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It is a monocarboxylic acid amide, a tetrahydrofuranol and a member of quinazolines. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an antihypertensive agent and an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. | It, sold under the brand name Uroxatral among others, is a medication of the α blocker class. It is used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
As an antagonist of the α adrenergic receptor, it works by relaxing the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, making urination easier.
It was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in 1988. It was approved in the US for benign prostatic hyperplasia in 2003. In 2020, it was the 336th-most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 700thousand prescriptions. | 1 |
It is a sesquiterpene. | It is an arsenic oxoacid comprising one oxo group and three hydroxy groups attached to a central arsenic atom. It has a role as an Escherichia coli metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of an arsenate(1-) and an arsenate ion. | 0 |
It is a coproporphyrinogen. It has a role as a mouse metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a coproporphyrinogen I(4-). | It is a dihydropyridine. | 0 |
It is a steroidal alkaloid found in a number of plant species from the family Apocynaceae, including Holarrhena floribunda, Holarrhena antidysenterica and Funtumia elastica. It acts as a histamine antagonist, selective for the H subtype (with an affinity of pK = 8.27; K = ~5 nM). It was also found to have long CNS clearance times, high blood–brain barrier penetration and high affinity for the adrenergic receptors. | It is a chemical compound with the formula CHCH=CHCHO. The compound is usually sold as a mixture of the E- and Z-isomers, which differ with respect to the relative position of the methyl and formyl groups. The E-isomer is more common (data given in Table is for the E-isomer). This lachrymatory liquid is moderately soluble in water and miscible in organic solvents. As an unsaturated aldehyde, crotonaldehyde is a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis. It occurs in a variety of foodstuffs, e.g. soybean oils. | 0 |
The flavans are benzopyran derivatives that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene skeleton. They may be found in plants. These compounds include the flavan-3-ols, flavan-4-ols and flavan-3,4-diols (leucoanthocyanidin).
A C-glycosidic flavan can be isolated from cocoa liquor.
Casuarina glauca is an actinorhizal plant producing root nitrogen-fixing nodules infested by Frankia. There is a regular pattern of cell layers containing flavans. | It is an organochlorine compound, a member of biphenyls and a member of monochlorobenzenes. | 0 |
It is a glycosylglucose consisting of two D-glucopyranose units connected by an alpha-(1->6)-linkage. It has a role as a metabolite, a human metabolite and a mouse metabolite. | It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens with data available. | 0 |
It is an N-alkylpiperazine in which the two amino hydrogens of piperazine have been replaced by diphenylmethyl and 3-(2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)propyl groups. A calcium channel blocker and serotonin (5-HT2) receptor antagonist used in the treatment of migraine. It has a role as a calcium channel blocker, a serotonergic antagonist and a vasodilator agent. It is a N-alkylpiperazine, a dioxolane and a cyclic ketal. | It is a natural product found in Senegalia berlandieri, Sedum lydium, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2. It is a conjugate acid of a pipecolate. | It, named after Gerhard Schrader, is an obsolete organophosphate insecticide. It itself is a weak cholinesterase inhibitor and requires metabolic activation to become active. | 0 |
It is an organic molecular entity. | It is a benzoate ester that is the phenyl ester of salicylic acid. Also known as salol, it can be formed by heating salicylic acid with phenol and is used in the manufacture of some polymers, lacquers, adhesives, waxes and polishes. It has a role as an ultraviolet filter. It is a benzoate ester, a member of phenols and a member of salicylates. It is functionally related to a salicylic acid. | 0 |
It is an organic molecular entity. | It is a natural product found in Rhinacanthus nasutus, Magnolia officinalis, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Erycibe obtusifolia, Mandragora autumnalis, and other organisms with data available. | It is an anti-inflammatory medication used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. It is sold under the brand name Dipentum.
It itself is a pro-drug of mesalazine (5-aminosalicyclic acid or 5-ASA) and is not absorbed in the small intestine. Instead it continues through to the colon where it is cleaved into two molecules of 5-ASA by azoreductases produced by colonic bacteria. It thus exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by its colonic breakdown into 5-ASA which inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase thereby reducing prostaglandin and leukotriene production. | 0 |
It is a drug that breaks up phlegm, used in the treatment of respiratory diseases associated with viscid or excessive mucus. It is often administered as an active ingredient in cough syrup.
It was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1979. | It is a natural product found in Nicotiana tabacum and Coffea arabica with data available. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Phycomyces blakesleeanus, Galium mollugo, and other organisms with data available. | It, more commonly known as its anionic form chorismate, is an important biochemical intermediate in plants and microorganisms. It is a precursor for:
* The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine
* Indole, indole derivatives and tryptophan
* 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) used for enterobactin biosynthesis
* The plant hormone salicylic acid
* Many alkaloids and other aromatic metabolites.
*The folate precursor para-aminobenzoate (pABA)
* The biosynthesis of vitamin K and folate in plants and microorganisms.
The name chorismic acid derives from a classical Greek word meaning "to separate", because the compound plays a role as a branch-point in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis. | 1 |
It is an inhibitor of the IIa, V, and X isoforms of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The molecule acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by disrupting the first step of the arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation. From 2006 to 2012, varespladib was under active investigation by Anthera Pharmaceuticals as a potential therapy for several inflammatory diseases, including acute coronary syndrome and acute chest syndrome. The trial was halted in March 2012 due to inadequate efficacy. The selective sPLA2 inhibitor varespladib (IC50 value 0.009 μM in chromogenic assay, mole fraction 7.3X10-6) was studied in the VISTA-16 randomized clinical trial (clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01130246) and the results were published in 2014. The sPLA2 inhibition by varespladib in this setting seemed to be potentially harmful, and thus not a useful strategy for reducing adverse cardiovascular outcomes from acute coronary syndrome. Since 2016, scientific research has focused on the use of It as an inhibitor of snake venom toxins using various types of in vitro and in vivo models. It showed a significant inhibitory effect to snake venom PLA which makes it a potential first-line drug candidate in snakebite envenomation therapy. In 2019, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted varespladib orphan drug status for its potential to treat snakebite. | It is a diagnostic contrast agent. It is injected intravenously before taking X-ray images to increase arterial contrast in the final image. It was marketed in the US under the trade name Oxilan by Guerbet, L.L.C., but was discontinued in 2017. | 0 |
Glycine betaine is the amino acid betaine derived from glycine. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is an amino-acid betaine and a glycine derivative. It is a conjugate base of a N,N,N-trimethylglycinium. | It (n-propylbromide or nPB) is an organobromine compound with the chemical formula CHCHCHBr. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a solvent. It has a characteristic hydrocarbon odor. Its industrial applications increased dramatically in the 21st century due to the phasing out of chlorofluorocarbons and chloroalkanes such as 1,1,1-Trichloroethane under the Montreal Protocol. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Geosmithia langdonii, and Bistorta manshuriensis with data available. | It is an organosilicon compound. | 0 |
It (Aolan, Athinazone, Ethinazone) is a quinazolinone-class GABAergic and is an analogue of methaqualone that was developed in the 1960s and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, hypnotic, muscle relaxant and central nervous system depressant properties resulting from its agonist activity at the β-subtype of the GABA receptor, and was used for the treatment of insomnia.
The dosage and effects are reported to be similar to those of methaqualone, but shorter acting and slightly weaker.
Typical reports use between 50 and 500 mg of etaqualone, depending on desired effects. Old pharmaceutical formulations of Ethinazone were 350 mg tablets.
It is thought to act in a similar way to barbiturates and benzodiazepines by increasing the sensitivity of GABA receptors . Recreational effects include euphoria, relaxation, increased sociability and sexuality, reduction of short-term memory, and loss of coordination. Combination with other depressants has a potentiating effect and can cause overdose. Tolerance to benzodiazepines or alcohol will also reduce effects.
Ethaqualone can be present as a free base, insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and nonpolar solvents, or as a water-soluble hydrochloride salt which is about 85% as potent as the freebase by weight.
The most common route of administration of etaqualone is oral, but snorting the salt or smoking the free base have also been reported. | It is a secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. It is a secondary carboxamide and a hydroxamic acid. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Salvia hispanica, Begonia nantoensis, and other organisms with data available. | It is a substituted aniline. | 0 |
It is an organic ammonium salt having thioglycolate(1-) as the counterion. Also known as perm salt, it has use in perming hair. It has a role as a reducing agent and an allergen. It contains a thioglycolate(1-). | It is a natural product found in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with data available. | 0 |
Polydextrose is a glycoside. | It is a reducing disaccharide formed by an α-1,6 linkage between galactose and glucose (-Gal-(α1→6)--Glc). It differs from lactose in the chirality of the carbon where the galactose ring is closed and that the galactose is linked to a different point on the glucose moiety. It can be formed by invertase-mediated hydrolysis of raffinose, which produces melibiose and fructose. It can be broken down into its component saccharides, glucose and galactose, by the enzyme alpha-galactosidase, such as MEL1 from Saccharomyces pastorianus (lager yeast).
It cannot be used by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ale yeast), this is one test to differentiate between the two yeast species. | 1 |
It is a cycloalkene. | It is a member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (2S)-flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 7 and 4'. It has a role as an antimutagen and a metabolite. It is a trihydroxyflavanone, a member of dihydroflavonols, a secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone and a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones. | 0 |
8-hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-(propan-2-ylamino)butyl]-1H-quinolin-2-one is a member of quinolines. | It is a member of quinolines. | 1 |
It is a monobactam phytotoxic dipeptide produced by Pseudomonas syringae, that causes wildfire disease in tobacco. It has a role as a bacterial metabolite and a toxin. It is a monobactam, a dipeptide, a L-threonine derivative and a secondary alcohol. It is functionally related to a tabtoxinine beta-lactam. | It is an aromatic amide and a member of indazoles. | 0 |
It is a carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. It has a role as a metabolite, an anticholesteremic drug, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is a 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid, a hydroxy monocarboxylic acid, a carboxylic ester, a secondary alcohol, a carbobicyclic compound and a statin (semi-synthetic). It is functionally related to a (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid and a (S)-2-methylbutyric acid. It is a conjugate acid of a pravastatin(1-). | It is 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication. It has a role as a uricosuric drug. It is a member of 1-benzofurans and an aromatic ketone. It is functionally related to a 2,6-dibromophenol. | 0 |
It is an organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl. It has a role as a coccidiostat, an antibacterial drug, an agrochemical and an animal growth promotant. It is an organoarsonic acid and a member of 2-nitrophenols. It is functionally related to a phenylarsonic acid. | It or N-methyltetrahydropapaverine is a recognized metabolite of atracurium and cisatracurium. It decreases the seizure threshold, and thus it can induce seizures if present at sufficient threshold concentrations; however such concentrations are unlikely to be produced consequent to chemodegradable metabolism of clinically administered doses of cisatracurium or atracurium.
It also occurs naturally in minute amounts (0.1%) in opium, from which it was first isolated in 1871. Partial dehydrogenation of laudanosine will lead to papaverine, the alkaloid found in the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum).
It is a benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid. It has been shown to interact with GABA receptors, glycine receptors, opioid receptors, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but not benzodiazepine or muscarinic receptors, which are also involved in epilepsy and other types of seizures. | 0 |
It is a monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2-nitroimidazol-1-yl)acetic acid with the aromatic amino group of benzylamine. Used for treatment of Chagas disease. It has a role as an antiprotozoal drug. It is a member of imidazoles, a C-nitro compound and a monocarboxylic acid amide. | It (glyceral) is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula CHO. It is the simplest of all common aldoses. It is a sweet, colorless, crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism. The word comes from combining glycerol and aldehyde, as glyceraldehyde is glycerol with one alcohol group oxidized to an aldehyde. | 0 |
It (is marketed under the following brand names, Clinoxan, Epsipam, Myolastan, Musaril, Relaxam and Spasmorelax) is a benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and slightly hypnotic properties. It was formerly used mainly in Austria, France, Belgium, Germany and Spain to treat muscle spasm, anxiety disorders such as panic attacks, or more rarely to treat depression, premenstrual syndrome or agoraphobia. It has relatively little sedative effect at low doses while still producing useful muscle relaxation and anxiety relief. The Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures-Human (CMD(h)) endorsed the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) recommendation to suspend the marketing authorisations of tetrazepam-containing medicines across the European Union (EU) in April 2013. The European Commission has confirmed the suspension of the marketing authorisations for It in Europe because of cutaneous toxicity, effective from the 1 August 2013.
Delayed type 4 allergic hypersensitivity reactions including maculopapular exanthema, erythematous rash, urticarial eruption, erythema multiforme, photodermatitis, eczema and Stevens–Johnson syndrome can occasionally occur as a result of tetrazepam exposure. These hypersensitivity reactions to tetrazepam share no cross-reactivity with other benzodiazepines. | It is a benzodiazepine. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Humulus lupulus, Zea mays, and other organisms with data available. | It is an alkanesulfonic acid in which the alkyl group directly linked to the sulfo functionality is ethyl. It is a conjugate acid of an ethanesulfonate. | 0 |
It is an aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group. It has a role as a Maillard reaction product and a metabolite. It is a member of furans and an aldehyde. It is functionally related to a furan. | It is an aromatic hydrocarbon comprising two fused benzene rings. It occurs in the essential oils of numerous plant species e.g. magnolia. It has a role as a volatile oil component, a plant metabolite, an environmental contaminant, a carcinogenic agent, a mouse metabolite and an apoptosis inhibitor. It is an ortho-fused bicyclic arene and a member of naphthalenes. | 0 |
It (INN) is a phenothiazine drug used for the treatment of migraine. It is a serotonin antagonist and histamine antagonist. | It is an imidazolidine-2,4-dione. | 0 |
It is a member of guanidines. | It is a natural product found in Streptomyces aureus with data available. | 0 |
It (SMZ or SMX) is an antibiotic. It is used for bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and prostatitis and is effective against both gram negative and positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and skin rashes. It is a sulfonamide and bacteriostatic. It resembles a component of folic acid. It prevents folic acid synthesis in the bacteria that must synthesize their own folic acid. Mammalian cells, and some bacteria, do not synthesize but require preformed folic acid (vitamin B9); they are therefore insensitive to sulfamethoxazole.
It was introduced to the United States in 1961. It is now mostly used in combination with trimethoprim (abbreviated SMX-TMP). The SMX-TMP combination is on the WHO Model List of Essential medicines as a first-choice treatment for urinary tract infections. Other names include: sulfamethalazole and sulfisomezole. | It (also known as doxophylline) is a phosphodiesterase inhibiting bronchodilator used in the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. Like theophylline, it is a xanthine derivative. | 0 |
It is a bromine oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of a bromate. | It (Spasmium, Tinnitin, Tinnex) is a muscle-relaxing drug used in Austria and Switzerland to relieve spasms in smooth muscles (which include intestines, arteries, and other organs), and the use in those countries was extended to aid with cerebrovascular diseases there, and eventually to treat tinnitus. It is also used to treat tinnitus in India.
Chemically, it is a quinoxalineone and is available in both a base and hydrochloric acid forms.
Pharmacologically, it has been described as a nonspecific calcium channel blocker and as an antagonist of both non-NMDA and NMDA glutamate receptors.
It was discovered in Austria in the 1950s and was developed by Austrian company Phafag AG.
Its INN name, caroverine, was proposed in 1972.
An intravenous formulation was tested in a single-blinded study in tinnitus that published in 1997 and had positive results; an effort to replicate those results failed to show any effect, and more people had their condition worsen than experienced benefit. Pilot studies using a spray formulation for tinnitus published in 2005.
In 2010 Phafag licensed rights to caroverine to the Indian company, Lincoln Pharmaceuticals, to develop the drug for tinnitus in India. Lincoln first marketed it for that purpose in India in 2011.
As of 2016 it had been studied in a small clinical trial in people with loss of the sense of smell.
As of 2018 it was marketed under the brand names Spasmium and Tinnitin in Austria, and under the brand Tinnex in India. | 0 |
It is a cardenolide glycoside. | It is a methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with methanol. It has a role as an alkylating agent, a genotoxin, a carcinogenic agent, a mutagen and an apoptosis inducer. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Clinopodium gilliesii, Oenanthe aquatica, and other organisms with data available. | It is a thorium molecular entity. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Perilla frutescens, Zea mays, and other organisms with data available. | It is a carbonyl compound. | 0 |
It is a corticosteroid, an 11beta-hydroxy steroid, a fluorinated steroid, a 20-oxo steroid, an acetate ester, a spiroketal and a 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid. It has a role as an anti-inflammatory drug. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | It (INN), or benorylate, is an ester-linked codrug of aspirin with paracetamol. It is used as an anti-inflammatory and antipyretic medication. In the treatment of childhood fever, it has been shown to be inferior to paracetamol and aspirin taken separately. In addition, because it is converted to aspirin, benorylate is not recommended in children due to concerns about Reye syndrome. | 0 |
It is a tetrahydroxyflavanone that is flavanone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7, 3' and 4' respectively. It is a tetrahydroxyflavanone and a member of 3'-hydroxyflavanones. | It is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. This includes impetigo, cellulitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, and otitis externa. It is not effective for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It can be used by mouth and by injection.
Side effects include nausea, diarrhea, and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. Clostridium difficile diarrhea may also occur. It is not recommended in people who have previously had a penicillin allergy. Use during pregnancy appears to be relatively safe. It is in the penicillin family of medications.
It was patented in 1960 and approved for medical use in 1965. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is not commercially available in the United States. | 0 |
It is a member of salicylamides. | It (Novartrina, Orsimon, Rosimon-Neu, Tarcuzate) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), originally developed by the German pharmaceutical company Ravensberg in the 1950s, which is used as an analgesic.
It produces phenmetrazine as a major metabolite and has been reported to have been abused as a recreational drug in the past. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Sorangium cellulosum with data available. | It (TAO for short) is a macrolide antibiotic. It was sold in Italy (branded Triocetin) and Turkey (branded Tekmisin). It is no longer sold in Italy as of 2018.
The drug's mode of action is to bind to the ribosome, specifically in the tunnel through which the newly formed peptide egresses, thereby halting protein synthesis.
It is a CYP3A4 inhibitor that may cause drug interactions. | 0 |
It is an antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitor which causes premature chain termination during translation. | It in chemistry is an amide with the molecular formula CHNO.
It can also refer to the functional group with the following chemical formula: R-NH-CO-CH(CH). | 0 |
It is an alkaloid with antimalarial and cytotoxic properties, in vitro and in mice. It is able to intercalate into DNA at the cytosine-cytosine sites. Because of its toxicity, It is not considered appropriate for use as an anti-malarial drug in humans.
It can be found in the roots of the West African plant, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. | It (also known as ametazole) is a histamine H receptor agonist. It hydrochloride is known as gastramine and histalog.
It has been used as a gastric stimulant to test for maximal production of gastric secretion activity. The test can be used in diagnosis of diseases such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome where there is excess acid production, in this case driven by over production of gastrin. The volume of acid secretion is measured following administration of betazole, diagnosis being secretion greater than 60% of the maximal acid secretion following betazole stimulation. This procedure can lead to complications and should be avoided in subjects with coronary artery disease. It is also used in diagnosis of gastritis in association with a test for secretin activity.
It is used as a stimulant in preference to histamine because of its specificity for the H receptor and its advantage of not generating the undesirable side effects that histamine would induce. It therefore does not require concomitant use of antihistaminic compounds to block the actions of histamine at other histamine receptor types.
It is used to test the effectiveness of H receptor blocking drugs such as nizatidine. | 0 |
It is a trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton. It has a role as a xenobiotic metabolite. It is functionally related to a cyanamide. It is a conjugate base of a melamine(1+). | It is a carbamate ester that is phenyl methylcarbamate substituted at position 2 by a propan-2-yloxy group. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, a carbamate insecticide, an acaricide and an agrochemical. It is a carbamate ester and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to a methylcarbamic acid and a 2-isopropoxyphenol. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Paeonia obovata, Rhinacanthus nasutus, and other organisms with data available. | It is a natural product found in Streptomyces piomogenus, Peucedanum japonicum, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand names Dimetrose and Nemestran among others, is a medication which is used in the treatment of endometriosis. It has also been used to treat other conditions such as uterine fibroids and heavy menstrual bleeding and has been investigated as a method of birth control. It is used alone and is not formulated in combination with other medications. It is taken by mouth or in through the vagina.
Side effects of gestrinone include menstrual abnormalities, estrogen deficiency, and symptoms of masculinization like acne, seborrhea, breast shrinkage, increased hair growth, and scalp hair loss, among others. It has a complex mechanism of action, and is characterized as a mixed progestogen and antiprogestogen, a weak androgen and anabolic steroid, a weak antigonadotropin, a weak steroidogenesis inhibitor, and a functional antiestrogen.
It was introduced for medical use in 1986. It has been used extensively in Europe but appears to remains marketed only in a few countries throughout the world. The medication is not available in the United States. Due to its anabolic effects, the use of gestrinone in competition has been banned by the International Olympic Committee. | It is a molybdenum oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of a hydrogenmolybdate. | 0 |
It is a member of amphetamines. | It is an antibiotic that has been in use in Europe for about fifty years, and has proven to be very effective at combating biofilm infections. It was shown to cause a decrease in the biofilm density of P. aeruginosa infections, which would allow access to the infection by the immune system in vivo. It was shown that nitroxoline functions by chelating Fe and Zn ions from the biofilm matrix; when Fe and Zn were reintroduced into the system, biofilm formation was reconstituted. The activity of biofilm degradation is comparable to EDTA, but has a history of human use in clinical settings and therefore has a precedent with which to allow its use against “slimy” biofilm infections. | 0 |
It is a sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. It has a role as an antiinfective agent, an antimicrobial agent, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and a drug allergen. It is a member of pyrimidines, a sulfonamide, a substituted aniline, an aromatic ether and a sulfonamide antibiotic. It is functionally related to a sulfanilamide. | It is a pyrazole acaricide and a pyrazole insecticide. It has a role as a mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with the formula CClCN. It is a colourless liquid, although commercial samples often are brownish. It is used commercially as a precursor to the fungicide etridiazole. It is prepared by dehydration of trichloroacetamide. As a bifunctional compound, trichloroacetonitrile can react at both the trichloromethyl and the nitrile group. The electron-withdrawing effect of the trichloromethyl group activates the nitrile group for nucleophilic additions. The high reactivity makes trichloroacetonitrile a versatile reagent, but also causes its susceptibility towards hydrolysis. | It is a trioxane that is 1,3,5-trioxane substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 4 and 6. It has a role as a sedative. | 0 |
It is an ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon that is a major component of fossil fuels and their derivatives It is an ortho-fused polycyclic arene and an ortho-fused tricyclic hydrocarbon. | It (symbol Gly or G; ) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. It is the simplest stable amino acid (carbamic acid is unstable). In the gas phase, it is a molecule with the chemical formula NH‐CH‐COOH. In solution or in the solid, glycine exists as the zwitterion. It is one of the proteinogenic amino acids. It is encoded by all the codons starting with GG (GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG). It is integral to the formation of alpha-helices in secondary protein structure due to the "flexibility" caused by such a small R group. It is also an inhibitory neurotransmitter – interference with its release within the spinal cord (such as during a Clostridium tetani infection) can cause spastic paralysis due to uninhibited muscle contraction.
It is the only achiral proteinogenic amino acid. It can fit into hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments, due to its minimal side chain of only one hydrogen atom. | 0 |
It is a monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by chlorine at positions 5 and 7. An antifungal and antibacterial, it was formerly used for topical treatment of skin conditions and vaginal infections. It has a role as an antibacterial drug, an antiseptic drug and an antiprotozoal drug. It is an organochlorine compound and a monohydroxyquinoline. | It is a sulfonic acid containing the camphorsulfonate anion. It is functionally related to a camphor. It is a conjugate acid of a camphorsulfonate anion. | 0 |
It is a chloro-1,3,5-triazine in which the triazine ring is substituted on each carbon by chlorine. Its main use is in the preparation of the triazine-class pesticides. It has a role as a cross-linking reagent. It is an organochlorine compound and a chloro-1,3,5-triazine. | It (INN) (also known as BAY u3405) is a thromboxane receptor antagonist.
It is also a DP receptor antagonist.
It is indicated for the treatment of coronary artery disease. It has also been used for the treatment of asthma.
It has been suggested that ramatroban, by modulating DP receptor, can reverse viremia-associated proinflammatory and prothrombotic processes which are similar to those induced by SARS-Cov-2. Hence, ramatroban, that has been used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis in Japan for the past two decades with a well established safety profile, merits investigation as a novel immunotherapy for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, although no clinical trial has yet been conducted.
It was developed by the German pharmaceutical company Bayer AG and is co-marketed in Japan by Bayer Yakuhin then marketed by Kyorin Pharmaceutical and Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd. under the trade name Baynas. | 0 |
It is a bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a glycochenodeoxycholate. | It is a natural product found in Homo sapiens with data available. | 1 |
It is a sulfone that is diphenylsulfone in which the hydrogen atom at the 4 position of each of the phenyl groups is substituted by an amino group. It is active against a wide range of bacteria, but is mainly employed for its actions against Mycobacterium leprae, being used as part of multidrug regimens in the treatment of all forms of leprosy. It has a role as an antimalarial, a leprostatic drug, an antiinfective agent and an anti-inflammatory drug. It is a sulfone and a substituted aniline. It is functionally related to a diphenyl sulfone. | It is a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties. It has a role as an EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor, an immunosuppressive agent, an antineoplastic agent, an antiviral agent, a pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor, an anticoronaviral agent and an antimetabolite. It is a member of biphenyls, a member of monofluorobenzenes, a quinolinemonocarboxylic acid and a monocarboxylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a brequinar(1-). | 0 |
Garcinia acid is a carbonyl compound. | It (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa.
There are four isomers, (+)- and (-)-hydroxycitric acid, and (+)- and (-)-allo-hydroxycitric acid. The (-)-hydroxycitric acid isomer is the one found in Garcinia. | 1 |
It (US) or pentobarbitone (British and Australian) is a short-acting barbiturate typically used as a sedative, a preanesthetic, and to control convulsions in emergencies. It can also be used for short-term treatment of insomnia but has been largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs.
In high doses, pentobarbital causes death by respiratory arrest. It is used for veterinary euthanasia and is used by some US states and the Federal government of the United States for executions of convicted criminals by lethal injection. In some countries and states, it is also used for physician-assisted suicide.
It was widely abused and sometimes known as "yellow jackets" due to the yellow capsule of the Nembutal brand. It in oral (pill) form is not commercially available.
It was developed by Ernest H. Volwiler and at Abbott Laboratories in 1930. | It is a member of phenanthrenes. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of phenothiazines that is phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position. It has a role as a dopaminergic antagonist, an antiemetic, an EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor, an EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor, a calmodulin antagonist and a phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. It is a N-alkylpiperazine, a N-methylpiperazine, a member of phenothiazines and an organofluorine compound. | It is a cyclic peptide. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Sophora stenophylla, Sophora moorcroftiana, and other organisms with data available. | It is a natural product found in Polygala tenuifolia, Rauvolfia serpentina, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It, marketed under the trade name Primacaine, is a local anesthetic. It is used in dentistry. It has the U.S. patent number 2,882,296. | It is a steroidal sapogenin, that is the aglycosidic portion of a plant saponin. It is named after sarsaparilla (Smilax sp.), a family of climbing plants found in subtropical regions. It was one of the first sapogenins to be identified, and the first spirostan steroid to be identified as such. The identification of the spirostan structure, with its ketone spiro acetal functionality, was fundamental in the development of the Marker degradation, which allowed the industrial production of progesterone and other sex hormones from plant steroids.
It is unusual in that it has a cis-linkage between rings A and B of the steroid nucleus, as opposed to the more usual trans-linkage found in other saturated steroids. This 5β configuration is biologically significant, as a specific enzyme – sarsasapogenin 3β-glucosyltransferase – is found in several plants for the glycosylation of sarsasapogenin. The (S)-configuration at C-25 is also in contrast to other spirostan sapogenins: the epimer with a (25R)-configuration is known as smilagenin.
It has been used as a starting material for the synthesis of other steroids. It has also attracted pharmaceutical interest in its own right, and is found in the rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, called zhī mǔ (知母) in traditional Chinese medicine, from which it is extracted commercially. | 0 |
It is an aromatic ketone in which the two substituents on the carbonyl C atom are phenyl and ethyl. It has a role as a fragrance. | It is a glucocorticoid used to treat certain skin diseases, allergies, and rheumatic disorders among others. It is also used to prevent worsening of asthma and COPD. It can be taken in various ways including by mouth, injection into a muscle, and inhalation.
Common side effects with long-term use include osteoporosis, cataracts, thrush, and muscle weakness. Serious side effects may include psychosis, increased risk of infections, adrenal suppression, and bronchospasm. Use in pregnancy is generally safe. It works by decreasing inflammation and immune system activity.
It was patented in 1956 and came into medical use in 1958. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 104th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6million prescriptions. | 0 |
It is a fungicide. It is used to control almost all fungal diseases of plants except powdery mildews. It is believed to be a human carcinogen, and production for use as a fungicide in the United States stopped in 1987. Its continued use from existing stocks was allowed, but in 1999 the Environmental Protection Agency banned its use on all crops except onions, potatoes, and tomatoes. In 2006 even these exceptions were disallowed, so currently its use on all crops is banned in the United States. Several other countries have followed suit since 2000, and as of 2010, no countries are known to allow the use of captafol on food crops. Currently, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health established a recommended exposure limit of 0.1 mg/m for dermal exposures.
It was disclosed in US patent 3,178,447 (1965). Its synergistic mixture with thiabendazole was described in US patent 4092422 (1978).
International trade in captafol is regulated by the Rotterdam Convention. | It is a natural product found in Euphorbia prostrata, Angelica gigas, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. It has a role as a beta-adrenergic antagonist, an anti-arrhythmia drug, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a member of ethanolamines, a secondary amino compound, a secondary alcohol and a sulfonamide. It is a conjugate base of a sotalol(1+). | It is a natural product found in Papaver somniferum, Cocos nucifera, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of dihydrochalcones that is acetophenone in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a benzyl group. It has a role as a plant metabolite. | It is the tradename for the organic compound with the formula CH(CO)NSCCl. It is a fungicide derived from phthalimide (CH(CO)N-) and trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride. The compound is white although commercial samples can appear brownish. It is structurally related to Captan, which is also a trichloromethylsulfenyl-containing fungicide. | 0 |
It (DLV) (brand name Rescriptor) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) marketed by ViiV Healthcare. It is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. It is presented as the mesylate. The recommended dosage is 400 mg, three times a day.
Although delavirdine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1997, its efficacy is lower than other NNRTIs, especially efavirenz, and it also has an inconvenient schedule. These factors have led the U.S. DHHS not to recommend its use as part of initial therapy.
The risk of cross-resistance across the NNRTI class, as well as its complex set of drug interactions, makes the place of delavirdine in second-line and salvage therapy unclear, and it is currently rarely used.
Its manufacturing and distribution was discontinued in the United States and Canada. | It is an enoate ester. | 0 |
It (HNO) is a reactive nitrogen species (RNS). It is the conjugate acid of peroxynitrite (ONOO). It has a pK of approximately 6.8. It is formed in vivo from the diffusion-controlled reaction of nitrogen monoxide (ON) and superoxide (). It is an isomer of nitric acid and isomerises with a rate constant of k = 1.2 s, a process whereby up to 5% of hydroxyl and nitrogen dioxide radicals may be formed. It oxidises and nitrates aromatic compounds in low yield. The mechanism may involve a complex between the aromatic compound and ONOOH, and a transition from the cis- to the trans-configuration of ONOOH. It is also important in atmospheric chemistry. | It is an isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia. It has a role as a geroprotector, an EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor, a vasodilator agent, a nootropic agent, a neuroprotective agent, an antihypertensive agent and a calcium channel blocker. It is a N-sulfonyldiazepane and a member of isoquinolines. It is a conjugate base of a fasudil(1+). | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Arundo donax and Apis cerana with data available. | It, also called difluoromethylene, HFC-32 Methylene Fluoride or R-32, is an organic compound of the dihalogenoalkane variety. It has the formula of CHF. It is a colorless gas in the ambient atmosphere and is slightly soluble in the water, with a high thermal stability. Due to the low melting and boiling point, (-136.0 °C and -51.6 °C respectively) contact with this compound may result in frostbite. In the United States, the Clean Air Act Section 111 on Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) has listed difluoromethane as an exception (since 1997) from the definition of VOC due to its low production of tropospheric ozone. It is commonly used in endothermic processes such as refrigeration or air conditioning. | 0 |
It (Motofen, R-15403) is an opioid drug used, often in combination with atropine, to treat diarrhea. It is the principal metabolite of diphenoxylate.
It was first approved in the US in 1978 and in 1980 in the former West Germany.
It crosses the blood brain barrier and induces some euphoria; it is often sold with or administered with atropine to reduce the potential for abuse and overdose. | It is an inorganic compound with the formula LiH. This alkali metal hydride is a colorless solid, although commercial samples are grey. Characteristic of a salt-like (ionic) hydride, it has a high melting point, and it is not soluble but reactive with all protic organic solvents. It is soluble and nonreactive with certain molten salts such as lithium fluoride, lithium borohydride, and sodium hydride. With a molar mass of 7.95 g/mol, it is the lightest ionic compound. | 0 |
It is a diarylmethane. | It (N,N,1-Trimethyl-3,3-diphenylpropylamine) is a drug used for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Its tradename is Recipavrin. | 1 |
It is a diterpenoid. | It, also known as zinc methyl, DMZ, or DMZn, is an organozinc compound with the chemical formula . It belongs to the large series of similar compounds such as diethylzinc. | 0 |
It (NOMAC), sold under the brand names Lutenyl and Zoely among others, is a progestin medication which is used in birth control pills, menopausal hormone therapy, and for the treatment of gynecological disorders. It is available both alone and in combination with an estrogen. NOMAC is taken by mouth. A birth control implant for placement under the skin was also developed but ultimately was not marketed.
Side effects of NOMAC include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, and others. NOMAC is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It has some antiandrogenic activity and no other important hormonal activity.
Nomegestrol, a related compound, was patented in 1975, and NOMAC was described in 1983. NOMAC was first introduced for medical use, for the treatment of gynecological disorders and in menopausal hormone therapy, in Europe in 1986. It was subsequently approved in Europe in 2011 as a component of birth control pills. NOMAC is available widely throughout the world. It is not available in the United States or Canada. | It is a corticosteroid hormone. | 1 |
It (Serentil) is a phenothiazine class drug that is used in the treatment of schizophrenia. It is one of the active metabolites of thioridazine. The drug's name is derived from the methylsulfoxy and piperidine functional groups in its chemical structure.
It has central antiadrenergic, antidopaminergic, antiserotonergic and weak muscarinic anticholinergic effects.
Serious side effects include akathisia, tardive dyskinesia and the potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
It was withdrawn from the United States market in 2004 due to dangerous side effects, namely irregular heart beat and QT-prolongation of the electrocardiogram.
It currently appears to be unavailable worldwide. | It is a natural product found in Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, Zanthoxylum gilletii, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It (INN, currently being sold under the brand names of Achletin, Diu-Hydrin and Triflumen) is a diuretic with properties similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. It is usually administered for the treatment of oedema (including that which is associated with heart failure, hepatic cirrhosis and corticosteroid therapy) and hypertension. In veterinary medicine, trichlormethiazide can be combined with dexamethasone to be used on horses with mild swelling of distal limbs and general bruising.
As a diuretic (in particular a thiazide), trichlormethiazide encourages water loss from the body. It works by inhibiting Na/Cl ion reabsorption from the distal tubules of the kidneys. In addition, trichlormethiazide increases the excretion of potassium. | It (EMB, E) is a medication primarily used to treat tuberculosis. It is usually given in combination with other tuberculosis medications, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide. It may also be used to treat Mycobacterium avium complex, and Mycobacterium kansasii. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include problems with vision, joint pain, nausea, headaches, and feeling tired. Other side effects include liver problems and allergic reactions. It is not recommended in people with optic neuritis, significant kidney problems, or under the age of five. Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding has not been found to cause harm. In the United States the FDA has raised concerns about eye issues in the baby if used during pregnancy. It is believed to work by interfering with the bacteria's metabolism.
It was discovered in 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines and is available as a generic medication. | 0 |
It is a tricarboxylic acid consisting of 2-oxoglutaric acid having a further carboxy group at the 3-position. It is a substrate of the citric acid cycle. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is functionally related to a 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a conjugate acid of an oxalatosuccinate(3-). | It (INN) is a diuretic indicated for the treatment of edema and hypertension.
It was developed by Bayer A.G. and is sold under the tradename Baycaron. | 0 |
It is an N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group. It has a role as a serotonergic agonist, a vasoconstrictor agent and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is a member of indoles, a N-alkylpyrrolidine and a sulfone. It is a conjugate base of an eletriptan(1+). | It is a natural product found in Ursus thibetanus, Homo sapiens, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an adrenergic agent, an EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor and an anticonvulsant. It is a dicarboximide, a member of piperidones and a substituted aniline. It is functionally related to a piperidine-2,6-dione. | It (AG), sold under the brand names Elipten, Cytadren, and Orimeten among others, is a medication which has been used in the treatment of seizures, Cushing's syndrome, breast cancer, and prostate cancer, among other indications. It has also been used by bodybuilders, athletes, and other men for muscle-building and performance- and physique-enhancing purposes. AG is taken by mouth three or four times per day.
Side effects of AG include lethargy, somnolence, dizziness, headache, appetite loss, skin rash, hypertension, liver damage, and adrenal insufficiency, among others. AG is both an anticonvulsant and a steroidogenesis inhibitor. In terms of the latter property, it inhibits enzymes such as cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1, P450scc) and aromatase (CYP19A1), thereby inhibiting the conversion of cholesterol into steroid hormones and blocking the production of androgens, estrogens, and glucocorticoids, among other endogenous steroids. As such, AG is an aromatase inhibitor and adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitor, including both an androgen synthesis inhibitor and a corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor.
AG was introduced for medical use, as an anticonvulsant, in 1960. It was withdrawn in 1966 due to toxicity. Its steroidogenesis-inhibiting properties were discovered serendipitously and it was subsequently repurposed for use in the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, breast cancer, and prostate cancer from 1969 and thereafter. However, although used in the past, it has mostly been superseded by newer agents with better efficacy and lower toxicity such as ketoconazole, abiraterone acetate, and other aromatase inhibitors. It remains marketed only in a few countries. | 1 |
It is a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid. | It is a 1-ribosyltriazole that is the 1-ribofuranosyl derivative of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. A synthetic guanosine analogue, it is an inhibitor of HCV polymerase and possesses a broad spectrum of activity against DNA and RNA viruses. It has a role as an antimetabolite, an antiviral agent, an antiinfective agent, an EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor and an anticoronaviral agent. It is a 1-ribosyltriazole, an aromatic amide, a monocarboxylic acid amide and a primary carboxamide. It is functionally related to a 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, Veronica kellereri, and other organisms with data available. | It is an organolead compound. | 0 |
It is a quaternary ammonium ion that is choline in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a chlorine. Its salts (particularly the chloride salt, known as chlormequat chloride) are used as plant growth retardants. It has a role as a plant growth retardant. | It is an alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a malonate(1-). | 0 |
It is a pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a pyrrole-2-carboxylate. | It is a catecholamine. | 0 |
It is a dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. It has a role as an antiviral drug and a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is a dipyridodiazepine and a member of cyclopropanes. | It is a 17-oxo steroid that is androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogens at position 6 are replaced by a double bond to a methylene group. A selective inhibitor of the aromatase (oestrogen synthase) system, it is used in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. It has a role as an EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a 17-oxo steroid and a 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid. It derives from a hydride of an androstane. | 0 |
6-phospho-D-gluconic acid is a gluconic acid phosphate having the phosphate group at the 6-position. It is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It has a role as a fundamental metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a 6-phosphonatooxy-D-gluconate and a 6-phospho-D-gluconate. | It is an organoarsonic acid where the organyl group is 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl. It has a role as a coccidiostat, an antibacterial drug, an agrochemical and an animal growth promotant. It is an organoarsonic acid and a member of 2-nitrophenols. It is functionally related to a phenylarsonic acid. | 0 |
It is a lanthanoid atom and a f-block element atom. | It is a monocarboxylic acid. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group. It has a role as a sympathomimetic agent, an anti-asthmatic drug, a bronchodilator agent, a vasoconstrictor agent, a central nervous system drug, a nasal decongestant, a xenobiotic and a plant metabolite. It is a secondary alcohol, a secondary amino compound and a member of phenylethanolamines. It is a conjugate base of a pseudoephedrine(1+). | It is the organic compound with the formula CHC(CH)OOH. An oily liquid, it is classified as an organic hydroperoxide. Products of decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide are methylstyrene, acetophenone, and 2-Phenyl-2-propanol.
It is produced by treatment of cumene with oxygen, an autoxidation. At temperatures >100 °C, oxygen is passed through liquid cumene:
: + O →
Dicumyl peroxide is a side product. | 0 |
L-asparagine is an optically active form of asparagine having L-configuration. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a mouse metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is an aspartate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, an asparagine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-asparaginium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-asparaginate. It is an enantiomer of a D-asparagine. It is a tautomer of a L-asparagine zwitterion. | It is a member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (+)-dihydrokaempferol substituted by a prenyl group at position 8 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Phellodendron amurense and Commiphora africana, it exhibits inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a member of dihydroflavonols, a flavanone glycoside, a trihydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a beta-D-glucoside and a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a (+)-dihydrokaempferol. | 0 |
It is an antibacterial drug of the sulfonamide group. It has a relatively broad effect against gram-positive cocci but not against enterobacteria. One of the earliest antimicrobial drugs, it was widely used in the mid-20th century but is little used today because better options now exist. The discovery and development of this first sulfonamide drug opened a new era in medicine, because it greatly widened the success of antimicrobial chemotherapy in an era when many physicians doubted its still largely untapped potential. At the time, disinfectant cleaners and topical antiseptic wound care were widely used but there were very few antimicrobial drugs to use safely inside living bodies. Antibiotic drugs derived from microbes, which we rely on heavily today, did not yet exist. It was discovered in 1932 by a research team at the Bayer Laboratories of the IG Farben conglomerate in Germany led by Gerhard Domagk. Domagk received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for that discovery. | It is a diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent and an antibacterial drug. It is a member of azobenzenes and a sulfonamide. It is functionally related to a sulfanilamide. | 1 |
It is a hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively. It has a role as a dermatologic drug, a protective agent, an ultraviolet filter, a xenobiotic and an environmental contaminant. It is a hydroxybenzophenone and a monomethoxybenzene. | It is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antineoplastic agent, an antibacterial agent and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and an olefinic compound. | 0 |
It, also known as N-acetyl--leucyl--leucyl--argininal, is a naturally occurring protease inhibitor that can inhibit cysteine, serine and threonine peptidases.
It is often used during in vitro experiments when a specific enzymatic reaction is being studied. When cells are lysed for these studies, proteases, many of which are contained within lysosomes, are released. These proteases, if freely present in the lysate, would destroy any products from the reaction being studied, and make the experiment uninterpretable. For example, leupeptin could be used in a calpain extraction to keep calpain from being hydrolyzed by specific proteases. The suggested concentration is 1-10 μM (0.5-5 μg/ml).
It is an organic compound produced by actinomycetes, which inhibits serine, cysteine and threonine proteases. It inhibits serine proteinases (trypsin (K=3.5 nM), plasmin (K= 3.4 nM), porcine kallikrein), and cysteine proteinases (papain, cathepsin B (K = 4.1 nM), endoproteinase Lys-C). It does not inhibit α-chymotrypsin or thrombin. It is a competitive transition state inhibitor and its inhibition may be relieved by an excess of substrate.
It is soluble in water (stable for 1 week at 4 °C and 1 month at −20 °C), ethanol, acetic acid and DMF.
It can be given topically for middle and inner ear infections. | 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid is a dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta. It has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite and a plant metabolite. It is functionally related to a benzoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. | 0 |
It (PRN) is a phenylpyrrole chemical used an antifungal antibiotic. Pseudomonas pyrrocinia and other Pseudomonas species produce pyrrolnitrin from tryptophan as secondary metabolite. It is believed that the antifungal properties come from inhibition of electron transport system.
The synthetic fungicides fenpiclonil and fludioxonil are chemically related to pyrrolnitrin. | It is a cycloalkane that is cyclohexane substituted by a single methyl group. It has a role as an aprotic solvent, a plant metabolite and a human metabolite. It is a cycloalkane and a volatile organic compound. It derives from a hydride of a cyclohexane. | 0 |
It is a monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic and an EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor. It is a monocarboxylic acid, a member of isoindoles and a gamma-lactam. It is functionally related to a propionic acid. | It is a natural product found in Caenorhabditis elegans with data available. | 0 |
It is an alkali metal hydroxide and a rubidium molecular entity. | It is a natural product found in Psychotria rubra, Helenium autumnale, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It (developmental code name BS-749), also known as 3-hydroxyacetanilide and AMAP, is a non-toxic regioisomer of paracetamol with analgesic and antipyretic properties, but has never been marketed as a drug.
It is known to have several polymorphs. Form II is metastable, while form I is stable. It polymorph II transforms to form I upon water moisture or direct contact with water and other popular solvents. It II form may be obtained on cooling in narrow temperature regime. | It is a bacterial iron chelating agent (siderophore) found in E. coli. It is a virulence factor enabling E. coli to sequester iron in iron-poor environments such as the urinary tract.
It is biosynthesized by the oxidation of lysine, catalyzed by the enzyme aerobactin synthase, which is then coupled to citric acid. The gene for this enzyme is found in the aerobactin operon, which is roughly 8 kilobases long and contains 5 or more genes in total.
Yersinia pestis contains genes relating to aerobactin, but they have been inactivated by a frameshift mutation, thus Y. pestis is no longer able to synthesize aerobactin. | 0 |
It (pyridine-4-carboxamide) is the amide form of isonicotinic acid. It is an isomer of nicotinamide, which has the carboxamide group in the 3-position.
It is soluble in water (191 g/L), and is also soluble in ethanol, DMSO, methanol, chloroform, chloroform/methanol mixtures, and dioxane (10 mg/L). This compound is used for material synthesis.
Compounds in which the amide nitrogen is connected to another, and then doubly-bonded, are called isonicotinoylhydrazones. | It, sold under the brand name Orfadin among others, is a medication used to slow the effects of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT-1).
It is available as a generic medication. | 0 |
It is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone substituted by hydroxy and 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl groups at positions 2 and 3, respectively. It is a natural compound that exhibits antibacterial and anticancer properties, first isolated in 1882 from the bark of Tabebuia avellanedae. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an antineoplastic agent, an antibacterial agent and an anti-inflammatory agent. It is a hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone and an olefinic compound. | It (synonyms: m-AMSA, acridinyl anisidide) is an antineoplastic agent.
It has been used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | 0 |
It is a member of amphetamines. | It is a natural antibiotic that is biosynthesized from a hybrid nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway. It was first isolated in the 1950s from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains T359 and IFO 3455 and was found to be toxic against oomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and against certain plants. It is most notable for its toxicity against the oomycete Pythium ultimum, which is a plant pathogen that causes a global loss in agriculture. Currently, pyoluteorin derivatives are being studied as an Mcl-1 antagonist in order to target cancers that have elevated Mcl-1 levels. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of thiocyanates that is the methyl ester of thiocyanic acid. | It is a pyridinium ion obtained by formal condensation of four molecules of lysine. It has a role as a biomarker. It is a pyridinium ion and a lysine derivative. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. It is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. It has a role as an antitrichomonal drug, a prodrug, an antibacterial drug, an antimicrobial agent, an antiparasitic agent, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant, a radiosensitizing agent and an antiamoebic agent. It is a member of imidazoles, a C-nitro compound and a primary alcohol. It is a conjugate base of a metronidazole(1+). | It is a member of the class of thiazolidines that is (4S)-4-methyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a (1S)-1-hydroxy-1-{(4R)-2-[(4R)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-yl}-2-methylpropan-2-yl group. A siderophore found in the gram-negative bacterium species, Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pestis. It has a role as a siderophore and a bacterial metabolite. It is a member of phenols, a member of thiazolidines, a monocarboxylic acid and a secondary alcohol. It is a conjugate acid of a yersiniabactin(1-). | 0 |
It is a chlorphenamine. It is an enantiomer of a levochlorpheniramine. | It is a member of indoles. | 0 |
It is an organic cyclic compound that consists of cyclopentadiene bearing a methylene substituent. The parent of the class of fulvenes. | It is a drug used in the treatment of migraine, which acts as a calcium channel blocker, and also as an antagonist at the 5HT receptor, and to a lesser extent at the 5HT and 5HT receptors. The anti-migraine action is thought to be due to its action as a vasodilator, but it also has some anxiolytic effects and blocks amnesia produced by electroconvulsive shock in animals. | 0 |
It is a glycosyl glycoside derivative and an amino disaccharide. | It is a natural product found in Strychnos ignatii, Strychnos wallichiana, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1. It has a role as an antidepressant. It contains a lithium(1+). | It is a natural product found in Saussurea eopygmaea, Artemisia xerophytica, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a L-lysine derivative. It has a role as a siderophore, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a virulence factor. It is a conjugate acid of an aerobactinate(3-). | It is a member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively. It has a role as an antispermatogenic agent, an antineoplastic agent, a geroprotector and an EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor. It is a member of indazoles, a dichlorobenzene and a monocarboxylic acid. | 0 |
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