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3-(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane is an alkaloid. | It is a natural product found in Epipedobates anthonyi with data available. | 1 |
It is a C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which every hydrogen has been replaced by a chlorine. A fungicide used on a variety of crops, including cotton, rice and seed grains, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union. It has a role as an antifungal agrochemical. It is a C-nitro compound, a member of pentachlorobenzenes and an aromatic fungicide. | It, typically abbreviated PCNB, is a registered fungicide formally derived from nitrobenzene. It is either an off-white or yellow solid, depending on its purity, with a musty odor. | 1 |
It is a member of the lclass of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one bearing a 3-(cyclopentyloxy)-4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position. It is a type IV-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4) inhibitor. It has a role as an antidepressant and an EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor. | It is a set of isomeric terpenes. Existing as chiral cis and trans isomers, they arise from the hydrogenation of pinene. Both isomers undergo reaction with air to give 2-pinane hydroperoxides, also with chiral cis and trans isomers. Partial reduction of these isomers gives 2-pinanol. | 0 |
It is a phosphoramide. | It is an organic compound classified as a tetraterpene and a carotene. It (from the Neo-Latin Lycopersicon, the name of a former tomato genus) is a bright red carotenoid hydrocarbon found in tomatoes and other red fruits and vegetables. | 0 |
It is an organic compound that is the reduced form of lipoic acid. This carboxylic acid features a pair of thiol groups, and therefore is a dithiol. It is optically active, but only the R-enantiomer is biochemically significant. The lipoic acid/dihydrolipoic acid pair participate in a variety of biochemical transformations. | It, or orthodichlorobenzene (ODCB), is an aryl chloride and isomer of dichlorobenzene with the formula CHCl. This colourless liquid is poorly soluble in water but miscible with most organic solvents. It is a derivative of benzene, consisting of two adjacent chlorine atoms.
It is mainly used as a precursor chemical in the synthesis of agrochemicals, as a preferred solvent for dissolving and working with fullerenes, as an insecticide, and in softening and removing carbon-based contamination on metal surfaces. | 0 |
It (ACRO A) is a toxic compound that is part of a group known as kainoids, characterized by a structure bearing a pyrrolidine dicarboxylic acid, represented by kainic acid. It has the molecular formula . It has been isolated from a Japanese poisonous mushroom, Clitocybe acromelalga. Acromelic acid is responsible for the poisonous aspects of the mushroom because of its potent neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic properties. Ingestion of the Clitocybe acromelalga, causes allodynia which can continue for over a month. The systemic administration of acromelic acid A in rats results in selective loss of interneurons in the lower spinal cord, without causing neuronal damage in the hippocampus and other regions. | It is a dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, an adrenergic agent, an EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor and an anticonvulsant. It is a dicarboximide, a member of piperidones and a substituted aniline. It is functionally related to a piperidine-2,6-dione. | 0 |
It is a trialkyl phosphate. | The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid. Its name is derived from citrullus, the Latin word for watermelon. Although named and described by gastroenterologists since the late 19th century, it was first isolated from watermelon in 1914 by Japanese researchers Yotaro Koga and Ryo Odake and further codified by Mitsunori Wada of Tokyo Imperial University in 1930.
It has the formula HNC(O)NH(CH)CH(NH)COH. It is a key intermediate in the urea cycle, the pathway by which mammals excrete ammonia by converting it into urea. It is also produced as a byproduct of the enzymatic production of nitric oxide from the amino acid arginine, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. | 0 |
It is a carbonate ester that is the diphenyl ester of carbonic acid. | It is the organic compound with the formula (CHO)CO. It is classified as an acyclic carbonate ester. It is a colorless solid. It is both a monomer in combination with bisphenol A in the production of polycarbonate polymers and a product of the decomposition of polycarbonates. | 1 |
It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Streptomyces antioxidans, and other organisms with data available. | It (trade name Enkaid) is a class Ic antiarrhythmic agent. It is no longer used because of its frequent proarrhythmic side effects. | 0 |
It is an aromatic ether. | It, sold under the brand name Skelaxin, is a muscle relaxant medication used to relax muscles and relieve pain caused by strains, sprains, and other musculoskeletal conditions. Its exact mechanism of action is not known, but it may be due to general central nervous system depression. It is a moderately strong muscle relaxant, with relatively low incidence of side effects.
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and central nervous system (CNS) side effects, such as dizziness, headache, and irritability.
The metabolism of metaxalone involves enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 in the cytochrome P450 system. Because many medications are metabolized by enzymes in this system, precaution must be taken when administering it with other medications involving the P450 system to avoid interactions.
Because of the potential for side effects, this drug is considered high risk in the elderly. | 1 |
It is a member of benzophenones. | It is a lignan. | 0 |
It normally encountered as the tetrahydrate, [Be(HO)]SO is a white crystalline solid. It was first isolated in 1815 by Jons Jakob Berzelius. It may be prepared by treating an aqueous solution of many beryllium salts with sulfuric acid, followed by evaporation of the solution and crystallization. The hydrated product may be converted to anhydrous salt by heating at 400 °C. | N-acetyldopamine is a secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the amino group of dopamine. A dopamine metabolite. It has a role as a human urinary metabolite and a marine metabolite. It is a secondary carboxamide, a member of acetamides, a member of catechols and a N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine. It is functionally related to a dopamine. | 0 |
It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | It (anhydrous) is 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). It is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa. It has a role as an EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor, an antiparkinson drug and a dopaminergic agent. It is a member of hydrazines, a monocarboxylic acid and a member of catechols. | 0 |
It is a member of indoles. | It is an isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, an antiinfective agent, an epitope, an EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor, an antimicrobial agent, a P450 inhibitor, an EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a drug allergen. It is a sulfonamide, a member of isoxazoles, a substituted aniline and a sulfonamide antibiotic. It is functionally related to a sulfanilamide. | 0 |
It, sold as under the brand name Ditropan among others, is an anticholinergic drug primarily used to treat overactive bladder. It is widely considered a first-line therapy for overactive bladder due to its well-studied side effect profile, broad applicability, and continued efficacy over long periods of time. It works similar to tolterodine, darifenacin, and solifenacin, although it is usually preferred over these medications. It is sometimes used off-label for treatment of hyperhidrosis, or excessive sweating. It has also been used off-label to treat bed wetting in children, but this use has declined, as it is most likely ineffective in this role. It is taken by mouth or applied to the skin.
Common side effects include dry mouth, constipation, dizziness, trouble sleeping, and urinary tract infections. Serious side effects may include urinary retention and an increased risk of heat stroke. Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied while use in breastfeeding is of unclear safety. It is an antimuscarinic and works by blocking the effects of acetylcholine on smooth muscle.
It was approved for medical use in the US in 1975. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 102nd most commonly prescribed medication in the US, with more than 6million prescriptions. | It is a cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum. It has a role as a GABA reuptake inhibitor, a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antidepressant, an antibacterial agent, an antineoplastic agent and an apoptosis inducer. It is a cyclic terpene ketone, a sesquarterpenoid and a carbobicyclic compound. | 0 |
It is an organic compound with the formula CHCOCH=CH. This colorless liquid is the precursor to polyvinyl acetate, ethene-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol, and other important industrial polymers. | L-valine is the L-enantiomer of valine. It has a role as a nutraceutical, a micronutrient, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite and a mouse metabolite. It is a pyruvate family amino acid, a proteinogenic amino acid, a valine and a L-alpha-amino acid. It is a conjugate base of a L-valinium. It is a conjugate acid of a L-valinate. It is an enantiomer of a D-valine. It is a tautomer of a L-valine zwitterion. | 0 |
It is a penicillanic acid ester that is the (5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin. It has a role as a prodrug. It is a penicillanic acid ester and a ketene acetal. It is functionally related to an ampicillin. | It is an anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 7, a methoxy group at position 5 and a 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group at position 2 respectively. It has a role as a plant metabolite. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Peristeria elata, Picea abies, and other organisms with data available. | It is a fatty acid ester. | 1 |
It, or (-)-4-Hydroxy-4a,8-dimethyl-3,3a,4a,7a,8,9,9a-octahydroazuleno[6,5-bfuran-2,5-dione, is a toxic sesquiterpene lactone which can be found in several plants such as Arnica montana and Arnica chamissonis It is responsible for the toxicity of the Arnica spp.
Although toxic, helenalin possesses some in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic effects. It can inhibit certain enzymes, such as 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 synthase. For this reason the compound or its derivatives may have potential medical applications. | It is a member of naphthalenes. | 0 |
It is a member of amphetamines. | It is a natural product found in Camellia sinensis, Tuber melanosporum, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted at positions N3 and C5 on the imidazole ring by methyl and mercapto groups respectively. It has a role as an antioxidant, a marine metabolite and a radical scavenger. It is an aryl thiol, a L-histidine derivative and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It is a tautomer of an ovothiol A zwitterion. | It is a member of the class of dihydroflavonols that is (+)-dihydrokaempferol substituted by a prenyl group at position 8 and a beta-D-glucopyranosyl group at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Phellodendron amurense and Commiphora africana, it exhibits inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein. It has a role as a metabolite. It is a member of dihydroflavonols, a flavanone glycoside, a trihydroxyflavanone, a monosaccharide derivative, a beta-D-glucoside and a member of 4'-hydroxyflavanones. It is functionally related to a (+)-dihydrokaempferol. | 0 |
It (also osmium(VIII) oxide) is the chemical compound with the formula OsO. The compound is noteworthy for its many uses, despite its toxicity and the rarity of osmium. It also has a number of unusual properties, one being that the solid is volatile. The compound is colourless, but most samples appear yellow. This is most likely due to the presence of the impurity OsO, which is yellow-brown in colour. In biology, its property of binding to lipids has made it a widely-used stain in electron microscopy. | It is a polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells. It has a role as a marine metabolite, an EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor and a calcium ionophore. | 0 |
It is a quinazoline compound having a 3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino group at the 4-position, a propenamido group at the 6-position, and a 3-morpholinopropoxy group at the 7-position. It has a role as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and an antineoplastic agent. It is a member of quinazolines, an organofluorine compound, a member of morpholines and a member of monochlorobenzenes. | It, CHO, is a toxin produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. One of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C fatty acid, okadaic acid and other members of its family have shined light upon many biological processes both with respect to dinoflagellete polyketide synthesis as well as the role of protein phosphatases in cell growth. | 0 |
It is a straight-chain, 18:1, long-chain fatty acid having a trans- double bond at position 9 and an R-oriented hydroxy group at position 12. It is a long-chain fatty acid, a straight-chain fatty acid and a hydroxy monounsaturated fatty acid. It is functionally related to an elaidic acid. | It is an organohalogen compound and a member of pyrimidines. | 0 |
It is a 3-hydroxy steroid. It has a role as an androgen. | It is an organic molecular entity. | 0 |
It (developmental code name ISF 2522) is a nootropic drug of the racetam family and a very mild stimulant. Several studies suggest that the substance is safe even when high doses are consumed for a long period of time. However, the mechanism of action of the racetam drug family is still a matter of research. It is not approved by Food and Drug Administration for any medical use in the United States. | It is an aliphatic alcohol. | 0 |
It is an antibiotic belonging to the aminopenicillin class of the penicillin family. The drug is used to prevent and treat a number of bacterial infections, such as respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonellosis, and endocarditis. It may also be used to prevent group B streptococcal infection in newborns. It is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle, or intravenously.
Common side effects include rash, nausea, and diarrhea. It should not be used in people who are allergic to penicillin. Serious side effects may include Clostridium difficile colitis or anaphylaxis. While usable in those with kidney problems, the dose may need to be decreased. Its use during pregnancy and breastfeeding appears to be generally safe.
It was discovered in 1958 and came into commercial use in 1961. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. The World Health Organization classifies ampicillin as critically important for human medicine. It is available as a generic medication. | It (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) is a terpenoid acid present at micromolar concentrations in the blood plasma of healthy individuals. It is also found in the lipids from many sources such as freshwater sponges, krill, earthworms, whales, human milk fat, bovine depot fat, butterfat or Californian petroleum. It is usually present in combination with phytanic acid. In humans, pristanic acid is obtained from two sources: either directly from the diet or as the alpha oxidation product of phytanic acid. At physiological concentrations pristanic acid is a natural ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). In liver, pristanic acid is degraded by peroxisomal beta oxidation to propionyl-CoA. Together with phytanic acid, pristanic acid accumulates in several inherited disorders such as Zellweger syndrome.
The salts and esters of pristanic acid are called pristanates.
It was first isolated from butterfat by R. P. Hansen and J. D. Morrison in 1964. The name of the substance is derived from pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane), the corresponding hydrocarbon. Pristane was isolated from shark liver and was named after Latin pristis, "shark". | 0 |
It atom is an actinoid atom and a f-block element atom. | It is a chemical element; it has symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, radioactive, silvery-gray actinide metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor, and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds, in which protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but it can also assume +4 and even +3 or +2 states. Concentrations of protactinium in the Earth's crust are typically a few parts per trillion, but may reach up to a few parts per million in some uraninite ore deposits. Because of its scarcity, high radioactivity, and high toxicity, there are currently no uses for protactinium outside scientific research, and for this purpose, protactinium is mostly extracted from spent nuclear fuel.
The element was first identified in 1913 by Kazimierz Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring and named "brevium" because of the short half-life of the specific isotope studied, protactinium-234m. A more stable isotope of protactinium, Pa, was discovered in 1917/18 by Lise Meitner in collaboration with Otto Hahn, and they named the element protactinium. In 1949, the IUPAC chose the name "protactinium" and confirmed Hahn and Meitner as its discoverers. The new name meant "(nuclear) precursor of actinium," suggesting that actinium is a product of radioactive decay of protactinium. John Arnold Cranston (working with Frederick Soddy and Ada Hitchins) is also credited with discovering the most stable isotope in 1915, but he delayed his announcement due to being called for service in the First World War.
The longest-lived and most abundant (nearly 100%) naturally occurring isotope of protactinium, protactinium-231, has a half-life of 32,760 years and is a decay product of uranium-235. Much smaller trace amounts of the short-lived protactinium-234 and its nuclear isomer protactinium-234m occur in the decay chain of uranium-238. It-233 occurs as a result of the decay of thorium-233 as part of the chain of events necessary to produce uranium-233 by neutron irradiation of thorium-232. It is an undesired intermediate product in thorium-based nuclear reactors, and is therefore removed from the active zone of the reactor during the breeding process. Ocean science utilizes the element to understand the ancient ocean's geography. Analysis of the relative concentrations of various uranium, thorium, and protactinium isotopes in water and minerals is used in radiometric dating of sediments up to 175,000 years old, and in modeling of various geological processes. | 1 |
It is an N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively. It has a role as a dopamine uptake inhibitor. | It is a member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia. It has a role as an iron chelator and a protective agent. | 0 |
It is a dicarboximide that consists of 1-oxoisoindoline bearing an amino substituent at position 4 and a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group at position 2. Inhibits the secretion of TNF-alpha. It has a role as an angiogenesis inhibitor, an antineoplastic agent and an immunomodulator. It is a member of isoindoles, a dicarboximide, a member of piperidones and an aromatic amine. | It, sold under the brand name Revlimid among others, is a medication used to treat multiple myeloma, smoldering myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). For multiple myeloma, it is a first line treatment, and is given with dexamethasone. It is taken by mouth.
Common side effects include diarrhea, itchiness, joint pain, fever, headache, and trouble sleeping. Severe side effects include low blood platelets, low white blood cells, and blood clots. Use during pregnancy may harm the fetus. The dose may need to be adjusted in people with kidney problems. It has a chemical structure similar to thalidomide but has a different mechanism of action. How it works is not entirely clear as of 2019.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 2005. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. | 1 |
It is a potassium salt consisting of potassium and tellurite ions in a 2:1 ratio. It contains a tellurite. | It is a diarylmethane. | 0 |
It (pronounced eye-deb-eh-known, trade names Catena, Raxone, Sovrima, among others) is a drug that was initially developed by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company for the treatment of Alzheimers disease and other cognitive defects. This has been met with limited success. The Swiss company Santhera Pharmaceuticals has started to investigate it for the treatment of neuromuscular diseases. In 2010, early clinical trials for the treatment of Friedreichs ataxia and Duchenne muscular dystrophy have been completed. the drug is not approved for these indications in North America or Europe. It is approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for use in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and was designated an orphan drug in 2007.
Chemically, idebenone is an organic compound of the quinone family. It is also promoted commercially as a synthetic analog of coenzyme Q (CoQ). | It is an organic compound with the formula . It is a derivative of 4-pyrone that functions in nature as a chelation agent produced by several species of fungi, especially Aspergillus oryzae, which has the Japanese common name koji. It is a by-product in the fermentation process of malting rice, for use in the manufacturing of sake, the Japanese rice wine. It is a mild inhibitor of the formation of pigment in plant and animal tissues, and is used in food and cosmetics to preserve or change colors of substances. It forms a bright red complex with ferric ions. | 0 |
It is a steroid. It derives from a hydride of a pregnane. | It, sold under the brand name Cardizem among others, is a nondihydropyridine calcium channel blocker medication used to treat high blood pressure, angina, and certain heart arrhythmias. It may also be used in hyperthyroidism if beta blockers cannot be used. It is taken by mouth or injection into a vein. When given by injection, effects typically begin within a few minutes and last a few hours.
Common side effects include swelling, dizziness, headaches, and low blood pressure. Other severe side effects include an overly slow heart beat, heart failure, liver problems, and allergic reactions. Use is not recommended during pregnancy. It is unclear if use when breastfeeding is safe.
It works by relaxing the smooth muscle in the walls of arteries, resulting in them opening and allowing blood to flow more easily. Additionally, it acts on the heart to prolong the period until it can beat again. It does this by blocking the entry of calcium into the cells of the heart and blood vessels. It is a class IV antiarrhythmic.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1982. It is available as a generic medication. In 2021, it was the 84th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8million prescriptions. An extended release formulation is also available. | 0 |
It is an antineoplastic drug used to treat skin growths caused by sun exposure. It is the meso form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid that is taken by mouth. The substance is being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer.
It is also called NDGA, and Actinex. | It is a member of pyrenes. | 0 |
It (rINN) is a local anaesthetic drug belonging to the amino amide group. The name ropivacaine refers to both the racemate and the marketed S-enantiomer. It hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AstraZeneca under the brand name Naropin. | It is a natural product found in Daphnia pulex, Drosophila melanogaster, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It (INN and BAN) or ticrynafen (USAN) is a loop diuretic drug with uric acid-lowering (uricosuric) action, formerly marketed for the treatment of hypertension. It was approved by FDA on May 2, 1979, and withdrawn in 1982, after case reports in the United States indicated a link between the use of ticrynafen and hepatitis.
Criminal charges were brought against SmithKline executives with regard to hiding data related to toxicity while gaining FDA approval. The company pleaded guilty to 14 counts of failure to report adverse reactions and 20 counts of selling a misbranded drug.
It was found to act as a suicide substrate at the cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in drug metabolism. However, the metabolic reaction carried out by these enzymes converted tienilic acid to a thiophene sulfoxide which was highly electrophilic. This encouraged a Michael reaction leading to alkylation of a thiol group in the enzyme's active site. Loss of water from the thiophene sulfoxide restored the thiophene ring and resulted in tienilic acid being covalently linked to the enzyme, thus inhibiting the enzyme irreversibly.
In addition sera of patients who had liver failure after taking this drug contained antibodies recognizing CYP2C9 able to hydroxylate the drug and to give covalent binding.
The above explanation is a hypothesis. It is still not known (after 15 years) if the reactive intermediate which inactivates the CYP2C9 is the thiophene sulfoxide or the thiophene epoxide. The target on the protein is also not known (could be multiple). However tienilic acid is a good mechanism based inhibitor of CYP2C9 and seems to inactivate it stoichiometrically. Progress in proteomics may one day give the answer.
Recent studies indicate that in fact the primary metabolite of tienilic acid (5-OH tienilic acid) cannot be derived from a thiophene-S-oxide intermediate as was previously hypothesized. It was determined to be derived from a thiophene epoxide intermediate and this reactive intermediate is then likely a cause for the covalent binding to as well as mechanism-based inactivation of CYP2C9. | It is a naphthodianthrone, an anthraquinone derivative which, together with hyperforin, is one of the principal active constituents of Hypericum (Saint John's wort). It is believed to act as an antibiotic, antiviral and non-specific kinase inhibitor. It may inhibit the action of the enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase, leading to increased dopamine levels, although thus possibly decreasing norepinephrine and epinephrine.
It was initially believed that the anti-depressant pharmacological activity of hypericin was due to inhibition of monoamine oxidase enzyme. The crude extract of Hypericum is a weak inhibitor of MAO-A and MAO-B. Isolated hypericin does not display this activity, but does have some affinity for NMDA receptors. This points in the direction that other constituents are responsible for the MAOI effect. The current belief is that the mechanism of antidepressant activity is due to the inhibition of re-uptake of certain neurotransmitters.
The large chromophore system in the molecule means that it can cause photosensitivity when ingested beyond threshold amounts. Photosensitivity is often seen in animals that have been allowed to graze on St. John's Wort. Because hypericin accumulates preferentially in cancerous tissues, it is also used as an indicator of cancerous cells. In addition, hypericin is under research as an agent in photodynamic therapy, whereby a biochemical is absorbed by an organism to be later activated with spectrum-specific light from specialized lamps or laser sources, for therapeutic purposes. The antibacterial and antiviral effects of hypericin are also believed to arise from its ability for photo-oxidation of cells and viral particles.
It derives from cyclisation of polyketides.
The biosynthesis of hypericins is through the polyketide pathway where an octaketide chain goes through successive cyclizations and decarboxylations to form emodin anthrone which is believed to be the precursor of hypericin. Oxidization reactions yield protoforms which then are converted into hypericin and pseudohypericin. These reactions are photosensitive and take place under exposure to light and using the enzyme Hyp-1. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines in which the triazene skeleton is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 5, and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 6. It has a role as an anticonvulsant, an antimanic drug, an antidepressant, a non-narcotic analgesic, a calcium channel blocker, an excitatory amino acid antagonist, an EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor, an environmental contaminant, a xenobiotic and a geroprotector. It is a member of 1,2,4-triazines, a primary arylamine and a dichlorobenzene. | It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | 0 |
It is a member of isoquinolines. | It is an alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs as a minor constituent in some species of fungi and in the morning glory family of plants. Its structure is that of ergoline with a methyl group at N-6 and a beta-hydroxymethyl substituent at C-8. | 0 |
It is an anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. It has a role as an opioid analgesic, a mu-opioid receptor agonist, an anaesthesia adjuvant and an intravenous anaesthetic. It is a member of piperidines, a member of thiophenes, an anilide and an ether. | It is a vinca alkaloid, a methyl ester, an organic heterotetracyclic compound, an organic heteropentacyclic compound, a tertiary alcohol, a tertiary amino compound and a primary carboxamide. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent. It is functionally related to a vincaleukoblastine. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Phalaris coerulescens with data available. | 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole is a member of beta-carbolines. | 1 |
It is the organic compound with the formula CHNO. It is one of the prototypical organic nitroso compounds. Characteristic of its functional group, it is a dark green species that exists in equilibrium with its pale yellow dimer. Both monomer and dimer are diamagnetic. | It is a natural product found in Veratrum taliense, Solanum tuberosum, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate is the monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal. It has a role as a coenzyme, a human metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, a mouse metabolite, an EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor and a cofactor. It is a vitamin B6 phosphate, a member of methylpyridines, a monohydroxypyridine and a pyridinecarbaldehyde. It is functionally related to a pyridoxal. It is a conjugate acid of a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate(2-). | It, sold under the brand name Noroxin among others, is an antibiotic that belongs to the class of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. It is used to treat urinary tract infections, gynecological infections, inflammation of the prostate gland, gonorrhea and bladder infection. Eye drops were approved for use in children older than one year of age.
It is associated with a number of rare serious adverse reactions as well as spontaneous tendon ruptures and irreversible peripheral neuropathy. Tendon problems may manifest long after therapy had been completed and in severe cases may result in lifelong disabilities.
It was patented in 1977 and approved for medical use in 1983. | 0 |
It is a dialkylzinc compound. | It is an organohalogen compound and a member of pyrimidines. | 0 |
It (or 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl hexadecanoic acid) is a branched chain fatty acid that humans can obtain through the consumption of dairy products, ruminant animal fats, and certain fish. Western diets are estimated to provide 50–100 mg of phytanic acid per day. In a study conducted in Oxford, individuals who consumed meat had, on average, a 6.7-fold higher geometric mean plasma phytanic acid concentration than did vegans. | A silanide is a chemical compound containing an anionic silicon(IV) centre, the parent ion being . The hydrogen atoms can also be substituted to produce more complex derivative anions such as tris(trimethylsilyl)silanide (hypersilyl), tris(tert-butyl)silanide, tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide, or triphenylsilanide. The simple silanide ion can also be called trihydridosilanide or silyl hydride. | 0 |
It (MDL 26,479) is an investigational cognition enhancer. It acts as a partial inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor site on the GABA ion channel complex, but does not have either anxiogenic or convulsant effects, unlike other BZD inverse agonists such as DMCM. It was investigated for the treatment of depression and Alzheimer's disease, but clinical development seems to have been discontinued. | It is a member of triazoles. | 1 |
It is a polyether antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It is widely used in ruminant animal feeds.
The structure of monensin was first described by Agtarap et al. in 1967, and was the first polyether antibiotic to have its structure elucidated in this way. The first total synthesis of monensin was reported in 1979 by Kishi et al. | It is a natural product found in Achillea asiatica, Basella alba, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a dimethoxybenzene. | It (Photodyn, Sensibion) is a porphyrin prepared from hemin. It is a derivative of protoporphyrin IX, where the two vinyl groups have been hydrated (converted to alcohols). It is a deeply colored solid that is usually encountered as a solution. Its chemical structure was determined in 1900.
It is used as a photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy. Acetylation of hematoporphyrin followed by hydrolysis of the product of that reaction affords a mixture called hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), which is also used in photodynamic therapy.
It has also been used as an antidepressant and antipsychotic since the 1920s. | 0 |
It is the simplest member of the class of depsidones comprising of a heterotricyclic system that is 11H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxepine substituted by an oxo group at position 11. It is a member of depsidones and an organic heterotricyclic compound. | It (INN; also known as meta-octopamine, 3-octopamine, and 3,β-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an adrenergic agent used as a sympathomimetic drug which is marketed in Europe, Japan, and Mexico. Along with its structural isomer p-octopamine and the tyramines, norfenefrine is a naturally occurring, endogenous trace amine and plays a role as a minor neurotransmitter in the brain.
Some brand names for it include Coritat, Energona, Hypolind, and Novadral. | 0 |
It (P5), or pregn-5-en-3β-ol-20-one, is an endogenous steroid and precursor/metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of most of the steroid hormones, including the progestogens, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. In addition, pregnenolone is biologically active in its own right, acting as a neurosteroid.
In addition to its role as a natural hormone, pregnenolone has been used as a medication and supplement; for information on pregnenolone as a medication or supplement, see the pregnenolone (medication) article. | It is an organic thiophosphate and an organothiophosphate insecticide. It has a role as an acaricide, an agrochemical and an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor. It is functionally related to a 2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethanethiol. | 0 |
It is a ketone. | It is an alkaloid. | 0 |
It (INN; development codes GYKI 537773 and LY300164) is a drug which has been investigated for the treatment of epilepsy, malignant gliomas, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
As of May 2010, results from the trial for ALS have been found negative. It is not currently under development.
It acts as a non-competitive antagonist of the AMPA receptor, a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor in the central nervous system.
It showed effectiveness for epilepsy in clinical trials but its development was suspended due to its poor pharmacokinetic profile, namely a short terminal half-life (3 hours) that necessitated multiple doses per day. | It is a member of benzodioxoles. | 1 |
S-methyl thioacetate is a thioester. It is functionally related to an ethanethioic S-acid. | It is a natural product found in many plant species. In its pure form it has an unpleasant sulfurous smell, but when highly diluted and along with other simple alkyl thioacetates and related compounds, it is an important component of the smell and flavour profile of some foods, especially Camembert cheese. | 1 |
It(R-3365, trade names Dipidolor, Piridolan, Pirium and others) is a synthetic opioid analgesic (narcotic painkiller) that is marketed in certain European countries including: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Germany and the Netherlands. It comes in free form, is about 0.75x times as potent as morphine and is given parenterally (by injection) for the treatment of severe pain. Nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression and constipation are believed to be less frequent with piritramide than with morphine (the gold standard opioid against which other opioids are compared and contrasted), and it produces more rapid-onset analgesia (pain relief) when compared to morphine and pethidine. After intravenous administration the onset of analgesia is as little as 1–2 minutes, which may be related to its great lipophilicity. The analgesic and sedative effects of piritramide are believed to be potentiated with phenothiazines and its emetic (nausea/vomiting-inducing) effects are suppressed. The volume of distribution is 0.7-1 L/kg after a single dose, 4.7-6 L/kg after steady-state concentrations are achieved and up to 11.1 L/kg after prolonged dosing.
It was developed and patented in Belgium, at Janssen, in 1960. It is part of an eponymous two-member class of opioids in clinical use with the other being bezitramide (Burgodin). The closest chemical and structural relatives of piritramide in clinical use include the diphenoxylate family, fentanyl (both Janssen discoveries) and somewhat more distantly alphaprodine.
Not being in clinical use in the United States, it is a Schedule I Narcotic controlled substance with a DEA ACSCN of 9642 and manufacturing quota of zero. | It is a nitrile. | 1 |
It is a member of benzoic acids and a member of guanidines. | It is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-eliprodil. It is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and an anti-ischaemic agent that exhibits neuroprotective properties. It has a role as a geroprotector, a NMDA receptor antagonist, a neuroprotective agent and a calcium channel blocker. It contains a (R)-eliprodil and a (S)-eliprodil. | 0 |
It is a secoiridoid glycoside that consists of (4aS,5R,6R)-5-ethenyl-6-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one having a 2-O-[(3,3',5-trihydroxybiphenyl-2-yl)carbonyl]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl group attached at position 6 via a glycosidic linkage. It has a role as an EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor and a metabolite. It is a secoiridoid glycoside and a monosaccharide derivative. | It is a tetrahydroxyindolizidine alkaloid that consists of octahydroindolizine having four hydroxy substituents located at positions 1, 6, 7 and 8 (the 1S,6S,7R,8R,8aR-diastereomer). It has a role as a metabolite, an anti-HIV-1 agent, an anti-inflammatory agent and an EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor. | 0 |
It is a terpene indole alkaloid produced by Catharanthus roseus. It is the product of a hydroxylation of desacetoxyvindoline by deacetoxyvindoline 4-hydroxylase (D4H). It is a substrate for deacetylvindoline O-acetyltransferase (DAT) which acetylates a hydroxy group to form vindoline, one of the two immediate precursors for the formation of the pharmacetucially valuable bisindole alkaloid vinblastine. | It is a natural product found in Gymnanthemum amygdalinum and Linzia glabra with data available. | 0 |
It is a benzodiazepine. | It is a divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from manganic acid. It is a manganese oxoanion and a divalent inorganic anion. It is a conjugate base of a hydrogen manganate. | 0 |
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It is an organothiophosphate insecticide primarily used on corn. It is highly toxic and listed as an extremely hazardous substance. | It is a steroid ester. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Cunila and Trypanosoma brucei with data available. | It is a dicarboxylic acid diamide resulting from the formal condensation of both of the carboxy groups of butynedioic acid with ammonia. An antibacterial agent produced by Streptomyces chibaensis. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, an antibacterial agent, a metabolite and a pesticide. It is a ynamide, a dicarboxylic acid diamide and a primary carboxamide. It is functionally related to a butynedioic acid. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Vachellia rigidula and Euphausia pacifica with data available. | It is a secondary amino compound. | 0 |
It is an N-acylpyrrolidine arising by formal condensation of pyrrolidine with (3S)-3-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)-2,2-diphenylbutanoic acid. An opioid analgesic that is structurally related to methadone, it is more poweful than morphine but shorter acting. It has been used (particularly as the hydrogen tartrate salt) for the treatment of severe pain, but was discontinued in the UK in 2004. It has a role as an opioid analgesic. It is a member of morpholines and a N-acylpyrrolidine. | It is an alkyl alcohol that is propan-1-ol substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite. It is a primary alcohol and an alkyl alcohol. It derives from a hydride of an isobutane. | 0 |
It (INN) is a penicillin antibiotic. It is not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.
It is an aminopenicillin. | It is a cyanogenic glycoside. | 0 |
It is a quinazoline compound having a 3-chloro-4-fluoroanilino group at the 4-position, a propenamido group at the 6-position, and a 3-morpholinopropoxy group at the 7-position. It has a role as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and an antineoplastic agent. It is a member of quinazolines, an organofluorine compound, a member of morpholines and a member of monochlorobenzenes. | It (CI-1033) is an experimental drug candidate for the treatment of cancer. It is an irreversible tyrosine-kinase inhibitor with activity against EGFR (IC 0.8 nM), HER-2 (IC 19 nM) and ErbB-4 (IC 7 nM). By 2015, Pfizer had discontinued development of the drug.
It has been reported as a substrate for the transporter protein OATP1B3. Interaction of canertinib with OATP1B3 may alter its hepatic disposition and can lead to transporter mediated drug-drug interactions. It is not an inhibitor of the OATP1B1 or OATP1B3 transporters. | 1 |
It is an organooxygen compound and an organonitrogen compound. It is functionally related to an alpha-amino acid. | It is a monoterpenoid formally derived from beta-cyclocitral by dehydrogenation. It is functionally related to a beta-cyclocitral. | 0 |
It is an oxopurine. | It, sold under the brand name Niclocide among others, is an anthelmintic medication used to treat tapeworm infestations, including diphyllobothriasis, hymenolepiasis, and taeniasis. It is not effective against other worms such as flukes or roundworms. It is taken by mouth.
Side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and itchiness. It may be used during pregnancy. It works by blocking glucose uptake and oxidative phosphorylation by the worm.
It was first synthesized in 1958. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is not available for human use in the United States. | 0 |
It is a N-acyl-amino acid. | It (COR) is a toxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. It is involved in causing stomata to re-open after they close in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as interfering with the responses mediated by salicylic acid after the infection has begun. It consists of coronafacic acid (CFA), which is an analog of methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), and coronamic acid (CMA), joined by an amide bond between the acid group of CFA and the amino group of CMA. | 1 |
It is a methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an antipyretic, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, a non-narcotic analgesic, a gout suppressant, a xenobiotic, an environmental contaminant and a drug allergen. It is a monocarboxylic acid and a methoxynaphthalene. It is a conjugate acid of a naproxen(1-). | It is a member of piperidines. | 0 |
It, also known with the older name of sylvane, is a flammable, water-insoluble liquid with a chocolate odor, found naturally in Myrtle and Dutch Lavender
used as a FEMA GRAS flavoring substance, with the potential for use in alternative fuels. | It is a member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. It has a role as an EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor, a prodrug and an antihypertensive agent. It is a member of isoquinolines, a dicarboxylic acid monoester, an ethyl ester and a tertiary carboxamide. | 0 |
It is a bioactive alkaloid found in plants of the Papaveraceae family, including Glaucium arabicum, Argemone mexicana, Eschscholtzia, Corydalis, Fumaria, Chelidonium, Hunnemannia fumariifolia, Eschscholzia lobbii and other Papaveraceae plants. | It is xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a bronchodilator agent, an anti-asthmatic drug and an anti-arrhythmia drug. | 0 |
It is a phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. It has a role as a dopaminergic antagonist and a first generation antipsychotic. It is a member of phenothiazines, a sulfoxide and a tertiary amino compound. | It is an anion of biochemical significance. In land-dwelling animals, it is an intermediary metabolite in nitrogen disposal through the urea cycle and the synthesis of pyrimidines. Its enzymatic counterpart, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS I), interacts with a class of molecules called sirtuins, NAD dependent protein deacetylases, and ATP to form carbamoyl phosphate. CP then enters the urea cycle in which it reacts with ornithine (a process catalyzed by the enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase) to form citrulline. | 0 |
Phosphane is the simplest phosphine, consisting of a single phosphorus atom with three hydrogens attached. It has a role as a carcinogenic agent and a fumigant insecticide. It is a member of phosphanes, a phosphine and a mononuclear parent hydride. It is a conjugate base of a phosphonium. It is a conjugate acid of a phosphanide. | It is a member of thioureas. | 0 |
It is a terminal acetylenic compound, a gas molecular entity and an alkyne. | It (N1-methyl-4-mercaptohistidine) is a highly reducing antioxidant mercaptohistidine, which accumulates to very high levels in the eggs of certain marine invertebrates, including sea urchins, scallops and starfish, where it acts to scavenge hydrogen peroxide released during fertilization.
This thiol is also found in some human pathogens including trypanosomes and members of the genus Leishmania.
It is synthesized by the addition and oxidation of cysteine to histidine by 5-histidylcysteine sulfoxide synthase, followed by methylation and further reduction. | 0 |
It ( or ) is an organic compound with the nominal formula . It exists in various tautomers in solutions (among which are neutral form and various zwitterionic forms). It is found in vertebrates where it facilitates recycling of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), primarily in muscle and brain tissue. Recycling is achieved by converting adenosine diphosphate (ADP) back to ATP via donation of phosphate groups. It also acts as a buffer. | It is a quinolone antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections. It has not been approved for use in the United States. | 0 |
It is a sulfite ester. | It is a purine nucleoside analogue consisting of a 6-amino-2-chloropurin-9-yl group attached to the 1beta position of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-D-arabinofuranose. It is metabolized intracellularly to the active 5'-triphosphate metabolite, which inhibits DNA synthesisis and so stops the growth of cancer cells. It is used as an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent in the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and an antimetabolite. It is an organofluorine compound and a member of adenosines. | 0 |
Dibenzylether is the organic compound with the formula (CHCH)O. It is classified as an ether derived from benzyl alcohol. A colorless, nearly odorless oil, the compound's main use is as a plasticizer. It is prepared by treating benzyl chloride with base. | It is a carboxylic ester. | 0 |
It is the organic compound with the formula N(CHCH=CH). It is a colorless liquid with an ammonia-like odor. It is multifunctional, featuring a tertiary amine and three alkene groups. It (and mono- and diallyl amines) is produced by the treating allyl chloride with ammonia.
Allylamines have particularly weak α-CH bonds, being near 80 kcal/mol. | It is an organotin compound carrying four methyl groups. | 0 |
Its ( ) are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (=CH−). In vertebrates, an essential member of the porphyrin group is heme, which is a component of hemoproteins, whose functions include carrying oxygen in the bloodstream. In plants, an essential porphyrin derivative is chlorophyll, which is involved in light harvesting and electron transfer in photosynthesis.
The parent of porphyrins is porphine, a rare chemical compound of exclusively theoretical interest. Substituted porphines are called porphyrins. With a total of 26 π-electrons, of which 18 π-electrons form a planar, continuous cycle, the porphyrin ring structure is often described as aromatic. One result of the large conjugated system is that porphyrins typically absorb strongly in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. they are deeply colored. The name "porphyrin" derives from the Greek word πορφύρα (porphyra), meaning purple. | It is a phytochemical produced by some of the members of the plant genus Hypericum, notably Hypericum perforatum (St Johns wort). It may be involved in the pharmacological effects of St. Johns wort, specifically in its antidepressant effects. | 0 |
It is an ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug. It has a role as a H1-receptor antagonist, an antiemetic, a sedative, an anti-allergic agent, a muscarinic antagonist, an antiparkinson drug, an antipruritic drug, a local anaesthetic, an antidyskinesia agent, an antitussive and a oneirogen. It is an ether and a tertiary amino compound. | It is a member of arsonic acids. It is a conjugate acid of an arsonate(1-). | 0 |
It is a member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. It has a role as a P450 inhibitor, an environmental contaminant and a xenobiotic. It is a difluorobenzene, a conazole antifungal drug, a triazole antifungal drug and a tertiary alcohol. It is functionally related to a 1,3-difluorobenzene. It derives from a hydride of a 1H-1,2,4-triazole. | It is a carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. It is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent, a prodrug and an antimetabolite. It is a carbamate ester, an organofluorine compound and a member of cytidines. | 0 |
It, sold under the brand name Adriamycin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer. This includes breast cancer, bladder cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. It is often used together with other chemotherapy agents. It is given by injection into a vein.
Common side effects include hair loss, bone marrow suppression, vomiting, rash, and inflammation of the mouth. Other serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, heart damage, tissue damage at the site of injection, radiation recall, and treatment-related leukemia. People often experience red discoloration of the urine for a few days. It is in the anthracycline and antitumor antibiotic family of medications. It works in part by interfering with the function of DNA.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in 1974. It is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines. Versions that are pegylated and in liposomes are also available; however, they are more expensive. It was originally made from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius'. | It is a steroid ester. | 0 |
It is the common (or trivial) chemical name of a naturally occurring, oily liquid hydrocarbon found primarily in the high-boiling fraction of certain pine resins. The name is derived from that of a pine species from which the compound was isolated,
Chemically, longifolene is a tricyclic sesquiterpene. This molecule is chiral, and the enantiomer commonly found in pines and other higher plants exhibits a positive optical rotation of +42.73°. The other enantiomer (optical rotation −42.73°) is found in small amounts in certain fungi and liverworts.
It is also one of two most abundant aroma constituents of lapsang souchong tea, because the tea is smoked over pinewood fires. | It, sold under the brand name Pirespa among others, is a medication used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. It works by reducing lung fibrosis through downregulation of the production of growth factors and procollagens I and II.
It was first approved in Japan for the treatment of people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis after clinical trials in 2008. It was approved for use in the European Union in 2011, in Canada in 2012, and in the United States in October 2014.
It is available as a generic medication. | 0 |
It is a colorless liquid with the formula B(OCHCH). It is an ester of boric acid and ethanol. It has few applications.
It is a weak Lewis acid (AN = 17 as measured by the Gutmann–Beckett method). It burns with a green flame and solutions of it in ethanol are therefore used in special effects and pyrotechnics.
It is formed by the reaction of boric acid and ethanol in the presence of acid catalyst, where it forms according to the equilibrium reaction:
:B(OH) + 3 CHOH (CHO)B + 3 HO
In order to increase the rate of forward reaction, the formed water must be removed from reaction media by either azeotropic distillation or adsorption. It is used as a solvent and/or catalyst in preparation of synthetic waxes, resins, paints, and varnishes. It is used as a component of some flame retardants in textile industry and of some welding fluxes. | It is a cysteine thioether that is the S-(4-hydroxy-2-methylbutan-2-yl) derivative of L-cysteine. It is a major component of the urine of the domestic cat. It has a role as a pheromone and a mammalian metabolite. It is a L-cysteine thioether and a non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid. It is a tautomer of a felinine zwitterion. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Artemia salina with data available. | It is an organic thiophosphate that is the diethyl ester of S-[2-(ethylsulfanyl)ethyl] dihydrogen phosphorodithioate. It has a role as an EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor, an acaricide and an agrochemical. It is an organic thiophosphate and an organothiophosphate insecticide. | 0 |
It (also known as β-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl, OMF and RTI-4614-4) is an extremely potent opioid analgesic drug which selectively binds to the µ-opioid receptor.
There are eight possible stereoisomers of ohmefentanyl. These stereoisomers are among the most potent μ-opioid receptor agonists known, comparable to super-potent opioids such as carfentanil and etorphine which are only legally used for tranquilizing large animals such as elephants in veterinary medicine. In mouse studies, the most active stereoisomer, 3R,4S,βS-ohmefentanyl, was 28 times more powerful as a painkiller than fentanyl, the chemical from which it is derived, and 6300 times more powerful than morphine. It has three stereogenic centers and eight stereoisomers, which are named F9201–F9208. Researchers are studying the different pharmaceutical properties of these isomers.
The 4″-fluoro analogue (i.e., substituted on the phenethyl ring) of the 3R,4S,βS isomer of ohmefentanyl is one of the most potent opioid agonists yet discovered, possessing an analgesic potency approximately 18,000 times that of morphine. Other analogues with potency higher than that of ohmefentanyl itself include the 2′-fluoro derivative (i.e., substituted on the aniline phenyl ring), and derivatives where the N-propionyl group was replaced by N-methoxyacetyl or 2-furamide groups, or a carboethoxy group is added to the 4-position of the piperidine ring. The latter is listed as being up to 30,000 times more potent than morphine.
Side effects of fentanyl analogues are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening. Illicitly used fentanyl analogues have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear. | It is a natural product found in Streptomyces nodosus, Methylophaga thalassica, and other organisms with data available. | 0 |
It is a pyridazinone. | It is a pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. It has a role as an antiviral drug, an antimetabolite and a HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is a pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside and an azide. | 0 |
It is an inorganic compound with the formula BiF. It is a white solid that is highly reactive. The compound is of interest to researchers but not of particular value. | It is a cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide. It has a role as a GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist and a persistent organic pollutant. It derives from a hydride of an indene. | 0 |
It is a natural product found in Brassica oleracea, Brassica oleracea var. sabauda, and other organisms with data available. | It (sometimes sulphoraphane in British English) is a compound within the isothiocyanate group of organosulfur compounds. It is produced when the enzyme myrosinase transforms glucoraphanin, a glucosinolate, into sulforaphane upon damage to the plant (such as from chewing or chopping during food preparation), which allows the two compounds to mix and react.
It is present in cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and cabbage.
It has two possible stereoisomers due to the presence of a stereogenic sulfur atom.
The R-sulforaphane enantiomer occurs naturally, while the S-sulforaphane can be synthesized. | 1 |
It is a 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia. It has a role as a sedative, a GABAA receptor agonist and an anxiolytic drug. It is a 1,4-benzodiazepinone, a C-nitro compound and a member of monofluorobenzenes. | It, sold under the brand name Norvir, is an antiretroviral medication used along with other medications to treat HIV/AIDS. This combination treatment is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). It is a protease inhibitor, though it now mainly serves to boost the potency of other protease inhibitors. It may also be used in combination with other medications to treat hepatitis C and COVID-19. It is taken by mouth. Tablets of ritonavir are not bioequivalent to capsules, as the tablets may result in higher peak plasma concentrations.
Common side effects of ritonavir include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and numbness of the hands and feet. Serious side effects include liver complications, pancreatitis, allergic reactions, and arrythmias. Serious interactions may occur with a number of other medications including amiodarone and simvastatin. At low doses, it is considered to be acceptable for use during pregnancy. It is of the protease inhibitor class. However, it is also commonly used to inhibit the enzyme that metabolizes other protease inhibitors. This inhibition allows lower doses of these latter medications to be used.
It was patented in 1989 and came into medical use in 1996. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It capsules were approved as a generic medication in the United States in 2020. | 0 |
It is a member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities. It has a role as a plant metabolite, an anti-inflammatory agent, an antilipemic drug, an immunosuppressive agent, an antihypertensive agent and an anti-allergic agent. It is a member of coumarins and an aromatic ether. It is functionally related to an esculetin. | It is the glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and a proteasome inhibitor. It is a glycosyloxyflavone, a glucosiduronic acid, a trihydroxyflavone and a monosaccharide derivative. It is functionally related to a scutellarein. It is a conjugate acid of a scutellarin(1-). | 0 |
It is a monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which two of the methyl hydrogens are substituted by fluorines. It is a monocarboxylic acid and an organofluorine compound. It is functionally related to an acetic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a difluoroacetate. | It is a member of carbapenems. | 0 |
10-hydroxycapric acid is a 10-carbon, omega-hydroxy fatty acid, shown to be the preferred hydroxylation product (together with the 9-OH isomer) of capric acid in biosystems, and used as a standard in lipid assays; reported to have cytotoxic effects. It is a straight-chain saturated fatty acid and an omega-hydroxy-medium-chain fatty acid. It is functionally related to a decanoic acid. It is a conjugate acid of a 10-hydroxycaprate. | It (INN) (brand name Somagest; developmental code name CERM-898) is a drug that was formerly marketed in France but is now no longer sold. According to various sources it has been said to be an anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, antispasmodic, anticholinergic, antihistamine, and antiserotonergic, but its definitive indications and pharmacology are unclear. The drug was first synthesized in 1969 and was introduced in France in 1972. | 0 |
It (COR) is a toxin produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae. It is involved in causing stomata to re-open after they close in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as interfering with the responses mediated by salicylic acid after the infection has begun. It consists of coronafacic acid (CFA), which is an analog of methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), and coronamic acid (CMA), joined by an amide bond between the acid group of CFA and the amino group of CMA. | It is a non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid. | 0 |
It is an antidiabetic drug in the class of medications known as meglitinides, and was invented in 1983. It is a medication used in addition to diet and exercise for blood sugar control in type 2 diabetes. The mechanism of action of repaglinide involves promoting insulin release from β-islet cells of the pancreas; like other antidiabetic drugs, a main side effect concern is hypoglycemia. It is sold by Novo Nordisk under the name of Prandin in the United States, Gluconorm in Canada, Surepost in Japan, It in Egypt, and Novonorm elsewhere. In Japan it is produced by Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma. | It is an imidazolidinone, a member of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes and a C-nitro compound. It has a role as an antineoplastic agent and an androgen antagonist. | 0 |
It is a cyclohexanone that is cyclohexane-1,3-dione substituted at position 2 by a 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl group. It is used in the treatment of hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. It has a role as an EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor. It is a member of cyclohexanones, a C-nitro compound, a member of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes and a mesotrione. | It is a 17-oxo steroid that is androst-4-ene-3,17-dione in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. It was the first selective, type I steroidal aromatase inhibitor, suppressing oestrogen production from anabolic steroids or prohormones. It was formerly used in the treatment of oestrogen-receptor positive breast cancer in post-meopausal women. As it has poor oral bioavailability, it had to be administered by (fortnightly) intramuscular injection. It fell out of use with the subsequent development of cheaper, orally active aromatase inhibitors. It is listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency as a substance prohibited from use by athletes. It has a role as an EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor and an antineoplastic agent. It is a 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid, a 17-oxo steroid, a hydroxy steroid and an enol. It derives from a hydride of an androstane. | 0 |
It is an alkane. | 3-hydroxy-1-methoxy-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxaldehyde is a monohydroxyanthraquinone and an aldehyde. | 0 |
Orthotelluric acid is a tellurium oxoacid. It is a conjugate acid of an orthotellurate(1-). | It is a mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent, a monocyclic heteroarene and an oxacycle. | 0 |
It is a glycoside. | It is an imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea bearing S-3-(imidazol-4-yl)propyl and N-4-chlorobenzyl substituents. An extremely potent histamine H3 antagonist/inverse agonist (pA2 = 9.93). Also displays partial agonist activity at H4 receptors; induces eosinophil shape change with an EC50 of 3 nM. It has a role as a H3-receptor antagonist and a H4-receptor agonist. It is a member of imidazoles, an imidothiocarbamic ester and an organochlorine compound. It is a conjugate base of a clobenpropit(2+). | 0 |
It (or moxalactam) is an oxacephem antibiotic usually grouped with the cephalosporins. In oxacephems such as latamoxef, the sulfur atom of the cephalosporin core is replaced with an oxygen atom.
It has been associated with prolonged bleeding time, and several cases of coagulopathy, some fatal, were reported during the 1980s. It is no longer available in the United States. As with other cephalosporins with a methylthiotetrazole side chain, latamoxef causes a disulfiram reaction when mixed with alcohol. Additionally, the methylthiotetrazole side chain inhibits γ-carboxylation of glutamic acid; this can interfere with the actions of vitamin K.
It has been described as a third-generation cephalosporin. | It (trade name Actomol) is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of the hydrazine chemical class that was previously used as an antidepressant in the 1960s, but has since been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.
It in animals is claimed to be a more potent MAOI than pheniprazine with a greater therapeutic index. | 0 |
It, also known as perm salt, is the salt of thioglycolic acid and ammonia. It has the formula HSCHCONH and has use in perming hair. | It, sold under the brand name Livial among others, is a medication which is used in menopausal hormone therapy and in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and endometriosis. The medication is available alone and is not formulated or used in combination with other medications. It is taken by mouth.
Side effects of tibolone include acne and increased hair growth among others. It is a synthetic steroid with weak estrogenic, progestogenic, and androgenic activity, and hence is an agonist of the estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors. It is a prodrug of several metabolites. The estrogenic effects of tibolone may show tissue selectivity in their distribution.
It was developed in the 1960s and was introduced for medical use in 1988. It is marketed widely throughout the world. The medication is not available in the United States. | 0 |
It is a parenteral third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It has broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. As a beta-lactam, its bactericidal activity results from the inhibition of cell wall synthesis via affinity for penicillin-binding proteins.
It was patented in 1973 and approved for medical use in 1981. | It, also known as ethyl caprate, is a fatty acid ester formed from capric acid and ethanol. This ester is a frequent product of fermentation during winemaking, especially at temperatures above 15°C. | 0 |
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