4*p - h + 23 = 0 for p.
5
Let z(w) = w**2 + 22*w + 100. Let g be z(-6). Solve -4*u - 2*o - 18 = 0, g*o = -34*u + 39*u + 16 for u.
-4
Suppose -7*u + 4*y = -10*u + 18, 11 = -2*u + 5*y. Suppose a + a + 40 = u*n, 5*n - 96 = 4*a. Solve 3*o + n = -2*i, -2*i + 0*i + 4*o + 12 = 0 for i.
-2
Let g be 15/(-75)*10*2/(-4). Let y(b) = -3*b + 3. Let f be y(g). Solve f*p + 4 = -2*p, -k - 7 = p for k.
-5
Let n be -3 + -10 + (-870)/(-58). Solve -3*w = -5*u + 11, -u - n = -2*w - 7 for u.
1
Let s(r) = -r**3 - 99*r**2 + 195*r - 695. Let h be s(-101). Solve 2*u - h = -q, -3*u - 2*u = -q - 16 for q.
4
Let y = -748 + 750. Solve 2*h = w - 5*w - y, h + 6 = 3*w for h.
-3
Suppose 0 = 3*h - 71 + 38. Suppose 0*s = -h*s + 66. Suppose -s*j + 10 = -j. Solve -1 = -0*l - l, 0 = -5*k + 3*l + j for k.
1
Suppose 2*z = -3*z - 3*a + 21, 0 = 5*z - 2*a - 11. Suppose 16*j - z*j = 39. Solve -j*c - r = 14, -5*r + 2 = -c - 4*r for c.
-4
Let j = 286 - 284. Suppose -b - j*u = -3, 5*b = -2*u + 8 + 7. Solve -b*n = g + 2*g, -8 = -4*g + 4*n for g.
1
Let r = 43 + -40. Suppose -5*h + h = 5*n - 31, r*h = 2*n + 6. Solve -o = -d, 3*o + h*d = o - 24 for o.
-4
Let s(i) = -i**3 + 4*i - 4. Let c be s(2). Let y be 6*(c + 12)*2/2. Let h be (-13)/(-6) - 8/y. Solve -4*p - 14 = 5*v, h*p + 0*v = -v - 4 for p.
-1
Suppose -6*l - 807 = -9*l. Let z = l + -266. Solve -3*q = 5*c + 2*q + 10, 4*c = -z*q - 4 for c.
2
Let m(a) = a**3 - 3*a**2 + 5*a + 8. Let w be m(12). Suppose w = -4*o + 1372. Solve -5*f - o*g + 0 = -30, 3*g - 27 = -3*f for f.
4
Let x = 91 - 86. Suppose -x = -5*o, -3*z - 7 = o - 35. Solve -r - 3*p = 2*r - z, -5*p = 4*r - 14 for r.
1
Let u = -329 - -319. Let n be (u - -6)*-6 + 0. Solve 5*l = 4*w - 9, l + 3*w + n = 7 for l.
-5
Let u be (-3)/6 + 369/18. Solve q - 4*q + 4*z - 22 = 0, -4*q = -3*z + u for q.
-2
Let o = -68 - -15. Let c = o + 51. Let f be (2 + (-10)/25)*(-5)/c. Solve 0 = -5*t - f*m - 32, 2*t + 4*m = 5*t for t.
-4
Let g be (0*(-1)/(-2))/(-1). Suppose 6*k - 36 - 108 = g. Solve 5*n - 4*w + k = 3*n, -4*n = -4*w + 32 for n.
-4
Let a(c) = 4*c**2 - 38*c + 19. Let n be a(9). Suppose 28 = 27*b + n. Solve 3*m + 5*d - 15 = 0, 3*d = m + 8 + b for m.
0
Suppose -196*g + 402 = 5*g. Solve 0 = j - g*u - 6, -4*j - 19*u - 2 = -14*u for j.
2
Let z be -307*((-8)/2)/4. Let n = z + -160. Let v = -144 + n. Solve 2*o = 4*o - v*l + 2, 5*l = o - 6 for o.
-4
Let j be (-2)/(-1*2) - -2. Let u be 2 - (-23 - (16 - 7)). Suppose j*h + 28 = u. Solve -h*f = -6, -i + 1 = -2*f + 3*f for i.
-2
Let n(f) = 46*f**3 - 2*f**2 + 2*f - 2. Let z be n(1). Suppose y + 13 = 4*u + 11, 5*y - 2*u = z. Solve 5*k - 5*m - y = 0, -3*k - 2 = -4*m - 11 for k.
-1
Suppose -2*c + d + 0 + 10 = 0, 2*c + d = 10. Let b = 7 - 4. Let v be (-3)/((45/25 + -2)/1). Solve -2*s - v = m, -c*s + b*m - 4*m = 30 for s.
-5
Let z(b) = -14*b - 27. Let a be z(-3). Suppose a*f - 19*f + 5*k = -1, -4*k = 4*f - 28. Solve 0*o + 5*i = -3*o + 5, f*o - 28 = 4*i for o.
5
Let u be -4 + (9 + 2 - 4). Solve -u*w - 7 = 5*r, -1 = 5*r - w + 10 for r.
-2
Let x(g) = -58 - 14*g - g**3 - 2*g - 6*g**2 - g. Let b be x(-5). Solve 6 = -4*u - 5*n + 3, 3*u + 8 = b*n for u.
-2
Let r(c) = 99*c - 193. Let g be r(2). Suppose 6*w - 8 = 2*w. Solve 2*d - 2 = -0, -g = -n - w*d for n.
3
Let i(u) = u**2 - 7*u + 12. Suppose 15*x - 36 = 6*x. Let y be i(x). Suppose -4*o + 2*o + 4 = 0. Solve 5*a + y*a + 5*b + 15 = 0, -11 = -3*a + o*b for a.
1
Suppose 7*s - 19*s = -72. Let u(v) = -v**2 + 11*v - 28. Let p be u(s). Solve 0 = c - d + 3, p*d = -5*c + 1 - 2 for c.
-1
Suppose -2*c + 5*z = -164 + 123, 4*c - 37 = -5*z. Solve 3*m - 4*d - c = 0, -30*m + 3*d = -32*m - 14 for m.
-1
Suppose 0 = -a + 6*a - 4*x - 35, 5*a + 2*x = 5. Suppose -a = -m - 2. Let d be 3 - (1 + (-5 - m)). Solve w = -5*h + 24, 0*h + 3*w = h - d for h.
5
Suppose 0 = 11*i + 2*i - 78. Suppose 3*b - 6 - 9 = 0. Suppose 3*n - 4*c = 35, -3*n - b*c + c - 5 = 0. Solve 2*o - i*o = -n*s - 9, -2*s - 14 = o for s.
-5
Let k = 23686 + -23681. Suppose 6 = r + 2*r. Solve -l + 10 = r*q, 3*q + 3*l = k + 16 for q.
3
Let x be (-3 - 2)*(0 - (-5)/(-5)). Suppose 0 = -2*f + x*l + 14, 5*f - 3*l - 13 = 3. Solve -5*b - 4*g = 17, 4*b = -5*g + f - 12 for b.
-5
Let r(s) = -s**2 + 35*s - 37. Let o be r(34). Let d be o + 11 + -3 + -2. Solve -d*u - 3 = -4*p - 6, -6 = -3*p + 5*u for p.
-3
Suppose -4*k - 4*y + 24 = 0, 3*k - y + 2 = -0*k. Solve 5*u + 16*t - 11*t - 25 = 0, -u + 2*t = k for u.
3
Let m(z) = -z**2 + 4. Let n be m(2). Suppose 2*t - 3*t = n. Let b be (-2)/(t + (-2)/2). Solve 2*s = 5*r + 9, 3*s = 6*s + b*r + 15 for s.
-3
Suppose 7*v + 41 = -43. Let x(z) = -z**3 + 4*z + 17 - 2*z - z - 12*z**2. Let t be x(v). Solve 2*o - q + t*q = 14, 17 = 3*o + 5*q for o.
-1
Let v(p) = -197*p + 2566. Let q be v(13). Solve 4*y = c, 5*y - 11 = 9*c - q*c for y.
-1
Let q(r) = 356*r + 716. Let u be q(-2). Solve u*b - a + 13 = 0, 3*b + 4*a = 14 - 38 for b.
-4
Let r(s) = 2*s - 15. Let n be r(8). Suppose 3*w = -3*m - 15, -9 - n = -3*m + 2*w. Let j = -8 + 11. Solve 3*h - 4*g = -g - j, m = -5*g + 20 for h.
3
Let x = 23 + -19. Suppose -w = -a + 69, a + 45 = -w - x*a. Let j = w - -69. Solve 3*b - j*b - 16 = 3*l, -3*l = 3*b + 24 for b.
-4
Let d(h) = -h**3 + 3*h**2 - 5*h + 2. Let a be d(2). Let k be (45/(-10) + (-2)/a)/(-4). Solve -4*q + 9*q - s - 4 = 0, -4*q = -3*s - k for q.
1
Let n(a) = 43*a**2 + 248*a - 52. Let o be n(-6). Solve -5*h = 2*s + 19, h - o*s = -6*s - 11 for h.
-5
Suppose -870 - 23 = -20*b - 173. Solve 0 = -w - 3, -7*w = 7*a - 4*a + b for a.
-5
Let n be (-180)/22 - (-6)/33. Let r be ((-2)/4)/(n/(-32)). Let o(x) = -x + 3. Let g be o(r). Solve -2*p = -g*t - 14, -p = -0*t - 4*t - 13 for p.
-3
Let l(w) = -131*w + 8389. Let p be l(64). Solve p*a - s - 18 = -0*s, 0 = -3*a - 2*s + 16 for a.
4
Let m = 38 + 6. Let j = m - 24. Let t = 183 - 178. Solve -4*l - j = l, 0 = -t*s - 4*l + 9 for s.
5
Suppose 3*m - 2*n - 272 = -871, -2*n - 822 = 4*m. Let g = 212 + m. Solve 5*y + 5*o = -10, 0 = -0*y - 2*y + 3*o - g for y.
-3
Let a(j) = j**2 + 4*j + 38 + 2*j - 2*j**2 - 4*j. Let q be a(7). Solve -4*k - q*g = -g - 14, -g - 3 = 0 for k.
5
Suppose -5*y - 16 = -2*p, 0*y + 5*y + 7 = -p. Let h be p + 3 - (9 - 5). Solve -h*s + 19 = -3*i, -3*s = -3*i + 7*i - 3 for s.
5
Let j(k) be the first derivative of -k**3/3 - k**2 + 18*k + 10. Let o be j(0). Let q be 50/18 - (-4)/18. Solve -q*g = 3*b + o, 5*b + 15 = -2*g - 0 for g.
-5
Suppose -59*v + 8 = -57*v. Let f(q) = 17*q - 65. Let r be f(v). Solve w = r*j - 3*w - 35, 4*w = -20 for j.
5
Suppose 2*i = 4*g - 450, 215 = 2*g - 0*g + i. Suppose 0 = -18*b + 7*b - g. Let p be (2 + b/5)/1. Solve -2*o + p*o - 6 = -2*k, 3*k - 12 = 0 for o.
1
Suppose -5*g = -9*g - 2*f + 110, 0 = -2*g + 2*f + 40. Solve -4*d + g = -5*k - 9*d, 0 = d + 1 for k.
-4
Suppose -3*l + 6*l - 63 = 0. Let q be (-17)/(-2)*(3 + -1)*1. Let z = l - q. Solve -3*j = -5*x, -j = -2*x + z*x + 11 for j.
- |
Reactivity of a coordinatively unsaturated Cp*Ru(kappa2-P,O) complex.
Whereas a new coordinatively unsaturated Cp*Ru(kappa(2)-P,O) complex (1a) forms adducts with two-electron donors (including sigma-H(2) and mu-N(2) ligands), double Si-H bond activation is observed upon treatment with Ph(2)SiH(2) or PhSiH(3), leading to the clean formation of products corresponding to the net insertion of a Ph(2)Si: or Ph(H)Si: fragment into the Ru-O bond of 1a. |
Las Vegas News | Weather | Sports | Traffic - MyNews3
Drive-by iPad theft leaves preteen in critical condition
LAS VEGAS (KSNV & MyNews3) -- A preteen was taken to UMC Trauma in very critical condition after a struggle with a male in a SUV who tried to steal the teen's iPad.
Metro Public Information Officer Bill Cassell says a young boy is fighting for his life tonight and police are looking for a driver after the preteen was hit by an SUV over an iPad.
Witnesses at the scene says a black male in his mid-20s, about 6-foot tall, weighing 150 to 180 pounds wearing a white tank top and black pants, with a possible a baseball cap got out of the passenger side of a white SUV near the intersection of Charleston Boulevard near Torrey Pines Drive and snatched the boy's iPad.
The preteen hung onto the passenger side of the SUV while the driver continued to drive away from the scene.
This happened just after 4 p.m. today on Charleston near Torrey Pines. Previously Metro said a woman was hit by a car but later said it was a preteen boy.
As the boy was trying to take back his iPad, the SUV sped off with the boy hanging from the passenger door and then ran over him.
The SUV is described as a smaller SUV, possibly a Dodge Durango or a Mitsubishi.
The roadways between Rainbow and Torrey Pines were reopened around 9:40 pm.
Robbery section is investigating. The preteen was taken to UMC Trauma in very critical condition, Cassell said. Fatal was also called out to the scene though the preteen has not died. If he does the robbery investigation will be a homicide investigation. |
Branching Out Field Teams Converge on Sagamore Hill
Oyster Bay, NY – This week, Branching Out field teams from Boston and New York City met at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site for a four-day long gathering to learn about landscape management and work on various projects with park staff. Branching Out is a project of the Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation that provides city youth with an overview of landscape management practices through educational workshops and hands-on field experiences. For the students and interns with Branching Out, working on historic landscape projects is a rewarding opportunity for young people to travel, meet others, study a fascinating field of work, and learn about the importance of park stewardship.
While at Sagamore Hill, field teams and interns with members ranging in age from high school to college age engaged in a number of landscaping tasks alongside experienced staff including turf rejuvenation near the Roosevelt home, repair of fencing around the fields, pruning of historic apple trees, and maintenance on the nature trail. Students got hands-on experience using power tools, constructing fence posts, placing water bars on trails, and learning basic arborist skills. The gathering culminated with a teach-back session in which the four groups gave in-depth tutorials on how to complete their particular task, each speaking on the project’s highlights and how they dealt with challenges. During the teach-back exercise, many participants expressed a desire to pursue careers working in national parks and on public lands.
At the close of the four-day gathering, Sagamore Hill’s Superintendent Kelly Fuhrmann thanked the program attendees by giving gifts of Sagamore Hill medallions and books about the Park Service and Theodore Roosevelt. “The students and staff from Branching Out engaged in valuable project work with National Park Service and Sagamore Hill staff during the past week,” said Fuhrmann. “This developmental opportunity for the students provided a series of collaborative field work projects that the park staff greatly appreciates the help with.” Chief of Maintenance Paul Cecere added that “Sagamore Hill was grateful to work with such a motivated group of upcoming arborists and preservationists. I hope their time here sparks an urge to seek out national parks all over the United States.”
For more information on the Olmsted Center’s Branching Out Summer Youth Program, visit their website at www.nps.gov/oclp or search for them on Facebook and Instagram. |
Q:
Set of dominos with ends labeled with integers from 1 to 40 with all possible combinations represented. Longest proper sequence (chain) of dominos?
Consider a set of dominos in which the ends of each domino [are] labeled with distinct integers from 1 to 40 (inclusive) and all possible combinations are represented. A proper sequence of dominos is a line of dominos laid end-to-end adjacent ends having matching numbers. What is the longest proper sequence that can be formed with this set?
The question is from AIME 1998.
Amendment to Domino Types
I have excluded dominos of type $nn$, as these do not have ends labeled with distinct integers. This is no ordinary set of dominos!
Dominos are all of type $mn$ where $m\ne n$ and $1\le m,n\le40$. There are $\binom{40}{2}=780$ of these.
Now consider an undirected graph with $40$ nodes where each node is connected to every other node, and edges represent dominos. This is a clique with $780$ edges where each node has degree $39$.
Since each node has odd degree, it is not possible to form an Eulerian path or circuit and so the longest proper sequence cannot include all dominos. In fact, the longest proper sequence can include at most two nodes of odd degree, meaning that at least $\frac{1}{2}38=19$ edges are "lost". So, if $L$ is the length of the longest proper sequence, then we have:
$$L\le780-19=761$$
I am unsure how to prove whether there is actually a proper sequence of this length, or not.
A:
If you remove a maximum matching from $K_{40}$ the remaining graph has all degrees even, so it has an Eulerian cycle. You can "open up" this cycle at any vertex and at an arbitrary end add the domino you removed at that vertex.
So yes, the maximum length you arrived at is indeed attainable.
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Operative Approaches for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Multiple Treatment Meta-Analysis of Conventional and Minimally Invasive Surgeries.
Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) techniques have emerged as viable and safe alternatives for lumbar disc herniation, including percutaneous discectomy, percutaneous endoscopic discectomy, and tubulardiscectomy (TD). We present here a systematic review and a multiple-treatment meta-analysis evaluating the operative outcomes and patient-reported outcomes of open/microdiscectomy (OD/MD) and all MIS approaches for lumbar disc herniation. The PICO approach and PRISMA (i.e., Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were followed to query existing online databases since their inception to 2016, which yielded 14 studies after we applied the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials was used to assess the risk of bias in each study was used to assess the risk of bias in each study. Each outcome was assessed across all studies with the GRADE (i.e., Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) criteria. There were 1707 patients analyzed, with 782 (45.81%) undergoing OD/MD, 491 (28.76%) undergoing TD, 199 (11.65%) undergoing percutaneous endoscopic discectomy, and 235 (13.76%) patients undergoing percutaneous discectomy. TD was found to be associated with significantly worse Oswestry Disability Index scores (mean difference 1.17, P = 0.03) whereas OD/MD was associated with worse Oswestry Disability Index scores compared with all other approaches (mean difference 2.61, P = 0.03), significantly longer duration of stay (mean difference 2.96, P = 0.04), and more blood loss (mean difference 30.53, P < 0.001). In terms of complications, TD was found to be associated with a greater rate of overall complications (odds ratio [OR] 1.49, P = 0.002), greater incidence of dural tears (OR 1.72 P = 0.04), and recurrent herniation (OR 2.09, P = 0.0007). Finally, OD/MD was associated with significantly lower incidence of revision surgery (OR 0.53, P = 0.0007). Our meta-analysis revealed that tubular-discectomy and percutaneous-endoscopic-discectomy, the most commonly employed MIS techniques for discectomy, can be used as safe alternatives for open discectomy depending on the preference of the operating surgeon. |
At least 2 dead in Highway 400 multi-vehicle pileup
BARRIE, Ont. -- Ontario Provincial Police say at least two people have died in a 14-vehicle pileup north of Toronto that has caused a massive fire and closed a stretch of highway in both directions.
OPP Sgt. Kerry Schmidt says that two fuel tanker trucks and at least three transport trucks were involved in the fiery crash, which happened in the northbound lanes of Highway 400, south of Barrie, Ont.
Schmidt says all lanes of the highway are closed between Country Road 88 and Highway 89 and are expected to remain closed all day today.
Video footage of the scene posted on social media shows towering flames and the sound of explosions.
The cause of the collision, which happened Tuesday just before 11:30 p.m., is still under investigation, but Schmidt says initial inspections indicate that a transport truck may have collided into slowing traffic.
The selection and placement of stories on this page were determined automatically by a computer program.
The time or date displayed (including in the Timeline of Articles feature) reflects when an article was added to or updated in NewsCaf.com . |
相关 About
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我们的团队 Our Team
乔伊迪普•格普塔
Joydeep Gupta
Joydeep Gupta is editor of India Climate Dialogue and South Asia director of The Third Pole. For his contributions to environmental journalism, he won the 2012 Green Globe Award at the Delhi Sustainable Development Summit organised by The Energy and Resources Institute. You can follow him on Twitter @joydeepgupta |
Magic Description: Thought Project is a atype of magic which allows its user to create a psychic copy of his or her body. This magic can work even over great distances, allowing the user to essentially be in two places at once. While some Thought Projections were intangible like holograms, used merely for communication.
Weaknesses: When advanced users create the alter-ego, the creation and maintenance of this alter-ego will be very taxing, however, essentially halving the user's overall magical power. Once the Thought Projection reunites with the user's body, the user's magical power returns to normal.
Specialness: Advanced users are able to create a particularly powerful Thought Projection that can physically interact with people and objects, even though it lacks physical form. This will allow the user to essentially live a double life as well as to trick the people into thinking that it could be your twin. |
Drug compatibility with new polyolefin infusion solution containers.
The compatibility of new polyolefin (VISIV) containers with seven drugs that have exhibited sorption to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers and sets and an additional four drugs that have exhibited leaching of plasticizer or other polymer matrix components from PVC containers and sets was studied. For the sorption portion of the study, amiodarone hydrochloride, carmustine, regular human insulin, lorazepam, nitroglycerin, sufentanil citrate, and thiopental sodium and their respective reference standards were used. For the leaching portion of the study, docetaxel, paclitaxel, tacrolimus, teniposide, and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) reference standard, were used. A 350-mL quantity of each test admixture was prepared, and 100-mL aliquots were transferred into three of the VISIV containers. The containers were stored at ambient temperature and exposed to fluorescent light. Samples for analysis were taken initially and after 24 hours for all drugs except carmustine, which was evaluated for only 6 hours because of its limited stability. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to evaluate each test solution. Of the seven drugs subject to sorption to PVC, only insulin showed a substantial loss in the VISIV containers. Carmustine exhibited a loss consistent with the drug's known chemical stability. None of the drugs that are known to leach plastic components, such as DEHP plasticizer, from PVC equipment exhibited any leached components in the VISIV containers. Of the drugs tested, only insulin exhibited sorption to the new VISIV polyolefin containers. No leaching of plastic components, such as plasticizer, from the containers was found with any of the surfactant-containing drugs. |
Blog
How to Stain a Deck like a Professional?
Decks are exposed to the harsh climatic conditions like heavy rains, winds, and sunlight. UV rays penetrate through the wood and damage the inner layers. So to protect the wood from damaging staining process is conducted. By staining the original beauty of the deck can be restored.
Follow These 7 Simple Steps for Staining a Deck in your House.
1. Examine the Current Condition of the Wood:
Before you start the process, check if the wood can absorb the stain or not. Conduct a simple water testing. Sprinkle water on the deck; if the wood absorbs the liquid, then the deck can be stained. If the deck does not absorb the water, then there is no need for staining at present.
2. Prepare the Deck :
After the testing process, now make sure that the deck is clean and dry. Stain applied to the wet surfaces does not go well, and cracks can form in the future. The surface of the deck should be free of dirt and debris. Clean and rinse the wood surface with water and let it dry for 2-3 days.
3. Choose the Right Stain for the Deck :
There is a full range of stains with different colors available. Choose the best from the available stains. Types of stains available for your decks
Wood Toned and Clear Stain
Semi-Transparent
Semi-Solid
Solid Stain
If you need clear and transparent view use Clear or Semi-Transparent Stains. If you need a rich and vibrant finish, then you can go for the Solid stain colors. In transparent and semi-transparent stains the grains and texture can be seen. In solid stains, the stain completely hides the wood grain while allowing very little of the wood texture to show through.
4. Have a Plan for Staining :
Always determine the starting and ending points of the staining process. Be sure that you can quickly enter and exit from the deck during the staining process. Be sure that you are not stuck in a corner while the other parts of the deck are drying.
5. Protect the walls :
Decks are attached to the exterior walls. So staining process can be complicated without touching the edges of the walls. To ensure that walls do not get stained, protect the walls with painters tape. Attach the tape to the places where the decks and walls meet.
6. Add Stain to the Tray :
Stir the stain in the container using a paint stirrer. Ensure that the stain is mixed well before the stain is applied to the deck. Pour the stain into the paint tray for starting the staining process.
7. Apply the Stain to the Deck using the Paint Pad :
Apply a solid coat of stain to the deck surface using the paint pad. If the paint pad does not cover the inside spaces, then use a paintbrush to complete the staining. Leave the stain to completely dry for 24 hours before placing your furniture on the deck.
Tips for Staining
Apply the stain when the temperatures are average and avoid the process in direct sunlight.
Do not go for staining if there is rain in the forecast.
Before applying the stain, test it on a small area and see if you are satisfied with the color or not.
If you are using different colors, ensure that they are mixed well before applying.
Conclusion
Decks are often subjected to lots of pressure and traffic from people. So it’s necessary that they are maintained correctly from time to time. Staining process should be done regularly for the exterior decks. For inspirations, ideas and Professional Painting & Home Improvement Works contact Executive Touch Painters in Toronto or Call at (416) 410-0164 Today. |
Benefits are derived from well implemented Solutions. The challenge to save energy, improve security or make sure everything continues to perform in a harsh environment, are all candidates for good solutions. Try out some Hubbell Solutions.
Benefits are derived from well implemented Solutions. The challenge to save energy, improve security or make sure everything continues to perform in a harsh environment, are all candidates for good solutions. Try out some Hubbell Solutions.
Hubbell serves the needs of customers in a variety of market applications. From controlled environments of a data center to the demanding continuity of the power grid. See the major markets and building types below.
Hubbell serves the needs of customers in a variety of market applications. From controlled environments of a data center to the demanding continuity of the power grid. See the major markets and building types below.
Seeing the finished result of a project is often the inspiration for tackling one of your own. Certain ideas may be driven by a desire to upgrade, others out of necessity. Listed below are examples for some you may want to consider. Get inspired.
Seeing the finished result of a project is often the inspiration for tackling one of your own. Certain ideas may be driven by a desire to upgrade, others out of necessity. Listed below are examples for some you may want to consider. Get inspired.
Benefits are derived from well implemented Solutions. The challenge to save energy, improve security or make sure everything continues to perform in a harsh environment, are all candidates for good solutions. Try out some Hubbell Solutions.
Benefits are derived from well implemented Solutions. The challenge to save energy, improve security or make sure everything continues to perform in a harsh environment, are all candidates for good solutions. Try out some Hubbell Solutions.
Hubbell serves the needs of customers in a variety of market applications. From controlled environments of a data center to the demanding continuity of the power grid. See the major markets and building types below.
Hubbell serves the needs of customers in a variety of market applications. From controlled environments of a data center to the demanding continuity of the power grid. See the major markets and building types below.
Seeing the finished result of a project is often the inspiration for tackling one of your own. Certain ideas may be driven by a desire to upgrade, others out of necessity. Listed below are examples for some you may want to consider. Get inspired.
Seeing the finished result of a project is often the inspiration for tackling one of your own. Certain ideas may be driven by a desire to upgrade, others out of necessity. Listed below are examples for some you may want to consider. Get inspired. |
Q:
Cannot select the search suggestion
I have a search bar and for some reason i cannot select the search suggestions when i am typing, i have tried editing the list and some other methods but it doesnt work
Below is the snippet of my code.
var searchIndex = ["404 Error", "Address Bar", "Ajax", "Apache", "Autoresponder", "BitTorrent", "Blog", "Bookmark", "Bot", "Broadband", "Captcha", "Certificate", "Client", "Cloud", "Cloud Computing", "CMS", "Cookie", "CSS", "Cyberspace", "Denial of Service", "DHCP", "Dial-up", "DNS Record", "Domain Name", "Download", "E-mail", "Facebook", "FiOS", "Firewall", "FTP", "Gateway", "Google", "Google Drive", "Gopher", "Hashtag", "Hit", "Home Page", "HTML", "HTTP", "HTTPS", "Hyperlink", "Hypertext", "ICANN", "Inbox", "Internet", "InterNIC", "IP", "IP Address", "IPv4", "IPv6", "IRC", "iSCSI", "ISDN", "ISP", "JavaScript", "jQuery", "Meta Search Engine", "Meta Tag", "Minisite", "Mirror", "Name Server", "Packet", "Page View", "Payload", "Phishing", "POP3", "Protocol", "Scraping", "Search Engine", "Social Networking", "Socket", "Spam", "Spider", "Spoofing", "SSH", "SSL", "Static Website", "Twitter", "XHTML"];
var input = document.getElementById("searchBox"),
ul = document.getElementById("searchResults"),
inputTerms, termsArray, prefix, terms, results, sortedResults;
var search = function() {
inputTerms = input.value.toLowerCase();
results = [];
termsArray = inputTerms.split(' ');
prefix = termsArray.length === 1 ? '' : termsArray.slice(0, -1).join(' ') + ' ';
terms = termsArray[termsArray.length - 1].toLowerCase();
for (var i = 0; i < searchIndex.length; i++) {
var a = searchIndex[i].toLowerCase(),
t = a.indexOf(terms);
if (t > -1) {
results.push(a);
}
}
evaluateResults();
};
var evaluateResults = function() {
if (results.length > 0 && inputTerms.length > 0 && terms.length !== 0) {
sortedResults = results.sort(sortResults);
appendResults();
} else if (inputTerms.length > 0 && terms.length !== 0) {
ul.innerHTML = '<li>Whoah! <strong>' +
inputTerms +
'</strong> is not in the index. <br><small><a href="http://google.com/search?q=' +
encodeURIComponent(inputTerms) + '">Try Google?</a></small></li>';
} else if (inputTerms.length !== 0 && terms.length === 0) {
return;
} else {
clearResults();
}
};
var sortResults = function(a, b) {
if (a.indexOf(terms) < b.indexOf(terms)) return -1;
if (a.indexOf(terms) > b.indexOf(terms)) return 1;
return 0;
}
var appendResults = function() {
clearResults();
for (var i = 0; i < sortedResults.length && i < 5; i++) {
var li = document.createElement("li"),
result = prefix +
sortedResults[i].toLowerCase().replace(terms, '<strong>' +
terms +
'</strong>');
li.innerHTML = result;
ul.appendChild(li);
}
if (ul.className !== "term-list") {
ul.className = "term-list";
}
};
var clearResults = function() {
ul.className = "term-list hidden";
ul.innerHTML = '';
};
input.addEventListener("keyup", search, false);
.search-field,
.term-list {
-moz-border-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
border-radius: 3px;
}
body {
text-align: center;
background: #f2f2f2;
}
.title {
width: 100%;
margin: 3em 0 1em;
text-align: center;
font-family: "Arvo", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 170%;
font-weight: 400;
color: #2a5ba3;
text-shadow: #fff 1px 1px 0px, #ddd 2px 2px, #ddd 3px 3px 1px;
}
.search-field {
display: block;
width: 30%;
margin: 1em auto 0;
padding: 0.5em 10px;
border: 1px solid #999;
font-size: 130%;
font-family: "Arvo", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
font-weight: 400;
color: #3e8ce0;
}
.term-list {
list-style: none inside;
width: 30%;
margin: 0 auto 2em;
padding: 5px 10px 0;
text-align: left;
color: #777;
background: #fff;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
font-family: "Arvo", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
font-weight: 400;
}
.term-list li {
padding: 0.5em 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
.term-list strong {
color: #444;
font-weight: 700;
}
.hidden {
display: none;
}
<h1 class="title">AutoComplete Me</h1>
<input type="text" id="searchBox" class="search-field" autoFocus />
<ul id="searchResults" class="term-list hidden"></ul>
A:
Use below code after for loop in appendResults functions
$('li').click(function(e)
{
$('input').val($(this).text());
});
var searchIndex = ["404 Error", "Address Bar", "Ajax", "Apache", "Autoresponder", "BitTorrent", "Blog", "Bookmark", "Bot", "Broadband", "Captcha", "Certificate", "Client", "Cloud", "Cloud Computing", "CMS", "Cookie", "CSS", "Cyberspace", "Denial of Service", "DHCP", "Dial-up", "DNS Record", "Domain Name", "Download", "E-mail", "Facebook", "FiOS", "Firewall", "FTP", "Gateway", "Google", "Google Drive", "Gopher", "Hashtag", "Hit", "Home Page", "HTML", "HTTP", "HTTPS", "Hyperlink", "Hypertext", "ICANN", "Inbox", "Internet", "InterNIC", "IP", "IP Address", "IPv4", "IPv6", "IRC", "iSCSI", "ISDN", "ISP", "JavaScript", "jQuery", "Meta Search Engine", "Meta Tag", "Minisite", "Mirror", "Name Server", "Packet", "Page View", "Payload", "Phishing", "POP3", "Protocol", "Scraping", "Search Engine", "Social Networking", "Socket", "Spam", "Spider", "Spoofing", "SSH", "SSL", "Static Website", "Twitter", "XHTML"];
var input = document.getElementById("searchBox"),
ul = document.getElementById("searchResults"),
inputTerms, termsArray, prefix, terms, results, sortedResults;
var search = function() {
inputTerms = input.value.toLowerCase();
results = [];
termsArray = inputTerms.split(' ');
prefix = termsArray.length === 1 ? '' : termsArray.slice(0, -1).join(' ') + ' ';
terms = termsArray[termsArray.length - 1].toLowerCase();
for (var i = 0; i < searchIndex.length; i++) {
var a = searchIndex[i].toLowerCase(),
t = a.indexOf(terms);
if (t > -1) {
results.push(a);
}
}
evaluateResults();
};
var evaluateResults = function() {
if (results.length > 0 && inputTerms.length > 0 && terms.length !== 0) {
sortedResults = results.sort(sortResults);
appendResults();
} else if (inputTerms.length > 0 && terms.length !== 0) {
ul.innerHTML = '<li>Whoah! <strong>' +
inputTerms +
'</strong> is not in the index. <br><small><a href="http://google.com/search?q=' +
encodeURIComponent(inputTerms) + '">Try Google?</a></small></li>';
} else if (inputTerms.length !== 0 && terms.length === 0) {
return;
} else {
clearResults();
}
};
var sortResults = function(a, b) {
if (a.indexOf(terms) < b.indexOf(terms)) return -1;
if (a.indexOf(terms) > b.indexOf(terms)) return 1;
return 0;
}
var appendResults = function() {
clearResults();
for (var i = 0; i < sortedResults.length && i < 5; i++) {
var li = document.createElement("li"),
result = prefix +
sortedResults[i].toLowerCase().replace(terms, '<strong>' +
terms +
'</strong>');
li.innerHTML = result;
ul.appendChild(li);
}
$('li').click(function(e) {
$('input').val($(this).text());
});
if (ul.className !== "term-list") {
ul.className = "term-list";
}
};
var clearResults = function() {
ul.className = "term-list hidden";
ul.innerHTML = '';
};
input.addEventListener("keyup", search, false);
.search-field,
.term-list {
-moz-border-radius: 3px;
-webkit-border-radius: 3px;
border-radius: 3px;
}
body {
text-align: center;
background: #f2f2f2;
}
.title {
width: 100%;
margin: 3em 0 1em;
text-align: center;
font-family: "Arvo", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
font-size: 170%;
font-weight: 400;
color: #2a5ba3;
text-shadow: #fff 1px 1px 0px, #ddd 2px 2px, #ddd 3px 3px 1px;
}
.search-field {
display: block;
width: 30%;
margin: 1em auto 0;
padding: 0.5em 10px;
border: 1px solid #999;
font-size: 130%;
font-family: "Arvo", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
font-weight: 400;
color: #3e8ce0;
}
.term-list {
list-style: none inside;
width: 30%;
margin: 0 auto 2em;
padding: 5px 10px 0;
text-align: left;
color: #777;
background: #fff;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
font-family: "Arvo", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
font-weight: 400;
}
.term-list li {
padding: 0.5em 0;
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
}
.term-list strong {
color: #444;
font-weight: 700;
}
.hidden {
display: none;
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<h1 class="title">AutoComplete Me</h1>
<input type="text" id="searchBox" class="search-field" autoFocus />
<ul id="searchResults" class="term-list hidden"></ul>
|
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MGIMS celebrates Graduation Ceremony of the Class of 2011
Thursday, 23 February 2017
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Graduation ceremonies celebrate the incredible achievements of one’s college experience and mark the beginning of the next part of students’ lives.
On 23 February 2017, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (MGIMS), Sevagram celebrated the culmination of years of hard work of the class of 2011 at the graduation ceremony and bade farewell to the class.
Hon’ble Suresh Prabhu —the Minister of Railways and described as "un-common whiff of much needed fresh air in public life" — delivered the commencement address at the graduation ceremony. Known to be technology savvy, Mr. Prabhu used video-conferencing from his office to tell the graduates what the society expects them to be.
Mr. Prabhu spoke of the ethos and culture, traditions and ethics the medical profession is associated with. He reminded the audience that over centuries, society has treated doctors as demi-Gods—an image tarnished by some blacksheeps in the profession. He asked students to guard the ethical standards of their profession and prompted them that they should not only demonstrate both humanistic care and clinical excellence but also bring humanity, compassion, and empathy at the point of care. “Do not assess yourself with the procedures that you do, surgeries you perform, interventions you choose or money that you earn. You must strive to become better human beings,” he said.
“You must learn from your role models—people you can identify with, who have qualities you would like to have and are in positions you would like to reach. Venerated as a paragon of clinical and pedagogic excellence, these doctors have inculcated professional values, attitudes, and behaviors in students and younger generation of doctors. We must look at- and emulate those attributes in our professional and personal journey to become good human beings,” he said.
The class of 2011 also swore to the Hippocratic Oath attributed to the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates before their peers, family, friends and mentors. Dr. SP Kalantri, Professor of Medicine at MGIMS, administered them the famous oath. The atmosphere was charged with emotions and excitement as the students donning graduation regalia recited the ethical code—adopted as a guide to conduct by the medical profession in the graduation ceremonies of medical schools, worldwide.
Earlier, Dean Patond congratulated the students and told them that it was a celebration of the culmination of years their study. MGIMS is proud of its graduates, he said, and students ought to be equally proud to join a 48-year old community of distinguished MGIMS alumni. “Let be assured that your foundation of graduation— MGIMS— is strong, premiere and dynamic institute. You can build your success stories of specialization on this strong foundation with wings of passion,” he said.
Dhirubhai Mehta, president Kasturba Health Society, quoted Binayak Sen and reminded the students that it is a myth that simple people need simple doctors. Sevagram has put emphasis on ethical standard to be observed by all doctors. MGIMS is conscious of the fact that medical education needs to maintain the right balance in the eternal triangle of quantity, quality, and equity. “In its perennial quest to attain the perfect blend, it never forgets that the three arms are not in conflict and equity cannot be kept in abeyance.
He emphasized that the medical education at MGIMS focuses on rural communities. We believe that our students are sensitive to the felt needs of the people and we expect them to adhere to the professional norms which include altruism, compassion, empathy, accountability, honesty, and integrity,” he said.
Mr. Dhirubhai Mehta also gave MBBS passing certificate to the 2011 batch graduates. They had waited years to walk across the stage surrounded by their peers, family, and friends.
Dr. Satish Kumar, In-Charge Students’ Council, explained the genesis of the graduation ceremony and proposed the vote of thanks. A mother of a graduate put it so aptly, “It is heart-warming to see all the graduates proudly celebrating their achievements with their families, friends, and teachers. Our children have worked very hard to reach these heights and we hope that they would contribute to work hard to bring hope to families – hopes of a better future, hopes of career prospects, and hopes of contributing to the upliftment of communities.” |
Anupgarh railway station
Anupgarh railway station is a main railway station in Sri Ganganagar district, Rajasthan. Its code is APH. It serves Sri Ganganagar city. The station consists of two platforms. The platforms are not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.
Major trains
Some of the important trains that runs from Anupgarh are:
Anupgarh - Suratgarh Passenger Special (UnReserved)
Anupgarh - Suratgarh Passenger (UnReserved)
References
Category:Railway stations in Sri Ganganagar district
Category:Bikaner railway division
Category:Sri Ganganagar
Category:Transport in Sri Ganganagar |
Q:
How to addClass and removeClass to child element when aria true or false?
I'm using the dropdown button by Zurb Foundation 5 with font awesome and the idea is to rotate the font when the menu is visible, and rotate it back once its hidden.
Zurb foundation 5 does not use class open on the element so hasClass doesn't work, instead it uses Aria and since hasAria doesn't exist I've tried to use some solutions that sadly don't work in one way or more. What I'm trying to do is add the class fa-rotate-90 to the font element <i> when the parent .wf-burger is aria-expanded = true and remove it when aria-expanded = false.
Here is my rather simple HTML code:
<h1>
<a aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="drop1" data-dropdown="drop1" href="#" class="wf-burger">
<i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-bars fa-rotate-90"></i>
</a>
</h1>
<ul aria-hidden="true" class="f-dropdown" id="drop1" data-dropdown-content>
<li><a title="Link 1" href="#1">Link 1</a></li>
<li><a title="Link 2" href="#2">Link 2</a></li>
<li><a title="Link 3" href="#3">Link 3</a></li>
<li><a title="Link 4" href="#4">Link 4</a></li>
<li><a title="Link 5" href="#5">Link 5</a></li>
</ul>
This code works but doesn't remove the class once the aria is false:
(function($) {
var attr = $('.wf-burger').attr('aria-expanded');
if (typeof attr !== typeof undefined && attr !== false) {
$('.fa.fa-bars').addClass('fa-rotate-90');
}
if (typeof attr !== typeof undefined && attr !== true) {
$('.fa.fa-bars').removeClass('fa-rotate-90');
}
})(jQuery);
This code didn't work at all:
(function($) {
if ($('.wf-burger').attr('aria-expanded') === 'true') {
$('.fa.fa-bars').addClass('fa-rotate-90');
}
if ($('.wf-burger').attr('aria-expanded') === 'false') {
$('.fa.fa-bars').removeClass('fa-rotate-90');
}
})(jQuery);
A:
A more simpler solution would be to simply toggle the class on click.
$(".wf-burger").click(function(){
$('.wf-burger .fa').toggleClass('fa-rotate-90');
});
CSS solution
I have just checked that it uses the open class when dropdown is opened, it is not working on docs, but it is working on the CodePen example, where I used the foundation 5.5.3 version.
http://cdn.foundation5.zurb.com/foundation.js
.wf-burger.open .fa{
transform: rotate(90deg);
}
see example: http://codepen.io/shoaibik/pen/xVevrv
Updated Answer:
The issue was that the dropdown should be sibling of the anchor which is attached to the dropdown, if you remove the H1 tag it should work.
<a aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="drop1" data-dropdown="drop1" href="#" class="wf-burger">
<i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-bars fa-rotate-90"></i>
</a>
<ul aria-hidden="true" class="f-dropdown" id="drop1" data-dropdown-content>
<li><a title="Link 1" href="#1">Link 1</a></li>
<li><a title="Link 2" href="#2">Link 2</a></li>
<li><a title="Link 3" href="#3">Link 3</a></li>
<li><a title="Link 4" href="#4">Link 4</a></li>
<li><a title="Link 5" href="#5">Link 5</a></li>
</ul>
|
; RUN: llc < %s -O3 -debug-pass=Structure -print-machineinstrs=branch-folder -o /dev/null 2>&1 | FileCheck %s
; RUN: llc < %s -O3 -debug-pass=Structure -print-machineinstrs -o /dev/null 2>&1 | FileCheck %s
; RUN: llc < %s -O3 -debug-pass=Structure -print-machineinstrs= -o /dev/null 2>&1 | FileCheck %s
define i64 @foo(i64 %a, i64 %b) nounwind {
; CHECK: -branch-folder -machineinstr-printer
; CHECK: Control Flow Optimizer
; CHECK-NEXT: MachineFunction Printer
; CHECK: Machine code for function foo:
%c = add i64 %a, %b
%d = trunc i64 %c to i32
%e = zext i32 %d to i64
ret i64 %e
}
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<document type="com.apple.InterfaceBuilder3.CocoaTouch.XIB" version="3.0" toolsVersion="4514" systemVersion="13B3116" targetRuntime="iOS.CocoaTouch" propertyAccessControl="none" useAutolayout="YES">
<dependencies>
<deployment defaultVersion="1552" identifier="iOS"/>
<plugIn identifier="com.apple.InterfaceBuilder.IBCocoaTouchPlugin" version="3747"/>
</dependencies>
<objects>
<placeholder placeholderIdentifier="IBFilesOwner" id="-1" userLabel="File's Owner" customClass="POPBasicPOPViewAlpha">
<connections>
<outlet property="basicView" destination="zVM-2F-fKI" id="I2p-tc-6xM"/>
<outlet property="view" destination="1" id="3"/>
</connections>
</placeholder>
<placeholder placeholderIdentifier="IBFirstResponder" id="-2" customClass="UIResponder"/>
<view contentMode="scaleToFill" id="1">
<rect key="frame" x="0.0" y="0.0" width="320" height="568"/>
<autoresizingMask key="autoresizingMask" widthSizable="YES" heightSizable="YES"/>
<subviews>
<imageView contentMode="scaleToFill" horizontalHuggingPriority="251" verticalHuggingPriority="251" fixedFrame="YES" image="chengxuyuan.png" translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints="NO" id="zVM-2F-fKI">
<rect key="frame" x="82" y="139" width="156" height="168"/>
<autoresizingMask key="autoresizingMask" flexibleMaxX="YES" flexibleMaxY="YES"/>
</imageView>
</subviews>
<color key="backgroundColor" white="1" alpha="1" colorSpace="custom" customColorSpace="calibratedWhite"/>
<simulatedStatusBarMetrics key="simulatedStatusBarMetrics"/>
<simulatedScreenMetrics key="simulatedDestinationMetrics" type="retina4"/>
</view>
</objects>
<resources>
<image name="chengxuyuan.png" width="533" height="533"/>
</resources>
</document> |
Q:
How to utilise spare bandwidth
Ive got an interesting question for all of you. I'm currently sitting on a 100mbps line, and i would like to use it in some interesting way.
I would like to share it in a way simmiliar to folding@home, SETI@Home, etc.
I have thought of using it as a file sharing server, or a web server, but I'm not keeping it on all the time, only when I'm home. I'm not using file exchange much, because of limited HDD space - all of mine are full with stuff I need.
So The main question: How to use spare bandwidth in an interesting and socially usefull way?
A:
What about providing a TOR node?
http://www.torproject.org
|
---
abstract: 'We study analogues of the notions from Lie theory of Levi subgroup and Levi decomposition, in the case of groups $G$ definable in an $o$-minimal expansion of a real closed field. With suitable definitions, we prove that $G$ has a unique maximal [*ind-definable semisimple*]{} subgroup $S$, up to conjugacy, and that $G = R\cdot S$ where $R$ is the solvable radical of $G$. We also prove that any semisimple subalgebra of the Lie algebra of $G$ corresponds to a unique ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G$.'
author:
- 'Annalisa Conversano\'
- |
Anand Pillay[^1]\
University of Leeds
date: 'November 7, 2011'
title: 'On Levi subgroups and the Levi decomposition for groups definable in $o$-minimal structures'
---
Introduction and preliminaries
==============================
The “Levi-Mal’cev" theorem sometimes refers to Lie algebras (over any field of characteristic $0$) and sometimes to Lie groups. For Lie algebras $L$ it says that $L$ is the semidirect product of a solvable ideal $\mathfrak{r}$ and a semisimple subalgebra $\mathfrak s$ (with certain uniqueness properties) and, as such, is valid for Lie algebras over real closed fields. $\mathfrak{s}$ is sometimes called a Levi factor of $L$. For connected Lie groups $G$ it says that $G$ has a unique, up to conjugacy, maximal connected semisimple Lie subgroup $S$, and for any such $S$, $G = R\cdot S$ where $R$ is the solvable radical (maximal connected solvable normal subgroup). And of course $R\cap S$ is $0$-dimensional. $S$ need not be closed, but when $G$ is simply connected, $S$ [*is*]{} closed and $R\cap S = \{1\}$ (so $G$ is the semidirect product of $R$ and $S$). $S$ is sometimes called a Levi subgroup of $G$. See Theorems 3.14.1, 3.14.2 and 3.18.13 of [@Varadarajan] for example. We also refer to the latter book for basic facts and definitions concerning Lie algebras and Lie groups.\
In this paper we are concerned with $G$ a (definably connected) group definable in an $o$-minimal expansion $M$ of a real closed field $K$, so this goes outside the Lie group context unless $K = {\mathbb R}$. We are interested not only in the existence of a “Levi" subgroup and decomposition of the group $G$ but also in definability properties. Even in the case where $M =
({\mathbb R},+,\cdot)$ and so $G$ is a [*Nash group*]{} (semialgebraic Lie group), this is a nontrivial issue and $S$ need not be semialgebraic, as pointed out in the first author’s thesis (see also Example 2.10 of [@CCI]). In the general situation $G$ will have a Lie algebra $L(G)$ (over the relevant real closed field $K$) which has its own Levi decomposition as a sum of a solvable ideal and a semisimple algebra, so the issue is what kind of subgroup of $G$, if any, corresponds to the semisimple subalgebra, and also to what extent it is unique.
We will be forced into the category of “$ind$-definable" subgroups, i.e. defined by a possibly infinite, but countable, disjunction of formulas. We will give an appropriate (strong) definition of an [*ind-definable semisimple subgroup*]{} of $G$, and in analogy with the classical case, prove the existence and uniqueness up to conjugacy of a maximal such ind-definable semisimple subgroup $S$ of $G$, as well as that $G = R\cdot S$ where $R$ is the solvable radical of $G$. Definability of $S$ in this general context corresponds more or less to $S$ being a closed subgroup of $G$ in the classical context. As remarked above, the first example of nondefinability of $S$ was given in [@CCI]. We will also give a number of situations where $S$ is definable.\
We now aim towards stating formally the main result. We assume $M$ to be an $o$-minimal expansion of a real closed field, and $G$ to be a definably connected definable group in $M$. $G$ has a unique maximal definably connected solvable subgroup which we call $R$. We denote the quotient $G/R$ by $P$, a definable (equivalently interpretable) group which is definably connected and [*semisimple*]{} in the sense that it has no infinite normal solvable (equivalently abelian) subgroups, or equivalently the quotient of $P$ by its finite centre is a direct product of finitely many definably simple (noncommutative) definable groups. We sometimes call $P$ the semisimple part of $G$.\
A crucial notion in this paper is that of an [*ind-definable semisimple*]{} group (or subgroup of a given group) $S$. The meaning is that $S$ is ind-definable, (locally) definably connected, has a “discrete" centre $Z(S)$ and the quotient is a definable semisimple group. The notions will be explained in section 2.
$G$ has a maximal ind-definable semisimple subgroup $S$, unique up to conjugacy in $G$. Moreover (i) $G = R\cdot S$, (ii) The centre of $S$, $Z(S)$, is finitely generated and contains $R\cap S$.
It will also follow from material in section 2 that if $\pi:G\to P$ is the canonical surjective homomorphism, then the (surjective) homomorphism from $S$ to $P$ induced by $\pi$ is a quotient of the $o$-minimal universal cover of $P$. We will call $S$ as in Theorem 1.1 an [*ind-definable Levi subgroup*]{} of $G$, and the decomposition of $G$ given by Theorem 1.1 the [*ind-definable Levi decomposition*]{} of $G$. When $G$ is a definable real Lie group this decomposition coincides with the usual Levi decomposition of $G$ referred to earlier. Note that by uniqueness of the (ind-definable) Levi subgroup up to conjugacy, some Levi subgroup will be definable iff all are. When $K = {\mathbb R}$ the examples of nondefinability of the Levi subgroup, given in [@CCI], [@CCII] and [@Conversano-thesis], come from encoding the universal cover of $P$ as an ind-definable but non definable subgroup of $G$, and for this to be possible $P$ has to have infinite “fundamental group".\
Our methods will also yield:
Let ${\mathfrak s}$ be a semisimple Lie subalgebra of $L(G)$. Then there is a unique ind-definable semisimple subgroup $S$ of $G$ such that $\mathfrak{s} = L(S)$.
In section 2 we discuss ind-definable groups, semisimplicity, and universal covers. In sections 3 and 4 we will prove Theorem 1.1 (and Theorem 1.2) in some special cases, and then combine these in section 5 to give the proofs in general. At the end of section 5 we will list a number of hypotheses which imply definability of the Levi subgroups. In the remainder of this introduction we will recall some basic facts and notions.\
Usually $M$ denotes an $o$-minimal expansion of a real closed field $K$ and $G$ a group definable in $M$. For various reasons, especially when dealing with ind-definable objects, we should bear in mind a saturated elementary extension ${\bar M}$ of $M$. We refer to earlier papers such as [@PPSI] for an account of the general theory of definable sets and definable groups in $M$, as well as the existence and properties of tangent spaces and Lie algebras of definable groups. But we repeat that for any $k$ a definable group can be equipped with a (essentially unique) definable $C^{k}$-manifold structure over $K$ with respect to which the group operation is $C^{k}$. Likewise for definable homogeneous spaces. Definable connectedness of a definable group has two equivalent descriptions; no proper definable subgroup of finite index, and no proper open definable subgroup with respect to the topological structure referred to above. Definability means with parameters unless we say! otherwise.
$G$ is [*semisimple*]{} if $G$ is definably connected and has no infinite normal abelian (definable) subgroup.
Assume $G$ definably connected. $G$ is semisimple if and only if $Z(G)$ is finite and $G/Z(G)$ is a direct product of finitely many definably simple, noncommutative, definable groups.
We now list some basic facts, from [@HPP], [@OPP], [@PPSI], [@PPSIII], which we will use:
\(i) Assume $G$ is definably connected. Then $G$ has a unique maximal definable definably connected normal solvable subgroup $R$ and $G/R$ is semisimple. (ii) If $G$ is semisimple then $G$ is perfect (i.e. $G$ equals its commutator subgroup $[G,G]$), and moreover for some $r$ every element of $G$ is a product of at most $r$ commutators. (iii) If $G$ is definably connected, then $G/Z(G)$ is [*linear*]{}, namely definably embeds in some $GL_{n}(K)$. (iv) Let $G$ be definably connected. Then $G$ is semisimple iff $L(G)$ is semisimple. (v) If ${\mathfrak s}$ is a semisimple Lie subalgebra of $\mathfrak{gl}_{n}(K)$, then there is a (unique) definably connected definable subgroup $S$ of $GL_{n}(K)$ such that $\mathfrak{s} = L(S)$. Moreover $S$ is semialgebraic (and semisimple by (iv)). (vi) If $G$ is definable, semisimple and centreless, then $G$ is definably isomorphic to a semialgebraic subgroup of some $GL_{n}(K)$ which is defined over ${\mathbb R}$ (in fact over ${\mathbb Z}$).
This paper is closely related to our earlier papers [@CCI], [@CCII], to [@HPP], and to themes in the first author’s thesis [@Conversano-thesis]. The first author would like to thank her advisor Alessandro Berarducci, as well as Ya’acov Peterzil.
Ind-definability, semisimplicity, and universal covers
======================================================
The expressions [*ind-definable*]{}, [*$\vee$-definable*]{}, and [*locally definable*]{} are more or less synonymous, and refer to definability by a possibly infinite disjunction of first order formulas. There is a considerable literature on ind-definability and the “category" of ind-definable sets. See for example the detailed treatment in section 2.2 of [@HL]. Likewise there is a lot written on ind-definable spaces and groups in the $o$-minimal setting, especially in the context of universal covers and fundamental groups. See for example [@EdmundoI] and [@EdmundoII]. So we refer to these other sources for more details and restrict ourselves here to fixing notation suitable for the purposes of this paper.
We start with $T$ an arbitrary complete theory in a countable language $L$ say and ${\bar M}$ a saturated model of $T$. A definable set means a definable set in ${\bar M}$ unless we say otherwise. $M$ denotes a small elementary substructure.
\(i) By an (abstract) $ind$-definable set $X$ we mean a countable collection $(X_{i}:i<\omega)$ of definable sets together with definable injections $f_{i}:X_{i}\to X_{i+1}$ for each $i$, where we identify $X$ with the directed union (via the $f_{i}$) of the $X_{i}$. By a definable subset of $X$ we mean a definable subset of some $X_{i}$ (in the obvious sense). We say $X$ is defined over $M$ if the $X_{i}$ and $f_{i}$ are, in which case we also have $X(M)$. (ii) An $ind$-definable group is an ind-definable set as in (i) such that $X$ has a group operation which is definable, namely the restriction to each $X_{i}\times X_{j}$ is definable, hence with image in some $X_{k}$. (iii) An ind-definable set $X$ as in (i) is called a concrete ind-definable set if for some definable set $Y$, all the $X_{i}$ are subsets of $Y$ and each $f_{i}$ is the identity map restricted to $X_{i}$, namely $X_{i}\subseteq X_{i+1}$ for all $i$ whereby $X$ is simply $\bigcup_{i}X_{i}$, an ind-definable subset of $Y$.
\(i) If $X$ is an ind-definable subset of the definable set $Y$ as in (iii) above, and $Z$ is a definable subset of $Y$ contained in $X$, then by compactness $Z$ is contained in some $X_{i}$. Hence the notion of a [*definable subset*]{} of the abstract ind-definable set $X$ is consistent with the natural notion when $X$ is concrete. (ii) There are obvious notions of a function between (abstract) ind-definable sets being definable (or we should say ind-definable). Note in particular that if $X$ is ind-definable, $Y$ is definable and $f:X\to Y$ is definable and surjective then already the restriction of $f$ to some $X_{i}$ is surjective (by compactness).
We can formulate some basic notions such as definable connectedness for groups at this level of generality.
\(i) Let $X$ be an ind-definable set and $Y$ a subset of $X$. We will say that $Y$ is discrete if for any definable subset $Z$ of $X$, $Z\cap Y$ is finite. (ii) Let $G$ be an ind-definable group. We will call $G$ [*definably connected*]{} if $G$ has [*no*]{} proper subgroup $H$ with the properties: for each definable subset $Z$ of $G$, $Z\cap H$ is definable and $Z$ meets only finitely many distinct cosets of $H$ in $G$.
Maybe we should rather use the expression “locally definably connected" in (ii) above, but we leave it as is. In any case when $X$ is a definable set ($G$ a definable group) the above notions reduce to $Y$ is finite ($G$ has no proper definable subgroup of finite index). Let us state for the record:
Let $G$ be a definably connected ind-definable group. Then any discrete normal subgroup of $G$ is central.
Let $N$ be a discrete normal ind-definable subgroup of $G$. Then $G$ acts on $N$ by conjugation. Let $n\in N$ and let $H$ be $C_{G}(n)$ which clearly meets each definable subset of $G$ in a definable set. Let $Z$ be a definable subset of $G$. Then $\{gng^{-1}: g\in Z\}$ is a definable subset of $N$, so finite as $N$ is discrete. So only finitely many distinct cosets of $H$ in $G$ meet $Z$. As this is true for all definable $Z$ and $G$ is definably connected we see that $H = G$, i.e. $n$ is central in $G$.
We now specialize to the $o$-minimal case, i.e. $T$ is an $o$-minimal expansion of $RCF$. We will only work with concrete ind-definable sets. When $X = G$ is a (concrete) ind-definable group, then by [@EdmundoI] $X$ can be definably equipped with a topology such that the group operation is continuous (as in the case for definable groups), and in fact $C^{k}$ for arbitrarily large $k$. Definable connectedness as defined above has a “topological" interpretation. Also $G$ has a well-defined Lie algebra (over the ambient real closed field). Here is our main definition (which agrees with the usual one when $G$ is definable).
We will call $G$ [*ind-definable semisimple*]{} if $G$ is ind-definable and definably connected, $Z(G)$ is discrete, and $G/Z(G)$ is definable and semisimple (namely there is a definable semisimple group $D$ and a definable surjective homomorphism from $G$ to $D$ with kernel $Z(G)$, and note that $D$ will be centreless).
An equivalent definition is: $G$ is ind-definable, definably connected, and there is a definable surjective homomorphism $\pi$ from $G$ to a definable (not necessarily centreless) semisimple group $D$ such that $ker(\pi)$ is discrete.
An ind-definable semisimple group is perfect.
Let $G$ be our ind-definable semisimple group, and $\pi:G\to D$ definable with $D$ definable semisimple. Let $G_{1} = [G,G]$. We want to argue that (i) the intersection of $G_{1}$ with any definable subset $Z$ of $G$ is definable and that moreover (ii) $Z$ intersects only finitely many distinct cosets of $G_{1}$ in $G$. Definable connectedness of $G_{1}$ will then imply that $G_{1} = G$. We first prove (i). It suffices to show that for arbitrarily large definable subsets $Y$ of $G$, $G_{1}\cap Y$ is definable. As $D = [D,D]_{r}$ (the collection of products of $r$ commutators), we may assume, by enlarging $Y$ that $Y\cap [G,G]$ maps onto $D$ under $\pi$. Now clearly $Y\cap [G,G]$ is ind-definable. $Y\setminus [G,G]$ is ind-definable. Let $y\in Y\setminus [G,G]$, and let $\pi(y) = d\in D$. By our assumption above there is $x\in Y\cap [G,G]$ such that $\pi(x) = d$. Hence $x^{-1}y\in ker(\pi) = Z(G)$. Note that $x^{-1}y\in Y^{-1}\cdot Y$ a definable subset of $G$. By definition of $G$ being ind-definable semisimple, $Z(G)\cap (Y\cdot Y^{-1})$ is finite. Hence $Y\setminus [G,G]$ equals the union of translates $c\cdot(Y\cap[G,G])$ for $c$ ranging over the (finite) set of elements of $Z(G) \cap (Y\cdot Y^{-1})$ which are not in $[G,G]$. This proves the claim.
By the claim and compactness, $Y\cap [G,G]$ is definable. We have proved (i). The proof of the claim shows (ii). So the lemma is proved.
Let $G$ be an ind-definable semisimple group. Then $L(G)$ is semisimple.
Let $\pi: G\to D$ be the canonical surjective homomorphism to a definable semisimple group. As $ker(\pi)$ is discrete, $\pi$ induces an isomorphism between $L(G)$ and $L(D)$ and the latter is semisimple by 1.5(iv).
As remarked earlier there is a body of work on $o$-minimal universal covers, which it will be convenient to refer to (although we could use other methods, such as in section 5 of [@CCII]). The content of Theorem 1.4 of [@Edmundo-Pantelis] is:
Let $G$ be a definable, definably connected group. Then (i) The family $Cov(G) = \{f:H\to G$, where $H$ is ind-definable, definably connected, $f$ is surjective and definable with discrete kernel} has a universal object, namely some $\pi:{\tilde G} \to G$ in $Cov(G)$ such that for any $f:H\to G$ in $Cov(G)$ there is a (unique) surjective definable homomorphism $h:{\tilde G} \to H$ such that $h\circ f = \pi$. (ii) Moreover the kernel of $\pi:{\tilde G} \to G$ is finitely generated.
$\pi:{\tilde G} \to G$ is what is known as the “$o$-minimal universal cover of $G$" and it is proved in [@Edmundo-Pantelis] that $ker(\pi)$ coincides with the “$o$-minimal fundamental group" $\pi_{1}(G)$ of $G$ given in terms of definable paths and homotopies in [@B-O]. Also if $G$ is definable over $M$ so is $\pi:{\tilde G}\to G$.
Although not required for the purposes of this paper, one would also expect $\pi:{\tilde G} \to G$ to have the additional property: For any (locally) definable central extension $f: H \to G$ of $G$ there is a (unique) definable (but not necessarily surjective) homomorphism $h:{\tilde G} \to H$ such that $\pi = h\circ f$.
If $G$ is an ind-definable semisimple group and $f:G\to G/Z(G)= H$ is the canonical surjective homomorphism from $G$ to a definable semisimple group, then by Fact 2.9(i) $f$ is a quotient of the $o$-minimal universal cover $\pi:{\tilde H} \to H$, and by Fact 2.9(ii), $Z(G)$ is finitely generated.
We now briefly recall the relation of the $o$-minimal universal covers to the classical universal covers of connected Lie groups. Let us suppose that $G$ is a definably connected definable group (identified with its group of ${\bar M}$-points). Let $L^{-}$ be a sublanguage of the language $L(T)$ of $T$ including the language of ordered fields, such that for some copy ${\mathbb R}$ of the reals living inside $K$, ${\mathbb R}$ with its induced $L^{-}$-structure is an elementary substructure of ${\bar M}|L^{-}$. Let us suppose also that $G$ is definable in $L^{-}$ with parameters from ${\mathbb R}$. Then $G({\mathbb R})$ is a connected Lie group. Moreover the $o$-minimal universal cover $\tilde G$ of $G$ is (ind)-definable in $L^{-}$ over ${\mathbb R}$ whereby ${\tilde G}({\mathbb R})$ makes sense as a topological (in fact Lie) group. Then Theorem 8.5 and its proof from [@HPP] says that ${\tilde G}({\mathbb R})$ is the classical universal cover of $G({\mathbb R})$. Moreover the kernel of ${\tilde G} \to G$ coincides with the kernel of ${\tilde!
G}({\mathbb R}) \to G({\mathbb R})$, which is the fundamental group of the Lie group $G({\mathbb R})$.
This applies in particular to the case when $G$ is semisimple: By [@HPP], $G$ is definably isomorphic in ${\bar M}$ to a group definable in the ordered field language over ${\mathbb R}$. So we may assume $G$ to be already definable in the ordered field language over ${\mathbb R}$. So the $o$-minimal fundamental group of $G$ coincides with the fundamental group of the semisimple real Lie group $G({\mathbb R})$.
In the rest of the paper, the model $M$ will be an arbitrary model of an $o$-minimal expansion of $RCF$. When we speak of of an ind-definable set (group) in $M$ we mean $X(M)$ ($G(M)$) for $X$ ($G$) an ind-definable set (group) in ${\bar M}$ which is defined over $M$.
Central extensions of definable semisimple groups
=================================================
Here we prove Theorem 1.1 when $R$ is central in $G$, hence $R = Z(G)^{0}$. In fact $S$ will be turn out to be the commutator subgroup $[G,G]$, but one has to check the various properties claimed of $S$.
We start with a trivial fact about [**abstract groups**]{}, which we give a proof of, for completeness. Recall that an (abstract) group $G$ is said to be [*perfect*]{} if $G$ coincides with its commutator subgroup $[G,G]$.
If $G$ is a central extension (as an abstract group) of a perfect group $P$, then $[G,G]$ is perfect.
Let $N$ be the kernel of the surjective homomorphism $\pi:G\to P$. $N$ is central in $G$ by assumption. Let $H = [G,G]$. As $P$ is perfect $\pi(H) = P$, and for the same reason $\pi([H,H]) = P$. If by way of contradiction $H' = [H,H]$ is a proper subgroup of $H$, then, as $G = N\cdot H'$ we see that $[G,G] = H$ is contained in $H'$. Impossible. So $H$ is perfect.
We now return to the $o$-minimal context.
Suppose $R = Z(G)^{0}$. Let $S = [G,G]$. Then: (i) $S$ is the unique maximal ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G$. (ii) $G = R\cdot S$. (iii) $R\cap S$ is contained in $Z(S)$ and the latter is finitely generated.
Let $P$ be the semisimple part of $G$, namely $P$ is definable semisimple and $\pi:G\to P$ is surjective with kernel $R = Z(G)^{0}$. (i) We first prove that $S$ is “ind-definable semisimple". Clearly $S$ is ind-definable. By Fact 1.5(ii), $P$ is perfect hence $\pi$ induces a surjective homomorphism $\pi|S:S \to P$. By Remark 2.6 it suffices to prove that $S$ is definably connected and $ker(\pi|S)$ is discrete. By Lemma 1.1 of [@CCII], for each $n$, $[G,G]_{n}\cap Z(G)^{0}$ is finite, clearly showing that $ker(\pi|S)$ is discrete. If $S$ were not definably connected, let this be witnessed by the subgroup $S_{1}$ of $S$. As $P$ is definably connected, $\pi(S_{1}) = P$, hence $G = R\cdot S_{1}$, but then $S = [G,G]$ is contained in $S_{1}$, so $S = S_{1}$ (contradiction). We will now show maximality and uniqueness simultaneously by showing that [*any*]{} ind-definable semisimple subgroup $S_{1}$ of $G$ is contained in $S$. So let $S_{1}$ be such. By Lemma 2.7 $S_{1}$ is perfect, hence $S_{1} = [S_{1},S_{1}] {\leqslant}[G,G] = S$. So (i) is proved. We now look at (ii) and (iii). As $P$ is perfect (1.5(ii)), $S$ maps onto $P$, so $G = R\cdot S$. As remarked earlier $[G,G]_{n}\cap R$ is finite for all $n$, whereby $R\cap S$ is discrete, so by Lemma 2.4 is central in $S$. Also by Fact 2.9, $Z(S)$ is finitely generated.
The almost linear case
======================
Assume to begin with that $G$ is [*linear*]{}, namely a definable subgroup of $GL_{n}(K)$. Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be its Lie algebra, a subalgebra of $\mathfrak{gl}_{n}(K)$. Let $\mathfrak{r}$ be $L(R)$ where remember that $R$ is the solvable radical of $G$.
($G$ linear.) Let $S$ be a maximal ind-definable definably connected semisimple subgroup of $G$. Then $S$ is definable (in fact semialgebraic). Moreover $G = R\cdot S$ and $R\cap S$ is contained in the (finite) centre of $S$.
Let $\mathfrak{s}$ be the Lie algebra of $S$ which is semisimple by Lemma 2.8. By [@Varadarajan] $\mathfrak{s}$ extends to a Levi factor $\mathfrak{s_{1}}$ of $\mathfrak{g}$ (i.e. a semisimple subalgebra such that $\mathfrak{g}$ is the semidirect product of $\mathfrak r$ and $\mathfrak s_1$). By Fact 1.5(v) there is a definable semisimple subgroup $S_{1}$ of $G$ such that $L(S_{1}) = \mathfrak{s_{1}}$. We will prove that $S{\leqslant}S_{1}$, so by maximality $S = S_{1}$ and is definable. This is a slight adaptation of material from [@PPSI] to the present context. Consider the definable homogeneous space $X = G/S_{1}$. We have the natural action $\alpha:G\times X \to X$ of $G$ on $X$, which is differentiable (when $X$ is definably equipped with suitable differentiable structure). Let $a\in X$ be $S_{1}$ and let $f:G\to X$ be: $f(g) = g\cdot a$. By Theorem 2.19(ii) of [@PPSI], $L(S_{1})$ is precisely the kernel of the differential $df_{e}$ of $f$ at the identity $e$ of $G$. Consider the restriction $f_{1}$ of $f$ to $S$. As $L(S) = \mathfrak{s}$ is contained in $\mathfrak{s_{1}} =
L(S_{1})$, we see that $(df_{1})_{e}$ is $0$. By Theorem 2.19(i) of [@PPSI], $(df_{1})_{h} = 0$ for all $h\in S$, so $f_{1}$ is “locally constant" on $S$. It follows that $Fix(a) = \{h\in S:h(a) = a\}$ is a subgroup of $S$ which is “locally" of finite index (as in Definition 2.3(ii)), hence $Fix(a) = S$ which means that $S{\leqslant}S_{1}$, as desired.
For dimension reasons $G = R\cdot S$. Clearly $R\cap S$ is finite (for dimension reasons, or because it is solvable and normal in $S$), hence central in $S$ as $S$ is definably connected.
Now we want to prove conjugacy.
($G$ linear.) Any two maximal ind-definable definably connected semisimple subgroups of $G$ are conjugate.
Let $S, S_{1}$ be such. By Lemma 4.1 both $S, S_{1}$ are semialgebraic subgroups of $G{\leqslant}GL_{n}(K)$. By the proof of Lemma 3.1 in [@Pillay], the (abstract) subgroup $H$ of $GL_{n}(K)$ generated by $S$ and $S_{1}$ is contained in some algebraic subgroup $H_{1}$ of $GL_{n}(K)$ such that moreover $H$ contains an open semialgebraic subset of $H_{1}$. For dimension reasons the definably (or equivalently semialgebraically) connected component of $H_{1}$ is contained in $G$. Hence we may assume that $G$ is already semialgebraic. (One could also get to this conclusion by using 4.1 of [@PPSIII] that there are semialgebraic $G_{1} < G < G_{2}{\leqslant}GL_{n}(K)$ with $G_{1}$ normal in $G$ normal in $G_{2}$ and $G_{1}$ normal in $G_{2}$ such that $G_{2}/G_{1}$ is abelian.)
We now make use of transfer to the reals together with the classical Levi theorem to conclude the proof. Without loss of generality $G, S, S_{1}$ are defined by formulas $\phi(x,b)$, $\psi(x,b)$, $\psi_{1}(x,b)$ where these are formulas in the language of ordered fields with parameters witnessed by $b$. We may assume that these formulas include conditions on the parameters $b$ expressing that the group defined by $\phi(x,b)$ is definably connected and of the given dimension, also that the subgroups defined by $\psi(x,b)$, $\psi_{1}(x,b)$ are [*maximal (semialgebraic) semisimple*]{}. For example the family of definable abelian subgroups of a definable group is uniformly definable in terms of centralizers, so we can express that the subgroup defined by $\psi(x,b)$ is semisimple (definably connected with no infinite normal abelian subgroup). We can also express maximality, by witnessing a solvable definable normal subgroup $R$ such that $G$ is $R\cdot \psi(x,b)^{K}$. Let $\sigma$ be the sentence in the language of ordered fields expressing that for any choice $c$ of parameters, the subgroups of $\phi(x,c)^{K}$ defined by $\psi(x,c)$ and $\psi_{1}(x,c)$ are conjugate. Choose parameters $c$ from ${\mathbb R}$. Let $H, W, W_{1}$ be the groups (subgroups of $GL_{n}({\mathbb R})$) defined by the formulas $\phi(x,c)$, $\psi(x,c)$, $\psi_{1}(x,c)$. It is not hard to see that $W,W_{1}$ are maximal semisimple Lie subgroups of $H$ (which also happen to be closed) hence are conjugate in $H$ by 3.18.13 of [@Varadarajan]. So the claim is proved, hence $\sigma$ is true in the structure $M$, whereby $S, S_{1}$ are conjugate in $G$.
Note that Lemmas 4.1 and 4.2 give Theorem 1.1 in the linear case. Let us now prove Theorem 1.2 in the linear case, by a slight extension of the proof of Lemma 4.1.
($G$ linear.) Let $\mathfrak{s}$ be a semisimple Lie subalgebra of $L(G)$. Then there is a [*unique*]{} ind-definable semisimple subgroup $S$ of $G$ such that $L(S) = \mathfrak{s}$. Moreover $S$ is definable.
First let $S_{1}$ be a semialgebraic semisimple subgroup of $G$ with $\mathfrak{s} = L(S_{1})$. Let $S$ be another ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G$ with $L(S) = {\mathfrak{s}}$. The proof of Lemma 4.1 shows that $S {\leqslant}S_{1}$. Let $P$ be a semisimple centreless definable group with $\pi:S\to P$ witnessing the semisimplicity of $S$ (according to Definition 2.5). By 1.5(vi) we may assume $P$ to be linear and semialgebraic. Let us now work inside the linear semialgebraic group $S_{1}\times P$. The graph of $\pi$, $W$ say, is clearly an ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $S_{1}\times P$. Let $\mathfrak{w}$ be its Lie algebra, which is semisimple by 2.8. By 1.5(v), there is a semialgebraic semisimple $W_{1}{\leqslant}S_{1}\times P$ such that $L(W_{1}) = \mathfrak{w}$. Again as in the proof of 4.1 one sees that $W{\leqslant}W_{1}$. Note that $dim(W_{1}) = dim(S_{1}) = dim(P)$. So $W_{1}$ has finite cokernel. We will assume for simplicity that this cokernel is trivial whereby $W_{1}$ is he graph of a definable (semialgebraic) homomorphism $\pi_{1}$ from $S_{1}$ to $P$, which has to have finite kernel. Hence $ker(\pi)$ is also finite from which it follows that $\pi$ is definable, as is $S$. Hence $S = S_{1}$.
We will say that $G$ is [*almost linear*]{} if for some finite central subgroup $N$ of $G$, $G/N$ is linear (i.e. there is a definable homomorphism from $G$ into some $GL_{n}(K)$ with finite central kernel).
Theorems 1.1 and 1.2 hold when $G$ is almost linear. Moreover in this case any ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G$ is definable.
Let $G/N$ be linear where $N$ is finite (central) and let $\pi:G\to G/N$ be the canonical surjective homomorphism. Note first that by Lemma 4.3 (and Lemma 2.8), any ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G/N$ is definable. So if $S{\leqslant}G$ is ind-definable semisimple then $\pi(S)$ is definable, and so thus is $S$. This proves the moreover clause. The rest easily follows from the previous lemmas.
The general case
================
This is an easy consequence of the special cases in section 3 and 4 but we sketch the proofs nevertheless. First:
We construct the obvious ind-definable semisimple subgroup $S$ of $G$, observe the desired properties, then we prove its maximality and uniqueness up to conjugacy.\
By Fact 1.5(iii), $G_{1} = G/Z(G)^{0}$ is almost linear. Let $\pi:G\to G_{1}$ be the canonical surjective homomorphism. Also let $R$ be the solvable radical of $G$ (which contains $Z(G)^{0}$) and then $R_{1} = \pi(R)$ will be the solvable radical of $G_{1}$.
By Lemma 4.4 let $S_{1}$ be a a definable Levi subgroup of $G_{1}$ and let $H = \pi^{-1}(S_{1})$, a definably connected definable subgroup of $G$. So $H$ is definably an extension of semisimple definable $S_{1}$ by the central subgroup $Z(G)^{0}$. So $Z(G)^{0}$ coincides with $Z(H)^{0}$ and will be the solvable radical of $H$. So Lemma 3.2 applies with $H$. Let $S = [H,H]$ which is in particular an ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G$. As $S_{1}\cap R_{1}$ is finite, and $S\cap Z(G)^{0}$ is finitely generated, $S\cap R$ is finitely generated (and normal, discrete hence central in $S$). It remains to prove, maximality and uniqueness up to conjugacy of $S$. Suppose $S_{2}$ is an ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G$ containing $S$. Then $\pi(S_{2})$ is an ind-definable, semisimple, subgroup of $G_{1}$ containing $S_{1}$, so as $S_{1}$ was a Levi subgroup of $G_{1}$, $\pi(S_{2}) = S_{1}$. Hence $S_{2}$ is contained in $H$ and by Lemma 3.2 applied to $H$ equals $S$.
Now let $S_{2}$ be another maximal ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G$. Let $\pi(S_{2}) = S_{3}{\leqslant}G_{1}$. Clearly $S_{3}$ is an ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G_{1}$, which is by Lemma 4.4 definable. Let $S_{4}$ be a maximal definable semisimple subgroup of $G_{1}$ containing $S_{3}$. Noting that $G_{1} = R_{1}\cdot S_{4}$, and as (by Lemma 2.7), $S_{2}$ is perfect, we see by Lemma 3.2, that $[\pi^{-1}(S_{4}),\pi^{-1}(S_{4})]$ is ind-definable semisimple and contains $S_{2}$ hence by maximality of $S_{2}$ we have equality, and $S_{3} = S_{4}$ and moreover $S_{2} = [\pi^{-1}(S_{3}),\pi^{-1}(S_{3})]$. By Lemma 4.4 again $S_{3}$ is conjugate in $G_{1}$ to $S_{1}$ by $g_{1}$ say. Hence (as $ker(\pi)$ is central in $G$) for any lift $g$ of $g_{1}$ to a point of $G$, $S_{2} = [\pi^{-1}(S_{3}),\pi^{-1}(S_{3})]$ is conjugate via $g$ to $S = [\pi^{-1}(S_{1}),\pi^{-1}(S_{1})]$, and we have proved conjugacy.
This completes the proof of Theorem 1.1.
Again we let $\pi:G\to G/Z(G)^{0} = G_{1}$ be the canonical surjective homomorphism. If $\mathfrak{s}$ is semisimple and $\mathfrak{s}_{1} = \pi(\mathfrak{s})$ (namely the image of $\mathfrak{s}$ under the differential of $\pi$ at the identity), then $\mathfrak{s}_{1}$ is also semsimple and so by Lemma 4.4 is the Lie algebra of a unique definable semisimple subgroup $S_{1}$ of $G_{1}$. Let $H = \pi^{-1}(S_{1})$. Then by Lemma 3.2 applied to $H$ we see that $\mathfrak{s}$ is the unique Levi factor of $L(H)$ and $S = [H,H]$ is the unique ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $H$ with $L(S) = \mathfrak{s}$. If $S_{2}$ is another ind-definable semisimple subgroup of $G$ with $L(S_{2}) = \mathfrak{s}$, then by Lemma 4.4, $\pi(S_{2}) = S_{1}$, and by perfectness of $S_{2}$ and definable connectedness of $[H,H] = S$ we see that $S_{2} = S$.
Theorem 1.2 is proved.
Finally we mention cases when some (any) ind-definable Levi subgroup of $G$ is definable. $G$ remains a definably connected group definable in $M$.
Suppose either of the following hold: (i) $G$ is affine Nash, (ii) $G/N$ is linear for some finite central $N$, (iii) the semisimple part $P$ of $G$ has finite $o$-minimal fundamental group, (iv) the semisimple part $P$ of $G$ is definably compact. THEN any ind-definable Levi subgroup $S$ of $G$ is definable (whereby $G = R\cdot S$ with $R\cap S$ finite).
\(i) $G$ being affine Nash means that $G$ is definable in the $RCF$ language and with its unique structure as a Nash manifold has a Nash embedding in some $K^{n}$. See [@Hrushovski-Pillay]. In fact in the latter paper it is proved that $G$ is a finite cover of an “algebraic group" (namely of $H(K)^{0}$ where $H$ is an algebraic group defined over $K$). Remark 2.9 of [@CCI] says that $H(K)^{0}$ has a definable Levi subgroup, and this lifts to $G$. (ii) This is already part of Lemma 4.4 above. (iii) The previous material shows that it suffices to look at central extensions $G$ of a semisimple group $P$, in which case by Lemma 3.2, $S = [G,G]$ is the ind-definable Levi subgroup. The induced surjective homomorphism $S\to P$ is, by Remark 2.10, a quotient of the $o$-minimal universal cover of $P$, so if $P$ had finite $o$-minimal fundamental group, then the kernel of $S\to P$ is finite whereby easily $S$ is definable. (iv) If $P$ is definably compact then it has finite $o$-minimal fundamental group (as this corresponds to the usual fundamental group of the associated compact semisimple Lie group discussed at the end of section 3), so we can use (iii). But this case also follows from the results of [@HPP].
[99]{}
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M. Edmundo, Covers of groups definable in $o$-minimal structures, Illinois J. Math. 49 (2005), 99-120.
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[^1]: Supported by EPSRC grant EP/I002294/1
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**2 - 15*a**4 - v*a**2 + 11*a**2 wrt a.
-360*a
Let f be (-3)/(-6)*(-104 + 6). Let q = 54 + f. What is the second derivative of 49*g - 2*g**2 + 2*g**2 - q*g**4 - 38*g wrt g?
-60*g**2
Let z(b) be the first derivative of 3*b**5/5 + 49*b**3/3 + 53*b**2 + 4*b + 1849. Find the second derivative of z(y) wrt y.
36*y**2 + 98
Let l(v) = 4*v**5 - 54*v**4 - 312*v**2 - 1779*v. Let u(q) = -q**5 + 9*q**4 - q**2. Let k(n) = l(n) + 6*u(n). Find the second derivative of k(g) wrt g.
-40*g**3 - 636
Let f(c) = 3429*c + 1930. Let u(p) = 2287*p + 1287. Let h(j) = 5*f(j) - 8*u(j). Differentiate h(z) wrt z.
-1151
Let q(s) be the first derivative of -30*s**3 + s**2 - 444*s + 675. Find the first derivative of q(t) wrt t.
-180*t + 2
Let b(m) = m**2 - 28*m**3 - 2*m + 26*m**3 + 0*m**2. Let x be b(-2). What is the derivative of -13 - 34*a - x*a + 42*a wrt a?
-16
Let n(c) be the first derivative of -1705*c**2 + 4791*c + 5701. Differentiate n(f) wrt f.
-3410
Suppose 18*k - 2903 = 607. What is the second derivative of 3*h**2 + k - 381 - 4*h + 193 wrt h?
6
Let z(l) = l - 1. Let f(s) = -5. Let c(y) = -2*f(y) + 2*z(y). Let r be c(6). Find the first derivative of 3*n**2 - 2 - 4 - r + 6 wrt n.
6*n
Let m(o) be the first derivative of -4827*o**4/2 + 5*o**3/3 + 237*o**2/2 - o + 313. Find the third derivative of m(r) wrt r.
-57924
Let t(u) be the second derivative of 959*u**3/6 - 291*u**2 + 394*u. Find the first derivative of t(a) wrt a.
959
Let x = 579 + -568. Let b(z) = 12*z - 12. Let k be b(9). What is the second derivative of -70*d - 13*d**5 - x*d**5 + k*d wrt d?
-480*d**3
Let n(q) = -4019*q**3 - 102*q**2 + 5*q - 115. Let m(g) = 4020*g**3 + 103*g**2 - 5*g + 138. Let y(i) = 5*m(i) + 6*n(i). Find the third derivative of y(o) wrt o.
-24084
Let b(l) = 3 - 40*l**2 + 7*l**2 + 21*l - 7*l. Let x(h) = -64*h**2 + 26*h + 7. Let c(n) = 11*b(n) - 6*x(n). What is the second derivative of c(d) wrt d?
42
Find the second derivative of -1204 + 1143*m**3 + 23*m**3 - 2*m - 8*m**2 - 11*m**2 + 19*m**2 wrt m.
6996*m
Find the second derivative of 1122*m**4 + 0*m**5 + 9374*m - 9598*m + 721*m**4 + 2*m**5 wrt m.
40*m**3 + 22116*m**2
Let i be 84/120*-18 - -18. Let l(o) be the first derivative of -32/3*o**3 + 0*o**4 + 0*o - i*o**5 - 20 + 0*o**2. What is the third derivative of l(q) wrt q?
-648*q
Let r(f) = 4045*f**3 - 8*f**2 - 10952*f - 1. Let b(l) = l**3 - 8*l**2 - 7*l - 1. Let i(h) = b(h) - r(h). Find the second derivative of i(a) wrt a.
-24264*a
Find the second derivative of 2857*l**5 - 45*l - 48*l + 162*l - 32 - 57*l wrt l.
57140*l**3
Let i be (-3 - -1) + -20*3/(-12). Find the first derivative of -k**4 + 37 + 1445*k**3 - 1445*k**i + 4*k**4 wrt k.
12*k**3
Let i be 2 + -17*(6 + -12). Find the second derivative of 7*t**3 + 10*t**2 + 18*t**3 - 12*t**2 + 284*t - i*t wrt t.
150*t - 4
Let n = -51 - -57. Let b be ((-2)/(-8))/(n/48). What is the third derivative of 33*r**b + 20*r**2 + 46*r**5 - 10*r**2 wrt r?
2760*r**2
Let p be (0 + 0 - -1) + (-4 - -7). Find the first derivative of -r**4 - 288 + 361 - 17*r**p wrt r.
-72*r**3
Let j(l) be the second derivative of 1691*l**3/6 - 3319*l**2/2 - 241*l + 1. What is the derivative of j(i) wrt i?
1691
Let r = -25 + 28. What is the second derivative of 84*i - 120*i + i**r - 60*i wrt i?
6*i
Let w = -387 + 387. Let j(g) be the first derivative of -10/3*g**3 + 3*g**2 + 9 + w*g. Find the second derivative of j(k) wrt k.
-20
Find the third derivative of -674254*y - 1 + 683*y**3 + 674254*y - 886*y**2 + 1 wrt y.
4098
Let w(o) = 6*o**3 + o**2 - 32. Let f(r) = -5*r**3 + 31. Let g be (11/((-330)/12))/(1/(-10)). Let b(t) = g*w(t) + 5*f(t). Differentiate b(n) wrt n.
-3*n**2 + 8*n
Suppose -18*y + 76 = -14*y. Find the first derivative of -5*d - y*d + 0*d - 2*d + 126 wrt d.
-26
Let x = 102 + -100. Suppose s + g = 6*s - 13, -4*s = -5*g - x. Find the third derivative of -l**2 + s*l**6 - 4*l**2 - 12*l**2 - 5*l**6 wrt l.
-240*l**3
Let v(i) be the first derivative of -7*i**6/3 - 29*i**5/5 - 457*i**3/3 + 676. Find the third derivative of v(k) wrt k.
-840*k**2 - 696*k
Let c be 2 + 2 + 1 + (-75)/25. What is the third derivative of -56*q**3 - 22 - 136113*q**4 + 136113*q**4 + 2*q**c - q**5 wrt q?
-60*q**2 - 336
Let v(f) = 3*f**2 - 7*f - 9. Let w be v(-6). Find the third derivative of 3 - 3 + 31*y**4 + 14*y**4 - w*y**2 wrt y.
1080*y
Differentiate 789 + 1069 + 801 - 354 + 2469*a wrt a.
2469
What is the second derivative of -919 + 189*u**2 - 1880*u - 3325*u**2 + 919 wrt u?
-6272
Let b(x) = 163*x - 267. Let g(l) = 326*l - 545. Let w(k) = 15*b(k) - 6*g(k). Differentiate w(p) with respect to p.
489
Differentiate -528*c**2 + 129 + 6561 + 106*c**2 + 4*c + 3*c wrt c.
-844*c + 7
Let m(d) = -d + 17. Let r be m(-6). Differentiate -16*b - 28*b - r*b - 35 + 128*b with respect to b.
61
Let g(w) be the second derivative of 557*w**5/5 + 7*w**3/6 - 162*w**2 - 378*w + 5. What is the second derivative of g(u) wrt u?
13368*u
Let y(u) be the first derivative of 43 + 0*u**3 + 65/6*u**6 + 6*u + 0*u**5 + 0*u**4 - u**2. Find the second derivative of y(m) wrt m.
1300*m**3
Let j(o) = 5585*o**2 + 21*o - 2805. Let y(v) = -11170*v**2 - 49*v + 5615. Let f(w) = 7*j(w) + 3*y(w). Differentiate f(d) with respect to d.
11170*d
Let z(i) be the third derivative of -11*i**8/28 + i**5/30 + 1153*i**4/24 + 6*i**2 - 72. Find the second derivative of z(t) wrt t.
-2640*t**3 + 4
Let v(x) be the second derivative of 309*x**6/10 - 6149*x**4/12 + 7603*x. What is the third derivative of v(p) wrt p?
22248*p
Differentiate 1082 + 73 - 2997*s - 540*s with respect to s.
-3537
Let a(r) = 74*r**3 - 10*r**2 - 5*r - 874. Let t(y) = -73*y**3 + 8*y**2 + 4*y + 883. Let u(o) = 4*a(o) + 5*t(o). Differentiate u(p) wrt p.
-207*p**2
Suppose -5*v + 2*r = -451, 3*v + r + 75 = 350. Differentiate 101 - v*h - 63*h + 17 with respect to h.
-154
Let i(x) = -13200*x**4 - 7*x**3 + 104*x + 74. Let l(a) = -8798*a**4 - 5*a**3 + 69*a + 49. Let d(m) = -5*i(m) + 7*l(m). Find the second derivative of d(s) wrt s.
52968*s**2
Find the second derivative of 6813*l**4 + 5 - 6813*l**4 + 2 + 1131*l**5 - 79*l wrt l.
22620*l**3
Let l(a) be the third derivative of -129*a**4/8 - 407*a**3/2 - 4*a**2 - 178*a. What is the first derivative of l(u) wrt u?
-387
Let r(j) = -8990*j**2 + 103*j - 6. Let k(x) = -62923*x**2 + 721*x - 41. Let w(g) = -6*k(g) + 41*r(g). What is the second derivative of w(q) wrt q?
17896
Let f(p) = -p**2 - 17*p + 8. Let a be f(-16). Let c be 6/a + (-11)/(-4). Find the third derivative of -63*q**2 + 21*q**2 + 17*q**2 + 5*q**c wrt q.
30
Let d(q) = -9181*q**3 + 11*q**2 + 4. Let t(i) = -9182*i**3 + 9*i**2 - i + 4. Let a(g) = -2*d(g) + 3*t(g). What is the third derivative of a(l) wrt l?
-55104
Let g = 56 - 58. Let x be 221 + 0/(-3*g/(-3)). Find the third derivative of 108 - x - 8*y**2 - 11*y**3 + 113 wrt y.
-66
Suppose 50 = 2*y + 4*k + 10, 0 = 2*y + k - 40. Differentiate -91 - 14 - y - 16*n wrt n.
-16
Differentiate 578 + 78*y**3 - 27*y**3 - 1623*y**4 + 198*y**4 - 51*y**3 with respect to y.
-5700*y**3
Let c(h) = 412*h**4 - h**3 + 14*h**2 + 8*h - 15. Let n(f) = f**2 + 2*f + 3. Let p(o) = -c(o) + 4*n(o). What is the third derivative of p(w) wrt w?
-9888*w + 6
Let u(o) be the second derivative of 169*o - 35/6*o**3 + 0*o**4 + 1/20*o**5 + 0 + o**2 + 61/30*o**6. What is the second derivative of u(y) wrt y?
732*y**2 + 6*y
Let q(l) be the third derivative of 1243*l**8/336 - 37*l**4/12 - l**3/2 - 2204*l**2 + 2*l. Find the second derivative of q(t) wrt t.
24860*t**3
Find the second derivative of 2291*y**2 + 595 + 16*y + 646 - 1242 wrt y.
4582
Let y(h) = 2*h**3 - 2*h**2 + 1. Let z(j) = 2*j**3 - 79*j**2 - 806*j - 6. Let k(p) = 6*y(p) + z(p). Find the second derivative of k(x) wrt x.
84*x - 182
What is the first derivative of -471*b**2 + 34 + 128 + 116 - 58 + 158 + b wrt b?
-942*b + 1
What is the third derivative of 24 - 4335*t**3 + 1173*t**3 + 1549*t**3 + 9 - 44*t**2 - 5 wrt t?
-9678
Let n = 0 + 179. Find the second derivative of -51*v**2 - n*v - 4 + 208*v**2 + 4 - 58*v wrt v.
314
Let g(o) be the first derivative of 1097*o**5/5 - 4*o**3/3 - 292*o + 4504. What is the third derivative of g(k) wrt k?
26328*k
Let n(u) be the third derivative of -9*u + 11/40*u**6 + 0 + 0*u**5 - u**2 + 1/6*u**3 + 17/24*u**4. Find the second derivative of n(z) wrt z.
198*z
Suppose -34*j + 52*j - 216 = 0. Find the |
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Angiogenesis is a complex process which includes endothelial cells (ECs) proliferation, migration, basement membrane degeneration and new tube formation. It is required for a variety of physiologic processes like development and reproduction. However, angiogenesis also plays a vital role in the growth and spread of cancer as an adequate blood supply, which is necessary for tumor growth and invasion in normal tissues \[[@R1]--[@R4]\]. It is known that endothelial cells are normally in a highly quiescent state, and crucial to maintain vascular homeostasis. But they can transform into an active proliferative state if stimulated by angiogenic factors from the tumors, then grow, migrate and form new blood vessels, which offer oxygen and nutrients to the tumors. Inducing angiogenesis is one of the hallmarks of cancer. New blood vessels infiltrate tumors, supplying them with oxygen and nutrients, and offer a route for tumor metastasis. Studies have shown that inhibition of ECs growth can block tumor angiogenesis effectively \[[@R5]--[@R7]\]. Moreover, agents that prevent the growth of a tumor\'s blood vessels facilitate the regression or dormancy of established tumors and anti-angiogenesis treatment has been an extremely promising form of cancer therapy \[[@R8]\]. Therefore, inhibiting angiogenesis may be an effective method for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.
Angiogenesis is tightly controlled by the balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and angiogenin, etc \[[@R9]\]. Imbalanced pro-angiogenesis stimulation would trigger pathologically angiogenic diseases such as ischemic heart failure as well as cancer progression. Among the pro-angiogenic factors, VEGF is well known to play an important part in tumor biology and more specifically, in the process of tumor angiogenesis, as its expression has been detected in various malignant human tumors, like breast, ovary, kidney, urinary bladder, brain, lung and gastrointestinal tract tumors \[[@R10]\]. VEGF is a family composed of five isoforms denominated VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and placental growth factor (PlGF). Each of these factors exerts its activity through binding to three high-affinity transmembrane receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2 and VEGFR3), and then promote angiogenesis through its ability to stimulate the growth, migration and invasion of endothelial cells \[[@R11]--[@R15]\]. Current evidence suggests that the interaction between VEGF and VEGFR-1(Flt1) plays a minor role in angiogenesis, while VEGFR-2 (Flk1/KDR: VEGFR-2 also known as KDR in human and Flk1 in mouse) mediates the major angiogenic function of VEGF \[[@R16], [@R17]\]. VEGFR-2 is strongly auto-phosphorylated in tumors by elevated VEGF expression \[[@R18]\]. VEGF binds to specific transmembrane receptors on ECs and lymphatic vessels in endothelial cell \[[@R19], [@R20]\]. VEGFR-2 signaling activation induces the phosphorylation of various downstream signal transduction mediators, including phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which ultimately control processes critical to angiogenesis such as endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tubulogenesis \[[@R21]--[@R24]\]. Therefore, VEGF and VEGFR-2 become potential molecular targets for anti-angiogenic tumor therapy. Several approaches have been taken to block VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathways, such as inhibition of endogenous VEGF release and prevention of VEGF from binding to VEGFR-2 \[[@R25]\].
In recent years, some studies have revealed that natural products which exist in the traditional Chinese medicines \[[@R26]\], have the potential properties in treating different types of cancers. Toad venom (called "*Chansu*" in China) is a product of the skin gland of toads such as *Bufo bufo gargarizans* etc \[[@R27], [@R28]\], which has been widely used as a cardiotonic, diuretic, anodyne and hemostatic agent \[[@R29]\]. *Chansu* has been used as significant anticancer agents, amending the life quality of cancer patients \[[@R30]\]. Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that *Chansu* and its active compounds exhibit significant anti-tumor activity via the inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of cell differentiation and apoptosis, disruption of the cell cycle, inhibition of angiogenesis, reversal of multidrug resistance, and regulation of the immune response \[[@R31]\]. A previous study suggests that *Chansu* could induce apoptosis of cancer cells, such as human gastric cancer and bladder cancer cells \[[@R32], [@R33]\]. Gamabufotalin (CS-6), a major bufadienolide isolated from *Chansu*, had the high content of 1.75%-5%, and significant anti-tumor activity. It has been found that it is used for anti-inflammatory, acesodyne and anti-neoplasti. Our previous studies also found that CS-6 suppressed human lung cancer A549 cell proliferation, migration and invasion \[[@R34]\]. However, potential influence of CS-6 in endothelial angiogenic activity is totally unknown.
In this study, we have investigated the effects of gamabufotalin (CS-6) on angiogenesis and characterized the underlying molecular mechanisms. The anti-angiogenesis properties of CS-6 were evaluated *in vitro* using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) proliferation, migration and tube formation assays, *ex vivo* by aortic ring assay and *in vivo* by matrigel plug assay mouse models. Our results exhibited that CS-6 inhibited VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in endothelial cells, which suggesting that CS-6 could be used as a potential anti-angiogenesis agent that targets VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathways.
RESULTS {#s2}
=======
CS-6 inhibits VEGF-induced cell proliferation of HUVECs {#s2_1}
-------------------------------------------------------
As an importance of proliferation for endothelial angiogenesis and tumor growth \[[@R35]\], we firstly investigated the influence of CS-6 (Fig. [1A](#F1){ref-type="fig"}) in human endothelial cells proliferation. After treatment for HUVECs with a range of CS-6 (0, 1, 10, 25, 50 and 75 nM) for 12 h and 24 h and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. The results revealed CS-6 has mild inhibition for HUVECs proliferation and showed no obvious cytotoxicity at low concentration (Fig. [1B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F1}
We further determined whether CS-6 inhibited VEGF-induced HUVECs cell growth using MTT assay. As shown in Fig. [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}, the number of HUVECs stimulated with VEGF for 24 h and 48 h increased about 1.25 folds and 1.9 folds, respectively. These results showed that CS-6 could inhibit VEGF-induced cell growth in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner; however we observed a greater inhibition by the CS-6 in VEGF stimulated HUVECs proliferation in comparison with absence of VEGF (Fig. [1C](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, our data showed that CS-6 was a potent inhibitor of VEGF-activated endothelial cell proliferation.
CS-6 inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration and invasion {#s2_2}
------------------------------------------------------------------
Cell migration and invasion are essential for endothelial cells during angiogenesis. We next investigated the effects of CS-6 on cell migration and invasion by wound healing assays and Transwell assays, respectively. The results showed that CS-6 significantly inhibited the migrating and invasive properties of VEGF-induced endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. [2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [2B](#F2){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
As cell cytoskeleton and stress fibre formation are key cellular events involved in cell migration, we further investigated the effects of CS-6 on these aspects. Confocal image analysis of individual cells revealed that VEGF caused a robust induction of stress fibre formation which was inhibited by 50 nM CS-6 (Fig. [2C](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). As activation of cofilin is an essential component of actin polymerization and depolymerization, and significantly affects cell cytoskeleton reorganization, we examined the effects of CS-6 on VEGF-induced phosphorylated cofilin using immunofluorescence techniques. Results showed in Fig. [2D](#F2){ref-type="fig"} demonstrate that 50nM CS-6 reduced VEGF-induced cofilin phosphorylation and activation. Furthermore, western blotting further confirmed the phosphorylation and activation of cofilin were reduced by CS-6 in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. [2E](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). These results suggest that CS-6 inhibited VEGF triggered HUVECs motility by affecting cofilin activity and cell stress fibre formation.
CS-6 suppresses VEGF-induced anti-apoptosis of HUVECs {#s2_3}
-----------------------------------------------------
Consistent with the findings of other investigators that VEGF caused a marked decrease in the apoptosis of HUVECs induced by serum deprivation, as indicated by a VEGF-dependent decrease in cell-surface annexin V binding \[[@R36]\]. We next investigated the effects of CS-6 on VEGF caused anti-apoptosis in HUVECs using Annexin V/propidium iodide assay. As shown in Fig. [3A](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, the experimental group stimulated with VEGF decreased the apoptosis of HUVECs induced by serum deprivation from 8.6% in control cells to 4.3%, however, co-treated with indicated doses CS-6 and VEGF can dramatically increase cell apoptosis in HUVECs compared with VEGF group, which suggests that CS-6 inhibits VEGF-induced anti-apoptosis. We also detected the expression of three key pro-apoptotic proteins (PARP and caspase-3/9), as well as Bcl-2 and Bax protein by Western blot analysis. CS-6 could markedly increase the expression levels of the cleaved caspase-3/9 and PARP proteins, and reduce the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax as compared with the VEGF group (Fig. [3B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F3}
CS-6 inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis *in vitro* and *ex vivo* {#s2_4}
----------------------------------------------------------------
One of the important steps during neo-angiogenesis is the formation and merging of tubes produced by endothelial cells forming a complex network of vessels and capillaries \[[@R37], [@R38]\]. Furthermore, we examined whether CS-6 inhibited VEGF-induced HUVECs tube formation using an *in vitro* angiogenesis tube formation assay. As shown in Fig. [4A](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, HUVECs were placed on the surface of Matrigel, and VEGF (50 ng/mL) significantly enhanced (p\<0.001) the endothelial capillary like structures comparing with solvent treated cells. However, the VEGF effects were blocked by CS-6 treatment in the doses indicated. These data indicated that CS-6 would efficiently impair VEGF induced tube formation in HUVECs.
{#F4}
We further examined the VEGF also induced endothelial cell sprouting in a modified spheroid assay; however, this response was significantly impaired by CS-6 in endothelial cells (Fig. [4B](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Moreover, capillary formation assay was carried out through mouse dorsal aortas in *ex vivo*. After nine days of culture in matrigel, we observed a significant increase in endothelial sprouts from VEGF treated mouse aorta rings, while the microvessel sprouting was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by CS-6 treatment (Fig. [4C](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
CS-6 inhibits the activation of VEGFR-2 in HUVECs {#s2_5}
-------------------------------------------------
It is well appreciated the great contribution of VEGF/VEGFR-2 axis in regulating endothelial mitogenesis as well as migration \[[@R39]\]. Previous studies indicated that blockage of VEGFR-2 activity could significantly limit tumoral neo-angiogenesis process \[[@R40]\]. Considering the CS-6 antagonizing VEGF induced angiogenic effects, we assess the influence of CS-6 on VEGF triggered VEGFR2 phosphorylation and as data shown in Fig. [5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}. As shown in Fig. [5A](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, the addition of exogenous VEGF induced VEGFR-2 phosphorylation in two different phosphorylation sites (Tyr951 and Tyr1175), and VEGFR-2 phosphorylation at both Tyr951 and Tyr1175 was specifically suppressed by treatment with CS-6 without affecting the overall VEGFR-2 expression level. As expected, CS-6 limited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 in a dose-dependent manner. We hypothesized that CS-6 might bind to VEGFR-2 and subsequently affect the interaction between VEGF and VEGFR-2. To verify this possibility, next, the computer docking simulations of the interaction of CS-6 with VEGFR-2 were carried out. Molecular docking studies predicted that CS-6 would bind at the ATP binding site of VEGFR-2. As shown in Fig. [5C](#F5){ref-type="fig"} (a), CS-6 forms five hydrogen bonds with the ATP binding pocket of the VEGFR-2 kinase domain. The CO group at the lactonic ring of CS-6 forms a hydrogen bond with the backbone NH of Cys917. The OH group at the C14 position forms strong hydrogen bonds with the backbone at Cxc1045 and Lys 866 simultaneously. Moreover, 3-OH accepts two hydrogen bonds with the CO and NH residues of Phe843. The result of MOLCAD surface modeling indicated that the lactonic ring of CS-6 extends into the deep hydrophobic cavity of the ATP-binding pocket of VEGFR-2 (Fig. [5C](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, b). Moreover, we carried out Co-IP experiment to further explore whether CS-6 could interfere with the basis for VEGF-VEGFR-2 interaction. As shown in Fig. [5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, both VEGF and VEGFR-2 were detected in the resulting precipitates, indicating that VEGF was associated with VEGFR-2. The expression of phosphor^Tyr1175^-VEGFR-2 was obviously reduced with the treatment of CS-6, which was consistent with the result of Western blotting analysis (Fig. [5B](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). These results showed that CS-6 had little effect on VEGF-VEGFR-2 interaction, but suppressed the activation of VEGFR-2.
{#F5}
CS-6 suppresses activation of VEGFR-2-mediated signaling pathway {#s2_6}
----------------------------------------------------------------
VEGFR-2 activation initiates complex signaling networks with distinct and overlapping functions. We further examined whether CS-6 inhibited VEGFR-2-mediated signaling pathways. As shown in Fig. [5D](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, CS-6 significantly suppressed the activation of VEGFR-2 downstream signaling molecules such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways, which are critical for VEGF/VEGFR-2-mediated angiogenesis. To be specific, p-Erk1/2 and p-p38 were enhanced by VEGF treatment while the expression level of Erk1/2 and p38 remained unchanged, and CS-6 inhibited the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and p38 without affecting total Erk1/2 and p38 expression levels. CS-6 also reduces phosphorylation levels of Akt at Ser473, which is a well-known downstream target of VEGFR-2, however, has no effect on total Akt level. Moreover, the action of CS-6 on PI3K p85 was also examined.
Furthermore, in order to verify the anti-angiogenesis effect of CS-6 is via VEGFR2, we next knocked down VEGFR2 by siRNA, and performed endothelial cell spheroids sprouting assay. As shown in Fig. [5E](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, knockdown of VEGFR2 by siRNA considerably inhibited endothelial cell sprouting in sol group and VEGF group compared with non-siRNA knockdown in a modified spheroid assay, however, there was no obvious difference in CS-6-treatment group. These data indicated that the anti-angiogenesis effect of CS-6 was through VEGFR2 in HUVECs.
CS-6 inhibits VEGF-induced blood vessel formation *in mice* {#s2_7}
-----------------------------------------------------------
To confirm our findings *in vivo*, we assess the impacts of CS-6 on endothelial angiogenesis in lung cancer xenografts model as well as martrigel plugs. model. Our previous study has shown that CS-6 inhibited the growth of lung cancer xenografts in nude mice \[[@R34]\]. Herein, we further examined the vessel density in lung cancer tissue sections visualized using VE-cadherin staining (Red) under immunofluorescent microscope. We chose VE-cadherin because of its modulation of angiogenesis \[[@R41]\], and its expression could reflect the microvessel density in the tissues. Direct inhibition of VE-cadherin function could impact other signaling functions such as modulation of VEGF receptor signaling. As shown in Fig. [6A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, the micro-vessel density identified by VE-cadherin staining was significantly decreased with CS-6 treatment, as compared with the vehicle group. However, we could not exclude possibility that the CS-6 treatment impaired vessel density in the human xenograft was due to the tumor suppressive role of CS-6. To clarify this issue, we further applied matrigel plug assay. After 7 days, matrigel plugs containing VEGF excised from mice were dark red and filled with blood vessels. In contrast, matrigel plugs containing both VEGF and CS-6 were light yellow. The group treated with 5 μM CS-6 was nearly transparent (Fig. [6B](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). We then used FITC-isolectin and DAPI to stain and quantify the number of functional vessels in the matrigel plugs. As shown in Fig. [6C](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, fewer vessels were observed in the matrigel plugs treated with both VEGF and CS-6 than in those plugs treated with VEGF alone. These results indicate that CS-6 can significantly inhibit angiogenesis *in vivo*.
{#F6}
Taken all together, our results showed that gamabufotalin (CS-6) exerted its anti-angiogenic effect by suppressing VEGFR-2 activation.
DISCUSSION {#s3}
==========
Our previous study showed that gamabufotalin (CS-6), in the nanomolar range, markedly reduced cell proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells \[[@R34]\]. However, little is known about the inhibitory effects of CS-6 on angiogenesis and associated molecular mechanism. Angiogenesis is important for tumor growth, maintenance and invasion. Tumor growth is initially fed by nearby blood vessels, and new blood vessels are required to support the growth when the tumor size exceeds a certain size \[[@R42]\]. Therefore, Neo-angiogenesis is the critical step in the development and progression of most of the human cancers, and anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer treatment is a new method for cancer treatment.
In previous study, we found that CS-6 reduced cell growth in several human lung cancer cell lines (IC~50~ was about 55 nM), while had no adverse effect on human normal lung cell line (HLF cells). The interesting observation may suggest that CS-6 would be more favor to affect tumor cell viability, while whether or not it potentially influencing endothelial angiogenesis during tumor development is totally unknown. Herein, we presented in current study that CS-6 showed minor inhibitory effects (IC~50~ was more than 200 nM) on HUVECs, a similar phenomena observed in previous tests of normal human lung cells; however, CS-6 would remarkably inhibit VEGF induced endothelial growth, suggesting it may interact VEGF signaling as well corresponding endothelial bio-function. Indeed, we found that CS-6 could inhibit angiogenesis *in vitro*, *ex vivo* and *in vivo*, and suppress key steps related to angiogenesis, including proliferation, survival, migration and angiogenesis in endothelial cells. However, we noticed the anti-angiogenic effective doses of CS-6 among cell cultures (10, 25 and 50 nM), aortic tissue cultures (500 and 1000 nM) as well animal levels (1000 and 5000 nM) are different, which may be resulted from varied growth environments or complex background. In order to exclude the possibility that toxicity of CS-6 would give raise to false positive phenomenon on endothelial angiogenesis, we well controlled these issues. For example, the doses of CS-6 used in cell cultures were no clear toxic effects determined by MTT assay; in aortic ring tissue cultures, we did not observed CS-6 increased apoptotic endothelial cells by PI staining. Further investigation showed that CS-6 inhibited angiogenesis via suppressing of VEGF-induced VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and activation by targeting the ATP-binding site of VEGFR-2. Here, to the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to reveal that CS-6 inhibits angiogenesis both in *vitro* and *in vivo*.
It has been well documented that Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), as one of the VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling client proteins, plays a central role in the modulation of angiogenesis, and our previous study found CS-6 suppressed COX-2 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Therefore, we investigate whether CS-6 inhibit angiogenesis was associated COX-2 expression. We discovered CS-6 would not affect COX-2 expression in HUVECs in basal culture condition; however, it was able to specifically reduce VEGF-induced elevation of COX-2 in endothelial cells (Data not shown). It demonstrated CS-6 performs clearly different mechanism in regulating COX-2 expression in endothelial cell as a downstream event of VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling with the transcriptional regulation in NSCLC.
Tumor growth depends on angiogenesis and anti-angiogenic therapy is a new therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. Previous research indicates that VEGF/VEGFR-2 signaling pathway is the main cascade involved in angiogenesis growth, and Erk1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways could regulate VEGF expression \[[@R43]\]. VEGFR-2 activation stimulates complex signaling networks with distinct and overlapping functions, including MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways, which play important roles in vascular endothelial cell growth, survival and migration. In this study, we showed that CS-6 suppressed PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways through inhibiting VEGFR-2 activation by targeting the ATP-binding site.
VEGF and its high-affinity receptor VEGFR-2 are the most widely studied factors in angiogenesis. Targeting of VEGFR-2 is an intriguing strategy in the anti-angiogenic therapy of tumors \[[@R44]\], which is essential for the functions of vascular endothelial cells. Thus, we studied whether CS-6 could inhibit VEGF-induced VEGFR-2 activation. In the present study, CS-6 was shown to inhibit VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, computational docking showed that CS-6 occupied the deep hydrophobic pocket in the ATP-binding site of VEGFR-2. In this modeling analysis, five hydroxyl groups bound to the ATP-binding pocket of VEGFR-2 via forming five hydrogen bonds. The CO motif at the lactonic ring of CS-6 forms hydrogen bond with Cys917 of the hinge region of VEGFR-2 \[[@R45]\]. Residue Cys917 is a crucial amino acid for ligand reorganization and binding on the ATP site as reported. The hydroxyl group at the C-14 position of cs6 bound to the ATP-binding pocket of VEGFR-2 via forming two hydrogen bonds with residues Lys866 and Cxc1045 of the polar region. These hydrogen bond interactions were important for improvement the binding affinity of CS-6 to VEGFR-2 \[[@R46]\]. The additional hydrogen bond interactions of CS-6 with Phe843 stabilized its occupation of the hydrophobic pocket of VEGFR-2. These above data suggest that CS-6 may inhibit angiogenesis by targeting VEGFR-2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS {#s4}
=====================
Chemicals and reagents {#s4_1}
----------------------
Gamabufotalin (CS-6) was isolated from *ChanSu* in our lab, which was secreted from the postauricular and skin glands of *Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor* \[[@R34]\]. In our study, CS-6 was dissolved in DMSO as a 100 μM stock solution and diluted in the relevant assay media and kept at −20°C. CS-6 was diluted in culture medium to obtain the desired concentration, which was stable in the dilution with DMSO concentration less than 1‰.
Antibodies and other materials {#s4_2}
------------------------------
3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), M199 and Lectin from Bandeiraea simplicifolia (Griffonia simplicifolia) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO). Recombinant human VEGF~165~ and human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), were obtained from PeproTech Inc. Recombinant human EGF was purchased from ProSpec Company. Matrigel were purchased from BD Bioscience (San Diego, CA). The primary antibodies for VEGF, VEGFR-2, p^Tyr1175^-VEGFR-2, p^Tyr951^-VEGFR-2, p-p38, p-ERK, p38, ERK, Akt, p-Akt, PI3K p110α, PI3K p85, p-PTEN, p-Colifin, Colifin, cleaved-caspase3/9, cleaved-PARP and all the secondary antibodies were acquired from Cell Signaling Technology (Cell Signaling Technology, Inc, USA). The primary antibodies for GAPDH, β-actin, Bax and Bcl-2 were obtained from Proteintech Group (Proteintech Group, Inc., USA). Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit was purchased from Roche (Indianapolis, IN). Control siRNA (5′-uucuuccgaacgugucacgutt-3′) and siRNA against human VEGFR2 (5′-gcggcuaccaguccggauatt-3′) were synthesized by genepharm. Trypsin and DMEM/F12 were obtained from HyClone, and fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Gibico. M199 Medium was bought from LIFE. siRNA and all other chemicals were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. unless otherwise specified.
Cell culture {#s4_3}
------------
Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated from human umbilical vein as described\[[@R47]\]. HUVECs were cultured in M199 containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 25 U/mL heparin, 5 ng/mL bFGF and 10 ng/mL EGF, The cells were cultured in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO~2~ at 37°C.
siRNA transfection {#s4_4}
------------------
After one hour serum free starvation in M199 medium with antibiotics, and HUVECs were transfected with control or siRNA against human VEGFR2 were by lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen) according to manufactory instruction.
Cell proliferation assay {#s4_5}
------------------------
HUVECs viability was measured by MTT assay. Briefly, HUVECs were seeded at 8 × 10^3^ cells/well in 96-well plates, and allowed to adhere to obtain 80% confluent monolayer. The medium was replaced with normal growth medium containing CS-6 (0, 1, 10, 25, 50 and 75 nM). After 12 h or 24 h incubation, the growth of cells was measured at 490 nm using an *EnSpire*® Multimode Plate Reade (Perkin Elmer, USA). The effect of CS-6 on VEGF-induced cell viability was measured by MTT assay. HUVECs (6 × 10^3^ cells/well) were respectively treated with or without VEGF (50 ng/mL) or various concentration of CS-6 (0, 10, 25 and 50 nM) for 24 h and 48 h, and then cell growth was measured. In control cells, equivalent amount of DMSO was added as vehicle. The number of viable cells was presented relative to untreated controls.
Wound healing migration assay {#s4_6}
-----------------------------
HUVECs were allowed to grow into full confluence in 6-well plates. A line of HUVECs was then scraped away in each well using a pipette tip after 6h of serum starvation. Subsequently, cells were washed twice to remove detached cells. Fresh M199 medium containing different concentrations of CS-6 (0, 10, 25 and 50 nM) or vehicle, with or without 50 ng/mL VEGF was added to the scratched monolayers. Images were taken using a Leica DM 14000B microscope after 12 h incubation. The migrated cells were observed from three randomly chosen fields and quantified by manual counting. Inhibition percentage was expressed as percentage of the untreated cells (100%).
Endothelial cell transwell invasion assay {#s4_7}
-----------------------------------------
The motility of HUVECs was performed in 24-well transwell plates \[[@R48]\]. The upper surface of polycarbonate filters with 8 μm pores was coated with 75 μL Matrigel (Matrigel: M199=1:3, without growth factors) and incubated for 0.5 h at 37°C for gelling. Then, Cells were seeded into the upper chambers at a density of 5 × 10^4^ cells per chamber, the bottom chamber were filled with 600 μL M199 with 10% FBS supplemented with VEGF (50 ng/mL) or vehicle. Both top and bottom chamber contained the same concentrations of CS-6. After 24 h incubation, non-invasive cells on the upper membrane surfaces were removed by wiping with cotton swabs. Invaded cells were fixed with methanol and stained with 0.1% Crystal Violet Staining Solution. The membrane was dried in the air. Images were taken using a Leica DM 14000B microscope. Cell invasion counted in five independent areas per membrane. The results were the means calculated from five replicates of each experiment.
Tube formation assay {#s4_8}
--------------------
HUVECs \[1 × 10^4^ in 50 μL M199 medium with 0.1% BSA containing CS-6 (0, 10, 25, 50 nM)\] were seeded on Ibitreat angiogenesis slides (Ibidi, Martinsried, Germany) pre-coated with 10 μL Matrigel, and the formation of tubular like structure was recorded by a Leica DM14000B microscope at 6 hours or 24 hours.
Endothelial cell spheroids sprouting assay {#s4_9}
------------------------------------------
Spheroids were generated by gravity as described \[[@R47]\]. Subsequently, spheroids were harvested by 5 min centrifugation at 1000 rpm and embedded into a collagen gel (containing collagen (1 mg/mL); 1x M199 (sigma); 0.22% NaHCO~3~) with pH at 7.4 adjusted by 0.1 N NaOH. The spheroid-containing gel was rapidly transferred into a 24-well plate and allowed to polymerize at 37°C incubators for 30 min, M199 medium with or without VEGF and CS-6 was applied on top of the gel. Spheroids sprouts were evaluated by measuring the cumulative length of all capillary like sprouts using a Leica DM14000B microscope. At least 5 randomly selected spheroids per experimental group and experiment were analyzed. And sprout length was measured with Image J software.
Aortic ring assay {#s4_10}
-----------------
Aorta from C57/BL6 mice were removed, cleaned and approximate 1mm aortic rings were embedded in a collagen gel (collagen type I, BD Biosciences) in a 48 well plate, After gel polymerization, DMEM/F12 medium (HyClone) supplemented with 2.5% mouse serum. Additional VEGF (50 ng/mL) and CS-6 (500 nM and 1000 nM) were added and the endothelial sprouts were allowed to develop over 9 days. Thereafter, the samples were fixed (4% paraformaldehyde) and endothelial cells were visualized using FITC-Lectin (Sigma) staining under immunofluorescent microscope. The results were the means calculated from five replicates of each experiment.
Matrigel plug assay {#s4_11}
-------------------
All animals were maintained, and animal experiments were done in SPF Laboratory Animal Center at Dalian Medical University. The animals used in this research were 6 weeks old male C57/BL6 mice (three mice per group). Matrigel (0.5 mL/plug) containing 250 ng VEGF and 80 units heparin with various concentrations of CS-6 (1 or 5 μM) were injected (S.C.) into near the axillary fossa of mice. Matrigel mixed with medium alone was used as a negative control. After 9 days of implantation, the matrigel plugs were removed and the surrounding tissues were trimmed. The matrigel plugs were embedded with O.C.T. Compound (Sakura Finetek USA, Inc.). Ten-micron sections were stained by FITC-Lectin (Sigma) staining. The number of blood vessels in high power field (HPF, magnification) was counted under immunofluorescent microscope. The results were the means calculated from five replicates of each experiment.
Microvessel density assay by VE-cadherin staining {#s4_12}
-------------------------------------------------
Human lung xenografts samples were from our previous study \[[@R34]\]. 4μm sections were stained with VE-cadherin (1:200, Santa Cruz, sc-6458) and DAPI (1:5000). The endothelial staining was photographed under immunofluorescent microscope and vessel density was evaluated by Image J software. The results were shown as Mean ± SD from at least 5 tumor samples for each group. The tumor sections were from three treatment groups that each contained five mice.
Molecular modeling {#s4_13}
------------------
Docking studies were performed to explore the potential binding interactions between CS-6 and VEGFR-2. The compound CS-6 was optimized using the semi-empirical PM3 method with the Polak-Ribie\'re conjugate gradient algorithm with an RMS gradient of 0.001 kcal mol^−1^ Å^−1^ as convergence criterion. The optimized structure was further docked into the active site of VEGFR-2 (PDB Code: 1YWN). The crystallographic ligand was extracted from the active site, and the residues within a 6.5 Å radius around the VEGFR-2 molecule were defined as the active site. The Surflex-Dock program was used for the docking calculations with default parameters. MOLCAD surfaces were generated for visualizing the binding mode of the docked protein--ligand complexes.
Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) {#s4_14}
------------------------------
In order to determine the effect of CS-6 on the interaction between VEGFR-2 and VEGF, HUVECs were incubated in M199 with 0.5% FBS for 6 h followed by treating with CS-6 for 4 h, followed by 50 ng/mL VEGF~165~ treatments for 1 h. Briefly, cell extract proteins (500 μg) were pre-cleared by adding 1 μg normal rabbit IgG and 40 μL protein A/G-Agarose beads. Together, they were incubated at 4°C for 1 h with gentle agitation and centrifuge. The supernatants were collected and incubated with a specific rabbit anti-VEGFR-2 antibody at 4°C overnight with gentle rotary agitation. The immune complexes were pulled down by protein A/G agarose beads (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and washed with ice-cold PBS buffer containing proteinase inhibitor for 3 times. After final wash, the immune complexes were released by boiling in 2 × electrophoresis sample buffer for 5 min, followed by western blotting analysis with rabbit anti-VEGFR-2, rabbit anti-phospho^Tyr1175^-VEGFR-2 and mouse anti-VEGF antibodies.
Cell apoptosis analysis {#s4_15}
-----------------------
Cell apoptosis analyses were carried out by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). After treatment, the cells were harvested by 0.25% trypsin and washed by PBS buffer and then stained simultaneously with FITC-labeled annexin V and PI. Stained cells were analyzed using FACS Accuri C6.
F-actin staining and immunofluorescence analysis {#s4_16}
------------------------------------------------
HUVECs were seeded onto coverslips in a 6-well plate. The cells were treated with or without 50 μM CS-6 for 1h and then were stimulated with 50 ng/mL VEGF for 15min. After that, the cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min, and then permeabilized with 0.2% Triton X-100 for 5 min at room temperature. Actin filaments were stained by phalloidin-FITC for 20 min, and nuclei were detected by DAPI. For phosphorcofilin immunofluorescence, cells were blocked with 5% BSA in PBS for 1 h. After washing three times with PBS, cells were incubated with antibody against phospho-cofilin overnight at 4°C, and then with secondary antibodies for another 1 h at room temperature. Next, cell nuclei were stained by DAPI for 5 min. The slides were examined with a Leica DM 14000B confocal microscope.
Western blotting {#s4_17}
----------------
To determine the effects of CS-6 on VEGFR-2-dependent signaling cascade, starved HUVECs were treated with CS-6 for 6 h, followed by 50ng/mL VEGF~165~ treatments for 1 h. Cells were lysed with an appropriate cold lysis buffer (Beyotime Biotechnology, China) supplemented with proteinase inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, USA). Protein concentrations were determined using a BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime Biotechnology, China). Proteins (50 μg) were applied to 8% to 12% SDS-PAGE gels and transferred onto a PVDF membrance (Millipore, USA). The membranes were incubated with specific primary antibodies. Protein bands were detected using an enhanced chemiluminescence method. Bands were normalized with GAPDH or β-actin as an internal control. Similar experiments were performed at least three times.
Statistical analysis {#s4_18}
--------------------
Data are represented as mean ± SD obtained for at least three independent experiments. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA. P\<0.05 was considered to be a statistically significant difference. SPSS 17.0 software was used for all statistical analysis. The mean density of the interest bands (where mentioned) was determined using Scion Image software.
CONCLUSION {#s5}
==========
We demonstrated for the first time that CS-6 as a natural bufadienolide, exhibited the significant anti-angiogenesis effect by inhibiting proliferation, migration, invasion, tube formation and enhancing apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, its molecular mechanisms inhibiting angiogenesis are mainly mediated through suppressing the VEGF/VEGFR-2-mediated signaling cascades by targeting ATP binding site, inactivating PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways. From the above, these findings strongly demonstrate that CS-6 could serve as a potential candidate for anti-angiogenic therapy and a potent inhibitor of VEGFR-2-activated.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81274047, 81473334, 81503201 and 81303146), Education Department of Liaoning Province (LR2014025 and L2014352), Distinguished professor of Liaoning Province, Outstanding Youth Science and Technology Talents of Dalian (2014J11JH132), and Innovation Team of Dalian Medical University.
**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST**
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
ZY, LS and XM contributed to the conception or design of the work. NT, LS, ZY, PD, CW, XH, BZ, SH, SD and XM contributed to the acquisition, analysis or interpretation of data for the work. NT and ZY drafted the manuscript. LS, KL, TM, XW, LW and XM revised the manuscript. All authors have read and approved submission of this manuscript and take full responsibility for the manuscript.
|
Benedict Cumberbatch can ride that "War Horse" all the way into production on J. J. Abrams' "Star Trek" sequel. The actor ("Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy," "Atonement," voices in the upcoming "The Hobbit") has boarded the Paramount franchise, and rumor has it it's to play to play the villain...
Benedict Cumberbatch can ride that "War Horse" all the way into production on J. J. Abrams' "Star Trek" sequel. Britain's go-to-chameleon ("Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy," "Atonement," "The Hobbit") has boarded the Paramount franchise, and rumors abound as to which villain he'll play (is it Khan?). He will be joined by other "Trek" newbies Noel Clarke, Alice Eve and Peter Weller, as well as the returning Chris Pine, Zachary Quinto, Zoe Saldana, Simon Pegg, Anton Yelchin, Karl Urban and John Cho.
Abrams, who plans to post-convert the film to 3-D (aargh) wrote the script with Damon Lindelof, Alex Kurtzman & Roberto Orci. Release is set for May 17, 2013. |
1. Introduction {#sec1-molecules-24-01383}
===============
According to the Global Risks Report 2018, failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation is among the top five global risks \[[@B1-molecules-24-01383]\]. Reducing the greenhouse gas emissions by producing decarbonized energy is one of the European Union's main objectives. Consequently, solar energy has developed considerably to tackle the greenhouse effect. By 2030, concentrated solar thermal energy, specifically, has been called upon to supply up to 7% of the world's energy demands. This number will grow to 25% by 2050 if concentrated solar thermal energy efficiency continues to develop \[[@B2-molecules-24-01383]\].
One of the main concerns regarding solar thermal technologies is the need to improve their competitiveness towards conventional power plants. To achieve that goal, reducing their levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) and enhancing their dispatchability are issues to be addressed, and concentrated solar power (CSP) plants are the most feasible option to provide power to the grid according to energy demands \[[@B3-molecules-24-01383]\].
Regarding thermal energy storage systems, three different technologies are pursued by researchers: Sensible heat, latent heat, and thermochemical energy storage. Among those, latent heat storage using phase change materials (PCM) provides an efficient solution due to its high energy storage density \[[@B4-molecules-24-01383]\].
Researchers in the solar energy field are focused on lowering the operational and maintenance costs of solar plants. Hence, the selection of proper storage materials is an important task, regarding not only the direct cost of the material but also the storage shell and safety issues. Several phase change materials have been studied at different working temperature ranges, including carefully selected thermal characterizations. The latter studies were developed mainly by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) \[[@B5-molecules-24-01383]\], polarized light microscopy and rheological measurements \[[@B6-molecules-24-01383]\], or thermal cycling tests to check the aging of the PCM. Additionally, health hazard studies were developed by Miró et al. \[[@B7-molecules-24-01383]\], Gasia et.al \[[@B8-molecules-24-01383]\] and Maldonado et al. \[[@B9-molecules-24-01383]\].
Considering storage materials have to be contained in a tank or even pumped in some CSP plants (with a two molten salts tank system), material characterization must be completed with a corrosion study. Corrosion tests are required to ensure the integrity of the facility and extend the life of the plant, as well as to reduce the operational budget as much as possible. The correct selection of materials for the tank, pipes and other items is a key parameter when designing a plant as the material costs are directly related to its capacity to resist corrosion. Consequently, the power plant's LCOE can be lowered. There is a large list of available metals which can be used to build the storage tanks. Regarding alloys, the list contains nickel-iron alloy, stainless steel and carbon steels, listed from highest to lowest resistance to corrosion. Additionally, copper and aluminium are considered suitable choices for piping materials. From the alloy list, nickel-iron alloys are rarely chosen for current CSP technology due to their high cost. Several stainless steels were put through corrosion tests, as well as different carbon steel alloys in which the chromium percentage was varied \[[@B10-molecules-24-01383]\], using solar salt (60 wt.% NaNO~3~ + 40 wt.% KNO~3~), the molten salt currently used as a storage material in CSP plants. Fernandez et al. \[[@B11-molecules-24-01383]\] studied the corrosive effects of solar salt on stainless steel (AISI 304, 430) and on low-Cr steel (2.25 % Cr) at 390 ºC and at 550 °C. The samples were analysed by gravimetric analysis. As a result of this study, only the stainless steel 304 overcame the corrosion process. Also, Fernandez et al. \[[@B12-molecules-24-01383]\] carried out a similar corrosion test on stainless steel 347, which is one of the most commonly used materials in CSP plants, immersing the steel in solar salts doped with nanoparticles (Al~2~O~3~ or SiO~2~). The procedure followed was the same as that of Reference \[[@B11-molecules-24-01383]\], using gravimetric tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) to detect the resulting corrosion, producing favourable findings. Dorcheh et al. \[[@B13-molecules-24-01383]\] also tested the immersion of alloys in solar salts. The chosen alloys were two ferritic steels---which did not withstand corrosion---two stainless steels (316 and 347H) and an NI-alloy (IN625), with the latter three materials showing satisfactory corrosion rates. In order to determine the corrosion rates, Dorcheh et al carried out gravimetric tests, followed by SEM analysis and electro probe micro-analysis (EPMA). It can be observed that the latter research studies were focused on solar salts (used as sensible heat storage) at temperatures higher than 500 °C. Several corrosion studies were carried out on materials with a final goal to work as a PCM. However, such studies were developed at low temperatures (up to 70 °C) \[[@B14-molecules-24-01383],[@B15-molecules-24-01383],[@B16-molecules-24-01383]\]. In the current literature regarding the corrosion rates of phase change materials in CSP applications, there is a gap when temperatures of up to 300 °C are reached.
With the aim of developing a thermal energy storage (TES) system that works in conjunction with a linear Fresnel CSP plant at a working storage temperature of 250 °C, there are two suitable materials at this temperature range when considering the thermophysical properties: Solar salt and myo-inositol (C~6~H~12~O~6~) ([Table 1](#molecules-24-01383-t001){ref-type="table"}) \[[@B9-molecules-24-01383]\]. These two compounds were selected from a list of nine PCM candidates with melting temperatures between 210 °C and 270 °C. The selection was made based on the thermophysical properties defined by Maldonado et al. \[[@B9-molecules-24-01383]\], and are summarized in [Table 1](#molecules-24-01383-t001){ref-type="table"}. The current study completes the characterization of both materials by carrying out a corrosion test in contact with copper, aluminium, stainless steel (SS304), and carbon steel (AISI 1090).
2. Results and Discussion {#sec2-molecules-24-01383}
=========================
2.1. Corrosion Produced by Solar Salt {#sec2dot1-molecules-24-01383}
-------------------------------------
[Figure 1](#molecules-24-01383-f001){ref-type="fig"} shows the gravimetric weight loss chart obtained when immersing copper, aluminium, and stainless and carbon steel in solar salt at 250 °C for 2000 h. Stainless steel and aluminium can withstand the corrosion since they did not show weight loss at 250 °C. However, carbon steel and copper showed opposite results. Regarding carbon steel, the corrosion suffered during the 2000-h test was almost steady, demonstrating a corrosion rate of 0.01112 mm/year. For copper, the results showed a decreased capacity to withstand corrosion, and considering that the gravimetric curve will not continue to drop, the corrosion rate was 0.04437 mm/year. Nevertheless, it has to be taken into account that the trend showed by copper in [Figure 1](#molecules-24-01383-f001){ref-type="fig"} could signify even worse results at longer periods.
To explain these results, a micro-structural (surface and cross section) study of the four coupons using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These analyses were completed on the probes taken out of the crucibles after 2000 h, without performing any cleaning processes---unlike in the gravimetric study. [Figure 2](#molecules-24-01383-f002){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 3](#molecules-24-01383-f003){ref-type="fig"} show the specimen surface morphology of aluminium and SS304, respectively, after 2000 h of immersion in stainless steel. As it was foreseen based on the gravimetric study, the samples were not corroded. [Figure 4](#molecules-24-01383-f004){ref-type="fig"} depicts the carbon steel coupon surface, showing a layer composed of Fe, O and Ca (an impurity present in the salt) covering the sample. Subtle corrosion effects can also be recognized in the cross-section sample ([Figure 5](#molecules-24-01383-f005){ref-type="fig"}), wherein a non-protective corrosion layer of oxygen and calcium was obtained. The corrosion products were confirmed by XRD ([Figure 6](#molecules-24-01383-f006){ref-type="fig"}) and Fe~3~O~4~ was detected as the main corrosion product detected. The worst performance was observed in the copper specimen, as expected from the gravimetric chart ([Figure 1](#molecules-24-01383-f001){ref-type="fig"}). [Figure 7](#molecules-24-01383-f007){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 8](#molecules-24-01383-f008){ref-type="fig"} show a detailed picture of the surface and the cross-section, respectively, of the copper coupon. A corrosion layer 5.14 µm in thickness can be easily identified in [Figure 8](#molecules-24-01383-f008){ref-type="fig"} and the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed this conjecture. When tested, this corrosion layer possessed a 28.61% oxygen fraction. When comparing points A and B in the figure, a protective corrosion layer (A) that formed on the copper surface may also be observed.
Finally, x-ray diffraction (XRD) assays were performed to detect the corrosion that occurred. Only the results obtained from copper and carbon steel specimens were plotted following analysis, as these are the samples attacked by corrosion. XRD carried out on carbon steel ([Figure 6](#molecules-24-01383-f006){ref-type="fig"}) detected magnetite (Fe~3~O~4~) as the main corrosion product. As shown in [Figure 9](#molecules-24-01383-f009){ref-type="fig"}, cuprous oxide (Cu~2~O) was detected as a result of immersion in the solar salt.
All in all, solar salt has proven its compatibility with three out of the four assessed metals. Beginning with a rejection of copper due to its low corrosion resistance, from the other candidates, aluminium and SS304 have shown better corrosion resistance than carbon steel. However, aluminium and SS304 are approximately double and triple the price of carbon steel (AISI 1090), respectively. For that reason, a trade-off between price and the lifespan of the material needs to be considered.
2.2. Corrosion Produced by Myo-Inositol (C~6~H~12~O~6~) {#sec2dot2-molecules-24-01383}
-------------------------------------------------------
The gravimetric weight loss chart when immersing copper, aluminium, and stainless and carbon steel in myo-inositol at 250 °C for 2000 h is plotted in [Figure 10](#molecules-24-01383-f010){ref-type="fig"}. These results show irregular behaviour due to the high viscosity of the molten sugar, which strongly sticks to the coupons. This stacked sugar forms a crystal compound when solid, which can drag off possible corrosion products if it sloughs off itself.
The gravimetric chart corresponds to the weight lost following the corrosion process. It is important to highlight that the high viscosity found in sugar alcohol represents a significant influence to the cleaning process.
[Figure 11](#molecules-24-01383-f011){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 12](#molecules-24-01383-f012){ref-type="fig"} show a thick layer of myo-inositol stacked on the aluminium probe. The spectrums A and B analysed on the aluminium surface probe ([Figure 11](#molecules-24-01383-f011){ref-type="fig"}) indicate a notable presence of the sugar (C wt.%), which can also be visually identified. The sugar layer thickness grows up to 15.51 µm after 2000 h at 250 °C ([Figure 12](#molecules-24-01383-f012){ref-type="fig"}). However, there is no corrosion present on the aluminium specimen. When assessing the stainless steel coupon ([Figure 13](#molecules-24-01383-f013){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 14](#molecules-24-01383-f014){ref-type="fig"}), the sugar layer found was thinner compared to the aluminium specimen, probably due to the latter's ductility, as it makes it easier for the molten myo-inositol to adhere to it. The carbon steel ([Figure 15](#molecules-24-01383-f015){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 16](#molecules-24-01383-f016){ref-type="fig"}) and copper ([Figure 17](#molecules-24-01383-f017){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 18](#molecules-24-01383-f018){ref-type="fig"}) specimens---unlike the others---show a different morphology, which could suggest some other corrosion products besides the stuck sugar. On both surfaces, a layer of stuck myo-inositol can be appreciated, which seems to be thinner than the one stacked on the aluminium and SS304 probes.
The cross-section morphology of both coupons, shown in [Figure 16](#molecules-24-01383-f016){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 18](#molecules-24-01383-f018){ref-type="fig"} and corresponding to AISI 1090 and Cu, respectively, confirmed that the layer on the base material is different. Not only is the layer not uniform all over the probe, but the texture is also different, suggesting that on this occasion there is slight corrosion of the specimens. Nevertheless, the corrosion rates shown by each material when immersed in myo-inositol at 250 °C for 2000 h are not very significant ([Table 2](#molecules-24-01383-t002){ref-type="table"}), with all of them being lower than 0.02 mm per year.
Finally, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed on the specimens after the corrosion test ([Figure 19](#molecules-24-01383-f019){ref-type="fig"}, [Figure 20](#molecules-24-01383-f020){ref-type="fig"}, [Figure 21](#molecules-24-01383-f021){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 22](#molecules-24-01383-f022){ref-type="fig"}), confirming the presence of myo-inositol adhered in the materials surface. [Figure 19](#molecules-24-01383-f019){ref-type="fig"}, [Figure 20](#molecules-24-01383-f020){ref-type="fig"} and [Figure 22](#molecules-24-01383-f022){ref-type="fig"} show the presence of myo-inositol on the aluminium, SS304 and copper coupons, respectively, asserting that the sugar sticks on the metal probes. In [Figure 21](#molecules-24-01383-f021){ref-type="fig"}, however, a corrosion product of carbon steel (Fe~3~O~4~) may be observed.
All tests performed using myo-inositol appear to discourage the use of this material as a PCM beyond its corrosion rate since the sugar strongly sticks to the metals, making it extremely difficult to manage.
2.3. Uncertainties Analysis {#sec2dot3-molecules-24-01383}
---------------------------
In order to show the impact of the different parameter uncertainties on the results, an uncertainty analysis was performed. This analysis is required to determine and validate the present study. The uncertainties of the measured parameters are shown in [Table 3](#molecules-24-01383-t003){ref-type="table"}, while the mass loss on every single specimen was calculated using an equation reported in Reference \[[@B18-molecules-24-01383]\] (Equation (1)). $$\frac{\Delta m}{S_{0}}~ = ~\frac{m_{f} - m_{i}}{S_{0}}~~~~$$ where *m~i~* is the initial mass of the specimen, *m~f~* is the mass of the same at time t, and *S~0~* is the initial area of the specimen.
Equation (2) allows for an estimation of the uncertainties of the parameters, calculated using the measured ones ([Table 4](#molecules-24-01383-t004){ref-type="table"}). The uncertainty was estimated for each sample. [Table 5](#molecules-24-01383-t005){ref-type="table"} shows the uncertainty in the mass loss of each of the specimens studied, as well as the parameters (area and weight difference) used in the calculation. Equation (2) is given as:$$W_{R} = \left\lbrack {\left( {\frac{\partial R}{\partial x_{1}} \cdot w_{x_{1}}} \right)^{2} + \left( {\frac{\partial R}{\partial x_{2}} \cdot w_{x_{2}}} \right)^{2} + \ldots + \left( {\frac{\partial R}{\partial x_{n}} \cdot w_{x_{n}}} \right)^{2}} \right\rbrack^{1/2}$$ where *W~R~* is the estimated uncertainty, *R* is the function based on the measured parameters, *x~n~* represents the range of measured parameters, and *w~x~* represents the uncertainties of those measured parameters.
3. Materials and Methods {#sec3-molecules-24-01383}
========================
The corrosive environment used in this research is a eutectic mixture of 40 wt.% KNO~3~ and 60 wt.% NaNO~3~, commonly called solar salt, and myo-inositol (C~6~H~12~O~6~), which is a sugar alcohol regularly used in food industries under the U.S.A NF12/FCCV standard. The first of the selected materials was an inorganic compound: 98% purity KNO~3~ from VWR and Panreac Química provided \>99% purity NaNO~3~, while the other studied material was an organic compound, more specifically a sugar alcohol: \>98% purity Pentaerythritol from Xia'an lyphar biotech Co. (Xi'an, China).
To quantitatively evaluate the corrosion rate, a gravimetric analysis was performed. This assay required an immersion of the different metal samples ([Figure 23](#molecules-24-01383-f023){ref-type="fig"}) into the corrosive environment for 2000 h at 250 °C; the chemical composition of every metal compound can be found in [Table 6](#molecules-24-01383-t006){ref-type="table"}. The specimens were completely dipped in porcelain or PTFE crucibles ([Figure 24](#molecules-24-01383-f024){ref-type="fig"}), combining every metal specimen with the two different PCMs. The crucibles were kept in a furnace at 250 °C so the PCMs were always in a liquid state. Importantly, the myo-inositol was confined in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) closed crucibles following the advice from previous works with this compound \[[@B9-molecules-24-01383]\].
The specimens used in the corrosion test were measured in order to determine the area in contact with the molten salt. The dimensions of the analysed samples in the gravimetric corrosion tests were 27 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm. The dimensions of each sample were measured using an electronic calibre, as well as weighed using an analytical balance with a 0.00001 g responsiveness (Mettler Toledo AG135). Once the samples were removed, coupons were cooled slowly and then dried and weighed. The mass gained over time was calculated using Equation (1). The gravimetric curve is completed using this value (Y axis) and time of exposure (X axis). In this study, the total time exposed was 2000 h and the samples were taken and measured at 100, 1000 and 2000 h.
During the drying (samples were cleaned after immersion using hot water in order to remove the salt or sugar remaining) and handling processes, specimens can undergo spallation and therefore loss of corrosion layers due to variation in the thermal expansion coefficients of different oxides formed on the surface of the steel. This phenomenon could produce non-accurate values during gravimetric testing. In order to avoid this uncertainty, the other way to evaluate the gravimetric corrosion involves the opposite evaluation.
In this alternative method, the weight lost in the steel sample after removing the corrosion layer produced during the corrosion process is measured. The methodology proposed by the ASTM standard (G1-03) \[[@B19-molecules-24-01383]\] to evaluate corrosion is widely used in many fields.
The procedure involves corroded metal immersed in a cleaning solution that reacts with the oxide layer and depends on the nature of the base material. The ASTM standard proposes different solutions and thermal treatments, thereby ensuring the removal of the corrosion products only. In this study, three different dissolutions were needed for this test: A 10 vol.% sulphuric acid (H~2~SO~4~) dissolution for cleaning the copper specimens, a dissolution of 50 ml hydrochloric acid (HCl), 1 g antimony trioxide (Sb~2~O~3~), and 2.5 g stannous chloride (SnCl~2~) to clean both the steel samples, and nitric acid (HNO~3~ 96%) to clean the aluminium probe.
Finally, when removed from the corrosive medium, the metal specimens were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) to detect the corrosion produced, and therefore extra specimens were required. All in all, 40 metal samples---10 per each metal---were required. The XRD device used was the PANalytical X´Pert PRO model, and measures were taken from 5 to 120° with a step size of 0.017°, while the SEM model used was the Quanta 250, Thermofisher.
4. Conclusions {#sec4-molecules-24-01383}
==============
The presented work performed a corrosion study of four different metals in solar salt (40 wt.% KNO~3~/60 wt.% NaNO~3~) and myo-inositol (C~6~H~12~O~6~), with the aim of using those as PCMs to be applied as thermal energy storage materials in linear Fresnel CSP plants. The study comprised of assays with aluminium, stainless steel (AISI 304), carbon steel (AISI 1090), and copper.
The results obtained when performing the corrosion assays showed that solar salt was compatible with aluminium, stainless steel and carbon steel. However, the corrosion rate of the copper sample was high enough (0.04437 mm/year) to justify discarding it. With regard to the three plausible options, the corrosion rate of carbon steel (AISI 1090) was higher than the other candidates, but still was acceptable depending on the application lifespan.
The results shown by the corrosion tests performed with myo-inositol did not allow for an accurate conclusion concerning the corrosion resistance of the four metals, since the sugar strongly stuck to the metal coupons. It has to be taken into account that despite the closed atmosphere for the experiments with myo-inositol, the oxygen was still able to oxidize the myo-inositol, combusting the sugar and leaving nothing but ashes and the myo-inositol stuck on the probe. All in all, the use of myo-inositol as a PCM has to be discouraged.
The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREiA (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is a certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia.
**Sample Availability:** Myo-inositol, NaNO~3~, KNO~3~ and tested materials, copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), carbon steel (AISI 1090) and stainless steel (AISI 304).
L.F.C. and Á.G.F. conceived and designed the experiments; Á.G.F. and J.M.M. performed the experiments and analyzed the data; J.M.M. wrote the paper. All authors contributed to discuss the obtained results. The article was reviewed by every single co-author.
The research received funding from Spanish government (MINECO/FEDER), grant number ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R. This work was partially funded by the European Union´s Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement 723596 with reference name Innova MicroSolar. José Miguel Maldonado received funding from the Spanish Government for his research fellowship, grant number BES-2016-076554. Ángel G. Fernández has received funding from the European Union\'s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 712949 (TECNIOspring PLUS) and from the Agency for Business Competitiveness of the Government of Catalonia. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
{#molecules-24-01383-f001}
{#molecules-24-01383-f002}
{#molecules-24-01383-f003}
{#molecules-24-01383-f004}
{#molecules-24-01383-f005}
{#molecules-24-01383-f006}
{#molecules-24-01383-f007}
{#molecules-24-01383-f008}
{#molecules-24-01383-f009}
{#molecules-24-01383-f010}
{#molecules-24-01383-f011}
{#molecules-24-01383-f012}
{#molecules-24-01383-f013}
{#molecules-24-01383-f014}
{#molecules-24-01383-f015}
{#molecules-24-01383-f016}
{#molecules-24-01383-f017}
{#molecules-24-01383-f018}
{#molecules-24-01383-f019}
{#molecules-24-01383-f020}
{#molecules-24-01383-f021}
{#molecules-24-01383-f022}
{#molecules-24-01383-f023}
{#molecules-24-01383-f024}
molecules-24-01383-t001_Table 1
######
Phase change material (PCM) candidates with melting points between 210 °C and 270 °C which successfully completed thermal characterization.
Material Price \[€/kg\] Melting Temperature \[°C\] Melting Enthalpy \[J/g\] Ref.
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
**Myo-inositol (C~6~H~12~O~6~)** 8--10 220 190--223 \[[@B9-molecules-24-01383],[@B17-molecules-24-01383]\]
**Solar salt (40 wt.% KNO~3~/ 60 wt.% NaNO~3~)** 33 222 94--100 \[[@B9-molecules-24-01383],[@B11-molecules-24-01383]\]
molecules-24-01383-t002_Table 2
######
Corrosion rate of the different materials in solar salt and myo-inositol.
Solar Salt Myo-inositol
------------------------------ ------------ --------------
**Aluminium** 0.0015 0.0150
**Stainless Steel AISI 304** 0.0012 0.0182
**Carbon Steel (AISI 1090)** 0.0111 0.0178
**Copper** 0.0444 0.0116
molecules-24-01383-t003_Table 3
######
Uncertainties of the different parameters involved in the analyses of the present study.
Parameter Units Sensor Accuracy
--------------- ------- ---------------------- ------------
**Weight** g Mettler Toledo AG135 ±0.00001 g
**Length** mm Digital caliper ±0.01 mm
**Width** mm Digital caliper ±0.01 mm
**Thickness** mm Digital caliper ±0.01 mm
molecules-24-01383-t004_Table 4
######
Parameters calculated from the measurements.
Weight Difference Area Mass Loss
-------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------- ----------------
**Carbon Steel (AISI 1090)** 1.33 × 10^−3^ 569.125 2.337 × 10^−6^
1.05 × 10^−3^ 658.436 1.595 × 10^−6^
1.33 × 10^−3^ 667.290 1.993 × 10^−6^
**Copper** 1.55 × 10^−3^ 595.823 2.601 × 10^−6^
3.18 × 10^−3^ 640.614 4.964 × 10^−6^
5.62 × 10^−3^ 627.983 8.949 × 10^−6^
**Stainless steel (AISI 304)** 0.18 × 10^−3^ 552.278 3.259 × 10^−6^
0.18 × 10^−3^ 656.986 2.740 × 10^−6^
0.14 × 10^−3^ 638.872 2.191 × 10^−6^
**Aluminium** 0.3 × 10^−3^ 569.180 5.271 × 10^−6^
0.21 × 10^−3^ 643.462 3.264 × 10^−6^
0.06 × 10^−3^ 647.667 9.264 × 10^−6^
molecules-24-01383-t005_Table 5
######
Estimated uncertainties of the calculated parameters.
Uncertainty Weight Difference Area Mass Loss
-------------------------------- ------------------- ------- ----------- ---------------- ---------------- -------
**Carbon Steel (AISI 1090)** 0.00001 0.752 0.069 0.012 1.757 × 10^−8^ 0.752
0.00001 0.952 0.069 0.011 1.519 × 10^−8^ 0.953
0.00001 0.752 0.069 0.010 1.499 × 10^−8^ 0.752
**Copper** 0.00001 0.645 0.069 0.012 1.679 × 10^−8^ 0.645
0.00001 0.314 0.069 0.011 1.562 × 10^−8^ 0.315
0.00001 0.178 0.069 0.011 1.595 × 10^−8^ 0.178
**Stainless steel (AISI 304)** 0.00001 5.556 0.069 0.013 1.81 × 10^−8^ 5.556
0.00001 5.556 0.069 0.011 1.522 × 10^−8^ 5.556
0.00001 7.143 0.069 0.011 1.565 × 10^−8^ 7.143
**Aluminum** 0.00001 3.333 0.069 0.012 1.757 × 10^−8^ 3.333
0.00001 4.762 0.069 0.011 1.554 × 10^−8^ 4.762
0.00001 16.667 0.069 0.011 1.544 × 10^−8^ 16.667
molecules-24-01383-t006_Table 6
######
Chemical composition of the materials tested in molten salts.
Steels Weight (%)
-------------------------------- ------------ ---------- ------ ------- ------ ------------ ------ --------- ----- ------
**Stainless steel (AISI 304)** \- 1.7 8.04 18.28 \- \- \- Balance \- 0.27
**Carbon steel (AISI 1090)** \- 0.6--0.9 \- \- 0.04 0.85--0.98 0.05 Balance \- \-
**Aluminium** 100 \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \-
**Copper** \- \- \- \- \- \- \- \- 100 \-
|
[Life change events and the development of mental disorders].
The role of biologic, psychological and social factors and their interactions in etiology of psychotic disorders, is the objective of studies in psychiatry during the last 20 years. These changes in the outside world and social environment as well as life events may affect the development of psychopathologic phenomena in "sensitive" persons. This paper presents life events as predisposing factors (connection between life events in childhood and psychopathology in adulthood) and precipitating factors (life events which occur during the period which precedes the onset of the diseases) of psychotic disorders. |
pfSense® software 2.2.1 release is now available, bringing a number of bug fixes and some security fixes.
Security Fixes
pfSense-SA-15_02.igmp: Integer overflow in IGMP protocol (FreeBSD-SA-15:04.igmp)
pfSense-SA-15_03.webgui: Multiple XSS Vulnerabilities in the pfSense WebGUI
pfSense-SA-15_04.webgui: Arbitrary file deletion vulnerability in the pfSense WebGUI
FreeBSD-EN-15:01.vt: vt(4) crash with improper ioctl parameters
FreeBSD-EN-15:02.openssl: Update to include reliability fixes from OpenSSL
A note on the OpenSSL “FREAK” vulnerability:
Does not affect the web server configuration on the firewall as it does not have export ciphers enabled.
pfSense 2.2 already included OpenSSL 1.0.1k which addressed the client-side vulnerability.
If packages include a web server or similar component, such as a proxy, an improper user configuration may be affected. Consult the package documentation or forum for details.
Bug Fixes
Upgrade Guidance
As always, you can upgrade from any previous version straight to 2.2.1. For those already running any 2.2 version, this is a low risk upgrade. For those on 2.1.x or earlier versions, there are a number of significant changes which may impact you. Pay close attention to the 2.2 Upgrade Notes for the details.
pfSense software is Open Source
For those who wish to review the source code in full detail, the changes are all publicly available in three repositories on GitHub:
Main repository - the web GUI, back end configuration code, and build tools.
FreeBSD source - the source code, with patches of the FreeBSD base.
FreeBSD ports - the FreeBSD ports used.
Download
Downloads for New Installs
Using the automatic update process is typically easier than reinstalling to upgrade. See the Upgrade Guide page for details.
Supporting the Project
Our efforts are made possible by the support of our customers and the community. You can support our efforts via one or more of the following. |
Jan 3, 2013
Roasted spaghetti squashed topped with marinara sauce, grilled chicken, melted mozzarella and some fresh basil. I had a hard time naming this one, but I think you get the point.
I was craving something cheesy for dinner last night, and I had spaghetti squash sitting in my counter without a plan, so I came up with this tasty dish. When my husband heard what I was making, he didn't sound too excited, but after he ate he thought it was pretty good.
If you've never had spaghetti squash before, it's a winter squash that has spaghetti-like strands when you cook it and fluff it with a fork. Does it taste like spaghetti? Well no, it's kind of neutral in flavor, so it takes on the flavor from whatever you season it with. I always have homemade marinara sauce on hand, either in the refrigerator or freezer, which makes quick weeknight meals a snap.
If you want to speed this up, you can microwave the spaghetti squash instead, I provided both instructions below.
For those of you on Weight Watchers, each boat is only 6 points plus and it filled me up. In fact, because it's so light, I may use fresh mozzarella next time I make this so it's even cheesier, this recipe can afford it!
There are so many delicious types of winter squash, including acorn, butternut and spaghetti. Whichever gourd you go for, you can be assured you’re making a healthy choice. Winter squash is loaded with vitamins A and C, potassium and fiber. They also contain some folate and thiamin, a B vitamin that helps the body turn carbs into energy. Look for squash with a think, hard skin that’s free of blemishes. Make sure it feels heavy for its size—that’s a sign of freshness. You can keep squash for up to a month in a cool, dry place.Baked Spaghetti Squash Chicken Parmesan BoatsSkinnytaste.com
Servings: 4 Serving Size: 1 boat • Old Points: 6 pts • Points+: 6 pts
Calories: 326 • Fat: 8 g • Protein: 29 g • Carb: 35 g • Fiber: 7 g • Sugar: 10 g
Sodium: 318.5 mg (without salt)
Preheat oven to 350°. Cut the squash in half lengthwise, scoop out the seeds and fibers with a spoon. Place on a baking sheet, cut side up and sprinkle with salt and pepper. Roast about an hour or until the skin gives easily under pressure and the inside is tender.
If you prefer the microwave, cut squash in half lengthwise, scoop out seeds and fibersand place on a microwave safe dish and cover. Microwave 8-9 minutes.
Meanwhile, while the squash is roasting, season chickencutlets with salt, pepper, garlic powder and oregano. Heat a grill pan (or a George formal grill) over medium-high heat, when hot grill chicken on both sides until cooked through, about 3-5 minutes. Set aside on a dish.
Remove the spaghetti squash from the oven or microwave and carefully fluff the spaghetti-like strands on each half with a fork, leaving the squash in the shell. Season with salt and pepper, then spoon about 1/4 cup marinara in each boat.
Slice the chicken on the diagonal and place each piece on top of each squash half. Top the chicken with 1/4 cup each of remaining marinara sauce, then top with cheese and place back into the hot oven and cook until the cheese is melted and the sauce is hot, about 12 minutes. Garnish with fresh basil and serve with parmesan cheese on the side if desired.
Spaghetti squash has 10 grams of carbs per cup. The sauce has 9 carbs per 1/2 cup, and about 5 grams per cup of the cheese. No carbs in the chicken...total if using a full cup of the cheese...about 24 grams. Less if using less than 1 cup of cheese.
The skin is real hard and when you take a fork to the inside it turns into spaghetti like strands. You can scrape to the inside wall of the "boat" and it doesn't break through. (You won't sink the boat)
I have made spaghetti squash for my boyfriend and I three times this winter so far and he actually loves it! It's healthy enough for me, and filling enough for him (if we have garlic bread on the side, or if we make the sauce with meatballs!)
Just finished dinner with this!!!! Fantastic!!! After I "fluffed" the squash I added a layer of sauce with a layer of "goat crumble cheese", layer of grilled chicken, another layer of sauce and then to top it off, THREE slices of Halloumi grilling cheese!!! 10++++Thank you for a GREAT dinner =)
Yum!!!! I am going to be using this recipe for sure! I just started my own blog, because in 2013 I am determined to change my eating habits. Trying to cook daily, do crock pot meals ahead of time, and eat healthy... and post a few of my own recipes!!
I LOVE your site.. so I will absolutely be making some of your recipes.. 2013- new year and new me! ;)
http://squishyskitchen.blogspot.com/
Thanks so much for posting all your wonderful stuff!! Seriously... I am a little upset that I can't make this RIGHT NOW.
I made this last night for dinner & it was delicious. My husband is thrilled when anything uses the word cheesy in the description & he was definitely a fan after eating it. I added an extra chicken tender to his (he's a big guy), but found half was enough for me. Another great recipe, Gina!
This looks delicious! I haven't been much of a meat eater sense the beginning of my pregnancy, how would this be without the chicken? And another silly question, i have never had spaghetti squash, do you eat just the insides or the whole thing?
I think it would be just fine without the chicken, maybe add more veggies that you like!!You don't eat the outside of the squash, just fluff up the flesh insides. It is almost a little sweet and very delicious.
I made this tonight and it was absolutely amazing! This is the first time I have ever had spaghetti squash and you were right about it absorbing the flavors it's paired with. I made the marinara recipe you posted to go with it and that was wonderful too! I only have one question though. When I plug the recipe into the WW recipe builder, it says 10 points vs. the 6 you mention in the nutritional info. Am I doing something wrong?
Just had this for an early dinner :) I accidentally bought a giant spaghetti squash so I upped the sauce by a half a cup and I also used Morningstar chicken strips 'cause I'm a veggie. It was delicious! I'm so full and satisfied. Yum Yum Yum :)
Made this tonight for dinner, and it was yummy. Only problem I had was the squash became very watery on the re-bake when I was melting the cheese. It watered down the layer of marina that was under the chicken. But very filling--my squash was a little on the large side but about halfway though I was getting full.
I made this for dinner tonight, and it was good. Before removing from the oven I broiled the squash for 2-3 mins to brown the cheese. Think next time I'll make it without chicken, as I tend to eat more vegetarian cuisine.
Yuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum! When I first had spaghetti squash "spaghetti" I was stunned! It was so, so, so, so good and I didn't miss the regular pasta at all. This looks *FABULOUS* and I can't wait to try it!
I had the hardest time cutting my spaghetti squash in half. I thought that thing might have been petrified because that sucker just wouldn't give. I finally got it but do you have any tips on how to cut spaghetti squash... you know, without losing any fingers?
So, I just made this and feel oober silly cause I completely forgot what I thought would be the best part... the CHEESE! It was still totally yummy and I am so stuffed! I guess I just earned myself a few extra calories! haha Thanks Gina and next time I will be adding the cheese! :D
I made this tonight and it was awesome! Traded in the chicken for some ground turkey and used a little bit more sauce than called for. Plus did a blend of parmesan and the mozza. Turned out so great! Thanks!
Tried it for the first time, i cooked it in the oven 350 for 45 min, came out nice, did not have marinara or spagheti sauce in the house so used salsa instead and used chicken leftover from a store bought bbq chicken...topped with grated chedar chees and served with a splash of sour cream....num num
Great recipe, Gina, thanks for posting. I really enjoyed it, and used the fresh mozzarella and homemade sauce, which made it fantastic. Question about the "spaghetti" strands - should they be a bit crunch or did I undercook my spaghetti squash? It shredded quite easily after an hour in the oven but had a much different texture than pasta - is that typical?-Sara
It's definitely going to have a different texture than pasta. It'll depend on your oven temp and how long you roast the squash for. I noticed that I had some more crunchy strands roasting it this way than I do when I roast it in the oven uncut. Plus it was on a rack closer to the heat which may have contributed to that as well but I liked the bit of crunch. Spaghetti squash can come out very watery especially when reheating! It'll always be your personal preference.
I just made this recipe tonight and it was fantastic! The serving size is definitely filling! The only thing I did different was to bake chicken cutlets with some seasoned panko bread crumbs instead of grill them. Added another point, but this recipe had points to spare. Delish!
This was amazingly delicious. I had the marinara made in advance luckily but next time I will also bake the squash earlier in the day to save some time and avoid burning my fingers. This is in my rotation now. Even the teens loved it. Thanks Gina.
I already had a spaghetti squash on hand and had made grilled chicken the night before. So I halfed the recipe since I only had 1 squash but I paired it with a salad for lunch today and just one word - YUMMO! I forgot to snap a photo but it came out wonderful. Keeping in the squash half kept everything contained nice and neat. I got a lot of compliments on my "fancy" lunch.
I used Sargento's off the block shredded part-skim mozzarella but next time I may want to spend some extra points and try melting a slice (or two if they're thin enough) of that Land O' Lakes 4 Cheese Italian blend over the chicken.
I only ever cook for just myself, but obviously I'll be making at least 2 servings - one with each half of the spaghetti squash - when I make this. Can it be frozen and reheated? Or, if I save the second half for lunch the next day, can I reheat it in a microwave? Thanks, I'm looking forward to making this!
I made this last night. I roasted the squash as directed and it was dried out and tough. If I do this again I will bake the squash as I usually do, that is to cut across instead of lengthwise, placed cut side down and water added to the covered casserole dish, bake at 350 for 1 hour. It turns out perfect every time. The rest of the recipe was tasty but with the squash being dried out and tough it pretty much ruined it. I will try again tho using my method of baking the squash.
For the microwave instructions....do you cover it with anything? Or poke holes in the skin or put a moist paper towel in the oven when nuking it? I'm going to attempt to replace the pasta in your cajun chicken pasta with spaghetti squash and see how it goes!!! Any advice?
I looked at this recipe as a possible good gluten-free alternative to regular spaghetti. I'd never tried spaghetti squash before and hubby wasn't sure how he would feel about it. Whether you care for squash or not, I would have to believe you would find this delicious. We did and it's a new favorite dish in our household. Thank you!
Ha, I made this the other day for myself and my boyfriend, but my store only had enormous spaghetti squash. We ended up splitting half a squash, and we're having the other half for dinner tonight! It was delicious though, thank you!
This dish is yum but takes a little time. I suggest microwaving the squash for eight minutes and in oven for twenty minutes. I try to eat South Beach style and winter squash/Spegetti squash have a ton of carbs. I suggest this dish for a mid day meal not for dinner. For a quick red sauce Prego vegie smart is a good choice. I only used one cup of sauce.
I had never eaten spaghetti squash until I saw your amazing recipe for this during the first week of January. The picture made it look so delicious, so I decided to try it, and it was a hit! My 5 year old son even enjoyed it. Thanks Gina for your wonderful recipes; you don't disappoint!
Loooooove spaghetti squash and this recipe sounds amazing!! If it's just me, can I freeze/reheat the other 3 halves? Or is it better to just scoop out the "insides" and freeze them and toss the shells?
This was amazing, I made it with hubbard squash because its what I had on hand, but I also used your skinny pesto to dress up the chicken, tossed in some mushrooms with the marinade and added broiled tomato slices on top. It was simply divine my new way to eat mock-pasta since it's unprocessed but still gives the same delicious effect! Very creative, thank you!
I cooked this last night and it was amazing!! First time that I have ever had spaghetti squash and it will not be the last. Instead of chicken I put put in mushrooms and onions into the marinara sauce, so not sure what that did to the points, but I wanted a veggie meal only. I only made one squash ate half last night and reheated the other half today. It was just as good today as it was yesterday!
I finally had a chance to make this last night and WOW...delish!!! I didn't roast the squash (not enough time) but the microwave worked just fine. Who needs pasta???? This will def be in the rotation and really helped with my chicken parm craving. THANKS!
My husband and I L.O.V.E.D. this recipe! Not only did I impress him with the neat presentation, but he could not stop raving to our friends about how good this tasted. (Made me feel like a great cook!) We have added this to our top 5 recipes EVER. Your Baked Spaghetti Squash & Cheese recipe is in the oven right now, which I have no doubt we will love just as much. Thank you so much for the precision in your recipes. It makes someone like me feel like I'm actually a good cook, while at the same time helping us lose weight!
I have been cooking spaghetti squash for the past couple of years. I cut them in half, rubs them with olive oil and cover them with sea salt, fresh ground pepper and Italian seasoning and bake them like you.
The idea of making them similar to a twice baked potato is so cool!!!!! I could not use the squash shell so I improvised and used crab imperial dishes, which have handles.
The sauce, I included 2 Serrano peppers finely chopped, a cup of fresh chopped green peppers, a cup of fresh chopped green onions, 4 cloves of garlic, 3/4 cup of fresh basil,1/4 cup of fresh cilantro, 2 tablespoons of Italian seasoning, sauteing them and then adding a 14oz jar of Marianna sauce.
I used hot peppered mozzarella cheese instead, put the filled imperial dishes on top of white plates and sprinkled parsley flakes all over the white imperial dish sitting on top of the white plate. The presentation was so cool but the dish was GREAT!!!!!
It was a smash!!!!!! WOW!!!!!
Thank you so much, what a GREAT, FUN,UNIQUE, NEW and exciting idea!!!!!!
I would try cooking it upside down in water (like an inch of water in the bottom of the pan). That should help, and also cook it for a little longer. When I pulled just the squash out of the oven the first time it was a little crunchy so I stuck it back in for 10 more minutes and then it was perfect. Good luck!
I made this recipe about a month ago for my husband and I. There were 2 halves left so I took the chancce qnd froze it. I took it out today thawed it and heated it in a 350 oven. It was as good as the first time we had it. I love making 2 meals at once.
I made this Sunday...halved the recipe. It was delicious!! I had never had spaghetti squash before. I brought the second half to work for my lunch on Monday. Heated up very well. I will definitely make this again. I have made several of your recipes and have loved them all. Thank you for sharing!
These were so incredible that I almost couldn't take it. By far one of the best dishes I have ever made.
I don't have a grill, so instead I breaded chicken breasts and baked them in the oven and used those. While it was baking, I made the squash in the microwave. I was reluctant to use the microwave because I never have before, but the squash came out perfect.
This came out really well! We used my husband's spaghetti sauce and we used brined chicken cooked on the grill. Oh man alive! So yummy. Only negative thing: my husband somehow hit himself in the eye with a string of melty cheese. lol I don't know how he did that, but I told him it HAD to go in the comment. Thanks Gina!
I just started consistantly cooking last week. I got sick of eating small snacks throughout the day or having to figure out what to bring for lunch. So I wanted to find options that were easy, healthy and would store for a day or two. I made this on Monday and I would definitely make it again. It's so good! And I had leftovers for lunch. :)
I used this as an idea but also kind of a base recipe. I have been really wanting to try spaghetti squash since my friend Jeff was on season 14 of the biggest loser and Jackson who was also on the show was obsessed with it. I ended up making spaghetti squash boats with grilled chicken parmesan. I turned my oven up to 400º because I looked at a lot of recipes abd they all either said 350º or 450º for an hour so I figured I would go ib the middle. The squash was perfect after an hour. I used my grilled chicken parmesan recipe cut up the chicken put it in the squash boats and put back in the oven and out came something amazing! My 11 year old loved it and asked if I would nake it all the time now. Thanks for the great idea and good first experience with the spaghetti squash!
I love how I can adapt most of your recipes for two people instead of 6 servings. I'm going to make these next week. With pasta instead of squash for my husband. So I'll just get one boat for lunch the next day, ha! Thanks for another yummy recipe!
Good lord this was good. Spaghetti squash is one of my favorite vegetables but since I'm always eating it, I'm always looking for new ways to cook it. I saw this, had all the ingredients and decided to try it. I was really hungry so I nuked my squash instead of roasting - it worked fine and was delicious, but I think next time I'll roast it just to get that extra layer of flavor. Since everything was so light I used fresh, whole milk mozzarella. I could eat this every day. I was so happy that my husband had to go into work and wasn't able to eat with me - it meant I got to bring leftovers to work for lunch the next day! So good. I'll make this over and over, especially now that squash season is almost here and spaghetti squash will be everywhere.
I made this last night and it was FANTASTIC! So tasty and easy to pull together. I shared the deliciousness with my readers here: http://seektobemerry.blogspot.com/2013/09/shakin-things-up-in-kitchen.html Thanks for the inspiration!
I've made this a few times, and have enjoyed it each time. I've discovered that it's important to make sure the strands are no longer attached to the sides of the squash, or it can be a little difficult to eat. So yummy, though! I'm sure I'll make it again.
I made this for dinner tonight. Wow. Hubby thought it was awesome. Honestly, I could only eat 1/2 boat, but I probably used more than 3 oz of chicken on each one. I made the marinara with onions, garlic, mushrooms, tomatoes and tomato sauce and seasonings. This really was amazing. Hubby will eat my leftovers tomorrow for lunch!!
Quick Question. I have had Bypass surgery back in Dec and I have been making this, Obviously I don't eat a lot at a time, however can the Leftovers be frozen and reheated later (like scrapped out of the "boat" and place in Tupperware into freezer????
What can I say, another meal my entire family enjoyed! I tried making a dish with spaghetti squash years ago, but the recipe had me microwave the squash uncut and it just didn't come out well. So I never tried it again until now. So glad I did! Thanks again Gina for all the great recipes and for taking the time to post them with photos and such specific instructions! Just ordered a spiralizer the other day, can't wait to get it and try your asian meatballs over zoodles, mmmmm good. |
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Tag Archives: Cycle Superhighways
Transport for London (TfL) have published the results of the public consultation on their proposals for Cycle Superhighway 9. That is to run from Kensington Olympia to Brentford Town Centre.
They got 5,295 public responses, and 93 “stakeholder” responses (typically organisations including the ABD). In terms of overall support for the proposals, they got 59% in support, 38% opposed and 2% undecided. That alone tells you that there was very significant opposition.
But I believe these figures have been distorted by lobbying by cycling groups. Page 22 of the TfL report gives a breakdown of what modes of transport the respondents claim to usually use. It shows 67% used the Tube, 65% Cycle, 50% use a Bus and 56% use a Private Car. These are very high figures for cycling.
In reality, you can see how many people actually cycle in this area by looking at traffic count data published by the Department for Transport. The figures are as follows for two of the boroughs in west London in 2016:
Kensington and Chelsea: Cyclists: 5.8%, Cars/Taxis: 73.4% of all traffic
You can see that these are very different figures, and rather demonstrate the likely bias in the results of this consultation. Indeed, TfL received 941 representations alone from supporters of one of the activist cycling organisations, the London Cycling Campaign. TfL makes no attempt in recent consultations to “normalise” the data so that responses are not manipulated and biased by unrepresentative pressure groups.
This is surely one such example.
You can read the Consultation Report here: https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/roads/cs9/ . TfL is currently considering the results but if it is like other similar consultations the scheme is likely to proceed with few changes.
Here’s a letter received from a resident of south-east London which is worth repeating:
Hi,
I’m thankful I’m retired now, and only have to visit London when I choose to.
I used to commute by motorbike and that (for the time being) is still my preferred method of transport. I always perceived motorbikes as being virtually negligible in their contribution to congestion and/or pollution, and never thought of them as ‘bothering’ anyone. It actually disgusts me that TfL see them very differently, with the same disdain they apply to any other type of motorised vehicle.
Their pro-cyclist / anti-anything with an engine stance is now going beyond ‘psychotic’ – their latest mailshot was about how they propose to redesign Lower Road / Jamaica Road (which aren’t short of cycle lanes as they are) into yet another Cycling Superhighway, with a whole “boulevard” for them and – consequently – a whole lot LESS space for ‘everybody else’ Never mind the disruption or the cost: it’s so easy to play easy with budgets when they’re using other people’s money to do it!
I actually do count myself lucky to be retired. Where I take myself now (and it usually involves my wallet) is my own choice, and there’s coming a time soon when it won’t be London.
The problem with TfL, unfortunately, is that they’re not just wrecking the road network out of ‘necessity’… they’re actually taking a sneaky pleasure from doing it!”
Taking CS4 first, this will add substantially to journey times for both general traffic and buses. For example, up to 6 minutes extra journey time eastbound in the evening from Tooley Street to Surrey Quays Road (i.e. a 50% increase!) although there are some savings at other times and in other directions.
There will be increased traffic on Jamaica Road and more congestion at the Rotherhithe Roundabout (near the entrance to the Tunnel due to reconfiguation). However, TfL have already introduced an extra entrance lane northbound from the roundabout to the tunnel road which should assist.
But reduction in road space on Jamaica Road to accommodate a segregated dual flow cycle lane, plus the introduction of “bus bypasses” will surely cause all traffic to be slowed to that of buses. (Historic note: I objected to the introduction of bus lanes on Jamaica Road which were unnecessary and substantially increased traffic congeston. Jamaica Road became one street to avoid, and the latest proposals will make that even more true).
Anyone affected by these proposals should study them and respond to the public consultation as soon as possible, as the ABD will be doing.
Here’s one comment already received from a member of the public on this scheme: “Since when has Jamaica Road been free of traffic as they pretend to show in their consultation photos when in fact the traffic is pretty much stationary all along that road all day long? This is a major commuter route for people and businesses from the east and south east who use the Rotherhithe tunnel to cross the river – and they want more people to use bikes? Really do they expect people to cycle from Essex and Kent? Why not revert back to horse and carts or why not just pedestrianise the whole of London and open it to cyclists only? This is an utterly disgraceful proposal thought out by people at Tfl that clearly have never been down to Jamaica Road to see with their eyes the reality of the traffic”.
As regards CS9, TfL’s journey time modelling suggests less of an impact than the time increases on CS4, but again some journey times worsen while others improve. London residents affected by these changes should respond to the consultation as soon as possible, as the ABD will be doing. I also hope to publish more detail comments on this blog at a later date, but anyone who has any views on it should let me know please. |
Prepare for every stage of your physician assistant career with Physician Assistant: A Guide to Clinical Practice, 5th Edition - the one text that takes you from your PA coursework through clinical practice! Concise, easy to read, and highly visual, this all-in-one resource by Ruth Ballweg, Edward M. Sullivan, Darwin Brown, and Daniel Vetrosky delivers the current, practical guidance you need to know to succeed in any setting. New to this edition Navigate today's professional challenges with new chapters on NCCPA Specialty Recognition; Communication Issues; the Electronic Health Record; Patient Safety and Quality of Care; Population-Based Practice; and Physician Assistants and Supervision. Meet ARC-PA accreditation requirements with coverage of key topics such as Student Safety in Clinical Settings, Health Care Delivery Systems, Population-Based Practice, and Mass Casualties/Disasters. Keep up with the PA competencies that are endorsed by the AAPA, PAEA, NCCPA, and ARC-PA. Master key concepts and clinical applications thanks to a succinct, bulleted writing style; convenient tables; practical case studies; and clinical application questions throughout. Retain what you've learned and easily visualize every aspect of clinical practice with a new full-color design and illustrations throughout. Explore global options with expanded coverage of physician assistants in international medicine. |
7-OH-DPAT selectively reduces intake of both chow and high fat diets in different food intake regimens.
Mesolimbic dopaminergic system activation correlates with ingestive behavior in numerous feeding regimens. DA release is enhanced by food intake following deprivation, amount of food consumed, and the palatability of the food consumed. The dopamine-3 receptor (D3-R) has a limited expression pattern that is restricted largely to the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. The D3-R has been hypothesized to inhibit DA-mediated reward, locomotion and motivation. To test the potential for an inhibitory role of the D3-R on food intake, we administered the D3-R agonist 7-OH-DPAT (5, 10 and 50 microg/kg ip) to rats that had ad libitum access to standard rodent chow (3.41 kcal/gm, 0.51 kcal/gm from fat) or a preferable, high fat (HF) (4.4 kcal/gm, 1.71 kcal/gm from fat). In the second set of experiments we administered 7-OH-DPAT (10, 50 and 100 microg/kg) to rats that had access to chow or HF diet for only 3 h per day (meal fed). In the third set of experiments we administered 7-OH-DPAT (10 and 50 microg/kg) to rats that had access to chow or HF diet after a 21-h food restriction. The 10 and 50 microg/kg doses significantly, but equally reduced intake of chow and HF diet in animals that were ad libitum fed. In animals that were meal-fed the dose response was effectively shifted to the right and the 10 microg/kg dose was ineffective at reducing intake. The 50 and 100 microg/kg doses significantly but equally reduced intake of both diets. In animals that were 21-h restricted and had access to chow both the 10 and 50 microg/kg doses were ineffective at reducing intake. However, in animals that had access to HF diet, 7-OH-DPAT dose-dependently reduced intake. These results support a potential role for the D3-R in ingestive behavior particularly in situations that involve a significant learned component. |
Q:
How to correctly import a component in Vue.js
I have the following component defined as below:
import Vue from 'vue';
import Datepicker from 'vuejs-datepicker';
Vue.component('DatePicker', {
template: `
<datepicker name="date"></datepicker>
`,
});
Which I am trying to import it from another file and use it in another component but for some reason I am getting error like:
[Vue warn]: Unknown custom element: - did you register
the component correctly? For recursive components, make sure to
provide the "name" option.
I am pretty new to Vue.js so I am wondering if someone can guide me what am I doing wrong here!
Here is how I am trying to use the component:
require('./datetime-picker');
<DatePicker></DatePicker>
A:
To register a component globally, try this:
import Vue from 'vue';
import Datepicker from 'vuejs-datepicker';
Vue.component('DatePicker', Datepicker);
Now you will be able use it by importing it into other components, without needing to use components: { Datepicker }
|
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After by Amy Efaw
The police found a newborn in a garbage can outside of Devon’s apartment building. They found Devon home sick from school on her couch bleeding between her legs and almost unconscious. After she is rushed to the hospital, she finds out she gave birth the night before.
Attempted murder. That’s the charge that Devon is facing, even if she doesn’t remember what happened. She is a good student and a good daughter. A really responsible kid. How could this have happened?
Now she sits in a cell in juvenile hall. Is Devon really the sort of monster who would try to kill her own baby? Or is she a victim herself? |
Comments on: NHL nails Patrick Kaleta with 10-game suspensionhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/
ProHockeyTalk on NBCSports.comFri, 09 Dec 2016 17:38:08 +0000hourly1http://wordpress.com/By: cg28rulzhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-236004
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 11:11:32 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-236004he has no skill other than scumming people because he is a pu**y like the rest of the losers in loserville.
]]>By: hockeyflow33http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235982
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 04:43:04 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235982Really?
]]>By: jimw81http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235977
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 04:20:38 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235977cool powerpoint background
]]>By: joey4idhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235951
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 03:31:10 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235951Not surprising. This from someone who argues that it’s not proven punches to the head don”t cause concussions, yet it has been proven that elbows and shoulders to the head can cause concussions. Only a juvenile brain can have that logic.
]]>By: thesportsjudgehttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235937
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 03:07:01 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235937Also, the Avg yearly snowfall totals DOUBLES where I live, so ya, that seems like a lot of snow to me. Like I said, I hate snow, plain and simple. I used to be a courier for 10 years. F the snow. And before all the skiers jump all over me, you don’t downhill ski on the roads and highways do you?
]]>By: thesportsjudgehttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235936
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 03:03:42 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235936Just because it may melt fast doesn’t mean it doesn’t count. Tell me the temp on MLK day, and how much snow is there.
]]>By: blackhawksdynastyhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235913
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 02:26:18 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235913@thesportsjudge: it’s only a 10 game suspension….not nearly enough time for kaleta to learn how to read at that level. Just buy him a Where’s Waldo book and send him to his room.
]]>By: blackhawksdynastyhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235911
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 02:21:14 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235911Umm, no….this is PHT – there are plenty of idiots on here (see @pftbillsfan below)
]]>By: michlight95http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235910
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 02:20:54 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235910What is up with everyone in the country this buffalo gets pounded with snow. Before you throw your comments about buffalo getting snow always do your research. P.S its 64 degrees right now
]]>By: thesportsjudgehttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235897
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 01:38:01 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235897How did I attack the city? I suppose I am biased against it cuz of the ridiculous amount of lake effect snow(or just in general) they get. I HATE the snow. I have also been to that city….mehhhh
]]>By: mc321984http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235879
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 01:04:42 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235879Everybody on here comments about their view on the hit, then you always that internet tough guy who attacks other peoples cities. As an unbiased person (i.e- not in Buffalo), I’m really hoping you aren’t from Columbus
]]>By: mclovinhockeyhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235875
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 00:59:58 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235875@pftbills fan, have you ever watched hockey? If Crosby hit Giroux with a flying elbow Giroux would be suspended for hurting Crosby’s elbow (sarcasm button)
In all seriousness, the hit was not that bad, just think the league is tired of seeing this dirt bag going out there trying to hurt everyone and figured its time for him to pay for his crap.
]]>By: thesportsjudgehttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235836
Wed, 16 Oct 2013 00:08:44 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235836Bahahhhahahhhahahahhahhahahhahahhahahahahh. Enjoy the, ummmm, whatever there is to enjoy in Buffalo for your staycation. Maybe he should read Hockey for Dummies….
]]>By: pftbillsfanhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235827
Tue, 15 Oct 2013 23:45:20 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235827Wow what a complete joke. There are way worse hits where a guy gets a fine of 1500 and this hit gets 10 games? How come intent or past has any bearing? Shouldn’t the actual hit dictate the penalty. If Crosby throws a flying elbow at Giroux knowing that it may take him out for a series but because Crosby has a clean record he’ll only receive a fine why wouldn’t he? Shannahan is a joke and this is coming from someone who frankly thinks Kaleta has been useless for years.
]]>By: hockeyflow33http://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235826
Tue, 15 Oct 2013 23:44:43 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235826Is this the first time everyone has agreed this was a targeted hit to the head, was suspension worthy, and an appropriate amount of games???
]]>By: imleftcoasthttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235824
Tue, 15 Oct 2013 23:34:52 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235824Shanahan got this one right, but same day, be brain farts on the Chimera hit from behind. His inconsistency means teams have to settle it on the ice. This over-emphasis on the repeat offender isn’t helping.
]]>By: stakexhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235823
Tue, 15 Oct 2013 23:34:27 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235823When I first saw ten games for that hit I was shocked…. but I guess when you factor in Kaleta’s lengthy history its more understandable. Still a bit of an over reaction if you ask me.
]]>By: sabatimushttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235820
Tue, 15 Oct 2013 23:26:23 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235820Good, get the F out Kaleta.
]]>By: leninthebuffhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235819
Tue, 15 Oct 2013 23:23:50 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235819I’m a Buffalo fan and I say that isn’t enough…why the Sabres keep him is beyond me. His only worth is as a PK’er.
]]>By: AppealToReasonhttp://nhl.nbcsports.com/2013/10/15/nhl-nails-patrick-kaleta-with-10-game-suspension/comment-page-1/#comment-235818
Tue, 15 Oct 2013 23:18:10 +0000http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/?p=2299449#comment-235818Good.
]]> |
This invention relates to brushes and more particularly to handpieces combining dental floss with the bristles of a brush such as toothbrushes, scrub brushes and the like.
Over the years, many different types of brushes have been designed with some brushes dispensing paste or other viscous substances into the region of the bristles from a container which may form the handle of the brush.
While it is known to provide toothbrushes having cleaning material containing handles for dispensing solutions to the region of the bristles of the brush, such prior art designs have not disclosed a bristle and floss brush combination providing dual purpose cleaning functions. |
Perceptual assimilation of British English vowels to Spanish monophthongs and diphthongs.
This study examined the perceived similarity between Standard British English vowels and Spanish vowels, including Spanish diphthongs, not usually considered in studies on cross-language categorization. Twenty-nine Spanish speakers performed two perceptual assimilation tasks that differed in the number of response alternatives provided, that is, including or excluding diphthongs. The participants also performed an L1 vowel identification task. The results showed that Spanish listeners consistently perceived English diphthongs as closer to Spanish diphthongs than to Spanish monophthongs, with comparatively high assimilation scores. These results emphasize the need to include diphthongs in cross-language comparisons and second-language acquisition studies involving languages like Spanish. |
Geometry = GenFormat {
3 C
O H
1 1 0.00000000000E+00 -0.10000000000E+01 0.00000000000E+00
2 2 0.00000000000E+00 0.00000000000E+00 0.78306400000E+00
3 2 0.00000000000E+00 0.00000000000E+00 -0.78306400000E+00
}
Driver = ConjugateGradient {
MovedAtoms = 1:3
MaxForceComponent = 1.0E-008 # Extremely small!
MaxSteps = 100
Constraints = {
2 0.000000000000000E+000 0.000000000000000E+000 1.00000000000000
3 0.000000000000000E+000 0.000000000000000E+000 1.00000000000000
}
}
Hamiltonian = DFTB {
SCC = Yes
SCCTolerance = 1.0E-010 # Extremely small!
MaxSCCIterations = 1000
Mixer = Anderson {
MixingParameter = 0.05
Generations = 8
}
MaxAngularMomentum = {
O = "p"
H = "s"
}
Eigensolver = Standard {} # slow
Filling = Fermi {
Temperature [Kelvin] = 1.000000000000000E-008
}
SlaterKosterFiles = {
O-O = "O-O.skf"
O-H = "O-H.skf"
H-O = "O-H.skf"
H-H = "H-H.skf"
}
}
Options = {
WriteAutotestTag = Yes
}
ParserOptions = {
ParserVersion = 4
}
Parallel {
# Allow OMP threads explicitely to test for hybrid parallelisation with
# MPI-binary. (Check the manual before using this in production runs!)
UseOmpThreads = Yes
}
|
Ryne Sanborn
Ryne Andrew Sanborn was born in Salt lake City, Utah on February 3, 1989 to Jeff and Florence Sanborn. Ryne has a younger sister Danielle, a Siberian Husky, Maya, and a Golden Retriever named Lexus. He has been modeling since he was 2 years old and acting since he was 7 years old. His passion in life is Ice Hockey. He currently plays for the All ... See full bio » |
The existing folding bed suitable for travel and leisure mainly has two structures. One uses an assembly-type structure composed of a plurality of U-shaped rectangular frames, with the fabric being able to be stretched tight. This is comfortable for sitting and lying, but has a large volume when folded, and is thus inconvenient for carrying and depositing. The other uses a plurality of crossed supports connected together, and has a small volume when folded, but the fabric is unable to be stretched tight because the fabric is connected to the bed support via some fixing points. When a person sits, lies, or sleeps on the bed, the bed will sink undesirably and for this reason is uncomfortable in use. In addition, the bed body support structure has poor strength and therefore can bear only a relatively small load. Thus, after a period of use or upon bearing a heavy load, the bed plane is likely to tear. |
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