Split (1)

test · 500 rows

_id stringlengths 5 8	query stringlengths 29 100	gt_ids listlengths 1 4	gt_qrels listlengths 1 4	candidate_ids listlengths 100 100	candidate_docs listlengths 100 100	gt_docs listlengths 1 4
test2575	when is the new ghostbusters 2 coming out	[ "doc88360" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc2618701", "doc2618703", "doc2618717", "doc1880791", "doc88318", "doc88360", "doc88340", "doc88320", "doc88361", "doc88329", "doc88327", "doc1830072", "doc88319", "doc88326", "doc1830084", "doc2618706", "doc1856617", "doc88328", "doc88358", "doc88337", "doc2618702", "doc88344", "doc88359", "doc88342", "doc1830073", "doc1880772", "doc1830045", "doc491296", "doc2618711", "doc1830083", "doc519536", "doc238989", "doc88346", "doc2618690", "doc88333", "doc2038327", "doc1830082", "doc88338", "doc192542", "doc2618700", "doc1904956", "doc2618712", "doc2618708", "doc1880781", "doc2387389", "doc2618705", "doc827839", "doc1830080", "doc1830081", "doc88341", "doc2618699", "doc88331", "doc2618740", "doc88343", "doc2618738", "doc2295793", "doc1830044", "doc871921", "doc1258331", "doc2618709", "doc1830042", "doc1507860", "doc273662", "doc43100", "doc365777", "doc88348", "doc747065", "doc535166", "doc851944", "doc2618762", "doc1880790", "doc2618707", "doc923482", "doc279616", "doc918710", "doc732332", "doc2227513", "doc43044", "doc88345", "doc361797", "doc2038324", "doc52714", "doc608853", "doc1168259", "doc2618713", "doc276199", "doc74858", "doc88330", "doc52698", "doc121895", "doc307450", "doc2618736", "doc2239405", "doc192561", "doc1904947", "doc1807870", "doc2260530", "doc1168239", "doc706259", "doc1501086" ]	[ "Ghostbusters (franchise) In August 2014, it was reported that Paul Feig was in talks to direct a third film in the franchise, featuring women in all the lead roles.[9] The main cast members were announced as Kristen Wiig, Melissa McCarthy, Leslie Jones and Kate McKinnon in January 2015 and Chris Hemsworth was cast as a male receptionist in June 2015.[10] The film was scheduled to start shooting in mid-2015 in New York City, with a projected release date of July 22, 2016.[11] Filming was moved to the Boston area for budgetary reasons and commenced in Everett, Massachusetts on June 18, 2015.[12] Dan Aykroyd revealed in the Unmasked with Ron Bennington radio show his potential return in the franchise.[13] On August 5, 2015, Sony Pictures Entertainment set the film for a release on July 15, 2016.[14] Aykroyd along with original cast members Bill Murray, Sigourney Weaver, Ernie Hudson and Annie Potts all have small cameo roles in the reboot, but don't play any of their original characters from the first two films. Although initially marketed simply as \"Ghostbusters\", the film was seemingly renamed Ghostbusters: Answer the Call shortly before the film's release,[15] but later Paul Feig stated that the film was always subtitled Answer the Call.[16] The director of the first Ghostbusters film, Ivan Reitman, corroborated the decision to give the film a subtitle.[16]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) On July 18, 2016, Sony Pictures announced that they had plans to make a sequel for the 2016 film.[19] In November 2016, Feig confirmed that a sequel will not be made due to the film losing money.[20] The same month, producer Reitman said, \"There’s going to be many other Ghostbusters movies, they’re just in development right now.\"[21]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) A new animated series, titled Ghostbusters: Ecto Force, was announced for development on June 20, 2016. The series will be set in the year 2050 and follows a new team of Ghostbusters who capture ghosts from around the world and was initially targeted for an early 2018 debut.[80] In August 2017 Reitman revealed that the series had been postponed to prioritize development on the planned Ghostbusters animated feature film.[81]", "Ghostbusters II In 2014, after Harold Ramis' death, Ivan Reitman abandoned the project.[16] Film directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller were in talks to direct the film, but passed on the project, leading to its cancellation.[17] In August 2014, Paul Feig revealed that he was in talks for direct a third film in the franchise, but with women in the lead roles.[18] He later revealed that the film will be a reboot and not a sequel for Ghostbusters II. The rebooted Ghostbusters was released on July 15, 2016.", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Ghostbusters (also known as Ghostbusters: Answer the Call and marketed as such on home release)[7] is a 2016 supernatural comedy film directed by Paul Feig and written by Feig and Katie Dippold. The film stars Melissa McCarthy, Kristen Wiig, Kate McKinnon, Leslie Jones, Neil Casey, Andy García, Cecily Strong, and Chris Hemsworth. It is the third feature film in the Ghostbusters franchise, and serves as a reboot of the series. The story focuses on four women who begin a ghost-catching business in New York City.", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) In an October 2016 interview, Feig told Bustle that a sequel was not in the works, but could be possible if the film performed well on its home release.[163] By November, Feig confirmed that a direct sequel would not be made due to the film's mediocre box office performance.[164] The same month, Reitman stated in an interview that other Ghostbusters projects were in development.[165] Prior to Reitman's announcement, an animated series, Ghostbusters: Ecto Force, was stated to be targeting an early 2018 debut.[166] Reitman further clarified plans for future animated films within the Ghostbusters franchise during the July 2017 San Diego Comic Con, including having one set from the viewpoint of the ghosts rather than the Ghostbusters, as well as a work to potentially tie in to the 35th anniversary of the original film in 2019.[167]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Ghostbusters premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on July 9, 2016. It was theatrically released on July 11, 2016, in the United Kingdom and on July 15, 2016, in the United States.[70] The film will not be released in the Chinese market, with sources reporting that China Film Group Corporation believed it was \"not really that attractive to Chinese audiences ... Most of the Chinese audience didn't see the first and second movies, so they don't think there's much market for it here.\"[71]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Distributed by Columbia Pictures, the film premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on July 9, 2016, and was released in the United States on July 15, 2016, in 2D, 3D, RealD 3D and IMAX 3D, and received mixed to average reviews from critics. The film grossed $229 million worldwide against a production budget of $144 million and became the highest-grossing live-action comedy domestically of 2016;[11] however, due to the high production and marketing budget, it is considered a box office bomb.[12]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) In December 2016, IDW Publishing announced that it would release a six-part limited series comic, Ghostbusters 101, featuring the original Ghostbusters teaming up with the 2016 team. The first issue was released in March 2017.[168] A five issue limited series called Ghostbusters: Answer the Call, which continues the adventures of the 2016 team, was announced in July 2017 and began its run in October.[169]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Murray's reluctance to commit to the project resulted in the decision to reboot the franchise instead.[13][26] In 2012, Reitman suggested the option of a remake of the original Ghostbusters, allowing them to introduce a new cast.[27] Reitman later stated he was working on a Ghostbusters reboot that would be filmed during 2013, with Etan Cohen, Aykroyd, and himself working on the script,[28][29] confirmed by Aykroyd in mid-2013.[30] Following Ramis's death in February 2014, Reitman decided to leave the director role in March 2014, wanting to focus on smaller projects, but remained a producer to help Columbia and Sony find a new director for the film.[31] At this point, the script featured the original Ghostbusters in minor roles.[29]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) The third film remained on the writing table for several years, during which Ghostbusters: The Video Game was developed by Terminal Reality and released in 2009. Aykroyd and Harold Ramis, cowriters of the original films, used the game to explore the Ghostbusters' history; all four original actors, including Murray, voiced their characters, along with other actors from the original films. Aykroyd considered the game to be \"essentially the third movie\".[18] The game sold over a million units, prompting Columbia to move forward on the Ghostbusters franchise. Ramis stated that the new film would feature the original Ghostbusters but introduce new characters in a script written with Lee Eisenberg and Gene Stupnitsky, who had cowritten his 2009 comedy Year One. The movie was set to be filmed in 2010 and released in 2011.[19][20]", "Ghostbusters Sony announced at Comic-Con 2008 that the Blu-ray version of the film would be released on October 21, 2008. Sony initially made it available through their promotional website Ghostbustersishiring.com. The movie was released on Blu-ray on June 16, 2009, to coincide with the film's 25th Anniversary. Ghostbusters was the first film ever officially released on a USB flash drive.[44] A second Blu-ray version, released on May 14, 2013, was marketed as \"Mastered in 4K\",[45] while a true 4K Blu-ray came out on June 7, 2016.[46]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) A third Ghostbusters film had been in various stages of development following the release of Ghostbusters II in 1989. As a result of original cast member Bill Murray's refusal to commit to the project and the death of fellow cast member Harold Ramis in 2014, Sony decided to reboot the series. Much of the original film's cast make cameo appearances in new roles. The announcement of the female-led cast in 2015 drew a polarized response from the public and Internet backlash,[8] including vote brigading in which the film's IMDb and YouTube videos promoting the film were targeted by coordinated efforts to lower their rating.[9][10]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) A third Ghostbusters film had been in various stages of development following the release of Ghostbusters II in 1989.[13][14] Bill Murray, who played Ghostbuster Peter Venkman in the original films, was reluctant to participate as he felt Ghostbusters II had been lackluster and was critical of new scripts he had seen. Dan Aykroyd, who co-starred in and co-wrote the original films, stated that the studio was aware that \"without Murray there may be nothing there\" for a sequel, and was considering a way to bring on a newer generation of Ghostbusters.[15] One script, Ghostbusters 3: Hellbent, written by Aykroyd in 1999, had Venkman leaving the Ghostbusters to spend time with Sigourney Weaver's character Dana Barrett; the remaining Ghostbusters, including a new younger member, fought souls that had been evicted from a hellish version of Manhattan known as Manhelltan.[16] The Hellbent script was revised as Ghostbusters in Hell, with plans to replace Murray with Ben Stiller. The story had the Ghostbusters finding a portal to an alternate dimension in which \"all the worst things about modern urban life\" are \"magnified\"; traffic is stuck in perpetual gridlock and no two people speak the same language.[17] Another story idea had Venkman transformed into a ghost.[13]", "Ghostbusters On December 10, 2014, both Rebel Wilson and Jennifer Lawrence revealed they were approached for a role in the reboot, while Emma Stone, Melissa McCarthy, Amy Schumer and Lizzy Caplan expressed interested in appearing.[68][69][70] On December 15, 2014, leaked emails from Sony revealed Channing Tatum and Chris Prattâ€™s ultimate plan to team up for a different Ghostbusters film, with Tatum comparing it to Batman Begins.[71] In January 2015, the main cast members for the all-female lead film, were announced as McCarthy, Kristen Wiig, Leslie Jones and Kate McKinnon. The global release dates for the reboot, titled Ghostbusters, were across July 2016.[72] In a February 2015 interview on Ron Bennington's Unmasked radio show, Aykroyd stated that he would still like to see his idea for a sequel made.[73]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) On January 13, 2010, Reitman confirmed that he would be directing the film.[28][29] In March, Murray appeared on Late Show with David Letterman and talked about his potential return to Ghostbusters III, stating \"I'd do it only if my character was killed off in the first reel.\"[30] In an interview with Coming Soon the next month, Murray said: \"You know, maybe I should just do it. Maybe it'd be fun to do.\"[31] In May 2010, Aykroyd said a release was set for Christmas 2012.[32] In the October issue of Vanity Fair, Aykroyd gave an update on the status of the Ghostbusters III script, written by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg, writer-producers of The Office: \"I’m working on the script now and those two—Stupnitsky and Eisenberg, wrote Bill the comic role of a lifetime, and the new Ghostbusters and the old are all well represented in it...we have a strong first draft that Harold [Ramis] and I will take back, and I’m very excited about working on it.\"[33] Shortly after that interview, at the Spike TV Scream Awards, Murray appeared on the show to accept an award for Zombieland. He arrived on stage in full Ghostbusters gear, giving no statements regarding the film except, \"I'm sorry; I don't mean anything by this, it's just all that was left that was clean.\"[34]", "Harold Ramis Ramis said in 2009 he planned to make a third Ghostbusters film for release either in mid-2011[20] or for Christmas 2012.[21] The film was eventually made and released in 2016, although directed and co-written by Paul Feig, not Ramis. In this film a bronze bust can be seen of Ramis when Erin Gilbert leaves her office at Columbia University.", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Around March 2010, while the new script was being developed, Vulture reported that Columbia wanted to target a younger audience and that original Ghostbusters director Ivan Reitman was under pressure to step down in place of a younger director. New York reported that Reitman, along with Murray, Aykroyd, and Ramis, had long-standing contracts in place with Columbia that effectively allow any of them to veto the development of a Ghostbusters film.[21] Murray had told GQ in 2010 that he felt the script written by Eisenberg and Stupnitsky was poor and \"that dream just vaporized\", but said that Columbia was pressuring him to make it.[22] Aykroyd defended the script, saying that it offered Murray \"the comic role of a lifetime\".[23] The script languished as they tried to resolve the disagreement, and in January 2012 Aykroyd stated that the film was in \"suspended animation\" as Murray was still uncooperative. Aykroyd refused to recast the role as he would not make a film that \"exploits the franchise\".[24] By July 2012, the Eisenberg/Stupnitsky script had been discarded and new writing staff were working on a script.[25]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) After its opening weekend, Sony's president of worldwide distribution, Rory Bruer, told TheWrap that \"while nothing has been officially announced, there's no doubt in [his] mind [a sequel] will happen.\" He also said that Ghostbusters is expected to become an important Sony franchise.[162] The principal cast and director had signed on for two sequels.[78]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Ghostbusters (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album released on July 15, 2016, by RCA Records.[61][62] It includes singles by Elle King, G-Eazy, and 5 Seconds of Summer.", "Ghostbusters (franchise) In October 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Reitman will produce an animated movie for Sony Pictures Animation, and Fletcher Moules will oversee the project as both animator and director.[17][18]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Ghostbusters was released on DVD, Blu-ray, 3D Blu-ray and 4K on October 11, 2016.[77] The Blu-ray version features an extended version of the film, which features the IMAX formatted version of the film, most prominently noted during action scenes and a wider scene where they go into the portal.[citation needed]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) On August 10, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter expressed doubts about a sequel due to the film's box office performance.[78][80] Box office analyst Jeff Bock said, \"I just can't fathom the creative talents behind it—Feig, McCarthy, Wiig, etc—slogging out another one when the reception to the first one was so mediocre.\"[78]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Original Ghostbusters cast members Murray, Aykroyd, Hudson and Potts joined the new cast on the June 8, 2016, episode of Jimmy Kimmel Live!, which was entirely dedicated to the new film.[74]", "Ghostbusters Sony Pictures rereleased the film in nearly 500 theaters in the United States on October 13, 2011, and the following two Thursdays before Halloween of that year.[47] Sony reissued a remaster in 4K version for its 30th anniversary on August 29, 2014. Originally a one-week re-release for the U.S. Labor Day, it ran for three weeks ending on September 18.[48]", "Ghostbusters II Ghostbusters II is a 1989 American supernatural comedy film directed and produced by Ivan Reitman, written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis and starring Bill Murray, Aykroyd, Sigourney Weaver, Ramis, Ernie Hudson and Rick Moranis. It is the sequel to the 1984 film Ghostbusters, and follows the further adventures of the three parapsychologists and their organization that combats paranormal activities.", "Ghostbusters Ghostbusters launched a media franchise, which includes a 1989 sequel, Ghostbusters II, two animated television series, The Real Ghostbusters and Extreme Ghostbusters, several video games, and a 2016 reboot film.", "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation Summer Vacation was originally scheduled for a September 21, 2018 release.[19] However, on February 6, 2017, it was moved two months earlier to July 13, 2018, switching over to Goosebumps: Slappy Halloween.[20]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) After the death of Harold Ramis on February 24, 2014,[52] a source from Sony Pictures insisted that Ramis was involved in Ghostbusters III minimally for a cameo appearance. With the screenplay needing to be reworked, Ivan Reitman was scheduled to meet with Sony executives to assess how to move forward on the project.[53] On March 18, 2014, it was confirmed that Reitman would not be directing the third film, but would remain as producer with Sony wanting to begin shooting in early 2015.[54] Directors Phil Lord and Chris Miller were in talks to direct the film, but passed on the project.[55][56][57] On May 30, 2014, The Wrap reported that Ruben Fleischer was being considered to direct the third film.[58] Weaver told Vanity Fair that Dana Barrett's son, Oscar, would have been a Ghostbuster in the film.[59]", "Ghostbusters On August 2, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that the studio wanted Paul Feig to direct the film and wanted to make it an all female Ghostbusters team.[65] On September 17, 2014, Aykroyd told The Hollywood Reporter that he wanted to do a Ghostbusters-style universe similar to Marvel's own universe.[66] On October 8, 2014, The Hollywood Reporter announced that screenwriter Katie Dippold and director Paul Feig would write the script.[67]", "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle In August 2015, Sony set the film a release date of December 25, 2016.[32] As filming did not start until September 2016, the release was pushed back a year to July 28, 2017, and then to December 20, 2017.[2]", "Hotel Transylvania 2 A third film, titled Hotel Transylvania 3, is scheduled to be released on July 13, 2018.[11]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) In the United States and Canada, the film opened Friday, July 15, across 3,963 theaters, earning $17.2 million on its first day,[88] including $3.4 million it made from Thursday preview screenings.[89] The film earned $46 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office behind The Secret Life of Pets ($50.8 million).[90] It procured the biggest opening weekend ever for director Feig and star Melissa McCarthy and was the biggest live-action comedy debut since Pitch Perfect 2 in May 2015.[91] In its second weekend the film dropped 54% to $21 million (compared to the first film increasing in its sophomore week by 11%), dropping to 5th at the box office.[92]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) Ghostbusters is a supernatural comedy franchise created in 1984. Its first installment was the film Ghostbusters, released on June 8, 1984, by Columbia Pictures. It centers on a group of eccentric New York City parapsychologists who investigate and capture ghosts for a living. For the film, the franchise licensed action figures, novelizations, and other original Ghostbusters-themed products. After the initial success, they released original material in other fields such as comic books, video games, television series, and several theme park attractions.", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Principal photography on the film began on June 17, 2015, in Boston.[44][45] Feig and the set dressers Carolyn Lassek and Claudia Bonfe consulted with MIT physicists before shooting.[46] On June 29, 2015, Feig tweeted the costumes of the four Ghostbusters.[47] Filming also took place in Chinatown, Boston for a few days in early July 2015.[48] On August 17, 2015, Hemsworth was spotted filming some scenes on the Ghostbusters bike.[49] After finishing at the old Naval Air Station in South Weymouth, Massachusetts, filming began in Tribeca in New York City on September 12.[50][51] On September 15, filming was taking place in Waltham MA.[52] Filming also took place outside of Columbia University in New York.[51] Filming wrapped on September 19, 2015, in New York City.[53] The subway scenes were filmed on a sound stage, as there is no Seward Street station on the New York Subway map. Reshoots happened in Los Angeles in May 2016,[54] and included new scenes that served as a metafictional comment on the Internet controversy the film gathered.[8]", "The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part The film is scheduled to be released on February 8, 2019.[24] It was originally scheduled to be released on May 26, 2017,[25] but the release date was later assigned to The Lego Batman Movie, which was itself in February 2015 rescheduled for release on February 10, 2017. At that time, it was planned to release on May 18, 2018.[24] On June 17, 2016, it was delayed to its current release date.", "Ghostbusters On February 24, 2014, Ramis died, causing Sony Pictures to re-evaluate the script that they were writing for Ghostbusters III.[60] Sony was planning on starting production in New York early in 2015, but Reitman decided to pull out of directing the film in light of Ramis's death. Reitman, however, was to help to find a new director.[61] It was revealed on March 20, 2014, that Phil Lord and Chris Miller were in talks to direct the film, but by April 8, 2014, the duo had decided to pass on the project.[62] On May 30, 2014, The Wrap reported that Ruben Fleischer is being considered to direct the third film.[63] Weaver told Vanity Fair that her character's son, Oscar, would be a Ghostbuster in the film.[64]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Ghostbusters (Original Motion Picture Score) is the film score, composed by Theodore Shapiro.[67] It was available for digital download on July 8, 2016, and released on CD on July 15, 2016, by Sony Classical Records.[68][69]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Universal Pictures has scheduled the film to be released in the United States on June 22, 2018. A sequel is set to be released on June 11, 2021.", "Ghostbusters (franchise) The second film, Ghostbusters II, was released in 1989. After the success of the first film and the animated series The Real Ghostbusters, Columbia Pictures pressed the producers to make a sequel. Aykroyd, Ramis, and Reitman were uncomfortable with this at first, as the original film was intended to be conclusive and they wished to work on other projects. Eventually, they agreed and created a script.", "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse is set to be released on December 14, 2018.[19] It was previously scheduled to be released on July 20 of that year,[12] and then December 21.[14]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) In a 2016 interview between Richard Edwards and Ghostbusters (2016) director Paul Feig,[60] Feig revealed that Ivan Reitman initially approached Feig about making a direct sequel to Ghostbusters II, which was \"a movie that would have seen the original 'busters handing the keys of Ecto-1 over to a new team\", which Feig disliked.[61] Feig stated that when contacted by Amy Pascal, \"he had already turned down [Ghostbusters 3] a couple of times\" before deciding that a reboot would be the best path for another Ghostbusters film.[62]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) On February 29, 2012, Aykroyd said he was unsure if a third film would ever be made, and considered the film to be in \"suspended animation.\" Aykroyd said if the film were made, Murray was confirmed not to return; they would need his permission if they wanted to re-cast his role or have him appear as a CGI ghost, which Aykroyd doubted they would get. He said Murray is busy with his six kids, owns many houses and is happy just appearing at golf tournaments where people pay him to turn up to provide a laugh. Aykroyd said the two remain close personal friends and Murray is a friend first, colleague second and that he can't be mad at him for refusing to make a third movie. Both Reitman and Ramis said there had to be a way to make the movie. Aykroyd said the script has to be perfect and that he doesn't want to exploit the franchise.[42] On April 5, 2012, while discussing the Cubs at the opening day game, Murray talked about his involvement in Ghostbusters III as a possibility.[43][unreliable source] In a June interview with David Letterman, Murray said that making a very good sequel is hard and, \"we'll try again. I'm always dragging my feet on it.\"[44][45] On July 4, Aykroyd confirmed that Ghostbusters 3 was still in development. He also confirmed that there would be a new script written by a new team. On July 10, it was confirmed that Etan Cohen would be writing the script.[46] Aykroyd said of the script that \"It's got to be perfect. That's the whole thing. There's no point in doing it unless it's perfect. So that's what we're up to now.\"[46]", "Ghostbusters II After the success of the first film and the animated series, The Real Ghostbusters, Columbia Pictures pressed the producers to make a sequel.[2] Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis and Ivan Reitman were uncomfortable with this, as the original film was intended to be conclusive and they wished to work on other projects. Eventually, they agreed and created a script.[3]", "The Equalizer 2 The Equalizer 2 was released on July 20, 2018, by Sony Pictures.[18] Sony had originally scheduled the film for a September 29, 2017 release,[19] and later pushed it back a year to September 14, 2018,[20] then up to August 3, 2018, before settling on its July 20 date.[21]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) Murray was reported in 2004 to be the only original Ghostbuster not interested in Ghostbusters III, as he disliked sequels.[25] Multiple sources said Ramis wanted Ben Stiller to join the cast in 2005.[23][26] During a 2009 interview, Ramis stated that the project had stalled due to a lack of interest and motivation.[22] Both Ramis and Aykroyd subsequently confirmed that the script would call for a new group of younger Ghostbusters to take the lead, with Aykroyd stating, \"There’ll be a whole new generation that has to be trained and a leader that you'll all love when you meet her. There'll be lots of cadets, boys and girls who'll be learning how to use the neuron splitter and the inter-planet interceptor—new tools to enable them to slip from dimension to dimension.\"[27]", "Bill Murray Murray appeared as Martin Heiss, a skeptical ghost debunker, in the reboot of Ghostbusters, which was released on July 15, 2016.[24] There had been speculation that he might return to the Ghostbusters franchise[25] for a rumored Ghostbusters 3,[26] he dispelled such rumors in an interview with GQ. In March 2010, Murray appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman and talked about his return to Ghostbusters III, stating \"I'd do it only if my character was killed off in the first reel.\"[27] In an interview with GQ, Murray said: \"You know, maybe I should just do it. Maybe it'd be fun to do.\" In the interview, when asked \"Is the third Ghostbusters movie happening? What's the story with that?\", Murray replied, \"It's all a bunch of crock.\"[18]", "Ghostbusters After the success of the first film and the animated series The Real Ghostbusters, Columbia Pictures pressured the producers to make a sequel. However, Aykroyd, Ramis and Reitman were uncomfortable with this, as the original film was intended to be conclusive and they wished to work on other projects.[citation needed] Eventually, they agreed and created a script. The second film, Ghostbusters II, was released in 1989.[55]", "Ghostbusters A script for a potential third film was under development by Gene Stupnitsky and Lee Eisenberg, the writing team that worked with Ramis on the 2009 comedy Year One; according to Ramis, the four main cast members from the original film were potentially to have minor on-screen roles: \"The concept is that the old Ghostbusters would appear in the film in some mentor capacity.\"[56] Comments from Murray in August 2010, after Year One's release, suggested the latter's poor reception made a new Ghostbuster sequel unlikely.[57] Two months later, Aykroyd downplayed Murray's comments, saying Stupnitsky and Eisenberg \"wrote Bill the comic role of a lifetime, and the new Ghostbusters and the old are all well represented in it\"; they wrote a \"strong first draft\" that Aykroyd and Ramis would work on.[58] In February 2012, Aykroyd said, \"The script must be perfect. We cannot release a film that is any less than that. We have more work to do.\" [59]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) The first Ghostbusters trailer was released on March 3, 2016. It was viewed 24 million times in 24 hours on Facebook and YouTube,[72] and more than 60 million times across all social media platforms in its first week.[73] The Ghostbusters: Answer the Call logo was used in the third trailer.[citation needed] This logo was also seen in the film's end credits, but not in the opening title. Director Feig explained, \"It was basically the studio realizing for the video catalogs, and that kind of thing, [there would be] two Ghostbusters. ... That sounded like Airport ‘77. The next year, you’re like, ‘Oh, that’s an old movie.’ I didn’t want to have to anchor with that, so they basically said they liked [Answer the Call]. ... I just said, ‘Don’t put it on the front of the movie. If you put it on the end, I don’t care.’”[7]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) Ghostbusters, the first film in the series, is a 1984 sci-fi comedy film about three eccentric New York City parapsychologists. After they are fired from Columbia University, they start their own business investigating and capturing ghosts. Starring Bill Murray, Dan Aykroyd, Harold Ramis, Rick Moranis, Sigourney Weaver, Annie Potts, and Ernie Hudson, it was released in the United States on June 8, 1984. The film grossed approximately 240 million US$ in the United States and over $50 million abroad during its theatrical run, more than the domestic gross of the second Indiana Jones installment, making it the most successful film in America that year (after re-releases), and one of the most successful comedies of the 1980s. The American Film Institute ranked it 28th in its list of the top 100 comedies of all time.[6] IGN voted Ghostbusters the greatest comedy ever in 2005.[7] The TV Channel Bravo ranked Ghostbusters number 28 on their 100 Funniest Movies list in 2006.[8]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Feig said that Sony Entertainment's Amy Pascal had been pushing for comedy writers to produce a script for a new Ghostbusters film for some time, but he believed that most of these writers, like himself, did not want to ruin the canon of the original films. He also wanted to avoid a premise similar to Ghostbusters II, in which the Ghostbusters have to lose their success to begin a new story. This led to the idea of a reboot featuring a new set of characters, an idea that Pascal agreed with.[38]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) Ghostbusters: The Return is a 2004 novel written by Sholly Fisch in celebration of the franchise's 20th anniversary. Set two years after Ghostbusters II, the novel revolves around Venkman running for mayor of New York City and an ancient entity trying to conquer the world by bringing urban legends to life.", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Sony partnered with Snapchat to promote the film with \"busting\" and \"sliming\" features. The filter, which features the Ghostbusters logo, allows users to shoot at the character Slimer with their front-facing cameras and a virtual proton pack. In addition, 10-second video teaser ads ran within Snapchatâ€™s Discover section.[75] A novelization of the film, written by Nancy Holder, was published by Tor Books in 2016.[76]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) IDW Publishing also released a comic book series based on the franchise. Their first series, Ghostbusters: The Other Side, was written by Keith Champagne, with art by Tom Nguyen.[97] A second series was later released in 2009 as Ghostbusters: Displaced Aggression. A third series, Ghostbusters: Haunted Holidays was released November 2010. From September 2011 through December 2012, IDW published an ongoing series that ran 16 issues, written by Erik Burnham with art by Dan Schoening and Luis Antonio Delgado.[98] From February 2013 through September 2014, a new ongoing series titled The New Ghostbusters, also by Burnham, Schoening, and Delgado, ran 20 issues.[99]", "Johnny English Reborn In May 2017, it was announced that pre production had begun on a third film, set to be released in 26 October 2018.[23]", "Ghostbusters Ghostbusters was released in the United States on June 8, 1984. It received mainly positive reviews and grossed $242 million in the United States and more than $295 million worldwide. At the 57th Academy Awards, it was nominated for Best Visual Effects and Best Original Song (for the theme song). The American Film Institute ranked Ghostbusters 28th in its AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs list of film comedies. In 2015, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry, finding it \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".[2]", "Super Troopers 2 Super Troopers 2 is scheduled to be released by Fox Searchlight Pictures on April 20, 2018, 17 years after the original.[20]", "The Angry Birds Movie In August 2016, Rovio had begun working on a sequel to the film.[83] The sequel, titled The Angry Birds Movie 2, is planned for a August 16, 2019 release, coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the original video game.[13][14][15] It will be directed by Thurop Van Orman and co-directed by John Rice. Cohen will return as a producer, with Peter Ackerman as writer. Sudeikis, Gad, Hader, McBride and Dinklage have been announced to return, with Rachel Bloom, Sterling K. Brown, Eugenio Derbez, Zach Woods, Awkwafina, Lil Rel Howery, Dove Cameron, Beck Bennett, Brooklynn Prince, and Leslie Jones joining the cast. [84][85]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) In an interview on August 2, 2012, Aykroyd reported that Murray would have no involvement in the film, saying, \"It's sad but we're passing it on to a new generation. Ghostbusters III can be a successful movie without Bill. My preference would be to have him involved but at this point he doesn't seem to be coming and we have to move on. It's time to make the third one.\"[47] In a September 2012 interview with Collider.com, Reitman stated that he believes there could be a Ghostbusters remake.[48] In May 2013 during an interview with Larry King, Aykroyd discussed the third film even giving away major plot details. \"We’re going to have to cast. We need four new ghostbusters. We need four new Columbia students. It’s based upon new research that’s being done in particle physics by the young men and women at Columbia University. Basically there’s research being done that...I can say that the world or our dimension that we live in, our four planes of existence, length, height, width, and time, become threatened by some of the research that is being done. And Ghostbusters, new Ghostbusters have to come and solve the problem.” Aykroyd said. When asked about Murray's status with the film, Aykroyd responded \"He’s a good friend, I love him, but he just doesn’t want to reprise the role. However, there will be a hole for him. If Billy wants to walk in the door and be in the movie, we will find a place.\"[49]", "Ghostbusters Ghostbusters is a 1984 American supernatural comedy film directed and produced by Ivan Reitman and written by Dan Aykroyd and Harold Ramis. It stars Bill Murray, Aykroyd and Ramis as eccentric parapsychologists who start a ghost-catching business in New York City. Sigourney Weaver and Rick Moranis co-star as a client and her neighbor, and Ernie Hudson as the Ghostbusters' first recruit.", "Minions (film) In January 2017, a sequel to the film, titled Minions 2, was scheduled to be released on July 3, 2020.[13] It will be directed again by Balda, with co-direction by Brad Ableson, and written by Lynch.[112]", "The Boss Baby A sequel is scheduled to be released on March 26, 2021.[8]", "It (2017 film) On September 25, 2017, New Line Cinema announced that the sequel would be released on September 6, 2019,[303] with Gary Dauberman writing the script.[304] Later in December 2017, Agent Cody Banks writer Jeffrey Jurgensen was also listed as a screenwriter.[305]", "Grown Ups 2 The first trailer for the film was released on April 2, 2013.[14] The film was released on July 12, 2013 in United States.", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) In a June 2017 television appearance, Aykroyd blamed the film's underperformance on Feig. According to Aykroyd, Feig refused to shoot additional scenes requested by Aykroyd and Sony until test screenings demonstrated they were necessary, costing an additional $30-40 million in reshoots (although Sony claimed reshoots only cost $3-4 million).[95] He wrote a few days later: \"Paul Feig made a good movie and had a superb cast and plenty of money to do it. We just wish he had been more inclusive to the originators. It cost everyone as it is unlikely Kristen, Leslie, Melissa and Kate will ever reprise their roles as Ghostbusters which is sad.\"[96]", "Now You See Me 2 In November 2014, the film was officially titled Now You See Me 2, and was set to be released on June 10, 2016.[5][11] In March 2016, the film's international release date was announced as July 4, 2016.", "Annabelle: Creation In April 2018, Warner Bros. announced July 3, 2019, as the release date for an as-yet untitled new film in The Conjuring franchise.[57] Later that month it was announced that the film will be a third Annabelle film, with Gary Dauberman signed on to write and direct, in his directorial debut. James Wan and Peter Safran will co-produce the project.[58]", "Ice Age: Collision Course Initially the film was scheduled for release on July 15, 2016.[23] However, the release was delayed to July 22,[24] to avoid competition with the Ghostbusters reboot that was also scheduled for July 15. An extended sneak peek of the movie in the form of a short film called Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe was attached to theatrical showings of Blue Sky Studio's The Peanuts Movie on November 6, 2015.[25] The teaser poster of the film was revealed on November 6, 2015 with the words \"Bring Scrat Home\" spoofing The Martian.[26] The short film was released later on November 9, 2015, on 20th Century Fox's official YouTube page.[27]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) On June 9, 2013, a trailer for a documentary called Spook Central, featuring clips from Ghostbusters alongside discussions of the perceived meanings in the film, mimicking the style of the documentary Room 237, was uploaded to YouTube.[117]", "Ghostbusters II In 1999, Dan Aykroyd wrote a script for a possible third film, titled Ghostbusters III: Hellbent.[14] In a 2004 interview, Bill Murray stated that he didn't want to appear in a potential third installment and for that reason, the cast considered replacing him with Ben Stiller.[15]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) On August 25, 2011, Aykroyd told Dennis Miller on The Dennis Miller Show that Ghostbusters III was moving forward and planning to shoot in early 2012 with or without the involvement of Murray, saying, \"What we have to remember is that 'Ghostbusters' is bigger than any one component, although Billy was absolutely the lead and contributed to it in a massive way, as was the director and Harold Ramis, myself and Sigourney Weaver. The concept is much larger than any individual role and the promise of Ghostbusters III is that we get to hand the equipment and the franchise down to new blood.\"[35][36] He also revealed minor details for Ramis' Egon Spengler and his own Ray Stantz characters' current statuses. \"My character, Ray, is now blind in one eye and can't drive the Cadillac,\" he says, \"He's got a bad knee and can't carry the packs... Egon is too large to get into the harness. We need young blood and that's the promise. We're gonna hand it to a new generation.... I like this guy Matthew Gray Gubler from the Criminal Minds show,\" he adds, \"But there's going to be a casting. We're going to see everyone that wants to do it. We're going to need... three guys and a young woman.\"[36] In December 2011, it was reported that Murray had received the script,[37][38] but according to the National Enquirer, he shredded it to pieces and returned it to Ramis and Aykroyd with a note reading: \"No-one wants to pay money to see fat, old men chasing ghosts.\"[39] Aykroyd said that it was untrue,[40] but stated that Murray decided not to return, and that Aykroyd is looking for a replacement actor to play Murray's character.[41] He also mentioned that he wanted Moranis to return as Louis Tully.[40]", "SpongeBob SquarePants On April 30, 2015, Viacom announced a third film was in development.[285] On August 3, 2015, via Twitter, Vincent Waller confirmed that the sequel is in pre-production and that Paul Tibbitt would direct.[286] In April 2018, Tibbitt was replaced by Tim Hill as director, and the film's official title was announced: It's a Wonderful Sponge. Paramount assigned the film a new release date of July 22, 2020.[287][288]", "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull On April 24, 2017, Disney shifted the release date of the untitled Indiana Jones sequel from July 19, 2019 to July 10, 2020.[156]", "Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2 On June 30, 2016, Walt Disney Animation Studios initially announced that the sequel would be released on March 9, 2018,[21] but in April 2017, A Wrinkle in Time took over its date.[23] The film will be released on November 21, 2018 in 3D, 2D and IMAX.[24]", "My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 In May 2015, Universal set the film for a March 25, 2016 release.[12]", "Jump Street (franchise) A female-driven 21 Jump Street film is being developed.[12] In December 2016, Rodney Rothman was announced as the director and screenwriter for the film. Rothman returns to the franchise after co-writing 22 Jump Street, and MIB 23 as well.[11]", "It (2017 film) A sequel, It: Chapter Two, is scheduled to be released on September 6, 2019.[23]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Ghostbusters grossed $128.3 million in North America and $100.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $229.1 million.[6] With a production budget of $144 million, as well as a large amount spent on marketing, the studio stated that the film would need to gross at least $300 million to break even.[78] Before the release, director Paul Feig stated \"A movie like this has to at least get to like $500 million worldwide, and thatâ€™s probably low.\"[79] The Hollywood Reporter estimated the film's financial losses would be over $70 million.[78][80][81] A representative of Sony found this loss estimate to be \"way off,\" saying: \"With multiple revenue streams [...] the bottom line, even before co-financing, is not even remotely close to that number.\"[78][80] According to Variety, sources familiar with the film's financing estimate the total loss to be about $75 million, of which, due to co-financing with Village Roadshow, Sony would lose about $50 million.[82] Sony insiders have projected, along with co-financing, a total loss of about $25 million.[82] Bloomberg News estimated the film lost $58.6 million.[83] By August 2016, sources such as Forbes and The Wall Street Journal had begun calling Ghostbusters a box office bomb.[12][84][85][86] The film's performance contributed to Sony taking a $1 billion writedown in January 2017.[87]", "The Dark Tower (2017 film) Originally, the film was scheduled to be released on January 13, 2017 and was pushed back from its original release date of January 13, 2017 to February 17, 2017. In November 2016, the film was pushed back from February 17, 2017 to July 28, 2017, after the studio's Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle was moved from that date.[77] In late March 2017, the film was pushed back one week from July 28, 2017 to August 4, 2017, switching places with Sony Pictures Animation's The Emoji Movie.[78]", "The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part In October 2014, Warner Bros. scheduled The Lego Batman Movie for 2017, and The Lego Movie 2 for May 25, 2018.[16][17] On October 25, 2014, it was reported that Lord and Miller had signed on to write The Lego Movie 2.[18] On October 30, it was announced that Australia-based animation studio Animal Logic was in talks to produce the next three Lego films (though the deal was not finalized at the time) and the New South Wales government would make financial contributions to all the films.[19] On November 12, during an interview with BBC News, Lord and Miller revealed that there would be more female characters featuring in the film.[20]", "Deadpool 2 Deadpool 2 is set to be released in the United States on May 18, 2018.[63] It was previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year.[49][62]", "Mission: Impossible – Fallout Mission: Impossible – Fallout is scheduled to be released on July 27, 2018, by Paramount Pictures in RealD 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D.[34] The first trailer was released on February 4, 2018 during Super Bowl LII.[citation needed]", "21 Jump Street (film) A female-driven 21 Jump Street film is being developed.[48] In December 2016, Rodney Rothman was announced as the director and screenwriter for the film. Rothman returns to the franchise after co-writing 22 Jump Street, and MIB 23 as well.[49]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) In March 2015, Deadline wrote that a Ghostbusters film with male lead characters was in development, with Channing Tatum,[63] Reid Carolin and Peter Kiernan producing, Drew Pearce writing and Joe & Anthony Russo directing.[64][65] In 2016, the project was confirmed to be cancelled, with the Russo brothers no longer attached.[66] Ivan Reitman later revealed that the project was never in serious development.[67]", "The Secret Life of Pets In August 2016, it was announced that there would be a sequel with director Chris Renaud, producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy, and writer Brian Lynch, with a release date of July 13, 2018.[88] On January 25, 2017, its release date was pushed back to July 3, 2019.[89] On August 15, 2017, its release date was moved forward to June 7, 2019.[6] On November 10, 2017, it was announced that Louis C.K. would not be reprising his role as Max after being accused of and having admitted to inappropriate sexual conduct with five women. [90]", "Wonder Woman (2017 film) A sequel is set to be released on November 1, 2019.[11]", "Ghostbusters (2016 film) Variety and The Hollywood Reporter reported in August 2014 that Paul Feig had been selected as director and the reboot would feature an all-female cast.[32][33] Feig formally announced the film and his involvement in October 2014, along with co-writer Katie Dippold,[34] and confirmed his intention to have the film \"star hilarious women\".[35] Feig stated that he was partly inspired by the TV series The Walking Dead,[36] adding that his goal was to \"tell a story you haven't seen before. Or tell a story you've seen before, but in a way you haven't seen it.\"[37]", "Deadpool 2 Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 18, 2018. A sequel, Deadpool 3, is in development.", "The Conjuring 2 The Conjuring 2 was released in North America on June 10, 2016. The film received positive reviews from critics and has grossed over $320 million worldwide.[3][4] A spin-off prequel film, The Nun, is scheduled to be released in 2018 with Peter Safran and Wan producing.", "Bob's Burgers On October 4, 2017, Fox announced that a Bob's Burgers movie was in the works to be released on July 17, 2020.[10]", "Ghostbusters (franchise) In May 2003, Sony signed an agreement with 88MPH Studios to work on a comic update of the Ghostbusters movie, to be released in later in the year.[93][94][unreliable source?] Ghostbusters: Legion saw the return of the four Ghostbusters and the principal cast from the movie. Legion updated the series by setting the events of the first movie in 2004 rather than 1984. Set six months after the Gozer incident, the series was designed to follow the Ghostbusters as their initial fame faded and they returned to the regular chore of busting ghosts on a daily basis. The series sees the team run ragged as a spate of supernatural crimes and other related occurrences plague the city, as well as contemplating the greater effects of their success beyond the immediate media attention.", "Rough Night Rough Night was scheduled to be released on June 23, 2017.[18] It was then moved up a week to June 16.[19]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for release on June 22, 2018,[3] with an early release in the United Kingdom on June 7, 2018.[32]", "Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse Following the November 2014 hacking of Sony's computers, emails between Sony Pictures Entertainment Co-Chairman Amy Pascal and president Doug Belgrad were released, stating that Sony was planning to \"rejuvenate\" the Spider-Man franchise by developing an animated comedy film with Phil Lord and Christopher Miller. Sony executives were set to discuss the project further in a discussion regarding several Spider-Man spin-off films at a summit in January 2015.[11] At the 2015 CinemaCon in April, Sony Pictures chairman Tom Rothman announced that the animated Spider-Man film had a July 20, 2018 release date, and would be produced by Lord and Miller, Avi Arad, Matt Tolmach, and Pascal, with Lord and Miller also writing a treatment for the film. Rothman said that it would \"co-exist\" with the live-action Spider-Man films, though Sony soon stated that the film would \"exist independently of the projects in the live-action Spider-Man universe\",[12] as it is set in an alternate universe from those films without Tom Holland's version of Spider-Man.[13]", "SpongeBob SquarePants (film series) On April 30, 2015, Viacom announced a third movie was in development.[2] On August 3, 2015, showrunner Vincent Waller confirmed that the film was in pre-production.[3] By January 2016, Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger were involved as writers on the film.[4] The film was initially set to be released on February 8, 2019, but was pushed to August 2, 2019 in March 2017.[5] In December 2017, the film's release was delayed again to July 31, 2020.[6] On March 28, 2017, Yahoo! Movies reported that the film had temporarily been given the title The SpongeBob Movie in pre-production.[7] Vincent Waller later suggested that this was a placeholder title.[8] The show's principal voice actors—Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke, Rodger Bumpass, Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan—are expected to reprise their roles.[9] In April 2018, it was announced that the film would be titled The SpongeBob Movie: It's a Wonderful Sponge, and that it would be written and directed by Tim Hill.[10][11] In July 2018, the film's release date was moved up to July 17, 2020, and it was announced that the film would be written by Aibel, Berger, and Michael Kvamme.[12]", "Godzilla: King of the Monsters (2019 film) In May 2016, Warner Bros. announced that Godzilla 2 would be pushed back from its original June 2018 release date to March 22, 2019.[20] That same month, Warner Bros. revealed that Edwards had left the sequel to work on smaller scale projects.[21] Edwards also felt that Legendary \"needed to get on with things\" instead of waiting for him to finish work on Rogue One.[22]", "21 Jump Street (film) It was released theatrically on March 16, 2012, by Columbia Pictures and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer[2] and grossed $201 million. A sequel, titled 22 Jump Street, was released on June 13, 2014. Two further films, MIB 23 (a crossover with the Men in Black franchise) and a female-led spin-off, are currently in development.", "Sing (2016 American film) Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a Sing 2, slated for December 25, 2020.[39]", "Second Act (film) The film is scheduled to be released by STXfilms on November 21, 2018.[13]" ]	[ "Ghostbusters (2016 film) In an October 2016 interview, Feig told Bustle that a sequel was not in the works, but could be possible if the film performed well on its home release.[163] By November, Feig confirmed that a direct sequel would not be made due to the film's mediocre box office performance.[164] The same month, Reitman stated in an interview that other Ghostbusters projects were in development.[165] Prior to Reitman's announcement, an animated series, Ghostbusters: Ecto Force, was stated to be targeting an early 2018 debut.[166] Reitman further clarified plans for future animated films within the Ghostbusters franchise during the July 2017 San Diego Comic Con, including having one set from the viewpoint of the ghosts rather than the Ghostbusters, as well as a work to potentially tie in to the 35th anniversary of the original film in 2019.[167]" ]
test1186	when was the first case of cancer found	[ "doc42000" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc42000", "doc1371735", "doc310081", "doc42001", "doc961004", "doc42005", "doc42012", "doc42003", "doc42002", "doc42006", "doc42015", "doc42009", "doc42013", "doc310083", "doc42010", "doc2468977", "doc42007", "doc1371736", "doc42016", "doc42008", "doc309981", "doc42014", "doc42004", "doc42017", "doc2404954", "doc309978", "doc1526675", "doc2017973", "doc1526678", "doc1526677", "doc309985", "doc309979", "doc2017974", "doc595338", "doc908538", "doc42011", "doc310077", "doc1266379", "doc635248", "doc1002724", "doc1795057", "doc1401950", "doc310082", "doc1401945", "doc1891871", "doc1810561", "doc1526674", "doc595336", "doc309999", "doc309980", "doc1975156", "doc1002719", "doc41999", "doc2404951", "doc595332", "doc254014", "doc310078", "doc1820502", "doc1401951", "doc310100", "doc1401949", "doc595337", "doc1694172", "doc595341", "doc1397447", "doc1002720", "doc2418226", "doc1694188", "doc789948", "doc310035", "doc960597", "doc1694173", "doc53503", "doc2489519", "doc1046804", "doc2558383", "doc2418227", "doc1002725", "doc2274750", "doc310014", "doc595363", "doc595330", "doc1002830", "doc3270", "doc1390756", "doc1526676", "doc1694171", "doc2274712", "doc611998", "doc310072", "doc254011", "doc1526673", "doc1281304", "doc1832018", "doc309982", "doc2447654", "doc1891886", "doc396863", "doc1526701", "doc2418236" ]	[ "History of cancer The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from Ancient Egypt. The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC (possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC) and contains a description of cancer, as well as a procedure to remove breast tumours by cauterization. It wryly observed that the disease has no treatment.[1]", "Cancer cell Early evidence of human cancer can be interpreted from Egyptian papers (1538 BCE) and mummified remains[10]. In 2016, a 1.7 million year old osteosarcoma was reported by Edward John Odes (a doctoral student in Anatomical Sciences from Witwatersrand Medical School, South Africa) and colleagues, representing the oldest documented malignant hominin cancer.[11]", "Cancer Cancer has existed for all of human history.[178] The earliest written record regarding cancer is from circa 1600 BC in the Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus and describes breast cancer.[178] Hippocrates (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them with the Greek word καρκίνος karkinos (crab or crayfish).[178] This name comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumor, with \"the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its name\".[179] Galen stated that \"cancer of the breast is so called because of the fancied resemblance to a crab given by the lateral prolongations of the tumor and the adjacent distended veins\".[180]:738 Celsus (ca. 25 BC – 50 AD) translated karkinos into the Latin cancer, also meaning crab and recommended surgery as treatment.[178] Galen (2nd century AD) disagreed with the use of surgery and recommended purgatives instead.[178] These recommendations largely stood for 1000 years.[178]", "History of cancer Hippocrates (ca. 460 BC â€“ ca. 370 BC) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them by the term karkinos (carcinos), the Greek word for crab or crayfish, as well as carcinoma.[2] This comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumour, with \"the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its name\".[3] Since it was against Greek tradition to open the body, Hippocrates only described and made drawings of outwardly visible tumors on the skin, nose, and breasts. Treatment was based on the humor theory of four bodily fluids (black and yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). According to the patient's humor, treatment consisted of diet, blood-letting, and/or laxatives. Celsus (ca. 25 BC - 50 AD) translated karkinos into cancer, the Latin word for crab or crayfish.", "Metastasis In March 2014 researchers discovered the oldest complete example of a human with metastatic cancer. The tumors had developed in a 3,000-year-old skeleton found in 2013 in a tomb in Sudan dating back to 1200 BC. The skeleton was analyzed using radiography and a scanning electron microscope. These findings were published in the Public Library of Science journal.[38][39][40]", "History of cancer The first cause of cancer was identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott, who discovered in 1775 that cancer of the scrotum was a common disease among chimney sweeps. The work of other individual physicians led to various insights, but when physicians started working together they could draw firmer conclusions.", "History of cancer In 1968 Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne Barr identified the first human cancer virus, called the Epstein-Barr Virus.[9]", "History of cancer Through the centuries it was discovered that cancer could occur anywhere in the body, but Hippocrates' humor-theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century with the discovery of cells.", "History of cancer In the 2nd century AD, the Greek physician Galen used oncos (Greek for swelling) to describe all tumours, reserving Hippocrates' term carcinos for malignant tumours. Galen also used the suffix -oma to indicate cancerous lesions. It is from Galen's usage that we derive the modern word oncology.[4]", "History of cancer With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'cancer poison' eventually spreads from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites (\"metastasis\"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874.[6] The use of surgery to treat cancer had poor results due to problems with hygiene. The renowned Scottish surgeon Alexander Monro saw only 2 breast tumor patients out of 60 surviving surgery for two years. In the 19th century, asepsis improved surgical hygiene and as the survival statistics went up, surgical removal of the tumor became the primary treatment for cancer. With the exception of William Coley who in the late 19th century felt that the rate of cure after surgery had been higher before asepsis (and who injected bacteria into tumors with mixed results), cancer treatment became dependent on the individual art of the surgeon at removing a tumor. The underlying cause of his results might be that infection stimulates the immune system to destroy left tumor cells. During the same period, the idea that the body was made up of various tissues, that in turn were made up of millions of cells, laid rest the humor-theories about chemical imbalances in the body.", "History of cancer In 1984, Harald zur Hausen discovered first HPV16 and then HPV18 responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers. For discovery that human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause human cancer, zur Hausen won a 2008 Nobel Prize.[13]", "History of cancer The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 by 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City under the name American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC). The current name was adopted in 1945.[8]", "History of cancer The political 'war' on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971, a United States federal law.[10] The act was intended \"to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer\". It was signed into law by then U.S. President Richard Nixon on December 23, 1971.[11]", "Cancer The physician John Hill described tobacco snuff as the cause of nose cancer in 1761.[181] This was followed by the report in 1775 by British surgeon Percivall Pott that chimney sweeps' carcinoma, a cancer of the scrotum, was a common disease among chimney sweeps.[183] With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'cancer poison' spread from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites (\"metastasis\"). This view of the disease was first formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874.[184]", "History of cancer A founding paper of cancer epidemiology was the work of Janet Lane-Claypon, who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 breast cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same background and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health. Her ground-breaking work on cancer epidemiology was carried on by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill, who published \"Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Death In Relation to Smoking. A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors\" followed in 1956 (otherwise known as the British doctors study). Richard Doll left the London Medical Research Center (MRC), to start the Oxford unit for Cancer epidemiology in 1968. With the use of computers, the unit was the first to compile large amounts of cancer data. Modern epidemiological methods are closely linked to current[when?] concepts of disease and public health policy. Over the past 50Â years, great efforts have been spent on gathering data across medical practice, hospital, provincial, state, and even country boundaries to study the interdependence of environmental and cultural factors on cancer incidence.", "Mutagen The first mutagens to be identified were carcinogens, substances that were shown to be linked to cancer. Tumors were described more than 2,000 years before the discovery of chromosomes and DNA; in 500 B.C., the Greek physician Hippocrates named tumors resembling a crab karkinos (from which the word \"cancer\" is derived via Latin), meaning crab.[1] In 1567, Swiss physician Paracelsus suggested that an unidentified substance in mined ore (identified as radon gas in modern times) caused a wasting disease in miners,[2] and in England, in 1761, John Hill made the first direct link of cancer to chemical substances by noting that excessive use of snuff may cause nasal cancer.[3] In 1775, Sir Percivall Pott wrote a paper on the high incidence of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps, and suggested chimney soot as the cause of scrotal cancer.[4] In 1915, Yamagawa and Ichikawa showed that repeated application of coal tar to rabbit's ears produced malignant cancer.[5] Subsequently, in the 1930s the carcinogen component in coal tar was identified as a polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene.[2][6] Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are also present in soot, which was suggested to be a causative agent of cancer over 150 years earlier.", "History of cancer The genetic basis of cancer was recognised in 1902 by the German zoologist Theodor Boveri, professor of zoology at Munich and later in Würzburg.[7] He discovered a method to generate cells with multiple copies of the centrosome, a structure he discovered and named. He postulated that chromosomes were distinct and transmitted different inheritance factors. He suggested that mutations of the chromosomes could generate a cell with unlimited growth potential which could be passed on to its descendants. He proposed the existence of cell cycle check points, tumour suppressor genes and oncogenes. He speculated that cancers might be caused or promoted by radiation, physical or chemical insults or by pathogenic microorganisms.", "Cancer cell The understanding of cancer was significantly advanced during the Renaissance period and in to the Age of Discovery. Sir Rudolf Virchow, a German biologist and politician, studied microscopic pathology, and linked his observations to illness. He is described as \"the founder of cellular pathology\".[12] In 1845, Virchow and John Hughes Bennett independently observed abnormal increase in white blood cells in patients. Virchow correctly identified the condition as blood disease, and named it leukÃ¤mie in 1847 (later anglicised to leukemia).[13][14][15] In 1857, he was the first to describe a type of tumour called chordoma that originated from the clivus (at the base of the skull).[16][17]", "History of cancer Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research; that total includes money invested by public and private sectors and foundations.[14]", "History of cancer When Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radiation at the end of the 19th century, they stumbled upon the first effective non-surgical cancer treatment. With radiation also came the first signs of multi-disciplinary approaches to cancer treatment. The surgeon was no longer operating in isolation, but worked together with hospital radiologists to help patients. The complications in communication this brought, along with the necessity of the patient's treatment in a hospital facility rather than at home, also created a parallel process of compiling patient data into hospital files, which in turn led to the first statistical patient studies.", "Cancer In 2015, about 90.5 million people had cancer.[6] About 14.1 million new cases occur a year (not including skin cancer other than melanoma).[11] It caused about 8.8 million deaths (15.7% of deaths).[7] The most common types of cancer in males are lung cancer, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer and stomach cancer.[19] In females, the most common types are breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer.[11] If skin cancer other than melanoma were included in total new cancers each year, it would account for around 40% of cases.[20][21] In children, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and brain tumors are most common except in Africa where non-Hodgkin lymphoma occurs more often.[18] In 2012, about 165,000 children under 15 years of age were diagnosed with cancer.[19] The risk of cancer increases significantly with age and many cancers occur more commonly in developed countries.[11] Rates are increasing as more people live to an old age and as lifestyle changes occur in the developing world.[22] The financial costs of cancer were estimated at $1.16 trillion USD per year as of 2010.[23]", "History of cancer In 1973, cancer research led to a cold war incident,[12] where co-operative samples of reported oncoviruses were discovered to be contaminated by HeLa.", "History of cancer In the 16th and 17th centuries, it became more acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius, a follower of Descartes, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes, and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of cancer. His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads, and concluded that it was contagious.[5]", "History of cancer Despite this substantial investment, the country has seen just a five percent decrease in the cancer death rate (adjusting for size and age of the population) between 1950 and 2005.[15] Longer life expectancy may be a contributing factor to this, as cancer rates and mortality rates increases significantly with age, more than three out of five cancers are diagnosed in people aged 65 and over.[16]", "Treatment of cancer The treatment of cancer has undergone evolutionary changes as understanding of the underlying biological processes has increased. Tumor removal surgeries have been documented in ancient Egypt, hormone therapy and radiation therapy were developed in the late 19th Century. Chemotherapy, immunotherapy and newer targeted therapies are products of the 20th century. As new information about the biology of cancer emerges, treatments will be developed and modified to increase effectiveness, precision, survivability, and quality of life.", "Cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[2][8] These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.[8] Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements.[1] While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may have other causes.[1] Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.[8]", "History of cancer chemotherapy Using that information, Goodman and Gilman reasoned that this agent could be used to treat lymphoma, a tumor of lymphoid cells. They first set up an animal model by establishing lymphomas in mice and demonstrated they could treat them with mustard agents. Next, in collaboration with a thoracic surgeon, Gustaf Lindskog, they injected a related agent, mustine (the prototype nitrogen mustard anticancer chemotherapeutic), into a patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.[3] They observed a dramatic reduction in the patient's tumor masses.[4][5] Although the effect lasted only a few weeks, and the patient had to return for another set of treatment, that was the first step to the realization that cancer could be treated by pharmacological agents.[3] Publication of the first clinical trials was reported in the New York Times.[6]", "Renal cell carcinoma Daniel Sennert made the first reference suggesting a tumour arising in the kidney in his text Practicae Medicinae, first published in 1613.[106]", "History of cancer chemotherapy In 1951, Jane C. Wright demonstrated the use of methotrexate in solid tumors, showing remission in breast cancer.[8] Wright's group were the first to demonstrate use of the drug in solid tumors, as opposed to leukemias, which are a cancer of the marrow. Several years later at the National Cancer Institute, Roy Hertz and Min Chiu Li then demonstrated complete remission in women with choriocarcinoma and chorioadenoma in 1956,[9] discovering that methotrexate alone could cure choriocarcinoma (1958), a germ-cell malignancy that originates in trophoblastic cells of the placenta. In 1960 Wright et al. produced remissions in mycosis fungoides.[10][11]", "History of cancer chemotherapy In 1947, Major League Baseball Hall of Famer Babe Ruth, who was battling Nasopharynx cancer, became one of the first human subjects of teropterin (similar to aminopterin) treatment. Dr. Richard Lewisohn of Mount Sinai Hospital in New York administered the drug, and over the course of several months, Ruth's condition began to improve. However, Ruth died the following year.[7]", "Cancer When cancer begins, it produces no symptoms. Signs and symptoms appear as the mass grows or ulcerates. The findings that result depend on the cancer's type and location. Few symptoms are specific. Many frequently occur in individuals who have other conditions. Cancer is a \"great imitator\". Thus, it is common for people diagnosed with cancer to have been treated for other diseases, which were hypothesized to be causing their symptoms.[29]", "Cancer Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.[2] Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.[2][9][10] Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.[3] In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human papillomavirus infection.[2] These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell.[11] Typically many genetic changes are required before cancer develops.[11] Approximately 5â€“10% of cancers are due to inherited genetic defects from a person's parents.[12] Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests.[2] It is then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.[13]", "Renal cell carcinoma Miril published the earliest unequivocal case of renal carcinoma in 1810.[107] He described the case of FranÃ§oise Levelly, a 35-year-old woman, who presented to Brest Civic Hospital on April 6, 1809, supposedly in the late stages of pregnancy.[106]", "History of tuberculosis Signs of the disease have also been found in Egyptian mummies dated between 3000 and 2400 BC.[8] The most convincing case was found in the mummy of priest Nesperehen, discovered by Grebart in 1881, which featured evidence of spinal tuberculosis with the characteristic psoas abscesses.[9] Similar features were discovered on other mummies like that of the priest Philoc and throughout the cemeteries of Thebes. It appears likely that Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti both died from tuberculosis, and evidence indicates that hospitals for tuberculosis existed in Egypt as early as 1500 BC.[10]", "Rudolf Virchow Virchow was the first to correctly link the origin of cancers from otherwise normal cells.[39] (His teacher MÃ¼ller had proposed that cancers originated from cells, but from special cells, which he called blastema.) In 1855, he suggested that cancers arise from the activation of dormant cells (perhaps similar to cells now known as stem cells) present in mature tissue.[40] Virchow believed that cancer is caused by severe irritation in the tissues, and his theory came to be known as chronic irritation theory. He thought, rather wrongly, that the irritation spread in the form of liquid so that cancer rapidly increases.[41] His theory was largely ignored, as he was proved wrong that it was not by liquid, but by metastasis of the already cancerous cells that cancers spread. (First described by Karl Thiersch in the 1860s.)[42] But he made a crucial observation that certain cancers (carcinoma in modern sense) were inherently associated with white blood cells (which are now called macrophages) that produced irritation (inflammation). It was only towards the end of the 20th century that Virchow's theory was taken seriously.[43] It was realised that specific cancers (including those of mesothelioma, lung, prostate, bladder, pancreatic, cervical, esophageal, melanoma, and head and neck) are indeed strongly associated with long-term inflammation.[44][45] In addition it became clear that long-term use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, reduced cancer risk.[46] Experiment also shows that drugs that block inflammation simultaneously inhibit tumour formation and development.[47]", "History of cancer Cancer patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians' practices until World War II, when medical research centers discovered that there were large international differences in disease incidence. This insight drove national public health bodies to enable the compilation of health data across practices and hospitals, a process found in many countries today. The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was completely destroyed. They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation, and this led to the development of bone marrow transplants for leukemia. Since World War II, trends in cancer treatment are to improve on a micro-level the existing treatment methods, standardize them, and globalize them to find cures through epidemiology and international partnerships.", "Cancer In 2008, approximately 12.7Â million cancers were diagnosed (excluding non-melanoma skin cancers and other non-invasive cancers)[22] and in 2010 nearly 7.98 million people died.[165] Cancers account for approximately 13% of deaths. The most common are lung cancer (1.4 million deaths), stomach cancer (740,000), liver cancer (700,000), colorectal cancer (610,000) and breast cancer (460,000).[166] This makes invasive cancer the leading cause of death in the developed world and the second leading in the developing world.[22] Over half of cases occur in the developing world.[22]", "Benzo(a)pyrene In the 18th century, young British chimney sweeps who climbed into chimneys suffered from chimney sweeps' carcinoma, a scrotal cancer peculiar to their profession, and this was connected to the effects of soot in 1775, in the first work of occupational cancer epidemiology and also the first connection of any chemical mixture to cancer formation. Frequent skin cancers were noted among fuel industry workers in the 19th century. In 1933, BaP was determined to be the compound responsible for these cases, and its carcinogenicity was demonstrated when skin tumors occurred in laboratory animals repeatedly painted with coal tar.[7] BaP has since been identified as a prime carcinogen in cigarette smoke.[8]", "American Cancer Society The society was founded on May 23, 1913 by 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City under the name American Society for the Control of Cancer (ASCC). The current name was adopted in 1944.[3][5] According to Charity Navigator the ACS is one of the oldest and largest volunteer health organizations.[3]", "History of medicine Medical information in the Edwin Smith Papyrus may date to a time as early as 3000 BC.[19] Imhotep in the 3rd dynasty is sometimes credited with being the founder of ancient Egyptian medicine and with being the original author of the Edwin Smith Papyrus, detailing cures, ailments and anatomical observations. The Edwin Smith Papyrus is regarded as a copy of several earlier works and was written c. 1600 BC. It is an ancient textbook on surgery almost completely devoid of magical thinking and describes in exquisite detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments.[20]", "Radiation therapy Medicine has used radiation therapy as a treatment for cancer for more than 100 years, with its earliest roots traced from the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen.[76] Emil Grubbe of Chicago was possibly the first American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896.[77]", "History of radiation therapy The first attempted x-ray treatment was by Victor Despeignes, a French physician who used them on a patient with stomach cancer. In 1896, he published a paper with the results: a week-long treatment was followed by a diminution of pain and reduction in the size of the tumor, though the case was ultimately fatal. The results were inconclusive, because the patient was concurrently being given other treatments.[9] Freund's first experiment was a tragic failure; he applied x-rays to a naevus in order to induce epilation and a deep ulcer resulted, which resisted further treatment by radiation. The first successful treatment was by Schiff, working with Freund, in a case of lupus vulgaris. A year later, in 1897, the two published a report of their success and this provoked further experimentation in x-ray therapies.[10] Thereafter they did a successful treatment of lupus erythematosus in 1898. The lesion took a common form of a 'butterfly-patch' which appeared on both sides of the face, and Schiff applied the irradiation to one side only, in order to compare the effects.[11]", "Cancer In the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries, it became acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to discover the cause of death.[181] The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius, a follower of Descartes, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemical processes and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of cancer. His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads and concluded that it was contagious.[182]", "History of radiation therapy The history of radiation therapy or radiotherapy can be traced back to experiments made soon after the discovery of x-rays (1895), when it was shown that exposure to radiation produced cutaneous burns. Influenced by electrotherapy and escharotics — the medical application of caustic substances — doctors began using radiation to treat growths and lesions produced by diseases such as lupus, basal cell carcinoma, and epithelioma.[1] Radiation was generally believed to have bactericidal properties, so when radium was discovered, in addition to treatments similar to those used with x-rays, it was also used as an additive to medical treatments for diseases such as tuberculosis where there were resistant bacilli.[2][3]", "History of surgery The oldest operation for which evidence exists is trepanation[2] (also known as trepanning, trephination, trephining or burr hole from Greek τρύπανον and τρυπανισμός), in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull for exposing the dura mater to treat health problems related to intracranial pressure and other diseases. In the case of head wounds, surgical intervention was implemented for investigating and diagnosing the nature of the wound and the extent of the impact while bone splinters were removed preferably by scraping followed by post operation procedures and treatments for avoiding infection and aiding in the healing process.[3][4] Evidence has been found in prehistoric human remains from Proto-Neolithic[5] and Neolithic times, in cave paintings, and the procedure continued in use well into recorded history (being described by ancient Greek writers such as Hippocrates). Out of 120 prehistoric skulls found at one burial site in France dated to 6500 BCE, 40 had trepanation holes.[6] Folke Henschen, a Swedish doctor and historian, asserts that Soviet excavations of the banks of the Dnieper River in the 1970s show the existence of trepanation in Mesolithic times dated to approximately 12000 BCE.[7] The remains suggest a belief that trepanning could cure epileptic seizures, migraines, and certain mental disorders.[8]", "Cancer (constellation) In the Egyptian records of about 2000 BC it was described as Scarabaeus (Scarab), the sacred emblem of immortality. In Babylonia the constellation was known as MUL.AL.LUL, a name which can refer to both a crab and a snapping turtle. On boundary stones, the image of a turtle or tortoise appears quite regularly and it is believed that this represents Cancer since a conventional crab has not so far been discovered on any of these monuments. There also appears to be a strong connection between the Babylonian constellation and ideas of death and a passage to the underworld, which may be the origin of these ideas in later Greek myths associated with Hercules and the Hydra.[17] In the 12th century, an illustrated astronomical manuscript shows it as a water beetle. Albumasar writes of this sign in Flowers of Abu Ma'shar. A 1488 Latin translation depicts cancer as a large crayfish,[18] which also is the constellation's name in most Germanic languages. Jakob Bartsch and Stanislaus Lubienitzki, in the 17th century, described it as a lobster.", "History of cancer chemotherapy The beginnings of the modern era of cancer chemotherapy can be traced directly to the German introduction of chemical warfare during World War I. Among the chemical agents used, mustard gas was particularly devastating. Although banned by the Geneva Protocol in 1925, the advent of World War II caused concerns over the possible re-introduction of chemical warfare. Such concerns led to the discovery of nitrogen mustard, a chemical warfare agent, as an effective treatment for cancer. Two pharmacologists from the Yale School of Medicine, Louis S. Goodman and Alfred Gilman, were recruited by the US Department of Defense to investigate potential therapeutic applications of chemical warfare agents. Goodman and Gilman observed that mustard gas was too volatile an agent to be suitable for laboratory experiments. They exchanged a nitrogen molecule for sulfur and had a more stable compound in nitrogen mustard.[1] A year into the start of their research, a German air raid in Bari, Italy led to the exposure of more than 1000 people to the SS John Harvey's secret cargo composed of mustard gas bombs. Dr. Stewart Francis Alexander, a lieutenant colonel who was an expert in chemical warfare, was subsequently deployed to investigate the aftermath. Autopsies of the victims suggested that profound lymphoid and myeloid suppression had occurred after exposure. In his report, Dr. Alexander theorized that since mustard gas all but ceased the division of certain types of somatic cells whose nature was to divide fast, it could also potentially be put to use in helping to suppress the division of certain types of cancerous cells.[2]", "History of tuberculosis In 2008, evidence for tuberculosis infection was discovered in human remains from the Neolithic era dating from 9,000 years ago, in Atlit Yam, a settlement in the eastern Mediterranean.[6] This finding was confirmed by morphological and molecular methods; to date it is the oldest evidence of tuberculosis infection in humans.", "Cancer Worldwide approximately 18% of cancer deaths are related to infectious diseases.[3] This proportion ranges from a high of 25% in Africa to less than 10% in the developed world.[3] Viruses are the usual infectious agents that cause cancer but cancer bacteria and parasites may also play a role.", "Cancer Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables, fruits and whole grains, vaccination against certain infectious diseases, not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much sunlight exposure.[14][15] Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and colorectal cancer.[16] The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial.[16][17] Cancer is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.[2][4] Pain and symptom management are an important part of care.[2] Palliative care is particularly important in people with advanced disease.[2] The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of disease at the start of treatment.[11] In children under 15 at diagnosis the five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%.[18] For cancer in the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.[5]", "Chemotherapy The first use of small-molecule drugs to treat cancer was in the early 20th century, although the specific chemicals first used were not originally intended for that purpose. Mustard gas was used as a chemical warfare agent during World War I and was discovered to be a potent suppressor of hematopoiesis (blood production).[143] A similar family of compounds known as nitrogen mustards were studied further during World War II at the Yale School of Medicine.[144] It was reasoned that an agent that damaged the rapidly growing white blood cells might have a similar effect on cancer.[144] Therefore, in December 1942, several people with advanced lymphomas (cancers of the lymphatic system and lymph nodes) were given the drug by vein, rather than by breathing the irritating gas.[144] Their improvement, although temporary, was remarkable.[145] Concurrently, during a military operation in World War II, following a German air raid on the Italian harbour of Bari, several hundred people were accidentally exposed to mustard gas, which had been transported there by the Allied forces to prepare for possible retaliation in the event of German use of chemical warfare. The survivors were later found to have very low white blood cell counts.[146] After WWII was over and the reports declassified, the experiences converged and led researchers to look for other substances that might have similar effects against cancer. The first chemotherapy drug to be developed from this line of research was mustine. Since then, many other drugs have been developed to treat cancer, and drug development has exploded into a multibillion-dollar industry, although the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply.[147]", "History of medicine Although there is no record to establish when plants were first used for medicinal purposes (herbalism), the use of plants as healing agents, as well as clays and soils is ancient. Over time through emulation of the behavior of fauna a medicinal knowledge base developed and passed between generations. As tribal culture specialized specific castes, shamans and apothecaries fulfilled the role of healer.[1]\nThe first known dentistry dates to c 7000 BC in Baluchistan where Neolithic dentists used flint-tipped drills and bowstrings.[2] The first known trepanning operation was carried out c 5000 BC in Ensisheim, France.[3] A possible amputation was carried out c 4,900 BC in Buthiers-Bulancourt, France.[4]", "History of cancer The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its role in the history of medicine.", "Treatment of cancer Cancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality. The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). A number of experimental cancer treatments are also under development. Under current estimates, two in five people will have cancer at some point in their lifetime.[1]", "History of tuberculosis Human bones from the Neolithic show a presence of the bacteria. There have also been a claim of evidence of lesions characteristic of tuberculosis in a 500,000 years old Homo erectus fossile, although this finding is controversial.[4]", "Leprosy Skeletal remains from the second millennium BC, discovered in 2009, represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy. Located at Balathal, in Rajasthan, northwest India, the discoverers suggest that if the disease did migrate from Africa to India, during the third millennium BC \"at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa so as to confirm the African origin of the disease.\"[65] A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered in a tomb next to the Old City of Jerusalem dated by radiocarbon methods to 1â€“50 AD.[66]", "Cancer Deaths from cancer were 5.8 million in 1990.[165] Deaths have been increasing primarily due to longer lifespans and lifestyle changes in the developing world.[22] The most significant risk factor for developing cancer is age.[167] Although it is possible for cancer to strike at any age, most patients with invasive cancer are over 65.[167] According to cancer researcher Robert A. Weinberg, \"If we lived long enough, sooner or later we all would get cancer.\"[168] Some of the association between aging and cancer is attributed to immunosenescence,[169] errors accumulated in DNA over a lifetime[170] and age-related changes in the endocrine system.[171] Aging's effect on cancer is complicated by factors such as DNA damage and inflammation promoting it and factors such as vascular aging and endocrine changes inhibiting it.[172]", "Neoplasm Various other terms have been used to describe this phenomenon, including \"field effect\", \"field cancerization\", and \"field carcinogenesis\". The term “field cancerization” was first used in 1953 to describe an area or “field” of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer.[39] Since then, the terms “field cancerization” and “field defect” have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise.", "History of radiation therapy Within a few months, scientific journals were swamped with accounts of the successful treatment of different types of skin tissue malignancies with x-rays. In Sweden, Thor Stenbeck published results of the first successful treatments of rodent ulcer and epithelioma in 1899, later that year confirmed by Tage Sjögren.[12] Soon afterwards, their findings were confirmed by a number of other physicians.[13]", "Cancer In non-humans, a few types of transmissible cancer have been described, wherein the cancer spreads between animals by transmission of the tumor cells themselves. This phenomenon is seen in dogs with Sticker's sarcoma (also known as canine transmissible venereal tumor), and in Tasmanian devils with devil facial tumour disease (DFTD).[210]", "History of radiation therapy During early practical work and scientific investigation, experimenters noticed that prolonged exposure to x-rays created inflammation and, more rarely, tissue damage on the skin. The biological effect attracted the interest of Léopold Freund and Eduard Schiff, who, only a month or two after Röntgen's announcement, suggested they be used in the treatment of disease.[7] At approximately the same time, Emil Grubbe, of Chicago was possibly the first American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896, began experimenting in Chicago with medical uses of x-rays.[8] Escharotics by this time had already been used to treat skin malignancies through caustic burns, and electrotherapy had also been experimented with, in the aim to stimulate the skin tissue.", "History of tuberculosis Evidence of the infection in humans was also found in a cemetery near Heidelberg, in the Neolithic bone remains that show evidence of the type of angulation often seen with spinal tuberculosis.[7] Some authors call tuberculosis the first disease known to mankind.", "War on Cancer Despite significant progress in the treatment of certain forms of cancer (such as childhood leukemia[2]), cancer in general remains a major cause of death 40+ years after this war on cancer began,[3] leading to a perceived lack of progress[4][5][6] and to new legislation aimed at augmenting the original National Cancer Act of 1971.[7] New research directions, in part based on the results of the Human Genome Project, hold promise for a better understanding of the genetic factors underlying cancer, and the development of new diagnostics, therapies, preventive measures, and early detection ability. However, targeting cancer proteins can be difficult, as a protein can be undruggable.", "History of tuberculosis The first references to tuberculosis in non-European civilization is found in the Vedas. The oldest of them (Rigveda, 1500 BC) calls the disease yaksma.[12] The Atharvaveda calls it balasa. It is in the Atharvaveda that the first description of scrofula is given.[13] The Sushruta Samhita, written around 600 BC, recommends that the disease be treated with breast milk, various meats, alcohol and rest.[14] The Yajurveda advises sufferers to move to higher altitudes.[14]", "Medical diagnosis The first recorded examples of medical diagnosis are found in the writings of Imhotep (2630–2611 BC) in ancient Egypt (the Edwin Smith Papyrus).[2] A Babylonian medical textbook, the Diagnostic Handbook written by Esagil-kin-apli (fl.1069–1046 BC), introduced the use of empiricism, logic and rationality in the diagnosis of an illness or disease.[3] Traditional Chinese Medicine, as described in the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon or Huangdi Neijing, specified four diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation-olfaction, interrogation, and palpation.[4] Hippocrates was known to make diagnoses by tasting his patients' urine and smelling their sweat.[5]", "History of medicine The ancient Mesopotamians had no distinction between \"rational science\" and magic.[7][8][9] When a person became ill, doctors would prescribe both magical formulas to be recited as well as medicinal treatments.[7][8][9][6] The earliest medical prescriptions appear in Sumerian during the Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 BC – c. 2004 BC).[10] The oldest Babylonian texts on medicine date back to the Old Babylonian period in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE.[11] The most extensive Babylonian medical text, however, is the Diagnostic Handbook written by the ummânū, or chief scholar, Esagil-kin-apli of Borsippa,[12][13] during the reign of the Babylonian king Adad-apla-iddina (1069–1046 BCE).[14] Along with the Egyptians, the Babylonians introduced the practice of diagnosis, prognosis, physical examination, and remedies. In addition, the Diagnostic Handbook introduced the methods of therapy and cause. The text contains a list of medical symptoms and often detailed empirical observations along with logical rules used in combining observed symptoms on the body of a patient with its diagnosis and prognosis.[15] The Diagnostic Handbook was based on a logical set of axioms and assumptions, including the modern view that through the examination and inspection of the symptoms of a patient, it is possible to determine the patient's disease, its cause and future development, and the chances of the patient's recovery. The symptoms and diseases of a patient were treated through therapeutic means such as bandages, herbs and creams.[12]", "Carcinogenesis The cells in which all these DNA alterations accumulate are difficult to trace, but two recent lines of evidence suggest that normal stem cells may be the cells of origin in cancers.[28][29] First, there exists a highly positive correlation (Spearman’s rho = 0.81; P < 3.5 × 10−8) between the risk of developing cancer in a tissue and the number of normal stem cell divisions taking place in that same tissue. The correlation applied to 31 cancer types and extended across five orders of magnitude.[30] This correlation means that if the normal stem cells from a tissue divide once, the cancer risk in that tissue is approximately 1X. If they divide 1,000 times, the cancer risk is 1,000X. And if the normal stem cells from a tissue divide 100,000 times, the cancer risk in that tissue is approximately 100,000X. This strongly suggests that the main reason we have cancer is that our normal stem cells divide, which implies that cancer originates in normal stem cells.[29] Second, statistics show that most human cancers are diagnosed in aged people. A possible explanation is that cancers occur because cells accumulate damage through time. DNA is the only cellular component that can accumulate damage over the entire course of a life, and stem cells are the only cells that can transmit DNA from the zygote to cells late in life. Other cells cannot keep DNA from the beginning of life until a possible cancer occurs. This implies that most cancers arise from normal stem cells.[28][29]", "War on Cancer Though there has been significant progress in the understanding of cancer biology, risk factors, treatments, and prognosis of some types of cancer (such as childhood leukemia[2]) since the inception of the National Cancer Act of 1971, progress in reducing the overall cancer mortality rate has been disappointing.[5][32] Many types of cancer remain largely incurable (such as pancreatic cancer[40]) and the overall death rate from cancer has not decreased appreciably since the 1970s.[41] The death rate for cancer in the U.S., adjusted for population size and age, dropped only 5 percent from 1950 to 2005.[3] Cancer was expected to surpass cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in the world by 2010, according to the World Health Organization's World Cancer Report 2008.[42][43] As of 2012, WHO reported 8.2 million annual deaths from cancer[44] Heart disease (including both Ischaemic and hypertensive) accounted for 8.5 million annual deaths. Stroke accounted for 6.7 million annual deaths. [45]", "Edwin Smith Papyrus The Edwin Smith Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical text, named after the dealer who bought it in 1862, and the oldest known surgical treatise[2] on trauma. This document, which may have been a manual of military surgery, describes 48 cases of injuries, fractures, wounds, dislocations and tumors.[3] It dates to Dynasties 16â€“17 of the Second Intermediate Period in ancient Egypt, c. 1600 BCE.[4]:70 The Edwin Smith papyrus is unique among the four principal medical papyri in existence[5] that survive today. While other papyri, such as the Ebers Papyrus and London Medical Papyrus, are medical texts based in magic, the Edwin Smith Papyrus presents a rational and scientific approach to medicine in ancient Egypt,[6]:58 in which medicine and magic do not conflict. Magic would be more prevalent had the cases of illness been mysterious, such as internal disease.[7]", "Cancer Most cancers are initially recognized either because of the appearance of signs or symptoms or through screening. Neither of these leads to a definitive diagnosis, which requires the examination of a tissue sample by a pathologist. People with suspected cancer are investigated with medical tests. These commonly include blood tests, X-rays, CT scans and endoscopy.", "Tuberculosis Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity.[13] The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago.[116] However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then was transferred to humans, or whether it diverged from a common ancestor, is currently unclear.[117] A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication, as was previously believed. Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the Neolithic Revolution.[118] Skeletal remains show prehistoric humans (4000 BC) had TB, and researchers have found tubercular decay in the spines of Egyptian mummies dating from 3000â€“2400 BC.[119] Genetic studies suggest TB was present in the Americas from about 100 AD.[120]", "War on Cancer The war on cancer began with the National Cancer Act of 1971, a United States federal law.[9] The act was intended \"to amend the Public Health Service Act so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in order to more effectively carry out the national effort against cancer\".[1] It was signed into law by President Nixon on December 23, 1971.[10]", "Gallbladder Diseases of the gallbladder have affected humans since antiquity, with gallstones found in the mummy of Princess Amenen of Thebes dating to 1500 BCE.[30][31] Some historians believe the death of Alexander the Great may have been associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis.[30] The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century, but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented,[31] particularly in the last two centuries.[30]", "Rabies Rabies has been known since around 2000 B.C.[91] The first written record of rabies is in the Mesopotamian Codex of Eshnunna (circa 1930 BC), which dictates that the owner of a dog showing symptoms of rabies should take preventive measure against bites. If another person were bitten by a rabid dog and later died, the owner was heavily fined.[92]", "List of cancer types This is a list of cancer types. Cancer is a group of diseases that involve abnormal increases in the number of cells, with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[1] Not all tumors or lumps are cancerous; benign tumors are not classified as being cancer because they do not spread to other parts of the body.[1] There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans.[1]", "Nutrition The first recorded dietary advice, carved into a Babylonian stone tablet in about 2500 BC, cautioned those with pain inside to avoid eating onions for three days. Scurvy, later found to be a vitamin C deficiency, was first described in 1500 BC in the Ebers Papyrus.[12]", "Carcinogenesis The term \"field cancerization\" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or \"field\" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer.[31] Since then, the terms \"field cancerization\" and \"field defect\" have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise.", "History of medicine The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus[21] treats women's complaints, including problems with conception. Thirty four cases detailing diagnosis and[22] treatment survive, some of them fragmentarily.[23] Dating to 1800 BCE, it is the oldest surviving medical text of any kind.", "Hodgkin's lymphoma Hodgkin's lymphoma was first described in an 1832 report by Thomas Hodgkin, although Hodgkin noted that perhaps the earliest reference to the condition was provided by Marcello Malpighi in 1666.[42][11] While occupied as museum curator at Guy's Hospital, London, Hodgkin studied seven patients with painless lymph node enlargement. Of the seven cases, two were patients of Richard Bright, one was of Thomas Addison, and one was of Robert Carswell.[42] Carswell's report of this seventh patient was accompanied by numerous illustrations that aided early descriptions of the disease.[43]", "Cancer Cancer is fundamentally a disease of tissue growth regulation. In order for a normal cell to transform into a cancer cell, the genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation must be altered.[68]", "History of tuberculosis Prior to this study, the first evidence of the disease in South America was found in remains of the Arawak culture around 1050 BC.[38] The most significant finding belongs to the mummy of an 8 to 10-year-old Nascan child from Hacienda Agua Sala, dated to 700 AD. Scientists were able to isolate evidence of the bacillus.[38]", "History of tuberculosis Consumption, phthisis and the White Plague are all terms used to refer to tuberculosis throughout history. It is generally accepted that Mycobacterium tuberculosis originated from other, more primitive organisms of the same genus Mycobacterium. In 2014, results of a new DNA study of a tuberculosis genome reconstructed from remains in southern Peru suggest that human tuberculosis is less than 6,000 years old. Even if researchers theorize that humans first acquired it in Africa about 5,000 years ago,[1] there is evidence that the first tuberculosis infection happened about 9,000 years ago.[2] It spread to other humans along trade routes. It also spread to domesticated animals in Africa, such as goats and cows. Seals and sea lions that bred on African beaches are believed to have acquired the disease and carried it across the Atlantic to South America. Hunters would have been the first humans to contract the disease there.[1]", "History of medicine As infectious diseases have become less lethal, and the most common causes of death in developed countries are now tumors and cardiovascular diseases, these conditions have received increased attention in medical research. Tobacco smoking as a cause of lung cancer was first researched in the 1920s, but was not widely supported by publications until the 1950s. Cancer treatment has been developed with radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgical oncology.", "Red blood cell The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman, a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE. These cells were discovered in May 2012.[54]", "History of tattooing Tattooing has been practiced across the globe since at least Neolithic times, as evidenced by mummified preserved skin, ancient art and the archaeological record.[1] Both ancient art and archaeological finds of possible tattoo tools suggest tattooing was practiced by the Upper Paleolithic period in Europe. However, direct evidence for tattooing on mummified human skin extends only to the 4th millennium BC. The oldest discovery of tattooed human skin to date is found on the body of Ötzi the Iceman, dating to between 3370 and 3100 BC.[2] Other tattooed mummies have been recovered from at least 49 archaeological sites, including locations in Greenland, Alaska, Siberia, Mongolia, western China, Egypt, Sudan, the Philippines and the Andes.[3] These include Amunet, Priestess of the Goddess Hathor from ancient Egypt (c. 2134–1991 BC), multiple mummies from Siberia including the Pazyryk culture of Russia and from several cultures throughout Pre-Columbian South America.[2]", "History of cancer chemotherapy Shortly after World War II, a second approach to drug therapy of cancer began. Sidney Farber, a pathologist at Harvard Medical School, studied the effects of folic acid on leukemia patients. Folic acid, a vitamin crucial for DNA metabolism (he did not know the significance of DNA at that time), had been discovered by Lucy Wills, when she was working in India, in 1937. It seemed to stimulate the proliferation of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells when administered to children with this cancer. In one of the first examples of rational drug design (rather than accidental discovery), Farber used folate analogues synthesized by Harriett Kilte and Yellapragada Subbarow of Lederle Laboratories. These analogues — first aminopterin and then amethopterin (now methotrexate) were antagonistic to folic acid, and blocked the function of folate-requiring enzymes. When administered to children with ALL in 1948, these agents became the first drugs to induce remission in children with ALL. Remissions were brief, but the principle was clear — antifolates could suppress proliferation of malignant cells, and could thereby re-establish normal bone-marrow function. Farber met resistance to conducting his studies at a time when the commonly held medical belief was that leukemia was incurable, and that the children should be allowed to die in peace.[citation needed] Afterwards, Farber's 1948 report in the New England Journal of Medicine was met with incredulity and ridicule.[citation needed]", "War on Cancer The War on Cancer refers to the effort to find a cure for cancer by increased research to improve the understanding of cancer biology and the development of more effective cancer treatments, such as targeted drug therapies. The aim of such efforts is to eradicate cancer as a major cause of death. The signing of the National Cancer Act of 1971 by United States president Richard Nixon is generally viewed as the beginning of this effort, though it was not described as a \"war\" in the legislation itself.[1]", "Hodgkin's lymphoma In 2015 about 574,000 people had Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 23,900 died.[6][7] In the United States, 0.2% of people are affected at some point in their life.[5] The most common age of diagnosis is between 20 and 40 years old.[5] It was named after the English physician Thomas Hodgkin, who first described the condition in 1832.[9][11]", "Kidney stone disease The existence of kidney stones was first recorded thousands of years ago, and lithotomy for the removal of stones is one of the earliest known surgical procedures.[105] In 1901, a stone discovered in the pelvis of an ancient Egyptian mummy was dated to 4,800Â BC. Medical texts from ancient Mesopotamia, India, China, Persia, Greece, and Rome all mentioned calculous disease. Part of the Hippocratic Oath suggests there were practicing surgeons in ancient Greece to whom physicians were to defer for lithotomies. The Roman medical treatise De Medicina by Aulus Cornelius Celsus contained a description of lithotomy,[106] and this work served as the basis for this procedure until the 18th century.[107]", "Cancer Survival rates vary by cancer type and by the stage at which it is diagnosed, ranging from majority survival to complete mortality five years after diagnosis. Once a cancer has metastasized, prognosis normally becomes much worse. About half of patients receiving treatment for invasive cancer (excluding carcinoma in situ and non-melanoma skin cancers) die from that cancer or its treatment.[22]", "Leprosy The oldest skeletal evidence for the disease date from 2000 BCE, as found in human remains from the archaeological sites of Balathal in India and Harappa in Pakistan.[61][62]", "History of cancer chemotherapy The era of cancer chemotherapy began in the 1940s with the first use of nitrogen mustards and folic acid antagonist drugs. The targeted therapy revolution had arrived, but many of the principles and limitations of chemotherapy discovered by the early researchers still apply.", "Anemia Evidence of anemia goes back more than 4000 years.[67]", "Radiation-induced cancer Skin cancer may occur following ionizing radiation exposure following a latent period averaging 20 to 40 years.[15][16] A Chronic radiation keratosis is a precancerous keratotic skin lesion that may arise on the skin many years after exposure to ionizing radiation.[17]:729 Various malignancies may develop, most frequency basal-cell carcinoma followed by squamous-cell carcinoma.[15][18][19] Elevated risk is confined to the site of radiation exposure.[20] Several studies have also suggested the possibility of a causal relationship between melanoma and ionizing radiation exposure.[21] The degree of carcinogenic risk arising from low levels of exposure is more contentious, but the available evidence points to an increased risk that is approximately proportional to the dose received.[22] Radiologists and radiographers are among the earliest occupational groups exposed to radiation. It was the observation of the earliest radiologists that led to the recognition of radiation-induced skin cancer—the first solid cancer linked to radiation—in 1902.[23] While the incidence of skin cancer secondary to medical ionizing radiation was higher in the past, there is also some evidence that risks of certain cancers, notably skin cancer, may be increased among more recent medical radiation workers, and this may be related to specific or changing radiologic practices.[23] Available evidence indicates that the excess risk of skin cancer lasts for 45 years or more following irradiation.[24]", "Cancer Cancers are a large family of diseases that involve abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.[2][8] They form a subset of neoplasms. A neoplasm or tumor is a group of cells that have undergone unregulated growth and will often form a mass or lump, but may be distributed diffusely.[24][25]", "History of smoking Prior to World War I, lung cancer was a rare disease that most physicians never saw in their career.[29][30]", "History of surgery Archaeologists made the discovery that the people of Indus Valley Civilization, even from the early Harappan periods (c. 3300 BCE), had knowledge of medicine and dentistry. The physical anthropologist that carried out the examinations, Professor Andrea Cucina from the University of Missouri-Columbia, made the discovery when he was cleaning the teeth from one of the men. Later research in the same area found evidence of teeth having been drilled, dating back 9,000 years to 7000 BCE.[20]", "Appendix cancer A study of primary malignacies in the United States found a rate of 0.12 cases per 1,000,000 population per year. Carcinoids that were not identified as malignant were not included in this data.[4] Carcinoid is found in roughly 1 in 300-400 appendectomies for acute appendicitis.[5]\nA Hong Kong case series of 1492 appendectomies identified 17 neoplasms. Eight were carcinoids without specification of malignant features. Three cases of adenocarcinoma, and one each of cystadenocarcinoma, pseudomyxoma peritoneii, and metastasic carcinoma were identified. The remaining tumors were benign.[6] Carcinoid tumors are the most common tumors of the appendix.[7]", "History of cancer chemotherapy The discovery that certain toxic chemicals administered in combination can cure certain cancers ranks as one of the greatest in modern medicine. Childhood ALL, testicular cancer, and Hodgkins disease, previously universally fatal, are now generally curable diseases. Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy has shown the ability to cure some cancers, including testicular cancer, Hodgkin disease, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and some leukemias. It has also proved effective in the adjuvant setting, in reducing the risk of recurrence after surgery for high-risk breast cancer, colon cancer, and lung cancer, among others.[when?]", "Carcinogenesis A number of authors have questioned the assumption that cancers result from sequential random mutations as oversimplistic, suggesting instead that cancer results from a failure of the body to inhibit an innate, programmed proliferative tendency.[54] A related theory developed by astrobiologists suggests that cancer is an atavism, an evolutionary throwback to an earlier form of multicellular life.[55] The genes responsible for uncontrolled cell growth and cooperation between cancer cells are very similar to those that enabled the first multicellular life forms to group together and flourish. These genes still exist within the genome of more complex metazoans, such as humans, although more recently evolved genes keep them in check. When the newer controlling genes fail for whatever reason, the cell can revert to its more primitive programming and reproduce out of control. The theory is an alternative to the notion that cancers begin with rogue cells that undergo evolution within the body. Instead they possess a fixed number of primitive genes that are progressively activated, giving them finite variability.[56] Another evolutionary theory puts the roots of cancer back to the origin of the eukarote (nucleated) cell by massive horizontal gene transfer, when the genomes of infecting viruses were cleaved (and thereby attenuated) by the host, but their fragments integrated into the host genome as immune protection. Cancer now originates when a rare somatic mutation recombines such fragments into a functional driver of cell proliferation.[57]" ]	[ "History of cancer The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from Ancient Egypt. The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC (possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC) and contains a description of cancer, as well as a procedure to remove breast tumours by cauterization. It wryly observed that the disease has no treatment.[1]" ]
test138	what is the name of season 6 of american horror story	[ "doc5165" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc5165", "doc5173", "doc455642", "doc5177", "doc455618", "doc455660", "doc455626", "doc5182", "doc455673", "doc5172", "doc5176", "doc304873", "doc455650", "doc5167", "doc1417155", "doc455627", "doc5174", "doc455624", "doc5170", "doc5180", "doc455665", "doc455617", "doc944783", "doc455619", "doc5166", "doc5168", "doc635460", "doc5171", "doc762949", "doc431734", "doc455636", "doc455630", "doc165378", "doc455628", "doc635458", "doc635464", "doc1038102", "doc455666", "doc165352", "doc304874", "doc431740", "doc455623", "doc2145350", "doc681972", "doc2462893", "doc431743", "doc853903", "doc455652", "doc304877", "doc455667", "doc1015087", "doc1592078", "doc165353", "doc133586", "doc1590004", "doc455649", "doc455625", "doc2652306", "doc165360", "doc431745", "doc165362", "doc431739", "doc455622", "doc1015100", "doc2462884", "doc311817", "doc502669", "doc635466", "doc5183", "doc2389343", "doc1245951", "doc304889", "doc5175", "doc1015105", "doc2674822", "doc635462", "doc886332", "doc1369153", "doc304887", "doc431737", "doc5184", "doc431738", "doc2462871", "doc5181", "doc431746", "doc220469", "doc1038103", "doc455639", "doc502663", "doc455672", "doc304880", "doc5179", "doc635459", "doc1589999", "doc455629", "doc1015099", "doc431742", "doc455643", "doc2306462", "doc2462869" ]	[ "American Horror Story: Roanoke American Horror Story: Roanoke is the sixth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. It premiered on September 14, 2016, marking the first time the series has debuted outside of October, and concluded on November 16, 2016.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke On November 10, 2015, the network renewed the series for a sixth cycle;[15] which premiered on September 14, 2016.[16] In August 2015, co-creator Ryan Murphy commented on the sixth year, stating, \"The next thing we're crafting up is very very different than [Hotel], not smaller. But just not opulent. More rogue and more dark.\"[17] In October 2015, when questioned about clues and hints alluding to the sixth season (as has been the status quo since the first season of the series) in Hotel, Murphy revealed he had yet to definitively decide on a theme, \"This is an interesting year in that the idea that weâ€™re dealing with I've mentioned in several seasons. It's been there before. We've actually talked about it a lot on the show. I might do that for season 7 but I'm leaning towards that for season 6.\" In January 2016, FX president John Landgraf revealed that the season will be \"principally set in the present\", with a dual timeline in \"echoes of the past\". He also confirmed a fall 2016 premiere.[18] At the 2016 PaleyFest, Murphy divulged that the two previous ideas [the writers] had been considering had been merged into season six, saying it will involve children and operatic themes.[19] The season will consist of 10 episodes, the least in a given cycle, in the show's history; with the finale scheduled to air November 16, 2016.[20][21] On September 1, 2016, it was reported by Entertainment Weekly that the season was possibly subtitled The Mist, as a Rotten Tomatoes page and TV Guide magazine had printed; which was later proven untrue.[22] There is a direct connection to Freak Show with an exploration of the Mott family origin.[23]", "American Horror Story In February 2016, Angela Bassett confirmed she would return to join the main cast of the sixth season during an interview with Larry King.[61] Denis O'Hare announced that he will also appear in the season in a May 2016 interview.[62] In June 2016, Cheyenne Jackson, Evan Peters, Wes Bentley, and Kathy Bates announced their returns for the sixth season.[63][64][65] In August 2016, Sarah Paulson announced that she would return to the series in the sixth season and Ryan Murphy announced that Oscar winner Cuba Gooding Jr. had joined the main cast.[66][67] In September 2016, the full main cast was announced after the first episode with the inclusion of André Holland and returning series veteran Lily Rabe.[68] On Halloween 2016, Murphy announced that Paulson's Asylum character, Lana Winters would also appear in the series after the recent appearance of the actress' first role Billie Dean Howard from Murder House in the final episode of the fifth season.[69][70]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke In June 2016, Coven alum Leslie Jordan announced his return to the series, stating he had been approached to appear in Freak Show, but declined. He was surprised to get a call from Murphy again.[39] Later in the month, Bomer, Jackson, and Evan Peters confirmed their involvement with the sixth season.[40][41][42] O'Hare stated he would return in some capacity in a May 2016 interview.[43] Us Weekly has reported the returns of Bentley, Bates, and Wittrock.[44] In an early August 2016 interview with Glamour, series veteran Sarah Paulson announced her return for the sixth year. She said of the show, \"I just think I have the greatest job on the planet because my TV show [American Horror Story] is going into its sixth season and I'm playing an entirely different character, like nothing I've ever played.\"[45] She plays the featured re-enactor in the horrific documentary. On Halloween 2016, Murphy announced the return of Paulson's Asylum character, Lana Winters.[46] TMZ reported the casting of The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story star Cuba Gooding Jr.[28] Gooding Jr. himself later went on to confirm his presence in the season, also announcing that he will share most screen-time with former co-star Paulson, stating, \"It's really been a treat to finally engage with her on camera, because when we did The People v. O. J. it was more about my scenes and then her scenes and us being in the courtroom but separate, but we're not separate no more!\"[47] He plays the co-lead of the My Roanoke Nightmare documentary. In September 2016, Glee alum Jacob Artist announced his involvement with the sixth season.[48] On the same month, the main casting was announced after the first episode with the addition of André Holland and series veteran Lily Rabe portraying the real-life couple, Matt Miller (Lee's brother) and his wife Shelby from the documentary's interviews. Adina Porter, after a small guest appearance on an episode of the first series, portrayed the real Lee Harris.[49][50]", "American Horror Story The first season, retroactively subtitled Murder House, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2011, and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place in Massachusetts during the year 1964, and follows the stories of the patients and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place in New Orleans, Louisiana, during the year 2013, and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place in Jupiter, Florida, during the year 1952, and centers around one of the few remaining American freak shows. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place in Los Angeles, California, during the year 2015, and focuses on the staff and guests of a supernatural hotel. The sixth season, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in North Carolina during the year 2016, and focuses on the paranormal events that take place at an isolated farmhouse. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place in the fictional Brookfield Heights, Michigan and centers around a cult terrorizing a suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[6]", "American Horror Story The sixth season featured no title sequence or opening credits, instead opting for a simple title card (from the first season) which read \"American Horror Story\", while the series theme music plays over the end credits. At the end of the finale's credits, the title of the season \"American Horror Story: Roanoke\" was revealed.", "American Horror Story Set in the years 2014-2017, the season follows the supernatural events that occur in a renovated farmhouse in North Carolina, which is situated on the land where the Roanoke Colony moved after their infamous 1580s disappearance. In 2015, Shelby Miller (Lily Rabe), her husband Matt (André Holland), along with Matt's sister Lee Harris (Adina Porter) recount their harrowing experience living in the farmhouse a year prior in a popular documentary series titled My Roanoke Nightmare, including their encounters with the ghosts of the house's previous residents, the violent ghosts of the Roanoke Colony, the cannibalistic Polk family who live nearby, and the beautiful, yet terrifying Celtic goddess, Scáthach (Lady Gaga). The documentary becomes a huge success, featuring dramatic reenactments of the Millers' story starring Audrey Tindall (Sarah Paulson) as Shelby, Dominic Banks (Cuba Gooding Jr.) as Matt, Monet Tumusiime (Angela Bassett) as Lee, Agnes Mary Winstead (Kathy Bates) as Thomasin White, leader of the ghost colony, Audrey's husband Rory Monahan (Evan Peters) as Edward Philippe Mott, the creator and first owner of the house, William van Henderson (Denis O'Hare) as Dr. Elias Cunningham, a professor who becomes entranced with the paranormal happenings of the area, and Dylan (Wes Bentley) as Ambrose White, Thomasin's son and accomplice. In 2016, the success of the documentary leads to a sequel titled Return to Roanoke: Three Days In Hell, spearheaded by the producer of the original series, Sidney Aaron James (Cheyenne Jackson), who invites the Millers, as well as many of the reenactment actors, to return to the farmhouse for three days, where all their actions will be captured by hidden cameras. Although the Millers are aware of the entities that reside in the house, all three agree to return, each with their own agenda. The production eventually descends into disaster, however, as cast and crew alike are quickly targeted when the violent entities begin to surface. This season mostly deals with exploitation, with other themes including reality, fame, motherhood, family, drug abuse, publicity, revenge, the media, and television.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke One of the earliest season hypotheses was that of Slender Man, the 2009 phenomenon, a man with a blank face, tractable arms, and killer of children. However, sources working on the show confirmed to Entertainment Weekly, in January 2016, that the myth would not be appearing, and that a theme had already been established for the season, and would be revealed in March. Though, this did not come to pass.[58] Based on the teaser trailers and several interviews given by Murphy, media reported the plot of the season as dealing with cult, farm, orphanage, colony, or the storyline of the Antichrist, which has already been touched on by the series in season one (Vivien and Tate's child, Michael, that Constance took as her own, was considered to be the titular figure).[59][60] Deadline's Ross A. Lincoln posited the theory that the cycle will revolve around the Bloody Benders family. They owned an inn and general store in rural 1800s Kansas and were responsible for the deaths of 11 passersby, later disappearing.[61] Photos from the set released by TMZ confirmed the season to incorporate colonial aspects. Vulture's Jordan Crucchiola theorized it to be about the Roanoke Colony, with Murphy likely to adapt the historical explanation of the settlers disappearance.[62] The Huffington Post added that another story avenue Murphy might venture on is the colloquial belief that the colonist vanished under supernatural circumstances.[63] Screener's Aaron Pruner noted that the colony was mentioned by Billie Dean Howard in Murder House, thus alluding to the possible Antichrist or supernatural presence in the sixth season. Pruner also mentioned that the history of the word \"Croatoan\" is vast and unnerving. Days before the death of author Edgar Allan Poe, he is said to have muttered the cryptic word as his final. Furthermore, in 1937, the word was found scribbled in fated pilot Amelia Earhart's journal.[64] Kate Feldman from New York Daily News has speculated that the season will revolve around the Manson family; she cited iconography in a teaser, Charles Manson's fascination with spiders (i.e. official poster for season), Evan Peters' appearance resembling Manson, and Murphy's previous comments stating that the series had considered the theme for the third year, which ultimately shifted to Coven.[65] However, Sarah Paulson has rejected the Manson theme, saying, \"Wrong! You can look me dead in the eyes. You are wrong, dead wrong. And you will see that I am not lying to you. I'm not pulling a little Jedi mind trick.\"[66] After the release of the revealing \"Anthology\" trailer, The Huffington Post's Bill Bradley suggested, after taking into account several factors, that the season would feature a discarded Murder House menace that slays his victims with hedge trimmers.[67] TV Guide suggested a major connection to Asylum concerning the spider shown travelling under the skin of a person in one of the teasers for the season.[68]", "American Horror Story The sixth season, American Horror Story: Roanoke, received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 78% of 13 critics gave the season a positive review. The site's consensus is: \"American Horror Story: My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats, revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier, smaller scale, even if the true-crime format feels overdone.\"[128] It scored a 72 on Metacritic based on six reviews.[129]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke â€“ FX president and CEO John Landgraf on the marketing strategy for the sixth season[14]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke In October 2015, Murphy tweeted that he had asked Hotel star Lady Gaga to join the untitled season, but did not expect an answer anytime soon.[30] She later confirmed her involvement in March 2016.[31] Coven star Emma Roberts has stated that she and Murphy have talked about a \"devilish\" role for her in the season.[32] Murder House and Coven star Taissa Farmiga was heavily rumored to be involved with the season in some form.[33] Murphy later confirmed Farmiga would appear late in the season.[25][34] In February 2016, Angela Bassett confirmed her return to the series during an interview on Larry King Now, being the first cast member added to the season 6 roster. She portrays Lee Harris, a re-enactor of the documentary's horrific events.[35][36] At PaleyFest, Murphy invited Kathy Bates, Denis O'Hare, Sarah Paulson, Finn Wittrock, Cheyenne Jackson, Wes Bentley, and Matt Bomer to return to the show for its sixth season. In May 2016, Jessica Lange stated, in an interview with Charlie Rose, that she would not be returning for the sixth or any other future season of the series; saying, \"No, I had four years with that, four seasons, and each year was a marvelous character, everything changed from one year to another which made it very interesting to me. But no, I think sometimes you come to the end of something...\"[37] However, Variety published an article in September 2016, reporting Lange would appear.[38]", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters American Horror Story: Roanoke is the sixth season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story. The season’s theme centers on exploitation in two forms: the act of mistreatment to people, and the use of public-relation and advertising techniques (such as media) for personal gain; which took place at Roanoke Island, North Carolina in 2015 that focuses on the testimonies of the Miller family: married couple Matt and Shelby, and Matt’s sister Lee Harris, as they recount a series of paranormal experiences they have on their property on a documentary titled, My Roanoke Nightmare, produced by Sidney Aaron James. Actors reenact a dramatized version of the events. Audrey Tindall, Dominic Banks and Monet Tumusiime portray Shelby, Matt and Lee, respectively, as well as Agnes Mary Winstead, Rory Monahan, William van Henderson and Dylan portray Thomasin White, Edward Philippe Mott, Elias Cunningham and Ambrose White, respectively. In the later half of the season, set in 2016, the actors, as well as the real people, join the production of Return to Roanoke: 3 Days in Hell a year later as a part of a reality TV series for three days in the house. During these days all the people die in mysterious circumstances, except one. The epilogue shows the consequences of the events in the near future.", "American Horror Story Filming for the sixth season began on July 6, 2016 at Santa Clarita, California.[91] Set constructions include a colonial settler home to speculate the disappearance of the Roanoke Colony.[92]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke Prior to the premiere, series co-creator Ryan Murphy stated this season of the series would be \"more rogue\" and \"dark\" in contrast to its previous cycle, Hotel. Details about its plot and cast were kept secret until the first episode aired, an unusual approach to publicity for the series. As such, it became the first iteration of the series to not release a subtitle prior to the season premiere since its debut. Several potential themes were theorized based on various promotional material produced by FX. After the release of pictures taken from the set in Santa Clarita, it was widely speculated that the season would incorporate the infamous 1580s Roanoke Colony disappearance. The premiere episode revealed the season to be depicted as a paranormal documentary entitled My Roanoke Nightmare which reenacts the experiences of a married couple who relocate to North Carolina. Roanoke has received positive reviews, with critics noting its subdued aesthetic and pacing in comparison to earlier seasons of the series.", "List of American Horror Story cast members The first season, subtitled Murder House, takes place during 2011 in Los Angeles, California and centers on a family that moves into a house haunted by its deceased former occupants. The second season, subtitled Asylum, takes place during 1964 in Massachusetts and follows the stories of the inmates and staff of an institution for the criminally insane. The third season, subtitled Coven, takes place during 2013 in New Orleans, Louisiana and follows a coven of witches who face off against those who wish to destroy them. The fourth season, subtitled Freak Show, takes place during 1952 in Jupiter, Florida and focuses on one of the last remaining freak shows in America and its struggle to survive. The fifth season, subtitled Hotel, takes place during 2015 in Los Angeles, California and centers on the unusual occurrences and people of a mysterious and outdated hotel. The sixth, subtitled Roanoke, takes place in 2015 on Roanoke Island in North Carolina, and follows a documentary of experiences endured by a couple and one of their relatives while living on Roanoke Island followed by reenactments, and, in 2016, follows the real experiences on the Island of the couple and the reenactors of the documentary. The seventh season, subtitled Cult, takes place between 2016 and 2017 in the fictitious city of Brookfield Heights, Michigan, and centers around a clown cult terrorizing a neighborhood suburb in the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. election.", "American Horror Story Set in the year 2017, the fictitious town of Brookfield Heights, Michigan, is left divided upon the wake of Donald Trump's presidential election. Local restaurant owner Ally Mayfair-Richards (Sarah Paulson) is left utterly distraught, along with her wife Ivy (Alison Pill). Despite the help of her psychiatrist, Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson (Cheyenne Jackson), Ally becomes increasingly unstable in the following weeks, her long repressed phobias begin to re-emerge, and they begin to affect her relationships with her wife as well as their son Oz (Cooper Dodson). Across town, misogynistic alt-righter Kai Anderson (Evan Peters) rejoices at the election results, enticing him to pursue political power by running for city council, led by Bebe Babbitt (Frances Conroy), an old-school feminist, with the help of his reluctant, liberal sister Winter (Billie Lourd), who was also hired by the Mayfair-Richards household as their nanny. As Ally attempts to adjust to regular life despite her growing anxiety and paranoia, she becomes terrorized by a group of masked assailants in clown attire who are only present when she is alone, leaving those around her to wonder if she was truly attacked, or if they were merely hallucinations. Kai's faithful followers include Ally's eccentric neighbors Harrison (Billy Eichner) and Meadow Wilton (Leslie Grossman), newscast reporter Beverly Hope (Adina Porter), rogue detective Jack Samuels (Colton Haynes), as well as local grocery cashier Gary K. Longstreet (Chaz Bono). With Kai's rise to power revealing sinister motives, Ally starts to draw connections between her alleged clown attackers and the many strange incidents occurring in Brookfield Heights. She begins to fear that everyone in town is out to get her, amplifying her growing distrust of those around her, especially her neighbors. This season mostly deals with marginalization, with other themes including politics, government, conspiracies, the media, fear, power, disenfranchisement, revenge, sexism, and oppression.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke In a late September issue of Entertainment Weekly, Falchuk and Murphy revealed there would be a major twist coming to the series in \"Chapter 6\". Murphy said of the matter, \"You'll see starting in episode 6, the show has a huge turn and the thing that you think you're watching is not what you're watching, It's a hat on a hat on a hat on a hat that we've had to protect.\" Falchuk added, \"No matter what you think it is, it's not that. Then, episode 6 comes and you're like, 'Wait! What happened?' It's like [episodes] 1–5, 6–9, and 10 is its own thing.\"[24] Murphy went on to confirm the turn in the season being a behind-the-camera look at the production of the faux documentary My Roanoke Nightmare.[25] He also stated that the final episode will feature characters, and their mythologies, that will continue on in the overall series.[26]", "American Horror Story Set in the year 1952 in the quiet town of Jupiter, Florida, the season follows a struggling freak show led by Elsa Mars (Jessica Lange). Decades have passed since the public has looked upon freak shows as a form of entertainment, but Elsa dreams of finding a home for her \"monsters\", as well as for her own fame and fortune. Other members of her troupe include Jimmy Darling (Evan Peters), a boy born with syndactyly who dreams of living a normal life, and his mother Ethel (Kathy Bates), a bearded lady who is Elsa's second-in-command by maintaining law and order under the tent. A strongman from Ethel's troubled past named Dell Toledo (Michael Chiklis), and his three-breasted wife Desiree Dupree (Angela Bassett), make waves when they arrive to join the freak show. To drum up business and save her troupe once and for all, Elsa also recruits conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler (Sarah Paulson) to perform for her show. In a time when the era of television is beginning to reign high above sideshow acts, these individuals must overcome those who persecute them based on their looks. However, as events unfold, it is revealed that multiple dark entities have taken up residence in Jupiter, with all of their eyes being set on the freaks. A conman named Stanley (Denis O'Hare), posing as a Hollywood executive, arrives with his young protege Maggie Esmerelda (Emma Roberts), with the intention of murdering the freaks and sending their bodies to a museum for profit. The wealthy and spoiled Dandy Mott (Finn Wittrock), enabled by his doting mother Gloria (Frances Conroy), develops an unhealthy obsession with the freaks, particularly Bette and Dot. Perhaps most dangerous of all is a mysterious, deformed killer clown, only known as Twisty (John Carroll Lynch), who wreaks havoc among the town and appears to be targeting freaks and townspeople alike. This season mostly deals with discrimination, with other themes including prejudice, acceptance, exploitation, entertainment, television, and medical oddities.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke The second half of the season is presented as found footage and depicts the production and aftermath of the follow-up series entitled Return to Roanoke: Three Days in Hell. Designed by My Roanoke Nightmare's producer Sidney Aaron James (Cheyenne Jackson), Return to Roanoke places the reenactors and their real life counterparts in the Roanoke house for three days during the Blood Moon, putting the lives of the cast and crew in danger as they face the true horrors within the Roanoke house.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke The marketing campaign for the season was one of mystery. On June 6, 2016, all of the series' social media pages displayed a teaser image of a red number six, with a question mark superimposed. Little was known about plot details or casting before the premiere, which seems to be a deliberate ploy of publicity. The following months saw a virtual reality experience at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con International,[54] a multitude of motley teaser trailers and posters,[55] a Mercedes-Benz sweepstakes;[56] and no casting or plot announcements. At the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour, on August 9, 2016, FX chief John Landgraf announced that all, but one, of the teaser trailers released thus far have been deliberate misdirects by the network. Explaining, \"[Murphy and Stephanie Gibbons, FX head of marketing and on-air promotions] went out and made many more trailers than you've actually seen for hypothetical seasons of American Horror Story, meaning different genres and different places\". Landgraf also reiterated what had been previously reported, that the official theme of the cycle will not be revealed until the airing of the first episode.[14]", "American Horror Story On August 16, 2016, FX announced a deal had been struck to feature an American Horror Story exhibit at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Orlando for their Halloween Horror Nights. The maze will feature sets and themes from Murder House, Freak Show, and Hotel. Universal said of the experience, \"Twisted scenes from Murder House will unleash the evil spirits that possess the Harmon estate, spiraling guests through decades of the tortured dead who previously resided there. In Freak Show, guests will join a troupe of biological misfits in a sinister sideshow where they'll be stalked by the murderous and deformed Twisty the Clown. Finally, guests will succumb to the warped desires of The Countess after checking into the haunted Hotel Cortez, conceived from the beginning as a torture chamber for its customers.\"[108]", "American Horror Story American Horror Story is an American anthology horror television series created by Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk. Each season is conceived as a self-contained miniseries, following a different set of characters and settings, and a storyline with its own \"beginning, middle, and end.\" Some plot elements of each season are loosely inspired by true events.[3][4][5] The only actors to appear in all iterations of the show are Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson.", "The Walking Dead (season 6) The sixth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 11, 2015,[1] and concluded on April 3, 2016, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the third consecutive season. The sixth season received positive reviews by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Horror Television Series, at the 42nd Saturn Awards.[2]", "American Horror Story The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season.[7] In June 2018, it was announced that the eighth season would be a \"crossover\" between Murder House and Coven, featuring characters and elements from both seasons.[8]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke Returning cast members from previous seasons include: Lily Rabe, Sarah Paulson, Angela Bassett, Adina Porter, Kathy Bates, Denis O'Hare, Wes Bentley, Cheyenne Jackson, Lady Gaga, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Leslie Jordan, Finn Wittrock, Robin Weigert, and Taissa Farmiga, along with new cast members Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland. Paulson also reprised her role as the Asylum character, Lana Winters, for the season finale.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke Presented as a paranormal documentary series titled My Roanoke Nightmare in the first half of the season, the story follows a married couple whose experiences are reenacted by actors. Shelby (Lily Rabe) and Matt Miller (André Holland) move from Los Angeles, California, to a house in North Carolina following a brutal assault which left Matt temporarily hospitalized and caused Shelby to have a miscarriage. As soon as the couple settles into their new home, located on a farmstead in rural North Carolina where the Roanoke Colony settled before their infamous disappearance, strange and paranormal occurrences begin to haunt them and Matt's sister, Lee Harris (Adina Porter). In the five-episode documentary, Shelby is portrayed by the extravagant English actress Audrey Tindall (Sarah Paulson), Matt by the conceited Dominic Banks (Cuba Gooding Jr.) and Lee by the alcoholic Monet Tumusiime (Angela Bassett).", "American Horror Story: Cult On October 4, 2016, the series was renewed for a seventh cycle, which premiered on September 5, 2017.[3][1][2] Ryan Murphy confirmed that the season will be connected to Freak Show; but will be set in modern day.[19] In February 2017, on Watch What Happens Live, Murphy announced that the season would revolve around the 2016 U.S. election and suggested that it may feature a character based on President Donald Trump.[20] Murphy has said that the season will be representative of both sides of the political divide. He also said that he will be \"illuminating and highlighting\" groups of people he believes to be \"ignored by the current [Trump] administration and who are afraid and feel terrorized that their lives are going to be taken away.\"[21]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke ^1 These actors portray their characters solely in the My Roanoke Nightmare re-enactment.", "RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8) Episode 6:", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse American Horror Story: Apocalypse is the eighth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. It was announced on January 12, 2017,[1] and premiered on September 12, 2018.[2] It has been described as a crossover between the first and third seasons of the series.", "American Horror Story In an August 2015 article for Entertainment Weekly, Murphy revealed that the show is mulling producing two seasons a year. The first being broadcast in the spring and the second in the fall. He explained, \"We're doing something that we've never done before on the show where we're doing two different groups of writers rooms. Some of our writers will be bouncing around but a whole different group coming in late August. The next thing weâ€™re crafting up is very, very different than [Hotel]. Not smaller. But just not opulent. More rogue and more dark.\"[23]", "American Horror Story â€“ Murphy on the series' anthology format[15]", "American Horror Story: Hotel In its fifth season, the series has been nominated for 64 awards, 20 of which were won.", "American Horror Story On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth season, set to premiere on September 12, 2018.[9][10] Murphy has announced the season will be set 18-months in the future, in October 2019, and will feature an Asylum and Coven tone.[11][12] Initially, Murphy stated that the ninth season would most likely be the crossover season between Murder House and Coven,[11] but the eighth season was chosen instead.[13] A crossover season was first announced on October 30, 2016.[14] Filming for the season began on June 16, 2018.[12]", "American Horror Story: Cult American Horror Story: Cult is the seventh season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. The season was picked up on October 4, 2016,[1][2] and premiered on September 5, 2017.[3] The season will consist of a total of 11 episodes.[4] Returning cast members from previous seasons include: Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Cheyenne Jackson, Adina Porter, Chaz Bono, John Carroll Lynch, Emma Roberts, James Morosini, Mare Winningham, Jamie Brewer and Frances Conroy, along with new cast members Billie Lourd and Alison Pill.", "American Horror Story: Cult During the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour, series mainstays Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters were reported to be starring as the leads in the season.[19][2] In March 2017, Billy on the Street host Billy Eichner was announced to be cast in the series, playing a role in the life of Paulson's character.[4][30] His character is slated for appearing in \"six or seven\" episodes.[4] The next month, it was reported that Scream Queens alum Billie Lourd will also star in the seventh installment of the series.[22][23] In May 2017, Leslie Grossman, who starred in Murphy's series Popular, joined the cast of the series,[31] and Angela Bassett hinted she may return in a recurring role.[32] Later that month, it was confirmed via set pictures that Adina Porter and Cheyenne Jackson were also returning.[33][34] In June 2017, Murphy confirmed via his Instagram account that Colton Haynes, whom Murphy worked with previously on second season of Scream Queens, was joining the casting for the seventh season.[35] Later that month, set pictures revealed that Alison Pill was joining the cast of the season, seemingly portraying the partner of Sarah Paulson's character.[36] In July 2017, Murphy revealed via his Twitter account that Lena Dunham was joining the season.[37] She is set to play Valerie Solanas, author of the SCUM Manifesto and attempted murder of Andy Warhol, via flashbacks.[38] Murphy also confirmed the returns of Frances Conroy and Mare Winningham. Conroy has appeared in all the seasons except Hotel, while Winningham has appeared in Coven, Freak Show and Hotel.[39] In August 2017, Murphy confirmed the return of Emma Roberts, who appeared in Coven and Freak Show,[40] while Roanoke actors Chaz Bono and James Morosini also confirmed their returns.[41] In the seventh episode, Murder House, Coven and Freak Show actress alum Jamie Brewer returned to the show.", "American Horror Story: Coven In October 2016, Murphy stated that a future season of the show will feature a return/continuation of Coven. However, that season is to be determined. He stated that this is not the theme for season 7, but a later season. He also confirmed that Lady Gaga's character from Roanoke is the first Supreme.[18] Later that month, Murphy announced that the season would be a Coven and Murder House crossover continuation. Merging stories, themes and characters. He also stated that he had begun reaching out to actors from both seasons to reprise their respective roles.[19] However, in January, 5, 2018, it was confirmed that the Murder House and Coven crossover will be in the ninth season.", "American Horror Story In 2017, the show returned as haunted attractions to both parks, with Universal Orlando having an attraction based on Asylum, Coven, and Roanoke, and Universal Studios Hollywood basing their attraction solely on Roanoke.", "American Horror Story: Hotel American Horror Story: Hotel is the fifth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. It premiered on October 7, 2015, and concluded January 13, 2016. The series was renewed in October 2014, with the subtitle Hotel being announced in February 2015. Hotel marks the first season to not feature series mainstays Jessica Lange and Frances Conroy. Returning cast from previous seasons of the series include: Evan Peters, Sarah Paulson, Denis O'Hare, Lily Rabe, Kathy Bates, Angela Bassett, Chloë Sevigny, Finn Wittrock, Wes Bentley, Gabourey Sidibe, Mare Winningham, Matt Bomer, Christine Estabrook, Matt Ross, John Carroll Lynch, and Anthony Ruivivar, along with new cast members Lady Gaga and Cheyenne Jackson. Breaking from the anthological format, like Freak Show, the season is interconnected to the first and third seasons, and features an appearance by the Murder House, its original owner Dr. Charles Montgomery (Ross), its realtor Marcy (Estabrook), and the psychic Billie Dean Howard (Paulson), as well as the appearance of the witch Queenie (Sidibe).", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters Veteran cast members include Kathy Bates, Sarah Paulson, Lily Rabe, Denis O'Hare, Evan Peters, Wes Bentley, Cheyenne Jackson, and Angela Bassett, with Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland making their debut. Veteran cast members with recurring appearances include Adina Porter, Lady Gaga, Leslie Jordan, Frances Conroy, Finn Wittrock, Taissa Farmiga and Robin Weigert. This is the third season that is not strictly anthological, with Sarah Paulson reprising her previous role as Lana Winters from Asylum and Evan Peters portraying Edward Mott, the ancestor of Dandy and Gloria Mott from Freak Show.", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse In April 2018, it was revealed that series veterans Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters would each make their directorial debuts in an episode of the season.[37] It was later revealed that Paulson would direct the sixth episode.[3]", "American Horror Story Set in the year 2013, the season follows the dwindling descendants of the witches who survived the Salem Witch Trials and their struggle to hide their identity in the modern world. Those who share this genetic affliction are being subjected to violent attacks from outside forces, such as religious townspeople and witch hunters. Zoe Benson (Taissa Farmiga), a young teenager completely unaware of the existence of witches, discovers her identity as a Salem descendent after a violent accident that causes the death of her boyfriend. She is sent to an all-girls boarding school in New Orleans which aims to protect and house young women who carry this unique bloodline, and keep them from the dangers of the outside world. There, she meets the other students, narcissistic film star Madison Montgomery (Emma Roberts), outspoken Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe), and enigmatic Nan (Jamie Brewer), and gets romantically entangled with Kyle Spencer (Evan Peters), a non-witch and good-natured college student. The school is run by headmistress Cordelia Foxx (Sarah Paulson), head of the Witches Council and eccentric fashionista Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy), and the mute butler Spalding (Denis O'Hare). Cordelia's mother, Fiona Goode (Jessica Lange), is the Supreme and most powerful witch of her generation, though she regularly avoids her responsibilities, much to the chagrin of Cordelia and her long-time rival Myrtle. After a mob of townspeople discover and nearly kill a young witch living in the swamps named Misty Day (Lily Rabe), Fiona returns to the school to ensure the safety of the other young witches, but also to fulfill her own hidden agenda. Events reveal a long-held rivalry between the witches of Salem and the voodoo practitioners of New Orleans, as well as a historic grudge between Voodoo Queen Marie Laveau (Angela Bassett) and socialite serial killer Delphine LaLaurie (Kathy Bates). This season mostly deals with oppression, with other themes including witchcraft, voodoo, racism, prejudice, death, and the relationships between mothers and daughters.", "Sarah Paulson In 2011, Paulson guest starred in three episodes of the FX anthology series American Horror Story, playing medium Billie Dean Howard. Paulson returned for season two, American Horror Story: Asylum, in which she played a new character, Lana Winters, a writer who is committed to an asylum for being gay. She appeared in the third season of the series, titled American Horror Story: Coven as Cordelia Foxx, a witch who runs an academy for other young witches. She appeared in the fourth season of the show, titled American Horror Story: Freak Show, portraying conjoined twin sisters Bette and Dot Tattler. She returned for the fifth season, subtitled Hotel, portraying the role of Hypodermic Sally.[12] She also portrayed Billie Dean Howard again for the last episode of the season. Paulson went on to star in the sixth iteration of the series, subtitled Roanoke. She portrayed British actress Audrey Tindall, who appeared in the My Roanoke Nightmare documentary as tortured wife and yoga instructor Shelby Miller. In 2017 she appeared in the show, Cult, where she played restaurant owner Ally Mayfair-Richards.[13] She will star in the series 8th installment in 2018.", "American Horror Story: Asylum Despite being formerly anthological, some of the cast members reprise their roles in the series's fourth and sixth cycle, Freak Show and Roanoke, such as: Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, Sarah Paulson, and John Cromwell, portraying Sister Mary Eunice McKee, Pepper, Lana Winters, and a young version of Dr. Arthur Arden, also known as Hans GrÃ¼per, respectively.", "House (season 6) Final diagnosis: Anabolic steroid abuse accelerated by hemlock poison", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse In June 2018, Emma Roberts revealed that she would return for Apocalypse, reprising her role as Madison Montgomery from Coven.[12] That same month, Murphy revealed that other witches from Coven had all been invited to return,[12] and also stated that he had asked Anjelica Huston to join the cast,[45] while Paulson confirmed that she would reprise her Coven role, Cordelia Goode.[3] In July 2018, it was reported that Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman and Kyle Allen would guest star in the season.[13] Later that month, Murphy revealed via Twitter that American Crime Story alum Cody Fern joined the cast as a grown-up Michael Langdon, the Antichrist born during the events of Murder House.[11]", "Shameless (season 6) The sixth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 10, 2016, concluded April 3, 2016.[1] Executive producers are John Wells, Andrew Stearn, Nancy M. Pimental, Davey Holmes, Christopher Chulack, Krista Vernoff and producers Terri Murphy and Princess Nash.[2]", "American Horror Story Filming for the eighth season is set to begin on June 16, 2018.[12]", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters Shelby Miller (portrayed by Sarah Paulson and Lily Rabe) is a yoga teacher, the wife of Matt Miller and owner of the house. Soon after she and Matt move to LA, Matt is assaulted as part of a gang initiation ceremony, putting him into a coma. This causes Shelby to miscarry their child. Both these traumas prompt Shelby and Matt to relocate to North Carolina, where Matt grew up. They purchase a house on Roanoke Island in a bidding auction against the Polks. Shelby begins to experience strange things at the house while alone - teeth raining from the sky and figures appearing in the house. While bathing in her hot tub outside, somebody attempts to drown her. She calls the police, but they find no evidence and assume that Shelby was just intoxicated. Shelby's sister-in-law Lee is brought to the home to help protect her, although the two do not get along. Days later, the house is broken into. While Lee and Shelby take refuge in the basement, they find videotapes of Elias Cunningham, an academic studying the paranormal activity in the house. When they leave the basement, they find that the house has been decorated with totems. Shelby and Matt argue about how to react to this. Eventually, Shelby chooses to leave by herself and takes Matt's car. However, she crashes into a mysterious woman - the Butcher. Despite the fact that she seems unharmed, Shelby is horrified and gets out of the car to try and help her. She follows the Butcher into the woods but gets lost. She encounters a ritual, watching as a man is burned alive. Traumatized, she runs away. When she wakes up in the hospital, she assumes that the Polks are trying to scare them away from the house, and says as much to the police. Back at home, she sees a ghostly figure directing her to the underground bunker where Elias once lived. Shelby finds his account of the murders conducted by two nurses who previously owned the house. After her niece Flora goes missing, Shelby later encounters Elias in person when he fends off the Piggy Man. He explains that many people have gone missing from this house within the same five days every year. Meanwhile, her relationship with Matt is strained when she catches him sleeping with ScÃ¡thach. While he claims no memory of this, Shelby also takes issue with a deal he had made with the Butcher; he promised to burn the house down in return for Flora's safe return. Infuriated, Shelby reports Lee to the police for the suspected murder of her husband - which she had been considering doing anyway, as Matt's CCTV showed Lee leaving the house around the time of Mason's murder. Shelby, Flora and Matt flee the house with the help of Edward Philipe Mott, a previous resident in the house who shows them the underground escape tunnel. However, once out in the woods, they are captured by the Polks and eventually delivered to the Butcher, fulfilling a deal that allows the Polks to remain safely on their land. They are almost sacrificed by the Butcher, but are saved when she is attacked by the ghost of her son, Ambrose. They return to Los Angeles, but Shelby continues to be haunted by memories of the Butcher.", "American Horror Story The series premiered on October 5, 2011, and is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. In November 2011, it premiered internationally on the respective countries' Fox Networks Group. The first season premiered on October 5, 2011, and concluded on December 21, 2011. The second season premiered on October 17, 2012, and concluded on January 23, 2013. The third season premiered on October 9, 2013, and concluded on January 29, 2014. The fourth season premiered on October 8, 2014, and concluded on January 21, 2015. The fifth season premiered on October 7, 2015, and concluded on January 13, 2016. The sixth season premiered on September 14, 2016, and concluded on November 16, 2016. The seventh season premiered on September 5, 2017, and concluded on November 14, 2017. The latter three seasons premiered on the same day and same time with the American broadcasts on FX in Canada, though the first season followed a slightly different schedule as that network launched on October 31, 2011. The series is aired in India on STAR World Premiere HD shortly after its U.S. airing. Along with it, it airs on FX India on standard definition and Fox in UK and Ireland in October 2011.", "American Horror Story: Freak Show Returning cast members from the previous season of the series include: Sarah Paulson, Evan Peters, Frances Conroy, Denis O'Hare, Emma Roberts, Angela Bassett, Kathy Bates, Jessica Lange, Grace Gummer, Gabourey Sidibe, Danny Huston, Jamie Brewer, and Mare Winningham, along with new cast members Michael Chiklis and Finn Wittrock. Ben Woolf also makes his return to the series. In the seventh season, Twisty the Clown makes an appearance. This is the first season of the series that is not strictly anthological, with Lily Rabe, Naomi Grossman, and John Cromwell (as a younger Dr. Arthur Arden) reprising their roles from the series' second cycle, Asylum.", "Frances Conroy For the second season, dubbed Asylum, Conroy re-joined the cast playing The Angel of Death in a multi-episode arc. And in 2013, she guest starred on Royal Pains; portraying Blythe Ballard. She also co-starred in the television movie Ring of Fire, where she played Maybelle Carter. Conroy was once more cast for American Horror Story's third season during this time, Coven, being promoted to series regular, playing Myrtle Snow, a member of the Witches Council in New Orleans, Louisiana. She was subsequently nominated for a sixth Primetime Emmy Award and her second nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie. In 2014, she returned for the fourth season of the series, entitled Freak Show, as Gloria Mott, a wealthy woman whose son wants to join the freak show, later returning in the 2016 season, Roanoke, as a cannibalistic hillbilly.\nAs of 2015, Conroy starred as Dawn on the Hulu original series Casual. In July 2017, it was announced via Twitter that Conroy would appear in American Horror Story: Cult, marking her sixth appearance on the show.[citation needed]. In July 2018 it was announced that Conroy had finalized a deal to appear in the 2019 film Joker an original story film of the Batman supervillain The Joker.[8]On August 7, 2018 Ryan Murphy announced via Twitter that Conroy would appear in American Horror Story: Apocalypse, marking her seventh appearance on the show.[9]", "American Horror Story: Hotel The plot centers around the enigmatic Hotel Cortez in Los Angeles, California, that catches the eye of an intrepid homicide detective (Bentley). The Cortez is host to the strange and bizarre, spearheaded by its owner, The Countess (Gaga), who is a bloodsucking fashionista. The hotel is loosely based on an actual hotel built in 1893 by H. H. Holmes in Chicago, Il. for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. It became known as the 'Murder Castle' as it was built for Holmes to torture, murder, and dispose of evidence just as is the Cortez. This season features two murderous threats in the form of the Ten Commandments Killer, a serial offender who selects his victims in accordance with biblical teachings, and \"the Addiction Demon\", who roams the hotel armed with a drill bit dildo.", "Once Upon a Time (season 6) The sixth season of the American ABC fantasy-drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on March 3, 2016.[1] It debuted on September 25, 2016, and concluded on May 14, 2017.[2] In January 2017, it was stated that the sixth season would end the main storyline, and for a seventh season, the series would be softly rebooted with a new storyline.[3]", "American Horror Story: Murder House On October 30, 2016, Murphy announced that a future crossover season of the series will continue the Murder House and Coven stories, merging their characters and themes. He did not state which season it would be, but that he had already reached out to actors from both seasons to reprise their respective roles.[21] Murphy later confirmed one of the Murder House characters will be moved in the season finale of Coven. However, on January 5, 2018, it was initially announced that the crossover season will be taking place in the ninth season, but on June 14, 2018, the crossover was moved from Season 9 to the upcoming eighth season instead.", "American Horror Story Principal photography for the fifth season began on July 14, 2015, in Los Angeles, California, where the story also takes place.[89] Murphy revealed a six-story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot. A dummy set of the hotel was built at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International, showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s, inspired by the old Hollywood era.[90]", "American Horror Story Set in the year 2015, the season follows the strange and dangerous happenings that seem to center around the retro Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles, California, initially built as a secret torture chamber to fulfill the violent desires of founder James March (Evan Peters). Detective John Lowe (Wes Bentley) arrives at the hotel, based on intel from an anonymous tip, to investigate a grisly string of murders, each of which exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments. He has become estranged from his wife Alex (Chloe Sevigny), who suffers from depression, and his daughter Scarlett (Shree Crooks), after the disappearance of their son Holden (Lennon Henry). As the season unfolds, the Lowes discover that the disappearance of Holden may be related to the strange activities at the hotel, led by March's fashionista widow Elizabeth Johnson (Lady Gaga), also known as the Countess—who was turned into a vampire by her former lovers, actor Rudolph Valentino (Finn Wittrock) and his wife Natacha Rambova (Alexandra Daddario)—and her current lover Donovan (Matt Bomer). Throughout his investigation, John also becomes entangled with the spirits of heroin junkie named Sally (Sarah Paulson), hotel maid Hazel Evers (Mare Winningham), and James March, who is looking for a protege to continue the violent acts he started when he was alive. The hotel's tireless staff includes the surly front desk manager Iris (Kathy Bates), Donovan's mother who took the job to be close to her son, and her best friend, the transgender bartender Liz Taylor (Denis O'Hare), both of whom hesitantly cater to Elizabeth and her vampiric children. Elizabeth's relationship with Donovan becomes troubled with the arrival of male model and cocaine addict Tristan Duffy (Wittrock), New York fashion designer Will Drake (Cheyenne Jackson), and her scorned ex-lover Ramona Royale (Angela Bassett), all of whom become entangled in her violent life. This season mostly deals with addiction, with other themes including sexuality, insanity, revenge, debauchery, religion, sin, drug use, forgiveness, and death.", "The Magical Delights of Stevie Nicks In this episode, Fiona (Jessica Lange) tries to out the next Supreme with a visit by Stevie Nicks and Madison (Emma Roberts) tries to eliminate her competition for the Supremacy. The episode is inspired by real-life rumors about Stevie Nicks' alleged involvement with witchcraft.[1][2] This is also her acting debut. Angela Bassett, Danny Huston and Patti LuPone also guest star as Marie Laveau, the Axeman, and Joan Ramsey, respectively. This episode is rated TV-MA (LV).", "American Horror Story: Hotel The upcoming season that we're doing is much more horror-based; it's much more dark. It's about a theme and an idea that's very close to my heart that I've always wanted to do that's a little bloodier and grislier, I think, than anything that we've done before; it's straight horror this year. Murder House, I thought, was a very primal season because everybody's great fear is about the bogeyman under the bed in their house, and this feels similar to me in that when you check into a hotel, there are certain things beyond your control... Other people have the keys to your room; they can come in there. You're not exactly safe, it's a very unsettling idea.[18]", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse In September 2018, it was revealed that Erika Ervin would be returning for Apocalypse after having a recurring role in Freak Show.[16] It was also reported that actress Ash Santos would appear in the season.[15]", "American Horror Story: Hotel Co-creator Brad Falchuk explained that like the first and second season of the series, Hotel would explore the \"trapped\" horror trope, though the actions would not be limited to just within the premises. \"This season, the horror is sneaking out of the hotel,\" he added explaining that the plot would revolve around the hotel in the center, with a more noir like ambience.[23] Named as Hotel Cortez, the titular structure was built by James March in 1930, who was created as a rich and charming but deeply psychotic character. The season features two tormentors, The Ten Commandments Killer, who is inspired by biblical teachings, and The Addiction Demon, who wields a drill bit dildo. They are in the vein of previous seasons' Bloody Face and Rubber Man, respectively.[24] The Halloween episode, \"Devil's Night\", features a dinner with \"the biggest serial killers of all time\", including Wuornos and John Wayne Gacy.[25]", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth season, which premiered on September 12, 2018.[1][2] In October 2016, series co-creator Ryan Murphy announced a \"crossover\" season between previous cycles Murder House and Coven.[38] In January 2018, he stated that the ninth season would most likely feature the crossover;[39] however, in June 2018, he announced that the eighth season was chosen instead.[40] Murphy has also stated that the eighth season would be set 18 months in the future and would feature an Asylum and Coven tone.[39][18] In July 2018, it was announced at the San Diego Comic-Con that the title of the season would be Apocalypse.[41]", "American Horror Story Set in the year 1964, the season follows the patients and staff members of the church-owned Briarcliff Manor, located in Massachusetts, which was founded to treat and house the criminally insane. Kit Walker (Evan Peters), accused of being prolific serial killer \"Bloody Face\" after the disappearance of his wife Alma (Britne Olford)—though he claims she was abducted by aliens—is incarcerated at Briarcliff. This piques the interest of ambitious journalist Lana Winters (Sarah Paulson), who is yearning to find a story for her big break. At Briarcliff, Kit meets the other patients, many of whom claim to be unjustly institutionalized, including microcephalic Pepper (Naomi Grossman), who was framed for her nephew's murder; nymphomaniac Shelley (Chloe Sevigny); and the unassuming Grace Bertrand (Lizzie Brocheré) from France, who appears to be harboring a deep secret of her own. Believed to be a violent serial killer, he becomes the subject of interest of pragmatic psychiatrist Oliver Thredson (Zachary Quinto) and the sadistic Dr. Arthur Arden (James Cromwell), the latter of whom routinely conducts scientific operations on patients. The institution is run under the watchful eye of the stern Sister Jude (Jessica Lange), as well as her second-in-command, the naive Sister Mary Eunice (Lily Rabe), and the founder of the institution, Monsignor Timothy Howard (Joseph Fiennes). Briarcliff's inhabitants are routinely subject to supernatural and scientific influences, including demonic possession and extraterrestrial abduction. The season mostly deals with insanity, with other themes including female sexuality, corrupt ambition, religion versus science, racism, prejudice, death, and faith.", "American Horror Story: Freak Show â€“Series co-creator Ryan Murphy on the fourth season[17]", "House (season 6) Final diagnosis: Psychopathy secondary to Wilson's disease", "List of American Horror Story episodes In October 2016, the series was renewed for a seventh season titled Cult, which premiered on September 5, 2017 on FX.[2][3][4] In January 2017, the series was renewed for an eighth and ninth season.[5] As of November 14, 2017,[update] 84 episodes of American Horror Story have aired, concluding the seventh season.", "Go to Hell (American Horror Story) Later, Cordelia and Queenie find the entombed Misty Day (Lily Rabe). Queenie uses her powers of resurgence to bring Misty back to life. At the Academy, Zoe (Taissa Farmiga) and Kyle (Evan Peters) come back from Florida with Zoe claiming she is the next Supreme, because of the power of resurgence she discovers during her vacation with Kyle. Misty, Cordelia, and Queenie enter, and Misty violently attacks Madison (Emma Roberts). The Axeman, covered in blood, comes downstairs with his axe, screaming that the witches of the house need to pay for what they did. All of them use their powers to throw the Axeman's body backwards. Myrtle (Frances Conroy) points to the blood, and Cordelia makes the claim that it is her mother's.", "American Horror Story: Cult Murphy also revealed via his Instagram account that Freak Show character Twisty the Clown would return in the seventh season, indicating that John Carroll Lynch would reprise his role.[45]", "American Horror Story: Roanoke American Horror Story: Roanoke has received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 78% approval rating, with an average rating of 6.7/10, based on 13 reviews. The site's consensus reads, \"American Horror Story: My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats, revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier, smaller scale, even if the true-crime format feels overdone.\"[69] On Metacritic, the season was given a score of 72 out of 100 based on 9 reviews, indicating \"generally positive reviews\".[70]", "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure Part 6 Stone Ocean (ストーンオーシャン, Sutōn Ōshan)", "Inside No. 9 \"The Harrowing\"[61]", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters Sidney Aaron James (portrayed by Cheyenne Jackson) is the lead producer of \"My Roanoke Nightmare\". His primary focus is on producing a dramatic, successful TV show, and he does not allow ethical considerations to impede that goal. He frequently makes promises to the cast members which he has no intention of following - for example, he assures Shelby that Dominic will not be taking part in Return to Roanoke, but knows full well that Dominic's contract has already been arranged. He also often continues to film the participants against their will and incorporates these recordings in the final version of the television. Citing the success of My Roanoke Nightmare, it is Sidney who pitches the concept of Return to Roanoke. Despite the misgivings of the production board, his ambitions come to fruition and he is granted his special. In pre-production, he rigs the house with several gag-scares, including turning the TV on and playing a haunting video, and opening the cupboards and drawers remotely. Because Sidney does not believe in the Roanoke spirits, he is bemused to find an arrangement of pig fetuses on the set, and assumes this is vandalism by Agnes. This prompts him to serve her a restraining order to bar her from returning to Return to Roanoke - but makes it clear that he hopes she breaks it, because it will make good TV. He insists that all production trailers are several miles out from the house and that cameras are well-hidden to create a more immersive experience for the cast. While watching the happenings in the house from his trailer, he and his camera team are killed by Agnes. Their bodies are later discovered by Audrey, Lee, and Monet.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke Colonial ware and design are incorporated into the season, which is theorized to be, at least partially, set in 1590 Roanoke, North Carolina. A pioneer cottage is incorporated in Santa Clarita, California. The set is fully dressed in time-period appropriate dressings, including an etched tree.[27] The production designers constructed an entire colonial house, that serves as the season's chief setting. The house was constructed in an undisclosed California forest, over the course of four months. The abode is completely functional, furnished, and finished inside and out. This is the first time in American Horror Story history that a complete home has been built, and is quite unprecedented for film and television productions in general.[28] A three-story set built in Malibu Canyon was not permitted properly, and after being torn down in October 2016, FX \"will be required to do extensive restoration.\"[29]", "American Horror Story: Freak Show â€“Co-creator Brad Falchuk on shooting in New Orleans, Louisiana[40]", "Curtain Call (American Horror Story) \"Heroes\" by Jessica Lange", "American Horror Story: Cult Murphy revealed via Twitter that the details of the seventh season, including the title, would be revealed on July 20.[25] He also teased that the opening sequence of the series would return in this season, following its absence in Roanoke.[26]", "RuPaul's Drag Race (season 6) The winner of the sixth season of RuPaul's Drag Race was Bianca Del Rio, with Adore Delano and Courtney Act being the runners-up.", "Grimm (season 6) Rosalee surprises Monroe with a getaway for his birthday and invites most of the gang to join them. Things take a shocking turn when a hotel employee targets Nick in an effort to avenge his father. Using some body fluids, he makes all of them, except Rosalee due to her pregnancy, fall in love randomly with each other, so they will fight each other to death. The spell breaks when he's killed. Meanwhile, Eve gets a visit from a dark force that she has seen before. Elsewhere, Capt. Renard spends the weekend with Diana when a former ally, Lt. Grossante, decides to get even by kidnapping her. But he's unaware of her powers, and she gives him a painful lesson.", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters Edward Philipe Mott (portrayed by Evan Peters and Elliott Ehlers) was a previous owner of the Roanoke farmhouse and the ancestor of Dandy and Gloria Mott, featured in American Horror Story: Freak Show. Previously married with an heir, Edward moved to North Carolina with Guinness, his slave as well as his lover. Edward has a deep commitment to art, loving his art more than his family and Guinness as he sees it to be encapsulate life's beauty. He had the Roanoke farmhouse built so he would to live in solitude, living there for only a couple days before the blood moon occurs. After locking her servants in the root cellar on the assumption that one of them destroyed all of his beloved art, Edward ends up being killed sacrificed by the Roanoke colonists. In 2015, acting on his desire to maintain as much solitude as he can, Edward's ghost helps Shelby, Matt and Flora escape the house.", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse Furthermore in the season, the arrival of Cordelia Goode, Madison Montgomery (Emma Roberts), Myrtle Snow (Frances Conroy) as well as the return of Zoe Benson (Taissa Farmiga), Queenie (Gabourey Sidibe) and Misty Day (Lily Rabe), provides background of the world before the fateful apocalypse as well as the inclusion of characters from Murder House.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review, writing, \"When you're the type of show prone to kicking off a season with the introduction of a hairless mole man with a killer dildo, it's possible that the most provocative thing you can do to start a chapter is eschewing mole men, dildos and, in fact, killing altogether for a full week. The American Horror Story franchise has been and done many things, but it's never offered such a false sense of security, so this subdued start may be the scariest promise of all. It's the most curious I've been about future installments in a long time.\"[71] Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly also gave a positive review, writing, \"The use of mystery to market the season may have been contrived, but at this point, mystery might also be the best thing going for it, too.\"[72] Ben Travers of IndieWire called the premiere \"a promising start with a central mystery as tantalizing as the ads teasing it.\"[73]", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse Evan Peters will direct an episode of the season.[37]", "House (season 6) Final diagnosis: Primary Antiphospholipid syndrome", "American Horror Story: Roanoke A week before the premiere FX released a trailer featuring Lady Gaga's new single \"Perfect Illusion\", speaking to the anonymity of the season.[57] In a September 13, 2016 interview with The Hollywood Reporter, marketing chief Stephanie Gibbons spoke at length about the risks and idea behind the seasons complete anonymity. Explaining the origin of her campaign, \"I felt we would play on two aspects of the human helix: Desire to know, the curiosity to find out what you don't know; and perhaps more importantly, the notion of how powerful withholding is to the human psyche. Often wanting is more fulfilling than having.\"[53]", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse In April 2018, Murphy revealed that filming for the season would begin in June 2018.[18]", "List of American Horror Story: Hotel characters American Horror Story: Hotel is the fifth season of the FX horror anthology series American Horror Story. The seasonâ€™s theme is addiction and revolves around the Hotel Cortez, an enigmatic hotel owned by a bloodsucking fashionista named The Countess. An anonymous tip regarding a serial killer who murders people in accordance to the Ten Commandments points John Lowe, a detective haunted by the abduction of his son, to Room 64 of the Cortez.", "American Horror Story: Coven Series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, \"many actors\" would return for the third season in different roles.[20] Jessica Lange, Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson all confirmed their returns. Murphy added that Lange would portray a \"real glamour-cat lady\",[16] whose name was later revealed to be Fiona Goode.[21] Paulson said in an interview that her character would \"definitely [be] different [to her season two character].\" She added, \"Basically, she's going to look different, and my relationship to Lange is going to be quite different this time. At the beginning of last season, no one knew that Lana would be the hero, so it's possible I could end up the evil one this year. As of right now, there will be some of Lana Winters' qualities in my character, but I don't know for sure.\"[22] Taissa Farmiga, who played a lead role in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character involved in a prominent romance with Peters' character.[23] Lily Rabe and Frances Conroy portrayed series regulars Misty Day and Myrtle Snow, respectively.[23][24] Kathy Bates co-starred as Delphine LaLaurie, an evil woman from the past who tortures her slaves.[25] Murphy stated that Bates' character would be \"five times worse than [her] Misery character\" and is also inspired by a \"true event\".[26] It was reported on May 22, 2013 that Emma Roberts would co-star as Madison Montgomery, a difficult Hollywood starlet.[27]", "American Horror Story For the third season, series executive producers and co-creators Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk stated that, as with the second season, \"many actors\" would return in different roles, beginning with Jessica Lange.[43] Evan Peters and Sarah Paulson were confirmed to return, portraying Kyle Spencer and Cordelia Foxx, respectively. Murphy added that Lange would portray a \"real glamour-cat lady\", later revealed to be named Fiona Goode.[44] Taissa Farmiga, Violet in the first season, starred as Zoe Benson, a character that is involved in a prominent romance during the season.[45] Lily Rabe co-starred as Misty Day.[46] Recurring cast member Frances Conroy joined as a main cast member, playing the character of Myrtle Snow.[45] Oscar-winning actress Kathy Bates was confirmed to co-star. It was first reported that she would portray \"a woman who, at the start, is Lange's character's best friend, but will become her worst enemy\", but this was altered.[47] Murphy stated that Bates' character will be \"five times worse than [her] Misery character\" and is also inspired by a \"true event\". She portrayed Madame Delphine LaLaurie, an immortal racist.[48] It was announced in May 2013 that Emma Roberts had been added to the cast. Roberts played Madison Montgomery, a \"self-involved party girl\".[49] In July 2013, season one alum Denis O'Hare also joined the cast in an unknown role,[50] later revealed as Spalding.", "Go to Hell (American Horror Story) \"Go to Hell\" is the twelfth and penultimate episode of the third season of the anthology television series American Horror Story, which premiered on January 22, 2014, on the cable network FX. The episode was written by Jessica Sharzer and directed by Alfonso Gomez-Rejon.[1]", "American Horror Story The fifth season, American Horror Story: Hotel, received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63% of 43 critics gave the season a positive review. The site's consensus is: \"Favoring garish style over effective storytelling, the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy's Hotel.\" Audience reception on the same website was also mixed, with 57% of viewers giving the show a favorable review.[126] Hotel scored a 60 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 \"mixed or average\" reviews.[127]", "List of American Horror Story: Roanoke characters Matt Miller (portrayed by Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland) is the estranged husband of Shelby Miller, and owner of the house. After he is put into a coma during a gang initiation ceremony, Shelby miscarries their child due to stress. Attempting to recover from both these traumatic incidents, he and Shelby move to North Carolina, where he was raised. They buy a house on Roanoke Island by outbidding the Polks. While Matt is out of town on business, Shelby claims to have almost been killed by a torch-wielding clan while bathing in their hot tub. Though he wants to believe her, Matt is initially unable to bring himself to do so. He has his sister, Lee, come to stay at the house to help Shelby feel safe. He also installs security cameras throughout the house, which he can monitor from his phone. While out on business again, he intercepts footage of a torch-wielding clan entering the house. He rushes home to help his wife and sister, knowing that the police will not. When he arrives, he is shown the video of Elias Cunningham encountering the Piggy Man. He accuses the Polk family of racism, and taunting them in order to scare them from the house, as well as for being an interracial couple. However, rather than making him want to leave, this strengthens his resolve to stay, leading to an argument with Shelby. He witnesses a pair of nurses kill a patient in a hospital bed and laugh about it, but he believes it to be a hallucination. When Matt's niece Flora goes missing, he joins the search party to try and find her. With the guidance of a ghostly figure, Matt and Shelby discover the underground bunker. Inside, they find a video of Elias Cunningham documenting the story of two nurses who killed their patients in the house. Recognising the story, Matt begins to believe there are paranormal entities in the house. He soon finds that the word \"MURDE\" has been written in blood on the wall under the wallpaper. When Elias arrives at the house in person, saving Matt and Shelby from the Piggy Man, Matt learns that people often disappear from this house over the same five-day period. However, the Matt and Shelby are unable to leave the house; Flora is still missing, and all their money is tied up in this property. While continuing the search for Flora, he is seduced into a trance by Scáthach and has sex with her in the woods. Shelby stumbles across this, but Matt insists he has no memory of it. Further straining their relationship, he makes a deal with the Butcher that they will burn down the house and leave if she ensures Flora's safe return to them. He is seduced by Scáthach again, and she informs him of her journey to Roanoke Island. More lucid this time, Matt feels that he has never been more intimate with a person than he has with her. Despite this, Matt immediately leaves to go to Shelby's aid when he hears her cries for help. They initially prepare for another attack from the Roanoke colonists. However, the spirit of Edward Philipe Mott rescues them and guides them through a secret passageway under the house. Once out in the woods, they are kidnapped by the Polks. They deliver Flora, Shelby and Matt to the Butcher as a part of an agreement; the Polks' safe occupation of the land is dependent on this delivery. Before they can be killed, the Butcher's son stops the ceremony and kills his mother as penance for the sins of the colonies. Lee arrives back at the house after her police interrogation and rescues them. They all return to Los Angeles.", "American Horror Story: Roanoke â€“ FX Head of Marketing Stephanie Gibbons on the fear that the publicity wouldn't materialize a quality season[53]", "American Horror Story: Cult Ally (Sarah Paulson) and Ivy Mayfair-Richards (Alison Pill) are a married couple with a son named Oz (Cooper Dodson) who live in the fictitious city of Brookfield Heights, Michigan. Ally suffers from several phobias including coulrophobia, haemophobia, and trypophobia which intensify after Donald Trump wins the 2016 election. She often speaks with her psychiatrist, Dr. Rudy Vincent (Cheyenne Jackson), whose estranged and manipulative brother Kai Anderson (Evan Peters) forms a cult of individuals fed up with the political climate of the United States. Kai utilizes the fear inflicted upon the community by the cult's violent actions, notably those toward Ally and her family, to strengthen his campaign for a seat on city council. Cult members include Kaiâ€™s sister Winter (Billie Lourd), newscast reporter Beverly Hope (Adina Porter), married couple Harrison (Billy Eichner) and Meadow Wilton (Leslie Grossman), detective Jack Samuels (Colton Haynes), Trump-supporter Gary Longstreet (Chaz Bono) and Ivy.", "American Horror Story: Murder House â€“ Murphy on American Horror Story's second season.[13]", "American Horror Story On January 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a ninth season, set to air in 2019.[9]", "American Horror Story: Freak Show In 1960, Elsa is now a household name with her very own TV show and multiple hit songs, yet she is not entirely happy with her life. When asked to perform for Halloween, Elsa refuses and meets with her old flame Massimo Dolcefino (Danny Huston). Massimo refuses to run away with her and tells her that he is dying. That night, the president of WBN tells Elsa that a copy of her snuff film has surfaced and her involvement with a freak show whose members (she is shocked to hear) were all murdered has been discovered, and this will ruin her career and marriage. She agrees to perform on Halloween, summoning Edward Mordrake and his troupe, who kills her. During the telecast, Desiree is married with two children, and a pregnant Bette and Dot are happily married to Jimmy. Instead of taking her to Hell, Mordrake banishes Elsa to a reincarnation of her freak show, where all of her deceased freaks now reside and she finally finds happiness with her true family.", "American Horror Story: Apocalypse In October 2017, it was announced that series mainstay Sarah Paulson would return for the season. In March 2018, it was announced that Kathy Bates and Evan Peters would also return, leading the season with Paulson.[6] In April 2018, Joan Collins joined the cast as the grandmother of Peters' character.[18] In April and May 2018, Cult alumni Adina Porter, Cheyenne Jackson, Billy Eichner, Leslie Grossman, and Billie Lourd were also confirmed to return.[9][10]", "American Horror Story For the seventh season, Paulson and Peters were set to return to the series, as announced during the Winter 2017 TCA Press Tour.[71] Billie Lourd, who made her breakout appearance with Murphy in 2015, was confirmed to join the main cast in April, while Jackson was the next series regular to return in the next month.[72][73][74] In June, Alison Pill was announced to co-star in the season, portraying the partner of Paulson's character.[75]", "Supernatural (season 6) In the United States the season aired on Fridays at 9:00 pm (ET) on The CW television network.[2] Special guest stars in this season included Brian Doyle-Murray and Robert Englund.", "House (season 6) Final diagnosis: Blastomycosis (Dibala) and Phantom Limb (Murphy)" ]	[ "American Horror Story: Roanoke American Horror Story: Roanoke is the sixth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story. It premiered on September 14, 2016, marking the first time the series has debuted outside of October, and concluded on November 16, 2016." ]
test2262	who gave the famous objective co relative theory	[ "doc78406" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc78406", "doc78407", "doc1177027", "doc1177036", "doc113895", "doc1333432", "doc113883", "doc254063", "doc1333433", "doc1096220", "doc1129262", "doc1177024", "doc78409", "doc1177025", "doc2041711", "doc2242346", "doc959872", "doc78413", "doc1654071", "doc2041712", "doc1177026", "doc1333457", "doc254080", "doc78405", "doc150188", "doc1110687", "doc959838", "doc2598019", "doc1333449", "doc1697791", "doc2562961", "doc1350397", "doc1333456", "doc2093345", "doc1215501", "doc1333454", "doc1398778", "doc2614389", "doc1898515", "doc113891", "doc1104773", "doc113893", "doc1140110", "doc1242227", "doc1177030", "doc78408", "doc2009000", "doc2505019", "doc1605474", "doc1177023", "doc404483", "doc837626", "doc995609", "doc865135", "doc1989344", "doc1177037", "doc2021313", "doc254062", "doc1104790", "doc1104758", "doc723171", "doc1350412", "doc837635", "doc1705515", "doc2264998", "doc2488031", "doc2359479", "doc2281718", "doc559680", "doc2315697", "doc837637", "doc1758533", "doc2361047", "doc1392080", "doc2041713", "doc1665496", "doc2035870", "doc476499", "doc2359478", "doc1355416", "doc884519", "doc2270375", "doc1736304", "doc580061", "doc724689", "doc1216299", "doc1391793", "doc254097", "doc994145", "doc504416", "doc1266780", "doc18291", "doc949654", "doc1140112", "doc1858367", "doc35689", "doc2594986", "doc1824577", "doc254091", "doc2315680" ]	[ "Objective correlative The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot, who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics. Helping define the objective correlative, Eliot's essay \"Hamlet and His Problems\",[1] republished in his book The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare's incomplete development of Hamlet's emotions in the play Hamlet. Eliot uses Lady Macbeth's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative : \"The artistic 'inevitability' lies in this complete adequacy of the external to the emotion….\" , as a contrast to Hamlet. According to Eliot, the feelings of Hamlet are not sufficiently supported by the story and the other characters surrounding him. The objective correlative's purpose is to express the character's emotions by showing rather than describing feelings as discussed earlier by Plato and referred to by Peter Barry in his book Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory as \"...perhaps little more than the ancient distinction (first made by Plato) between mimesis and diegesis….\" (28). According to Formalist critics, this action of creating an emotion through external factors and evidence linked together and thus forming an objective correlative should produce an author's detachment from the depicted character and unite the emotion of the literary work. The \"occasion\" of E. Montale is a further form of correlative.", "Objective correlative The term was first coined by the American painter and poet Washington Allston(1779-1843), was introduced by T.S.Eliot, rather casually, into his essay \"Hamlet and His Problems\" (1919);its subsequent vogue in literary criticism, Eliot said, astonished him. In \"Hamlet and His Problems\",[2] Eliot used the term exclusively to refer to his claimed artistic mechanism whereby emotion is evoked in the audience:", "Theory of relativity The term \"theory of relativity\" was based on the expression \"relative theory\" (German: Relativtheorie) used in 1906 by Planck, who emphasized how the theory uses the principle of relativity. In the discussion section of the same paper, Alfred Bucherer used for the first time the expression \"theory of relativity\" (German: RelativitÃ¤tstheorie).[6][7]", "Theory of relativity Einstein stated that the theory of relativity belongs to a class of \"principle-theories\". As such, it employs an analytic method, which means that the elements of this theory are not based on hypothesis but on empirical discovery. By observing natural processes, we understand their general characteristics, devise mathematical models to describe what we observed, and by analytical means we deduce the necessary conditions that have to be satisfied. Measurement of separate events must satisfy these conditions and match the theory's conclusions.[2]", "Psychoanalysis The term \"intersubjectivity\" was introduced in psychoanalysis by George E. Atwood and Robert Stolorow (1984). Intersubjective approaches emphasize how both personality development and the therapeutic process are influenced by the interrelationship between the patient's subjective perspective and that of others. The authors of the interpersonal-relational and intersubjective approaches: Otto Rank, Heinz Kohut, Stephen A. Mitchell, Jessica Benjamin, Bernard Brandchaft, J. Fosshage, Donna M.Orange, Arnold \"Arnie\" Mindell, Thomas Ogden, Owen Renik, Irwin Z. Hoffman, Harold Searles, Colwyn Trevarthen, Edgar A. Levenson, Jay Greenberg, Edward R. Ritvo, Beatrice Beebe, Frank M. Lachmann, Herbert Rosenfeld and Daniel Stern.", "Cultural relativism It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: \"civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes\".[1] However, Boas did not coin the term. Neither did the 21st century relativist James Lawrence Wray-Miller.", "Psychoanalysis Object relations theory attempts to explain the ups and downs of human relationships through a study of how internal representations of the self and others are organized. The clinical symptoms that suggest object relations problems (typically developmental delays throughout life) include disturbances in an individual's capacity to feel warmth, empathy, trust, sense of security, identity stability, consistent emotional closeness, and stability in relationships with significant others. (It is not suggested that one should trust everyone, for example.) Concepts regarding internal representations (also sometimes termed, \"introspects\", \"self and object representations\", or \"internalization of self and other\") although often attributed to Melanie Klein, were actually first mentioned by Sigmund Freud in his early concepts of drive theory (Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905). Freud's 1917 paper \"Mourning and Melancholia\", for example, hypothesized that unresolved grief was caused by the survivor's internalized image of the deceased becoming fused with that of the survivor, and then the survivor shifting unacceptable anger toward the deceased onto the now complex self-image.[47]", "Linguistic relativity The idea was first clearly expressed by 19th-century thinkers, such as Wilhelm von Humboldt, who saw language as the expression of the spirit of a nation. Members of the early 20th-century school of American anthropology headed by Franz Boas and Edward Sapir also embraced forms of the idea to one extent or another, including in a 1928 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America,[3] but Sapir in particular wrote more often against than in favor of anything like linguistic determinism. Sapir's student, Benjamin Lee Whorf, came to be seen as the primary proponent as a result of his published observations of how he perceived linguistic differences to have consequences in human cognition and behavior. Harry Hoijer, one of Sapir's students, introduced the term \"Sapirâ€“Whorf hypothesis\",[4] even though the two scholars never formally advanced any such hypothesis.[5] A strong version of relativist theory was developed from the late 1920s by the German linguist Leo Weisgerber. Whorf's principle of linguistic relativity was reformulated as a testable hypothesis by Roger Brown and Eric Lenneberg who conducted experiments designed to find out whether color perception varies between speakers of languages that classified colors differently. As the study of the universal nature of human language and cognition came into focus in the 1960s the idea of linguistic relativity fell out of favor among linguists. A 1969 study by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay demonstrated the existence of universal semantic constraints in the field of colour terminology which were widely seen to discredit the existence of linguistic relativity in this domain, although this conclusion has been disputed by relativist researchers.", "Cultural relativism The first use of the term recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary was by philosopher and social theorist Alain Locke in 1924 to describe Robert Lowie's \"extreme cultural relativism\", found in the latter's 1917 book Culture and Ethnology.[2] The term became common among anthropologists after Boas' death in 1942, to express their synthesis of a number of ideas Boas had developed. Boas believed that the sweep of cultures, to be found in connection with any sub species, is so vast and pervasive that there cannot be a relationship between cultures and races.[3] Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims. Whether or not these claims necessitate a specific ethical stance is a matter of debate. This principle should not be confused with moral relativism.", "Tradition and the Individual Talent Another essay found in Selected Essays relates to this notion of the impersonal poet. In \"Hamlet and His Problems\" Eliot presents the phrase \"objective correlative.\" The theory is that the expression of emotion in art can be achieved by a specific, and almost formulaic, prescription of a set of objects, including events and situations. A particular emotion is created by presenting its correlated objective sign. The author is depersonalised in this conception, since he is the mere effecter of the sign. And, it is the sign, and not the poet, which creates emotion.", "Attribution (psychology) Gestalt psychologist Fritz Heider is often described as the \"father of attribution theory\",[3] during the early years of the 20th century.", "Theory of relativity The theory transformed theoretical physics and astronomy during the 20th century, superseding a 200-year-old theory of mechanics created primarily by Isaac Newton.[3][4][5] It introduced concepts including spacetime as a unified entity of space and time, relativity of simultaneity, kinematic and gravitational time dilation, and length contraction. In the field of physics, relativity improved the science of elementary particles and their fundamental interactions, along with ushering in the nuclear age. With relativity, cosmology and astrophysics predicted extraordinary astronomical phenomena such as neutron stars, black holes, and gravitational waves.[3][4][5]", "Objective correlative One possible criticism of Eliot's theory includes his assumption that an author's intentions concerning expression will be understood in one way only. This point is stated by Balachandra Rajan as quoted in David A. Goldfarb's \"New Reference Works in Literary Theory\"[3] with these words: \"Eliot argues that there is a verbal formula for any given state of emotion which, when found and used, will evoke that state and no other.\"", "Theory of relativity Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity in 1905, building on many theoretical results and empirical findings obtained by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work.", "Literary modernism In the 1880s increased attention was given to the idea that it was necessary to push aside previous norms entirely, instead of merely revising past knowledge in light of contemporary techniques. The theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), and Ernst Mach (1838–1916) influenced early Modernist literature. Ernst Mach argued that the mind had a fundamental structure, and that subjective experience was based on the interplay of parts of the mind in The Science of Mechanics (1883). Freud's first major work was Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer) (1895). According to Freud, all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. As a philosopher of science, Ernst Mach was a major influence on logical positivism, and through his criticism of Isaac Newton, a forerunner of Einstein's theory of relativity.", "Cosmos Bertrand Russell (1947) noted[8]", "Wilhelm Wundt (2) The Principle of relational analysis (context principle). This principle says that \"every individual mental content receives its meaning through the relationships in which it stands to other mental content.\" [70]", "Objective correlative In the Clint Eastwood movie Jersey Boys, songwriter Bob Gaudio of The 4 Seasons is asked who the girl is in his song Cry For Me. He makes reference to T.S. Eliot's topic, \"the Objective Correlative\", as the subject being every girl, or any girl. In adherence to this reference, the author allows himself the literary license to step outside the scope of his personal experience, and to conjecture about the emotions and responses inherent with the situation, and utilize the third party perspective in the first party presentation.[5]", "Scientific theory In 1905, Albert Einstein published the principle of special relativity, which soon became a theory.[26] Special relativity predictively aligned the Newtonian principle of Galilean invariance, also termed Galilean relativity, with the electromagnetic field.[27] By omitting from special relativity the luminiferous aether, Einstein stated time dilation and length contraction to be expected by an observer measuring an object in relative motion inertial—that is, an objecting exhibiting constant velocity, which is speed with direction, when measured by its observer—and thereby duplicated the Lorentz transformation and the Lorentz contraction that had been inserted into electrodynamic theory as dynamical consequences of the aether's properties hypothesized to resolve experimental riddles. Elegant, special relativity yielded its own consequences,[28] such as the equivalence of mass and energy transforming into one another and the resolution of the paradox that an excitation of the electromagnetic field could be viewed in one reference frame as electricity, but in another as magnetism.", "Literary modernism Many prior theories about epistemology argued that external and absolute reality could impress itself, as it were, on an individual, as, for example, John Locke's (1632–1704) empiricism, which saw the mind beginning as a tabula rasa, a blank slate (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690). Freud's description of subjective states, involving an unconscious mind full of primal impulses and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions, was combined by Carl Jung (1875–1961) with the idea of the collective unconscious, which the conscious mind either fought or embraced. While Charles Darwin's work remade the Aristotelian concept of \"man, the animal\" in the public mind, Jung suggested that human impulses toward breaking social norms were not the product of childishness or ignorance, but rather derived from the essential nature of the human animal.[citation needed]", "Theory of relativity Einstein developed general relativity between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. The final form of general relativity was published in 1916.[3]", "Cultural relativism Boas's student Alfred Kroeber described the rise of the relativist perspective thus:[10]", "Linguistic relativity Drawing on influences such as Humboldt and Friedrich Nietzsche, some European thinkers developed ideas similar to those of Sapir and Whorf, generally working in isolation from each other. Prominent in Germany from the late 1920s through into the 1960s were the strongly relativist theories of Leo Weisgerber and his key concept of a 'linguistic inter-world', mediating between external reality and the forms of a given language, in ways peculiar to that language.[19] Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky read Sapir's work and experimentally studied the ways in which the development of concepts in children was influenced by structures given in language. His 1934 work \"Thought and Language\"[20] has been compared to Whorf's and taken as mutually supportive evidence of language's influence on cognition.[21] Drawing on Nietzsche's ideas of perspectivism Alfred Korzybski developed the theory of general semantics that has been compared to Whorf's notions of linguistic relativity.[22] Though influential in their own right, this work has not been influential in the debate on linguistic relativity, which has tended to center on the American paradigm exemplified by Sapir and Whorf.", "Objective correlative An objective correlative is a literary term referring to an objective as well symbolic article used to correlate explicit, rather than implicit, access to traditionally inexplicable concepts such as emotion or color.", "Psychology Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung, influenced by Freud, elaborated a theory of the collective unconsciousâ€”a primordial force present in all humans, featuring archetypes which exerted a profound influence on the mind. Jung's competing vision formed the basis for analytical psychology, which later led to the archetypal and process-oriented schools. Other well-known psychoanalytic scholars of the mid-20th century include Erik Erikson, Melanie Klein, D. W. Winnicott, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, John Bowlby, and Sigmund Freud's daughter, Anna Freud. Throughout the 20th century, psychoanalysis evolved into diverse schools of thought which could be called Neo-Freudian. Among these schools are ego psychology, object relations, and interpersonal, Lacanian, and relational psychoanalysis.", "David Hume A. J. Ayer, while introducing his classic exposition of logical positivism in 1936, claimed: \"The views which are put forward in this treatise derive from ... doctrines ... which are themselves the logical outcome of the empiricism of Berkeley and David Hume.\"[202] Albert Einstein, in 1915, wrote that he was inspired by Hume's positivism when formulating his theory of special relativity.[203]", "Wilhelm Wundt Development theory of the mind", "Theory Theory is constructed of a set of sentences that are entirely true statements about the subject under consideration. However, the truth of any one of these statements is always relative to the whole theory. Therefore, the same statement may be true with respect to one theory, and not true with respect to another. This is, in ordinary language, where statements such as \"He is a terrible person\" cannot be judged as true or false without reference to some interpretation of who \"He\" is and for that matter what a \"terrible person\" is under the theory.[11]", "Cultural relativism Boas's students drew not only on his engagement with German philosophy. They also engaged the work of contemporary philosophers and scientists, such as Karl Pearson, Ernst Mach, Henri Poincaré, William James and John Dewey in an attempt to move, in the words of Boas's student Robert Lowie, from \"a naively metaphysical to an epistemological stage\" as a basis for revising the methods and theories of anthropology.", "Galileo Galilei Galileo put forward the basic principle of relativity, that the laws of physics are the same in any system that is moving at a constant speed in a straight line, regardless of its particular speed or direction. Hence, there is no absolute motion or absolute rest. This principle provided the basic framework for Newton's laws of motion and is central to Einstein's special theory of relativity.", "Karl Popper Popper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method, was highly \"risky\", in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which were, in the light of the then-dominant Newtonian physics, highly improbable (e.g., that light is deflected towards solid bodiesâ€”confirmed by Eddington's experiments in 1919), and which would, if they turned out to be false, falsify the whole theory. In contrast, nothing could, even in principle, falsify psychoanalytic theories. He thus came to the conclusion that psychoanalytic theories had more in common with primitive myths than with genuine science.[11]", "Karl Mannheim One of the founding fathers of the sociology of knowledge", "Cultural relativism It is my opinion that the main object of ethnological collections should be the dissemination of the fact that civilization is not something absolute, but that it is relative, and that our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes.[8]", "Modern physics German physicist Albert Einstein, founder of the theory of relativity", "Talcott Parsons Generally, Parsons maintained that his inspiration regarding analytical realism had been Lawrence Joseph Henderson and Alfred North Whitehead[167] although he might have gotten the idea much earlier. It is important for Parsons' \"analytical realism\" to insist on the reference to an objective reality since he repeatedly highlighted that his concept of \"analytical realism\" was very different from the \"fictionalism\" of Hans Vaihiger (Hans Vaihinger):[168] \"We must start with the assertion that all knowledge which purports to be valid in anything like the scientific sense presumes both the reality of object known and of a knower. I think we can go beyond that and say that there must be a community of knowers who are able to communicate with each other. Without such a presupposition it would seem difficult to avoid the pitfall of solipsism. The so-called natural sciences do not, however, impute the \"status of knowing subjects\" to the objects with which they deal.\"[169]", "Cultural relativism It is only since the development of the evolutional theory that it became clear that the object of study is the individual, not abstractions from the individual under observation. We have to study each ethnological specimen individually in its history and in its medium ... By regarding a single implement outside of its surroundings, outside of other inventions of the people to whom it belongs, and outside of other phenomena affecting that people and its productions, we cannot understand its meanings ... Our objection ... is, that classification is not explanation.[8]", "Social constructionism The stronger first position, however, is more-or-less an inevitable corollary of Willard Van Orman Quine's concept of ontological relativity, and particularly of the Duhem-Quine thesis. That is, according to Quine and like-minded thinkers (who are not usually characterized as social constructionists) there is no single privileged explanatory framework that is closest to \"the things themselves\"—every theory has merit only in proportion to its explanatory power.[10]", "Absolute space and time Originally introduced by Sir Isaac Newton in Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, the concepts of absolute time and space provided a theoretical foundation that facilitated Newtonian mechanics.[3] According to Newton, absolute time and space respectively are independent aspects of objective reality:[4]", "New Criticism New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object. The movement derived its name from John Crowe Ransom's 1941 book The New Criticism. The work of English scholar I. A. Richards, especially his Practical Criticism and The Meaning of Meaning, which offered what was claimed to be an empirical scientific approach, were important to the development of New Critical methodology.[1] Also very influential were the critical essays of T. S. Eliot, such as \"Tradition and the Individual Talent\" and \"Hamlet and His Problems\", in which Eliot developed his notion of the \"objective correlative\". Eliot's evaluative judgments, such as his condemnation of Milton and Shelley, his liking for the so-called metaphysical poets and his insistence that poetry must be impersonal, greatly influenced the formation of the New Critical canon.", "Psychoanalysis Feminist theories of psychoanalysis emerged towards the second half of the 20th century, in an effort to articulate the feminine, the maternal and sexual difference and development from the point of view of female subjects. For Freud, male is subject and female is object. For Freud, Winnicott and the object relations theories, the mother is structured as the object of the infant's rejection (Freud) and destruction (Winnicott). For Lacan, the \"woman\" can either accept the phallic symbolic as an object or incarnate a lack in the symbolic dimension that informs the structure of the human subject. Feminist psychoanalysis is mainly post-Freudian and post-Lacanian with theorists like Toril Moi, Joan Copjec, Juliet Mitchell,[53] Teresa Brennan[54] and Griselda Pollock that rethinks Art and Mythology[55] following French feminist psychoanalysis,[56] the gaze and sexual difference in, of and from the feminine.[57] French theorists like Luce Irigaray challenges the phallogocentrism.[58][59] Bracha Ettinger offers a \"matrixial\" subject's dimension that brings into account the prenatal stage (matrixial connectivity)[60] and suggests a feminine-maternal Eros, matrixial gaze and Primal mother-phantasies.[61] Jessica Benjamin addresses the question of the feminine and love.[62] Feminist psychoanalysis informs and includes gender, queer and post-feminist theories.", "Benjamin Lee Whorf Sapir had a profound influence on Whorf's thinking. Sapir's earliest writings had espoused views of the relation between thought and language stemming from the Humboldtian tradition he acquired through Franz Boas, which regarded language as the historical embodiment of volksgeist, or ethnic world view. But Sapir had since become influenced by a current of logical positivism, such as that of Bertrand Russell and the early Ludwig Wittgenstein, particularly through Ogden and Richards' The Meaning of Meaning, from which he adopted the view that natural language potentially obscures, rather than facilitates, the mind to perceive and describe the world as it really is. In this view, proper perception could only be accomplished through formal logics. During his stay at Yale, Whorf acquired this current of thought partly from Sapir and partly through his own readings of Russell and Ogden and Richards.[10] As Whorf became more influenced by positivist science he also distanced himself from some approaches to language and meaning that he saw as lacking in rigor and insight. One of these was Polish philosopher Alfred Korzybski's General semantics, which was espoused in the US by Stuart Chase. Chase admired Whorf's work and frequently sought out a reluctant Whorf, who considered Chase to be \"utterly incompetent by training and background to handle such a subject.\"[19] Ironically, Chase would later write the foreword for Carroll's collection of Whorf's writings.", "Psychoanalysis Relational psychoanalysis combines interpersonal psychoanalysis with object-relations theory and with inter-subjective theory as critical for mental health. It was introduced by Stephen Mitchell.[64] Relational psychoanalysis stresses how the individual's personality is shaped by both real and imagined relationships with others, and how these relationship patterns are re-enacted in the interactions between analyst and patient. In New York, key proponents of relational psychoanalysis include Lew Aron, Jessica Benjamin, and Adrienne Harris. Fonagy and Target, in London, have propounded their view of the necessity of helping certain detached, isolated patients, develop the capacity for \"mentalization\" associated with thinking about relationships and themselves. Arietta Slade, Susan Coates, and Daniel Schechter in New York have additionally contributed to the application of relational psychoanalysis to treatment of the adult patient-as-parent, the clinical study of mentalization in parent-infant relationships, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment and trauma.", "Philosophy of space and time Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity. This principle holds that the rules of physics must be the same for all observers, regardless of the frame of reference that is used, and that light propagates at the same speed in all reference frames. This theory was motivated by Maxwell's equations, which show that electromagnetic waves propagate in a vacuum at the speed of light. However, Maxwell's equations give no indication of what this speed is relative to. Prior to Einstein, it was thought that this speed was relative to a fixed medium, called the luminiferous ether. In contrast, the theory of special relativity postulates that light propagates at the speed of light in all inertial frames, and examines the implications of this postulate.", "Modernism Influential in the early days of modernism were the theories of Sigmund Freud (1856â€“1939). Freud's first major work was Studies on Hysteria (with Josef Breuer, 1895). Central to Freud's thinking is the idea \"of the primacy of the unconscious mind in mental life,\" so that all subjective reality was based on the play of basic drives and instincts, through which the outside world was perceived. Freud's description of subjective states involved an unconscious mind full of primal impulses, and counterbalancing self-imposed restrictions derived from social values.[19]:538", "Theory of relativity Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime. It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\" (for the contributions of many other physicists see History of special relativity). Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics:", "Objective correlative It seems to be in deference to this principle that Eliot famously described the play Hamlet as \"most certainly an artistic failure\": Eliot felt that Hamlet's strong emotions \"exceeded the facts\" of the play, which is to say they were not supported by an \"objective correlative\". He acknowledged that such a circumstance is \"something which every person of sensibility has known\"; but felt that in trying to represent it dramatically, \"Shakespeare tackled a problem which proved too much for him\".", "Robert Nozick In his 2001 work, Invariances, Nozick introduces his theory of truth, in which he leans towards a deflationary theory of truth, but argues that objectivity arises through being invariant under various transformations. For instance, space-time is a significant objective fact because an interval involving both temporal and spatial separation is invariant, whereas no simpler interval involving only temporal or only spatial separation is invariant under Lorentz transformations. Nozick argues that invariances, and hence objectivity itself, emerged through a theory of evolutionary cosmology across possible worlds.[24]", "History of general relativity In the early years after Einstein's theory was published, Sir Arthur Eddington lent his considerable prestige in the British scientific establishment in an effort to champion the work of this German scientist. Because the theory was so complex and abstruse (even today it is popularly considered the pinnacle of scientific thinking; in the early years it was even more so), it was rumored that only three people in the world understood it. There was an illuminating, though probably apocryphal, anecdote about this. As related by Ludwik Silberstein,[19] during one of Eddington's lectures he asked \"Professor Eddington, you must be one of three persons in the world who understands general relativity.\" Eddington paused, unable to answer. Silberstein continued \"Don't be modest, Eddington!\" Finally, Eddington replied \"On the contrary, I'm trying to think who the third person is.\"", "Stream of consciousness (narrative mode) In literary criticism, stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind.[1] The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his The Principles of Psychology, and in 1918 the novelist May Sinclair (1863–1946) first applied the term stream of consciousness, in a literary context, when discussing Dorothy Richardson's (1873–1957) novels. Pointed Roofs (1915), the first work in Richardson's series of 13 semi-autobiographical novels titled Pilgrimage,[2] is the first complete stream of consciousness novel published in English. However, in 1934, Richardson comments that \"Proust, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf & D.R. ... were all using 'the new method', though very differently, simultaneously\".[3]", "Theory of relativity The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity.[1] Special relativity applies to elementary particles and their interactions, describing all their physical phenomena except gravity. General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature.[2] It applies to the cosmological and astrophysical realm, including astronomy.[3]", "Proto-Cubism Poincaré postulated that the laws believed to govern matter were created solely by the minds that 'understood' them and that no theory could be considered 'true'. \"The things themselves are not what science can reach..., but only the relations between things. Outside of these relations there is no knowable reality\", Poincaré wrote in his 1902 Science and Hypothesis.[2]", "Special relativity It was originally proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in the paper \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\".[1] The inconsistency of Newtonian mechanics with Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism and the lack of experimental confirmation for a hypothesized luminiferous aether led to the development of special relativity, which corrects mechanics to handle situations involving motions at a significant fraction of the speed of light (known as relativistic velocities). As of today, special relativity is the most accurate model of motion at any speed when gravitational effects are negligible. Even so, the Newtonian mechanics model is still useful (due to its simplicity and high accuracy) as an approximation at small velocities relative to the speed of light.", "Psychoanalytic theory Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of personality organization and the dynamics of personality development that guides psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology. First laid out by Sigmund Freud in the late 19th century, psychoanalytic theory has undergone many refinements since his work. Psychoanalytic theory came to full prominence in the last third of the twentieth century as part of the flow of critical discourse regarding psychological treatments after the 1960s, long after Freud's death in 1939,[1] and its validity is now widely disputed or rejected.[2][3] Freud had ceased his analysis of the brain and his physiological studies and shifted his focus to the study of the mind and the related psychological attributes making up the mind, and on treatment using free association and the phenomena of transference. His study emphasized the recognition of childhood events that could influence the mental functioning of adults. His examination of the genetic and then the developmental aspects gave the psychoanalytic theory its characteristics.[4] Starting with his publication of The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899, his theories began to gain prominence.", "I. A. Richards II. The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism (1923) presents the triadic theory of semiotics that depends upon psychological theory, and so anticipates the importance of psychology in the exercise of literary criticism. Semioticians, such as Umberto Eco, acknowledged that the methodology of the triadic theory of semiotics improved upon the methodology of the dyadic theory of semiotics presented by Ferdinand de Saussure (1857â€“1913).", "Georg Simmel Objectivity may also be defined as freedom: the objective individual is bound by no commitments which could prejudice his perception, understanding, and evaluation of the given.", "Theory of relativity Relativity is a falsifiable theory: It makes predictions that can be tested by experiment. In the case of special relativity, these include the principle of relativity, the constancy of the speed of light, and time dilation.[11] The predictions of special relativity have been confirmed in numerous tests since Einstein published his paper in 1905, but three experiments conducted between 1881 and 1938 were critical to its validation. These are the Michelson–Morley experiment, the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment, and the Ives–Stilwell experiment. Einstein derived the Lorentz transformations from first principles in 1905, but these three experiments allow the transformations to be induced from experimental evidence.", "Universe The modern era of physical cosmology began in 1917, when Albert Einstein first applied his general theory of relativity to model the structure and dynamics of the Universe.[160]", "Linguistic relativity The term \"Sapirâ€“Whorf hypothesis\" is considered a misnomer by linguists for several reasons: Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf never co-authored any works, and never stated their ideas in terms of a hypothesis. The distinction between a weak and a strong version of this hypothesis is also a later invention; Sapir and Whorf never set up such a dichotomy, although often in their writings their views of this relativity principle are phrased in stronger or weaker terms.[1][2]", "Benjamin Lee Whorf Whorf and Sapir both drew explicitly on Albert Einstein's principle of general relativity; hence linguistic relativity refers to the concept of grammatical and semantic categories of a specific language providing a frame of reference as a medium through which observations are made.[2][65] Following an original observation by Boas, Sapir demonstrated that speakers of a given language perceive sounds that are acoustically different as the same, if the sound comes from the underlying phoneme and does not contribute to changes in semantic meaning. Furthermore, speakers of languages are attentive to sounds, particularly if the same two sounds come from different phonemes. Such differentiation is an example of how various observational frames of reference leads to different patterns of attention and perception.[66]", "Benjamin Lee Whorf Benjamin Lee Whorf (/hwɔːrf/; April 24, 1897 – July 26, 1941) was an American linguist and fire prevention engineer.[1] Whorf is widely known as an advocate for the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world. This principle has frequently been called the \"Sapir–Whorf hypothesis\", after him and his mentor Edward Sapir, but Whorf called it the principle of linguistic relativity, because he saw the idea as having implications similar to Einstein's principle of physical relativity.[2]", "William James Along with Charles Sanders Peirce and John Dewey, James is considered to be one of the major figures associated with the philosophical school known as pragmatism, and is also cited as one of the founders of functional psychology. A Review of General Psychology analysis, published in 2002, ranked James as the 14th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.[7] A survey published in American Psychologist in 1991 ranked James's reputation in second place,[8] after Wilhelm Wundt, who is widely regarded as the founder of experimental psychology.[9][10] James also developed the philosophical perspective known as radical empiricism. James' work has influenced intellectuals such as Émile Durkheim, W. E. B. Du Bois, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Hilary Putnam, and Richard Rorty,[11] and has even influenced Presidents, such as Jimmy Carter.", "Karl Mannheim In this essay, Mannheim introduces \"the hermeneutic problem of the relationship between the whole and the parts\". He argues the differences between art, the natural sciences, and philosophy \"with respect to truth claims\", stating science always tries to disprove one theory, where art never does this and can coexist in more than one worldview; philosophy falls in between the two extremes. Mannheim posits the \"danger of relativism\", in which historical process yields cultural product; \"if thought to be relative to a historical period, it may be unavailable to a historical period\"[4]", "Special relativity Following Einstein's original presentation of special relativity in 1905, many different sets of postulates have been proposed in various alternative derivations.[14] However, the most common set of postulates remains those employed by Einstein in his original paper. A more mathematical statement of the Principle of Relativity made later by Einstein, which introduces the concept of simplicity not mentioned above is:", "Lawrence Kohlberg Lawrence Kohlberg (/ˈkoʊlbɜːrɡ/; October 25, 1927 – January 19, 1987) was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development. He served as a professor in the Psychology Department at the University of Chicago and at the Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. Even though it was considered unusual in his era, he decided to study the topic of moral judgment, extending Jean Piaget's account of children's moral development from twenty-five years earlier.[1] In fact, it took Kohlberg five years before he was able to publish an article based on his views.[1] Kohlberg's work reflected and extended not only Piaget's findings but also the theories of philosophers George Herbert Mead and James Mark Baldwin.[2] At the same time he was creating a new field within psychology: \"moral development\". In an empirical study using six criteria, such as citations and recognition, Kohlberg was found to be the 30th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.[3]", "Verificationism Seeking grounding in such empiricism as of David Hume,[5] Auguste Comte, and Ernst Mach—along with the positivism of the latter two—they borrowed some perspectives from Immanuel Kant, and found the exemplar of science to be Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.", "Meaning (philosophy of language) Coherence theories distinguish the thought of rationalist philosophers, particularly of Spinoza, Leibniz, and G.W.F. Hegel, along with the British philosopher F.H. Bradley.[18] Other alternatives may be found among several proponents of logical positivism, notably Otto Neurath and Carl Hempel.", "Relative deprivation In one of the first formal definitions of the relative deprivation, Walter Runciman noted that there are four preconditions of relative deprivation[11] (of object X by person A):", "Analytic philosophy Since its beginning, a basic goal of analytic philosophy has been conceptual clarity,[15] in the name of which Moore and Russell rejected Hegelianism for being obscure — see for example Moore's \"A Defence of Common Sense\" and Russell's critique of the doctrine of internal relations.[16] Inspired by developments in modern logic, the early Russell claimed that the problems of philosophy can be solved by showing the simple constituents of complex notions.[15] An important aspect of British idealism was logical holism — the opinion that there are aspects of the world that can be known only by knowing the whole world. This is closely related to the opinion that relations between items are internal relations, that is, properties of the nature of those items. Russell, along with Wittgenstein, in response promulgated logical atomism and the doctrine of external relations — the belief that the world consists of independent facts.[17]", "Franz Boas Boas also introduced the ideology of cultural relativism, which holds that cultures cannot be objectively ranked as higher or lower, or better or more correct, but that all humans see the world through the lens of their own culture, and judge it according to their own culturally acquired norms. For Boas, the object of anthropology was to understand the way in which culture conditioned people to understand and interact with the world in different ways and to do this it was necessary to gain an understanding of the language and cultural practices of the people studied. By uniting the disciplines of archaeology, the study of material culture and history, and physical anthropology, the study of variation in human anatomy, with ethnology, the study of cultural variation of customs, and descriptive linguistics, the study of unwritten indigenous languages, Boas created the four field subdivision of anthropology which became prominent in American anthropology in the 20th century.[6]", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Until the discovery of subatomic particles and the quantum mechanics governing them, many of Leibniz's speculative ideas about aspects of nature not reducible to statics and dynamics made little sense. For instance, he anticipated Albert Einstein by arguing, against Newton, that space, time and motion are relative, not absolute: \"As for my own opinion, I have said more than once, that I hold space to be something merely relative, as time is, that I hold it to be an order of coexistences, as time is an order of successions.\"[103]", "Special relativity Henri Poincaré provided the mathematical framework for relativity theory by proving that Lorentz transformations are a subset of his Poincaré group of symmetry transformations. Einstein later derived these transformations from his axioms.", "Fact Engel's version of the correspondence theory of truth explains that what makes a sentence true is that it corresponds to a fact.[16] This theory presupposes the existence of an objective world.", "University of London Albert Einstein (1936), Theoretical physicist and Recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921", "World view Edward Sapir (1884â€“1939) also gives an account of the relationship between thinking and speaking in English.[7]", "Literary modernism Another major precursor of modernism[4] was Friedrich Nietzsche, especially his idea that psychological drives, specifically the \"will to power\", were more important than facts, or things. Henri Bergson (1859–1941), on the other hand, emphasized the difference between scientific clock time and the direct, subjective, human experience of time.[5] His work on time and consciousness \"had a great influence on twentieth-century novelists,\" especially those modernists who used the stream of consciousness technique, such as Dorothy Richardson for the book Pointed Roofs (1915), James Joyce for Ulysses (1922) and Virginia Woolf (1882–1941) for Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927).[6] Also important in Bergson's philosophy was the idea of élan vital, the life force, which \"brings about the creative evolution of everything.\"[7] His philosophy also placed a high value on intuition, though without rejecting the importance of the intellect.[7] These various thinkers were united by a distrust of Victorian positivism and certainty.[citation needed] Modernism as a literary movement can also be seen as a reaction to industrialization, urbanization and new technologies.", "Realism (international relations) Gideon Rose is responsible for coining the term in a book review he wrote.[13]", "English literature English literary modernism developed in the early twentieth-century out of a general sense of disillusionment with Victorian era attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and belief in the idea of objective truth.[133] The movement was influenced by the ideas of Charles Darwin (1809–82), Ernst Mach (1838–1916), Henri Bergson (1859–1941), Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), James G. Frazer (1854–1941), Karl Marx (1818–83) (Das Kapital, 1867), and the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), among others.[134] The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, were also important.[135] Important literary precursors of modernism, were: Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–81) ( Walt Whitman (1819–92); Charles Baudelaire (1821–67); Rimbaud (1854–91); August Strindberg (1849–1912).[136]", "Social science Karl Marx rejected Comte's positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a science of society based on historical materialism, becoming recognized as a founding figure of sociology posthumously as the term gained broader meaning. Around the start of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognized as an amalgam of three modes of social thought in particular: Durkheimian positivism and structural functionalism; Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory; and Weberian antipositivism and verstehen analysis. American sociology broadly arose on a separate trajectory, with little Marxist influence, an emphasis on rigorous experimental methodology, and a closer association with pragmatism and social psychology. In the 1920s, the Chicago school developed symbolic interactionism. Meanwhile, in the 1930s, the Frankfurt School pioneered the idea of critical theory, an interdisciplinary form of Marxist sociology drawing upon thinkers as diverse as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after World War II, influencing literary criticism and the Birmingham School establishment of cultural studies.", "Relative deprivation American sociologist Robert K. Merton was among the first (if not the first) to use the concept of relative deprivation in order to understand social deviance, using French sociologist Emile Durkheim's concept of anomie as a starting point.[citation needed]", "Inertial frame of reference Newton enunciated a principle of relativity himself in one of his corollaries to the laws of motion:[38][39]", "Western culture Albert Einstein, German theoretical physicist", "Many-worlds interpretation The original relative state formulation is due to Hugh Everett in 1957.[3][4] Later, this formulation was popularized and renamed many-worlds by Bryce Seligman DeWitt in the 1960s and 1970s.[1][5][6][7] The decoherence approaches to interpreting quantum theory have been further explored and developed,[8][9][10] becoming quite popular. MWI is one of many multiverse hypotheses in physics and philosophy. It is currently considered a mainstream interpretation along with the other decoherence interpretations, collapse theories (including the historical Copenhagen interpretation),[11] and hidden variable theories such as the Bohmian mechanics.", "Free association (psychology) Other potential influences in the development of this technique include Husserl's version of epoche[6] and the work of Sir Francis Galton. It has been argued that Galton is the progenitor of free association, and that Freud adopted the technique from Galton's reports published in the journal Brain, of which Freud was a subscriber.[7] Free association also shares some features with the idea of stream of consciousness, employed by writers such as Virginia Woolf and Marcel Proust: \"all stream-of-consciousness fiction is greatly dependent on the principles of free association\".[8]", "Herbert Blumer In 1939, Blumer published Critiques of Research in the Social Sciences: An Appraisal of Thomas and Znaniecki's The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, criticizing what at the time was a popular social theory.[10] Blumer claimed that Thomas and Znaniecki failed to properly distinguish between attitude as subjective and value as a societal collective element. He said they used the terms interchangeably, and therefore making the theory unreliable. It is difficult to disentangle subjective factors and objective correlates because the objective world is dealt with only to the extent that it enters subjective experiences.[31] Blumer said,", "Inertia Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity, as proposed in his 1905 paper entitled \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\" was built on the understanding of inertia and inertial reference frames developed by Galileo and Newton. While this revolutionary theory did significantly change the meaning of many Newtonian concepts such as mass, energy, and distance, Einstein's concept of inertia remained unchanged from Newton's original meaning (in fact, the entire theory was based on Newton's definition of inertia). However, this resulted in a limitation inherent in special relativity: the principle of relativity could only apply to reference frames that were inertial in nature (meaning when no acceleration was present). In an attempt to address this limitation, Einstein proceeded to develop his general theory of relativity (\"The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity,\" 1916), which ultimately provided a unified theory for both inertial and noninertial (accelerated) reference frames. However, in order to accomplish this, in general relativity, Einstein found it necessary to redefine several fundamental concepts (such as gravity) in terms of a new concept of \"curvature\" of space-time, instead of the more traditional system of forces understood by Newton.[23]", "Religion and personality Object relations theory's roots lie in children relating or associating different emotions with different people (objects). The children associate these emotions to the objects based on how they currently view the world around them.[13] For example, kids will associate the emotion of something good with mother, and bad with something like criminals. In relating this with religious ideals, it seems natural that the same concept should apply. One's relationship with God should, in theory, be traced back to association.", "Wikipedia:Sociology of Wikipedia via Rorty and Berger Berger looks at the social-psychological processes of people to understand the sociology of knowledge. He calls this the sociology of psychology. He shows how an individual's subjective reality is socially constructed into the individual’s consciousness. He states that this \"construction\" can either be about the \"objective reality\" or subjective correlates. For Berger, objective reality is knowledge generally accepted by society as a whole. The fact that the Earth is round is an example of an objective reality. Subjective correlates are the ways the objective world becomes “real” to the individual. The fact that I personally believe the world round is an example of a subjective correlate.", "Linguistic relativity Lenneberg was also one of the first cognitive scientists to begin development of the Universalist theory of language that was formulated by Chomsky in the form of Universal Grammar, effectively arguing that all languages share the same underlying structure. The Chomskyan school also holds the belief that linguistic structures are largely innate and that what are perceived as differences between specific languages are surface phenomena that do not affect the brain's universal cognitive processes. This theory became the dominant paradigm in American linguistics from the 1960s through the 1980s, while linguistic relativity became the object of ridicule.[35]", "Verstehen Max Weber and Georg Simmel[16] introduced interpretive understanding (Verstehen) into sociology, where it has come to mean a systematic interpretive process in which an outside observer of a culture (such as an anthropologist or sociologist) relates to an indigenous people or sub-cultural group on their own terms and from their own point of view, rather than interpreting them in terms of his or her own culture.[17] Verstehen can mean either a kind of empathic or participatory understanding of social phenomena. In anthropological terms this is sometimes described as cultural relativism, especially by those that have a tendency to argue toward universal ideals. In sociology it is an aspect of the comparative-historical approach, where the context of a society like twelfth century \"France\" can be potentially better understood (Besserverstehen) by the sociologist than it could have been by people living in a village in Burgundy. It relates to how people in life give meaning to the social world around them and how the social scientist accesses and evaluates this \"first-person perspective\". This concept has been both expanded and criticized by later social scientists. Proponents laud this concept as the only means by which researchers from one culture can examine and explain behaviors in another. While the exercise of Verstehen has been more popular among social scientists in Europe, such as Habermas, Verstehen was introduced into the practice of sociology in the United States by Talcott Parsons, an American follower of Max Weber. Parsons used his structural functionalism to incorporate this concept into his 1937 work, The Structure of Social Action.[18]", "Relative dating The principle of Uniformitarianism states that the geologic processes observed in operation that modify the Earth's crust at present have worked in much the same way over geologic time.[2] A fundamental principle of geology advanced by the 18th century Scottish physician and geologist James Hutton, is that \"the present is the key to the past.\" In Hutton's words: \"the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now.\"[3]", "Film \"Film theory\" seeks to develop concise and systematic concepts that apply to the study of film as art. The concept of film as an art-form began with Ricciotto Canudo's The Birth of the Sixth Art. Formalist film theory, led by Rudolf Arnheim, Béla Balázs, and Siegfried Kracauer, emphasized how film differed from reality and thus could be considered a valid fine art. André Bazin reacted against this theory by arguing that film's artistic essence lay in its ability to mechanically reproduce reality, not in its differences from reality, and this gave rise to realist theory. More recent analysis spurred by Jacques Lacan's psychoanalysis and Ferdinand de Saussure's semiotics among other things has given rise to psychoanalytic film theory, structuralist film theory, feminist film theory, and others. On the other hand, critics from the analytical philosophy tradition, influenced by Wittgenstein, try to clarify misconceptions used in theoretical studies and produce analysis of a film's vocabulary and its link to a form of life.", "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interaction was conceived by George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley. Mead argued that people's selves are social products, but that these selves are also purposive and creative, and believed that the true test of any theory was that it was \"useful in solving complex social problems\".[4] Mead's influence was said to be so powerful that sociologists regard him as the one \"true founder\" of the symbolic interactionism tradition. Although Mead taught in a philosophy department, he is best known by sociologists as the teacher who trained a generation of the best minds in their field. Strangely, he never set forth his wide-ranging ideas in a book or systematic treatise. After his death in 1931, his students pulled together class notes and conversations with their mentor and published Mind, Self and Society in his name.[4] It is a common misconception that John Dewey was the leader of this sociological theory; according to The Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism, Mead was undoubtedly the individual who \"transformed the inner structure of the theory, moving it to a higher level of theoretical complexity\".[5] Mind, Self and Society is the book published by Mead's students based on his lectures and teaching, and the title of the book highlights the core concept of social interactionism. The mind refers to an individual's ability to use symbols to create meanings for the world around him. Individuals use language and thought to accomplish this goal. Self refers to an individual's ability to reflect on the way that he/she is perceived by others. Finally, society, according to Mead is where all of these interactions are taking place. A general description of Mead's compositions portray how outside social structures, classes, and power and abuse affect the advancement of self personality for gatherings verifiably denied of the ability to characterize themselves.[6]", "Branches of physics The theory of special relativity was proposed in 1905 by Albert Einstein in his article \"On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies\". The title of the article refers to the fact that special relativity resolves an inconsistency between Maxwell's equations and classical mechanics. The theory is based on two postulates: (1) that the mathematical forms of the laws of physics are invariant in all inertial systems; and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant and independent of the source or observer. Reconciling the two postulates requires a unification of space and time into the frame-dependent concept of spacetime.", "Philosophy of space and time Einstein generalized relativity to frames of reference that were non-inertial. He achieved this by positing the Equivalence Principle, which states that the force felt by an observer in a given gravitational field and that felt by an observer in an accelerating frame of reference are indistinguishable. This led to the conclusion that the mass of an object warps the geometry of the space-time surrounding it, as described in Einstein's field equations.", "General relativity General relativity (GR, also known as the general theory of relativity or GTR) is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and the current description of gravitation in modern physics. General relativity generalizes special relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, providing a unified description of gravity as a geometric property of space and time, or spacetime. In particular, the curvature of spacetime is directly related to the energy and momentum of whatever matter and radiation are present. The relation is specified by the Einstein field equations, a system of partial differential equations.", "Time Einstein wrote in his book, Relativity, that simultaneity is also relative, i.e., two events that appear simultaneous to an observer in a particular inertial reference frame need not be judged as simultaneous by a second observer in a different inertial frame of reference.", "Metaphysics Analytical philosophy was spearheaded by Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore. Russell and William James tried to compromise between idealism and materialism with the theory of neutral monism.", "Jewish culture Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist and is considered as one of the most prominent scientists in history, often regarded as the \"father of modern physics\". His revolutionary work on the relativity theory transformed theoretical physics and astronomy during the 20th century. When first published, relativity superseded a 200-year-old theory of mechanics created primarily by Isaac Newton.[40][41][42] In the field of physics, relativity improved the science of elementary particles and their fundamental interactions, along with ushering in the nuclear age. With relativity, cosmology and astrophysics predicted extraordinary astronomical phenomena such as neutron stars, black holes, and gravitational waves.[40][41][42] Einstein formulated the well-known Mass–energy equivalence, E = mc2, and explained the photoelectric effect. His work also effected and influenced a large variety of fields of physics including the Big Bang theory (Einstein's General relativity influenced Georges Lemaître), Quantum mechanics and nuclear energy.", "Linguistic relativity In 1953, Eric Lenneberg criticised Whorf's examples from an objectivist view of language holding that languages are principally meant to represent events in the real world and that even though languages express these ideas in various ways, the meanings of such expressions and therefore the thoughts of the speaker are equivalent. He argued that Whorf's English descriptions of a Hopi speaker's view of time were in fact translations of the Hopi concept into English, therefore disproving linguistic relativity. However Whorf was concerned with how the habitual use of language influences habitual behavior, rather than translatability. Whorf's point was that while English speakers may be able to understand how a Hopi speaker thinks, they do not think in that way.[31]", "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Russell's principal work on Leibniz found that many of Leibniz's most startling philosophical ideas and claims (e.g., that each of the fundamental monads mirrors the whole universe) follow logically from Leibniz's conscious choice to reject relations between things as unreal. He regarded such relations as (real) qualities of things (Leibniz admitted unary predicates only): For him \"Mary is the mother of John\" describes separate qualities of Mary and of John. This view contrasts with the relational logic of De Morgan, Peirce, Schröder and Russell himself, now standard in predicate logic. Notably, Leibniz also declared space and time to be inherently relational.[76]" ]	[ "Objective correlative The theory of the objective correlative as it relates to literature was largely developed through the writings of the poet and literary critic T.S. Eliot, who is associated with the literary group called the New Critics. Helping define the objective correlative, Eliot's essay \"Hamlet and His Problems\",[1] republished in his book The Sacred Wood: Essays on Poetry and Criticism discusses his view of Shakespeare's incomplete development of Hamlet's emotions in the play Hamlet. Eliot uses Lady Macbeth's state of mind as an example of the successful objective correlative : \"The artistic 'inevitability' lies in this complete adequacy of the external to the emotion….\" , as a contrast to Hamlet. According to Eliot, the feelings of Hamlet are not sufficiently supported by the story and the other characters surrounding him. The objective correlative's purpose is to express the character's emotions by showing rather than describing feelings as discussed earlier by Plato and referred to by Peter Barry in his book Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory as \"...perhaps little more than the ancient distinction (first made by Plato) between mimesis and diegesis….\" (28). According to Formalist critics, this action of creating an emotion through external factors and evidence linked together and thus forming an objective correlative should produce an author's detachment from the depicted character and unite the emotion of the literary work. The \"occasion\" of E. Montale is a further form of correlative." ]
test1690	who was the buccaneers qb when they won the superbowl	[ "doc59861", "doc59881" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc468402", "doc2178553", "doc1010556", "doc59859", "doc468378", "doc1610457", "doc1010619", "doc468438", "doc1010552", "doc468432", "doc59861", "doc612533", "doc1010620", "doc59890", "doc468412", "doc1629683", "doc1010596", "doc1010602", "doc64734", "doc1010625", "doc1010584", "doc59886", "doc59853", "doc2178537", "doc2178556", "doc468374", "doc468434", "doc468398", "doc2441443", "doc59881", "doc1010621", "doc59866", "doc1010589", "doc1629682", "doc468433", "doc1010572", "doc468400", "doc468431", "doc468382", "doc1010587", "doc1010626", "doc1010553", "doc468389", "doc1010623", "doc468453", "doc1010563", "doc59885", "doc1010606", "doc1840398", "doc1010567", "doc468396", "doc1010573", "doc1010555", "doc1010576", "doc1010582", "doc468408", "doc468429", "doc1610456", "doc468403", "doc59893", "doc1010630", "doc468406", "doc2178552", "doc468391", "doc59892", "doc468385", "doc1010551", "doc59850", "doc1066964", "doc135284", "doc1010615", "doc468377", "doc468430", "doc1010592", "doc468373", "doc294155", "doc468372", "doc1010581", "doc59862", "doc1010629", "doc1010585", "doc468399", "doc1010624", "doc1010614", "doc1010611", "doc468405", "doc59858", "doc59852", "doc59883", "doc294153", "doc10530", "doc468384", "doc617175", "doc1010571", "doc468410", "doc118211", "doc59851", "doc59860", "doc256611", "doc1703272" ]	[ "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Led by the league's top defense, the 2002 campaign was the Buccaneers' most successful season to date. Linebacker Derrick Brooks was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year with a tendency to make big plays. They won the NFC South title with the team's best ever record, 12–4, and scored more points in two playoff wins over the 49ers and Eagles than in Bucs playoff history combined. The Philadelphia Eagles were a thorn in Tampa Bay's side, having eliminated the Bucs each of the last two seasons' wild card games, and were heavy underdogs to the Eagles again, but the Bucs persevered after falling behind early and won in dramatic fashion with a last second interception return for a touchdown. The Bucs then went on to rout Gruden's former team, the Raiders, who had the league's number 1 offense, by a score of 48–21 in Super Bowl XXXVII, nicknamed 'The Pirate Bowl'.", "Brad Johnson (American football) In 2001, Brad Johnson was pursued by the Baltimore Ravens in the off season (and former OC Brian Billick) but he spurned them to join the Bucs. Johnson was reunited with former Vikings assistant-coach Tony Dungy for his first season with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. That year, he broke Tampa Bay team records for passing yards with 3,406, completions with 340, and attempts with 540. In the 2002 season he led the Buccaneers to their first ever Super Bowl championship and earned his 2nd Pro Bowl appearance. He was helped in the Super Bowl by a defense that scored 21 of their 48 points. That year Johnson also became the first ever Bucs QB to lead the NFC in passer rating at 92.9, and set new team records for touchdowns with 22, completion percentage at 62.3, consecutive passes without an interception with 187, and lowest interception percentage with 1.3%. He was NFC Offensive Player of the Week twice again against Minnesota and Atlanta.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The Buccaneers went on to rout Gruden's former team, the Oakland Raiders, by a score of 48â€“21 in Super Bowl XXXVII. Gruden's familiarity with the Raiders' players and playbook paid off, as John Lynch and other Buccaneer players recognized some of Oakland's formations and plays at crucial points in the game.[4] The Bucs became the first team to win the Super Bowl without any picks in the first two rounds of the previous spring's NFL Draft, having traded these picks to the Oakland Raiders for the rights to acquire Gruden. At the time, Gruden made history, and became the youngest head coach to win a Super Bowl.", "Super Bowl XXXVII For most of their history, the Buccaneers were regarded as losers, making the playoffs only three times in their first 20 seasons. But that changed when the team hired Tony Dungy as head coach in 1996. Dungy, along with his defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin, rebuilt the defense around a core group of players, such as defensive lineman Warren Sapp, linebacker Derrick Brooks, and defensive backs Ronde Barber and John Lynch. By 1997, Tampa Bay ranked 3rd in the league in total yards allowed, 2nd in 1998, and 3rd in 2000.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The Buccaneers are the first post-merger expansion team to win a division title, win a playoff game, and to host and play in a conference championship game; all three accomplishments occurred during the 1979 season. They are also the first team since the merger to complete a winning season when starting 10 or more rookies, which happened in the 2010 season. In 1976 and 1977, the Buccaneers lost their first 26 games. After a brief winning era in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the team suffered through 14 consecutive losing seasons. Then, for a 10-year period, they were consistent playoff contenders and won Super Bowl XXXVII at the end of the 2002 season, but have not yet returned to the Super Bowl; thus the Bucs, along with the New Orleans Saints and New York Jets, are the only NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance.", "Tony Dungy The following season, the Buccaneers won Super Bowl XXXVII, their first (and only through 2017) appearance in the championship game. Though Dungy was fired the prior season and replaced with Jon Gruden, Dungy has been credited for constructing the team.[8][9][10]", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The Tampa Bay Buccaneers won their first Super Bowl, routing the Oakland Raiders 48â€“21. The Buccaneers defense intercepted Rich Gannon a Super Bowl record five times, and returned three of the interceptions for touchdowns. Safety Dexter Jackson was named the game's MVP.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers In the second week of September 2007, statues of important figures from the Bucs 2002 Championship season were moved into the lobby area in an exhibit called \"Moment of Victory\". The life-size statues included players Mike Alstott, Ronde Barber, Derrick Brooks, Brad Johnson, John Lynch, Shelton Quarles, Simeon Rice, Warren Sapp, and head coach Jon Gruden. The statues are modeled after images from the sideline towards the end of Super Bowl XXXVII.[35]", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The season began with the team trying to improve on a 9–7 season and did so with a franchise best 12–4 record. It was Jon Gruden's first season as the Buccaneers head coach. They won the Super Bowl for the first time in the team's history, beating the Oakland Raiders 48–21. To date, this is Tampa Bay's only Super Bowl appearance. They are along with the New York Jets and New Orleans Saints as the only teams to have been to one Super Bowl and won it.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Kiffin's defenses were known as gang tacklers with tremendous team speed with a front four that could pressure the quarterback consistently, fast sideline-to-sideline linebackers, and a hard-hitting secondary that caused turnovers. Many teams have copied the Tampa 2, but none have come close to the success the Buccaneers experienced led by numerous Pro Bowlers and Hall of Famers. The Tampa Bay defense featured future Hall of Famers, Derrick Brooks and Warren Sapp, and Pro Bowlers, John Lynch, Ronde Barber, Hardy Nickerson, Simeon Rice, Shelton Quarles, Donnie Abraham, and Super Bowl XXXVII MVP Dexter Jackson. Sapp and Nickerson were named to the 1990s All-Decade 2nd Team while the 2000s All-Decade Team featured Sapp and Brooks as 1st Team players and Ronde Barber on the 2nd Team.", "Super Bowl XXXVII Still, even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay's head coach. In 2002, the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained (5,222). Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl, completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards, 22 touchdowns, and only 6 interceptions. Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown, and caught 59 passes for 477 yards. Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns, and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns, while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns.", "Tampa, Florida The Tampa Bay Buccaneers began in 1976 as an expansion team of the NFL. They struggled at first, losing their first 26 games in a row to set a league record for futility. After a brief taste of success in the late 1970s, the Bucs again returned to their losing ways, and at one point lost 10+ games for 12 seasons in a row. The hiring of Tony Dungy in 1996 started an improving trend that eventually led to the team's victory in Super Bowl XXXVII in 2003 under coach Jon Gruden.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season As many sports fans and writers predicted, Gruden's prior knowledge of the Raiders was a major factor in the Buccaneers' win in Super Bowl XXXVII. The most damaging piece of evidence is NFL Films footage of Tampa Bay defensive back John Lynch telling his teammates during the game that almost all of the plays ran by Oakland's offense were plays that Gruden (who that week even played the part of \"Rich Gannon\" by playing QB with the scout-team offense) specifically told them to look out for.[6] Better still for the Buccaneers was that Oakland hadn't changed their audible-calling signals that Gruden himself had installed, thus tipping off plays repeatedly. As a result, Tampa Bay dominated Oakland, outgaining them in total yards (365 to 269), rushing yards (150 to 19), first downs (24 to 11), offensive plays (76 to 60), and forced turnovers (5 to 1).", "Super Bowl XXXVII In an attempt to prevent a Raiders comeback, the Buccaneers managed to run the clock down to 2:44 on their ensuing drive before being forced to punt. Then on third and 18 from the Oakland 29-yard line, Tampa Bay linebacker Derrick Brooks intercepted a pass from Gannon and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, giving the Buccaneers a 41–21 lead with only 1:18 left, and leading Buccaneers radio announcer Gene Deckerhoff to make his famous call of \"The dagger's in, we're gonna win the Super Bowl!\".[20] A few plays later, with the Raiders now playing for pride, Dwight Smith intercepted a tipped pass and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown with only two seconds remaining. Gramatica kicked the extra point, and the Buccaneers were up 48–21.[22] Raiders defensive tackle Chris Cooper returned Gramatica's kickoff 6 yards before being tackled by Jack Golden, ending the game.[20] The Buccaneers won their first-ever Super Bowl with a 48-21 victory. Gannon said after the game that his performance was \"nightmarish\".[19]", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Raheem Morris was named the replacement for Monte Kiffin as defensive coordinator in December 2008. A month later, after the huge collapse that ended the 2008 season, the Buccaneers fired Jon Gruden and swiftly elevated Morris to the head coach position. Bruce Allen was also let go, with Mark Dominik his successor as general manager. Several veterans were released including Derrick Brooks, Joey Galloway, and Jeff Garcia.[19] The new staff traded for tight end Kellen Winslow Jr., signed quarterback Byron Leftwich, and drafted Josh Freeman with the 17th overall pick.", "List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coaches There have been ten head coaches for the Buccaneers franchise. The team has played 628 games in 40 seasons since joining the NFL. Three Buccaneers coaches, John McKay, Tony Dungy, and Jon Gruden, have taken the Buccaneers to the playoffs, while only Gruden has won the Super Bowl with the team, at Super Bowl XXXVII.[2] The team's all-time leader in games coached is McKay (133) and the leader in wins is Gruden (57) plus 3 postseason victories; Dungy leads all Buccaneers coaches in winning percentage (.563).[3] Leeman Bennett has the lowest winning percentage (.125) of all Buccaneers coaches.[4] The eighth coach, Raheem Morris, was fired on January 2, 2012.[5] On January 26, 2012 Rutgers head coach Greg Schiano was hired as the new Tampa Bay Buccaneers coach. Schiano posted a record of 11–21 during two seasons in charge, before he was fired on December 30, 2013.[6]", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Falcons quarterback Michael Vick entered the game with considerable pregame hype and an 8-game unbeaten streak. Vick, however, was sacked twice by Tampa Bay, and held to only 125 yards passing and a measly 15 yards rushing. Meanwhile, Brad Johnson connected on four touchdowns (two apiece to Jurevicius and McCardell) as the Buccaneers won 34â€“10.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season With Brad Johnson sidelined, backup quarterback Shaun King started against the Steelers on Monday night. Tampa Bay was rocked 17â€“7 by the visiting Steelers, the second consecutive season being beaten soundly at home by Pittsburgh.", "Super Bowl The New England Patriots became the dominant team throughout the early 2000s, winning the championship three out of four years early in the decade. They would become only the second team in the history of the NFL to do so (after the 1990s Dallas Cowboys). In Super Bowl XXXVI, first-year starting quarterback Tom Brady led his team to a 20–17 upset victory over the St. Louis Rams. Brady would go on to win the MVP award for this game. The Patriots also won Super Bowls XXXVIII[18] and XXXIX defeating the Carolina Panthers and the Philadelphia Eagles respectively. This four-year stretch of Patriot dominance was interrupted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' 48–21 Super Bowl XXXVII victory over the Oakland Raiders.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Jackson intercepted another pass on the Raiders' next drive and returned it 25 yards to Oakland's 45-yard line, making Jackson the first player ever to record 2 interceptions in the first half of the Super Bowl. However, the Buccaneers were unable to take advantage of the turnover and were forced to punt. Fortunately for Tampa Bay, they got a big assist from their punter Tom Tupa, who managed to pin Oakland all the way back at their own 11-yard line with his punt. The Raiders could not move the ball either, losing 1 yard on 3 plays with their ensuing drive. Tampa Bay punt returner Karl Williams then returned Shane Lechler's punt 25 yards, giving the Buccaneers great field position at Oakland's 27-yard line. Aided with Pittman's gains of 6 and 19 yards, the Buccaneers scored their first touchdown on a 2-yard run from fullback Mike Alstott, increasing their lead 13–3. Then with 3:45 left in the half, Tampa Bay drove 77 yards, assisted by a pair of catches by Alstott for 28 total yards. Johnson finished the drive with a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan McCardell to give the Buccaneers a 20–3 halftime lead.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Brad Johnson returned to the lineup, throwing five touchdown passes (including three to Keyshawn Johnson), and a total of 313 yards, as the Buccaneers rolled 38â€“24 over the visiting Vikings.", "Super Bowl XXXVII Tampa Bay continued to dominate the game for most of the third quarter. The Buccaneers forced the Raiders to punt on the opening drive of the second half. Next, Tampa Bay marched 89 yards on a 14-play drive that took 7:52 off the clock, and ended with Johnson's 8-yard touchdown pass to McCardell to increase their lead to 27–3. Then on the second play of Oakland's ensuing drive, Buccaneers defensive back Dwight Smith intercepted Gannon's pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, making the score 34–3.[20]", "Super Bowl XXXVII The Raiders came into the game as four-point favorites. However, the Tampa Bay defense dominated the contest. Oakland quarterback Rich Gannon threw a Super Bowl record five interceptions, three of which were returned for touchdowns. The Buccaneers also sacked Gannon five times, and scored 34 consecutive points to build a 34â€“3 lead late in the third quarter. Tampa Bay safety Dexter Jackson, who had two of those interceptions and returned them for 34 yards, was named Super Bowl MVP. Jackson became only the second safety and third defensive back named Super Bowl MVP.", "Brad Johnson (American football) James Bradley \"Brad\" Johnson (born September 13, 1968) is a former American football quarterback. Johnson grew up in Black Mountain, North Carolina. At Florida State University, Johnson originally played college basketball before switching to football in his third year. The Minnesota Vikings drafted Johnson in the ninth round of the 1992 NFL Draft. He spent seven seasons with the Vikings and two seasons with the Washington Redskins before becoming the starting quarterback of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2001. He led the Buccaneers to their Super Bowl XXXVII title over the Oakland Raiders. He played for the Buccaneers for four seasons from 2001 to 2004, the Minnesota Vikings for two more seasons from 2005 to 2006, and the Dallas Cowboys where he played in 2007.", "Brad Johnson (American football) After the Super Bowl, the Bucs ran into some problems. Although Johnson had good passing stats in 2003-2004 the year after the Super Bowl (3,811 yards, 26 touchdowns to break the Buc record again, 21 interceptions, and named 2003 Buc MVP by the Tampa Sports Club) and 2004 (63% completion rate) they benched him the fourth game into the 2004 season because the team had gone 4â€“11 for the last 15 games Johnson started. When the backup quarterback, Chris Simms was injured they started 3rd string quarterback Brian Griese instead of Johnson partly because of salary cap problems. Johnson asked out and was cut from the team at the end of the season. When he couldn't find a starting quarterback job he signed with the Minnesota Vikings to be the backup quarterback, the same exact spot where he began his NFL career.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers League championships (1)", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers In Super Bowl XXXVII, the Buccaneers delivered one of the most dismal defensive performances in Super Bowl history. Playing against the #1 offense in the league led by league MVP Rich Gannon, the defense actually outscored the Raiders offense, allowing 2 offensive touchdowns while returning 3 interceptions for touchdowns. The defense set two records in the 48â€“21 blowout, one for most interceptions in a Super Bowl (5), and one for most interceptions returned for touchdowns in a Super Bowl (3). In 19 total games in 2002, the Buccaneers recorded 40 interceptions, 53 sacks, and 9 defensive touchdowns.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Dungy was fired by the Buccaneers following a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles 31–9 in the Wildcard Round of 2001 and soon thereafter hired as the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts, while the Bucs mounted a prolonged and much-maligned[citation needed] search for his replacement. Several potential candidates were offered the job, including University of Florida head coach (and former Buccaneers quarterback) Steve Spurrier, former New York Giants head coach Bill Parcells, and Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis. Spurrier jumped to the Redskins when he was offered the most lucrative salary package ever offered to an NFL head coach, and Parcells eventually passed on the Bucs' offer—the second time he had done so in the history of the franchise. Bucs' general manager Rich McKay threw his support behind Lewis. The Glazer brothers were so displeased with the selection of yet another defensive-minded coach that they overruled McKay and took control of the candidate search themselves. They made it clear that their top choice was Jon Gruden; however, he was still under contract with the Oakland Raiders.", "List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers seasons The Buccaneers' only Super Bowl championship was won in Super Bowl XXXVII, at the conclusion of the 2002 season. This was the teams' only Super Bowl appearance, having reached the NFC conference championship on two other occasions. The Buccaneers have been divisional champions six times, three of them in the NFC Central and the other three in NFC South. They were the first team to win the NFC South after the NFL restructure in 2002. In their 41-year history, the Buccaneers have played over 500 regular and post-season games and have appeared in the post-season ten times.", "Super Bowl XXXVII The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36-yard line. However, six plays later, Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down, forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski's 40-yard field goal to give them a 3â€“0 lead.[19]", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36-yard line. But 6 plays later, Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down, forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski's 40-yard field goal to give them a 3â€“0 lead.", "Super Bowl XXXVII The second-seeded Buccaneers defeated the fourth-seeded San Francisco 49ers, 31–6, and the top-seeded Philadelphia Eagles on the road, 27–10, in the playoffs, to make the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history.[11] Meanwhile, the top-seeded Raiders were victorious against the fourth-seeded New York Jets, 30–10,[12] and the second-seeded Tennessee Titans, 41–24.[13] The Raiders won against the Titans through Gannon's pass-oriented offense.[13]", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season After the Bucs defeated Carolina, 12–9, in an ‘ugly’ game three weeks ago in Charlotte, the rematch was billed as another defensive struggle, though with a twist. While this was indeed a matchup of the league's first and third-ranked defenses, it also marked the returns of starting quarterbacks Brad Johnson and Rodney Peete, each of whom missed the last game between the two. Statistically, Johnson and the Bucs’ defense came out on top, though Bucs Head Coach Jon Gruden complimented the Panthers’ work, as well.", "List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers head coaches The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are a professional American football team based in Tampa, Florida. They are members of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The franchise was founded as an NFL team in 1976 by Hugh Culverhouse. They lost their first 26 games and had one playoff win in its first 21 seasons before winning the Super Bowl in 2002.[1]", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The 2002 Buccaneers defense is widely regarded as one of the greatest defenses in NFL history, rivaled only by the 2000 Ravens, 1985 Bears, 1976 Steelers, and few others. In the regular season Tampa Bay led the league in total defense (252.8 ypg), points allowed (196), first downs allowed (14.8 pg), passing (155.6 ypg), interceptions (31), interceptions returned for touchdowns (5), opponent passer rating (48.4), and shutouts (2). They also finished third in opponent rushing average (3.8 ypc), and sixth in sacks (43). Derrick Brooks was awarded AP Defensive Player of the Year as the defense led the way to a 12–4 regular season. The team was even better in the postseason allowing only 37 points in three games combined – all against top ten offenses. In those three playoff games, they intercepted 9 passes – returning 4 for touchdowns – and collected 11 sacks.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Tampa Bay crushed the Bengals 35â€“7. Brad Johnson threw three touchdown passes (of 35 yards, 65 yards and 22 yards, respectively), while Shelton Quarles returned an interception 25 yards for a score (Tampa Bay's third such score in three weeks).", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The Glazers' shrewd move eventually paid off in acquiring Gruden, but it was costly. The team hired Gruden away from the Raiders on February 20, 2002, but the price was four draft picks, including the Bucs' first and second round picks in 2002, their first round pick in 2003, and their second round selection in 2004, along with $8 million in cash. (The league as a result prohibited any further trading of draft picks for coaches.) Gruden was frustrated by the limitation of his coaching authority by Davis and was more than pleased to return to Tampa Bay. His parents lived in Carrollwood, and he had spent part of his childhood in Tampa in the early 1980s when his father was a running backs coach and later a scout for the Bucs.[18]", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The team drafted franchise cornerstones John Lynch in 1993, and Warren Sapp and Derrick Brooks in 1995 to go along with All-Pro linebacker Hardy Nickerson. That was followed by the hiring of innovative defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin in 1996. The new-look Buccaneers set the stage for one of the greatest defensive runs in NFL history. From 1997 to 2008, the Buccaneers defense finished in the league's top ten every year but one, including eight top-5 finishes, and two top-ranked efforts. Kiffin along with head coach Tony Dungy created the \"Tampa 2\" defense, a modified version of the established Cover 2 scheme.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers A name-the-team contest resulted in the nickname \"Buccaneers\", a reference to José Gaspar, a mythical pirate who is said to have terrorized the Spanish Main from his hidden base on Florida's west coast.[6] The team name was opposed by St. Petersburg businessmen on the grounds that it emphasized Tampa at the expense of other Bay Area cities, until NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle himself met with them to encourage their support.[7] Their uniforms and \"Bucco Bruce\" winking pirate logo were designed by Tampa Tribune artist Lamar Sparkman, with colors drawn from the state's four major college teams: orange from the universities of Miami and Florida, and red from Florida State and the University of Tampa. They were one of the few teams to wear white home uniforms, forcing opponents to wear their dark uniforms in Tampa's 90° fall heat.[8] The team's first home was Tampa Stadium, which had recently been expanded to seat just over 72,500 fans. Steve Spurrier was the quarterback for Tampa Bay during their expansion season.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Brad Johnson threw two touchdown passes, and Martín Gramática scored four field goals, in a 23–10 win over the Panthers. The Buccaneers swept the season series with Carolina, and posted a franchise-best 8–2 start.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Tampa Bay continued to dominate the game for most of the third quarter. The Buccaneers forced the Raiders to punt on the opening drive of the second half. Next, Tampa Bay marched 89 yards on a 14-plays drive that took 7:52 off the clock, and ended with Johnson's 8-yard touchdown pass to McCardell to increase their lead to 27–3. Then on the second play of Oakland's ensuing drive, Buccaneers defensive back Dwight Smith intercepted Gannon's pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, making the score 34–3.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season In January 2002, after losing in the wild card round to the Eagles for the second consecutive year, the Buccaneers fired head coach Tony Dungy.[1][2] After a recruiting effort aimed at former Jets coach Bill Parcells, Tampa Bay settled on Raiders coach Jon Gruden in exchange for two first round draft picks (2002, 2003), two second round picks (2002, 2004) and US$8 million in cash payments.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Before the 1983 season, Williams bolted to the United States Football League in a salary dispute. The Bucs lost their first nine games of the 1983 season en route to finishing 2–14, the first of 12 consecutive seasons with at least ten losses—an NFL record. Included was the drafting of Heisman Trophy winner Bo Jackson with the first pick in the 1986 draft. Jackson had let it be known that he would never play a down for Hugh Culverhouse at Tampa Bay. Making good on his threat, he opted instead to play baseball for the Kansas City Royals and would later return for parts of football seasons with the Los Angeles Raiders. Along with Williams, who later was a Super Bowl champion QB for Washington, two other Buc quarterbacks during this era led other teams to Super Bowl wins. Steve Young won with the 49ers and Trent Dilfer won with the Baltimore Ravens.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season On the first play of the drive, Brad Johnson completed an 11-yard pass to receiver Joe Jurevicius. Johnson's next 2 passes were incomplete, but he then completed a 23-yard pass to Jurevicius on third down to advance the ball to the Oakland 37-yard line. Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23-yard gain to the 13-yard line. However, on the next 3 plays, the Raiders defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1-yard run. Kicker Martin Gramatica then made a 31-yard field goal to tie the game, 3â€“3.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Throwback merchandise went on sale in the summer of 2009, and referred to the orange color, not as \"Florida Orange,\" but as \"Orange Glaze.\" Considerable research was done using photographs and old uniforms to match the original color schemes. The dagger-biting pirate was given a cleaned-up look, and the orange, red and white uniforms debuted against the Green Bay Packers (Tampa Bay's former division rival) on November 8, 2009. Raymond James Stadium was also transformed via orange banners and classic field logos and fonts back to the classic Tampa Stadium look of the late 1970s. The Buccaneers won their first throwback game (their first victory of 2009) behind rookie quarterback Josh Freeman's first-career NFL start.[56] The throwback game was to become an annual tradition, but has been on hiatus since 2013 due to league-wide restrictions suggesting players wear the same helmet throughout the season for safety reasons.[57]", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Jon Gruden's era in Tampa Bay began at home against new division rival, the New Orleans Saints, a team they'd soundly beaten the year before. Though heralded for his offensive expertise, the Buccaneers offense sputtered and was anemic for the first three quarters. The Saints held a 20–10 lead late in the fourth quarter, while Tampa Bay's offense had only 161 yards through three periods, and quarterback Brad Johnson was sacked three times, on a hot, humid 90° afternoon.", "Super Bowl XXXVII Jackson intercepted another pass on the Raiders' next drive and returned it 25 yards to Oakland's 45-yard line, making Jackson the first player ever to record two interceptions in the first half of the Super Bowl. However, the Buccaneers were unable to take advantage of the turnover and were forced to punt. Fortunately for Tampa Bay, they got a big assist from their punter Tom Tupa, who managed to pin Oakland all the way back at their own 11-yard line with his punt. The Raiders could not move the ball either, losing 1 yard on 3 plays with their ensuing drive. Tampa Bay punt returner Karl Williams then returned Shane Lechler's punt 25 yards, giving the Buccaneers great field position at Oakland's 27-yard line. Aided with Pittman's gains of 6 and 19 yards, the Buccaneers scored their first touchdown on a 2-yard run from fullback Mike Alstott, increasing their lead to 13–3. Then with 3:45 left in the half, Tampa Bay drove 77 yards, assisted by a pair of catches by Alstott for 28 total yards. Johnson finished the drive with a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan McCardell to give the Buccaneers a 20–3 halftime lead.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Shaun King was finally benched having thrown a pitiful 9-for-26, an interception, and only 73 yards passing. Rob Johnson took over in the second half, and salvaged the remainder of the game. With 1:23 to go, Keyshawn Johnson caught a touchdown pass, and avoided the shutout.", "Quarterback After a Super Bowl victory, the starting quarterback is the first player (and third person after the team owner and head coach) to be presented with the Vince Lombardi Trophy. The starting quarterback of the victorious Super Bowl team is often chosen for the \"I'm going to Disney World!\" campaign (which includes a trip to Walt Disney World for them and their families), whether they are the Super Bowl MVP or not; examples include Joe Montana (XXIII), Trent Dilfer (XXXV), and Peyton Manning (50). Dilfer was chosen even though teammate Ray Lewis was the MVP of Super Bowl XXXV, due to the bad publicity from Lewis' murder trial the prior year.[18]", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Prior to the start of Sunday's Tampa Bay Buccaneers-at-Baltimore Ravens game, the home team remembered Johnny Unitas in a variety of touching ways. Once the game began, Bucs passer Brad Johnson fashioned his own fitting tribute to the legendary quarterback.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The 1999 season brought much better fortune. On the strength of the NFL's number 3 overall defense and a performance by rookie QB Shaun King, the Bucs finished the season with an 11–5 record and won their third NFC Central Division Championship. They beat Washington 14–13 in the Divisional round, before losing to the eventual Super Bowl Champion St. Louis Rams in a low-scoring NFC Championship Game, 11–6. The Bucs' loss was controversial, highlighted by the reversal of a pass from King to WR Bert Emanuel, which ended the Bucs' chances at continuing their last-minute drive. In league meetings following the season, the NFL changed the rules regarding what constituted an incomplete pass.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season If the first quarter was a minor struggle, the rest of the game was relatively easy for the Buccaneers, as signified by the first play of the second period. Brad Johnson, who had yet another strong day, pump-faked left from the Bengalsâ€™ 35-yard line, drawing coverage away from Rickey Dudley down the middle of the field. Johnson then lofted a perfect pass to a wide-open Dudley for a 35-yard touchdown. It was Dudley's second score in two games as a Buccaneer.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The offense made slight improvements during the season, but the strength of the team was the defense. The 2002 Buccaneers became the first team to lead the league in total defense, points allowed, and interceptions since the 1985 Chicago Bears. They also held opposing quarterbacks to an unbelievable 48.4 passer rating for the season.[3] Led by this dominating defense, the 2002 Buccaneers achieved their most successful season to date. They won the NFC South title with the team's best ever record, 12â€“4, and then defeated the 49ers in what became coach Steve Mariucci's last game with that franchise. In a surprising upset, Tampa Bay won their first NFC Championship on the road against the Eagles in the last NFL game ever played at Veterans Stadium. Cornerback Ronde Barber capped off the win by intercepting a Donovan McNabb pass and returning it 92 yards for a touchdown late in the fourth quarter.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season On the first drive of the third quarter, quarterback Michael Vick was knocked out of the game after a sack by Simeon Rice. Doug Johnson took over at quarterback for the Falcons, and did not fare well. Though the Falcons took a 6–3 lead midway through the third period, the lead was short-lived. Three plays later, Brad Johnson connected on a 76-yard touchdown pass to Keyshawn Johnson, and a 10–6 lead. After a Martín Gramática field goal stretched the lead to 13–6, Tampa Bay pinned the Falcons on their own 16-yard line with 6:24 to go in the game. Doug Johnson was being sacked but got the ball off, which was, in turn, intercepted by Warren Sapp at the Atlanta 15-yard line. Sapp lateraled to Derrick Brooks who then ran for a touchdown. It was Tampa Bay's fourth consecutive game with a defensive score, and Brook's third of the season.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Rob Johnson started for the injured Brad Johnson, and managed to guide the Buccaneers to a tough 12–9 win over the Carolina Panthers. Martín Gramática hit four field goals (32, 52, 53, and 47 yards respectively) for Tampa Bay's only points.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The Bucs started off the season 0–3, with Simms throwing only 1 touchdown to 7 interceptions. In the third game of the season, a last-minute loss to the Panthers, Simms's spleen was ruptured, and he was placed on injured reserve for the balance of the season. After their bye week, the Bucs elected to start Gradkowski, a 6th-round pick from Toledo. After nearly beating the Saints, Gradkowski led the team to last-minute wins over the Bengals and Eagles. The success was short-lived, however, and the Bucs lost five of the next six games. Tim Rattay replaced Gradkowski as quarterback late in the season, and the team finished 4–12. The aged defense, with 5 starters who had played there for a decade or more, was ranked 17th overall, the first time a Tampa defense was not ranked in the top ten since 1996.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Throughout their history, the Buccaneers have been known for their suffocating defense. It started with the drafting of Hall of Fame defensive end Lee Roy Selmon with their first pick ever in 1976. Three Buccaneer players have been named the AP Defensive Player of the Year, and the team has led the league in total defense on three occasions. All four of the Buccaneers Hall of Fame inductees are defensive players or coaches.", "Tony Dungy While the Bucs barely missed the playoffs in 1998, they rebounded strongly in 1999 to win their first division title since 1979, only to lose to the St. Louis Rams in the NFC Championship Game. They went on to reach the playoffs again in 2000 and 2001, only to be defeated in the wild card round each time by the Philadelphia Eagles. The Bucs were hobbled by constant changes to the offensive coordinator position; QB Shaun King had to work with three different coordinators in three years. Dungy was fired on January 14, 2002 due to the club's repeated losses in the playoffs. Additionally, owner Malcolm Glazer felt Dungy's offense was too conservative. Dungy thus became the first coach in Bucs history to leave the team with a winning record.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Soon after the Super Bowl victory, a growing number of press reports indicated Gruden's lack of patience with general manager McKay, a major architect of the Bucs' rebuilding effort over the previous ten years. McKay, like Gruden, had long-established ties to the Tampa Bay area. However, during the 2003 season, the Gruden-McKay relationship deteriorated as the Bucs struggled on the field. In November, Keyshawn Johnson was deactivated by the team ten games into the season for his conduct, which included sideline arguments with Bucs coaches and players. Johnson was eventually traded to the Dallas Cowboys for wide receiver Joey Galloway, who later in his career played for the New England Patriots, Pittsburgh Steelers, and Washington Redskins.", "Super Bowl XXXVII Johnson finished the game with 18 out of 34 completions for 215 yards and 2 touchdowns, with 1 interception, along with 10 rushing yards. Pittman was the top rusher of the game with 129 yards. Alstott was the game's second leading rusher with 15 yards and a touchdown, and had 5 receptions for 43 yards. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson was the Buccaneers' leading receiver with 6 catches for 69 yards. Smith recorded 2 interceptions, 94 return yards, and 2 touchdowns. He also added another 23 yards on a kickoff return.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season In an attempt to prevent a Raiders comeback, the Buccaneers managed to run the clock down to 2:44 on their ensuing drive before being forced to punt. Then on third and 18 from the Oakland 29-yard line, Tampa Bay linebacker Derrick Brooks intercepted a pass from Gannon and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, giving the Buccaneers a 41â€“21 lead with only 1:18 left putting the game out of reach. And a few plays later as the Raiders were now playing for pride, Smith intercepted a tipped pass and returned it 50 yards for a touchdown (the 200th TD in Super Bowl history).", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers In the 2005 season, the Buccaneers celebrated their 30th season in the league, and returned to their winning ways. The Bucs selected Carnell \"Cadillac\" Williams in the first round of the 2005 draft, and the rookie would provide a running game the Buccaneers had not possessed since the days of James Wilder in the 1980s. Williams would later go on to receive the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award. After starting 5–1, the team entered a midseason slump hampered by a season-ending injury to starting QB Brian Griese. Replacement starter Chris Simms struggled early, but came into his own, leading the team to a last-minute win over the Redskins. The Bucs won the NFC South Division finishing 11–5. The season ended abruptly, however, with a 17–10 loss in the Wild Card round, in a rematch with Washington.", "Brad Johnson (American football) The following year in 2000 the Redskins went 8-8, Johnson threw more interceptions than touchdowns, and signed with Tampa Bay as a free agent during the offseason while Jeff George started in Washington for 2001. They immediately regretted this when George had the worst stats in the league and was released for Tony Banks after the second game with a 0-2 start while Johnson again had another great season in Tampa Bay and won a Super Bowl the following year.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers John Lynch, a future Pro Bowl strong safety, was drafted in 1993. In the 1995 NFL draft the Buccaneers drafted two future Hall of Famers: Warren Sapp and Derrick Brooks. Pro Bowl Fullback, Mike Alstott, was drafted the next year in the 1996 draft.", "Super Bowl XXXVII Tampa Bay dominated Oakland, outgaining them in total yards (365 to 269), rushing yards (150 to 19), first downs (24 to 11), offensive plays (76 to 60), and forced turnovers (5 to 1). As many sports fans and writers predicted, Gruden's prior knowledge of the Raiders was a major factor. The most damaging piece of evidence is NFL Films footage of Tampa Bay defensive back John Lynch telling his teammates during the game that almost all of the plays ran by Oakland's offense were plays that Gruden (who that week even played the part of \"Rich Gannon\" by playing QB with the scout-team offense) specifically told them to look out for.[23] Better still for the Buccaneers was that Oakland hadn't changed their audible-calling signals that Gruden himself had installed, thus tipping off plays repeatedly.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The Bucs' situation improved rapidly in the 1979 season. With the maturation of quarterback Doug Williams and future four-time Pro Bowl tight end Jimmie Giles, the first 1,000-yard rushing season from running back Ricky Bell, and a smothering, league-leading defense led by future NFL Hall of Famer Lee Roy Selmon, the Bucs kicked off the season with five consecutive victories, a performance that landed them on the cover of Sports Illustrated.[14]", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season was the franchise's 27th season in the National Football League and was their most successful season in franchise history as they won Super Bowl XXXVII.", "Super Bowl XXXVII Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2002 season. The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48â€“21, tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh largest Super Bowl margin of victory, and winning their first ever Super Bowl.[5] The game, played on January 26, 2003 at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, was the sixth Super Bowl to be held a week after the conference championship games (XVII, XXV, XXVIII, XXXIV, and XXXVI). It was also the last Super Bowl played in the month of January. Super Bowl XXXVI was the first to be played in February, due to the NFL postponing games for a week after the September 11 attacks. Starting with Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, the Super Bowl has been permanently played in February. This was the last Super Bowl until Super Bowl 50 to take place in California.", "Keyshawn Johnson At that time he was joining a team that had fallen one game short of the Super Bowl the previous season. In 2002 Johnson went on to win a Super Bowl with the Buccaneers after the arrival of new head coach Jon Gruden, who succeeded Tony Dungy. Johnson had 76 catches for 1,088 yards and five touchdowns; In the playoffs, he had eight catches for 125 yards and a touchdown against the Eagles, then had six grabs for 69 yards in the Super Bowl. However, his bitter relationship with Gruden (illustrated by a video clip of him yelling at Gruden on the sidelines) led to his de-activation for the final 7 games of the 2003 season. The following offseason, he was traded to the Dallas Cowboys, where he was reunited with Bill Parcells, his coach while he was with the New York Jets.", "Super Bowl XXXV The game was broadcast in the United States by CBS (their first since Super Bowl XXVI in January 1992). Play-by-play announcer Greg Gumbel became the first African-American announcer to call a major sports championship on network television. He was joined in the broadcast booth by color commentator Phil Simms. Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein served as sideline reporters. Jim Nantz hosted all the events with help from his then-fellow cast members from The NFL Today: Mike Ditka, Craig James, Randy Cross, and Jerry Glanville. The desk reporting was done aboard the famous Buccaneer Cove pirate ship at the end zone of Raymond James Stadium.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season David Akers tied the score, 10â€“10, with a 30-yard field goal midway through the second quarter, but the Bucs responded with an 80-yard, 12-play drive that ended with a 9-yard touchdown pass from Brad Johnson to Keyshawn Johnson. With time running out in the half, Donovan McNabb led the Eagles to the Tampa Bay 24-yard line, only to lose a fumble while being sacked by his high school teammate Simeon Rice, who stripped the ball away and recovered it himself.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The Tampa Bay Buccaneers (usually shortened as the Bucs) are a professional American football franchise based in Tampa, Florida. The Buccaneers currently compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member team of the National Football Conference (NFC) South division. Along with the Seattle Seahawks, the team joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team. The Bucs played their first season in the American Football Conference (AFC) West division as part of the 1976 expansion plan, whereby each new franchise would play every other franchise over the first two years. After the season, the club switched conferences with the Seahawks and became a member of the NFC Central division. During the 2002 league realignment, the Bucs joined three former NFC West teams to form the NFC South. The club is owned by the Glazer family, and plays its home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Led by Selmon, Linebackers Dewey Selmon, Richard Wood, Dave Lewis, and Mike Washington, Mark Cotney, and Cedric Brown in the secondary, the early years Buccaneers quickly earned an identity as a defensive team. Their 3–4 defense peaked in 1979 when they led the league in total defense, points allowed, and first downs allowed. Lee Roy Selmon was voted NFL Defensive Player of the Year, but they eventually fell 10 points short of the Super Bowl as the offense held them back in the NFC Championship game in a 9–0 loss to the Los Angeles Rams.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Ronde Barber, Dexter Jackson, and Kelly intercepted three more Favre passes, and Tampa Bay won convincingly 21–7. At 9–2, the Buccaneers stood with the best record in the NFC conference. After the game, Sapp and Packers coach Mike Sherman were involved in a confrontation on the field, exchanging heated words. The Sapp hit was regarded by some as a cheap shot, but Clifton would recover fully from the injury, and Sapp defended his actions, and was not penalized by the league.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Red, Pewter, Orange[2][3]", "List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers starting quarterbacks These quarterbacks have the most starts for the Buccaneers in regular season games.\nStats thru game 16, 2017 season.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers National Football League (1976â€“present)", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Early in the game, quarterback Brad Johnson suffered a rib injury, but managed to stay in the game. With 14 minutes to go, physically beaten and exhausted, Johnson lofted a pass intended for Keyshawn Johnson, and it was intercepted. He lacked strength due to the bruised rib. Brad Johnson was benched and would not return to the game. The turnover sealed the victory for the Eagles.", "Super Bowl XXXVII However, the Buccaneers' defense was still the strength of the team, leading the NFL in total defense (252.8 yards per game), pass defense (155.6 yards per game), points allowed (12.3 points per game), passing touchdowns allowed (10), interceptions (31), and opponent passer rating (48.4). Brooks, Lynch, Sapp, and defensive end Simeon Rice all had Pro Bowl years. Brooks led the team with 87 tackles and excelled at pass coverage, recording 5 interceptions, 218 return yards, and 2 touchdowns, plus 1 fumble return and 1 on a lateral from Sapp after a Sapp interception for a total of 4 touchdowns (an NFL record for a linebacker). The defense as a whole had nine total touchdowns during the regular season and playoffs. Rice led the team with 15.5 sacks. Sapp recorded 7.5 sacks and 2 interceptions. Cornerback Brian Kelly was also a big asset, leading the team with 8 interceptions.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Tampa Bay responded by moving the ball to the Oakland 9-yard line on their ensuing drive, featuring a 24-yard run by Pittman, but they came up empty after Tupa fumbled the snap on a field goal attempt. A few plays later, Gannon threw a 48-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerry Rice with 6:06 left in the game, cutting the Raiders deficit to 34â€“21. Rice became the first player to catch a touchdown pass in 4 different Super Bowls, and third overall to have TDs in 4 Super Bowls (Thurman Thomas and John Elway). The two-point conversion failed when Jerry Porter caught the ball and was forced out of bounds; while the official did not judge it to be a force-out, (judgement call) hence, that part of the play was non reviewable.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Under Brad Johnson's jersey on Sunday was a flak jacket, designed to protect the two fractured ribs on his left side.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers While talks with the Raiders were secretly under way, the Glazers publicly pursued another respected offensive mind, San Francisco 49ers head coach Steve Mariucci. Just when initial reports indicated that Mariucci had agreed to become both the Bucs' head coach and their general manager, Raiders owner Al Davis agreed to release Gruden to Tampa Bay.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Later in the period, a 17-yard punt return by Raiders defensive back Darrien Gordon gave Oakland the ball at their own 49-yard line. Gannon then threw an 8-yard pass to running back Charlie Garner to reach the Tampa Bay 43-yard line. But on third down, Buccaneers safety Dexter Jackson intercepted Gannon's pass at the 40-yard line and returned it 9-yards to near midfield. Then nine plays after the turnover, Gramatica kicked his second field goal from 43 yards to give Tampa Bay a 6â€“3 lead.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season Eagles running back Brian Mitchell returned the opening kickoff 70 yards, setting up a 20-yard touchdown run by Duce Staley less than a minute into the game. Tampa Bay responded with Martín Gramática's 48-yard field goal on their ensuing drive. At the end of Philadelphia's next possession, Lee Johnson's punt pinned the Buccaneers back at their own 4-yard line. But Tampa Bay stormed 96 yards and scored with Mike Alstott's 1-yard touchdown run to take the lead. The key play on the drive was a 71-yard completion from Brad Johnson to Joe Jurevicius on third down and two from their own 24-yard line.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season The Buccaneers hosted the 49ers, who were fresh off one of the largest comeback games in their history in the 39â€“38 wildcard round victory over the Giants. With the league's top-ranked defense during the 2002 regular season, the Buccaneers forced five turnovers; they intercepted quarterback Jeff Garcia three times and sacked him four times, and limited the 49ers to only two field goals. Tampa Bay quarterback Brad Johnson, who had been sidelined for a month, returned to throw for 196 yards and two touchdowns. Fullback Mike Alstott scored two touchdowns, while the Buccaneers held onto the ball for 36:46 and held the 49ers to a season low 228 yards. This was San Francisco's first playoff game without a touchdown since 1986 and the 49ers' last playoff game until 2011.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers For 2004, Bruce Allen was hired as general manager. After Allen's arrival, both John Lynch and Warren Sapp were released, stunning many Buccaneer fans. The distracted Buccaneers began the 2004 season with a 1–5 record, their worst start under Gruden. The fading accuracy of kicker Martin Gramatica did not help matters, as the team lost many close games en route to a 5–11 record.", "Super Bowl XXXVII Raiders owner Al Davis was known to have the lowest salaries for coaches in the league, and Gruden was no exception. Instead of paying a high salary for Gruden, Davis opted to trade the rights for Gruden to the Buccaneers in exchange for four draft picks, in a deal similar to what Patriots owner Robert Kraft made with the New York Jets to get head coach Bill Belichick in 2000. The Buccaneers ended up giving two first-round picks, two second-round picks and $8 million to the Raiders to get Gruden. Tampa Bay was desperate to have someone rebuild their offense so it would complement their powerful defense in an attempt to win the Super Bowl.", "Super Bowl XXXVII The game is sometimes referred to as the \"Gruden Bowl\", because the primary storyline surrounding the game revolved around Jon Gruden. Gruden was the Raiders' head coach from 1998 to 2001, and then became the Buccaneers coach in 2002. Tampa Bay, \"Gruden's new team\", made their first Super Bowl appearance in team history after posting a 12–4 regular season record. Oakland, \"Gruden's old team\", advanced to their fifth Super Bowl after an 11–5 regular season. This was also the first Super Bowl to feature two former division rivals, as the Buccaneers and Raiders both played in the AFC West in 1976.", "Super Bowl XXXVII On the first play of the drive, Brad Johnson completed an 11-yard pass to wide receiver Joe Jurevicius. Johnson's next 2 passes were incomplete, but he then completed a 23-yard pass to Jurevicius on third down to advance the ball to the Oakland 37-yard line. Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23-yard gain to the 13-yard line. However, on the next 3 plays, the Raiders defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1-yard run. Argentine kicker Martín Gramática then made a 31-yard field goal to tie the game, 3–3.", "List of Tampa Bay Buccaneers starting quarterbacks Number of games started is listed in parentheses.", "Tom Brady Brady returned from his knee injury in the AFC Championship Game to start in Super Bowl XXXVI a week later in New Orleans. Despite being heavy underdogs, the Patriots played well, holding the Rams' high powered offense in check through the first three quarters. The Rams rallied from a 17–3 deficit to tie the game with 1:30 left in regulation. The Patriots then got the ball back at their own 17-yard line with no timeouts remaining. Sportscaster and former Super Bowl-winning coach John Madden said he thought the Patriots should run out the clock and try to win the game in overtime.[122] Instead, Brady drove the Patriots' offense down the field to the Rams' 31-yard line before spiking the ball with seven seconds left. Then kicker Adam Vinatieri converted a 48-yard field goal as time expired to give the Patriots a 20–17 win and their first ever league championship. Brady was named MVP of Super Bowl XXXVI while throwing for 145 yards, one touchdown, and no interceptions. At the age of 24 years and six months, Brady surpassed Joe Namath in Super Bowl III and Joe Montana in Super Bowl XVI, who were both 25 years, seven months, and 13 days old at the time of their victories, to earn the title of youngest quarterback to win a Super Bowl.[123][124] A possible quarterback controversy was averted when Bledsoe was traded to the Buffalo Bills during the offseason; this event cemented Brady's status as the starting quarterback.[125]", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers Tampa Bay did not win their first game until the 13th week of their second season, starting with a record of 0–26 (though the Bucs had beaten the Atlanta Falcons 17–3 in a 1976 pre-season game before their first regular season).[10] Until the Detroit Lions in 2008, the 1976 Bucs were the worst team in NFL history. Their losing streak caused them to become the butt of late-night television comedians' jokes.[11] Their first win came in December 1977, on the road against the New Orleans Saints. The Saints' head coach Hank Stram was fired after losing to the Buccaneers. Tampa Bay only needed one more week to get their second victory, a home win over the St. Louis Cardinals in the 1977 season finale. The Cardinals also fired their coach, Don Coryell, shortly afterward.[12] The team continued to improve in 1978, although injuries to several key players kept the team from achieving the winning record promised by McKay.[13]", "Mike Tomlin In 2002 and 2005, the Buccaneers led the NFL in total defense (fewest yards allowed per game). During Tomlin's tenure, the defense never ranked worse than sixth overall. When the Buccaneers won Super Bowl XXXVII in January 2003, the team recorded a Super Bowl-record five interceptions, three of which were returned for touchdowns.", "2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers season With just over a minute to go, Warner drove the Rams to their 34-yard line, but Derrick Brooks intercepted his pass and returned it 39 yards for a touchdown, his second such score in two weeks. Tampa Bay won 26–14, and improved to 2–1.", "Tampa Bay Buccaneers The offseason changes resulted in the Buccaneers winning the NFC South title in the 2007 season, finishing with a 9–7 record, and the 4th seed in the conference. The division crown was the second one in three seasons under Gruden. In the Wild Card round of the playoffs held on January 6, 2008, the Buccaneers lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants by a final score of 24–14.", "Oakland Raiders Under Callahan, the Raiders finished the 2002 season 11–5, won their third-straight division title, and clinched the top seed in the playoffs. Rich Gannon was named MVP of the NFL after passing for a league-high 4,689 yards. After beating the Jets and Titans by large margins in the playoffs, the Raiders made their fifth Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXVII. Their opponent was the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, coached by Gruden. The Raiders, who had not made significant changes to Gruden's offensive schemes, were intercepted five times by the Buccaneers en route to a 48–21 blowout. Some Tampa Bay players claimed that Gruden had given them so much information on Oakland's offense, they knew exactly what plays were being called.[42][43]", "Super Bowl XXXVII It was the first and only time until Super Bowl XLVIII in Super Bowl history that the league's number one-ranked offense (Raiders) was pitted against the league's number one-ranked defense (Buccaneers). Super Bowl XXXVII is also referred to as the \"Pirate Bowl\", due to both teams' pirate-themed names.[6]", "Super Bowl XXXVII With one of the best defenses in the league, Dungy helped guide the Buccaneers to four playoff appearances in his six years as the team's head coach. But the team always had one of the worst offenses in the league, and this was a major factor in their playoff losses. Thus, Dungy was fired and replaced by Gruden.", "Super Bowl XXXIV The Rams then narrowly defeated the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, 11–6 in a hard-fought defensive struggle in the NFC Championship Game. The first half ended with the Rams leading 5–3 on a Jeff Wilkins field goal and after a bad snap by the Buccaneers went through their own end zone for a safety. Tampa Bay then scored a field goal in the 3rd quarter to take the lead. But Warner threw a 30-yard go-ahead touchdown pass to receiver Ricky Proehl with 4:44 left in the game.[32]", "Sebastian Janikowski Janikowski reached Super Bowl XXXVII with the Raiders in 2002, and kicked an early field goal in the first quarter. His kick briefly gave the Raiders a 3–0 lead over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. This would be the Raiders' only lead of the game; they lost 48–21." ]	[ "Super Bowl XXXVII Still, even Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay's head coach. In 2002, the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained (5,222). Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl, completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards, 22 touchdowns, and only 6 interceptions. Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown, and caught 59 passes for 477 yards. Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and 5 touchdowns, and also had 35 receptions for 242 yards and 2 touchdowns. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 76 receptions for 1,088 yards and 5 touchdowns, while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 61 receptions for 670 yards and 6 touchdowns.", "Super Bowl XXXVII The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36-yard line. However, six plays later, Tampa Bay defensive end Simeon Rice sacked Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon on third down, forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski's 40-yard field goal to give them a 3â€“0 lead.[19]" ]
test1157	name two fibres which are made of proteins	[ "doc41051" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1172413", "doc1568435", "doc538338", "doc41051", "doc1568421", "doc1562257", "doc1327225", "doc1172360", "doc41055", "doc2591014", "doc538357", "doc1562298", "doc538348", "doc142540", "doc1172420", "doc394854", "doc117869", "doc2617034", "doc41053", "doc780053", "doc538358", "doc394877", "doc1172414", "doc1260187", "doc2490672", "doc366101", "doc2263027", "doc2263055", "doc1888348", "doc1327224", "doc1172411", "doc2580102", "doc1254985", "doc1926720", "doc2490676", "doc2263029", "doc1172405", "doc1172407", "doc2490675", "doc1562258", "doc1983775", "doc1562283", "doc394872", "doc2263033", "doc538346", "doc538350", "doc394896", "doc2490673", "doc1327222", "doc2263048", "doc664896", "doc538345", "doc1466439", "doc1627876", "doc2263042", "doc1568408", "doc394876", "doc394884", "doc41065", "doc1327226", "doc1888347", "doc1469976", "doc731489", "doc1298277", "doc41052", "doc538344", "doc1254989", "doc2263037", "doc394863", "doc2263028", "doc1842841", "doc394890", "doc1562274", "doc2263030", "doc101182", "doc41054", "doc95504", "doc1798421", "doc2043159", "doc1681270", "doc394862", "doc731490", "doc2263050", "doc1365899", "doc394866", "doc574595", "doc538356", "doc881581", "doc394885", "doc394857", "doc41061", "doc2538986", "doc1926728", "doc394870", "doc394861", "doc394859", "doc2263031", "doc2342874", "doc1260185", "doc471671" ]	[ "Silk Silk emitted by the silkworm consists of two main proteins, sericin and fibroin, fibroin being the structural center of the silk, and serecin being the sticky material surrounding it. Fibroin is made up of the amino acids Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala and forms beta pleated sheets. Hydrogen bonds form between chains, and side chains form above and below the plane of the hydrogen bond network.", "Protein Structural proteins confer stiffness and rigidity to otherwise-fluid biological components. Most structural proteins are fibrous proteins; for example, collagen and elastin are critical components of connective tissue such as cartilage, and keratin is found in hard or filamentous structures such as hair, nails, feathers, hooves, and some animal shells.[41] Some globular proteins can also play structural functions, for example, actin and tubulin are globular and soluble as monomers, but polymerize to form long, stiff fibers that make up the cytoskeleton, which allows the cell to maintain its shape and size.", "Keratin Keratin (/ˈkɛrətɪn/[1][2]) is one of a family of fibrous structural proteins. It is the key structural material making up hair, horns, claws, hooves, and the outer layer of human skin. Keratin is also the protein that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress. Keratin is extremely insoluble in water and organic solvents. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are tough and form strong unmineralized epidermal appendages found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals.[3][4] The only other biological matter known to approximate the toughness of keratinized tissue is chitin.[5][6][7]", "Animal fiber Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of particular proteins. Instances are silk, hair/fur (including wool) and feathers. The animal fibers used most commonly both in the manufacturing world as well as by the hand spinners are wool from domestic sheep and silk. Also very popular are alpaca fiber and mohair from Angora goats. Unusual fibers such as Angora wool from rabbits and Chiengora from dogs also exist, but are rarely used for mass production.", "Protein Proteins can be informally divided into three main classes, which correlate with typical tertiary structures: globular proteins, fibrous proteins, and membrane proteins. Almost all globular proteins are soluble and many are enzymes. Fibrous proteins are often structural, such as collagen, the major component of connective tissue, or keratin, the protein component of hair and nails. Membrane proteins often serve as receptors or provide channels for polar or charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane.[24]", "Collagen Collagen /ˈkɒlədʒɪn/ is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies. As the main component of connective tissue, it is the most abundant protein in mammals,[1] making up from 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content. Collagen consists of amino acids wound together to form triple-helices to form of elongated fibrils.[2] It is mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendons, ligaments and skin.", "Meat analogue The “wool” model is the more important model of the two as the composition of natural protein resembles wool rather than silk. This type of fiber is stabilized through cross-linkages as it provides strength and prevents plastic flow resulting from slippage of protein chains. Wool is much less crystalline due to its greater bulkiness of its side chains. About 50% of the weight is composed of side chains. Due to the abundance of hydrophobic groups, wet wool fibers are considerably stronger than other synthetically made protein fibers. This is the result of stabilizing through disulfide linkages. When these bonds are broken at elevated temperature through hydrolysis or reduction, the wet wool fibers lose its unique strength and act like typical synthetic protein fibers.[12]", "Silk Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons.[1] The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors.", "Animal fiber Spider silk is the strongest natural fiber known. The strongest dragline silk is five times stronger than steel and three times tougher than Kevlar. It is also highly elastic, the silk of the ogre-faced spider can be stretched six times its original length without damage. As of 2005, there is no synthetic material in production that can match spider silk, but it is actively being sought by the U.S. military for such applications as body armour, parachutes and rope. Genetically engineered goats have been raised to produce spider silk in their milk at a cost of around $1,500 per gram.[1][2]", "Rope Common natural fibres for rope are manila hemp, hemp, linen, cotton, coir, jute, straw, and sisal. Synthetic fibres in use for rope-making include polypropylene, nylon, polyesters (e.g. PET, LCP, Vectran), polyethylene (e.g. Dyneema and Spectra), Aramids (e.g. Twaron, Technora and Kevlar) and acrylics (e.g. Dralon). Some ropes are constructed of mixtures of several fibres or use co-polymer fibres. Wire rope is made of steel or other metal alloys. Ropes have been constructed of other fibrous materials such as silk, wool, and hair, but such ropes are not generally available. Rayon is a regenerated fibre used to make decorative rope.", "Keratin The silk fibroins produced by insects and spiders are often classified as keratins, though it is unclear whether they are phylogenetically related to vertebrate keratins.", "Collagen Collagen is one of the long, fibrous structural proteins whose functions are quite different from those of globular proteins, such as enzymes. Tough bundles of collagen called collagen fibers are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside, but collagen is also found inside certain cells. Collagen has great tensile strength, and is the main component of fascia, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone and skin.[52][53] Along with elastin and soft keratin, it is responsible for skin strength and elasticity, and its degradation leads to wrinkles that accompany aging.[9] It strengthens blood vessels and plays a role in tissue development. It is present in the cornea and lens of the eye in crystalline form. It may be one of the most abundant proteins in the fossil record, given that it appears to fossilize frequently, even in bones from the Mesozoic and Paleozoic.[54]", "Keratin Limited interior space is the reason why the triple helix of the (unrelated) structural protein collagen, found in skin, cartilage and bone, likewise has a high percentage of glycine. The connective tissue protein elastin also has a high percentage of both glycine and alanine. Silk fibroin, considered a β-keratin, can have these two as 75–80% of the total, with 10–15% serine, with the rest having bulky side groups. The chains are antiparallel, with an alternating C → N orientation.[20] A preponderance of amino acids with small, nonreactive side groups is characteristic for structural proteins, for which H-bonded close packing is more important than chemical specificity.", "Renewable resource Natural fibres are a class of hair-like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread. They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt. Fibres are of two types: natural fibre which consists of animal and plant fibres, and man made fibre which consists of synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres.", "Silk Silks derived from Bombyx mori are generally made of two parts: the silk fibroin fiber which contains a light chain of 25kDa and a heavy chain of 350kDa (or 390kDa[58]) linked by a single disulfide bond[59] and a glue-like protein, sericin, comprising 25 to 30 percentage by weight. Silk fibroin contains hydrophobic Beta sheet blocks, interrupted by small hydrophilic groups. And the beta-sheets contribute much to the high mechanical strength of silk fibers, which achieves 740 MPa, tens of times that of poly(lactic acid) and hundreds of times that of collagen. This impressive mechanical strength has made silk fibroin very competitive for applications in biomaterials. Indeed, silk fibers have found their way into tendon tissue engineering,[60] where mechanical properties matter greatly. In addition, mechanical properties of silks from various kinds of silkworms vary widely, which provides more choices for their use in tissue engineering.", "Spider silk Spider silk is a protein fibre spun by spiders. Spiders use their silk to make webs or other structures, which function as sticky nets to catch other animals, or as nests or cocoons to protect their offspring, or to wrap up prey. They can also use their silk to suspend themselves, to float through the air, or to glide away from predators. Most spiders vary the thickness and stickiness of their silk for different uses.", "Wool Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere and mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids.[1] Wool mainly consists of protein together with a few percent lipids. In this regard it is chemically quite distinct from the more dominant textile, cotton, which is mainly cellulose.[1]", "Polyamide Polyamides occur both naturally and artificially. Examples of naturally occurring polyamides are proteins, such as wool and silk. Artificially made polyamides can be made through step-growth polymerization or solid-phase synthesis yielding materials such as nylons, aramids, and sodium poly(aspartate). Synthetic polyamides are commonly used in textiles, automotive applications, carpets and sportswear due to their high durability and strength. The transportation manufacturing industry is the major consumer, accounting for 35% of polyamide (PA) consumption.[2]", "Animal fiber Silk is a \"natural\" protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity. Rearing of silks is called sericulture. Degummed fibers from B. mori are 5-10 Î¼m in diameter. The shimmering appearance for which silk is prized comes from the fibers' triangular prism-like cross-sectional structure which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles.", "Spider Silk is mainly composed of a protein very similar to that used in insect silk. It is initially a liquid, and hardens not by exposure to air but as a result of being drawn out, which changes the internal structure of the protein.[28] It is similar in tensile strength to nylon and biological materials such as chitin, collagen and cellulose, but is much more elastic. In other words, it can stretch much further before breaking or losing shape.[8]", "Keratin Silk found in insect pupae, and in spider webs and egg casings, also has twisted β-pleated sheets incorporated into fibers wound into larger supermolecular aggregates. The structure of the spinnerets on spiders’ tails, and the contributions of their interior glands, provide remarkable control of fast extrusion. Spider silk is typically about 1 to 2 micrometres (µm) thick, compared with about 60 µm for human hair, and more for some mammals. The biologically and commercially useful properties of silk fibers depend on the organization of multiple adjacent protein chains into hard, crystalline regions of varying size, alternating with flexible, amorphous regions where the chains are randomly coiled.[22] A somewhat analogous situation occurs with synthetic polymers such as nylon, developed as a silk substitute. Silk from the hornet cocoon contains doublets about 10 µm across, with cores and coating, and may be arranged in up to 10 layers, also in plaques of variable shape. Adult hornets also use silk as a glue, as do spiders.", "Spider silk The production of silks, including spider silk, differs in an important respect from the production of most other fibrous biological materials: rather than being continuously grown as keratin in hair, cellulose in the cell walls of plants, or even the fibres formed from the compacted faecal matter of beetles,[17] it is \"spun\" on demand from liquid silk precursor out of specialised glands.[38]", "Silk The high proportion (50%) of glycine allows tight packing. This is because glycine's R group is only a hydrogen and so is not as sterically constrained. The addition of alanine and serine makes the fibres strong and resistant to breaking. This tensile strength is due to the many interceded hydrogen bonds, and when stretched the force is applied to these numerous bonds and they do not break.", "Textile industry Natural fibres are either from animals (sheep, goat, rabbit, silk-worm) mineral (asbestos) or from plants (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibres can come from the seed (cotton), the stem (known as bast fibres: flax, hemp, jute) or the leaf (sisal).[4] Without exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained- each with a specific name. With the exception of silk, each of these fibres is short, being only centimeters in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples.[4]", "Alpha-keratin Alpha-keratin, or α-keratin, is a type of keratin found in mammals. This protein is the primary component in hairs, horns, nails and the epidermis layer of the skin. α-keratin is a fibrous structural protein, meaning it is made up of amino acids that form a repeating secondary structure. The secondary structure of α-keratin is very similar to that of a traditional protein α-helix and forms a coiled coil.[1] Due to its tightly wound structure, it can function as one of the strongest biological materials and has various uses in mammals, from predatory claws to hair for warmth. α-keratin is synthesized through protein biosynthesis, utilizing transcription and translation, but as the cell matures and is full of α-keratin, it dies, creating a strong non-vascular unit of keratinized tissue.[2]", "Spinning (textiles) Natural fibres are from animals (sheep, goat, rabbit, silkworm), minerals (asbestos), or plants (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibres can come from the seed (cotton), the stem (known as bast fibres: flax, hemp, jute) or the leaf (sisal).[2] Without exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained. With the exception of silk, each of these fibres is short, being only centimetres in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples.[2]", "Textile Textiles can be made from many materials. These materials come from four main sources: animal (wool, silk), plant (cotton, flax, jute), mineral (asbestos, glass fibre), and synthetic (nylon, polyester, acrylic). In the past, all textiles were made from natural fibres, including plant, animal, and mineral sources. In the 20th century, these were supplemented by artificial fibres made from petroleum.", "Textile Milk proteins have also been used to create synthetic fabric. Milk or casein fibre cloth was developed during World War I in Germany, and further developed in Italy and America during the 1930s.[14] Milk fibre fabric is not very durable and wrinkles easily, but has a pH similar to human skin and possesses anti-bacterial properties. It is marketed as a biodegradable, renewable synthetic fibre.[15]", "Mohair Mohair is composed mostly of keratin, a protein found in the hair, wool, horns and skin of all mammals. While it has scales like wool, the scales are not fully developed, merely indicated.[2] Thus, mohair does not felt as wool does.", "Meat analogue The formation of fibers through protein coagulation can be described through the wool and fiber models. “Silk” fibers are characterized by its relatively high content of alanine, glycine, and serine; these make up over 80% of the protein residue. In order to give sufficient cohesion to resist flow, these protein chains form a tight fit over a large area. The proximity of the chains allows for firm hydrogen bonding to occur along the peptide bonds of the chain backbone. Although hydrogen bonds are relatively weak non-covalent interaction, the sheer quantity of them increases their overall effectiveness in maintaining the structure.[12]", "Silk Natural and synthetic silk is known to manifest piezoelectric properties in proteins, probably due to its molecular structure.[50]", "Condensation polymer The most commonly known condensation polymers are proteins, fabrics such as nylon, silk, or polyester.", "Extracellular matrix Collagens are the most abundant protein in the ECM. In fact, collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body[14][15] and accounts for 90% of bone matrix protein content.[16] Collagens are present in the ECM as fibrillar proteins and give structural support to resident cells. Collagen is exocytosed in precursor form (procollagen), which is then cleaved by procollagen proteases to allow extracellular assembly. Disorders such as Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta, and epidermolysis bullosa are linked with genetic defects in collagen-encoding genes.[8] The collagen can be divided into several families according to the types of structure they form:", "Synthetic fiber Synthetic fibers (British English: synthetic fibres) are fibers made by humans with chemical synthesis, as opposed to natural fibers that humans get from living organisms with little or no chemical changes. They are the result of extensive research by scientists to improve on naturally occurring animal fibers and plant fibers. In general, synthetic fibers are created by extruding fiber-forming materials through spinnerets into air and water, forming a thread. These fibers are called synthetic or artificial fibers. Some fibers (such as the diverse family of rayons) are manufactured from plant-derived cellulose and are thus semisynthetic, whereas others are totally synthetic, being made from crudes and intermediates including petroleum, coal, limestone, air, and water. In the textile industries, cellulose fibers are usually differentiated from synthetic fibers in the sense of fully synthetic ones.", "Alpha-keratin Alpha-keratins proteins can be one of two types: type I or type II. There are 54 keratin genes in humans, 28 of which code for type I, and 26 for type II. [12] Type I proteins are acidic, meaning they contain more acidic amino acids, such as aspartic acid, while type II proteins are basic, meaning they contain more basic amino acids, such as lysine. [13] This differentiation is especially important in alpha-keratins because in the synthesis of its sub-unit dimer, the coiled coil, one protein coil must be type I, while the other must be type II.[2] Even within type I and II, there are acidic and basic keratins that are particularly complementary within each organism. For example, in human skin, K5, a type II alpha keratin, pairs primarily with K14, a type I alpha-keratin, to form the alpha-keratin complex of the epidermis layer of cells in the skin. [14]", "Textile Animal textiles are commonly made from hair, fur, skin or silk (in the silkworms case).", "Silk Silk fibers from the Bombyx mori silkworm have a triangular cross section with rounded corners, 5–10 μm wide. The fibroin-heavy chain is composed mostly of beta-sheets, due to a 59-mer amino acid repeat sequence with some variations.[47] The flat surfaces of the fibrils reflect light at many angles, giving silk a natural sheen. The cross-section from other silkworms can vary in shape and diameter: crescent-like for Anaphe and elongated wedge for tussah. Silkworm fibers are naturally extruded from two silkworm glands as a pair of primary filaments (brin), which are stuck together, with sericin proteins that act like glue, to form a bave. Bave diameters for tussah silk can reach 65 μm. See cited reference for cross-sectional SEM photographs.[48]", "Silk Silk is one of the strongest natural fibers, but it loses up to 20% of its strength when wet. It has a good moisture regain of 11%. Its elasticity is moderate to poor: if elongated even a small amount, it remains stretched. It can be weakened if exposed to too much sunlight. It may also be attacked by insects, especially if left dirty.", "Alpha-keratin The property of most biological importance of alpha-keratin is its structural stability. When exposed to mechanical stress, Î±-keratin structures can retain their shape and therefore can protect what they surround.[10] Under high tension, alpha-keratin can even change into beta-keratin, a stronger keratin formation that has a secondary structure of beta-pleated sheets.[11] Alpha-keratin tissues also show signs of viscoelasticity, allowing them to both be able to stretch and absorb impact to a degree, though they are not impervious to fracture. Alpha-keratin strength is also affected by water content in the intermediate filament matrix; higher water content decreases the strength and stiffness of the keratin cell due to their effect on the various hydrogen bonds in the alpha-keratin network.[2]", "Collagen Depending upon the degree of mineralization, collagen tissues may be either rigid (bone) or compliant (tendon) or have a gradient from rigid to compliant (cartilage). It is also abundant in corneas, blood vessels, the gut, intervertebral discs, and the dentin in teeth.[3] In muscle tissue, it serves as a major component of the endomysium. Collagen constitutes one to two percent of muscle tissue and accounts for 6% of the weight of strong, tendinous muscles.[4] The fibroblast is the most common cell that creates collagen. Gelatin, which is used in food and industry, is collagen that has been irreversibly hydrolyzed.[5] Collagen also has many medical uses in treating complications of the bones and skin.", "Atypus Peasants in the southern Carpathian Mountains used to cut up tubes built by Atypus and cover wounds with the inner lining. It reportedly facilitated healing, and even connected with the skin. This is believed to be due to antiseptic properties of spider silk (which is made of protein).[2]", "Collagen A distinctive feature of collagen is the regular arrangement of amino acids in each of the three chains of these collagen subunits. The sequence often follows the pattern Gly-Pro-X or Gly-X-Hyp, where X may be any of various other amino acid residues.[29] Proline or hydroxyproline constitute about 1/6 of the total sequence. With glycine accounting for the 1/3 of the sequence, this means approximately half of the collagen sequence is not glycine, proline or hydroxyproline, a fact often missed due to the distraction of the unusual GX1X2 character of collagen alpha-peptides. The high glycine content of collagen is important with respect to stabilization of the collagen helix as this allows the very close association of the collagen fibers within the molecule, facilitating hydrogen bonding and the formation of intermolecular cross-links.[29] This kind of regular repetition and high glycine content is found in only a few other fibrous proteins, such as silk fibroin.", "Spider silk Silks, like many other biomaterials, have a hierarchical structure. The primary structure is its amino acid sequence, mainly consisting of highly repetitive glycine and alanine blocks,[26][27] which is why silks are often referred to as a block co-polymer. On a secondary structure level, the short side chained alanine is mainly found in the crystalline domains (beta sheets) of the nanofibril, glycine is mostly found in the so-called amorphous matrix consisting of helical and beta turn structures.[27][28] It is the interplay between the hard crystalline segments, and the strained elastic semi-amorphous regions, that gives spider silk its extraordinary properties.[29][30] Various compounds other than protein are used to enhance the fibre's properties. Pyrrolidine has hygroscopic properties which keeps the silk moist while also warding off ant invasion. It occurs in especially high concentration in glue threads. Potassium hydrogen phosphate releases protons in aqueous solution, resulting in a pH of about 4, making the silk acidic and thus protecting it from fungi and bacteria that would otherwise digest the protein. Potassium nitrate is believed to prevent the protein from denaturing in the acidic milieu.[31]", "Textile Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the cocoon of the Chinese silkworm which is spun into a smooth fabric prized for its softness. There are two main types of the silk: 'mulberry silk' produced by the Bombyx Mori, and 'wild silk' such as Tussah silk. Silkworm larvae produce the first type if cultivated in habitats with fresh mulberry leaves for consumption, while Tussah silk is produced by silkworms feeding purely on oak leaves. Around four-fifths of the world's silk production consists of cultivated silk.[11]", "Keratin Fibrous keratin molecules supercoil to form a very stable, left-handed superhelical motif to multimerise, forming filaments consisting of multiple copies of the keratin monomer.[18]", "Keratin The more flexible and elastic keratins of hair have fewer interchain disulfide bridges than the keratins in mammalian fingernails, hooves and claws (homologous structures), which are harder and more like their analogs in other vertebrate classes. Hair and other α-keratins consist of α-helically coiled single protein strands (with regular intra-chain H-bonding), which are then further twisted into superhelical ropes that may be further coiled. The β-keratins of reptiles and birds have β-pleated sheets twisted together, then stabilized and hardened by disulfide bridges.", "Spider silk Replicating the complex conditions required to produce fibres that are comparable to spider silk has proven difficult in research and early-stage manufacturing. Through genetic engineering, Escherichia coli bacteria, yeasts, plants, silkworms, and animals have been used to produce spider silk proteins, which have different, simpler characteristics than those from a spider.[95] Artificial spider silks have fewer and simpler proteins than natural dragline silk, and are consequently half the diameter, strength, and flexibility of natural dragline silk.[95]", "Alpha-keratin α-keratin is a polypeptide chain, typically high in alanine, leucine, arginine, and cysteine, that forms a right-handed α-helix. [3] [4] Two of these polypeptide chains twist together to form a left-handed helical structure known as a coiled coil. These coiled coil dimers, approximately 45 nm long, are bonded together with disulfide bonds, utilizing the many cysteine amino acids found in α-keratins. [2] The dimers then align, their termini bonding with the termini of other dimers, and two of these new chains bond length-wise, all through disulfide bonds, to form a protofilament. [5] Two protofilaments aggregate to form a protofibril, and four protofibrils polymerize to form the intermediate filament (IF). The IF is the basic subunit of α-keratins. These IFs are able to condense into a super-coil formation of about 7 nm in diameter, and can be type I, acidic, or type II, basic. The IFs are finally embedded in a keratin matrix that either is high in cysteine or glycine, tyrosine and phenylalanine residues. The different types, alignments, and matrices of these IFs account for the large variation in α-keratin structures found in mammals.[6]", "Meat analogue Fiber spinning method is not commonly used to produce meat analogs due to its complexity, and it also negates one of the key advantages of meat analogs. This method of production increases the cost of production, which eliminates the advantage of creating an inexpensive meat/protein substitute. The fiber spinning techniques were adopted from the spun fiber method used to create synthetic fibers in the textile industry. In general, fibers are made through creating filaments out of the protein used as the starting material. The process begins through the dispersion of proteins into a dispersing medium such as an alkaline aqueous solution. This dispersion is then fed through a spinneret, a device used to extrude a polymer solution to form fibers, and deposited into an acidic salt solution with a pH range of 5.6 to 6.4 for coagulation. The filaments after exiting the small die of the spinneret would have a diameter of around .003 inches. These filaments are then stretched and elongated until the average thickness is around 20 microns.[10]", "Textile Aramid fibre (e.g. Twaron) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armour.", "Shirt There are two main categories of fibres used: natural fibre and man-made fibre (synthetics or petroleum based). Some natural fibres are linen, the first used historically, hemp, cotton, the most used, ramie, wool, silk and more recently bamboo or soya. Some synthetic fibres are polyester, tencel, viscose, etc. Polyester mixed with cotton (poly-cotton) is often used. Fabrics for shirts are called shirtings. The four main weaves for shirtings are plain weave, oxford, twill and satin. Broadcloth, poplin and end-on-end are variations of the plain weave. After weaving, finishing can be applied to the fabric.", "Keratin The first sequences of keratins were determined by Hanukoglu and Fuchs.[15][16] These sequences revealed that there are two distinct but homologous keratin families which were named as Type I keratin and Type II keratins.[16] By analysis of the primary structures of these keratins and other intermediate filament proteins, Hanukoglu and Fuchs suggested a model that keratins and intermediate filament proteins contain a central ~310 residue domain with four segments in Î±-helical conformation that are separated by three short linker segments predicted to be in beta-turn conformation.[16] This model has been confirmed by the determination of the crystal structure of a helical domain of keratins.[17]", "Dyeing Acrylic fibers are dyed with basic dyes, while nylon and protein fibers such as wool and silk are dyed with acid dyes, and polyester yarn is dyed with disperse dyes. Cotton is dyed with a range of dye types, including vat dyes, and modern synthetic reactive and direct dyes.", "Endomysium The elastic fiber of collagen is the major protein that composes connective tissues like endomysium. Endomysium has been shown to contain mainly type I and type III collagen components, and type IV and type V in very minor amounts.[2]", "Textile Fibres from the stalks of plants, such as hemp, flax, and nettles, are also known as 'bast' fibres.", "Protein Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyse biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. In animals, proteins are needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized. Digestion breaks the proteins down for use in the metabolism.", "Spider silk Various compounds other than protein are found in spider silks, such as sugars, lipids, ions, and pigments that might affect the aggregation behaviour and act as a protection layer in the final fibre.[17]", "Spider silk The molecular structure of unspun silk is both complex and extremely long. Though this endows the silk fibres with their desirable properties, it also makes replication of the fibre somewhat of a challenge. Various organisms have been used as a basis for attempts to replicate some components or all of some or all of the proteins involved. These proteins must then be extracted, purified and then spun before their properties can be tested.", "Animal fiber Hair from animals such as horses is also an animal fiber. Horsehair is used for brushes, the bows of musical instruments and many other things. The best artists brushes are made from Siberian weasel, many other fibers are used including ox hair and hog bristle. Camel-hair brushes are usually made from squirrel, cheaper ones from pony, but never camels. Chiengora is dog hair.", "Meat analogue The folding and the unfolding of the proteins also contribute to the physical and mechanical properties of the fibers formed. Studies have shown that reversible “sol-gel” transformations take place within the amorphous areas of the fibers.[12] Sol-gel refers to the production of solid materials from small molecules. In material science, the process involves the transformation of monomers into a colloidal solution (sol) that acts as the precursor to an integrated matrix (gel). When the stabilizing bond between the fibers are broken, the system responds by unfolding or slipping in attempt to relieve the tension. The bonds would then rearrange in a less stressed position. The uncoiling of the fibers, and to a less extent the stretching of bonds, contributes to the elastic properties of the fiber. While the plastic properties, or flow, are due to the slipping of protein chains pass one another.", "Mohair Mohair /ˈmoʊhɛər/ is usually a silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat.[1][2] Both durable and resilient, mohair is notable for its high luster and sheen,[2] which has helped gain it the nickname the \"Diamond Fiber\",[3] and is often used in fiber blends to add these qualities to a textile. Mohair takes dye exceptionally well. Mohair is warm in winter as it has excellent insulating properties, while remaining cool in summer due to its moisture wicking properties. It is durable, naturally elastic, flame resistant and crease resistant. It is considered to be a luxury fiber, like cashmere, angora and silk, and is usually more expensive than most wool that is produced by sheep.[citation needed]", "Elastic fiber Elastic fibers (or yellow fibers) are bundles of proteins (elastin) found in extracellular matrix[1] of connective tissue and produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in arteries. These fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their length, and snap back to their original length when relaxed. Elastic fibers include elastin, elaunin and oxytalan.", "Ground tissue Fibers or bast are generally long, slender, so-called prosenchymatous cells, usually occurring in strands or bundles. Such bundles or the totality of a stem's bundles are colloquially called fibers. Their high load-bearing capacity and the ease with which they can be processed has since antiquity made them the source material for a number of things, like ropes, fabrics and mattresses. The fibers of flax (Linum usitatissimum) have been known in Europe and Egypt for more than 3,000 years, those of hemp (Cannabis sativa) in China for just as long. These fibers, and those of jute (Corchorus capsularis) and ramie (Boehmeria nivea, a nettle), are extremely soft and elastic and are especially well suited for the processing to textiles. Their principal cell wall material is cellulose.", "Chitin Nanofibrils have been made using chitin and chitosan.[11]", "Animal fiber Not all animal fibers have the same properties, and even within a species the fiber is not consistent. Merino is a very soft, fine wool, while Cotswold is coarser, and yet both merino and Cotswold are types of sheep. This comparison can be continued on the microscopic level, comparing the diameter and structure of the fiber. With animal fibers, and natural fibers in general, the individual fibers look different, whereas all synthetic fibers look the same. This provides an easy way to differentiate between natural and synthetic fibers under a microscope.", "Keratin The keratins include the following proteins of which KRT23, KRT24, KRT25, KRT26, KRT27, KRT28, KRT31, KRT32, KRT33A, KRT33B, KRT34, KRT35, KRT36, KRT37, KRT38, KRT39, KRT40, KRT71, KRT72, KRT73, KRT74, KRT75, KRT76, KRT77, KRT78, KRT79, KRT8, KRT80, KRT81, KRT82, KRT83, KRT84, KRT85 and KRT86 have been used to describe keratins past 20.[14]", "Extracellular matrix Laminins are proteins found in the basal laminae of virtually all animals. Rather than forming collagen-like fibers, laminins form networks of web-like structures that resist tensile forces in the basal lamina. They also assist in cell adhesion. Laminins bind other ECM components such as collagens and nidogens.[8]", "Textile Cotton, flax, jute, hemp, modal and even bamboo fibre are all used in clothing. Piña (pineapple fibre) and ramie are also fibres used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fibres such as cotton. Nettles have also been used to make a fibre and fabric very similar to hemp or flax. The use of milkweed stalk fibre has also been reported, but it tends to be somewhat weaker than other fibres like hemp or flax.", "Spider silk Consisting of mainly protein, silks are about a sixth of the density of steel (1.3 g/cm3). As a result, a strand long enough to circle the Earth would weigh less than 500 grams (18 oz). (Spider dragline silk has a tensile strength of roughly 1.3 GPa. The tensile strength listed for steel might be slightly higher—e.g. 1.65 GPa,[15][16] but spider silk is a much less dense material, so that a given weight of spider silk is five times as strong as the same weight of steel.)", "Textile Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest gossamer to the sturdiest canvas. Microfibre refers to fibres made of strands thinner than one denier.", "Biomolecule Proteins have two types of well-classified, frequently occurring elements of local structure defined by a particular pattern of hydrogen bonds along the backbone: alpha helix and beta sheet. Their number and arrangement is called the secondary structure of the protein. Alpha helices are regular spirals stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the backbone CO group (carbonyl) of one amino acid residue and the backbone NH group (amide) of the i+4 residue. The spiral has about 3.6 amino acids per turn, and the amino acid side chains stick out from the cylinder of the helix. Beta pleated sheets are formed by backbone hydrogen bonds between individual beta strands each of which is in an \"extended\", or fully stretched-out, conformation. The strands may lie parallel or antiparallel to each other, and the side-chain direction alternates above and below the sheet. Hemoglobin contains only helices, natural silk is formed of beta pleated sheets, and many enzymes have a pattern of alternating helices and beta-strands. The secondary-structure elements are connected by \"loop\" or \"coil\" regions of non-repetitive conformation, which are sometimes quite mobile or disordered but usually adopt a well-defined, stable arrangement.[14]", "Spider silk Silk can be formed into other shapes and sizes such as spherical capsules for drug delivery, cell scaffolds and wound healing, textiles, cosmetics, coatings, and many others.[64][65] Spider silk proteins can also self-assemble on superhydrophobic surfaces to generate nanowires, as well as micron-sized circular sheets.[65]", "Collagen The collagen protein is composed of a triple helix, which generally consists of two identical chains (α1) and an additional chain that differs slightly in its chemical composition (α2).[29] The amino acid composition of collagen is atypical for proteins, particularly with respect to its high hydroxyproline content. The most common motifs in the amino acid sequence of collagen are glycine-proline-X and glycine-X-hydroxyproline, where X is any amino acid other than glycine, proline or hydroxyproline. The average amino acid composition for fish and mammal skin is given.[29]", "Textile Wool refers to the hair of the domestic goat or sheep, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with a wax mixture known as lanolin (sometimes called wool grease), which is waterproof and dirtproof[citation needed]. Woollen refers to a bulkier yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while worsted refers to a finer yarn spun from longer fibres which have been combed to be parallel. Wool is commonly used for warm clothing. Cashmere, the hair of the Indian cashmere goat, and mohair, the hair of the North African angora goat, are types of wool known for their softness.", "Anatomy Connective tissues are fibrous and made up of cells scattered among inorganic material called the extracellular matrix. Connective tissue gives shape to organs and holds them in place. The main types are loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage and bone. The extracellular matrix contains proteins, the chief and most abundant of which is collagen. Collagen plays a major part in organizing and maintaining tissues. The matrix can be modified to form a skeleton to support or protect the body. An exoskeleton is a thickened, rigid cuticle which is stiffened by mineralization, as in crustaceans or by the cross-linking of its proteins as in insects. An endoskeleton is internal and present in all developed animals, as well as in many of those less developed.[13]", "Animal fiber The length of the silk fiber depends on how it has been prepared. Since the cocoon is made of one strand, if the cocoon is unwound carefully the fibers can be very long.", "Hydrogen bond Many polymers are strengthened by hydrogen bonds in their main chains. Among the synthetic polymers, the best known example is nylon, where hydrogen bonds occur in the repeat unit and play a major role in crystallization of the material. The bonds occur between carbonyl and amine groups in the amide repeat unit. They effectively link adjacent chains to create crystals, which help reinforce the material. The effect is greatest in aramid fibre, where hydrogen bonds stabilize the linear chains laterally. The chain axes are aligned along the fibre axis, making the fibres extremely stiff and strong. Hydrogen bonds are also important in the structure of cellulose and derived polymers in its many different forms in nature, such as wood and natural fibres such as cotton and flax.", "Hair Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis, or skin. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. Most common interest in hair is focused on hair growth, hair types and hair care, but hair is also an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein, notably alpha-keratin.", "Ear hair Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles in the dermis, or skin. With the exception of areas of glabrous skin, the human body is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. It is an important biomaterial primarily composed of protein, notably keratin.", "Composite material Common fibres used for reinforcement include glass fibres, carbon fibres, cellulose (wood/paper fibre and straw) and high strength polymers for example aramid. Silicon carbide fibers are used for some high temperature applications.", "Spider silk A dragline silk's tensile strength is comparable to that of high-grade alloy steel (450âˆ’2000 MPa),[11][12] and about half as strong as aramid filaments, such as Twaron or Kevlar (3000 MPa).[13] In 2018, a wood-based nanofiber achieved tensile stiffness eight times greater and with higher tensile strength than spider silk.[14]", "Ground tissue Contrasting are hard fibers that are mostly found in monocots. Typical examples are the fiber of many grasses, agaves (sisal: Agave sisalana), lilies (Yucca or Phormium tenax), Musa textilis and others. Their cell walls contain, besides cellulose, a high proportion of lignin. The load-bearing capacity of Phormium tenax is as high as 20–25 kg/mm², the same as that of good steel wire (25 kg/ mm²), but the fibre tears as soon as too great a strain is placed upon it, while the wire distorts and does not tear before a strain of 80 kg/mm². The thickening of a cell wall has been studied in Linum.[citation needed] Starting at the centre of the fiber, the thickening layers of the secondary wall are deposited one after the other. Growth at both tips of the cell leads to simultaneous elongation. During development the layers of secondary material seem like tubes, of which the outer one is always longer and older than the next. After completion of growth, the missing parts are supplemented, so that the wall is evenly thickened up to the tips of the fibers.", "Textile Nylon is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of pantyhose. Thicker nylon fibres are used in rope and outdoor clothing.", "Amide Amides are pervasive in nature and technology as structural materials. The amide linkage is easily formed, confers structural rigidity, and resists hydrolysis. Nylons are polyamides, as are the very resilient materials Aramid, Twaron, and Kevlar. Amide linkages constitute a defining molecular feature of proteins, the secondary structure of which is due in part to the hydrogen bonding abilities of amides. Amide linkages in a biochemical context are called peptide bonds when they occur in the main chain of a protein and isopeptide bonds when they occur to a side-chain of the protein. Proteins can have structural roles, such as in hair or spider silk, but also nearly all enzymes are proteins. Low molecular weight amides, such as dimethylformamide (HC(O)N(CH3)2), are common solvents. Many drugs are amides, including paracetamol, penicillin and LSD. Moreover, plant N-alkylamides have a wide range of biological functionalities.[7]", "Spider silk The combination of strength and ductility gives dragline silks a very high toughness (or work to fracture), which \"equals that of commercial polyaramid (aromatic nylon) filaments, which themselves are benchmarks of modern polymer fibre technology\".[18][19]", "Spider web The tensile strength of spider silk is greater than the same weight of steel and has much greater elasticity. Its microstructure is under investigation for potential applications in industry, including bullet-proof vests and artificial tendons. Researchers have used genetically modified mammals to produce the proteins needed to make this material.[8][9][10]", "Keratin These hard, integumentary structures are formed by intercellular cementing of fibers formed from the dead, cornified cells generated by specialized beds deep within the skin. Hair grows continuously and feathers moult and regenerate. The constituent proteins may be phylogenetically homologous but differ somewhat in chemical structure and supermolecular organization. The evolutionary relationships are complex and only partially known. Multiple genes have been identified for the Î²-keratins in feathers, and this is probably characteristic of all keratins.", "Cotton Cotton is used to make a number of textile products. These include terrycloth for highly absorbent bath towels and robes; denim for blue jeans; cambric, popularly used in the manufacture of blue work shirts (from which we get the term \"blue-collar\"); and corduroy, seersucker, and cotton twill. Socks, underwear, and most T-shirts are made from cotton. Bed sheets often are made from cotton. Cotton also is used to make yarn used in crochet and knitting. Fabric also can be made from recycled or recovered cotton that otherwise would be thrown away during the spinning, weaving, or cutting process. While many fabrics are made completely of cotton, some materials blend cotton with other fibers, including rayon and synthetic fibers such as polyester. It can either be used in knitted or woven fabrics, as it can be blended with elastine to make a stretchier thread for knitted fabrics, and apparel such as stretch jeans. Cotton can be blended also with linen as Linen-cotton blends which give benefit of both plant materials which wrinkle resistant, lightweight, breathable and can keep heat more effectively than only linen. These blends are thinner and lighter, but stronger than only cotton.[70]", "Spider silk Spider silks with comparatively simple molecular structure need complex ducts to be able to spin an effective fibre. There have been a number of methods used to produce fibres, of which the main types are briefly discussed below.", "Spider silk Meeting the specification for all these ecological uses requires different types of silk suited to different broad properties, as either a fibre, a structure of fibres, or a silk-globule. These types include glues and fibres. Some types of fibres are used for structural support, others for constructing protective structures. Some can absorb energy effectively, whereas others transmit vibration efficiently. In a spider, these silk types are produced in different glands; so the silk from a particular gland can be linked to its use by the spider.", "Animal fiber Mohair is a silk-like fabric or yarn made from the hair of the Angora goat. It is both durable and resilient. It is notable for its high luster and sheen, and is often used in fiber blends to add these qualities to a textile. Mohair also takes dye exceptionally well.", "Matrix (biology) The main ingredients of the extracellular matrix are glycoproteins secreted by the cells. (Recall that glycoproteins are proteins with covalently bound carbohydrates, usually short chains of sugars.) The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells is collagen, which forms strong fibers outside the cells. In fact, collagen accounts for about 40% of the total protein in the human body. The collagen fibers are embedded in a network woven from proteoglycans. A proteoglycan molecule consists of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains covalently attached, so that it may be up to 95% carbohydrate. Large proteoglycan complexes can form when hundreds of proteoglycans become noncovalently attached to a single long polysaccharide molecule. Some cells are attached to the ECM by still other ECM glycoproteins such as fibronectin. Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to cell surface receptor proteins called integrins that are built into the plasma membrane. Integrins span the membrane and bind on the cytoplasmic side to associated proteins attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. The name integrin is based on the word integrate, integrins are in a position to transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell. Current research on fibronectin, other ECM molecules, and integrins is revealing the influential role of the ECM in the lives of cells. By communicating with a cell through integrins, the ECM can regulate a cell's behavior. For example, some cells in a developing embryo migrate along specific pathways by matching the orientation of their microfilaments to the \"grain\" of fibers in the ECM. Researchers are also learning that the ECM around a cell can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus. Information about the ECM probably reaches the nucleus by a combination of mechanical and chemical signaling pathways. Mechanical signaling involves fibronectin, integrins, and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton. Changes in the cytoskeleton may in turn trigger chemical signaling pathways inside the cell, leading to changes in the set of proteins being made by the cell and therefore changes in the cells function. In this way, the ECM of a particular tissue may help coordinate the behavior of all the cells within that tissue. Direct connections between cells also function in this coordination. [1]", "Synthetic fiber Synthetic fibers are made from synthesized polymers of small molecules. The compounds that are used to make these fibers come from raw materials such as petroleum based chemicals or petrochemicals. These materials are polymerized into a long, linear chemical that bond two adjacent carbon atoms. Differing chemical compounds will be used to produce different types of synthetic fibers.", "Spider silk Silk fibre is a two-compound pyriform secretion, spun into patterns (called \"attachment discs\") that are employed to adhere silk threads to various surfaces using a minimum of silk substrate.[22] The pyriform threads polymerise under ambient conditions, become functional immediately, and are usable indefinitely, remaining biodegradable, versatile and compatible with numerous other materials in the environment.[22] The adhesive and durability properties of the attachment disc are controlled by functions within the spinnerets.[23] Some adhesive properties of the silk resemble glue, consisting of microfibrils and lipid enclosures.[22]", "Spider silk The variability of mechanical properties of spider silk fibres may be important and it is related to their degree of molecular alignment.[9] Mechanical properties depend strongly on the ambient conditions, i.e. humidity and temperature.[10]", "Spider silk Most silks, in particular dragline silk, have exceptional mechanical properties. They exhibit a unique combination of high tensile strength and extensibility (ductility). This enables a silk fibre to absorb a large amount of energy before breaking (toughness, the area under a stress-strain curve).", "Textile Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are alpaca wool, vicuña wool, llama wool, and camel hair, generally used in the production of coats, jackets, ponchos, blankets, and other warm coverings. Angora refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the angora rabbit. Qiviut is the fine inner wool of the muskox.", "Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene For personal armor, the fibres are, in general, aligned and bonded into sheets, which are then layered at various angles to give the resulting composite material strength in all directions.[13][14] Recently developed additions to the US Military's Interceptor body armour, designed to offer arm and leg protection, are said to utilise a form of Spectra or Dyneema fabric.[15] Dyneema provides puncture resistance to protective clothing in the sport of fencing.", "Textile industry Artificial fibres can be made by extruding a polymer, through a spinneret into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning (acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and then sets.[3] All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometres long.", "Optical fiber An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.[1] Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than electrical cables. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with less loss; in addition, fibers are immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem from which metal wires suffer excessively.[2] Fibers are also used for illumination and imaging, and are often wrapped in bundles so they may be used to carry light into, or images out of confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope.[3] Specially designed fibers are also used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fiber optic sensors and fiber lasers.[4]" ]	[ "Animal fiber Animal fibers are natural fibers that consist largely of particular proteins. Instances are silk, hair/fur (including wool) and feathers. The animal fibers used most commonly both in the manufacturing world as well as by the hand spinners are wool from domestic sheep and silk. Also very popular are alpaca fiber and mohair from Angora goats. Unusual fibers such as Angora wool from rabbits and Chiengora from dogs also exist, but are rarely used for mass production." ]
test734	what type of tale is the pardoner's tale	[ "doc26152" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc26158", "doc26154", "doc104075", "doc26157", "doc26156", "doc26168", "doc26153", "doc26151", "doc26159", "doc26152", "doc26169", "doc26155", "doc26163", "doc26166", "doc26167", "doc26162", "doc104072", "doc104076", "doc26173", "doc26161", "doc104071", "doc26171", "doc1792915", "doc1768548", "doc26165", "doc26160", "doc26172", "doc104073", "doc2074743", "doc1768549", "doc104044", "doc26164", "doc104074", "doc2501190", "doc2074747", "doc104045", "doc104058", "doc26170", "doc104020", "doc104035", "doc1872547", "doc2345291", "doc104039", "doc2582700", "doc1768566", "doc104021", "doc2528210", "doc2528212", "doc2345302", "doc1768550", "doc2544059", "doc1768561", "doc1768568", "doc2074745", "doc2424537", "doc1100435", "doc104033", "doc104060", "doc2074744", "doc104052", "doc2528201", "doc104041", "doc2528205", "doc104048", "doc1467776", "doc104034", "doc591672", "doc2345301", "doc2528209", "doc1695122", "doc2074748", "doc1707239", "doc2651458", "doc104066", "doc104043", "doc2528211", "doc104061", "doc1833625", "doc104068", "doc1100447", "doc1768571", "doc1882450", "doc104049", "doc1869733", "doc1439376", "doc2345297", "doc2501303", "doc875099", "doc2337543", "doc2062273", "doc2062275", "doc623180", "doc1768567", "doc1768551", "doc2345298", "doc319638", "doc2528206", "doc2090858", "doc2074746", "doc2651461" ]	[ "The Pardoner's Tale The prologue—taking the form of a literary confession—was most probably modelled on that of \"Faus Semblaunt\" in the medieval French poem Roman de la Rose.[10] The tale of the three rioters is a version of a folk tale with a \"remarkably wide range\"[11] and has numerous analogues: ancient Buddhist, Persian,[12] and African.[13][11]", "The Pardoner's Tale The Host then asks the Pardoner to \"telle us som mrythe or japes [joke, jest] right anon\".[2] However, the pilgrims—aware of pardoners' notoriety for telling lewd tales and in anticipation of hearing something objectionable[3]—voice their desire for no ribaldry, but instead want a moral tale.", "The Canterbury Tales The Nun's Priest", "The Pardoner's Tale The tale is set in Flanders at an indeterminate time, and opens with three young men drinking, gambling and blaspheming in a tavern. The Pardoner condemns each of these \"tavern sins\" in turn—gluttony, drinking, gambling, and swearing—with support from the Christian scriptures, before proceeding with the tale. The rioters hear a bell signalling a burial; their friend has been killed by a \"privee theef\" known as Death, who has also killed a thousand others. The men set out to avenge them and kill Death. An old man they brusquely query tells them that he has asked Death to take him but has failed. He then says they can find death at the foot of an oak tree. When the men arrive at the tree, they find a large amount of gold coins and forget about their quest to kill Death. They decide to sleep at the oak tree over night, so they can take the coins in the morning. The three men draw straws to see who among them should fetch wine and food while the other two wait under the tree. The youngest of the three men draws the shortest straw and departs; while he is away, the remaining two plot to overpower and stab him upon his return. However, the one who leaves for town plots to kill the other two: he purchases rat poison and laces the wine. When he returns with the food and drink, the other two kill him and then consume the poisoned wine, dying slow and painful deaths.", "The Pardoner's Tale But he will warn that any person that \"hath doon synne horrible\" will not be able to benefit from these relics.[6] The Pardoner says to the pilgrims that by these tricks he has acquired a considerable sum of money. He goes on to relate how he stands like a clergy at the pulpit, and preaches against avarice but to gain the congregation's money; he doesn't care for the correction of sin or for their souls.[7] Against anyone that offends either him or other pardoners, he will \"stynge hym with my tonge smerte\". Although he is guilty of avarice himself, he reiterates that his theme is always Radix malorum … and that he can nonetheless preach so that others turn away from the vice and repent—though his \"principal entente\" is for personal gain. The Pardoner explains that he then offers many anecdotes to the \"lewed [ignorant, unlearned] people\".[8] He scorns the thought of living in poverty while he preaches; he desires \"moneie, wolle [wool], chese, and whete\"[9] and doesn't care whether it were from the poorest widow in the village, even should her children starve for famine. Yet, he concludes to the pilgrims, though he may be a \"ful vicious man\", he can tell a moral tale and proceeds.", "The Pardoner's Tale Though the Pardoner preaches against greed, the irony of the character is based in the Pardoner's hypocritical actions. He admits extortion of the poor, pocketing of indulgences, and failure to abide by teachings against jealousy and avarice. He also admits quite openly that he tricks the most guilty sinners into buying his spurious relics and does not really care what happens to the souls of those he has swindled.", "The Pardoner's Tale In the order of The Canterbury Tales, the Pardoner's Prologue and Tale are preceded by The Physician's Tale. The Physician's Tale is a harrowing tale about a judge who plots with a \"churl [low fellow]\" to abduct a beautiful young woman; rather than allow her to be raped, her father beheads her. The invitation for the Pardoner to tell a tale comes after the Host declares his dissatisfaction with the depressing tale, and declares:", "The Pardoner's Tale The Pardoner's Tale is one of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. In the order of the Tales, it comes after The Physician's Tale and before The Shipman's Tale; it is prompted by the Host's desire to hear something positive after that depressing tale. The Pardoner initiates his Prologue—briefly accounting his methods of conning people—and then proceeds to tell a moral tale.", "The Pardoner's Tale The relationship between tellers and tale is distinctly significant in \"The Pardoner's Tale.\" The Pardoner is an enigmatic character, portrayed as grotesque in the General Prologue. He is seemingly aware of his sinâ€”it is not clear why he tells the pilgrims about his sin in the prologue before his tale commences. His preaching is correct and the results of his methods, despite their corruption, are good. Chaucer describes him as a \"draughte of corny strong ale,\" which arguably suggests that the character candidly speaks thanks in part to intoxication. The Pardoner's confession is similar in that there is a revelation of details buried within the prologue by \"The Wife of Bath Tale.\" The Wife of Bath gives away details about herself in the prologue to her particular tale.", "The Pardoner's Tale The tale itself is an extended exemplum. Setting out to kill Death, three young men encounter an Old Man who says they will find him under a nearby tree. When they arrive they discover a hoard of treasure and decide to stay with it until nightfall and carry it away under cover of darkness. Out of greed, they murder each other. The tale and prologue are primarily concerned with what the Pardoner says is his \"theme\": Radix malorum est cupiditas (\"Greed is the root of [all] evils\").", "The Pardoner's Tale The Pardoner is also deceptive in how he carries out his job. Instead of selling genuine relics, the bones he carries belong to pigs, not departed saints. The cross he carries appears to be studded with precious stones that are, in fact, bits of common metal. This irony could be an indication to Chaucer's dislike for religious profitâ€”a pervasive late medieval theme hinging on anti-clericalism. Chaucer's use of subtle literary techniques, such as satire, seem to convey this message.", "The Pardoner's Tale The prologue takes the form of a literary confession in the same manner as The Wife of Bath's Prologue.[4] However, rather than an apology for his vices, the Pardoner boasts of his duping of his victims, for whom he has nothing but contempt.[4] He says that his \"theme\"—biblical text for a sermon—is Radix malorum est cupiditas (\"Greed is the root of [all] evils\" 1 Timothy 6.10).[1] He explains that his false credentials consist of official letters from high-ranking church officials and a superficial use of a few Latin words;[5] then he will produce some \"relics\", and claim that among them is a bone which has miraculous powers when dipped into a well and a mitten for which:", "The Pardoner's Tale \"The Pardoner's Tale\" finds itself widely debated among those in the literary world. The question of Chaucer's motivation in writing the tale, as well as potential social comments made within it, have been the subject of controversy concerning The Canterbury Tales. Gregory W. Gross, as dictated in Modern Language Studies, concludes that The Pardoner finds himself publicly shamed by the Host's reprimand at the end of the tale. There is an \"undertone\" of exclusion at this point in the work that, perhaps, leads to the question of the sexuality of The Pardoner and the social boundaries at hand. To reaffirm his claim, Gross points out the ridicule and \"laughter\" on behalf of the other pilgrims. Perhaps Chaucer is looking upon the Pardoner with a \"compassionate eye,\" as the Host offers a kiss at the end of the tale. According to Gross, this could simply be the poet's way of easing the tension in the room, thus a sign of \"compassion\" towards the embarrassment of the Pardoner on behalf of the poet. Ultimately, it is plausible that Chaucer makes a societal statement long before his time that serves as a literary teaching moment in modern time as one further examines The Canterbury Tales.", "The Pardoner's Tale Chaucer develops his description and analysis of the Pardoner throughout the Pardoner's Tale using suggestive analogies that provide the reader with the perception of a man of extreme sexual and spiritual poverty, willingly admitting that he abuses his authority and sells fake relics. The Pardoner's tale matches the unctuous nature of the Pardoner in many ways. Eugene Vance illustrates one parallel effectively fostered by Chaucer's sexual innuendoes. He writes: “The kneeling posture to which the Pardoner summons the pilgrims would place their noses right before his deficient crotch.”[16]", "The Pardoner's Tale In addition, Vance expands upon this comparison, identifying a sexual innuendo implicit in the Pardoner's many relics. “The pardoner conspires to set himself up as a moveable shrine endowed with relics unsurpassed by those of anyone else in England.” Yet, of course, the relics are all fakes, creating a suggestion of both the Pardoner's impotence and his spiritual ill-worth.[16]", "The Pardoner's Tale The Old Man in The Pardoner's Tale is oftentimes written off as one who does not provide any sort of substance to the play. However, critic, Alfred David, refutes such claims and asserts the possibility that the Old Man in \"The Pardoner's Tale\" is meant to symbolise more than unambiguous death, \"the old man's identity does not admit a simple, unambiguous, and definitive answer such as Death or Death's Messenger\"[14]. David goes on to assert that the Old Man may actually symbolise the \"Wandering Jew\" as defined to be a symbol of death that will supposedly roam the Earth until the Second Coming of Jesus Christ. One may compare this notion to the symbol and character of the Old Man in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.", "The Canterbury Tales The Clerk of Oxford", "The Canterbury Tales The Canon Yeoman", "The Pardoner's Tale The last three lines indicate that the narrator thought the Pardoner to be either a eunuch (\"geldyng\") or a homosexual.", "The Pardoner's Tale The old man who appears before the rioters has been the subject of considerable debate. Many persons and scholars reference him as \"death in person,\" \"the Wandering Jew,\" \"Old Age itself,\" and \"Death's messenger. \"[14] W. J. B. Owen refutes these views as he points out that \"He is seeking Death; and that Death or his agent should find death is contrary to all the logic of allegory.\" Owen argues that a character is merely an old man and not a symbol of mortality.[14]", "The Canterbury Tales The Wife of Bath", "The Pardoner's Tale In the General Prologue of the Tales, the Pardoner is introduced with these lines:", "The Physician's Tale The story is considered one of the moral tales, along with the Parson's tale and the Knight's tale. However, the fate of Virginius renders questionable the moral assertion at the story's end. The Host enjoys the tale and feels for the daughter but asks the Pardoner for a more merry tale. The Pardoner obliges and his tale has a similar but contrasting moral message.", "The Miller's Tale \"The Miller's Tale\" (Middle English: The Milleres Tale) is the second of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1380sâ€“1390s), told by the drunken miller Robin to \"quite\" (requite) \"The Knight's Tale\". The Miller's Prologue is the first \"quite\" that occurs in the tales (to \"quite\" someone is to repay them for a service, the service here being the telling of stories).", "The Pardoner's Tale The religious climate at the time that Chaucer wrote this piece was pre-Reformation. Therefore, the Sacraments were still largely considered, as explained by St. Augustine, “outward and visible signs of an inward and invisible grace.” The suggestion that outward appearances are reliable indicators of internal character was not considered radical or improper among contemporary audiences. Indeed, the vivid depiction of the Pardoner's hair, those locks “yellow as wax But smoothe as a strike (hank) of flex (flax),” does little to improve the reader's opinion of his moral character.[16]", "The Pardoner's Tale Chaucer describes The Pardoner as an excellent speaker in his portrait of the character in the General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, which inherently reflects the quality of the narrative attributed to him.", "The Pardoner's Tale With hym ther rood a gentil Pardoner\nOf Rouncivale, his freend and his compeer,\nThat streight was comen fro the court of Rome.\nFul loude he soong \"Com hider, love, to me!\"\nThis Somonour bar to hym a stif burdoun ...\nA voys he hadde as smal as hath a goot.\nNo berd hadde he, ne nevere sholde have;\nAs smothe it was as it were late shave.\nI trowe he were a geldyng or a mare.", "The Canterbury Tales The Sergeant of Law", "The Nun's Priest's Tale The Nun's Priest's Tale (Middle English: the Nonnes Preestes Tale of the Cok and Hen, Chauntecleer and Pertelote[1]) is one of The Canterbury Tales by the Middle English poet Geoffrey Chaucer. Composed in the 1390s, the 626-line narrative poem is a beast fable and mock epic based on an incident in the Reynard cycle. The story of Chanticleer and the Fox became further popularised in Britain through this means.", "The Miller's Tale The general prologue to The Canterbury Tales describes the Miller, Robin, as a stout and evil churl fond of wrestling.[1] In the Miller's Prologue, the pilgrims have just heard and enjoyed \"The Knight's Tale\", a classical story of courtly love, and the host asks the Monk to \"quite\" (\"follow\" or \"repay\") with a tale of his own. However, the Miller insists on going next. He claims that his tale is \"noble\", but reminds the other pilgrims that he is quite drunk and cannot be held accountable for what he says. He explains that his story is about a carpenter and his wife, and how a clerk \"hath set the wrightes cappe\" (that is, fooled the carpenter). Osewold the Reeve, who had originally been a carpenter himself, protests that the tale will insult carpenters and wives, but the Miller carries on anyway.[2]", "The Canterbury Tales Two characters, the Pardoner and the Summoner, whose roles apply the Church's secular power, are both portrayed as deeply corrupt, greedy, and abusive. Pardoners in Chaucer's day were those people from whom one bought Church \"indulgences\" for forgiveness of sins, who were guilty of abusing their office for their own gain. Chaucer's Pardoner openly admits the corruption of his practice while hawking his wares.[42] Summoners were Church officers who brought sinners to the Church court for possible excommunication and other penalties. Corrupt summoners would write false citations and frighten people into bribing them to protect their interests. Chaucer's Summoner is portrayed as guilty of the very kinds of sins for which he is threatening to bring others to court, and is hinted as having a corrupt relationship with the Pardoner.[43] In The Friar's Tale, one of the characters is a summoner who is shown to be working on the side of the devil, not God.[44]", "The Pardoner's Tale In further analysis, psychological patterns of the character of the Pardoner is frequently analysed by readers and critics alike. In 1961, critic Eric W. Stockton defined the psychology-based research of the character, \"The psychology of the Pardoner has perhaps gotten in the way of the task of interpreting the stories' meaning. This is indeed an age of psychology.\" [15] As Stockton states, the character has largely been overanalysed, especially amidst mid-century advances in psychoanaylsis in the 1960s and 1970s.", "The Canterbury Tales The Second Nun", "Story within a story When a story is told within another instead of being told as part of the plot, it allows the author to play on the reader's perceptions of the charactersâ€”the motives and the reliability of the storyteller are automatically in question. In Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the characters tell tales suited to their personalities and tell them in ways that highlight their personalities. The noble knight tells a noble story, the boring character tells a very dull tale, and the rude miller tells a smutty tale.", "The Nun's Priest's Tale The Nun's Priest elaborates his slender tale with epic parallels drawn from ancient history and chivalry and spins it out with many an excursus, giving a display of learning which, in the context of the story and its characters, can only be comic and ironic. It concludes by admonishing the audience to be careful of reckless decisions and of truste on flaterye.", "The Canterbury Tales Churchmen of various kinds are represented by the Monk, the Prioress, the Nun's Priest, and the Second Nun. Monastic orders, which originated from a desire to follow an ascetic lifestyle separated from the world, had by Chaucer's time become increasingly entangled in worldly matters. Monasteries frequently controlled huge tracts of land on which they made significant sums of money, while peasants worked in their employ.[45] The Second Nun is an example of what a Nun was expected to be: her tale is about a woman whose chaste example brings people into the church. The Monk and the Prioress, on the other hand, while not as corrupt as the Summoner or Pardoner, fall far short of the ideal for their orders. Both are expensively dressed, show signs of lives of luxury and flirtatiousness and show a lack of spiritual depth.[46] The Prioress's Tale is an account of Jews murdering a deeply pious and innocent Christian boy, a blood libel against Jews that became a part of English literary tradition.[47] The story did not originate in the works of Chaucer and was well known in the 14th century.[48]", "The Canterbury Tales The Tale of Beryn, written by an anonymous author in the 15th century, is preceded by a lengthy prologue in which the pilgrims arrive at Canterbury and their activities there are described. While the rest of the pilgrims disperse throughout the town, the Pardoner seeks the affections of Kate the barmaid, but faces problems dealing with the man in her life and the innkeeper Harry Bailey. As the pilgrims turn back home, the Merchant restarts the storytelling with Tale of Beryn. In this tale, a young man named Beryn travels from Rome to Egypt to seek his fortune only to be cheated by other businessmen there. He is then aided by a local man in getting his revenge. The tale comes from the French tale Bérinus and exists in a single early manuscript of the tales, although it was printed along with the tales in a 1721 edition by John Urry.[68]", "The Pardoner's Tale However, the Pardoner might also be seen as a reinforcement of the Apostolic Authority of the priesthood, which, according to the Catholic Church, functions fully even when the one possessing that authority is in a state of mortal sin, which in this case is supported by how the corrupt Pardoner is able to tell a morally intact tale and turn others from his same sin. Thomas Aquinas, an influential theologian of the late medieval period, had a philosophy concerning how God was able to work through evil people and deeds to accomplish good ends. Chaucer may have also been referencing a doctrine of St. Augustine of Hippo concerning the Donatist heresy of fourth and fifth century Northern Africa in which Augustine argued that a priest's ability to perform valid sacraments was not invalidated by his own sin. Thus, it is possible that with the Pardoner, Chaucer was criticising the administrative and economic practices of the Church while simultaneously affirming his support for its religious authority and dogma.", "The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales (Middle English: Tales of Caunterbury[2]) is a collection of 24 stories that runs to over 17,000 lines written in Middle English by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400.[3] In 1386, Chaucer became Controller of Customs and Justice of Peace and, in 1389, Clerk of the King's work.[4] It was during these years that Chaucer began working on his most famous text, The Canterbury Tales. The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.", "The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories built around a frame narrative or frame tale, a common and already long established genre of its period. Chaucer's Tales differs from most other story \"collections\" in this genre chiefly in its intense variation. Most story collections focused on a theme, usually a religious one. Even in the Decameron, storytellers are encouraged to stick to the theme decided on for the day. The idea of a pilgrimage to get such a diverse collection of people together for literary purposes was also unprecedented, though \"the association of pilgrims and storytelling was a familiar one\".[30] Introducing a competition among the tales encourages the reader to compare the tales in all their variety, and allows Chaucer to showcase the breadth of his skill in different genres and literary forms.[31]", "The Knight's Tale The following tale by the Miller also involves the conflict between two men over a woman. It is a direct antithesis to the Knight's, with none of the nobility or heritage of classical mythology, but is instead rollicking, bawdy, comedic, and designed to annoy the Knight.", "The Merchant's Tale \"The Merchant's Tale\" (Middle English: The Marchantes Tale) is one of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. In it Chaucer subtly mocks antifeminist literature like that of Theophrastus ('Theofraste'). The tale also shows the influence of Boccaccio (Decameron: 7th day, 9th tale[1]), Deschamps' Le Miroir de Mariage, Roman de la Rose by Guillaume de Lorris (translated into English by Chaucer), Andreas Capellanus, Statius and Cato. The tale is found in Persia in the Bahar Danush, in which the husband climbs a date tree instead of a pear tree. It could have arrived in Europe through the One Thousand and One Nights, or perhaps the version in book VI of the Masnavi by Rumi. Though several of the tales are sexually explicit by modern standards, this one is especially so. Larry Benson remarks:", "The Canterbury Tales With this, Chaucer avoids targeting any specific audience or social class of readers, focusing instead on the characters of the story and writing their tales with a skill proportional to their social status and learning. However, even the lowest characters, such as the Miller, show surprising rhetorical ability, although their subject matter is more lowbrow. Vocabulary also plays an important part, as those of the higher classes refer to a woman as a \"lady\", while the lower classes use the word \"wenche\", with no exceptions. At times the same word will mean entirely different things between classes. The word \"pitee\", for example, is a noble concept to the upper classes, while in the Merchant's Tale it refers to sexual intercourse. Again, however, tales such as the Nun's Priest's Tale show surprising skill with words among the lower classes of the group, while the Knight's Tale is at times extremely simple.[36]", "Frame story Frame stories are often organized as a gathering of people in one place for the exchange of stories. Each character tells his or her tale, and the frame tale progresses in that manner. Historically famous frame stories include Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, about a group of pilgrims who tell stories on their journey to Canterbury; and Boccaccio's Decameron about a group of young aristocrats escaping the Black Death in the countryside and spending the time telling stories.", "The Miller's Tale He also recounts a story (sometimes told of Thales) of an astrologer who falls into a pit while studying the stars. The issue of whether learned or unlearned faith is better is also relevant to The Prioress's Tale and The Parson's Tale.", "The Canterbury Tales After a long list of works written earlier in his career, including Troilus and Criseyde, House of Fame, and Parliament of Fowls, The Canterbury Tales is near-unanimously seen as Chaucer's magnum opus. He uses the tales and descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. Chaucer's use of such a wide range of classes and types of people was without precedent in English. Although the characters are fictional, they still offer a variety of insights into customs and practices of the time. Often, such insight leads to a variety of discussions and disagreements among people in the 14th century. For example, although various social classes are represented in these stories and all of the pilgrims are on a spiritual quest, it is apparent that they are more concerned with worldly things than spiritual. Structurally, the collection resembles Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron, which Chaucer may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372.", "The Prioress's Tale In “Chaucer’s Prioress and the Sacrifice of Praise,” Sherman Hawkins opposes the Pardoner and the Prioress as the representatives of two radically different forms of religious expression. The Pardoner's materialistic orientation, his suspicious relics and accusations of sinfulness (evident in his conflict with the Host) align him with Paul's account of the \"outward Jew, circumcised only in the flesh,” rather than the “inward” Jew of Romans 2.29 who is spiritually rather than literally circumcised: “the Pardoner, outwardly ‘a noble ecclesiaste,’ actually reduces Christianity to a code as rigorous and external as the Old Law itself.” [1] In his tale, “the Pardoner presents death as the wages of sin, an effect of justice” while the “Prioress, through the paradox of martyrdom, shows it as mercy, an effect of grace.”[2]", "The Prioress's Tale Fradenburg notes that the substance of the \"Prioress’ Tale\" can be linked to the “’child-host’ miracle of the later Middle Ages” which involved the substitution of the \"actual body of the Christ Child\" for the Eucharist.[6] Such miraculous tales appear designed to reaffirm faith in the miraculous efficacy of transubstantiation in the face of the pressure of Lollard dissent, which broadly questioned the spiritual status of the Eucharist and other Church traditions: relics, clerical celibacy, even pilgrimages.[7] According to Fradenburg, these miraculous tales operate according to a paradoxical logic in which “visuality and carnality are used to insist upon the superior virtue of that which is beyond sight and flesh.” [6] Yet such sacramental materialism remains vulnerable to the kinds of abuse more obviously associated with the Pardoner; Fradenburg cites the case of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, the historical episode of the young English Christian supposedly martyred by Jews, \"slayn also / With cursed Jewes, as it is notable / For it is but a litel while ago\" (VII 684–686), tacked onto the end of the \"Prioress’ Tale.\" The tale was intimately bound up with attempts to \"aggrandise the spiritual prestige and temporal revenues\" of the local cathedral.[8] Thus the vivid “carnality” of the miraculous tale of martyrdom could be deployed as easily to enhance the worldly prominence of the Church as to refute heretical doctrine by reaffirming the spiritual legitimacy of Church rituals. The \"Prioress' Tale\" may approximate the greedy exploitation of spirituality embodied by The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale insofar as it is indebted to tales of martyrdom circulated for worldly profit.", "The Merchant's Tale Similar tales are Boccaccio's Story of Lydia and Pyrrhus[1] and The Simpleton Husband from One Thousand and One Nights.[4] Book IV of The Masnavi of Rumi contains another pear tree story.[5]", "The Miller's Tale \"The Miller's Tale\" begins the trend in which succeeding tellers \"quite\" the previous one with their story. In a way the Miller requites the \"Knight's Tale\", and is himself directly requited with \"The Reeve's Tale\", in which the Reeve follows Robin's insulting story about a carpenter with his own tale disparaging a miller.[3]", "The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal Some variants are very old, going back at least to the Panchatantra or Fables of Bidpai[citation needed] and the Jataka tales. In Europe it appeared some 900 years ago in the Disciplina Clericalis of Petrus Alphonsi, and later in the Gesta Romanorum and the Directorium Vitae Humanae of John of Capua.[7]", "The Miller's Tale The tale appears to combine the motifs of two separate fabliaux, the 'second flood' and 'misdirected kiss', both of which appear in continental European literature of the period. Its bawdiness serves not only to introduce the Reeve's tale, but the general sequence of low comedy which terminates in the unfinished Cook's tale.", "The Miller's Tale The Miller's name is intended as a pun on the phrase \"rob 'em\".[citation needed] As told in the Reeve's Tale the Miller is a not just a bully but a thief of grain he is supposed to grind for his customers.", "The Nun's Priest's Tale The fable concerns a world of talking animals who reflect both human perception and fallacy. Its protagonist is Chauntecleer, a proud cock (rooster) who dreams of his approaching doom in the form of a fox. Frightened, he awakens Pertelote, the chief favourite among his seven wives. She assures him that he only suffers from indigestion and chides him for paying heed to a simple dream. Chauntecleer recounts stories of prophets who foresaw their deaths, dreams that came true, and dreams that were more profound (for instance, Cicero's account of the Dream of Scipio). Chauntecleer is comforted and proceeds to greet a new day. Unfortunately for Chauntecleer, his own dream was also correct. A col-fox, ful of sly iniquitee (line 3215), who had previously tricked Chauntecleer's father and mother to their downfall, lies in wait for him in a bed of wortes.", "The Fisherman and His Wife It may be classified as an anti-fairy tale.[1] However, it may be more properly classified as a fable.", "The Tales of Beedle the Bard Rowling started writing the book soon after finishing work on the seventh Harry Potter novel.[15] During an interview with her fandom she also stated that she used other books as a source of inspiration for the tales. More specifically, \"The Tale of the Three Brothers\", the only story included entirely in The Deathly Hallows,[10] was inspired by Geoffrey Chaucer's \"The Pardoner's Tale\" from The Canterbury Tales.[16]", "The Canterbury Tales No other work prior to Chaucer's is known to have set a collection of tales within the framework of pilgrims on a pilgrimage. It is obvious, however, that Chaucer borrowed portions, sometimes very large portions, of his stories from earlier stories, and that his work was influenced by the general state of the literary world in which he lived. Storytelling was the main entertainment in England at the time, and storytelling contests had been around for hundreds of years. In 14th-century England the English Pui was a group with an appointed leader who would judge the songs of the group. The winner received a crown and, as with the winner of The Canterbury Tales, a free dinner. It was common for pilgrims on a pilgrimage to have a chosen \"master of ceremonies\" to guide them and organise the journey.[19] Harold Bloom suggests that the structure is mostly original, but inspired by the \"pilgrim\" figures of Dante and Virgil in The Divine Comedy.[20] New research suggests that the General Prologue, in which the innkeeper and host Harry Bailey introduces each pilgrim, is a pastiche of the historical Harry Bailey's surviving 1381 poll-tax account of Southwark's inhabitants.[21]", "The Canterbury Tales There are actually two versions of The Plowman's Tale, both of which are influenced by the story Piers Plowman, a work written during Chaucer's lifetime. Chaucer describes a Plowman in the General Prologue of his tales, but never gives him his own tale. One tale, written by Thomas Occleve, describes the miracle of the Virgin and the Sleeveless Garment. Another tale features a pelican and a griffin debating church corruption, with the pelican taking a position of protest akin to John Wycliffe's ideas.[70]", "The Nun's Priest's Tale The prologue clearly links the story with the previous Monk's Tale, a series of short accounts of toppled despots, criminals and fallen heroes which prompts an interruption from the knight. The host upholds the knight's complaint and orders the monk to change his story. The monk refuses, saying he has no lust to pleye, and so the Host calls on the Nun's Priest to give the next tale. There is no substantial depiction of this character in Chaucer's General Prologue, but in the tale's epilogue the Host is moved to give a highly approving portrait which highlights his great physical strength and presence. \"The Nun's Priest's Tale\" offers a lively and skilfully told story from a previously almost invisible character.", "The Canterbury Tales Liminality is also evident in the individual tales. An obvious instance of this is the Friar’s Tale in which the yeoman devil is a liminal figure because of his transitory nature and function; it is his purpose to issue souls from their current existence to hell, an entirely different one.[62] The Franklin’s Tale is a Breton Lai tale, which takes the tale into a liminal space by invoking not only the interaction of the supernatural and the mortal, but also the relation between the present and the imagined past.[63]", "The Prioress's Tale Her story is of a child martyr killed by Jews, a common theme in Medieval Christianity, and much later criticism focuses on the tale's antisemitism.", "The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales was written during a turbulent time in English history. The Catholic Church was in the midst of the Western Schism and, though it was still the only Christian authority in Europe, was the subject of heavy controversy. Lollardy, an early English religious movement led by John Wycliffe, is mentioned in the Tales, which also mention a specific incident involving pardoners (sellers of indulgences, which were believed to relieve the temporal punishment due for sins that were already forgiven in the Sacrament of Confession) who nefariously claimed to be collecting for St. Mary Rouncesval hospital in England. The Canterbury Tales is among the first English literary works to mention paper, a relatively new invention that allowed dissemination of the written word never before seen in England. Political clashes, such as the 1381 Peasants' Revolt and clashes ending in the deposing of King Richard II, further reveal the complex turmoil surrounding Chaucer in the time of the Tales' writing. Many of his close friends were executed and he himself moved to Kent to get away from events in London.[38]", "The Prioress's Tale The story is an example of a class of stories, popular at the time, known as the miracles of the Virgin such as those by Gautier de Coincy. It also blends elements of common story of a pious child killed by the enemies of the faith; the first example of which in English was written about William of Norwich. Matthew Arnold cited a stanza from the tale as the best of Chaucer's poetry.", "The Canterbury Tales The Tales constantly reflect the conflict between classes. For example, the division of the three estates: the characters are all divided into three distinct classes, the classes being \"those who pray\" (the clergy), \"those who fight\" (the nobility), and \"those who work\" (the commoners and peasantry).[57] Most of the tales are interlinked by common themes, and some \"quit\" (reply to or retaliate against) other tales. Convention is followed when the Knight begins the game with a tale, as he represents the highest social class in the group. But when he is followed by the Miller, who represents a lower class, it sets the stage for the Tales to reflect both a respect for and a disregard for upper class rules. Helen Cooper, as well as Mikhail Bakhtin and Derek Brewer, call this opposition \"the ordered and the grotesque, Lent and Carnival, officially approved culture and its riotous, and high-spirited underside.\"[58] Several works of the time contained the same opposition.[58]", "Fairy tale A fairy tale, wonder tale, magic tale, or MÃ¤rchen is a folklore genre that takes the form of a short story. Such stories typically feature entities such as dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, griffins, mermaids, talking animals, trolls, unicorns, or witches, and usually magic or enchantments. Fairy tales may be distinguished[by whom?] from other folk narratives such as legends (which generally involve belief in the veracity of the events described)[1] and explicit moral tales, including beast fables. The term is mainly used for stories with origins in European tradition and, at least in recent centuries, mostly relates to children's literature.", "The Canterbury Tales The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio contains more parallels to The Canterbury Tales than any other work. Like the Tales, it features a number of narrators who tell stories along a journey they have undertaken (to flee from the Black Death). It ends with an apology by Boccaccio, much like Chaucer's Retraction to the Tales. A quarter of the tales in The Canterbury Tales parallel a tale in the Decameron, although most of them have closer parallels in other stories. Some scholars thus find it unlikely that Chaucer had a copy of the work on hand, surmising instead that he must have merely read the Decameron at some point,[22] while a new study claims he had a copy of the Decameron and used it extensively as he began work on his own collection.[23] Each of the tales has its own set of sources that have been suggested by scholars, but a few sources are used frequently over several tales. They include poetry by Ovid, the Bible in one of the many vulgate versions in which it was available at the time (the exact one is difficult to determine), and the works of Petrarch and Dante. Chaucer was the first author to use the work of these last two, both Italians. Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy appears in several tales, as the works of John Gower do. Gower was a known friend to Chaucer. A full list is impossible to outline in little space, but Chaucer also, lastly, seems to have borrowed from numerous religious encyclopaedias and liturgical writings, such as John Bromyard's Summa praedicantium, a preacher's handbook, and Jerome's Adversus Jovinianum.[24] Many scholars say there is a good possibility Chaucer met Petrarch or Boccaccio.[25][26][27][incomplete short citation][28][incomplete short citation][29]", "Seven deadly sins The last tale of the Canterbury Tales, the \"Parson's Tale\" is not a tale but a sermon that the parson gives against the seven deadly sins. This sermon brings together many common ideas and images about the seven deadly sins. This tale and Dante's work both show how the seven deadly sins were used for confessional purposes or as a way to identify, repent of, and find forgiveness for one's sins.[62][63]", "The Merchant's Tale One question that splits critics is whether the Merchant's tale is a fabliau. Typically a description for a tale of carnal lust and frivolous bed-hopping, some would argue that especially the latter half of the tale, where Damyan and May have sex in the tree with the blind Januarie at the foot of the tree, represents fabliau. Derek Pearsall, for example, is in favour of this view. Some critics, such as Maurice Hussey, feel that Chaucer offers a great deal more sophistication and philosophical insight to put this on a level above fabliau.", "The Prioress's Tale Her tale, with its emphasis on infantile faith, balances the Shipman's story of a too-sophisticated monk who sleeps with the wife of a friend. Both tales seem to describe extremes, faith without knowledge versus knowledge without faith.", "The Snake and the Farmer In Marie de France's verse account at the close of the 12th century, the snake asks the farmer for a daily ration of milk and promises him enrichment. He is later persuaded by his wife to kill it and waits by its hole with an axe but only cleaves the stone at its entrance. The snake kills the man’s sheep in revenge and when he asks for pardon tells him that he can no longer be trusted. The scar in the rock will always be a reminder of his bad faith. The moral on which Marie ends is never to take a woman’s advice.[6] The broad outlines remain the same in the story that appears in the Gesta Romanorum a century later. A knight in debt makes a bargain with a serpent and is similarly enriched. When he is persuaded to treachery by his wife, the serpent kills his child and he is reduced to poverty. It is interpreted there as an allegory of sin and false repentance.[7]", "The Nun's Priest's Tale Robert Henryson used Chaucer's tale as a source for his Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe, the third poem in his Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian, composed in or around the 1480s. Later, the poet John Dryden adapted the tale into more comprehensible modern language under the title of The Cock and the Fox (1700). In 2007, the playwright Dougie Blaxland wrote a comic verse play Chauntecleer and Pertelotte, roughly based on the Nun's Priest's Tale.[3]", "Unreliable narrator Another early example of unreliable narration is Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. In \"The Merchant's Tale\" for example, the narrator, being unhappy in his marriage, allows his bias to slant much of his tale. In \"The Wife of Bath\", the Wife often makes inaccurate quotations and incorrectly remembers stories.", "The Wishing-Table, the Gold-Ass, and the Cudgel in the Sack A tailor had three sons who were all fed by the milk of their goat. The oldest son was given the task to let the animal graze at the finest grass fields. At the end of the day the son asked the goat whether it had eaten enough and the animal confirmed this. However, when they returned home the goat claimed the opposite, causing the tailor to get upset and throw and beat his son out of the house. This pattern repeats itself with the second oldest and youngest son too, who are also falsely blamed by the goat for not feeding him enough and as a result kicked out of the house. Only when the father goes out to feed the goat himself and discovers that the creature still claims it hasn't eaten enough does he realize he misjudged his sons. He takes his razor, shaves the goat bare and uses his whip to kick it out of his house.", "The Canterbury Tales The Two Noble Kinsmen, by William Shakespeare and John Fletcher, a retelling of \"The Knight's Tale\", was first performed in 1613 or 1614 and published in 1634. In 1961, Erik Chisholm completed his opera, The Canterbury Tales. The opera is in three acts: The Wyf of Bath’s Tale, The Pardoner’s Tale and The Nun’s Priest’s Tale. Nevill Coghill's modern English version formed the basis of a musical version that was first staged in 1964.", "The Canterbury Tales The Tales reflect diverse views of the Church in Chaucer's England. After the Black Death, many Europeans began to question the authority of the established Church. Some turned to lollardy, while others chose less extreme paths, starting new monastic orders or smaller movements exposing church corruption in the behaviour of the clergy, false church relics or abuse of indulgences.[40] Several characters in the Tales are religious figures, and the very setting of the pilgrimage to Canterbury is religious (although the prologue comments ironically on its merely seasonal attractions), making religion a significant theme of the work.[41]", "The Prioress's Tale In “Criticism, Anti-Semitism and the Prioress’ Tale,” L.O. Fradenburg argues for a radical rereading of the binary oppositions between Christian and Jew, Old Law and New Law, literal and spiritual in the tale in part to critique the \"patristic exegesis\" of Sherman Hawkins’ earlier interpretation.[3] Fradenburg challenges Hawkins’ “elision of the ‘literal’ or ‘carnal’ level of meaning in favour of the spiritual”[4] by lingering on those moments in the tale, such as the “litel clergeon’s” transgressive rote memorisation of the Alma Redemptoris, in which this elision fails, or succeeds only ambiguously . She traces the impossibility of ultimately separating and opposing Old and New Laws in the \"Prioress’ Tale\" back to a tension between letter and spirit internal to Paul’s discourse itself.[5] Fradenburg gestures at a larger project of turning “patristic exegesis” against itself to read the contradictions revealed by the theological subtext of the tale.", "The Canterbury Tales The Tale of Gamelyn was included in an early manuscript version of the tales, Harley 7334, which is notorious for being one of the lower-quality early manuscripts in terms of editor error and alteration. It is now widely rejected by scholars as an authentic Chaucerian tale, although some scholars think he may have intended to rewrite the story as a tale for the Yeoman. Dates for its authorship vary from 1340 to 1370.[71]", "Short story In Europe, the oral story-telling tradition began to develop into written stories in the early 14th century, most notably with Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron. Both of these books are composed of individual short stories (which range from farce or humorous anecdotes to well-crafted literary fictions) set within a larger narrative story (a frame story), although the frame-tale device was not adopted by all writers. At the end of the 16th century, some of the most popular short stories in Europe were the darkly tragic \"novella\" of Matteo Bandello (especially in their French translation).", "The Canterbury Tales Pier Paolo Pasolini's 1972 film The Canterbury Tales features several of the tales, some of which keep close to the original tale and some of which are embellished. The Cook's Tale, for instance, which is incomplete in the original version, is expanded into a full story, and the Friar's Tale extends the scene in which the Summoner is dragged down to hell. The film includes these two tales as well as the Miller's Tale, the Summoner's Tale, the Wife of Bath's Tale, and the Merchant's Tale.[73]", "The Tales of Beedle the Bard This story is about the legacy of an old man who, in his generosity, used his pot to brew magical potions and antidotes for other people when they needed his help. Upon his death, he leaves all his belongings to his only son, who has none of the virtues his father had. After his father's death, the son finds the pot and a single slipper inside it together with a note from his father that reads, \"In the fond hope, my son, that you will never need it\".", "The Miller's Tale The painting Netherlandish Proverbs by Pieter Breugel the Elder illustrates many of the themes in this story including a shot-window in use, a man with his backside on fire, a falling through a basket from a roof, pious hypocrisy, and cuckolding.", "Novel The term novel refers back to the production of short stories that remained part of a European oral culture of storytelling into the late 19th century. Fairy tales, jokes, and humorous stories designed to make a point in a conversation, and the exemplum a priest would insert in a sermon belong into this tradition. Written collections of such stories circulated in a wide range of products from practical compilations of examples designed for the use of clerics to compilations of various stories such as Boccaccio's Decameron (1354) and Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (1386–1400). The Decameron (1354) was a compilation of one hundred novelle told by ten people—seven women and three men—fleeing the Black Death by escaping from Florence to the Fiesole hills, in 1348.", "The Canterbury Tales Chaucer's characters each express different—sometimes vastly different—views of reality, creating an atmosphere of testing, empathy, and relativism.[34] As Helen Cooper says, \"Different genres give different readings of the world: the fabliau scarcely notices the operations of God, the saint's life focuses on those at the expense of physical reality, tracts and sermons insist on prudential or orthodox morality, romances privilege human emotion.\" The sheer number of varying persons and stories renders the Tales as a set unable to arrive at any definite truth or reality.[59]", "The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda The Priest asks Balda to collect a fabricated debt from sea devils. Balda troubles the sea with rope and forces the leader of the devils, an \"old Bies\", to come out. He agrees to pay the debt if Balda will defeat his grandson at running and weight carrying. Balda tricks the \"little Bies\", first by getting a hare, whom he proclaims his \"younger brother\" to run in his stead, and then by \"carrying\" a horse between his two legs by riding on it.", "Poetry The fable is an ancient literary genre, often (though not invariably) set in verse. It is a succinct story that features anthropomorphized animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that illustrate a moral lesson (a \"moral\"). Verse fables have used a variety of meter and rhyme patterns.[145]", "The Merchant's Tale May, implying that she is pregnant and craving a pear, requests one from the tree and Januarie, old and blind, and therefore unable to reach, is persuaded to stoop and allow May to climb onto his back herself. Here Chaucer evokes enormous pathos for the 'hoor and oolde' Januarie, soon to be cuckolded by a manipulative female figure, a clear reversal from the horrific and repulsive figure painted by the narrator in the opening presentation of the man. In the tree, May is promptly greeted by her young lover Damyan, and they begin to have sex, described by the Merchant in a particularly lewd and bold fashion: 'And sodeynly anon this Damyan / Gan pullen up the smok, and in he throng.' Indeed, the narrator does apologise for this explicit description, addressing the pilgrims saying: 'Ladyes, I prey yow that ye be nat wrooth; I kan nat glose, I am a rude man --'", "Story within a story The earliest examples of \"frame stories\" and \"stories within stories\" were in ancient Indian literature, such as the Mahabharata, Ramayana, Fables of Bidpai, Hitopadesha and Vikram and the Vampire. Both The Golden Ass by Apuleius and Metamorphoses by Ovid extend the depths of framing to several degrees. Another early example is the famous Arabian Nights, in which Scheherazade narrates stories within stories, and even within some of these, more stories are narrated. Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales and Boccacio's Decameron are also classic frame stories.", "Harry Potter influences and analogues In a July 2007 webchat hosted by her publisher Bloomsbury, Rowling stated that The Pardoner's Tale of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales was an inspiration for a folktale retold by Xenophilius Lovegood in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[8] In the tale, three brothers outwit Death by magicing a bridge to cross a dangerous river. Death, angry at being cheated, offers to give them three gifts, the Deathly Hallows, as a reward for evading him. The first two die as a result of the gifts granted to them, but the third uses his gift wisely and dies in his bed an old man. In The Pardoner's Tale, three rogues are told that if they look under a tree, they can find a means to defeat Death. Instead they find gold, and, overcome with greed, eventually kill each other to possess it.[9]", "The Golden Ass The tale is used to contrast the earlier tale told to the Baker's wife of high suspicion and quick judgments of character by her 'auntie' with the overly naive descriptions of nefarious people by her husband.", "The Wife of Bath's Tale The tale is often regarded as the first of the so-called \"marriage group\" of tales, which includes the Clerk's, the Merchant's and the Franklin's tales. But some scholars contest this grouping, first proposed by Chaucer scholar Eleanor Prescott Hammond and subsequently elaborated by George Lyman Kittredge, not least because the later tales of Melibee and the Nun's Priest also discuss this theme.[5] A separation between tales that deal with moral issues and ones that deal with magical issues, as the Wife of Bath's does, is favoured by some scholars.", "The Wife of Bath's Tale Some[who?] have theorised that the Wife's tale may have been written to ease Chaucer's guilty conscience. It is recorded that in 1380 associates of Chaucer stood surety for an amount equal to half his yearly salary for a charge brought by Cecily Champaign for \"de rapto,\" rape or abduction; the same view has been taken of his Legend of Good Women, which Chaucer himself describes as a penance.[6]", "Confessio Amantis In genre it is usually considered a poem of consolation, a medieval form inspired by Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy and typified by works such as Pearl. Despite this, it is more usually studied alongside other tale collections with similar structures, such as the Decameron of Boccaccio, and particularly Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, with which the Confessio has several stories in common.", "The Miller's Tale The tale is replete with word-puns. Much is made of variations on \"priv-\" implying both secret things and private parts. Nicholas fondles Alisoun's \"queynte\", a noun, while Absolom is described after his humiliation as having his ardour \"yqueynt\" or quenched.", "The Miller's Tale \"The Miller's Tale\" is the story of a carpenter, his lovely wife, and two clerks (students) who are eager to sleep with her. The carpenter, John, lives in Oxford with his much younger wife, Alisoun, who is a local beauty. To make extra money, John rents out a room in his house to a clever scholar named Nicholas, who has taken a liking to Alisoun. Another scholar in the town, Absolon the parish clerk, also has his eye on Alisoun.", "The Merchant's Tale Two Gods are, at this moment, watching the adultery: husband and wife Pluto and Proserpina. They begin a passionate argument about the scene, in which Pluto condemns women's morality. He decides that he will grant Januarie his sight back, but Proserpina will grant May the ability to talk her way out of the situation, saying, \"I swere / That I shal yeven hire suffisant answere / And all wommen after, for hir sake; / That, though they shulle hemself excuse, / And bere hem doun that wolden hem excuse, / For lak of answere noon of hem shall dien.\"Indeed, Proserpina's promise that 'alle wommen after' should be able to excuse themselves easily from their treachery, can be seen as a distinctly anti-feminist comment from the narrator, or perhaps even from Chaucer himself. These presentations of these two characters and their quarrel crystallises many elements of the tale, namely the argument between man and woman and the religious confusion in the tale, which invokes both the classical gods and the Christian one. Indeed the presence of particular gods has individual relevance when related to this tale: as the classical myth tells, Proserpina, a young and much loved Goddess, was stolen and held captive by Pluto, the King of the Underworld, who forced her to marry him.", "Geoffrey Chaucer Speght is also the source of the famous tale of Chaucer being fined for beating a Franciscan friar in Fleet Street, as well as a fictitious coat of arms and family tree. Ironically—and perhaps consciously so—an introductory, apologetic letter in Speght's edition from Francis Beaumont defends the unseemly, \"low\", and bawdy bits in Chaucer from an elite, classicist position. Francis Thynne noted some of these inconsistencies in his Animadversions, insisting that Chaucer was not a commoner, and he objected to the friar-beating story. Yet Thynne himself underscores Chaucer's support for popular religious reform, associating Chaucer's views with his father William Thynne's attempts to include The Plowman's Tale and The Pilgrim's Tale in the 1532 and 1542 Works.", "The Prioress's Tale The tale is related to various blood libel stories common at the time. One likely influence for the tale was the infamous 1255 murder of a boy in Lincoln who became known as Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln. Chaucer's attitude toward the tale is less clear.", "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle \"The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle\" was most likely written after Geoffrey Chaucer's \"The Wife of Bath's Tale\", one of The Canterbury Tales. The differences between the two almost identical plots lead scholars to believe that the poem is a parody of the romantic medieval tradition. The physical characteristics of Dame Ragnelle are exaggerated in comparison to the earlier text. Other characters, such as Sir Gawain and King Arthur, are portrayed as very stylized stereotypes of themselves.[13][14]", "The Nun's Priest's Tale When Chauntecleer spots this daun Russell (line 3334),[2] the fox plays to his prey's inflated ego and overcomes the cock's instinct to escape by insisting he would love to hear Chauntecleer crow just as his amazing father did, standing on tiptoe with neck outstretched and eyes closed. When the cock does so, he is promptly snatched from the yard in the fox's jaws and slung over his back. As the fox flees through the forest, with the entire barnyard giving chase, the captured Chauntecleer suggests that he should pause to tell his pursuers to give up. The predator's own pride is now his undoing: as the fox opens his mouth to taunt his pursuers, Chauntecleer escapes from his jaws and flies into the nearest tree. The fox tries in vain to convince the wary rooster of his repentance; it now prefers the safety of the tree and refuses to fall for the same trick a second time.", "The Wishing-Table, the Gold-Ass, and the Cudgel in the Sack The third son went to work for a woodsmith and is given a magic cudgel in a bag. Whenever someone is injust the owner of the cudgel just needs to say: \"Cudgel out the sack!\" and the object will start clobbering the wrongdoer. Only when the owner says: \"Cudgel in the sack!\" will the thing return in the bag. Just like his brothers the son visits the same inn, because he learned from their letters what had happened. Instead of demonstrating the powers of his possession he deliberately remains vague about it, making the inn keeper curious enough to go out at night and try to look what's in the bag? Then the son orders the cudgel to beat the inn keeper up until he returns everything he has stolen. When the son returns home with the table, donkey and cudgel he tells his father what had happened and demonstrates the powers of the objects. His father finally makes peace with his sons and they all live a rich life ever after." ]	[ "The Pardoner's Tale The tale itself is an extended exemplum. Setting out to kill Death, three young men encounter an Old Man who says they will find him under a nearby tree. When they arrive they discover a hoard of treasure and decide to stay with it until nightfall and carry it away under cover of darkness. Out of greed, they murder each other. The tale and prologue are primarily concerned with what the Pardoner says is his \"theme\": Radix malorum est cupiditas (\"Greed is the root of [all] evils\")." ]
test11	who recorded i can't help falling in love with you	[ "doc136" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc136", "doc137", "doc141", "doc140", "doc145", "doc699043", "doc144", "doc139", "doc138", "doc1758152", "doc142", "doc151", "doc152", "doc146", "doc143", "doc148", "doc1263479", "doc304784", "doc147", "doc1263477", "doc794049", "doc699038", "doc699039", "doc304785", "doc2363398", "doc1243327", "doc699047", "doc2323686", "doc886176", "doc150", "doc149", "doc1243332", "doc304787", "doc224293", "doc1683562", "doc1248760", "doc1902611", "doc895731", "doc1758151", "doc1228764", "doc2592681", "doc2536998", "doc2033267", "doc845724", "doc1228763", "doc1683607", "doc1528190", "doc1263481", "doc1021695", "doc699046", "doc895736", "doc800810", "doc2363399", "doc730793", "doc434223", "doc434225", "doc2592683", "doc895732", "doc1967152", "doc1758153", "doc1243330", "doc959758", "doc1275796", "doc552109", "doc1228766", "doc353514", "doc1683520", "doc895738", "doc304790", "doc719406", "doc1732576", "doc2386224", "doc2252389", "doc270954", "doc845717", "doc895735", "doc1978228", "doc699044", "doc421805", "doc638969", "doc501362", "doc638972", "doc304792", "doc2198830", "doc561155", "doc2348879", "doc1374324", "doc699049", "doc1518660", "doc543763", "doc1683569", "doc133924", "doc2526549", "doc756654", "doc699040", "doc38146", "doc553360", "doc699045", "doc543776", "doc1352385" ]	[ "Can't Help Falling in Love \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Presley's publishing company. It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss.[2] The melody is based on \"Plaisir d'amour\",[4] a popular romance by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1784). The song was featured in Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii. During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, Swedish pop group A-Teens, and the British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts.", "Can't Help Falling in Love Elvis Presley's version of the song topped the British charts in 1962. The single is certified Platinum by the RIAA, for US sales in excess of one million copies. In the United States, the song peaked at No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 behind Joey Dee and the Starliters' \"Peppermint Twist\"[5] and went to No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart for six weeks.[6][7]", "Can't Help Falling in Love In 1993, British reggae band UB40 recorded the song as the first single from their 1993 album Promises and Lies. The song was released in May 1993, in the majority of countries worldwide. It eventually climbed to No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 after debuting at No. 100, and remained there for seven weeks. It was also No. 1 in the United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, Sweden, Australia, and New Zealand.", "Can't Help Falling in Love 7\" single", "Can't Help Falling in Love 7\" single", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) The soundtrack title for Can't Help Falling in Love is a pop ballad song originally recorded by Elvis Presley with the same title performed by the lead actor, Daniel Padilla.[17][18] The music video officially released on March 16, 2017, while the song officially released on radio through MOR 101.9 on March 23, 2017. The MV launched for the first time on ABS-CBN's music program, ASAP on April 2, 2017. The song officially released on April 13, 2017 through iTunes and Spotify.[19][20]", "Can't Help Falling in Love 10\" single", "Can't Help Falling in Love In 2015, the song was included on the If I Can Dream album, on the occasion of the 80th anniversary of Presley's birth. The version uses archival voice recordings of Presley and his singers, backed by new orchestral arrangements performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.", "Can't Help Falling in Love During Presley's late 1960s and 1970s live performances, the song was performed as the show's finale. Most notably, it was also sung in the live segment of his 1968 NBC television special, and as the closer for his 1973 Global telecast, Aloha from Hawaii. A version with a faster arrangement was the closing number in Presley's final TV special, Elvis in Concert. \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" was also the last song he performed live, at his concert in Indianapolis at Market Square Arena on 26 June 1977.[8]", "I Just Can't Help Believing The song was most successful after it was recorded by B.J. Thomas and released as a single in 1970. It went to number nine on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and spent one week at number one on the Easy Listening (adult contemporary) chart.[1]", "Can't Help Falling in Love The song appears on the soundtrack of the movie Sliver,[9] the trailer for Fools Rush In, and an episode of Hindsight. In the US, and on the Sliver soundtrack, the song title was listed as \"Can't Help Falling in Love,\" rather than what appeared on the record sleeve. The single version of the song also has a slightly different backing rhythm and melody.", "Can't Help Falling in Love European 2-track CD single", "Can't Help Falling in Love European/Australian CD maxi", "Can't Help Falling in Love sales figures based on certification alone\n^shipments figures based on certification alone", "Can't Help Falling in Love The song and band also appear in the 1997 film Speed 2: Cruise Control.", "Can't Help Falling in Love The song reached No. 12 in Sweden, No. 16 in Argentina, and No. 41 in Australia.", "I Can't Stop Loving You The song was covered by Ray Charles in 1962, featured on Charles' Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, and released as a single. Charles' version reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962, for five weeks. This version went to number one on the U.S. R&B and Adult Contemporary charts.[4][5] Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 song for 1962.[6] Charles reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1962, staying for two weeks.[7]", "When I Fall in Love \"When I Fall in Love\" is a popular song, written by Victor Young (music) and Edward Heyman (lyrics). It was introduced in the film One Minute to Zero. Jeri Southern sang on the first recording released in April 1952 with the song's composer, Victor Young, handling the arranging and conducting duties. The song has become a standard, with many artists recording it, though the first hit version was sung by Doris Day released in July 1952.", "Can't Help Falling in Love The song was the A-Teens's first single from their first extended play Pop 'til You Drop!, as well as for the Lilo & Stitch movie soundtrack, which was originally scheduled to include several Presley tracks, the A-Teens picking it for inclusion in the soundtrack. It was later also featured as a bonus track on their third studio album, New Arrival for the European market. The video had thus tremendous exposure on several television channels, with the A-Teens eventually including the song in their third album. As a result, the song had two music videos, one to promote the Disney movie, the other for the album. It is also shown in the teen pop compilation album, Disney Girlz Rock.", "I Can't Stop Loving You \"I Can't Stop Loving You\" is a popular song written and composed by country singer, songwriter and musician Don Gibson, who first recorded it on December 30, 1957, for RCA Victor Records. It was released in 1958 as the B-side of \"Oh, Lonesome Me\", becoming a double-sided country hit single. At the time of Gibson's death in 2003, the song had been recorded by more than 700 artists.[2]", "Who's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses The single included Bono's solo version of \"Can't Help Falling in Love,\" which was recorded in STS studios in Dublin on 29 June 1992 for the movie Honeymoon in Vegas.[4]", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) â‚±320 Million", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) Can't Help Falling in Love is a 2017 Filipino romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mae Cruz-Alviar,[4] starring Kathryn Bernardo and Daniel Padilla.[5] It was their first project right after their blockbuster film Barcelona: A love Untold last 2016 . The film was produced and released by Star Cinema on April 15, 2017.[6]", "When I Fall in Love Day's recording was made on June 5, 1952. It was released by Columbia Records as catalog number 39786 and issued with the flip side \"Take Me in Your Arms\". The song reached number 20 on the Billboard chart.[1]", "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You) \"I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)\" is a song written and originally recorded by Hank Williams on MGM Records.[1] It hit number two on the Billboard country singles chart in 1951.", "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It) \"Falling in Love Again\" was covered live by The Beatles in 1962, featuring Paul McCartney on lead vocals, and the band had updated the song's melody to a rock-'n'-roll style, with a change of lyrics. The Beatles' live version can be found on the double LP Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962 (originally released in 1977) and it is the only available version of the song by the band.", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) The film also screened in keycountries worldwide including Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, United Kingdom, Austria, Italy, Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Saipan, Taiwan,[49] Malaysia, Singapore, Hongkong,[50] and for the first time in The Filipino Channel history screened in Brunei Darussalam[51] and Indonesia.", "Haley Reinhart In late 2015, Reinhart gained widespread recognition when her cover of \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" was used in an Extra Gum commercial.[124] Entitled \"The Story of Sarah & Juan\", the advertisement first began circulating on Facebook before a full version of the song was released separately through YouTube.[125] The video gained momentum after being shared on Ellen DeGeneres's Facebook page, eventually becoming a viral phenomenon.[126] In total, the single has sold 200,000 units and has been streamed more than 41,000,000 times on Spotify, reaching the number one spot on the streaming service's Global Viral chart.[125][127] Meanwhile, as of January 2017, the video has amassed 20,000,000 views on YouTube and 92,000,000 views on Facebook.[125][128] The song was certified gold on February 17, 2017 by the Recording Industry Association of America.[129] Additionally, the video was a candidate in the YouTube Ads of the Year contest for 2015, and it won for the category \"TheYoutubeAd That Gives You Feels.\"[130] Reinhart was credited with \"bringing the classic back to the Adult Contemporary Chart\" when the single debuted at number 25 on the Billboard AC chart dated January 16, 2016.[131] With this debut, her cover became the seventh version of the song to chart on the AC since Elvis Presley's original release in 1962, and the first version to chart since UB40's reggae interpretation in 1993.[131] The song reached a peak of number 16 on the AC chart dated April 21, 2016.[132] Of the cover, Reinhart expressed: \"I wanted to make it sound as if I was talking to or whispering to a loved one next to me, that kind of vibe.\"[131] For the song, Reinhart was recognized with a 2016 Women in Sync Award for \"Best Artist-Sync Tie-In.\" The Women in Sync Awards is an annual event organized by SyncSummit which recognizes the \"excellence of the work done by women in the fields of music, visual media, interactive media, advertising and brands.\"[133] Reinhart also won a Silver Lion alongside Wrigley Company at the 2016 Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity in the entertainment category of \"Cross Channel Brand Experience\" for the placement of her song in the commercial.[134] On September 28, 2016, Reinhart's cover won gold at the Clio Awards for \"Best Use of Music\" in the \"Short Form Film\" category.[135]", "It Is No Secret Elvis Presley recorded his version in Radio Recorders Studio 1, Hollywood, on January 19, 1957.[3] It was released on Elvis' Christmas Album (RCA Victor LOC 1035) in November 1957.[4] The producer was Steve Sholes.[3] When heard by Paul McCartney, in early 1958, he took the chorus, as done for the first time by The Jordanaires, and included them in his first recording with the, then, The Quarrymen's, \"In Spite of All the Danger\", a song he feels was inspired, this time consciously, by another Presley song, \"Tryin' to Get to You\".", "Can't Help Falling in Love Tracks marked + are not A-Teens tracks.", "Can't Help Falling in Love The video was directed by Gregory Dark and filmed in Los Angeles, California. It had two different versions. The \"Disney Version\", as the fans named it, features scenes of the movie, and also new scenes of the A-Teens with beach costumes. The \"A-Teens Version\" of the video, features the A-Teens on the white background with different close-ups and choreography, and scenes with puppies and different costumes.", "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It) Linda Ronstadt recorded the song with Nelson Riddle for the album Lush Life (1984).", "When I Fall in Love The version by Rick Astley was released on November 30, 1987, coinciding with the 30th anniversary of the release of Nat King Cole's version of the song. This single is mainly remembered for a closely fought contest for UK Christmas number one. Rivals EMI hoping to see their act, Pet Shop Boys, reach number one, re-released the version by Nat King Cole.[13][14] This led to a slow down of purchases of Astley's version, allowing Pet Shop Boys to reach the coveted top spot. Despite selling over 250,000 copies and gaining a Silver certification from the BPI,[15] it peaked in the UK at number 2 for two weeks. The re-release by Nat King Cole reached number 4. Since the single was released as a double A-side, the other half of the single was \"My Arms Keep Missing You\", which was successful in its own right in Europe.", "I Could Fall in Love \"I Could Fall in Love\" was released as a maxi single on June 26, 1995 in Australia[18] and Mexico[19] and on 10 August 1995 in Germany.[20] A maxi single featuring \"Dreaming of You\" and \"Sukiyaki\" was released in Japan. \"Tú Sólo Tú\" was released primarily to Spanish-speaking countries.[17] Fred Bronson of Billboard commented that if EMI Latin had released \"I Could Fall in Love\" as a single and it had debuted in the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart, then it would have been the first posthumous debut single to do so since \"Pledging My Love\" by Johnny Ace in 1955.[21]", "Elvis Presley In the first half of the decade, three of Presley's soundtrack albums were ranked number one on the pop charts, and a few of his most popular songs came from his films, such as \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (1961) and \"Return to Sender\" (1962). (\"Viva Las Vegas\", the title track to the 1964 film, was a minor hit as a B-side, and became truly popular only later.) But, as with artistic merit, the commercial returns steadily diminished. During a five-year span—1964 through 1968—Presley had only one top-ten hit: \"Crying in the Chapel\" (1965), a gospel number recorded back in 1960. As for non-movie albums, between the June 1962 release of Pot Luck and the November 1968 release of the soundtrack to the television special that signaled his comeback, only one LP of new material by Presley was issued: the gospel album How Great Thou Art (1967). It won him his first Grammy Award, for Best Sacred Performance. As Marsh described, Presley was \"arguably the greatest white gospel singer of his time [and] really the last rock & roll artist to make gospel as vital a component of his musical personality as his secular songs\".[186]", "Katharine McPhee McPhee recorded a duet with Andrea Bocelli on \"Can't Help Falling In Love\" for his Under the Desert Sky album, which was released as a CD/DVD package on November 7, 2006.", "Rattle and Hum Studio versions of \"She's a Mystery to Me\" (a Bono/Edge composition that would eventually be recorded and released by Roy Orbison), Bruce Cockburn's \"If I Had a Rocket Launcher\", and \"Can't Help Falling in Love With You\", while recorded, have yet to be released. (A solo Bono cover of the Elvis Presley classic would be released on 1992's Honeymoon in Vegas album, however.) A cover of the Woody Guthrie song \"Jesus Christ\" was also recorded during these sessions for eventual inclusion on the cover album Folkways: A Vision Shared. Lastly, a cover of \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\" was recorded and released for the first A Very Special Christmas album, released at the end of 1987.", "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch) \"I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch)\" is a 1965 hit song recorded by the Four Tops for the Motown label.", "I Just Can't Help Believing \"I Just Can't Help Believing\" is a song written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil.", "Please Help Me, I'm Falling On August 1, 1967, Charley Pride covered the song. His version was not released as a single, and remained unreleased until it was included on his 1997 album The Essential Charley Pride.[10]", "It's Now or Never (song) \"It's Now or Never\" is a ballad recorded by Elvis Presley in 1960. It is one of two popular songs based on the Italian song of Neapolitan language \"'O Sole mio\" (music by Eduardo di Capua), the other being \"There's No Tomorrow\", recorded by U.S. singer Tony Martin in 1949, which inspired Presley's version. The lyrics were written by Aaron Schroeder and Wally Gold. The single is the second best-selling single by Presley, and one of the best-selling singles of all time.[1] It was recorded by Bill Porter at RCA Studio B in Nashville.[2]", "Hier encore The song has been performed and recorded by many international stars, such as Bing Crosby, Shirley Bassey, Dusty Springfield, Roy Clark, Mel Torme, Lena Horne, Andy Williams, Jimmy Durante,[3] Bobby Bare, Al Martino, The Peanuts, Glen Campbell, Julio Iglesias, Eddy Mitchell, Dean Reed,[4] Johnny Mathis, Marc Almond, Patricia Kaas, Nora Aunor, etc., and an uptempo version by Blossom Dearie. According to Billboard, more than 90 versions of the song were recorded before 1972.[5]", "Until It's Time for You to Go The lyrics concern an ordinary man and woman who love each other, but cannot stay together because they come from different worlds. The singer asks her (or his) lover: \"Don't ask why/Don't ask how/Don't ask forever/Love me now.\" According to Sainte-Marie, the song \"popped into my head while I was falling in love with someone I knew couldn't stay with me.\"[2] Besides The Four Pennies, Diamond and Presley, it has been covered by Paul Anka, Eddy Arnold, Chet Atkins, Emilie-Claire Barlow, Shirley Bassey, The Boston Pops Orchestra, Glen Campbell, Vikki Carr, Anita Carter, Cher, Jim Croce, Bobby Darin, Bette Davis, Ken Dodd, Roberta Flack, Robert Goulet, Françoise Hardy, Cleo Laine, Pierre Lalonde (in French), Claudine Longet, Joe Longthorne, Vera Lynn, Johnny Mathis, Willie Nelson, Michael Nesmith, New Birth, Helen Reddy, Nancy Sinatra, Barbra Streisand, Grover Washington, Jr., Evie Sands, Dottie West, and Andy Williams.", "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" was recorded by Elvis Presley for his 1970 album release That's the Way It Is from which it was issued as the second single 6 October 1970. The track had been recorded in the evening of 6 June 1970 in Studio B of RCA Studios (Nashville), being the third of seven songs recorded that night: the session's producer Felton Jarvis felt that the second take was good enough to serve as the master track but Presley insisted on a third and final take.[6] Reaching #11 on the Hot 100 in Billboard magazine, \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" afforded Presley a #1 hit on the Billboard Easy Listening chart. The single reached #1, also reaching #56 on the Billboard C&W chart.[7] It became a gold record. A hit for Presley in both Australia (#7) and Canada (#6), \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" was twice a hit for Presley in the British Isles with its original release reaching #9 in the UK and #17 in Ireland, in which territories the track's 2007 re-release charted with respective peaks of #16 and #29.[3]", "Please Help Me, I'm Falling Later in 1960, Skeeter Davis had a hit with an answer record entitled, \"(I Can't Help You) I'm Falling Too\" which peaked at number two for three weeks on the Hot C&W Sides charts[8] and number thirty-nine on the Hot 100.[9]", "Elvis Presley The developmental arc of Presley's singing voice, as described by critic Dave Marsh, goes from \"high and thrilled in the early days, [to] lower and perplexed in the final months.\"[354] Marsh credits Presley with the introduction of the \"vocal stutter\" on 1955's \"Baby Let's Play House\".[355] When on \"Don't Be Cruel\", Presley \"slides into a 'mmmmm' that marks the transition between the first two verses,\" he shows \"how masterful his relaxed style really is.\"[356] Marsh describes the vocal performance on \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" as one of \"gentle insistence and delicacy of phrasing\", with the line \"'Shall I stay' pronounced as if the words are fragile as crystal\".[357]", "Top of the Pops Ruby Flipper's first performance: 6 May 1976 â€“ Dancing to \"Can't Help Falling In Love\" by The Stylistics[97]", "I Can't Stop Loving You Note: This original recording was released as \"I Can't Stop Lovin' You\".[8]", "Reggae Birmingham based reggae/pop music band UB40 were main contributors to the British reggae scene throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The achieved international success with hits such as \"Red Red Wine,\" \"Kingston Town\" and \"(I can't Help) Falling in Love with You.\"", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) For the first time in the Filipino movie history, a local film held a premiere night at United Arab Emirates.[41] Canâ€™t Help Falling In Love has an advanced screening for fans on April 19 at 8pm at Novo Cinema Festival City.[42] The film released across the UAE on April 20 and it has grossed $150,443 after 4 days.[43][44] The film has grossed $900,000 in North America after 10 days.[45] The film was screened in the United States and Canada starting April 21 in 63 cinemas.[46] Due to popular demand it was extended up to four weeks[47][48]", "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch) Donnie Elbert hit #22 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1972 with his cover of this song,[5] which was a follow-up to his cover of the Supremes' \"Where Did Our Love Go.\"", "Meteor Garden The track, \"情非得已\" (Cant Help Falling In Love With You) was listed at number 21 on Hit Fm Taiwan's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (Hit-Fm年度百首單曲) for 2001.[4]", "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You) According to Colin Escott's 2004 book Hank Williams: The Biography, fiddler Jerry Rivers always claimed that Hank wrote the song in the touring Sedan, and when he came up with the opening line, \"Today I passed you on the street,\" and then asked for suggestions, steel guitarist Don Helms replied, \"And I smelled your rotten feet.\"[2] The song was recorded at Castle Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, on March 16, 1951 and issued as MGM catalog No. 10961.[3] Williams was backed on the session by members of his Drifting Cowboys band, including Rivers, Helms, Sammy Pruett (electric guitar), Jack Shook (rhythm guitar), Ernie Newton or \"Cedric Rainwater\", aka Howard Watts (bass), and either Owen Bradley or producer Fred Rose on piano.[4] It was released as the B-side of \"Howlin' at the Moon\" but on the strength of its simple language and passionate singing, soared to number two on the Billboard country singles chart.(Hank Williams discography#singles)", "The Wonder of You Elvis Presley recorded a live version of \"The Wonder of You\" in Las Vegas, Nevada in February 1970. The song was released as a single on April 20, 1970, backed by the song \"Mama Liked the Roses\". In the United States, both songs charted at #9 together in the spring of 1970. \"The Wonder of You\" was one of his most successful records in the UK ever, topping the UK Singles Chart for six weeks in the summer of that year. It is his fifth biggest seller in the UK to date, with sales of 891,000.[1] It also stayed at number one in the Irish Charts for three weeks that same year. This was the 59th Top 40 hit of his career. Presley's version also reached number 37 on the US Country Singles chart, and number one on the easy listening chart.[2]", "Have I Told You Lately That I Love You? Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters recorded the song on November 25, 1949[2] and it had a good reception from the trade magazine Billboard who said: \"Dittyâ€™s a sprightly mountain-musiker that had its innings a couple of years back on straight hillbilly diskings. Bing and the gals are in top form as they harmonize it to a spanking fare-thee-well.\"[3] The record entered the Billboard charts on January 21, 1950 and in a four-week stay it peaked at No. 24.[4]", "Have I Told You Lately That I Love You? The earliest and easily most prominent recording of \"Have I Told You Lately That I Love You\" in the early rock era was by Elvis Presley. According to the book of the CD-boxset \"Elvis - The Complete 50's Masters\", Presley recorded it on January 19, 1957, at RCA's Radio Recorders in Hollywood for his Loving You album. Session musicians for the song included Presley himself on rhythm guitar, his usual lead guitarist Scotty Moore, with Bill Black on bass, D.J. Fontana on drums, piano by Dudley Brooks, organ by Hoyt Hawkins, and background vocals were of course The Jordanaires. When the song was included on the Loving You album release in July 1957, it immediately prompted both Ricky Nelson and Eddie Cochran to record cover versions of the song. Nelson's was the \"B\" side of a hit single (\"Be-Bop Baby\", released in September), while Cochran's was an album cut (released in November). The impact of the Elvis version was felt across the Atlantic.", "It's Now or Never (song) In 1960, \"It's Now or Never\" was a number-one record in the U.S., spending five weeks at number one and the UK, where it spent eight weeks at the top in 1960 and an additional week at number one in 2005 as a re-issue, and numerous other countries, selling in excess of 25 million copies worldwide, Elvis Presley's biggest international single ever. Its British release was delayed for some time because of rights issues, allowing the song to build up massive advance orders and to enter the UK Singles Chart at number one, a very rare occurrence at the time. \"It's Now or Never\" peaked at number seven on the R&B charts.[4]", "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch) Written and produced by Motown's main production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song is one of the most well-known Motown tunes of the 1960s. The song reached number one on the R&B charts and was also the number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100 for two non-consecutive weeks,[1] from June 12 to June 19 and from June 26 to July 3 in 1965. It replaced \"Back in My Arms Again\" by labelmates The Supremes, was first replaced by \"Mr. Tambourine Man\" by The Byrds, then regained the top spot before being replaced by \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" by The Rolling Stones. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 2 song of 1965. It was also the Four Tops first Top 40 single in the UK, reaching #23 on its original release, and a 1970 reissue peaked at #10 in the UK charts.[2]", "Can't Buy Me Love Many artists have covered the song. Ella Fitzgerald recorded it for her 1964 album Hello, Dolly. This version was also released as a single, peaking at number 34 hit in the UK.", "I Just Can't Help Believing Thomas re-recorded \"I Just Can't Help Believing\" with Vince Gill for his 2013 album The Living Room Sessions. The re-recording was released as a single on June 3, 2013.[2]", "Falling in Love Again (Can't Help It) The song has also been recorded by The Comedian Harmonists (in German, as \"Wir sind von Kopf bis FuÃŸ auf Liebe eingestellt\", circa 1930); Zarah Leander (1931, in Swedish); Billie Holiday (1940); Doris Day (1961); Sammy Davis, Jr. (1962); Nina Simone (1966); Claudine Longet (1968); The Techno Twins (1981); Klaus Nomi (1982); William S. Burroughs (1990, in German); Ute Lemper, in German and English, on her 1992 \"Illusions\" album; Marianne Faithfull (1997); Bryan Ferry (1999); The Puppini Sisters (2006); Michael Lutzeier (2008); and Theo Bleckmann (2008). It featured in the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band's 40th anniversary tour of 2006; Patricia Kaas (2008, on the album Kabaret).", "You Can't Hurry Love Written and produced by Motown production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song topped the United States Billboard pop singles chart, in the UK in the top 5, and in the Australian Singles Chart in the top 10, released and peaking late summer/early autumn in 1966.[1] Sixteen years later, it would become a number-one hit in the UK when Phil Collins re-recorded the song. It reached number-one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks beginning in January 1983,[2] and reached No. 10 on the US Singles Chart that same month.", "The Shadow of Your Smile Vytautas Juozapaitis, a soloist of Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre recorded a Lithuanian version entitled \"Kai Tu Toli\" on his debut album, Negaliu Nemyleti (Can't Help Falling In Love) released in 2004.", "Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing (song) A version by Don Cornell was recorded approximately at the same time. It was issued by Coral Records as catalog number 61467. The song has also been recorded by Ringo Starr (on his album Sentimental Journey),[4] Frank Sinatra, Andy Williams, Shirley Bassey, Nat King Cole and Barry Manilow. Neil Sedaka recorded the song in Italian as \"L'Amore E' Una Cosa Meravigliosa\". Connie Francis recorded the song in Italian in 1960 during the work for her album More Italian Favorites, although this version remains unreleased to this day. Francis also recorded the original English lyrics in 1961 for her album Connie Francis Sings 'Never on Sunday' and Other Title Songs from Motion Pictures. The instrumental playback of this 1961 recording was also used when Francis cut a German-language version, \"Sag, weiÃŸt du denn, was Liebe ist\", in 1966. The song was about that time also performed by Fairuz in Arabian language (\"Zar Bisukun Al Lail\"). A Disco version was recorded by Tina Charles in 1980. Jeff Lynne recorded his version for his nostalgic cover album Long Wave in 2012.", "Please Help Me, I'm Falling In 1978, Janie Fricke released a cover version of the song as \"Please Help Me (I'm Fallin' in Love with You)\" and took it to number 12 on the country charts.[11] Unlike Locklin's piano-based, bright mid-tempo version, Fricke's version is a ballad in the country pop vein.", "Crazy Love (Van Morrison song) \"Crazy Love\" has been performed by many artists. Versions by Brian Kennedy, Aaron Neville and Robbie Robertson were featured in movies. Helen Reddy scored her first Adult Contemporary Billboard Top 10 hit with her cover version.[8][9] Other artists who have recorded the song are Brian McKnight,[9] Paul Carrack,[9] Rita Coolidge,[9] Bryan Ferry,[9] Rod Stewart,[10] Jason Manns with Jensen Ackles, and Cassandra Wilson on Van Morrison's 1994 tribute album, No Prima Donna: The Songs of Van Morrison. Helena Vondráčková recorded the Czech rendering \"To se ti pouze zda\" in 1972. Kirka recorded the Finnish rendering \"Rakkauden sain\" for his 1977 album Kaksi Poulta. Croatian singer Josipa Lisac released a Croatian version of the song on her 1979 album, Made in USA, titled \"Život s njim\" (Croatian for \"Life with him\") and also covered an original English version. In 1995, Emilíana Torrini recorded the song for her first and Iceland only album Crouçie d'Où Là. Michael Bublé covered the song and titled his 2009 album Crazy Love.[11] Michael Bolton covered \"Crazy Love\" on his 2009 album, One World One Love.[12] A cappella versions include Overboard's rendition on their 2008 album, Castaways. American Idol season 3 finalist Jon Peter Lewis included his version on his 2010 EP Jon Peter Lewis. Cara Dillon's live performance of \"Crazy Love\" was featured on the Jools Holland show in April 2010.[13] In 2013, contemporary Christian band The Katinas covered the song on their album Love Chapter. \nGeorga performed a version in Swedish, \"Galet med kärlek\", on his 2016 album Vid Grinden.[14]", "Elvis Presley In November 1956, Presley made his film debut in Love Me Tender. Drafted into military service in 1958, Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work. He held few concerts however, and guided by Parker, proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood movies and soundtrack albums, most of them critically derided. In 1968, following a seven-year break from live performances, he returned to the stage in the acclaimed television comeback special Elvis, which led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of highly profitable tours. In 1973, Presley gave the first concert by a solo artist to be broadcast around the world, Aloha from Hawaii. Years of prescription drug abuse severely compromised his health, and he died suddenly in 1977 at his Graceland estate at the age of 42.", "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch) A cover by American country music group Billy Hill peaked at number 58 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1989.[9]", "When I Fall in Love \"When I Fall in Love\" reached top 40 in a few countries, including number 22 in New Zealand, number 23 in the United States, and number 37 in the Netherlands. It was popular on the US Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, peaking at number 6.", "I'll Never Fall in Love Again The first recording of \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" to reach any of the charts in Billboard was by Johnny Mathis, whose cover debuted on the magazine's Easy Listening chart in the issue dated May 17, 1969, and reached number 35 over the course of three weeks there.[8] Bacharach's own version, which was sung by a female chorus, overtook the Mathis release after a May 31 debut on that same chart and got as high as number 18 during its nine-week stay.[9] It also peaked at number 93 on the Hot 100 during the two weeks it spent there in July.[10] Bobbie Gentry entered the UK singles chart with the song the following month, on August 30, and enjoyed one of her 19 weeks there at number one.[3] She also peaked at number one in Ireland,[11] number three in South Africa,[12] and number five in Norway.[13]", "Stardust (song) Notable vocal interpretations include those of Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Joni James on her 1956 MGM X1211 Extended Play single,[15] Nat King Cole on his 1957 album \"Love is the Thing\", Mel Tormé, Connie Francis, Joe Reisman Orchestra and Chorus, Jean Sablon, Keely Smith, Terumasa Hino, Harry Connick Jr, Hank Crawford, Ella Fitzgerald, Olavi Virta, The Peanuts, Barry Manilow, Pat Boone, Nino Tempo & April Stevens, Earl Grant, Willie Nelson, George Benson, Mina, Ken Hirai, Al Hirt, Berl Olswanger on his 1953 album Berl Olswanger at the Piano, Los Hombres Calientes, Mireille Mathieu, The Shadows, Bob Dylan and many others. Billy Ward and His Dominoes, in 1957, had a #12 hit with the song on the Billboard Pop chart, which is one of the earliest R'n'B/rock'n'roll recordings in true stereo. It became a gold record. Ringo Starr recorded a version for his first solo album, Sentimental Journey, released in 1970. Sergio Franchi covered the song on his 1964 RCA Victor album The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi. Rod Stewart recorded the song for his album Stardust: The Great American Songbook Volume III (2004). Katie Melua recorded a cover on her EP Nine Million Bicycles in 2005. Michael Bublé recorded it for his album Crazy Love, released in 2009.", "If I Fell \"If I Fell\" was released as the B-side of the US single \"And I Love Her\" on Capitol 5235. As the B-side, it reached number 53 on the Billboard Hot 100.[7] It reached number 28 in Canada.[8] The song was also released as a single in Norway, where it hit number one.[9]", "Cry Me a River (Arthur Hamilton song) Other recordings include a version by Shirley Bassey on her third album, The Fabulous Shirley Bassey, her debut for Columbia in 1959; Dinah Washington on What A Diff'rence A Day Makes! also in 1959; a version by Barbra Streisand on her 1963 debut album as the opening track of Side 1; a version by Lesley Gore on her 1963 debut album I'll Cry If I Want To; and a version by English singer Joe Cocker, who made the chart in 1970 with an upbeat rock rendition on the album, Mad Dogs and Englishmen. Crystal Gayle recorded the song in 1978, and it was the B-side of her number-one Country hit, \"Why Have You Left the One You Left Me For\". The song was covered by Aerosmith on their 1982 album “Rock and a Hard Place” released by Columbia Records. In 1983, Mari Wilson's version spent 7 weeks in the UK Singles Chart, reaching #27.[4] Elkie Brooks 1993 on the album Round Midnight. In 1995, British actress Denise Welch's double A-side \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" / \"Cry Me a River\" spent three weeks in the UK Singles Chart, reaching #23. Canadian jazz pianist and singer Diana Krall recorded the song on her 2001 album, The Look of Love. In 2001, Etta James recorded the song for her album, Blue Gardenia. Sylvia Brooks recorded the song on her debut album, Dangerous Liaisons[5] in 2009. Also in 2009, Canadian singer Michael Bublé entered the charts with a big-band jazz version, which is also the opening track of his fourth album Crazy Love. The single reached #34 and spent 10 weeks in the UK Singles Chart.[4] Dami Im released a version on her 2018 album, I Hear a Song.", "I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever) In the spring of 1974 a rendition by Songbird - entitled \"I Believe\" - was the second single release on the Mushroom label and became the label's first charting single reaching #75 on the Canadian chart (despite its low peak, the single reportedly sold close to 30,000 units). (Songbird was a studio group consisting of producer Mike Flicker, Howard Leese and Rob Deans).[1] Also in 1974, Colleen Hewett had an Australian single release of the song - entitled \"I Believe When I Fall in Love\"; issued in July 1974 Hewett's rendition charted nationally with a #51 peak and was featured on Hewett's album release M'Lady.", "You Don't Have to Say You Love Me \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" (originally a 1965 Italian song by Pino Donaggio and lyricist Vito Pallavicini: '\"Io che non vivo (senza te)\") is a 1966 hit recorded by English singer Dusty Springfield that proved to be her most successful hit single, reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart[2] and number four on the Billboard Hot 100; the song subsequently charted in the UK via remakes by Elvis Presley (No. 9/1971), Guys 'n' Dolls (No. 5/1976) and Denise Welch (No. 23/1995), with Presley's version, released in 1970, also reaching No. 11 in the United States.[3][4] \"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me\" was also a Top Ten hit in Ireland for Red Hurley (No. 5/1978), in Italy for Wall Street Crash (No. 6/1983), and - as \"En koskaan\" - in Finland for Kristina Hautala (No. 6/1966).", "I Can't Help Myself (Sugar Pie Honey Bunch) The Supremes recorded a cover of this song between 1965 and 1966, released on their #1 album, The Supremes A' Go-Go. Their backing band, The Funk Brothers, was also the Four Tops' backing band at the time and was composed of most, if not all, of the same musicians as the original #1 single.[citation needed] In 1967, the Four Tops themselves recorded a special Italian language version, entitled Piangono gli uomini (The men cry).[4]", "The Girl Can't Help It (song) \"The Girl Can't Help It\" is the title song to the film The Girl Can't Help It, with words and music by songwriter Bobby Troup. It was performed by Little Richard and was released in December 1956 (see 1956 in music). In the US, the song peaked at #49 on the Billboard Top 100 singles chart and #7 on the R&B Best Sellers Chart.[1] Overseas, \"The Girl Can't Help It\" peaked at #9 in the UK. It was included on the Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time at #413. Originally, Fats Domino was lined up to record the track, which was not written as a rock song.[2]", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) During filming, the first teaser of the trailer officially released on March 15,[21][22] while the second teaser was released on March 21, 2017 has garnered more than 2 million views in less than 24 hours.[23] The production of the film still on editing room, when Star Cinema released first trailer on 29 March.[24][25] followed by the press conference which was held on 30 March at Villa Immaculada Events Place, Intramuros, Manila.[26] The malls tour promotion, dubbed \"Can't Help Summer Road Tour\" kicked off on April 2, 2017 at TriNoma & Market! Market! and ended on April 10 at SM Seaside City Cebu which has aired live on TV Patrol.[27] To promoted the film, Padilla and Bernardo performed on several live shows such as ASAP,[28] It's Show Time,[29] and Your Face Sounds Familiar: Kids 1.[30] They also guest starred in episodes of Magandang Buhay,[31] Tonight with Boy Abunda.[32] and an episode of Family Feud.", "You Are My Sunshine In subsequent years, it was covered by Doris Day (1951), Nat King Cole (1955), The Marcels, (1961), Ray Charles, Ike and Tina Turner, The Rivingtons (1962), Andy Williams (1963), Burl Ives (1968), Frank Turner, Aretha Franklin, Anne Murray (1979), Johnny Cash, Norman Blake , Brian Wilson, Mouse and the Traps, Gene Vincent, Jamey Johnson, Low, Mose Allison, Bryan Ferry, Carly Simon, Yusuf Islam, Andy Williams, and Johnny and the Hurricanes, amongst many others.[2]", "Unchained Melody In 1955, three versions of the song (by Les Baxter, Al Hibbler, and Roy Hamilton) charted in the Billboard Top 10 in the United States,[4] and four versions (by Al Hibbler, Les Baxter, Jimmy Young, and Liberace) appeared in the Top 20 in the United Kingdom simultaneously, an unbeaten record for any song.[5][6] The song and \"Do They Know It's Christmas\" are the only songs to reach number one in four different recordings in the UK.[7][8] Of the hundreds of recordings made, it was the July 1965 version by the Righteous Brothers, performed as a solo by Bobby Hatfield, that became a jukebox standard for the late 20th century. This version achieved a second round of great popularity when it was featured in the film Ghost (1990). In 2004, it finished at number 27 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.", "Always on My Mind AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers.[1] While Brenda Lee's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972, other performers reached the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere with their own versions: Elvis Presley in 1972; John Wesley Ryles in 1979; Willie Nelson's Grammy Award-winning version in 1982; Pet Shop Boys in 1987.", "Unchained Melody Al Hibbler followed close behind with a vocal version (Decca Records catalog number 29441),[15] that reached number 3 on the Billboard charts and number 2 in the UK chart listings. He was quickly followed by Jimmy Young, whose version hit number 1 on the British charts. Jimmy Young also later re-recorded another version of his 1955 chart topper in early 1964, which rose to number 43 in the UK. Two weeks after Young's version entered the top 10 of the British charts in June 1955, Liberace would score a number 20 hit (Philips PB 430). Roy Hamilton's version (Epic Records catalog number 9102) reached number 1 on the R&B Best Sellers list and number 6 on the pop chart.[16] June Valli recorded the song on March 15, 1955, which was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-6078, with the flip side \"Tomorrow\",[17] and took it to number 29.[18] Harry Belafonte sang it at the 1956 Academy Awards, where it was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song of 1955. Belafonte had also made a recording of the song for RCA Victor Records, which was released as catalog number 20-6784 in 1955, with the flip side \"A-Roving\".[19] Perry Como recorded the song in 1955, as did his RCA Victor labelmate top country crooner Eddy Arnold, and English jazz musician Cliff Townshend of The Squadronaires (father of The Who guitarist Pete Townshend) also released a popular version in 1956, as did American rock n roll star Gene Vincent in the same year. In 1963, an uptempo doo-wop version by Vito & the Salutations peaked at number 66 on the Billboard Hot 100;[20] this version was used in the soundtrack for Goodfellas in 1990.[21][22]", "When I Fall in Love Worldwide CD single", "Crying in the Chapel On October 30, 1960, Elvis Presley recorded a version of the song during the sessions for his RCA Victor gospel album, His Hand in Mine.[6] It was not included on that album, but rather was held back by RCA Victor and finally released as an \"Easter Special\" single (447-0643) in April 1965,[7] hitting number three on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and topping the Easy Listening chart for seven weeks,[8] the greatest chart success for Presley over a six-year span. The single reached number one on the British charts in 1965 where it stayed for two weeks.[9] It was later included as a bonus track on Presley's 1967 gospel album, How Great Thou Art.[10] The single was eventually certified \"Platinum\" by the RIAA for sales in excess of one million units in the US.[citation needed]", "Burning Love \"Burning Love\" is a song written by Dennis Linde and originally recorded by country soul artist Arthur Alexander, who included it on his 1972 self-titled album. It was soon covered and brought to fame by Elvis Presley, becoming his biggest hit single in the United States since \"Suspicious Minds\" in 1969 and his last Top 10 hit in the American Hot 100 or pop charts.", "River Deep – Mountain High Céline Dion covered the song on her 1996 album Falling Into You.[13] At first, Phil Spector showed interest in producing the album track, but left the project so Jim Steinman took over as producer. Spector was unimpressed by Steinman's efforts, calling Steinman a \"bad clone\" of himself.[14] Céline Dion had previously performed the song in some of her concerts, as included in her live album Live à Paris, recorded in 1995.[15][16] Subsequent live performances are included on the CD/DVD releases, VH1 Divas Live, Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert, Céline une seule fois / Live 2013, as well as the DVD release, Live in Las Vegas: A New Day....[17][18][19][20] Dion's studio version is also included in her 2008 compilation, My Love: Essential Collection.[21] In 2016, Dion also performed this song live during her 2016 Summer Tour.[22]", "I'll Remember You \"l'll Remember You\" is a song written by Kui Lee in 1964. Many artists including Elvis Presley (1966), Andy Williams, Tony Bennett, Herb Alpert, and Roger Williams covered it, and it was also performed by Tommy Sands in the 1968 Hawaii Five-O episode \"No Blue Skies\". Perhaps the most famous version was by his friend Don Ho, who was an aspiring singer at Honey's Nightclub, where Lee worked as a doorman and which was owned by Don Ho's mother.[1]", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) According to Twitter Philippines, \"Filipinos couldn't stop talking\" about the film, releasing 700,000 tweets related to the movie from April 10â€“17.[59] Netizens can't help but give their positive reviews, ratings and comments about the movie.", "Why Do Fools Fall in Love (song) \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love\" is a song that was originally a hit for early New York City-based rock and roll group Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers in January 1956. It reached No. 1 on the R&B chart,[1] No. 6 on Billboard's Pop Singles chart,[2] and number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in July.[3][4]", "I Can't Make You Love Me \"I Can't Make You Love Me\" is a song written by Mike Reid and Allen Shamblin and recorded by American singer Bonnie Raitt for her eleventh studio album Luck of the Draw (1991). Released as the album's third single in 1991, \"I Can't Make You Love Me\" became one of Raitt's most successful singles, reaching the top-twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the top-ten on the Adult Contemporary.", "Elvis Presley Presley took to the stage without introduction. The audience of 2,200, including many celebrities, gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance. A third followed his encore, \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s).[205] At a press conference after the show, when a journalist referred to him as \"The King\", Presley gestured toward Fats Domino, who was taking in the scene. \"No,\" Presley said, \"that's the real king of rock and roll.\"[206] The next day, Parker's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five-year contract for Presley to play each February and August, at an annual salary of $1 million.[207] Newsweek commented, \"There are several unbelievable things about Elvis, but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars.\"[208] Rolling Stone called Presley \"supernatural, his own resurrection.\"[209] In November, Presley's final non-concert movie, Change of Habit, opened. The double album From Memphis to Vegas/From Vegas to Memphis came out the same month; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International, the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions. \"Suspicious Minds\" reached the top of the charts—Presley's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years, and his last.[210]", "I Will Always Love You When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song. Parton was interested until Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded.[15] Parton refused. She recalls:", "Singing the Blues The best-known recording was released in October 1956 by Guy Mitchell and spent ten weeks at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard chart from December 8, 1956, to February 2, 1957. An example of the U.S. recording is on Columbia #40769, dated 1956, with the Ray Conniff Orchestra. Mitchell's version was also number 1 in the UK Singles Chart for three (non-consecutive) weeks in early 1957,[2][3] one of only four singles to return to number 1 on three separate occasions, with the other three being \"I Believe\" by Frankie Laine, \"Happy\" by Pharrell Williams and \"What Do You Mean?\" by Justin Bieber.[4]", "Catch a Falling Star \"Catch a Falling Star\", written by Paul Vance and Lee Pockriss, is a song made famous by Perry Como's hit version, recorded and released in late 1957. It was Como's last #1 hit,[1] reaching #1 on the Billboard \"Most Played by Jockeys\" chart but not in the overall top 100, where it reached #2.[citation needed] It was the first single to receive a Recording Industry Association of America gold record certification, on March 14, 1958.[2] The song also topped the Australian charts in 1958. The single won Como the 1959 Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male. Its melody is based on a theme from Brahms' Academic Festival Overture. The Como version features the Ray Charles Singers, who sing the refrain as a repeated round.", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) Can't Help Falling in Love earned â‚±33 million on its first day making it the highest opening Black Saturday Filipino film.[7][8]", "UK Singles Chart records and statistics Al Martino was the first act to have a number one single, with \"Here in My Heart\" in November 1952. Seven months later Eddie Fisher became the first act to have two number one singles, with \"I'm Walking Behind You\" following \"Outside of Heaven\". In November 1953 Frankie Laine scored a third number one single with \"Answer Me\" and a fourth with \"A Woman in Love\" in October 1956. In 1960 \"It's Now or Never\" gave Elvis Presley his fifth number-one single. He increased the record ten times until June 1965 when \"Crying in the Chapel\" became his 15th number one. The Beatles then took the record with a 16th, \"Get Back\", and 17th, \"The Ballad of John and Yoko\", their last number one to date. After his death in August 1977, Elvis scored a 17th chart topper with \"Way Down\" to tie.", "Dedicated to the One I Love A cover version recorded by American girl group the Shirelles[1] reached number 83 in 1959.[3] This version was re-released In 1961 and reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 2 on the R&B charts.[4] The song was subsequently included on their 1961 album Tonight's the Night.", "Can't Help Falling in Love (film) The film was released on April 14, 2017 initially in 270 cinemas and was expanded to 300 cinemas[33] and eventually in 400 cinemas (worldwide) for its seventh days.[34] Can't Help Falling in Love has grossed ₱33 million on its first day of showing,[35] making it the biggest Black Saturday opening for a Filipino film.[36]\nAfter 4 days, the film grossed ₱100 million.[37] After 10 days, the film grossed ₱180 million.[38] On its 13th day, the film grossed ₱200 million locally.[39] On its 24th day, the film grossed ₱300 million worldwide. (Partial Gross) [40]", "I Can't Make You Love Me While choosing the fourth single from the album, the title track \"Older\" was announced as the chosen one, with an EP also titled \"Older\" being released to promote the song. The EP features four tracks, including \"Older\", \"The Strangest Thing\" (also from the album \"Older\") and two covers: the famous Brazilian song \"Desafinado\" and Bonnie Raitt's \"I Can't Make You Love Me\",[29] which became the official B-side of the single. Since it was released as a B-side to \"Older\", \"I Can't Make You Love Me\" also entered the UK Singles Chart at number 3.[28]", "Lilo & Stitch Lilo & Stitch: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the soundtrack to Disney's 2002 animated feature Lilo & Stitch. It contains two original songs from the film written by Mark Kealiʻi Hoʻomalu and Alan Silvestri (the film's composer), and performed by Kealiʻi Hoʻomalu and the Kamehameha Schools children's chorus. Also contains five songs by American singer Elvis Presley, and two of his songs re-recorded by American singer Wynonna (\"Burning Love\"), British singer Gareth Gates (\"Suspicious Minds\", UK release) and Swedish group ATeens (\"Can't Help Falling in Love\"). It was released by Walt Disney Records on June 11, 2002 on Audio CD and Compact Cassette. On June 23, 2003, the soundtrack album was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 1 million units.[17]" ]	[ "Can't Help Falling in Love \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" is a pop ballad originally recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and published by Gladys Music, Presley's publishing company. It was written by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss.[2] The melody is based on \"Plaisir d'amour\",[4] a popular romance by Jean-Paul-Égide Martini (1784). The song was featured in Presley's 1961 film, Blue Hawaii. During the following four decades, it was recorded by numerous other artists, including Tom Smothers, Swedish pop group A-Teens, and the British reggae group UB40, whose 1993 version topped the U.S. and UK charts." ]
test1195	when did are you smarter than a 5th grader first air	[ "doc42525" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc42524", "doc42525", "doc42528", "doc42554", "doc42526", "doc42530", "doc42545", "doc42529", "doc42539", "doc42544", "doc42552", "doc42531", "doc42551", "doc42553", "doc42538", "doc479501", "doc42549", "doc42543", "doc42540", "doc42542", "doc42547", "doc42541", "doc42537", "doc42548", "doc42527", "doc42536", "doc2414727", "doc479492", "doc42546", "doc42535", "doc42533", "doc42550", "doc259270", "doc42534", "doc42532", "doc1992645", "doc428789", "doc428755", "doc1052565", "doc41711", "doc1715526", "doc520737", "doc183353", "doc336694", "doc563010", "doc1467216", "doc2142805", "doc336651", "doc1644565", "doc1537675", "doc410008", "doc834248", "doc1564639", "doc218223", "doc1962166", "doc336668", "doc2100890", "doc1587321", "doc860936", "doc183323", "doc149542", "doc1164272", "doc5298", "doc1667056", "doc131698", "doc370580", "doc2672289", "doc752011", "doc117684", "doc200354", "doc1633967", "doc41623", "doc1164270", "doc954204", "doc461953", "doc1164302", "doc1667062", "doc830483", "doc74295", "doc2480316", "doc337731", "doc1537652", "doc2651724", "doc428760", "doc923401", "doc1587317", "doc910214", "doc461925", "doc1006121", "doc1481889", "doc336670", "doc1634018", "doc297279", "doc2427136", "doc1587316", "doc1835550", "doc544673", "doc2466372", "doc2100886", "doc830470" ]	[ "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Original primetime series:\nFebruary 27, 2007 (2007-02-27) – September 18, 2009 (2009-09-18)\nRevived primetime series:\nMay 26, 2015 (2015-05-26) – September 8, 2015 (2015-09-08)", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? is an American quiz game show on Fox. It is produced by Mark Burnett[1] and is hosted by Jeff Foxworthy. The show premiered as a three-day special which began on February 27, 2007 with the first two shows each a half-hour in length. Regular one-hour episodes began airing Thursdays from March 1 through May 10,[2] and the first season continued with new episodes beginning May 31. Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? was picked up for the 2007â€“08 season,[3] which began on September 6, 2007, and aired in the same timeslot.[4] Following the end of the original run of the primetime version on September 18, 2009, a first-run syndicated version of the show ran from September 2009 to May 2011, with Foxworthy returning as host.[5] On May 26, 2015, the program returned to Fox for a new, sixth season, with Foxworthy, again, returning as host. The show also airs internationally, and the format has been picked up for local versions in a number of other countries.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) In November 2006 it was pitched as \"Do You Remember Grade School?\"[6] by Burnett and Zoo Productions to network executives in the form of a six-question quiz; the only network president who was able to win on the quiz was Fox's Peter Liguori.[7] On January 31, 2007, Fox announced that they had picked up the show for an initial six-episode run,[8] and on February 9 Foxworthy was announced as host.[9] Less than eight weeks after being pitched, the first episode aired.[6]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) The first season of the original series averaged 11.5 million viewers.[22] The 2015 revival premiered on May 26, 2015 to 3.31 million viewers, scoring a 0.8/3 rating/share among adults 18â€“49.[23][24]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) 5th Grader games are played by a single contestant, who attempts to answer ten questions (plus a final bonus question). Content is taken from elementary school textbooks, two from each grade level from first to fifth. Each correct answer increases the amount of money the player banks; a maximum cash prize of $1,000,000 can be won. Along the way, contestants can be assisted by a \"classmate\", one of five school-age cast members, in answering the questions. Notably, upon getting an answer incorrect or deciding to prematurely end the game, contestants must state that they are \"not smarter than a 5th grader.\"", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) In each game, the contestant (an adult) is asked a series of eleven questions, spanning ten subjects (such as Animal Science, Spelling or Math) taken from textbooks for first through fifth grade students. Each question is associated with a grade level; there are two questions per grade, from first to fifth. The player can answer the questions in any order, and each correct answer raises their cumulative amount of winnings to the next level (see table at right); after answering the fifth question correctly, they are guaranteed to leave with at least $25,000. If the player correctly answers the first ten questions, they are given the opportunity to answer a fifth-grade bonus question (sixth-grade in the 2015 revival) worth $1,000,000.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) On March 24, 2011, the show was canceled along with Don't Forget the Lyrics! due to low ratings.[19] Reruns continued on several cable outlets for a year afterward; as of 2018, the reruns air on Light TV.[20]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) On November 6, 2014, Fox announced it would revive the series, with a new generation of fifth-graders, to its lineup as part of the summer season of the 2014â€“15 season.[10] The new season features several changes, including a new panel of six regular fifth-grade students (whose usage & seating positions will rotate per episode), a new \"Grade School Giveaway\" feature on the $10,000 question, in which a school will win $10,000 towards improvements if the contestant answers their $10,000 question correctly, and the million dollar question is now from the sixth grade.[11] Foxworthy explained that the revival was the result of a conversation he had over dinner with Mark Burnett the previous year, in which he considered 5th Grader to be his favorite television role. When Fox approached him later in 2014 about reviving the series, he accepted the role with little hesitation.[12]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Each season, a new group of children are cast to appear as the \"classmates\" on the show.[17] Any child cast must be \"smart, funny, and outgoing\", and must actually be in the 5th grade (age 9, 10 or 11) during the television season finales.[17]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) A half-hour daily syndicated version of the show, also with Foxworthy as host, began airing on September 21, 2009. This version features a top prize of $250,000 and a tweaked format between the prime time version and the daytime version.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Season 2 premiered on September 20, 2010. The game was shortened, with the fifth grade questions removed from the main game, reducing the number of questions to eight (plus the 5th-grade bonus question). To compensate, the 3rd and 4th grade questions were increased to $3,500 and $7,500 respectively. In addition, the \"Save\" was removed, and contestants were no longer allowed to skip to a higher-grade question before attempting at least one question from each lower grade.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Five fifth graders (some of whom are also professional child actors)[13] appear on each show and play along on stage â€“ in general, each episode in a season has the same cast of children. Prior to the show, the children are provided with workbooks which contain a variety of material, some of which could be used in the questions asked in the game.[14][15] The player chooses one to be their \"classmate\", who stands at the adjacent podium and is called upon for assistance in choosing a subject; the other four sit at desks off to the side. Each child acts as the classmate for two consecutive questions, after which another child is picked from those who have not yet played in that game.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) In Season 1, there are 10 regular questions before the bonus question. The 3rd grade questions are worth $2,500; 4th grade, $3,500; and 5th grade, $5,000.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) David Hinckley of the New York Daily News gave the revival series' cast a positive review, calling the classmates \"terrific... smart, outgoing and funny,\" while arguing that Foxworthy \"understands how much to showcase them.\"[21]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) \"Classroom Club\" questions were introduced into the game at the beginning of the second season. These questions are written by elementary school students, who submit them via the show's Web site. When one is used, the school of the student who wrote it receives a computer lab, courtesy of the show. \"Field Trip\" questions, introduced in the third season, feature a video clip of a National Geographic Channel correspondent asking the question from an appropriate location somewhere in the world. On the sixth season, the $10,000 question will also reward $10,000 to a grade school (connected to the studio via Skype) towards refurbishments and improvements if the contestant answers correctly.[12]", "Jeff Foxworthy He hosted Are You Smarter than A 5th Grader? on Fox in prime time. He hosted the syndicated version of the series from September 21, 2009 until its cancellation on March 24, 2011.[10] It was announced that Foxworthy would return as host of Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?[11] In addition, he is a host on The Bucks of Tecomate which airs on the NBC Sports Network with Alabama native David Morris.[citation needed]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Contestants are required to attempt all questions, and do not flunk out simply by answering a question incorrectly, instead losing all money earned to that point. If a player has any money left after all questions are asked, they are given the choice to either drop out with the money earned, or answer a 5th-grade bonus question worth 10 times their earnings. The maximum winnings are $25,000 without the bonus question, and therefore $250,000 if it is answered correctly.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Beginning in season 2, many celebrities played the game and donated their winnings to the charity of their choice. Of these celebrities, Gene Simmons was the most successful, winning $500,000 for Glazer Pediatrics AIDS Foundation.[18] In addition to these celebrities, former Jeopardy! champion Ken Jennings and Nobel Prize winner George Smoot, both of whom were playing on their own behalf, won $500,000 and $1,000,000 respectively. Jennings's stint on the show helped propel him back into the lead for the most money won on game shows by one person in the United States.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Contestants who make it through the auditioning process are required to sign a one-year contract stating that they will not tell anybody how much money they make, and that they cannot tell or release any information about the actual auditioning process, such as the number of screening processes, the questions asked by the auditioners, and the actual credit for being accepted onto the show.[citation needed]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Note: The seat numbering for seasons 1-3 represented here starts from the back left of the classroom and goes clockwise from the viewer's perspective. The 2015 revival has 6 regular kids whose usage and positions at the five desks are rotated for each episode.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) The class is as follows:", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) During every classmate's final appearance on the show (\"Graduation Night\"), each classmate receives a $25,000 savings bond.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) If the contestant wins the million, they will have the opportunity to declare to the camera \"I am smarter than a 5th grader!\" However, if at any point during the game the player drops out or flunks out, they must face the camera, state their name, and declare \"I am not smarter than a 5th grader.\"", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) The game play for this version of 5th Grader is similar to the original Fox network version. Games are played by a single contestant, who attempts to answer eight questions plus one final 5th grade bonus question with the assistance of one of three 5th grade classmates (instead of five on the network version), who vary each week. In addition, each classmate can be used for up to three questions (as opposed to two on the network version).", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Two people have won the $1,000,000 prize: Kathy Cox, superintendent of public schools for the U.S. state of Georgia; and George Smoot, winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics and professor at the University of California, Berkeley.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) The rules change slightly for the million dollar subject. The player is only shown the subject of the question before deciding if they will continue or drop out. However, if they choose to see the question, they are no longer eligible to drop out and must answer the question, with no assistance from the classmates or cheats. An incorrect answer will cause the contestant to leave with $25,000.[16]", "Broadcast syndication For the 2009–2010 season, the Fox game show Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? moved to syndication with a new, less expensive format. Don't Forget the Lyrics! followed for the 2010–2011 season. Deal, suffering from falling ratings, was canceled in February 2010, with the final episodes airing in late May of that same year. 5th Grader and Don't Forget the Lyrics were canceled the following year for the same reason (although reruns of 5th Grader remain on cable). Reruns of the popular Discovery Channel show Cash Cab began airing in syndication in January 2011. Reruns of the GSN dating game show Baggage first aired in syndication as a test run in early 2011 on stations owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group, which preceded its full launch into other markets in fall 2012; although it was removed from syndication after one season.", "Jeff Foxworthy Foxworthy has also made several ventures into television, starting in the mid-1990s with his own sitcom called The Jeff Foxworthy Show. He has also appeared alongside Engvall and Larry the Cable Guy in several Blue Collar television specials, most notably Blue Collar TV. Since 2007, he has been the host of the quiz show Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? on Fox (2007–09 and 2015) and in syndication (2009–11). Foxworthy hosted a nationally syndicated radio show called The Foxworthy Countdown from April 1999 to December 2009. For three seasons, he hosted GSN's The American Bible Challenge.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) On the syndicated version, each class had three kids in each episode, but there were nine kids who traded off with one another throughout both seasons.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) If the contestant gets an answer wrong (and is not saved), they \"flunk out\", and lose everything â€” or drop to $25,000, if they surpassed the fifth question. They may choose to \"drop out\" at any point during the game (with the exception of the peek cheat noted above), which entitles them to leave the game with any winnings they have accrued.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) However, the Save is simply a rule of the game:", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) If the contestant answers the bonus question wrong, they lose everything, but if they had earned at least $2,500 before the bonus question, then they receive a consolation prize in the form of a $2,500 prepaid card. If they had earned less than $2,500, the value of the card is $250. On celebrity episodes, the consolation prizes are cash donations to the celebrity's favorite charity.", "Beach Games The episode first aired in the U.S. on May 10, 2007, attracting 7.2 million viewers and a 3.9/11 ratings share among adults aged 18 to 49.[9] It ranked fourth in its timeslot behind episodes of Survivor: Fiji, Ugly Betty, and Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?.[10] It was a special 28-minute \"supersized\" episode.[11]", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Once all three forms of assistance are used, the children no longer play an active role in the game.", "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Contestants have three forms of answer-assistance options (two cheats and a Save), each available for use once per game (up to, but not including, the million dollar subject).[16] The two cheats, Peek and Copy, can be invoked by the contestant to aid in making a decision as follows:", "Colin Mochrie On March 28, 2007, Mochrie and his Whose Line costar Brad Sherwood hosted part of the Press Correspondents' Dinner with the President. At that event, Sherwood and Mochrie featured Deputy White House Chief of Staff Karl Rove rapping. Rove's only line was \"MC Rove\". On August 29, 2007, it was announced that Mochrie would host the Canadian version of the game show Are You Smarter Than A 5th Grader?. The first of five episodes aired on October 25, 2007. As a result, Mochrie became the fifth member of the American Whose Line? cast to become a game show host, after colleagues Brad Sherwood (The Dating Game and The Big Moment), Greg Proops (VS., Head Games and Rendez-View), Wayne Brady (Don't Forget the Lyrics! and Let's Make A Deal), and Drew Carey (Power of 10 and The Price Is Right).", "Ken Jennings Jennings was a contestant on an episode of Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? that aired on October 10, 2008, which held the possibility of exceeding Rutter's total game show winnings. After winning $500,000, enough to surpass Rutter's total, Jennings chose not to attempt the final $1,000,000 question, which would have deducted $475,000 from his winnings if he missed it. As is customary on the show, Jennings was then shown the question to see what would have happened, and he provided the correct answer. Had he risked his winnings and correctly answered the question, he would have become the show's second $1,000,000 winner.", "Ken Jennings During his first run of Jeopardy! appearances, Jennings earned the record for the highest American game show winnings. His total was surpassed by Brad Rutter, who defeated Jennings in the finals of the Jeopardy! Ultimate Tournament of Champions (first aired on May 25, 2005), adding $2,000,000 to Rutter's existing Jeopardy! winnings. Jennings regained the record after appearing on several other game shows, culminating in an appearance on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? (first aired on October 10, 2008), though Rutter retained the record for highest Jeopardy! winnings and once again passed Jennings' total after his victory in the 2014 Jeopardy Battle of the Decades tournament.", "Brad Garrett Garrett appeared on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? and played for his charity, the Maximum Hope Foundation (named after his kids). He answered every single question correctly winning $25,000 and walked away with that after being asked to play for $250,000 with the bonus subject being U.S. History.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? The U.S. version of Millionaire premiered in primetime on ABC on 16 August 1999, and was originally hosted by Regis Philbin.[34] The original network version was the highest-rated of all television shows in the 1999â€“2000 season, reaching an average audience of approximately 29 million viewers,[35] but before long, ABC overexposed the primetime series and the audience tired of the show,[36] which ultimately grilled it to cancellation, with its final episode airing on 27 June 2002.[37] A daily syndicated version of the programme debuted on 16 September 2002, and was launched by Meredith Vieira,[38] who remained host for 11 seasons, with her final first-run episodes airing in May 2013.[39] Later hosts after Vieira's departure included Cedric the Entertainer and Terry Crews, who each held one-season tenures as host in 2013 and 2014 respectively;[40][41] and Chris Harrison, who became host in the autumn of 2015.", "Effect of the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike on television Similarly, some game shows, such as Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? and The Price Is Right, were not affected because they are unscripted, other than the questions and the prize descriptions (and in Price's case, Showcase skits); by contrast, Sony Pictures' Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, and Disney's Who Wants to Be a Millionaire had their quiz questions researched and written by WGA writers under deals with their producers. The first season of the game show Duel premiered on December 17, 2007, and ended on December 23, 2007; the first season of the show was the only game show, and thus the only strike-replacement program, that was affected by the strike. The second season premiered on April 4, 2008, and ended on July 25, 2008, with an 8-week break between May 2 and June 27.[106] A revival of American Gladiators was launched sooner than originally scheduled, with taping in November 2007 that aired in January 2008. Other game, contest and reality shows launched sooner than originally scheduled in order to minimize the amount of scripted-program reruns, and CBS commissioned an order of six episodes of The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular, the first in the primetime series with new host Drew Carey (who took over hosting duties that season), which later resulted in four additional episodes later in the season. This resulted in drastic mid-season set changes that allowed the show to switch to high-definition television, initially with these episodes, and the daytime show switched for the start of the next season.[107]", "Game show Television game shows descended from similar programs on radio. The very first television game show, Spelling Bee, was broadcast in 1938. Truth or Consequences was the first game show to air on commercially licensed television. Its first episode aired in 1941 as an experimental broadcast. Over the course of the 1950s, as television began to pervade the popular culture, game shows quickly became a fixture. Daytime game shows would be played for lower stakes to target stay-at-home housewives. Higher-stakes programs would air in primetime. During the late 1950s, high-stakes games such as Twenty One and The $64,000 Question began a rapid rise in popularity. However, the rise of quiz shows proved to be short-lived. In 1959, many of the higher stakes game shows were discovered to be rigged and ratings declines led to most of the primetime games being canceled.", "Are You the One? Season five premiered on January 11 2017.[12]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show) The U.S. version of Millionaire was launched by ABC as a half-hour primetime program on August 16, 1999.[71] When it premiered, it became the first U.S. network game show to offer a million-dollar top prize to contestants.[1] After airing thirteen episodes and reaching an audience of 15 million viewers by the end of the show's first week on the air, the program expanded to an hour-long format when it returned in November.[72] The series, of which episodes were originally shown only a day after their initial taping, was promoted to regular status on January 18, 2000[73] and, at the height of its popularity, was airing on ABC five nights a week.[74] The show was so popular during its original primetime run that rival networks created or re-incarnated game shows of their own (e.g., Greed, Twenty One, etc.), as well as importing various game shows of British and Australian origin to America (such as Winning Lines, Weakest Link, and It's Your Chance of a Lifetime).", "Jeopardy! Jeopardy! is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. The show features a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers, and must phrase their responses in the form of questions. The original daytime version debuted on NBC on March 30, 1964, and aired until January 3, 1975. A weekly nighttime syndicated edition aired from September 1974 to September 1975, and a revival, The All-New Jeopardy!, ran on NBC from October 1978 to March 1979. The current version, a daily syndicated show produced by Sony Pictures Television, premiered on September 10, 1984.", "Are You Afraid of the Dark? The series premiered with the episode \"The Tale of the Twisted Claw\" as a pilot on Halloween 1990 on the Canadian television network YTV and it aired until June 11, 2000. The show also premiered on Nickelodeon's SNICK on August 15, 1992, and aired until April 20, 1996. The show was both a critical and commercial success, garnering numerous awards as the series progressed.[3]", "Women's Appreciation The episode first broadcast in the United States on May 3, 2007 on NBC in a special timeslot, airing behind an episode of My Name Is Earl. \"Women's Appreciation\" was a \"supersized\" episode, as it aired for forty minutes.[9][10] It attracted an estimated 7.0 million viewers,[11] and ranked fourth in its timeslot, behind episodes of Survivor: Fiji, Ugly Betty, and Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?.[12]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show) The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16, 1999, to June 27, 2002, and was hosted by Regis Philbin. The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16, 2002, and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31, 2013. Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013–14 season, Terry Crews in the following season (2014–15), and Chris Harrison, who began hosting on September 14, 2015.", "American game show winnings records Jennings slowly began to chip away at Rutter's record, first by winning $714.29 in 2006 as part of the Mob on NBC's 1 vs. 100.[26] A year later, Jennings won the Grand Slam tournament on Game Show Network and the $100,000 top prize by defeating Ogi Ogas in the final round.[27] Finally, on October 10, 2008, Jennings passed Rutter by winning $500,000 on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?.[28] He extended the record by winning $300,000 in The IBM Challenge, where he and Rutter took on IBM supercomputer Watson in a special 2011 Jeopardy! event. Rutter won $200,000 in the challenge, in which both he and Jennings pledged half of their winnings to charity.[29] He then added $100,000 more later in 2011 when he appeared on Million Dollar Mind Game,[30] raising his total to $3,555,102, second only to Jennings' $3,923,414.29.", "Minute to Win It The show premiered on March 14, 2010 and continued with new episodes through May 25, 2010. NBC later announced Minute to Win It would air new episodes during the summer, from Wednesday July 7, 2010 to Tuesday September 14, 2010. The new episodes would be labeled \"The Summer of Minute to Win It\".[5]", "So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. season 1) So You Think You Can Dance is an American television dance competition that airs on the Fox network. The first season premiered on July 20, 2005 with Lauren Sánchez as host, Nigel Lythgoe as the main judge, and Mary Murphy, Dan Karaty, Mia Michaels and Brian Friedman as most frequent guest judges. Nick Lazzarini was crowned America's Favorite Dancer on October 5, 2005 with 37.7% of the votes.", "The Price Is Right After a season-long search for a successor, Drew Carey took the helm of the show, with production resuming in August 2007, and his first episode airing on October 15. It is believed to be the longest-running game show on television (the Spanish-language variety show Sábado Gigante ended on September 19, 2015).[5][6] It is also the longest running game show airing episodes five days-per-week in the world. The Price Is Right is one of two game show franchises (along with To Tell the Truth) to be seen nationally in either first-run network or syndication airings in the U.S. in every decade from the 1950s onward. CBS has occasionally aired extra episodes of the show for short periods between the cancellation of one daytime program and the premiere of its successor. On occasion since 1986, special episodes have aired during prime time hours, most notably to fill in gaps between the Survivor series, and during the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.", "Big Show Big Show has been featured in infomercials for Stacker 2 with former NASCAR drivers Kenny Wallace and Scott Wimmer, NASCAR Xfinity Series driver Elliott Sadler, retired crew chief turned Fox Sports broadcaster Jeff Hammond, and 2002, 2005, and 2011 Sprint Cup Champion Tony Stewart. In addition, Wight appeared on the \"Thong Song\" remix music video by Sisqó and Foxy Brown. Wight was featured on the game show Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?, winning $15,000 for his chosen charity, United Service Organizations. He is the only contestant to appear on two versions of the game show in two different countries.", "The Wall (game show) Bethonie Butler of Chicago Tribune agreed that \"The Wall looks a lot like the famed Plinko game from CBS\", but qualified that \"originality is relative when it comes to game shows\", remarking on the similarity between popular trivia game shows such as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? and Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?[6]", "Catch 21 The series featured executive producers Scott Sternberg and Merrill Heatter,[1] and premiered on July 21, 2008.[2][7] On February 18, 2009, GSN renewed the series for a 65-episode second season, which featured the addition of an extra power chip in the bonus round in order to increase contestant's chances of winning the top prize.[1][4] A third season, which was announced on September 16, 2009, debuted on October 12, with some episodes featuring celebrities with a common bond (such as three The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air cast members or three former child stars) playing for charity.[8] The show's fourth and final season debuted on August 16, 2010.[9]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show) The first contestant to correctly answer all 15 questions and win the top prize of $1,000,000 was John Carpenter, on the episode aired November 19, 1999.[18][19] In 2000, the million dollar top prize was awarded five times: to Dan Blonsky on the episode aired January 18, to Joe Trela on March 23, to Bob House on June 13, to Kim Hunt on July 6, and to David Goodman on July 11.[19]", "Press Your Luck Game Show Network (GSN) aired the show from September 2001 to March 2009, airing episodes from February 1984 – November 1985. GSN resumed airing the show in 2012, airing episodes from the September 1983 premiere to February 1984. From 2014 to 2016, GSN aired episodes 561 to 696, which originally ran from November 1985 to May 1986; after this, GSN aired episodes from the summer of 1984 to February 1985 until the show was removed from GSN's schedule again in May 2017. The series resumed airing again on GSN in December 2017 as part of a new Saturday evening classic game show block. [10] From 2001 to 2003, Larson's episodes did not air on the network until they were incorporated in Big Bucks: The Press Your Luck Scandal – including footage not aired during the original CBS broadcast.", "I Survived a Japanese Game Show (season 1) The fifth episode aired on July 23, 2008.", "Double Dare (Nickelodeon game show) Hosted by Marc Summers, the program originally premiered on Nickelodeon on October 6, 1986, as its first game show. The series saw many adjustments in scheduling and titling throughout its run. Almost immediately after its debut, Double Dare had more than tripled viewership for Nickelodeonâ€™s afternoon lineup, becoming the most-watched original daily program on cable television. The program was a major success for Nickelodeon, helping to establish the network as a major player in cable television, and to revitalize the genre of game shows for children. Double Dare remains Nickelodeon's longest-running game show. In January 2001, TV Guide ranked the show number 29 on its list of 50 Greatest Game Shows.", "Are You the One? Season one premiered on January 21, 2014.[4]", "Kaun Banega Crorepati KBC premiered on 3 July 2000 and was hosted by Amitabh Bachchan, his first appearance on Indian television. KBC initially offered contestants the chance to win 1 Crore Indian rupees. The season ended in 2001. The show was well received in its premiere season.[2]", "The Amazing Race 1 Airdate: September 19, 2001[a]", "What's My Line? Produced by Mark Goodson and Bill Todman for CBS Television, the show was initially called Occupation Unknown before deciding on the name What's My Line?[4] The original series, which was usually broadcast live, debuted on Thursday, February 2, 1950, at 8:00 p.m. ET. After airing alternate Wednesdays, then alternate Thursdays, finally on October 1, 1950, it had settled into its weekly Sunday 10:30 p.m. ET slot where it would remain until the end of its network run on September 3, 1967.", "Game Show Network Game Show Network launched at 7:00 p.m. ET on December 1, 1994.[8] The first aired game show was What's My Line?.[9][a] From 1994 until about 1997, the network aired classic pre-1972 game shows as well as game shows made after 1972, most of which came from the Mark Goodson–Bill Todman library. The network aired game shows in a 24-hour cycle, and also used live interstitials as wraparound programming. In its first few months, GSN's commercials consisted of public service announcements (PSAs), promotions for its programming and commercials related to network parent company Sony. By 1995, when the network began to expand, the network began accepting conventional advertising as it gained new sponsorships. On March 17, 1997, the Game Show Network rebranded with a new presentation package and a new logo (which had the network's name in boxes and a colorful swirling ball) and a new slogan \"All Play, All Day\". While the logo changed, its programming remained unchanged, the network also debuted new promos and new idents on that day, which were designed by graphics agency Lee Hunt Associates.", "So You Think You Can Dance (U.S. TV series) So You Think You Can Dance is an American televised dance competition show that airs on Fox in the United States and is the flagship series of the international So You Think You Can Dance television franchise. It was created by American Idol producers Simon Fuller and Nigel Lythgoe and is produced by 19 Entertainment, Dick Clark Productions, and Conrad Sewell Productions. The series premiered on July 20, 2005 with over ten million viewers and ended the summer season as the top-rated show on television. The first season was hosted by American news personality Lauren Sánchez. Since the second season, it has been hosted by former British children's television personality and game show emcee Cat Deeley. During its second season, the program remained the No. 1 rated summer show (adults aged 18–49), but it has declined in ratings since.", "America's Funniest Home Videos Originally airing as a special in 1989, it debuted as a regular weekly series in 1990. It was hosted by Bob Saget for the 1989 special and the first eight seasons of the series incarnation, then by John Fugelsang and Daisy Fuentes for its ninth and tenth seasons. After two years of being shown as occasional specials, hosted by various actors and comedians such as D.L. Hughley and Richard Kind, ABC brought the series back on Friday nights in the summer of 2001 with new host Tom Bergeron, who has since become the series' longest-serving host, hosting 15 seasons. Bergeron announced in 2014 that he would be departing as host of the show, and Alfonso Ribeiro took over as host in 2015.", "The Dating Game The Dating Game is an ABC television show. It first aired on December 20, 1965 and was the first of many shows created and packaged by Chuck Barris from the 1960s through the 1980s. ABC dropped the show on July 6, 1973, but it continued in syndication for another year (1973â€“1974) as The New Dating Game. The program was revived three additional times in syndication afterwards. The first revival premiered in 1978 and ran until 1980, the second ran from 1986 until 1989, and the last ran from 1996 until 1999 with a season of reruns following.", "Laura Marano Marano's first acting role was when she was five years old.[14] Since then, she worked for multiple productions at the Stage Door Theater. She has appeared in numerous commercials and had small roles on Ghost Whisperer, Medical Investigation, Huff and Joan of Arcadia. Her bigger roles in television have been in Without a Trace and other shows. She played the child role of Keira Knightley's character in the film The Jacket and had a small flashback role in the film Superbad. She was a regular cast member on the FOX game show, Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? and played the role of Gracie Carr on FOX's sitcom Back to You. Marano has since appeared in several episodes of The Sarah Silverman Program. Initially she was cast in the pilot episode, \"Batteries\", as the child version of Sarah Silverman, and the writers liked her so much they brought her back for a larger role as a girl Sarah coaches to win a beauty pageant (\"Not Without My Daughter\"). On the DVD commentary track, co-star Brian Posehn notes that Marano knew everyone else's lines better than they did. She also appeared in Dexter as the child version of Debra Morgan. She also played the child version of a character played by Diana Scarwid, Alice Shaw, sister of Angela Petrelli, on Heroes.", "Family Feud The program premiered on ABC on July 12, 1976, and ran as part of its daytime schedule until June 14, 1985. The program was re-launched by CBS on July 4, 1988, and ran until September 10, 1993. Three separate editions for syndication were also produced. The first aired from September 19, 1977, to September 6, 1985. The second aired from September 19, 1988, to September 8, 1995. The current syndicated series premiered on September 20, 1999.", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! The show was originally created in the United Kingdom by the factual programmes department of ITV's then London franchise, London Weekend Television and developed by a team including James Allen, Natalka Znak, Brent Baker and Stewart Morris. The first episode aired on 25 August 2002. It is now produced by ITV Studios and has been licensed globally to countries including the United States, Germany, France, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, Australia and India.[1] As of 2017, the UK, German, Hungarian and Australian versions are still in production.", "American Dad! American Dad! had a mid-season debut. Its first episode, titled \"Pilot\", was originally shown directly following Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6, 2005. The rest of the first season, however, would not launch until May 1, 2005, on Fox's Animation Domination lineup which had its debut on that date.[6][9][20] Initially, it was a replacement for the originally failed series Family Guy (1999â€“2003). American Dad! was originally intended to be Fox's answer to the hordes of fans left behind from the original failure of MacFarlane's previous animated venture.[2] Just three short months after American Dad!'s debut however, Family Guy was revived, leaving American Dad! with a formidable expectation: whether the series could distinguish itself from its counterpart and succeed on its own merits.[2] Instead of taking over creative direction of the series, MacFarlane left the job largely in the hands of Barker and Weitzman so as to distinguish American Dad![7]", "Cash Cab (U.S. game show) Cash Cab (stylized as CA$H CAB)[1] is an American game show that aired new episodes on the Discovery Channel from 2005 to 2012. It began airing on December 5, 2005, hosted by stand-up comedian Ben Bailey, and aired its last episode on September 28, 2012. The show was revived on December 4, 2017. It is part of the global Cash Cab franchise that originated in the United Kingdom.", "The Amazing Race 1 Airdate: September 5, 2001", "You Can't Do That on Television On October 5, 2015, Nickelodeon sister network TeenNick brought the show back in reruns as the first program on The Splat, its expanded retro block. The airings began with the first two 1981 episodes, \"Work\" and \"Transportation,\" marking the first time those episodes had aired on U.S. television in thirty years.", "The Amazing Race 5 Airdate: September 7, 2004", "The Amazing Race 1 Airdate: December 5, 2001", "Game Show Network On March 15, 2004, Game Show Network began using the abbreviation \"GSN\" and introduced the tagline \"The Network for Games\", a move in line with the network expanding its programming to include the genre of reality television and various other competitions. GSN also introduced the original series at 10 p.m. weekdays, World Series of Blackjack, National Lampoon's Greek Games, Kenny vs. Spenny (a Canadian import) and the short-lived Fake-a-Date, a find-a-mate program with host Evan Marriott, the original Joe Millionaire. GSN also added reruns of The Mole and Spy TV.[10][11]", "Total Drama Total Drama first premiered in Canada on July 8, 2007 on Teletoon, while the United States aired the show one year later on Cartoon Network on June 5, 2008,[40] followed by several other countries thereafter. Since then, Total Drama has become an international franchise and one of the biggest successes for Fresh TV. As of September 2011, the entire series has been shown in over 100 countries around the world, with the first season airing in 188 countries worldwide.[10]", "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! Scooby-Doo, Where Are You![5] is an American animated mystery comedy television series produced by Hanna-Barbera. Produced for CBS, the series premiered as part of the network's Saturday morning schedule on September 13, 1969, and aired for two seasons until October 31, 1970. In 1978, a selection of episodes from the later series Scooby's All-Stars and The Scooby-Doo Show were aired on ABC under the Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! name and, as such, is sometimes marketed as its third season.[6]", "All That All That is an American live-action, sketch comedy-variety show created by Brian Robbins and Mike Tollin, which originally aired on the Nickelodeon cable television network from April 16, 1994, to October 22, 2005, lasting ten seasons. The series was produced by Tollin/Robbins Productions (later Schneider's Bakery during the final season). The pilot episode was originally shown as a special \"sneak peek\", with the show officially debuting a regular series on December 24, 1994.[1]", "Reality television Producer George Schlatter capitalized on the advent of videotape to create Real People, a surprise hit for NBC, which ran from 1979 to 1984. The success of Real People was quickly copied by ABC with That's Incredible, a stunt show co-hosted by Fran Tarkenton; CBS's entry into the genre was That's My Line, a series hosted by Bob Barker. The Canadian series Thrill of a Lifetime, a fantasies-fulfilled reality show, originally ran from 1982 to 1988 and was revived from 2001 to 2003. In 1985, underwater cinematographer Al Giddings teamed with former Miss Universe Shawn Weatherly on the NBC series Oceanquest, which chronicled Weatherly's adventures scuba diving in various exotic locales. Weatherly was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in informational programming.[12]\nCOPS, which first aired in the spring of 1989 on Fox and came about partly due to the need for new programming during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike,[13] showed police officers on duty apprehending criminals; it introduced the camcorder look and cinéma vérité feel of much of later reality television.", "Minute to Win It March 14, 2010 (2010-03-14)–September 7, 2011 (2011-09-07) (English, first version)", "Go, Diego, Go! The series, which aired for five seasons, consisting of 75 episodes, premiered at 8:00Â p.m. on Tuesday, September 6, 2005 and concluded on Friday, May 13, 2011.[2][3] The show aired in reruns on \"Nick on CBS\" for 1 year from September 17, 2005, to September 9, 2006.[4][5]", "Ken Jennings Before his Jeopardy! appearance, Jennings was a member of BYU's Quiz Bowl Team.[5] Jennings' run began during Jeopardy!'s 20th season with the episode aired on June 2, 2004, in which he unseated 2-time returning champion Jerry Harvey, and continued into season 21. In that first episode, Jennings's entire winning streak nearly ended before it even began. The Final Jeopardy answer was, \"She's the first female track & field athlete to win medals in 5 different events at a single Olympics.\" Jennings responded with \"Who is Jones?\", referring to Marion Jones (the shows were recorded before she was stripped of her medals as a result of admitted doping). Host Alex Trebek said, \"We will accept that, in terms of female athletes, there aren't that many.\" If the response had not been accepted, Jennings would have finished in 3rd place, and challenger Julia Lazarus would have won the game instead. Jennings' run was interrupted by the off-season break in July until September, 2004 Kids' Week, the Tournament of Champions (aired from September 20, 2004 through October 1, 2004), the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election (aired on Tuesday November 2, 2004, pushing his weeks of episodes to air from Wednesday to Saturday) and the College Championship (aired from November 10, 2004 through November 23, 2004). He did not participate in the Tournament of Champions, as invitations are only extended to champions who have already been defeated (with the exception of the winner(s) of the College Championship), which Jennings had not yet been.", "SpongeBob SquarePants Nickelodeon held a preview for the series in the United States on May 1, 1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series officially premiered on July 17, 1999. It has received worldwide critical acclaim since its premiere and gained enormous popularity by its second season. A feature film, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie, was released in theaters on November 19, 2004, and a sequel was released on February 6, 2015. In 2017, the series began airing its eleventh season and was renewed for a twelfth season.", "I Survived a Japanese Game Show (season 1) The first episode aired on June 24, 2008.", "Deal or No Deal (U.S. game show) Deal or No Deal (commonly abbreviated as DoND) is the popular American version of the international game show of Dutch origin of the same name. The show was hosted by actor-comedian Howie Mandel, and premiered on December 19, 2005, on NBC. The hour-long show typically aired at least twice a week during its run, and included special extended or theme episodes. The show started its fourth season on August 25, 2008, after NBC's coverage of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. A daily syndicated half-hour version of the show debuted on September 8, 2008 and continued for two seasons. Peter Abbay plays the Banker.[1]", "The Amazing Race 5 Airdate: July 6, 2004", "Project Runway (season 1) Original airdate: January 5, 2005", "Dating Numerous television reality and game shows, past and current, address dating. For example, the dating game shows The Dating Game first aired in 1965, while more modern shows in that genre include The Manhattan Dating Project (US Movie about Dating in New York City), Blind Date, The 5th Wheel, and The Bachelor and its spinoff series, in which a high degree of support and aids are provided to individuals seeking dates. These are described more fully here and in the related article on \"reality game shows\" that often include or motivate romantic episodes between players. Another category of dating-oriented reality TV shows involves matchmaking, such as Millionaire Matchmaker and Tough Love.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show) On the syndicated version's first season, two contestants correctly answered all 15 questions and won the top prize of $1,000,000: Kevin Smith on February 18, 2003, and Nancy Christy on May 8 of the same year.[25] During the Million Dollar Tournament of Ten which aired in November 2009, Sam Murray, who had previously supplied correct responses for eleven questions, risked his winnings on a special $1,000,000 question; he was the only contestant to answer his question correctly.[26]", "American Dad! Until season 12 when American Dad! moved to TBS, all but one episode originally aired on Animation Domination. The program's series premiere is the only episode that pre-dates the Animation Domination lineup. In addition, American Dad!'s series premiere predated the rest of the first season by roughly three months. The series premiere episode, \"Pilot\", aired directly following Fox's broadcast of Super Bowl XXXIX on February 6, 2005. The episode aired alongside The Simpsons and pulled in 15 million viewers,[70] with 23 million viewers overall.[71] Both Animation Domination and the rest of the show's first season commenced on May 1, 2005. The show returned with the episode \"Threat Levels\", obtaining 9.47 million viewers, after the season premiere/revival of Family Guy.[72]", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (U.S. TV series) The first season had 10 contestants. It aired nightly from February 19, 2003 to March 5, 2003 on ABC. John Lehr was the host from the Australian outback. The time differential created serious issues with the live feed.", "Hollywood Squares Hollywood Squares is an American panel game show[1][2][3][4] in which two contestants play tic-tac-toe to win cash and prizes. The show piloted on NBC in 1965, and the regular series debuted in 1966 on the same network. The board for the game is a 3 Ã— 3 vertical stack of open-faced cubes, each occupied by a celebrity seated at a desk and facing the contestants. The stars are asked questions by the host, and the contestants judge the truth of their answers to gain squares in the right pattern to win the game.", "I Survived a Japanese Game Show (season 1) I Survived a Japanese Game Show was an American reality show that followed a group of Americans who leave the United States for Japan, where they compete in a Japanese style game show.[2][3] Season one premiered on ABC on June 24, 2008. The show was hosted by Tony Sano. On August 6, 2008, financial representative Justin Wood was pronounced the winner. He won a cash prize of US$250,000.", "Totally Spies! Totally Spies! was first seen on November 3, 2001 on ABC Family in the United States.[3] It premiered on TF1 in France on April 3, 2002,[4] and on Teletoon in Canada on September 2, 2002.[5] Since the series' debut, 156 episodes have been broadcast, completing its sixth season to date. This includes several specials and a theatrical movie production, made and released between the fourth and fifth season. It has been broadcast in over 150 territories internationally. Several products tied to the series have been released, which include a series of comic books and video games.", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 1) First aired May 27, 2003", "Hi Honey, I'm Home! * The original, unaired pilot aired on Nickelodeon on June 27, 1999.", "Press Your Luck Peter Tomarken, who had just ended a 13-week stint as the host of Hit Man on NBC, was tapped as host for Press Your Luck. The pilot was taped on May 18, 1983,[3] and the actual show began both tapings and airings four months later on September 10 of that year.[1] The show premiered on September 19, 1983, on CBS at 10:30 a.m. ET (9:30 CT/MT/PT), replacing Child's Play, and placing it between The New $25,000 Pyramid and The Price Is Right. Press Your Luck competed against Sale of the Century for first place in the 10:30 a.m. morning time slot over the next two years.", "Total Drama Total Drama is a Canadian animated comedy television series which is a homage and parody to the conventions commonly found in reality television. The show, and its sequel seasons, are collectively referred to as the Total Drama series. It premiered on the Canadian cable television specialty channel Teletoon on July 8, 2007, and on the American cable television channel Cartoon Network on June 5, 2008.[5] All of the contestants have distinct personalities that serve as a main plot point with the characters consisting of the eponymous fictional reality series and the contestants therein. The style of this series is similar to that of Survivor, Fear Factor, and The Amazing Race." ]	[ "Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? (U.S. game show) Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader? is an American quiz game show on Fox. It is produced by Mark Burnett[1] and is hosted by Jeff Foxworthy. The show premiered as a three-day special which began on February 27, 2007 with the first two shows each a half-hour in length. Regular one-hour episodes began airing Thursdays from March 1 through May 10,[2] and the first season continued with new episodes beginning May 31. Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? was picked up for the 2007â€“08 season,[3] which began on September 6, 2007, and aired in the same timeslot.[4] Following the end of the original run of the primetime version on September 18, 2009, a first-run syndicated version of the show ran from September 2009 to May 2011, with Foxworthy returning as host.[5] On May 26, 2015, the program returned to Fox for a new, sixth season, with Foxworthy, again, returning as host. The show also airs internationally, and the format has been picked up for local versions in a number of other countries." ]
test16	what was the name of atom bomb dropped by usa on hiroshima	[ "doc305" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc528939", "doc305", "doc2458236", "doc1996262", "doc580975", "doc354", "doc1198011", "doc561160", "doc1800198", "doc524534", "doc524563", "doc303", "doc334716", "doc502489", "doc1800212", "doc812169", "doc2273837", "doc321", "doc477714", "doc665312", "doc528949", "doc1486375", "doc669061", "doc351", "doc256936", "doc528940", "doc334767", "doc528957", "doc16333", "doc1197994", "doc320", "doc528959", "doc1996263", "doc334714", "doc561172", "doc619700", "doc619674", "doc502499", "doc561167", "doc382", "doc306", "doc1996276", "doc16450", "doc343", "doc1670943", "doc1193403", "doc1618508", "doc323", "doc334748", "doc1996268", "doc356", "doc528942", "doc1671004", "doc1670899", "doc2175749", "doc346", "doc561173", "doc315398", "doc528948", "doc1470902", "doc376", "doc1670936", "doc315364", "doc315365", "doc561170", "doc2273833", "doc340", "doc341", "doc918954", "doc1670904", "doc333", "doc561169", "doc561166", "doc561175", "doc16399", "doc384", "doc528964", "doc1670930", "doc401", "doc196367", "doc611102", "doc367", "doc528967", "doc390", "doc528975", "doc749288", "doc1670868", "doc592950", "doc336", "doc1670906", "doc502432", "doc338", "doc347", "doc334693", "doc518145", "doc353", "doc357", "doc1670897", "doc352", "doc528951" ]	[ "Little Boy \"Little Boy\" was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., commander of the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces. It was the first atomic bomb to be used in warfare. The Hiroshima bombing was the second artificial nuclear explosion in history, after the Trinity test, and the first uranium-based detonation. It exploded with an energy of approximately 15 kilotons of TNT (63Â TJ). The bomb caused significant destruction to the city of Hiroshima and its occupants.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, one of its B-29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun-type bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a Fat Man plutonium implosion-type bomb was dropped by another B-29 on Nagasaki. The bombs immediately devastated their targets. Over the next two to four months, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition, for many months afterward. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison.", "Boeing B-29 Superfortress Enola Gay, flown by Tibbets, dropped the first bomb, called Little Boy, on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Enola Gay is fully restored and on display at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, outside Dulles Airport in Washington, D.C. Bockscar dropped the second bomb, called Fat Man, on Nagasaki three days later. Bockscar is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force.", "Fat Man \"Fat Man\" was the codename for the atomic bomb that was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki by the United States on 9 August 1945. It was the second of the only two nuclear weapons ever used in warfare, the first being Little Boy, and its detonation marked the third-ever man-made nuclear explosion in history. It was built by scientists and engineers at Los Alamos Laboratory using plutonium from the Hanford Site and dropped from the Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar. For the Fat Man mission, Bockscar was piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney.", "Nuclear weapon Nuclear weapons have been used twice in war, both times by the United States against Japan near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a uranium gun-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Little Boy\" over the Japanese city of Hiroshima; three days later, on August 9, the U.S. Army Air Forces detonated a plutonium implosion-type fission bomb nicknamed \"Fat Man\" over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 civilians and military personnel from injuries sustained from the explosions.[3] The ethics of these bombings and their role in Japan's surrender are subjects of debate.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki At 08:09, Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier, Major Thomas Ferebee.[135] The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg (141 lb) of uranium-235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet (9,400 m) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet (580 m) above the city.[136][137] Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi (18.5 km) before it felt the shock waves from the blast.[138]", "Uranium Two major types of atomic bombs were developed by the United States during World War II: a uranium-based device (codenamed \"Little Boy\") whose fissile material was highly enriched uranium, and a plutonium-based device (see Trinity test and \"Fat Man\") whose plutonium was derived from uranium-238. The uranium-based Little Boy device became the first nuclear weapon used in war when it was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500Â tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people (see Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki).[30] Initially it was believed that uranium was relatively rare, and that nuclear proliferation could be avoided by simply buying up all known uranium stocks, but within a decade large deposits of it were discovered in many places around the world.[40]", "Enola Gay The Enola Gay ( /ɪˈnoʊlə ˈɡeɪ/) is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named for Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets, who selected the aircraft while it was still on the assembly line. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused unprecedented destruction. Enola Gay participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead.", "Nuclear warfare So far, two nuclear weapons have been used in the course of warfare, both by the United States near the end of World War II. On August 6, 1945, a uranium gun-type device (code name \"Little Boy\") was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium implosion-type device (code name \"Fat Man\") was detonated over the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These two bombings resulted in the deaths of approximately 120,000 people.", "Nuclear fission One class of nuclear weapon, a fission bomb (not to be confused with the fusion bomb), otherwise known as an atomic bomb or atom bomb, is a fission reactor designed to liberate as much energy as possible as rapidly as possible, before the released energy causes the reactor to explode (and the chain reaction to stop). Development of nuclear weapons was the motivation behind early research into nuclear fission which the Manhattan Project during World War II (September 1, 1939 â€“ September 2, 1945) carried out most of the early scientific work on fission chain reactions, culminating in the three events involving fission bombs that occurred during the war. The first fission bomb, codenamed \"The Gadget\", was detonated during the Trinity Test in the desert of New Mexico on July 16, 1945. Two other fission bombs, codenamed \"Little Boy\" and \"Fat Man\", were used in combat against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in on August 6 and 9, 1945 respectively.", "Nuclear fission In July 1945, the first atomic explosive device, dubbed \"Trinity\", was detonated in the New Mexico desert. It was fueled by plutonium created at Hanford. In August 1945, two more atomic devices – \"Little Boy\", a uranium-235 bomb, and \"Fat Man\", a plutonium bomb – were used against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki During the final stage of World War II, the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively. The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom, as required by the Quebec Agreement. The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people, most of whom were civilians. They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare.", "History of nuclear weapons On August 6, 1945, a uranium-based weapon, Little Boy, was detonated above the Japanese city of Hiroshima, and three days later, a plutonium-based weapon, Fat Man, was detonated above the Japanese city of Nagasaki. To date, Hiroshima and Nagasaki remain the only two instances of nuclear weapons being used in combat. The atomic raids killed at least one hundred thousand Japanese civilians and military personnel outright, with the heat, radiation, and blast effects. Many tens of thousands would later die of radiation sickness and related cancers.[19][20] Truman promised a \"rain of ruin\" if Japan did not surrender immediately, threatening to systematically eliminate their ability to wage war.[21] On August 15, Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender.[22]", "Surrender of Japan On August 6 at 8:15 AM local time, the Enola Gay, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped an atomic bomb (code-named Little Boy by the U.S.) on the city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū.[84] Throughout the day, confused reports reached Tokyo that Hiroshima had been the target of an air raid, which had leveled the city with a \"blinding flash and violent blast\". Later that day, they received U.S. President Truman's broadcast announcing the first use of an atomic bomb, and promising:", "Nuclear warfare On August 6, 1945, the uranium-type nuclear weapon codenamed \"Little Boy\" was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT (63,000 gigajoules), destroying nearly 50,000 buildings (including the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division) and killing approximately 70,000 people, including 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers.[31][32] Three days later, on August 9, a plutonium-type nuclear weapon codenamed \"Fat Man\" was used against the Japanese city of Nagasaki, with the explosion equivalent to about 20 kilotons of TNT (84,000 gigajoules), destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, including 23,200–28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants.[33] The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, partly owing to the inadvertent targeting of the industrial zone, leaving 68–80 percent of the non-dock industrial production destroyed.[34]", "Nuclear weapons of the United States Faced with a planned invasion of the Japanese home islands scheduled to begin on 1 November 1945 and with Japan not surrendering, President Harry S. Truman ordered the atomic raids on Japan. On 6 August 1945, the U.S. detonated a uranium-gun design bomb, Little Boy, over the Japanese city of Hiroshima with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT, killing approximately 70,000 people, among them 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers, and destroying nearly 50,000 buildings (including the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division headquarters). Three days later, on 9 August, the U.S. attacked Nagasaki using a plutonium implosion-design bomb, Fat Man, with the explosion equivalent to about 20 kilotons of TNT, destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, among them 23,200â€“28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants.[13]", "Robert A. Lewis On August 6, 1945 – August 5 in the United States, due to the International Date Line – Lewis was the co-pilot of the Enola Gay when it dropped Little Boy on Hiroshima. Normally the aircraft commander assigned to the Enola Gay, for this important mission he acted as co-pilot, assisting Enola Gay's new aircraft commander, Colonel Tibbets. Lewis and his crew, minus their original co-pilot Dick McNamara, were Tibbet's crew for the mission, and it included two specialists for the arming of Little Boy, the uranium-235 fission bomb.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada, Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory, with the Manhattan Project,[56][57] under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[58] Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where bomb design work was carried out.[59] Two types of bombs were eventually developed, both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun-type fission weapon that used uranium-235, a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge, Tennessee.[60] The other, known as a Fat Man device, was a more powerful and efficient, but more complicated, implosion-type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford, Washington.[61]", "Nuclear arms race In August 1945, on Truman's orders, two atomic bombs were dropped on Japanese cities. The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, and the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki by the B-29 bombers named Enola Gay and Bockscar respectively.", "Uranium-235 The Little Boy gun type atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 was made of highly enriched uranium with a large tamper. The nominal spherical critical mass for an untampered 235U nuclear weapon is 56 kilograms (123 lb),[4] a sphere 17.32 cm (6.8\") in diameter. The material must be 85% or more of 235U and is known as weapons grade uranium, though for a crude, inefficient weapon 20% is sufficient (called weapon(s)-usable). Even lower enrichment can be used, but then the required critical mass rapidly increases. Use of a large tamper, implosion geometries, trigger tubes, polonium triggers, tritium enhancement, and neutron reflectors can enable a more compact, economical weapon using one-fourth or less of the nominal critical mass, though this would likely only be possible in a country that already had extensive experience in engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use plutonium as the fissile component of the primary stage,[5][6] however HEU is often used in the secondary stage.", "Little Boy Although all of its components had been tested,[13] no full test of a gun-type nuclear weapon occurred before the Little Boy was dropped over Hiroshima. The only test explosion of a nuclear weapon concept had been of an implosion-type device employing plutonium as its fissile material, and took place on 16 July 1945 at the Trinity nuclear test. There were several reasons for not testing a Little Boy type of device. Primarily, there was little uranium-235 as compared with the relatively large amount of plutonium which, it was expected, could be produced by the Hanford Site reactors.[15] Additionally, the weapon design was simple enough that it was only deemed necessary to do laboratory tests with the gun-type assembly. Unlike the implosion design, which required sophisticated coordination of shaped explosive charges, the gun-type design was considered almost certain to work.[16]", "20th-century events The Allied team produced two nuclear weapons for use in the war, one powered by uranium-235 and the other by plutonium as fissionable material, named \"Little Boy\" and \"Fat Man\". These were dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945 each. This, in combination with the Soviet entrance into the war, convinced the Japanese to surrender unconditionally. These two weapons remain the only two nuclear weapons ever used against other countries in war.", "Nuclear weapons and the United States By investing heavily in breeding plutonium in early nuclear reactors and in the electromagnetic and gaseous diffusion enrichment processes for the production of uranium-235, the United States was able to develop three usable weapons by mid-1945. The Trinity test was a plutonium implosion-design weapon tested on 16 July 1945, with around a 20 kiloton yield. Faced with an imminent invasion of the Japanese home islands and with Japan not surrendering, President Harry S. Truman ordered the atomic raids on enemy cities. On 6 August, a uranium-gun design bomb, Little Boy, was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT, destroying nearly 50,000 buildings (including the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division headquarters) and killing approximately 70,000 people, among them 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers. On 9 August, a plutonium implosion-design bomb, Fat Man, was used against the Japanese city of Nagasaki with the explosion equivalent to about 20 kilotons of TNT, destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, among them 23,200â€“28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants.[12]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. The 393d Bombardment Squadron B-29 Enola Gay, named after Tibbets' mother and piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, Tinian, about six hours' flight time from Japan. Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B-29s. The Great Artiste, commanded by Major Charles Sweeney, which carried instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, which served as the photography aircraft.[125]", "Strategic bombing during World War II On 6 August 1945, the B-29 bomber Enola Gay flew over the Japanese city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū and dropped a gun-type uranium-235 atomic bomb (code-named Little Boy by the U.S.) on it. Two other B-29 aircraft were airborne nearby for the purposes of instrumentation and photography. When the planes first approached Hiroshima, Japanese anti-aircraft units in the city initially thought they were reconnaissance aircraft, since they were ordered not to shoot at one or few aircraft that did not pose a threat, in order to conserve their ammunition for large-scale air raids. The bomb killed roughly 90,000–166,000 people; half of these died quickly while the other half suffered lingering deaths.[226] The death toll included an estimated 20,000 Korean slave laborers and 20,000 Japanese soldiers) and destroyed 48,000 buildings (including the headquarters of the Second General Army and Fifth Division).[227] On 9 August, three days later, the B-29 Bockscar flew over the Japanese city of Nagasaki in northwest Kyushu and dropped an implosion-type, plutonium-239 atomic bomb (code-named Fat Man by the U.S.) on it, again accompanied by two other B-29 aircraft for instrumentation and photography. This bomb's effects killed roughly 39,000–80,000 people,[226] including roughly 23,000–28,000 Japanese war industry employees, an estimated 2,000 Korean forced workers, and at least 150 Japanese soldiers. The bomb destroyed 60% of the city.[227][228] The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, partly owing to the inadvertent targeting of the industrial zone, leaving 68–80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed.[229]", "Little Boy Little Boy was developed by Lieutenant Commander Francis Birch's group of Captain William S. Parsons's Ordnance (O) Division at the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. Parsons flew on the Hiroshima mission as weaponeer. The Little Boy was a development of the unsuccessful Thin Man nuclear bomb. Like Thin Man, it was a gun-type fission weapon, but derived its explosive power from the nuclear fission of uranium-235, whereas Thin Man was based on fission of plutonium-239. Fission was accomplished by shooting a hollow cylinder of enriched uranium (the \"bullet\") onto a solid cylinder of the same material (the \"target\") by means of a charge of nitrocellulose propellant powder. It contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium, of which less than a kilogram underwent nuclear fission. Its components were fabricated at three different plants so that no one would have a copy of the complete design.", "History of nuclear weapons The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the end of World War II quickly followed the 1945 Trinity nuclear test, and the Little Boy device was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings and killed approximately 75,000 people.[27] Subsequently, the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles grew.[28]", "Little Boy The Little Boy pre-assemblies were designated L-1, L-2, L-3, L-4, L-5, L-6, L-7, and L-11. L-1, L-2, L-5, and L-6 were expended in test drops. The first drop test was conducted with L-1 on 23 July 1945. It was dropped over the sea near Tinian in order to test the radar altimeter by the B-29 later known as Big Stink, piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, the commander of the 509th Composite Group. Two more drop tests over the sea were made on 24 and 25 July, using the L-2 and L-5 units in order to test all components. Tibbets was the pilot for both missions, but this time the bomber used was the one subsequently known as Jabit. L-6 was used as a dress rehearsal on 29 July. The B-29 Next Objective, piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney, flew to Iwo Jima, where emergency procedures for loading the bomb onto a standby aircraft were practiced. This rehearsal was repeated on 31 July, but this time L-6 was reloaded onto a different B-29, Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, and the bomb was test dropped near Tinian. L-11 was the assembly used for the Hiroshima bomb.[29][30]", "Manhattan Project The first nuclear device ever detonated was an implosion-type bomb at the Trinity test, conducted at New Mexico's Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range on 16 July 1945. Little Boy and Fat Man bombs were used a month later in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively. In the immediate postwar years, the Manhattan Project conducted weapons testing at Bikini Atoll as part of Operation Crossroads, developed new weapons, promoted the development of the network of national laboratories, supported medical research into radiology and laid the foundations for the nuclear navy. It maintained control over American atomic weapons research and production until the formation of the United States Atomic Energy Commission in January 1947.", "Uranium As little as 15 lb (7 kg) of uranium-235 can be used to make an atomic bomb.[15] The first nuclear bomb used in war, Little Boy, relied on uranium fission, but the very first nuclear explosive (the Gadget used at Trinity) and the bomb that destroyed Nagasaki (Fat Man) were both plutonium bombs.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938, and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility.[53] Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first, especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries, were expressed in the Einstein-Szilard letter. This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939.[54] Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941, which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium-235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water.[55]", "Little Boy The bomb was dropped at approximately 08:15 (JST) 6 August 1945. After falling for 44.4 seconds, the time and barometric triggers started the firing mechanism. The detonation happened at an altitude of 1,968 ± 50 feet (600 ± 15 m). It was less powerful than the Fat Man, which was dropped on Nagasaki, but the damage and the number of victims at Hiroshima were much higher, as Hiroshima was on flat terrain, while the hypocenter of Nagasaki lay in a small valley. According to figures published in 1945, 66,000 people were killed as a direct result of the Hiroshima blast, and 69,000 were injured to varying degrees.[32] Of those deaths, 20,000 were members of the Imperial Japanese Army.[33]", "Fat Man The name Fat Man refers generically to the early design of the bomb, because it had a wide, round shape. It was also known as the Mark III. Fat Man was an implosion-type nuclear weapon with a solid plutonium core. The first of that type to be detonated was the Gadget, in the Trinity nuclear test, less than a month earlier on 16 July at the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range in New Mexico.", "History of nuclear weapons Because of the difficulties in making a working plutonium bomb, it was decided that there should be a test of the weapon. On July 16, 1945, in the desert north of Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first nuclear test took place, code-named \"Trinity\", using a device nicknamed \"the gadget.\" The test, a plutonium implosion type device, released energy equivalent to 19 kilotons of TNT, far more powerful than any weapon ever used before. The news of the test's success was rushed to Truman at the Potsdam Conference, where Churchill was briefed and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin was informed of the new weapon. On July 26, the Potsdam Declaration was issued containing an ultimatum for Japan: either surrender or suffer \"complete and utter destruction\", although nuclear weapons were not mentioned.[14]", "Enola Gay The release at 08:15 (Hiroshima time) went as planned, and the Little Boy took 43 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at 31,060 feet (9,470 m) to the predetermined detonation height about 1,968 feet (600 m) above the city. Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi (18.5 km) before it felt the shock waves from the blast.[14] Although buffeted by the shock, neither Enola Gay nor The Great Artiste was damaged.[15]", "Paul Tibbets At 02:45 the next day—in accordance with the terms of Operations Order No. 35—the Enola Gay departed North Field for Hiroshima, Japan, with Tibbets at the controls. Tinian was approximately 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away from Japan, so it took six hours to reach Hiroshima. The atomic bomb, code-named \"Little Boy\", was dropped over Hiroshima at 08:15 local time. Tibbets recalled that the city was covered with a tall mushroom cloud after the bomb was dropped.[52]", "Paul Tibbets Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. (23 February 1915 â€“ 1 November 2007) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. He is best known as the pilot who flew the Enola Gay (named after his mother) when it dropped Little Boy, the first of two atomic bombs used in warfare, on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.", "Surrender of Japan The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base. That was because we wished in this first attack to avoid, insofar as possible, the killing of civilians. But that attack is only a warning of things to come. If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries and, unfortunately, thousands of civilian lives will be lost. I urge Japanese civilians to leave industrial cities immediately, and save themselves from destruction.", "Enola Gay On 5 August 1945, during preparation for the first atomic mission, Tibbets assumed command of the aircraft and named it after his mother, Enola Gay Tibbets, who, in turn, had been named for the heroine of a novel.[N 3] When it came to selecting a name for the plane, Tibbets later recalled that:", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki At 11:01, a last-minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar's bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan, to visually sight the target as ordered. The Fat Man weapon, containing a core of about 5 kg (11 lb) of plutonium, was dropped over the city's industrial valley. It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft (503 ± 10 m), above a tennis court,[203] halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north. This was nearly 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of the planned hypocenter; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills.[204] The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt (87.9 ± 8.4 TJ).[136] Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away, and flew over to observe.[205]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union's declaration of war. On September 2, the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender, effectively ending World War II. The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day.", "Fat Man Because of its complicated firing mechanism and the need for previously untested synchronization of explosives and precision design, it was thought that a full test of the concept was needed before the scientists and military representatives could be confident it would perform correctly under combat conditions. On 16 July 1945, a Y-1561 model Fat Man, known as the Gadget for security reasons, was detonated in a test explosion at a remote site in New Mexico, known as the \"Trinity\" test. It gave a yield of about 20 kilotonnes (84Â TJ).[25] Some minor changes were made to the design as a result of the Trinity test.[26] Philip Morrison recalled that \"There were some changes of importance... The fundamental thing was, of course, very much the same.\"[27]", "Manhattan Project On 6 August 1945, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress (Enola Gay) of the 393d Bombardment Squadron, piloted by Tibbets, lifted off from North Field, and Little Boy in its bomb bay. Hiroshima, the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division and a port of embarkation, was the primary target of the mission, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternatives. With Farrell's permission, Parsons, the weaponeer in charge of the mission, completed the bomb assembly in the air to minimize the risks during takeoff.[282] The bomb detonated at an altitude of 1,750 feet (530 m) with a blast that was later estimated to be the equivalent of 13 kilotons of TNT.[283] An area of approximately 4.7 square miles (12 km2) was destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69% of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6–7% damaged. About 70,000 to 80,000 people, of whom 20,000 were Japanese combatants and 20,000 were Korean slave laborers, or some 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed immediately, and another 70,000 injured.[284][285][286]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations.[100] On July 26, Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration, which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan. The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender, the Allies would attack Japan, resulting in \"the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland\". The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué.[101]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki â€”Robert Oppenheimer1947 Arthur D. Little Memorial Lecture", "Los Alamos National Laboratory The work of the laboratory culminated in the creation of several atomic devices, one of which was used in the first nuclear test near Alamogordo, New Mexico, codenamed \"Trinity\", on July 16, 1945. The other two were weapons, \"Little Boy\" and \"Fat Man\", which were used in the attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Laboratory received the Army-Navy ‘E’ Award for Excellence in production on October 16, 1945.", "Air raids on Japan Hiroshima was attacked on 6 August. At 8:15 am local time the B-29 Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, dropped the \"Little Boy\" atomic bomb over the center of the city. The resulting explosion killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed about 4.7 square miles (12 km2) of buildings.[231] The six American aircraft involved in this attack returned safely to the Marianas.[232] Postwar estimates of casualties from the attack on Hiroshima range from 66,000 to 80,000 fatalities and 69,000 to 151,000 injured.[233] Tens of thousands more subsequently died as a result of radiation and other injuries from the attack; it has been estimated that 140,000 people had died as a result of the atomic bomb by the end of 1945. Estimates of the total number of fatalities range as high as 230,000.[234][235] Of the survivors of the bombing, 171,000 were rendered homeless.[236]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9, 1944, and activated on December 17, 1944, at Wendover Army Air Field, Utah, commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets.[63] Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan. Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft, the group was designated as a \"composite\" rather than a \"bombardment\" unit.[64] Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos, Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend, Kansas, and Mountain Home, Idaho, because of its remoteness.[65] Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat-ready.[66]", "History of nuclear weapons The first atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were large, custom-made devices, requiring highly trained personnel for their arming and deployment. They could be dropped only from the largest bomber planes—at the time the B-29 Superfortress—and each plane could only carry a single bomb in its hold.", "Fat Man The gun-type and implosion-type designs were codenamed \"Thin Man\" and \"Fat Man\" respectively. These code names were created by Robert Serber, a former student of Oppenheimer's who worked on the Manhattan Project. He chose them based on their design shapes; the Thin Man would be a very long device, and the name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel The Thin Man and series of movies by the same name; the Fat Man would be round and fat and was named after Sydney Greenstreet's character in The Maltese Falcon. Little Boy would come last, as a variation of Thin Man.[6] The use of the term \"little boy\" for the uranium-235 gun-type device is not known to have had any connection to George L. Harrison's use of the same term on the morning of July 18, 1945, in his report to President Harry Truman, while he attended the Potsdam Conference, concerning the success of the Trinity test two days earlier.[7]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated. Only Tibbets, Parsons, and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles. \"It was hard to believe what we saw\", Tibbets told reporters, while Parsons said \"the whole thing was tremendous and awe-inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped 'My God'\". He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to \"a close burst of ack-ack fire\".[142]", "Little Boy The names for the first two atomic bomb design projects during World War II—Fat Man and Thin Man—were created by Robert Serber, a former student of Los Alamos Laboratory director Robert Oppenheimer who worked on the Manhattan Project. According to Serber, he chose the two names based on their design shapes. The \"Thin Man\" was a long device, and its name came from the Dashiell Hammett detective novel and series of movies of the same name. The \"Fat Man\" was round and fat, and was named after Kasper Gutman, Sydney Greenstreet's character in The Maltese Falcon. Little Boy, being a newer version of Thin Man, was named by others in comparison.[1]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki In August 1945 American military air forces dropped atomic bombs on the cities of Hiroshima (6 August) and of Nagasaki (9 August). These bombings were not caused by military necessity, and served primarily political aims. They inflicted enormous damage on the peaceable population.", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki In 1959, Mitsuo Fuchida, the pilot who led the first wave in the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, met with General Paul Tibbets, who piloted the Enola Gay that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and told him that:", "Nuclear disarmament On August 6, 1945, towards the end of World War II, the Little Boy device was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Exploding with a yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT, the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings (including the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division) and killed approximately 75,000 people, among them 20,000 Japanese soldiers and 20,000 Koreans.[6] Detonation of the Fat Man device exploded over the Japanese city of Nagasaki three days later on 9 August 1945, destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, among them 23,200-28,200 Japanese civilian munitions workers and 150 Japanese soldiers.[7] Subsequently, the world’s nuclear weapons stockpiles grew.[4]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The Little Boy bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945.[106] There were two uranium-235 components, a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert. The projectile was completed on June 15, and the target insert on July 24.[107] The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, California, on July 16 aboard the cruiser USSÂ Indianapolis, and arrived on Tinian on July 26.[108] The target insert followed by air on July 30, accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta.[107] Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B-29 crashing on takeoff, Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight.[106]", "Enola Gay The detonation created a blast equivalent to 16 kilotons of TNT (67 TJ).[16] The U-235 weapon was considered very inefficient, with only 1.7% of its fissile material reacting.[17] The radius of total destruction was about one mile (1.6 km), with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles (11 km2).[18] Americans estimated that 4.7 square miles (12 km2) of the city were destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69% of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6–7% damaged.[19] Some 70,000–80,000 people, 30% of the city's population, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm,[20] and another 70,000 injured.[21] Out of those killed, 20,000 were soldiers.[22]", "Trinity (nuclear test) The term \"Gadget\" was a laboratory euphemism for a bomb,[47] from which the laboratory's weapon physics division, \"G Division\", took its name in August 1944.[48] At that time it did not refer specifically to the Trinity Test device as it had yet to be developed,[49] but once it was, it became the laboratory code name.[48] The Trinity Gadget was officially a Y-1561 device, as was the Fat Man used a few weeks later in the bombing of Nagasaki. The two were very similar, with only minor differences, the most obvious being the absence of fuzing and the external ballistic casing. The bombs were still under development, and small changes continued to be made to the Fat Man design.[50]", "Little Boy The design specifications were completed in February 1945, and contracts were let to build the components. Three different plants were used so that no one would have a copy of the complete design. The gun and breech were made by the Naval Gun Factory in Washington, D.C.; the target case and some other components were by the Naval Ordnance Plant in Center Line, Michigan; and the tail fairing and mounting brackets by the Expert Tool and Die Company in Detroit, Michigan.[11] The bomb, except for the uranium payload, was ready at the beginning of May 1945.[12] The uranium-235 projectile was completed on 15 June, and the target on 24 July.[13] The target and bomb pre-assemblies (partly assembled bombs without the fissile components) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard, California, on 16 July aboard the heavy cruiser USSÂ Indianapolis, arriving on 26 July.[14] The target inserts followed by air on 30 July.[13]", "Tsutomu Yamaguchi Yamaguchi lived and worked in Nagasaki, but in the summer of 1945 he was in Hiroshima for a three-month-long business trip.[4] On August 6 he was preparing to leave the city with two colleagues, Akira Iwanaga and Kuniyoshi Sato, and was on his way to the station when he realised he had forgotten his hanko (a stamp allowing him to travel), and returned to his workplace to get it.[5][6] At 8:15 am, he was walking towards the docks when the American bomber Enola Gay dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb near the centre of the city, only 3Â km away.[4][7] Yamaguchi recalls seeing the bomber and two small parachutes, before there was \"a great flash in the sky, and I was blown over\".[6] The explosion ruptured his eardrums, blinded him temporarily, and left him with serious burns over the left side of the top half of his body. After recovering, he crawled to a shelter, and having rested, he set out to find his colleagues.[6] They had also survived and together they spent the night in an air-raid shelter before returning to Nagasaki the following day.[5][6] In Nagasaki, he received treatment for his wounds, and despite being heavily bandaged, he reported for work on August 9.[4][8]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki At 03:49 on the morning of August 9, 1945, Bockscar, flown by Sweeney's crew, carried Fat Man, with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target. The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission, with two B-29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B-29s in Sweeney's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission. Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged.[191]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The first atomic bomb was an unnecessary experiment ... It was a mistake to ever drop it ... [the scientists] had this toy and they wanted to try it out, so they dropped it", "Trinity (nuclear test) Trinity was the code name of the first detonation of a nuclear weapon. It was conducted by the United States Army at 5:29 a.m. on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan Project. The test was conducted in the Jornada del Muerto desert about 35 miles (56Â km) southeast of Socorro, New Mexico, on what was then the USAAF Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range, now part of White Sands Missile Range. The only structures originally in the vicinity were the McDonald Ranch House and its ancillary buildings, which scientists used as a laboratory for testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425 people present on the weekend of the test.", "Trinity (nuclear test) The code name \"Trinity\" was assigned by J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos Laboratory, inspired by the poetry of John Donne. The test was of an implosion-design plutonium device, informally nicknamed \"The Gadget\", of the same design as the Fat Man bomb later detonated over Nagasaki, Japan, on August 9, 1945. The complexity of the design required a major effort from the Los Alamos Laboratory, and concerns about whether it would work led to a decision to conduct the first nuclear test. The test was planned and directed by Kenneth Bainbridge.", "Enola Gay Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on 6 August, with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets. Enola Gay, piloted by Tibbets, took off from North Field, in the Mariana Islands, about six hours' flight time from Japan, accompanied by two other B-29s, The Great Artiste, carrying instrumentation, and a then-nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil, commanded by Captain George Marquardt, to take photographs. The director of the Manhattan Project, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr., wanted the event recorded for posterity, so the takeoff was illuminated by floodlights. When he wanted to taxi, Tibbets leaned out the window to direct the bystanders out of the way. On request, he gave a friendly wave for the cameras.[12]", "Robert A. Lewis Robert Alvin Lewis (October 18, 1917 â€“ June 18, 1983) was a United States Army Air Forces officer serving in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. He was the co-pilot of the Enola Gay, the B-29 Superfortress bomber which dropped the atomic bomb Little Boy on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy, the acting Chief of Staff, since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman.[97] It read:", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki That day, Truman noted in his diary that:", "Nagasaki Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and 35,000 people were killed.[18] Among the deaths were 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000 Koreans) who worked in other war plants and factories in the city, as well as 150 Japanese soldiers. The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68â€“80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the last use of a nuclear weapon in combat, and also the second detonation of a plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a nuclear weapon was the \"Little Boy\" bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico, United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was somewhat more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was less damage.[19][20][21][22]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki According to historian Richard B. Frank,", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki In early May 1945, the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy.[81] During the meetings on May 31 and June 1, scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration.[82] Arthur Compton later recalled that:", "Enola Gay The name was painted on the aircraft on 5 August by Allan L. Karl, an enlisted man in the 509th.[5] Regularly-assigned aircraft commander Robert Lewis was unhappy to be displaced by Tibbets for this important mission, and became furious when he arrived at the aircraft on the morning of 6 August to see it painted with the now-famous nose art.[11]", "Enola Gay The partially assembled Little Boy gun-type fission weapon L-11, weighing 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg), was contained inside a 41-inch (100 cm) x 47-inch (120 cm) x 138-inch (350 cm) wooden crate that was secured to the deck of the USS Indianapolis. Unlike the six uranium-235 target discs, which were later flown to Tinian on three separate aircraft arriving 28 and 29 July, the assembled projectile with the nine uranium-235 rings installed was shipped in a single lead-lined steel container weighing 300 pounds (140 kg) that was locked to brackets welded to the deck of Captain Charles B. McVay III's quarters.[N 2] Both the L-11 and projectile were dropped off at Tinian on 26 July 1945.[8]", "Enola Gay The Hiroshima mission was followed by another atomic strike. Originally scheduled for 11 August, it was brought forward by two days to 9 August owing to a forecast of bad weather. This time, a Fat Man nuclear weapon was carried by B-29 Bockscar, piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney.[23] Enola Gay, flown by Captain George Marquardt's Crew B-10, was the weather reconnaissance aircraft for Kokura, the primary target.[24] Enola Gay reported clear skies over Kokura,[25] but by the time Bockscar arrived, the city was obscured by smoke from fires from the conventional bombing of Yahata by 224 B-29s the day before. After three unsuccessful passes, Bockscar diverted to its secondary target, Nagasaki,[26] where it dropped its bomb. In contrast to the Hiroshima mission, the Nagasaki mission has been described as tactically botched, although the mission did meet its objectives. The crew encountered a number of problems in execution, and had very little fuel by the time they landed at the emergency backup landing site Yontan Airfield on Okinawa.[27][28]", "Manhattan Project About 50 kilograms (110 lb) of uranium enriched to 89% uranium-235 was delivered to Los Alamos by July 1945.[165] The entire 50 kg, along with some 50%-enriched, averaging out to about 85% enriched, were used in Little Boy.[165]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times, who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste. He also noted its \"Victor\" number as 77, which was that of Bockscar.[207] Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew, and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste. Except for Enola Gay, none of the 393d's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account. Unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste,[208] which was in fact, Victor 89.[209]", "Little Boy After being selected in April 1945, Hiroshima was spared conventional bombing to serve as a pristine target, where the effects of a nuclear bomb on an undamaged city could be observed.[41] While damage could be studied later, the energy yield of the untested Little Boy design could be determined only at the moment of detonation, using instruments dropped by parachute from a plane flying in formation with the one that dropped the bomb. Radio-transmitted data from these instruments indicated a yield of about 15 kilotons.[37]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in his memoir The White House Years:", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The book Hiroshima, written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey, which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker,[246] on August 31, 1946, is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947, and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949.[247][248][249] It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to, and months after, the dropping of the Little Boy bomb.[246] Beginning in 1974, a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled, with completion in 1977, and under both book and exhibition format, it was titled The Unforgettable Fire.[250]", "Nuclear weapons testing The first atomic weapons test was conducted near Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, during the Manhattan Project, and given the codename \"Trinity\". The test was originally to confirm that the implosion-type nuclear weapon design was feasible, and to give an idea of what the actual size and effects of a nuclear explosion would be before they were used in combat against Japan. While the test gave a good approximation of many of the explosion's effects, it did not give an appreciable understanding of nuclear fallout, which was not well understood by the project scientists until well after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.", "Soviet atomic bomb project RDS-1, the first Soviet atomic test was internally code-named First Lightning (Первая молния, or Pervaya Molniya) August 29, 1949, and was code-named by the Americans as Joe 1. The design was very similar to the first US \"Fat Man\" plutonium bomb, using a TNT/hexogen implosion lens design.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon. He stated, \"We may be grateful to Providence\" that the German atomic bomb project had failed, and that the United States and its allies had \"spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history—and won\". Truman then warned Japan: \"If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth. Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware.\"[173] This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies.[174]", "Little Boy The blast from a nuclear bomb is the result of X-ray-heated air (the fireball) sending a shock wave or pressure wave in all directions, initially at a velocity greater than the speed of sound,[45] analogous to thunder generated by lightning. Knowledge about urban blast destruction is based largely on studies of Little Boy at Hiroshima. Nagasaki buildings suffered similar damage at similar distances, but the Nagasaki bomb detonated 3.2 kilometres (2.0Â mi) from the city center over hilly terrain that was partially bare of buildings.[46]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied, and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14,[228] and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque, New Mexico, to collect them.[229] At Los Alamos, technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core.[230] Although cast, it still needed to be pressed and coated, which would take until August 16.[231] Therefore, it could have been ready for use on August 19. Unable to reach Marshall, Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped.[226]", "Little Boy Local fallout is dust and ash from a bomb crater, contaminated with radioactive fission products. It falls to earth downwind of the crater and can produce, with radiation alone, a lethal area much larger than that from blast and fire. With an air burst, the fission products rise into the stratosphere, where they dissipate and become part of the global environment. Because Little Boy was an air burst 580 metres (1,900Â ft) above the ground, there was no bomb crater and no local radioactive fallout.[56]", "Charles Sweeney On 6 August 1945, Sweeney and Albury piloted The Great Artiste as the instrumentation and observation support aircraft for the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima.", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki concerns the ethical, legal, and military controversies surrounding the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August 1945 at the close of World War II (1939–45). The Soviet Union declared war on Japan an hour before 9 August[1] and invaded Manchuria at one minute past midnight; Japan surrendered on 15 August.", "Second Sino-Japanese War The United States and the Soviet Union put an end to the Second World War by attacking the Japanese with a new weapon (on the United States' part) and an incursion into Manchuria (on the Soviet Union's part). On August 6, 1945, an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, dropped the first atomic bomb used in combat on Hiroshima, killing tens of thousands and leveling the city. On August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union renounced its non-aggression pact with Japan and attacked the Japanese in Manchuria, fulfilling its Yalta Conference pledge to attack the Japanese within three months after the end of the war in Europe. The attack was made by three Soviet army groups. On that same day, a second equally destructive atomic bomb was dropped by the United States on Nagasaki.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Like Compton, many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack, and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal, making the mission less likely to produce surrender. Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb. They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device, not an air-dropped bomb. In addition, only two bombs would be available at the start of August, although more were in production, and they cost billions of dollars, so using one for a demonstration would be expensive.[85][86]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The United States Department of Energy's history of the Manhattan Project lends some credence to these claims, saying that military leaders in Japan", "Surrender of Japan On August 6, 1945, at 8:15 AM local time, the United States detonated an atomic bomb over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Sixteen hours later, American President Harry S. Truman called again for Japan's surrender, warning them to \"expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\" Late in the evening of August 8, 1945, in accordance with the Yalta agreements, but in violation of the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, and soon after midnight on August 9, 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the Imperial Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Later in the day, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb, this time on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. Following these events, Emperor Hirohito intervened and ordered the Supreme Council for the Direction of the War to accept the terms the Allies had set down in the Potsdam Declaration for ending the war. After several more days of behind-the-scenes negotiations and a failed coup d'état, Emperor Hirohito gave a recorded radio address across the Empire on August 15. In the radio address, called the Jewel Voice Broadcast (玉音放送, Gyokuon-hōsō), he announced the surrender of Japan to the Allies.", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the Oppenheimer-led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning. Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership.[90] No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped.[91] Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb. Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27,[91] and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30.[90] The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27, but Hiroshima was not one of them, and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30.[88] Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4. Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August, as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped.[91] Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing; a total of 33 cities listed. With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese \"...we cannot promise that only these cities will be among those attacked...\"[87] Hiroshima was not listed.[92][93]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The first plutonium core, along with its polonium-beryllium urchin initiator, was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison. Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper.[109] The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C-54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26, and arrived at North Field July 28. Three Fat Man high-explosive pre-assemblies, designated F31, F32, and F33, were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B-29s, two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit, and transported to North Field, arriving on August 2.[110]", "History of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons possess enormous destructive power from nuclear fission or combined fission and fusion reactions. Starting with scientific breakthroughs made during the 1930s, the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada collaborated during World War II in what was called the Manhattan Project to counter the suspected Nazi German atomic bomb project. In August 1945, two fission bombs were dropped on Japan, standing to date as the only use of nuclear weapons in combat. The Soviet Union started development shortly thereafter with their own atomic bomb project, and not long after that both countries developed even more powerful fusion weapons known as \"hydrogen bombs\".", "Pacific War On 6 August 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history. In a press release issued after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Truman warned Japan to surrender or \"...expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.\"[172] Three days later, on 9 August, the US dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, the last nuclear attack in history. More than 140,000–240,000 people died as a direct result of these two bombings.[173] The necessity of the atomic bombings has long been debated, with detractors claiming that a naval blockade and aerial bombing campaign had already made invasion, hence the atomic bomb, unnecessary.[174] However, other scholars have argued that the bombings shocked the Japanese government into surrender, with Emperor finally indicating his wish to stop the war. Another argument in favor of the atomic bombs is that they helped avoid Operation Downfall, or a prolonged blockade and bombing campaign, any of which would have exacted much higher casualties among Japanese civilians.[173] Historian Richard B. Frank wrote that a Soviet invasion of Japan was never likely because they had insufficient naval capability to mount an amphibious invasion of Hokkaidō.[175]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki During the night of August 5–6, Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan. Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga, 102 bound for Maebashi, 261 en route to Nishinomiya, 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari. An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima. The all-clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00:05.[132] About an hour before the bombing, the air raid alert was sounded again, as Straight Flush flew over the city. It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay. It read: \"Cloud cover less than 3/10th at all altitudes. Advice: bomb primary.\"[133] The all-clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07:09.[134]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki People on the ground reported seeing a pika (ピカ)—a brilliant flash of light—followed by a don (ドン)—a loud booming sound.[143] Some 70,000–80,000 people, or around 30% of the population of Hiroshima, were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm,[144][145] and another 70,000 were injured.[146] Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed.[147] U.S. surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles (12 km2) of the city were destroyed. Japanese officials determined that 69% of Hiroshima's buildings were destroyed and another 6–7% damaged.[148]", "Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki In early July 1945, on his way to Potsdam, Truman had re-examined the decision to use the bomb. In the end, he made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on strategic cities. His stated intention in ordering the bombings was to save American lives, to bring about a quick resolution of the war by inflicting destruction, and instilling fear of further destruction, sufficient to cause Japan to surrender.[56] In his speech to the Japanese people presenting his reasons for surrender on August 15, the Emperor referred specifically to the atomic bombs, stating if they continued to fight it would not only result in \"an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization\".[57]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05:55 at 9,200 feet (2,800 m),[127] and set course for Japan. The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet (9,470 m).[128] Parsons, who was in command of the mission, armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff. He had witnessed four B-29s crash and burn at takeoff, and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B-29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board.[129] His assistant, Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area.[130]", "Little Boy The Little Boy was 120 inches (300 cm) in length, 28 inches (71 cm) in diameter and weighed approximately 9,700 pounds (4,400 kg).[19] The design used the gun method to explosively force a hollow sub-critical mass of uranium-235 and a solid target cylinder together into a super-critical mass, initiating a nuclear chain reaction. This was accomplished by shooting one piece of the uranium onto the other by means of four cylindrical silk bags of cordite. The bomb contained 64 kg (141 lb) of enriched uranium. Most was enriched to 89% but some was only 50% uranium-235, for an average enrichment of 80%.[20] Less than a kilogram of uranium underwent nuclear fission, and of this mass only 0.6 g (0.021 oz) was transformed into several forms of energy, mostly kinetic energy, but also heat and radiation.[21]" ]	[ "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki By August 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bomb, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, one of its B-29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun-type bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a Fat Man plutonium implosion-type bomb was dropped by another B-29 on Nagasaki. The bombs immediately devastated their targets. Over the next two to four months, the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000–146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000–80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day. Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition, for many months afterward. In both cities, most of the dead were civilians, although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison." ]
test2685	an story of country folk slogan used to describe the archers	[ "doc91951" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc91951", "doc60436", "doc91963", "doc1027553", "doc91952", "doc91977", "doc91954", "doc91980", "doc765070", "doc91962", "doc91988", "doc216216", "doc91991", "doc949607", "doc2285260", "doc91955", "doc208176", "doc91983", "doc92000", "doc937106", "doc113251", "doc91953", "doc535318", "doc487124", "doc91981", "doc91992", "doc1587222", "doc91964", "doc933447", "doc1857419", "doc91965", "doc1437115", "doc1137314", "doc1137325", "doc949608", "doc1655415", "doc91978", "doc1137326", "doc91990", "doc91968", "doc91996", "doc91997", "doc642186", "doc259840", "doc60409", "doc1798846", "doc1240686", "doc1579205", "doc887013", "doc91970", "doc1587221", "doc60429", "doc2413687", "doc949603", "doc1931816", "doc1437113", "doc1137319", "doc91974", "doc1600845", "doc417573", "doc1048997", "doc91986", "doc1529060", "doc1857421", "doc92002", "doc60403", "doc60366", "doc778311", "doc1435717", "doc2413685", "doc224009", "doc2019453", "doc2284195", "doc1893785", "doc1189607", "doc634997", "doc1125136", "doc216219", "doc765113", "doc2182328", "doc91960", "doc60382", "doc60371", "doc91971", "doc487122", "doc1154120", "doc1579207", "doc1059267", "doc2285264", "doc29002", "doc1101124", "doc1728227", "doc60373", "doc937103", "doc91993", "doc1512681", "doc913261", "doc2034944", "doc2284194", "doc60374" ]	[ "The Archers The Archers is the world's longest-running radio soap opera.[4] The British production, which has aired over 18,550 episodes, is broadcast on Radio 4, the BBC's main spoken-word channel. Originally billed as an everyday story of country folk, it is now described as a contemporary drama in a rural setting.[5]", "List of The Archers characters Walter Gabriel (Robert Mawdesley and Chris Gittins), originally a smallholder, was a friend of the Archers and provided comic relief in the years before the Grundy family were given greater prominence. Walter continually tried to romance Mrs. Perkins, Peggy's mother, whom he referred to as \"Mrs. P\". Walter Gabriel's phrase \"Me old pal, me old beauty\" remains one of the most enduringly remembered phrases associated with The Archers, even among non-listeners; in his later years he was also known for the exclamation \"Nobody cares about poor old Walter Gabriel!\" Another recurring saying of his was \"I know when I ain't a-wanted\".", "The Archers Since 1 January 1951, five 15-minute episodes (since 1998, six 12Â½-minute episodes) have been transmitted each week, at first on the BBC Light Programme[1] and subsequently on the BBC Home Service (now Radio 4). Early afternoon repeats of the previous evening's episode began on 14 December 1964. The original scriptwriters were Geoffrey Webb and Edward J. Mason, who were also working on the nightly thriller series about the special agent Dick Barton. The popularity of his adventures partly inspired The Archers, which eventually took over Barton's evening slot. At first, however, the national launch placed the serial at the 'terrible'[35] time of 11.45am, but it moved to Dick Barton's former slot of 6.45pm from Monday, 2 April 1951. An omnibus edition of the week's episodes began on Saturday, 5 January 1952. Originally produced with collaborative input from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, The Archers was conceived as a means of disseminating information to farmers and smallholders to help increase productivity in the postwar era of rationing and food shortages.[1] It was originally formulated around the lives of three farmers; Dan Archer, farming efficiently with little cash, Walter Gabriel, farming inefficiently with little cash, and George Fairbrother, a wealthy businessman farming at a loss for tax purposes (which one could do in those days).[36] The programme was hugely successful, winning the National Radio Awards' 'Most entertaining programme of the Year' award jointly with Take It From Here in 1954, and winning the award outright in 1955, in which year the audience was reported to have peaked at 20 million.[37]", "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip While a group of banditti ransack Mrs. Archer's house, the leader, Sam Hewson, drops a bottle of brandy; after it shatters, he says, \"Ah, my men! there's a sign for us – we may have a worse slip than that 'tween the cup and the lip: so let's be off – come, Pat.\"[18]", "The Archers Five pilot episodes were aired in 1950 and the first episode was broadcast nationally on 1 January 1951. A significant show in British popular culture, and with over five million listeners, it is Radio 4's most listened-to non-news programme,[6][7][8] With over one million listeners via the internet, the programme holds the record for BBC Radio online listening figures.[9]", "The Archers The programme has tackled many serious, contemporary social issues: rural drug addiction; rape, including rape in marriage; inter-racial relationships; direct action against genetically modified crops and badger culling; family break-ups; and civil partnerships, and a family being threatened by a gang of farm thieves. There has been criticism from conservative commentators, such as Peter Hitchens[64] that the series has become a vehicle for liberal and left-wing values and agendas, with characters behaving out of character to achieve those goals. However, one of the show's charms is to make much out of everyday, small concerns, such as the possible closure of the village shop, the loss and rediscovery of a pair of spectacles,[65] competitive marmalade-making, or nonsense such as a 'spile troshing' competition,[66] rather than the large-scale and improbable events that form the plots of many soap operas.[67][68]", "The Archers The Archers is set in the fictional village of Ambridge in the fictional county of Borsetshire, in England. Borsetshire is situated between, in reality, the contiguous counties of Worcestershire and Warwickshire, south of Birmingham in The Midlands. Possibly based on the village of Cutnall Green,[10] various other villages claim to be the inspiration for Ambridge; The Bull, Ambridge's pub, is modelled on The Old Bull in Inkberrow,[11] whereas Hanbury's St Mary the Virgin is often used as a stand-in for Ambridge's parish church, St Stephen's.[12][13]", "The Archers The theme tune of The Archers is called \"Barwick Green\" and is a maypole dance from the suite My Native Heath, written in 1924 by the Yorkshire composer Arthur Wood. An alternative arrangement, played by The Yetties, is used to introduce the Sunday omnibus.", "Robin Hood Robin Hood is a heroic outlaw in English folklore who, according to legend, was a highly skilled archer and swordsman. Traditionally depicted dressed in Lincoln green,[1] he is said to rob from the rich and give to the poor.[2][3] Alongside his band of Merry Men in Sherwood Forest and against the Sheriff of Nottingham, he became a popular folk figure in the Late Middle Ages, and continues to be widely represented in literature, film and television.", "The Archers A five-episodes pilot series started on Whit Monday, 29 May 1950, and continued throughout that week.[34] It was created by Godfrey Baseley and was broadcast to the English Midlands in the Regional Home Service, as 'a farming Dick Barton'. Recordings were sent to London, and the BBC decided to commission the series for a longer national run. In the five pilots the Archers owned Wimberton Farm, rather than Brookfield. Baseley subsequently edited The Archers for 22 years.", "The Archers There was a nod to The Archers in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in London on 27 July 2012, where the theme tune was played at the beginning of a segment celebrating British culture: the sound of a radio could be heard being tuned in as Barwick Green was played.[94]", "Nick Bottom George Capell is the first to have offered an explanation of the origin of this phrase. He states that it is a proverbial saying and \"was born in the days of archery\". When an archery contest was planned, 'assurance of meeting was given in the words of that phrase'. If an archer did not keep the promised meeting, then the other archers might cut his bowstring, that is, 'demolish him for an archer'. From this 'particular usage, the phrase had an easy transition among the vulgar to that general application which Bottom makes of it.'[3]", "The Archers The usenet newsgroup uk.media.radio.archers[97] (referred to as UMRA by its users, who call themselves umrats) has been running since 1995. Its users include experts on many subjects covered by the programme, such as campanology, many aspects of farming, the running of small businesses, etcetera, and lengthy discussions ensue - as well as light-hearted matters, and plot speculation. Various gatherings occur where umrats come together: the first were a series of about ten annual barbecues[98] in Reading [the first of which was attended by Carole Boyd (Lynda Snell)], but subsequently at various points around the world. The 'group has at times included participants from various parts of Europe and north and south America. It has nicknames for many of the main Archers characters, such as S'aint for Shula, and Hellen (it also has nicknames for most of its own regular participants)[99]. Due perhaps to usenet being initially more accessible in academia, the 'group has quite a high academic content, and discussions can thus be quite detailed, though UMRA considers itself to be a friendly and welcoming 'group, where in particular flamewars and the like are not welcome. Despite the general decline of usenet[100] with the advent of trendier media such as Facebook and Twitter, UMRA remains a very active newsgroup compared to many. Its one-time T-shirts[101] and mugs bore the legend (in yellow on \"Barwick Green\", of course) \"An everyday story of internet folk.\"[102]", "The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series) Robin Hood, Robin Hood, Riding through the glen\nRobin Hood, Robin Hood, With his band of men\nFeared by the bad, Loved by the good\nRobin Hood, Robin Hood, Robin Hood\n\nHe called the greatest archers to a tavern on the green\nThey vowed to help the people of the king\nThey handled all the trouble on the English country scene\nAnd still found plenty of time to sing", "Shooting an apple off one's child's head Henning Wulf, or von Wulfen, of Wewelsfleth in Holstein sided with Count Gerhard in 1472 and was banished by King Christian I of Denmark. In a folk tale, the king had him shoot an apple off his son's head, and a window in the Wewelsfleth church depicted the boy with an apple on his head, pierced through by the arrow, while Henning's bow was undrawn but there was another arrow between his teeth. Between archer and boy there was a wolf.[8][9][10]", "The Archers Other fictional villages include Penny Hassett, Loxley Barrett,[14] Darrington, Hollerton, Edgeley, Waterley Cross and Lakey Green. The county town of Borsetshire is Borchester, and the nearest big city is the cathedral city of Felpersham. Felpersham also has a university. Anywhere further from Ambridge may be referred to humorously with comments such as 'that's on the other side of Felpersham!', but characters do occasionally venture further: several attended the Countryside Alliance march in London,[15] there have been references to the gay scene in Manchester's Canal Street, and a number of scenes have taken place abroad or in other places around the country, with some characters resident overseas in South Africa and Hungary, and other characters have visited Norfolk. Birmingham is a favourite destination for shopping.", "English longbow Whereas the people of our realm, rich and poor alike, were accustomed formerly in their games to practise archery â€“ whence by God's help, it is well known that high honour and profit came to our realm, and no small advantage to ourselves in our warlike enterprises... that every man in the same country, if he be able-bodied, shall, upon holidays, make use, in his games, of bows and arrows... and so learn and practise archery. [25]", "The Archers Robert Robinson once compared the tune to \"the genteel abandon of a lifelong teetotaller who has suddenly taken to drink\".[citation needed] On April Fool's Day 2004 both The Independent and The Today Programme claimed that BBC executives had commissioned composer Brian Eno to record an electronic version of \"Barwick Green\" as a replacement for the current theme,[85][86] while comedian Billy Connolly included in his act the joke that the theme was so typically British that it should be the national anthem of the United Kingdom.[87]", "The Archers The subtitle was parodied by Bill Tidy in his long-running cartoon of The Cloggies, \"an Everyday Saga in the Life of Clog Dancing Folk\", which ran in the satirical magazine Private Eye, and later in The Listener.", "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest? The Archbishop, a 1983 episode of the British television comedy series Blackadder, features two knights overhearing King Richard quote the phrase, which they misconstrue as a directive to assassinate the main character.[19]", "V sign A commonly repeated legend claims that the two-fingered salute or V sign derives from a gesture made by longbowmen fighting in the English and Welsh[27] archers at the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the Hundred Years' War, but no historical primary sources support this contention.[28] This origin legend dictates that the English and Welsh archers who were captured by the French had their index and middle fingers cut off so that they could no longer operate their longbows, and that the V Sign was used by uncaptured and victorious archers in a display of defiance against the enemy. Moreover, it was common practice in warfare of that period to summarily execute common soldiers, since they held no ransom value.", "The Archers Partly established with the aim towards educating farmers following World War II, The Archers soon became a popular source of entertainment for the population at large, attracting nine million listeners by 1953.", "We shall fight on the beaches This is not our war â€“ this is a war of the high-up people who use long words and have different feelings.[5][6]", "England Some folk figures are based on semi or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries; Lady Godiva for instance was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry, Hereward the Wake was a heroic English figure resisting the Norman invasion, Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch.[251] On 5 November people make bonfires, set off fireworks and eat toffee apples in commemoration of the foiling of the Gunpowder Plot centred on Guy Fawkes. The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character, while Blackbeard is the archetypal pirate. There are various national and regional folk activities, participated in to this day, such as Morris dancing, Maypole dancing, Rapper sword in the North East, Long Sword dance in Yorkshire, Mummers Plays, bottle-kicking in Leicestershire, and cheese-rolling at Cooper's Hill.[252] There is no official national costume, but a few are well established such as the Pearly Kings and Queens associated with cockneys, the Royal Guard, the Morris costume and Beefeaters.[253]", "The Archers A library music recording of Barwick Green was used for the pilot and during the early years of the national version, because a bid by Godfrey Baseley to have a special theme composed had been turned down on the grounds of cost, put at £250-£300.[83] However, once the serial had become undeniably established, a new recording of Barwick Green was authorised and performed by the BBC Midland Light Orchestra on 24 March 1954.[84] This mono recording was also accompanied by four movements entitled \"A Village Suite\", composed by Kenneth Pakeman to complement Barwick Green. Excerpts from these movements were then used for a time as bridging music between scenes. The 1954 recordings were never made available to the public and their use was restricted even inside the BBC, partly because of an agreement with the Musicians' Union.", "The Archers In 1994, the BBC World Service in Afghanistan began broadcasting Naway Kor, Naway Jwand (\"New Home, New Life\"), an everyday story of country folk incorporating pieces of useful information. Although the useful information was more likely to concern unexploded land mines and opium addiction than the latest modern farming techniques, the inspiration and model of Naway Kor, Naway Jwand was The Archers, and the initial workshopping with Afghan writers included an Archers scriptwriter.[103] A 1997 study found that listeners to the soap opera were significantly less likely to be injured by a mine than non-listeners.[104]", "United we stand, divided we fall The phrase has been attributed to the ancient Greek storyteller Aesop, both directly in his fable \"The Four Oxen and the Lion\"[1] and indirectly in \"The Bundle of Sticks\".[2]", "The Archers At the late 1950s, despite the growth of television and radio's consequent decline, the programme was still claiming eleven million listeners and was also being transmitted in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[38] By the mid-'70s, however, the audience for the two daily broadcasts and the weekend omnibus combined was less than 3 million[39] and in 1976 the BBC Radio Four Review Board twice considered whether or not the programme should be axed.[40] The serial's woes at this time were seen to mirror the poor standing of radio drama in general, described as \"a failure to fully shake off the conventions of non-realism which had prevailed in the 1940s and 1950s.\"[41] Programme chief Jock Gallagher, responsible for The Archers, described these as the serial's \"dog days\".[42] Sweeping editorial reforms followed, included the introduction of women writers (there had been none before 1975), two of whom, Helen Leadbeater and Margaret Phelan, were credited with giving the programme a new definitive style of writing and content, although some listeners complained about their radical feminism.[43] In 1980 Julie Burchill commented that the women of Ambridge were no longer stuck with \"the gallons of greengage jam old-guard male scriptwriters kept them occupied with for over twenty years\"; but were 'into post-natal depression and alcoholism on the way to self-discovery'.[44] By the mid-'80s the Radio Four Review Board noted that scripts, directing and acting was \"very good\" and sometimes \"better than ever\".[45] In August 1985 The Listener said that the programme's revival was \"sustained by some of the best acting, direction and writing on radio.\"[37]", "Captain Mainwaring \"We're not savages, we're British!\" â€“ Mainwaring uses this remark when a member of the Platoon attempts some sort of vandalism or damage to achieve a goal. An example is in Menace from the Deep where the Platoon are trapped on a pier overnight with no food. Mainwaring makes the Platoon win the chocolate from a machine fairly when breaking the glass would allow them easy and convenient access to the only nutrition available to them.[10]", "Slogan A slogan is a memorable motto or phrase used in a clan, political, commercial, religious, and other context as a repetitive expression of an idea or purpose, with the goal of persuading members of the public or a more defined target group. The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as \"a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising.\"[1] (Stevenson, 2010) A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and appealing to the audience.[2] (Lim & Loi, 2015). These attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say and appealing to who the organisation or brand is trying to reach.", "The Archers Tony Shryane MBE was the programme's producer from 1 January 1951 to 19 January 1979. Vanessa Whitburn was the programme's editor from 1992 till 2013. Whitburn took service leave from March to July 2012, when John Yorke, a former executive producer of EastEnders, was the acting editor.[46] Yorke's arrival prompted charges that the programme was importing the values of EastEnders to Borsetshire, with fans and commentators complaining that characters were behaving unrealistically simply to generate conflict.[47] This was denied by Yorke, who wrote that he agreed to take over \"on one condition - that it stayed exactly as it was and that I didn't have to change anything.\"[48]", "Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno One for all, and all for one (Un pour tous, tous pour un; also inverted to All for one, and one for all) is a motto traditionally associated with the titular heroes of the novel The Three Musketeers written by Alexandre Dumas pÃ¨re, first published in 1844. In the novel, it was the motto of a group of French musketeers named Athos, Porthos, Aramis and d'Artagnan who stayed loyal to each other through thick and thin.[11][12]", "History of archery Skilled archers were prized in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. Archery was an important skill for the Vikings, both for hunting and for war. The Assize of Arms of 1252 tells us that English yeomen were required by law, in an early version of a militia, to practice archery and maintain their skills. We are told that 6,000 English archers launched 42,000 arrows per minute at the Battle of Crecy in 1346.[42] The Battle of Agincourt in 1415 is notable for Henry V's introduction of the English longbow into military lore. Henry VIII was so concerned about the state of his archers that he enjoined tennis and other frivolous pursuits in his Unlawful Games Act 1541.", "History of archery Archery societies were set up across the country, each with its own strict entry criteria and outlandish costumes. Recreational archery soon became extravagant social and ceremonial events for the nobility, complete with flags, music and 21 gun salutes for the competitors. The clubs were \"the drawing rooms of the great country houses placed outside\" and thus came to play an important role in the social networks of local elites. As well as its emphasis on display and status, the sport was notable for its popularity with females. Young women could not only compete in the contests but retain and show off their sexuality while doing so. Thus, archery came to act as a forum for introductions, flirtation and romance.[54] It was often consciously styled in the manner of a Medieval tournament with titles and laurel wreaths being presented as a reward to the victor. General meetings were held from 1789, in which local lodges convened together to standardise the rules and ceremonies. Archery was also co-opted as a distinctively British tradition, dating back to the lore of Robin Hood and it served as a patriotic form of entertainment at a time of political tension in Europe. The societies were also elitist, and the new middle class bourgeoisie were excluded from the clubs due to their lack of social status.", "The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series) [Chorus (1st paragraph) repeat]", "Culture of the United Kingdom English fairy tale Goldilocks and the Three Bears is one of the most popular fairy tales in the English language.[169] Some folk figures are based on semi- or actual historical people whose story has been passed down centuries: Lady Godiva, for instance, was said to have ridden naked on horseback through Coventry; the heroic English figure Hereward the Wake resisted the Norman invasion; Herne the Hunter is an equestrian ghost associated with Windsor Forest and Great Park, and Mother Shipton is the archetypal witch.[170] The chivalrous bandit, such as Dick Turpin, is a recurring character.", "The Archers According to some of the actors, and confirmed in the writings of Godfrey Baseley, in its early days the show was used as a conduit for educational announcements from the Ministry of Agriculture, one actor reading an announcement almost verbatim to another. Direct involvement of the government ended in 1972.[69] The show has reacted within a day to agricultural emergencies such as outbreaks of foot and mouth disease which affect farmers nationwide when livestock movements are restricted.", "History of archery After the Napoleonic Wars, the sport became increasingly popular among all classes, and it was framed as a nostalgic reimagining of the preindustrial rural Britain. Particularly influential was Sir Walter Scott's 1819 novel, Ivanhoe that depicted the heroic character Lockseley winning an archery tournament.[55]", "The Archers Two organisations dedicated to the programme were established in the 1990s. Archers Addicts was the official body, run by members of the cast. The club had five thousand members[96] and an online shop where Archers memorabilia was sold under licence. It closed as a club on 31 December 2013 but still has a Facebook page and Twitter feed. Archers Anarchists was formed some time later, objecting to the \"castist\" assumptions propagated by the BBC, and claiming that the characters are real.", "The Archers One of the most controversial Archers episodes was broadcast on 22 September 1955, the evening of the launch of the UK's first commercial television station, ITV. Phil and Grace Archer had been married just a few months earlier, and their blossoming relationship was the talk of the nation. However, searching for a story which would demonstrate some real tragedy among the increasingly unconvincing episode cliff-hangers, Godfrey Baseley had decided that Grace would have to die. It was explained to the cast as an \"exercise in topicality.\" The scripts for the week of 19 September 1955 were written, recorded, and broadcast on each day. On Thursday evening of that week, listeners heard Grace trying to rescue her horse, Midnight, from a fire at Brookfield stables, and the crash as a beam fell on her.[52]", "The Archers Tony Hancock created \"The Bowmans\"— a spoof-edition of the Archers—in an episode of the BBC television situation comedy programme Hancock, featuring a new cast which included Constance Chapman and Richard Carpenter.[109]", "The Archers Ned Sherrin produced a short 1973 film called The Cobblers of Umbridge. The cast included Joan Sims, Lance Percival, Roy Kinnear, Derek Griffiths and John Fortune.[110]", "Peasants' Revolt At Blackheath, John Ball gave a famous sermon to the assembled Kentishmen.[95] Ball was a well-known priest and radical preacher from Kent, who was by now closely associated with Tyler.[96] Chroniclers' accounts vary as to how he came to be involved in the revolt; he may have been released from Maidstone gaol by the crowds, or might have been already at liberty when the revolt broke out.[97] Ball rhetorically asked the crowds \"When Adam delved and Eve span, who was then a gentleman?\" and promoted the rebel slogan \"With King Richard and the true commons of England\".[95] The phrases emphasised the rebel opposition to the continuation of serfdom and to the hierarchies of the Church and State that separated the subject from the King, while stressing that they were loyal to the monarchy and, unlike the King's advisers, were \"true\" to Richard.[98] The rebels rejected proposals from the Bishop of Rochester that they should return home, and instead prepared to march on.[90]", "Three Lions Despite the failures of the past, each tournament is greeted with fresh hopes that this might be the year they do it again: \"I know that was then, but it could be again\", and the song's chorus proclaimed that \"It's coming home, it's coming home, it's coming, football's coming home\" which refers, like the tournament's slogan, \"Football comes home\", to the invention of the modern game in England.[6]", "List of The Archers characters Bert Fry (Eric Allan, formerly played by Roger Hume) (born 7 June 1936) husband of Freda Fry (deceased, formerly a silent character), was employed for many years as a farmhand by David and Ruth until his recent retirement although he still does some casual work. The couple continue to live in a farm cottage. His portrayal is close to a stereotypical \"yokel\", like Jethro Larkin and Zebedee Tring before him. He composes poetry and has won several ploughing contests.", "They think it's all over The quotation was also used as the title of the BBC's satirical sports quiz show They Think It's All Over, which appeared on BBC One from 1995 to 2006. The show has heightened the popularity of the phrase in recent years, though Kenneth Wolstenholme was reportedly unhappy with the use of the phrase for the title of the show.[1]", "And did those feet in ancient time The phrase \"green and pleasant land\" has become a collocation for identifiably English landscape or society. It appears as a headline, title or sub-title in numerous articles and books. Sometimes it refers, whether with appreciation, nostalgia or critical analysis, to idyllic or enigmatic aspects of the English countryside.[19] In other contexts it can suggest the perceived habits and aspirations of rural middle-class life.[20] Sometimes it is used ironically,[21] e.g. in the Dire Straits song \"Iron Hand\".", "Workers of the world, unite! The political slogan Workers of the world, unite! is one of the most famous rallying cries from the Communist Manifesto (1848),[1][2][3][4][5] by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (German: Proletarier aller LÃ¤nder vereinigt Euch!, literally \"Proletarians of all countries, unite!\"[6] but soon popularized in English as \"Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!\")[6][a] A variation of this phrase (\"Workers of all lands, unite\") is also inscribed on Marx's tombstone.[8] The essence of the slogan is that members of the working classes throughout the world should cooperate to achieve victory in class conflict.", "Nation of shopkeepers There is reason to doubt that Napoleon ever used it. No contemporaneous French newspaper mentions that he did. The phrase was first used in an offensive sense by the French revolutionary Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac on June 11, 1794 in a speech to the National Convention: “Let Pitt then boast of his victory to his nation of shopkeepers”.[1] Later, during the Napoleonic wars, the British press mentioned the phrase, attributing it either to “the French” or to Napoleon himself.[2]", "The Archers This controversy has been parodied twice: in \"The Bowmans\", an episode of the television comedy programme Hancock, and in the play The Killing of Sister George and its 1968 film adaptation. On the 50th anniversary of ITV's launch, Ysanne Churchman, who played Grace, sent a congratulatory card to ITV, signed \"Grace Archer\".", "United we stand, divided we fall \"United we stand, divided we fall\" is a phrase used in many different kinds of mottos, most often to inspire unity and collaboration. Its core concept lies in the collectivist notion that if individual members of a certain group with binding ideals – such as a union, coalition, confederation or alliance – work on their own instead of as a team, they are each doomed to fail and will all be defeated. The phrase is also often referred to with only the words \"United we stand\".", "List of The Archers characters Grace Archer (Monica Grey and Ysanne Churchman) was Phil Archer's first wife and the first major character to be killed off. The episode featuring her death was first broadcast on 22 September 1955. The previous night, which happened to be the night that ITV (now ITV1), the UK's first commercial television channel was launched, she received fatal injuries, trying to rescue her horse, Midnight, from a fire. This was seen as a ploy to keep loyal viewers and listeners away from the new station. Her catchphrase was \"one fried egg or two, Phil?\"[30]", "Nice One Cyril Due to the popularity of the TV slogan and the song, \"Nice one Cyril\" became a popular catchphrase in the 1970s used to praise someone.[10][11] In Cockney rhyming slang it was adopted to mean \"squirrel\",[12] and it was the title of the autobiography of Cyril Fletcher,[13] The phrase continued to be used in later decades, but limited to those named Cyril or similar; the refrain of the song \"Nice one Cyril, nice one son\" was used as a tribute to another footballer Cyrille Regis in 2018.[14]", "The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series) Each episode in the first two series started with a country scene of faux-normal life in Olde England during which an introductory poem in rhymed cadence to the tune of the English folksong \"Early One Morning,\" which derived from a much later period than the series. The poem was a humorous summary vignette of what could be expected in the episode. An actor portraying the Minstrel would use the same melody at the final fade to black before the end credits for 1st run CBS sponsored screenings in the USA, letting viewers know that the sponsor \"now begs a word with you.\"", "Somerset The Old English name is used in the motto of the county, SumorsÇ£te ealle, meaning \"all the people of Somerset\". Adopted as the motto in 1911, the phrase is taken from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Somerset was a part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, and the phrase refers to the wholehearted support the people of Somerset gave to King Alfred in his struggle to save Wessex from Viking invaders.[5][6][7]", "Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno Switzerland has no official motto defined in its constitution or legislative documents.[2] The phrase, in its German (Einer für alle, alle für einen), French (un pour tous, tous pour un), Italian (Uno per tutti, tutti per uno) and Romansh (In per tuts, tuts per in) versions, came into widespread use in the 19th century. After autumn storms had caused widespread floods in the Swiss Alps in late September and early October 1868, officials launched an aid campaign under that slogan,[3] deliberately using it to evoke a sense of duty and solidarity and national unity in the population of the young nation. Switzerland had become a federal state only 20 years earlier, and the last civil war among the cantons, the Sonderbundskrieg, had been in 1847. Newspaper ads that used the motto to call for donations were run in all parts of the country.[4] The phrase was increasingly associated with the founding myths of Switzerland, which often also have solidarity as a central theme, to such a degree that \"Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno\" was even written in the cupola of the Federal Palace of Switzerland in 1902.[5] It has since been considered the motto of the country.", "History of archery The last regular unit armed with bows was the Archersâ€™ Company of the Honourable Artillery Company, ironically a part of the oldest regular unit in England to be armed with gunpowder weapons. The last recorded use of bows in battle in Britain seems to have been a skirmish at Bridgnorth; in October 1642, during the English Civil War, an impromptu militia, armed with bows, was effective against un-armoured musketmen.[49] (A more recent use of archery in war was in 1940, on the retreat to Dunkirk, when Jack Churchill, who had brought his bows on active service, \"was delighted to see his arrow strike the centre German in the left of the chest and penetrate his body\").[50]", "The Archers The Archers reached its 60th anniversary on 1 January 2011 and to mark this achievement, a special half-hour episode was broadcast on Sunday, 2 January, on BBC Radio 4 from 7pm. The episode had been advertised as containing events that would \"shake Ambridge to the core\".[60] This phrase even gave rise to the initialism #SATTC trending on the website Twitter during that weekend as listeners speculated about what might happen, and then reported their views as the story unfolded.", "St Crispin's Day Speech On the morning of 25 October 1415 (feast of Saints Crispin and Crispinian), shortly before the Battle of Agincourt, Henry V made a brief speech to the English army under his command, emphasising the justness of his claim to the French throne and harking back to the memory of previous defeats the English kings had inflicted on the French. According to Burgundian sources, he concluded the speech by telling the English longbowmen that the French had boasted that they would cut off two fingers from the right hand of every archer, so they could never draw a string again.[1]", "Once upon a time \"Once upon a time\" is a stock phrase used to introduce a narrative of past events, typically in fairy tales and folk tales. It has been used in some form since at least 1380 (according to the Oxford English Dictionary) in storytelling in the English language and has opened many oral narratives since 1600. These stories often then end with \"and they all lived happily ever after\", or, originally, \"happily until their deaths\".", "The Wombles The Womble motto is \"Make Good Use of Bad Rubbish\". This environmentally-friendly message was a reflection of the growing environmental movement of the 1970s.[2]", "The Archers At times, a cliffhanger involving the death of a major character or a disaster was marked by the traditional closing theme being replaced by the final dramatic section of Barwick Green involving trombones, cymbals and the closing bars of the signature tune - known as the \"doom music\" to some fan groups[92]. However, this tradition has been dropped more recently, such as the death of Nigel Pargetter when the normal closing music was played despite the gravity of the incident - to the irritation of some followers, who consider the jollity of the normal segment inappropriate in such circumstances[93].", "Modern competitive archery Another situation where archery features as an entertainment is in its portrayal in movies. Howard Hill used his extraordinary accuracy for the archery in the movie The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) starring Errol Flynn. He used a heavy hunting bow to hit small reinforced target areas on the chests of actors in motion. Hill also performed stunts such as shooting an apple held by a volunteer and shooting a stone as it was thrown in the air. Some of his stunts can be seen in the short film Cavalcade of Archery (1946).[13]", "Slogan George E. Shankel's (1941, as cited in Denton Jr., 1980) research states that, \"English-speaking people began using the term by 1704.\" The term at that time meant \"the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons.\" Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages; they were used primarily as passwords to ensure proper recognition of individuals at night or in the confusion of battle.[4]", "The Archers An episode of Arena, broadcast on BBC Four on 1 January 2007, focused on The Archers. It was narrated by Stephen Fry and included interviews with current actors and scriptwriters.[114]", "List of The Archers characters Susan Carter, nÃ©e Horrobin (born 10 October 1963) (Charlotte Martin), the village gossip, briefly became the most notorious Archers character ever when her imprisonment at Christmas 1993 for shielding her armed-robber brother Clive Horrobin led to the launch of the \"Free the Ambridge One\" campaign. Questions were asked in the House of Commons of then Home Secretary Michael Howard. Her aspirational tendencies took a hammering when daughter Emma married into the Grundy family in 2004, but in 2006 she was approved by the Royal Mail for the position of sub-postmistress despite her criminal record. She had previously worked for several years at the village shop and post office, and as Tom Archer's assistant in his sausage-making business. Clive Horrobin returned to the village to visit their dying mother in October 2011.", "List of The Archers characters Tony Archer (born Anthony William Daniel Archer, 16 February 1951) (David Troughton, formerly played by Colin Skipp)[2] is the youngest child and only son of Peggy Archer (and step-son of Jack Woolley). In his younger days he romanced a string of girlfriends and led a laddish life before settling down to marry Pat, with whom he now runs a fully organic establishment at Bridge Farm. Despite owning an MG sports car, bought with a windfall from his mother, he is generally considered to be a rather dull man. His brother-in-law Brian Aldridge enjoys winding him up over farming matters, and dinner parties involving the two couples usually end in tears. Pat and Tony had three children, John, Helen and Tom. John was killed in a tractor accident.[3] Helen had a baby boy, Henry Ian Archer, through AI, a decision of which Tony initially disapproved. Tom runs a sausage business and makes pork ready meals under the Tom Archer brand. Tony suffered a heart attack in late February 2012, and a serious farmyard accident in autumn 2014. Having recovered from both, he now takes more of a back seat in the family business.", "In Plenty and In Time of Need Chorus:\nWe loyal sons and daughters all\nDo hereby make it known\nThese fields and hills beyond recall\nAre now our very own\nWe write our names on history's page\nWith expectations great\nStrict guardians of our heritage\nFirm craftsmen of our fate", "Fuck A different false etymology, first made popular on the radio show Car Talk, states that the phrase \"fuck you\" comes from the phrase \"pluck yew\" and relates the origins of fuck to the myth surrounding the V sign. This myth states that French archers at the Battle of Agincourt insulted the English troops' ability to shoot their weapons by waving their fingers in a V shape; after the English secured an overwhelming victory, they returned the gesture. The addition of the phrase \"fuck you\" to the myth came when it was claimed that the English yelled that they could still \"pluck yew\" (yew wood being the preferred material for longbows at the time), a phrase that evolved into the modern \"fuck you\".[9]", "Nice One Cyril In 1972, Wonderloaf Bread created a television advertising campaign written by Peter Mayle with the slogan \"Nice one, Cyril\", where the slogan was used to congratulate a baker named Cyril for making a good loaf of bread.[4][5][6] The slogan was picked by fans of the football club Tottenham Hotspur, who chanted \"Nice one Cyril\" to praise a Tottenham player named Cyril Knowles.[6][7] Harold Spiro, a fan of the club, wrote the song with Helen Clarke based on the chant. The following year in 1973, Tottenham reached the League Cup Final, and the song was released. The song was performed by the Cockerel Chorus (the cockerel is the emblem of Tottenham Hotspur) fronted by Spiro, with Jamie Phillips singing the opening operatic part.[8]", "Nottingham Many local businesses and organisations use the worldwide fame of Robin Hood to represent or promote their brands. Many residents converse in the East Midlands dialect. The friendly term of greeting \"Ay-up midduk\" is a humorous example of the local dialect.[88] but with an unclear origin.", "Old soldiers never die \"Old soldiers never die\" is an English language catchphrase, with the full version being \"Old soldiers never die, they simply fade away\". It is made from a stanza from the soldiers' folklore song Old Soldiers Never Die:", "Honi soit qui mal y pense The saying's most famous use is as the motto of the British chivalric Order of the Garter. It is also inscribed at the end of the manuscript of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, but that appears to have been a later addition.[5]", "Festina lente The Onslow family of Shropshire has the adage as its motto, generating a pun upon the family name: \"on-slow\".[13]", "Fortune favours the bold It is used as the motto for the O'Flaherty family in Ireland and is also used on their coat of arms.[10]", "Wot Cher! Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road The refrain describes the reaction of the neighbours to the news of the couple's good fortune. \"Wot cher!\" was a Cockney greeting â€“ a contraction of \"What cheer\" used as a greeting since the Middle Ages.[5] To \"knock em\" is an idiomatic phrase, to knock them on the head i.e. to stun them.", "Make love, not war Make love, not war is an anti-war slogan commonly associated with the American counterculture of the 1960s. It was used primarily by those who were opposed to the Vietnam War, but has been invoked in other anti-war contexts since.[1][2] The \"make love\" part of the slogan often referred to the practice of free love that was growing among the American youth who denounced marriage as a tool for those who supported war and favored the traditional capitalist culture.[3]", "Nick Bottom Godshalk argues that, just as these examples indicate a military context, this must also be done with Bottom's \"hold or cut bow-strings.\" He further cites Jean Froissart's account of the Battle of Crecy, which supports the military origin of Bottom's line: \"When the Genoese felt the arrows piercing through their heads, arms, and breasts, many of them cast down their crossbows, and cut their strings, and resumed discomfited.\"[7] Archers would cut their bowstrings, thus destroying their weapons, in the midst of a retreat so that the enemy could not use their own instruments against them. It is the equivalent of striking artillery, rendering the equipment useless. With this understanding, Bottom's phrase can be interpreted as a military expression for \"hold your position, or give up and retreat.\" In the context of the play, Bottom is being comically pretentious, saying: \"Be present at the rehearsal, or quit the troupe.\"[8]", "Robin Hood Between 1963 and 1966, French television broadcast a medievalist series entitled Thierry La Fronde (Thierry the Sling). This successful series, which was also shown in Canada, Poland (Thierry Śmiałek), Australia (The King's Outlaw), and the Netherlands (Thierry de Slingeraar), transposes the English Robin Hood narrative into late medieval France during the Hundred Years' War.[74]", "Go to work on an egg \"Go to work on an egg\" was an advertising slogan used by the United Kingdom's Egg Marketing Board during the 1950s as part of more than Â£12 million it spent on advertising, including a series of television adverts starring the comedian Tony Hancock and actress Patricia Hayes in 1965. The commercials were created by British director, Len Fulford.[1] The proposition was that having an egg for breakfast was the best way to start the working day. Author Fay Weldon helped to create the campaign.[2]", "The Archers Unlike television soaps, The Archers actors are not held on retainers and work on the series usually for a few days a month. By the nature of the storylines concentrating on particular groups of characters, in any one week out of a cast of about 60, the episodes include approximately 20â€“30 speaking-characters. Most of the cast do acting work on other projects and can disappear for long periods if they are working on commitments such as films or television series. Tamsin Greig plays Debbie Aldridge and has appeared on many television series such as Green Wing, Love Soup, Black Books and Episodes, so Debbie manages a farm in Hungary and her visits to Ambridge are infrequent. Felicity Jones played Emma Carter from the age of 15 but after a period of studying at Wadham College, Oxford, she gave up the role to move into television and cinema.[30]", "List of The Archers characters Eddie Grundy (born 15 March 1951) (Trevor Harrison) is Joe's son and Clarrie's husband. During their marriage he was unrequitedly enamoured of Jolene Rogers (later Perks, now Archer), his partner in a country and western double act. Eddie's hopes of a career in music appear to have been permanently dashed. He has a history of involving himself in numerous dubious money-making schemes and at one point stood trial for unwittingly selling condemned meat. He mainly makes his living by raising turkeys for Christmas, laying patios and selling novelty garden gnomes. He makes cider and kept a pig called Barbarella. Joe has participated in some of Eddie's money-making schemes; at other times he scolds his son: legality never dictates his response.", "List of The Archers characters Kenton Archer (born Kenton Edward Archer, 8 August 1958) (Richard Attlee, formerly played by Graeme Kirk) is portrayed as the wastrel of the Archer family. Having turned his back on the family farm to join the Merchant Navy, Kenton tried his hand at a number of ventures, including selling antiques and running a wine bar. He disappeared to Australia and New Zealand for several years and was married (originally to gain a visa, though they subsequently fell in love), had a daughter (Meriel), and divorced before returning home. Kenton's former partner, Kathy Perks, is the ex-wife of Sid Perks, the late landlord of The Bull. His current wife is Sid's widow, Jolene whom he married in Autumn 2013 at Lower Loxley. Together they run the Bull.", "The Archers In 1996, William Smethurst recounted a conversation with Baseley in which he reveals his real motivation for killing off Grace Archer: Churchman was encouraging the other actors to join a trade union.[54]", "England English folklore developed over many centuries. Some of the characters and stories are present across England, but most belong to specific regions. Common folkloric beings include pixies, giants, elves, bogeymen, trolls, goblins and dwarves. While many legends and folk-customs are thought to be ancient, for instance the tales featuring Offa of Angel and Wayland the Smith,[245] others date from after the Norman invasion; Robin Hood and his Merry Men of Sherwood and their battles with the Sheriff of Nottingham being, perhaps, the best known.[246]", "Bow and arrow Archery is the art, practice or skill of using bows to shoot arrows.[1] A person who shoots arrows with a bow is called a bowman or an archer. Someone who makes bows is known as a bowyer,[2] one who makes arrows is a fletcher,[3] and one who manufactures metal arrowheads is an arrowsmith.[4]", "Workers of the world, unite! The International Workingmen's Association, described by Engels as \"the first international movement of the working class\" was persuaded by Engels to change its motto from the League of the Just's \"all men are brothers\" to \"working men of all countries, unite!\"[10] It reflected Marx's and Engels' view of proletarian internationalism.", "Protest song But the Gentry must come down, and the poor shall wear the crown. Stand up now, Diggers all!", "Shooting an apple off one's child's head In Hemings þáttr Áslákssonar in the Orkneyinga saga (about 1200), Harald Hardrada challenges the archer Hemingr to shoot a hazelnut off his younger brother Björn's head, which he does.[11][14] There are two versions of this þáttr, one set in the Faroes, and in one Hemingr uses a spear to achieve the feat, rather than an arrow.[15] Hemingr later takes revenge by shooting the king dead at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.[16] There are also Norwegian and Faroese ballads on Hemingen unge.[9]", "He who does not work, neither shall he eat Countrymen, the long experience of our late miseries I hope is sufficient to persuade everyone to a present correction of himself, And think not that either my pains nor the adventurers' purses will ever maintain you in idleness and sloth...", "List of characters in The Vicar of Dibley Owen Newitt is a local farmer and a parish council member with a very earthy manner. He lives alone at the farm with his animals and is famous for displaying extremely poor personal hygiene, compounded with chronic problems with his stomach and bowels, both resulting in flatulence. The newspaper in \"Celebrity Vicar\" dubbed him \"Britain's B.O. King\". He was the first to support the new vicar's appointment as a lone dissenter, saying that a woman would not be a bad thing since the previous vicar was \"a regular old woman anyway\", just as David looked set to persuade the other members of the parish council to oppose Geraldine's appointment. His signature running gag was that he was chronically late for the parish council meetings, and had humorously legitimate, if gruesome, reasons for his delays (often involving graphic tales of amputating animals' appendages or otherwise mangling them). Previous generations of his family also appear to be as bloodthirsty as Owen, as he proudly declares they have been \"staging cock-fights\" and \"gassing badgers\" in the village for several centuries, and he also has a few murderers in his family. He also has had a history of \"sorrow and tragedy, \" according to Jim and Frank: his brother drowned himself, because of his girlfriend's refusing to marry him; his father shot himself shortly after his wife left him; and his grandmother tried to leave, but his grandfather shot her and then himself. Owen proposed to the vicar in \"Engagement\". She rejected him, mainly because she simply did not love him (she also cited, not to his face, that \"his breath smells like nerve gas\" and the gel on his hair is really lard). He was not upset, having found out that she was a drinker and declares he cannot tolerate women who drink. Despite this, he frequently makes crude and misguided attempts at flirting with her, which typically backfire, and even proposed to her again the night before her wedding to Harry Kennedy. Owen spent every Christmas alone since his uncle's death in 1971 until Geraldine joined him for Christmas dinner in 1996 (one of many such invitations she accepted that year). In several episodes, dialogue suggests that Owen engages in bestiality (such as when he declares rumours that the vicar is a lesbian to be the \"best news since they made having sex with animals legal again\"). Owen also has a swearing 'probling' and often uses the word 'bloody,' describing the word as 'a useful adjective'.", "As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly Joyce: \"Why did you go back to Oxford?\"\nEndeavour: \"Oh! A policeman goes where he's sent.\"\nJoyce: \"When I told Pop, he just said, 'Proverbs 26:11.'\"\nEndeavour: [Recognizing the verse] \"Well I've many faults, God knows, but I try to draw the line at masochism. Besides, traditionally it's the killer that returns to the scene of the crime, not the... whatever I was.\"[10]", "List of The Archers characters David Archer (born David Thomas Archer, 18 September 1959) (Timothy Bentinck, formerly played by Nigel Carrivick) is the second son of Phil and Jill and, as the only child of the four to show any interest in, or aptitude for, farming, has assumed responsibility for Brookfield Farm. Over recent years he has become increasingly caring, for example driving up to Northumberland to bring his widowed mother-in-law to stay, and renting a piece of land to Joe Grundy to allow him to keep the barn he had erected without planning permission. Brookfield has suffered in recent years from bovine TB, but David is enthusiastic about his herd of Herefords. His cowman's heavy-handed advice (which he and Ruth reluctantly accepted) that they should dispense with the services of Shula's husband as vet for their dairy herd in favour of a specialist caused a serious family rift, and was followed by his near-affair with Sophie Barlow. Recently, he bought an old tractor, dubbed Rufus, which he has restored.", "Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest? The New York Times commented that even though Henry may not actually have said it, \"in such matters historical authenticity may not be the point.\"[15] The phrase has been cited as an example of the shared history that all British citizens should be familiar with, part of \"the collective memory of their country\".[16]", "The Archers In Rwanda, the BBC World Service's Rwanda-Rundi service has been broadcasting the Archers-inspired soap opera Urunana (\"Hand in Hand\") since 1999.[105][106]", "You Rang, M'Lord? The pilot episode was due to be recorded at the BBC Television Centre in London, but due to a strike the original sets were very sparsely dressed and production was moved to the BBC Elstree Studios instead. The sets were subsequently improved for the first series.[3] After the pilot was aired and the BBC agreed to a full series, the production team decided to remain at BBC Elstree Studios, and all four series of the show were recorded there.[4][5] Exterior shots were mostly filmed in and around Diss, Norfolk, for example a disused brush factory which was used as the Union Jack Rubber Company. Other locations include the seafront at Cromer, Lynford Hall and Oxburgh Hall as the bishop's palace.[6] The 1st World War battle scene at the beginning of the pilot episode was built in Long Valley, the British Army's tank training ground in Aldershot. The exterior of the Meldrum house is rarely seen, although the pilot featured exterior shots of an actual building, most probably No. 15, Holland Villas Road, London W14, but later shootings took place at a mockup built on the car park at BBC Elstree Studios or location in Norfolk.", "Will no one rid me of this meddlesome priest? \"Will no one rid me of this meddlesome priest?\" (or turbulent priest) is a cry attributed to Henry II of England, expressing his frustration regarding his conflicts with Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, in 1170. While this was not a direct order, upon hearing this comment from their sovereign, four knights—Reginald FitzUrse, Hugh de Morville, William de Tracy and Richard le Breton—traveled from Normandy to Canterbury and killed Becket.[1]", "The Dam Busters March Proudly, with high endeavour, \nWe, who are young forever, \nWon the freedom of the skies. \nWe shall never die! \nWe who have made our story \nPart of our Empire's [later: 'country's'] glory \nKnow our hearts will still live on \nWhile Britons fly! [3]", "Honi soit qui mal y pense Its translation from Old French is \"Shame be to him who thinks evil of it.\"[2] It is sometimes re-interpreted as \"Evil (or shame) be to him that evil thinks\"[3] or \"shame on anyone who thinks ill of it.\" In contemporary French usage, it is usually used ironically, to insinuate the presence of hidden agendas or conflicts of interest.[4] A more literal, word-by-word translation is \"Shamed be [he] who evil of it thinks\".", "List of The Archers characters Ruth Archer, nÃ©e Pritchard (born 16 June 1968) (Felicity Finch) is the wife of David Archer. Unusually the character comes from a real rather than fictional place, Prudhoe in Northumberland. She came to Ambridge as a Harper Adams student looking for agricultural work experience in 1987, and promptly met David, who was keen to settle down: the couple married within two years. They have three children: Philippa (Pip), Josh and Ben. Ruth survived breast cancer which struck in 2000, undergoing a mastectomy operation. Ruth's utterance \"Oh noooooo\", spoken in her Northumberland accent, was frequently parodied on the BBC Radio Four comedy programme Dead Ringers. In an unpopular and heavily criticised plotline Ruth teetered on the brink of an affair with farm employee Sam Batton in the autumn of 2006. Many listeners viewed Ruth's behaviour during this storyline to be entirely out of character, and therefore unbelievable. Others thought her immature self-centred shilly-shallying was entirely in character, and it was the largely off-air rehabilitation of the marriage and the family's 'blind eye' that was unbelievable. She has since undergone breast reconstruction surgery to restore listeners' empathy with her (not entirely successfully), and coped rather better than David with the sudden transformation of priggish daughter Pip into a very stroppy seventeen-year-old with a much older boyfriend, Jude, who eventually dropped her. More recently, Ruth has suffered a miscarriage and championed a potential move from Brookfield to Prudhoe should \"Route B\" be constructed, breaking the farm in two. Although David went along with this at first, he had doubts and confessed he could never leave Ambridge." ]	[ "The Archers The Archers is the world's longest-running radio soap opera.[4] The British production, which has aired over 18,550 episodes, is broadcast on Radio 4, the BBC's main spoken-word channel. Originally billed as an everyday story of country folk, it is now described as a contemporary drama in a rural setting.[5]" ]
test2326	who administers the oath of office to the vice president	[ "doc80287" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc80283", "doc80287", "doc80285", "doc80286", "doc80284", "doc223578", "doc80288", "doc223577", "doc731101", "doc1078297", "doc212999", "doc223538", "doc80289", "doc180427", "doc223588", "doc6566", "doc223542", "doc955894", "doc970376", "doc80290", "doc191256", "doc223595", "doc223546", "doc53683", "doc2392432", "doc223576", "doc191120", "doc191164", "doc191475", "doc773059", "doc773061", "doc773060", "doc191243", "doc180430", "doc303256", "doc223541", "doc1700877", "doc180417", "doc223552", "doc223585", "doc567436", "doc223553", "doc212996", "doc281502", "doc223547", "doc10276", "doc223551", "doc223539", "doc716552", "doc1807947", "doc1099458", "doc53682", "doc180428", "doc324542", "doc191469", "doc53681", "doc281499", "doc223598", "doc10277", "doc567435", "doc70636", "doc212998", "doc2407575", "doc223540", "doc213004", "doc191340", "doc53692", "doc918284", "doc1927006", "doc223575", "doc180426", "doc213000", "doc13164", "doc70646", "doc213002", "doc281498", "doc191468", "doc589368", "doc191346", "doc191492", "doc53690", "doc1700881", "doc223579", "doc1411975", "doc716573", "doc716554", "doc2454173", "doc191123", "doc213005", "doc191474", "doc32941", "doc2407576", "doc191254", "doc223582", "doc731088", "doc191344", "doc213001", "doc1078284", "doc567438", "doc223583" ]	[ "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States The oath of office of the Vice President of the United States is the oath or affirmation that the Vice President of the United States takes upon assuming the vice-presidency but before he or she begins the execution of the office. Just before the president-elect takes the oath of office on Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect will step forward on the inaugural platform and repeat the oath of office. Although the United States Constitution—Article II, Section One, Clause 8—specifically sets forth the oath required by incoming presidents, it does not do so for incoming vice presidents. The constitution—Article VI, Clause 3— simply requires that they, along with all other government officers (federal and state; elected and appointed), pledge to support the Constitution. Since 1937, Inauguration Day has been January 20 (was March 4), a change brought about by the 20th amendment to the Constitution, which had been ratified four years earlier. The vice president's swearing-in ceremony also moved that year, from the Senate chamber inside the Capitol, to the presidential inaugural platform outside the building.[1]", "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States The oath of office has been administered most by the President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate (last in 1925) for a total of 20 times. Others to give the oath of office include the outgoing Vice President (last in 1945) 12 times, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (last in 2017) 9 times, the Chief Justice of the United States (last in 2001) 6 times, U.S. Senators that are not Pro Tempore of the Senate (last in 1969) 5 times, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (last in 2005) 4 times, a US judge twice, and a foreign consul once with one time being unrecorded. Former Chief Justice Warren E. Burger has given the oath the most times with three.", "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States The 1st Congress passed an oath act in May 1789, authorizing only U.S. senators to administer the oath to the vice president (who serves as the president of the Senate). Later that year, legislation passed that allowed courts to administer all oaths and affirmations. Since 1789, the oath has been changed several times by Congress. The present oath repeated by the vice president, senators, representatives, and other government officers has been in use since 1884.[1]", "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States When the vice presidency was established in 1789, and for the century that followed, the Vice President was sworn in on the same date as the president, March 4, but at a separate location, typically in the United States Senate, where he holds the office of President of the Senate. Up until the middle of the 20th Century, the Vice President-Elect nearly always would be sworn in by the highest-ranking officer of the US Senate which was the outgoing vice president or the President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate. Sometimes, although not always, a short address would be given by the new vice president to the Senate.", "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States I, (state your name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[2]", "Vice President of the United States I, (first name last name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[32][33]", "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States Of the 59 times the Oath of Office has been administered, 47 times have been at some location in the United States Capitol. The White House has seen 3 oaths of office, and Congress Hall in Philadelphia twice. The following locations all had the oath administered once in that location: Federal Hall, Old Brick Capitol, Havana, Cuba, a private residence in New York, and the Number One Observatory Circle. Reflecting the relative lack of importance of the office in the early 1800s, there are two instances where the location of the Vice President's oath of office is unknown.", "Vice President of the United States Although Article VI requires that the vice president take an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the US Constitution, unlike the president, the United States Constitution does not specify the precise wording of the oath of office for the vice president. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789; the current form, which is also recited by Senators, Representatives and other government officers, has been used since 1884:", "Vice-President of India The article 69 of the Constitution of India provides the Oath or Affirmation for the Office of Vice President as follows:-\n\"I, ________ do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to solemnly affirm the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter.\"\nThe President administers the oath of office and secrecy to the Vice-President.", "Vice President of India The article 69 of the Constitution of India provides the Oath or Affirmation for the Office of Vice President as follows:-\n\"I, ________ do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to solemnly affirm the Constitution of India as by law established and that I will faithfully discharge the duty upon which I am about to enter.\"\nThe President administers the oath of office and secrecy to the Vice-President.", "Oath of office of the President of the United States While the Constitution does not mandate that anyone in particular should administer the presidential oath of office, it is typically administered by the Chief Justice. There have been several exceptions, however. George Washington was sworn into office during his first inauguration, on April 30, 1789, by Chancellor of New York Robert Livingston.[3][4] William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath to Millard Fillmore on July 10, 1850, when he became president after the death of Zachary Taylor.[5] Upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge Sr., a notary public.[6][7] Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963. This was the first (and to date only) time a woman administered the oath of office. Overall, the presidential oath has been administered by 15 Chief Justices (one of whom—William Howard Taft—was also a former president), one Associate Justice, four federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public.", "Vice President of the United States The Vice President of the United States (informally referred to as VPOTUS, or Veep) is a constitutional officer in the legislative branch of the federal government of the United States as the President of the Senate under Article I, Section 3, Clause 4, of the United States Constitution, as well as the second highest executive branch officer, after the President of the United States.[3] In accordance with the 25th Amendment, he is the highest-ranking official in the presidential line of succession, and is a statutory member of the National Security Council under the National Security Act of 1947.", "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States Due to Vice President-elect William King's deteriorating health, a bill signed on March 3, 1853, the last day of the 32nd United States Congress, allowed for the oath to be administered to him as he rested in Cuba.", "United States presidential inauguration The vice president is sworn into office in the same ceremony as the president. Prior to 1937, the vice presidential oath was administered in the Senate Chamber (in keeping with the vice president's position as President of the Senate). The oath is administered to the vice president first. Immediately afterwards, the United States Marine Band will perform four ruffles and flourishes, followed by Hail, Columbia. Unlike the presidential oath, however, the Constitution does not specify specific words that must be spoken. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789. The current form, which is also recited by Senators, Representatives, and other government officers, has been in use since 1884:", "Vice President of the United States Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.", "Article Two of the United States Constitution The Vice President also has an oath of office, but it is not mandated by the Constitution and is prescribed by statute. Currently, the Vice Presidential oath is the same as that for Members of Congress.", "Vice President of the United States Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president. He assumed office on January 20, 2017.[8]", "Inauguration of John F. Kennedy The oath of office for Vice President was administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson.[12] This marked the first time a Speaker administered the oath, which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the President pro tempore of the Senate, the ex-Vice President, or a United States Senator.[13]", "Vice President of Nigeria The Constitution of Nigeria specifies an oath of office for the Vice President of the federation. The oath is administered by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria or the person for the time being appointed to exercise the functions of that office. It is the same oath recited by Deputy State Governors, Ministers, Commissioners and Special Advisers to the President:", "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States Entries in the above list with an asterisk indicate the official legal oath of office for terms of office that began on Sunday instead of the public ceremonial swearing-in the following day.", "Oath of office The President's/Vice-President's Promise:", "Vice President of the United States In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the \"court-packing issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively.", "Vice President of the United States The vice presidency was established primarily to provide a successor in the event of the president's death, disability, or resignation.[4][13] Vice presidents have two constitutionally mandated duties: to serve as President of the Senate (but without a vote, unless the Senate is evenly divided), and to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates during a joint session of Congress.[4] Other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.[14][15]", "President of the United States Presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while taking the oath and have added, \"So help me God!\" to the end of the oath.[77] Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths, presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States, except when vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to a president's death or resignation.", "Joint session of the United States Congress Vice Presidents who are appointed under the 25th amendment are sworn in before a Joint Session of Congress. This was only tested once, on December 6, 1973, when Gerald Ford was sworn in. First, the Speaker of the House certified that both houses had confirmed his nomination, and then Chief Justice Warren Burger gave him the oath of office. He was then introduced to both houses by the Speaker and gave his inaugural address.", "Vice President of the United States Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the vice president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as Inauguration Day, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and vice president.", "Oath of office The President takes oath from the Speaker:", "Oath of office The vice-president is required to take the same pledge.", "Oath of office This oath is also taken by the Vice President, members of the Cabinet, federal judges and all other civil and military officers and federal employees other than the President.", "Chief Justice of the United States The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States. This is a tradition, rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular, simply that it be taken by the president. Law empowers any federal and state judge, as well as notaries public (such as John Calvin Coolidge, Sr.), to administer oaths and affirmations.", "Chief Justice of the United States In addition, the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices, whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president.", "Chief Justice of the United States If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated, the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court. Seven times, someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President.[9] Robert Livingston, as Chancellor of the State of New York (the state's highest ranking judicial office), administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration; there was no Chief Justice of the United States, nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration. William Cushing, an associate justice of the Supreme Court, administered Washington's second oath of office in 1793. Calvin Coolidge's father, a notary public, administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding.[10] This, however, was contested upon Coolidge's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling, Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.[11] John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.[12] Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office. On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Judge Sarah T. Hughes, a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas, administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane.", "Oath of office The oath of office for the Vice-President of India is as follows:", "United States presidential inauguration The oath of office was administered to Washington in 1789 by Robert Livingston, Chancellor of New York State. Four years later, the oath was administered by Supreme Court Associate Justice William Cushing. Since the 1797 inauguration of John Adams, it has become customary for the new president to be sworn into office by the Supreme Court's Chief Justice. Others have administered the oath on occasions when a new president assumed office intra-term due to the incumbent's death or resignation. William Cranch, chief judge of the U.S. Circuit Court, administered the oath of office to John Tyler in 1841 when he succeeded to the presidency upon William Henry Harrison's death, and to Millard Fillmore in 1850 when Zachary Taylor died. In 1923, upon being informed of Warren Harding's death, while visiting his family home in Plymouth Notch, Vermont, Calvin Coolidge was sworn in as president by his father, John Calvin Coolidge, Sr., a notary public.[21][22] Most recently, Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes administered the oath of office to Lyndon B. Johnson aboard Air Force One after John F. Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963.", "List of Vice Presidents of the United States by time in office Since 1789, there have been 48 people sworn into office as Vice President of the United States. Of these, nine succeeded to the presidency during their term, seven died while in office, and two resigned. Since the adoption of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution (February 10, 1967), when there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President nominates a successor who takes office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.", "Vice President of the United States The role of the vice presidency evolved during the 20th century into more of an executive branch position, and today the vice president is widely seen as an integral part of a president's administration, and presides over the Senate only infrequently.[4] The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both.[5][6][7] The modern view of the vice president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress.[5]", "Second inauguration of Barack Obama Since 1937, the 4-year term of the President and Vice President have ended and begun at noon on January 20, as prescribed by the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Because January 20, 2013, fell on a Sunday, both Obama and Biden were officially sworn in privately, and then again the following day in a public ceremony. This was the seventh time since the start of James Monroe's second term in office, in 1821, that the oath of office was officially administered in a Sunday private ceremony.[11] Chief Justice John Roberts administered the oath of office to the President on January 20 in the Blue Room at the White House. Associate Justice Sonia Sotomayor administered the oath to the Vice President on the same date at Number One Observatory Circle, the official residence of the Vice President.[12] While reciting his oath, Biden's hand rested upon a Bible that had been in his family since 1893 and which he had used in every swearing-in ceremony since entering the U.S. Senate in 1973.[13] Obama used a Bible owned by the family of First Lady Michelle Obama when he took his oath of office.[13]", "United States presidential inauguration Though it is not a constitutional requirement, the Chief Justice typically administers the presidential oath of office. Since 1789, the oath has been administered at 58 scheduled public inaugurations, by 15 chief justices, one associate justice, and one New York state judge. Others, in addition to the chief justice, have administered the oath of office to several of the nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation intra-term. When a new president assumed office under these unusual circumstances the inauguration is conducted without pomp or fanfare.", "Vice President of the United States In 1933, incumbent Vice President Charles Curtis announced the election of House Speaker John Nance Garner as his successor, while Garner was seated next to him on the House dais. The President of the Senate may also preside over most of the impeachment trials of federal officers. However, whenever the President of the United States is on trial, the Constitution requires the Chief Justice of the United States to preside. In 1986, the Senate extended this to cover vice presidents as wellâ€”the Constitution is silent as to who would preside in the instance where the vice president is the officer impeached.", "Vice President of the United States Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 and Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution both authorize the House of Representatives to serve as a \"grand jury\" with the power to impeach high federal officials, including the vice president, for \"treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.\" Similarly, Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 and Article II, Section 4 both authorize the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. No vice president has ever been impeached.", "List of Vice Presidents of the United States The United States Constitution assigns few powers or duties to the vice president.[2] The Vice President's primary function is to succeed to the presidency if the President dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office. Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way: eight (John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson) through the president's death, and one (Gerald Ford) through the president's resignation. In addition, the Vice President serves as the President of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[1]", "Vice President of the United States The U.S. Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 6) provides that \"In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, ...\"[20] Initially, it was unclear whether this meant the vice president became the new president or merely an acting president. This was first tested in 1841 with the death of President William Henry Harrison. Harrison's vice president, John Tyler, asserted that he had succeeded to the full presidential office, powers, and title, and declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as \"Acting President.\" Despite some strong calls against it, Tyler took the oath of office as the nation's tenth President. Although some in Congress denounced Tyler's claim as a violation of the Constitution,[20] it was not challenged legally, and so the Tyler precedent of full succession was established. This was made explicit by Section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1967. In total, nine incumbent Vice Presidents have succeeded to the presidency. In addition to Tyler they are Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Gerald Ford.", "Oath of office of the President of the United States The Oath of office of the President of the United States is the oath or affirmation that the President of the United States takes after assuming the presidency but before he or she begins the execution of the office. The wording of the oath is specified in Article II, Section One, Clause 8, of the United States Constitution.", "Presiding Officer of the United States Senate The Constitution provides for two officers to preside over the Senate. Article One, Section 3, Clause 4 designates the Vice President of the United States as the President of the Senate. In this capacity, the vice president was expected to preside at regular sessions of the Senate, casting votes only to break ties. From John Adams in 1789 to Richard Nixon in the 1950s, presiding over the Senate was the chief function of vice presidents, who had an office in the Capitol, received their staff support and office expenses through the legislative appropriations, and rarely were invited to participate in cabinet meetings or other executive activities. In 1961, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson changed the vice presidency by moving his chief office from the Capitol to the White House, by directing his attention to executive functions, and by attending Senate sessions only at critical times when his vote, or ruling from the chair, might be necessary. Vice presidents since Johnson's time have followed his example.[2]", "Vice President of the United States As President of the Senate (Article I, Section 3, Clause 4), the vice president has two primary duties: to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over and certify the official vote count of the Electoral College. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats. The Democrats had the majority from January 3 to noon January 20 with Al Gore's tie-breaking vote. Dick Cheney's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority until June 6, 2001 when Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party.", "Article One of the United States Constitution The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.", "Vice President of the United States The President of the Senate also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College. This process occurs in the presence of both houses of Congress, generally on January 6 of the year following a U.S. presidential election.[18] In this capacity, only four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H. W. Bush. At the beginning of 1961, it fell to Richard Nixon to preside over this process, which officially announced the election of his 1960 opponent, John F. Kennedy. In 2001, Al Gore announced the election of his opponent, George W. Bush. In 1969, Vice President Hubert Humphrey would have announced the election of his opponent, Richard Nixon; however, on the date of the Congressional joint session (January 6), Humphrey was in Norway attending the funeral of Trygve Lie, the first elected Secretary-General of the United Nations. The president pro tempore presided in Humphrey's absence.[19]", "Vice President of the United States As the Senate president, the vice president presides over its deliberations (or delegates this task to a member of the Senate), but is allowed to vote only when it is necessary to break a tie.[3] While this vote-casting prerogative has been exercised chiefly on legislative issues, it has also been used to break ties on the election of Senate officers, as well as on the appointment of Senate committees.[4] In this capacity, the vice president also presides over joint sessions of Congress.[3]", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.", "Sonia Sotomayor On January 20 and 21, 2013, Sotomayor administered the oath to Vice President Joe Biden for the inauguration of his second term. Sotomayor became the first Hispanic and fourth woman to administer the oath to a president or vice president.[223]", "Office of the Vice President of the United States The Office of the Vice President includes personnel who directly support or advise the Vice President of the United States. The Office is headed by the Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States, currently Nick Ayers[1]. The Office also provides staffing and support to the Second Lady of the United States. It is primarily housed in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building (containing the Vice President's ceremonial office)[2], with offices for the Vice President also in the West Wing, the U.S. Capitol and in the Vice President's official residence.", "President of the United States I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States.[76]", "United States presidential inauguration At noon, the new presidential and vice presidential terms begin. At about that time, the president recites the constitutionally mandated oath of office:", "Federal government of the United States The vice president is the second-highest official in rank of the federal government. The office of the vice president's duties and powers are established in the legislative branch of the federal government under Article 1, Section 3, Clauses 4 and 5 as the President of the Senate; this means that he or she is the designated presiding officer of the Senate. In that capacity, the vice president has the authority (ex officio, for they are not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the vice president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. As first in the U.S. presidential line of succession, the vice president's duties and powers move to the executive branch when becoming president upon the death, resignation, or removal of the president, which has happened nine times in U.S. history. Lastly, in the case of a Twenty-fifth Amendment succession event, the vice president would become acting president, assuming all of the powers and duties of president, except being designated as president. Accordingly, by circumstances, the Constitution designates the vice president as routinely in the legislative branch, or succeeding to the executive branch as president, or possibly being in both as acting president pursuant to the Twenty-fifth Amendment. Because of circumstances, the overlapping nature of the duties and powers attributed to the office, the title of the office and other matters, such has generated a spirited scholarly dispute regarding attaching an exclusive branch designation to the office of vice president.[12][13]", "Oath of office \"I, (name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.\"[77]", "President of the United States Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as Inauguration Day, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and the vice president. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath:", "Presiding Officer of the United States Senate The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility by the Constitution of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president. The vice president has the authority (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Early Vice Presidents took an active role in regularly presiding over proceedings of the body, with the President pro tempore only being called on during the Vice President's absence. During the 20th century, the role of the vice president evolved into more of an executive branch position. Now, the vice president is usually seen as an integral part of a president's administration and presides over the Senate only on ceremonial occasions or when a tie-breaking vote may be needed.[1]", "Vice President of the United States Until 1961, vice presidents had their offices on Capitol Hill, a formal office in the Capitol itself and a working office in the Russell Senate Office Building. Lyndon B. Johnson was the first vice president to be given an office in the White House complex, in the Old Executive Office Building. The former Navy Secretary's office in the OEOB has since been designated the \"Ceremonial Office of the Vice President\" and is today used for formal events and press interviews. President Jimmy Carter was the first president to give his vice president, Walter Mondale, an office in the West Wing of the White House, which all vice presidents have since retained. Because of their function as Presidents of the Senate, vice presidents still maintain offices and staff members on Capitol Hill.", "Article One of the United States Constitution Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate. Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President, this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution. When serving in this capacity, the Vice President, who is not a member of the Senate, may cast tie-breaking votes. Early in the nation's history, Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate. In modern times, the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated. Through March 30, 2017, a tie-breaking vote has been cast 258 times[39] by 36 different Vice Presidents.[citation needed]", "List of Vice Presidents of the United States There have been 48 Vice Presidents of the United States since the office came into existence in 1789. Originally, the Vice President was the person who received the second most votes for President of the United States in the Electoral College. However, in the election of 1800, a tie in the electoral college between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr led to the selection of the President by the House of Representatives. To prevent such an event from happening again, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[1]", "United States Senate I, ___ ___, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[25]", "Oath of office of the President of the United States Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:â€”\"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.\"[2]", "Vice president In government, a vice president is a person whose primary responsibility is to act in place of the president on the event of the president's death, resignation or incapacity. Vice presidents are either elected jointly with the president as their running mate, or more rarely, appointed independently after the president's election.", "Vice President of the United States The vice president is indirectly elected, together with the president, to a four-year term of office by the people of the United States through the Electoral College. The Office of the Vice President assists and organizes the vice president's official functions.", "Oath of office of the President of the United States Under the second, and current form, the administrator articulates the oath in the affirmative, and in the first person, so that the president takes the oath by repeating it verbatim.[citation needed] Franklin Roosevelt, in 1933, stood silent as Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes recited the entire oath, then repeated that oath from beginning to end himself.[15] By the time of Harry Truman's inauguration in 1949, the practice was for the Chief Justice to utter the oath in phrases, with the president-elect repeating those phrases, until the oath was completed.[16]", "Oath of office I, (name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.\" [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted].[52]", "President of the United States Section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office, death, or resignation of the preceding president. The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of president and vice president are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person, the next officer in the presidential line of succession, the Speaker of the House, becomes acting president. The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate, followed by every member of the Cabinet. The constitutionality of having congressional officials in the line of succession has been questioned. A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of president to be eligible to become acting president; ineligible individuals are skipped.", "President of the Senate The Vice President of the United States is assigned the responsibility of presiding over the Senate and designated as its president by the United States Constitution. The vice president, as President of the Senate, has the authority (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) to cast a tie-breaking vote. Other than this, the rules of the Senate grant its president very little power (in contrast to the powerful office of Speaker of the House of Representatives).", "Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet On November 4, 2008, Obama was elected President and Biden Vice President of the United States.[7] The Obama-Biden ticket won 365 electoral college votes to McCain-Palin's 173,[8] and had a 53–46 percent edge in the nationwide popular vote.[9]\nBiden became the 47th Vice President of the United States on January 20, 2009, when he was inaugurated alongside President Barack Obama. He succeeded Dick Cheney. Biden is the first United States Vice President from Delaware[10] and the first Roman Catholic to attain that office.[11] Biden's oath of office was administered by Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens.[12]\nAs the presidential transition of Barack Obama began, Biden said he was in daily meetings with Obama and that McCain was still his friend.[13] The U.S. Secret Service codename given to Biden is \"Celtic\", referencing his Irish roots.[14]", "Vice President of the United States The winning slate of electors meets at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president and vice president.", "United States presidential inauguration Inauguration procedure is governed by tradition rather than the Constitution, the only constitutionally required procedure being the presidential oath of office (which may be taken anywhere, with anyone in attendance who can legally witness an oath, and at any time prior to the actual beginning of the new president's term).[16] Traditionally, the president-elect arrives at the White House and proceeds to the inaugural grounds at the United States Capitol with the incumbent president. Only three incumbent presidents have refused to accompany the president-elect: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and Andrew Johnson.[16] Around or after 12 noon, the president takes the oath of office, usually administered by the Chief Justice of the United States, and then delivers the inaugural address.", "Oath of office of the President of the United States The Constitutional language gives the option to \"affirm\" instead of \"swear\". While the reasons for this are not documented, it may relate to certain Christians, including Quakers, who apply this scripture literally: \"But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, neither by the earth, neither by any other oath: but let your yea be yea; and your nay, nay; lest ye fall into condemnation\" (James 5:12, KJV).[8] Franklin Pierce was the only president known to use the word \"affirm\" rather than \"swear.\" Herbert Hoover is often listed to have used \"affirm\" as well, owing to his being a Quaker, but a newsreel taken of the ceremony indicates that the words used were \"solemnly swear.\"[9] Richard Nixon, who was also a Quaker, also swore, rather than affirm.[10][11]", "United States presidential line of succession The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.\nThe Senate shall chuse [sic] their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.", "United States Senate Under the Constitution, the Vice President serves as President of the Senate. He or she may vote in the Senate (ex officio, for he or she is not an elected member of the Senate) in the case of a tie, but is not required to.[33] For much of the nation's history the task of presiding over Senate sessions was one of the Vice President's principal duties (the other being to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for President and Vice President and to open the certificates \"in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,\" so that the total votes could be counted). Since the 1950s, Vice Presidents have presided over few Senate debates. Instead, they have usually presided only on ceremonial occasions, such as swearing in new senators, joint sessions, or at times to announce the result of significant legislation or nomination, or when a tie vote on an important issue is anticipated.", "Oath of office of the President of the United States Under the first form, now in disuse, the administrator articulated the constitutional oath in the form of a question, and modifying the wording from the first to the second person, as in, \"Do you, George Washington, solemnly swearÂ ...\" and then requested an affirmation. At that point a response of \"I do\" or \"I swear\" completed the oath.[citation needed]", "Presiding Officer of the United States Senate The Presiding Officer of the United States Senate is the person who presides over the United States Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices, and precedents. Senate presiding officer is a role, not an actual office. The actual role is usually performed by one of three officials: the Vice President of the United States, an elected United States Senator, or the Chief Justice of the United States (but the last only in special cases). Outside of the constitutionally mandated roles, the actual appointment of a person to do the job of presiding over the Senate as a body is governed by Rule I of the Standing Rules of the United States Senate.", "Oath of office In the United States, the oath of office for the President is specified in the Constitution (Article II, Section 1):", "President of the Philippines Traditionally, the Vice President takes the Oath first, a little before noon. This is for two reasons: first, according to protocol, no one follows the President (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the President-elect accedes. During the Quezon inauguration, however, the Vice President and the Legislature were sworn in after the President, to symbolise a new start.", "Oath of office I, (name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its fundamental law, execute its just laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.\" [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted].", "Oath of office The President of Venezuela, upon assumption of the office on his inauguration, is asked by the President of the National Assembly (until 1999, the Senate President, on behalf of the entire National Federal Congress), holding a copy of the Constitution of Venezuela, the following:", "President of the United States Under Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, the vice president, in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet, may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties. If this occurs, then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president; however, the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties. If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim, it is up to Congress, which must meet within two days if not already in session, to decide the merit of the claim.", "Second inauguration of Barack Obama During the public inaugural ceremony at the United States Capitol on January 21, Associate Justice Sotomayor administered the oath to Vice President Joe Biden, and then Chief Justice Roberts administered the Presidential oath to President Barack Obama minutes after Vice President Biden received his oath.[16][17] At the public inaugural ceremony, Vice President Biden was sworn in using the Biden family Bible, while President Obama was sworn in using a Bible owned by President Abraham Lincoln and a Bible once used by Dr. Martin Luther King. President Obama became the 17th U.S. president to be re-elected for a second term of office.[13]", "Vice President of the United States The term of office for vice president is four years. While the Twenty-Second Amendment generally restricts the president to two terms, there is no such limitation on the office of vice president, meaning an eligible person could hold the office as long as voters continued to vote for electors who in turn would reelect the person to the office. Additionally, a vice president could even serve under different presidents. This has happened twice: George Clinton (1805–1812) served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; and John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) served under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.[4]", "Presidency of George Washington Although his second term began simultaneously with Washington's, John Adams was sworn into office for that term on December 2, 1793 in the Senate Chamber of Congress Hall. The vice presidential oath was administered by the president pro tempore of the Senate John Langdon.[21]", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Under Section 2, whenever there is a vacancy in the office of Vice President, the President nominates a successor who becomes Vice President if confirmed by a majority vote of both Houses of the Congress.", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.", "Presidency In the United States, the vice president is the second in command of the country and also presides as the President of the Senate. The vice president may break tie votes in the Senate chamber and also may be assigned additional duties by the president.[8] The vice president is sometimes chosen for election purposes, to help counterbalance the presidential candidate's weakness. For many vice presidents their duties have not been strenuous, but, more recently these duties have increased as more responsibilities are delegated by the president. In the case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice president. The vice president's salary, as of 2011, is $230,700.[9] The vice president position of the United States is unique in that \"it is the only office that participates in two of the three branches of government.\"[10]", "Oath of office The members of the cabinet is appointed and sworn in by the President:", "Oath of office of the President of the United States By convention, incoming presidents raise their right hand and place the left on a Bible or other book while taking the oath of office. In 1789, George Washington took the oath of office with an altar Bible borrowed from the St. John's Lodge No. 1, Ancient York Masons lodge in New York, and he kissed the Bible afterward.[17][18] Subsequent presidents up to and including Harry Truman, followed suit.[19] Dwight Eisenhower broke that tradition in 1953 when he said a prayer instead of kissing the Bible.[20]", "Oath of office I, (name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[79]", "United States Constitution Article Two describes the office, qualifications and duties of the President of the United States and the Vice President. It is modified by the 12th Amendment which tacitly acknowledges political parties, and the 25th Amendment relating to office succession. The president is to receive only one compensation from the federal government. The inaugural oath is specified to preserve, protect and defend the Constitution.", "Vice president Most governments with vice presidents have one person in this role at any time, although in some countries there are two or more vice presidentsâ€“an extreme case being Iran's 12 vice presidents. If the president is not present, dies, resigns, or is otherwise unable to fulfill their duties, the vice president will generally serve as president. In many presidential systems, the vice president does not wield much day-to-day political power, but is still considered an important member of the cabinet. Several vice presidents in the Americas hold the position of President of the Senate; this is the case, for example, in Argentina, the United States, and Uruguay. The vice president sometimes assumes some of the ceremonial duties of the president, such as attending functions and events that the actual president may be too busy to attend; the Vice President of the United States, for example, often attends funerals of world leaders on behalf of the president.", "Oath of office The President's/Vice-President's Oath of Office (for Muslims):", "Vice President of the United States This hardening of party lines and resultant straight-ticket voting practices led to the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, which directs electors to use separate ballots to vote for the president and vice president.[35] While this solved the problems that had arisen under the previous system, it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the vice presidency, as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the presidency. The amendment also prescribes that, if no vice presidential candidate receives an Electoral College majority, then the Senate selects the vice president, with a majority vote of the entire membership (currently 51 of 100 senators, assuming there are no vacancies) being necessary for election.[36] There has been only one such contingent election since the 12th Amendment was ratified. It occurred on February 8, 1837, when no candidate for the vice presidency received a majority of electoral votes in the 1836 election. By a 33-17 vote, Richard Mentor Johnson (Martin Van Buren's running mate) was elected the nation's ninth vice president.[37]", "Vice-President of India The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the President.[2] Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that \"there shall be a Vice-President of India.\" The Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations.", "Oath of office I, (name) of (Hometown), having been elected and proclaimed as President of the Philippines, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President (or Vice-President or Acting President) of the Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God.\" [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted].", "Oath of office of the President of the United States There have been two forms of administering, and taking, the oath of office.", "Vice President of India The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India after the President.[2] Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that \"there shall be a Vice-President of India.\" The Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations.", "List of Vice Presidents of the United States The Twenty-fifth Amendment also established a procedure whereby a Vice President may, if the president is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office, temporarily assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. George H. W. Bush did so once, on July 13, 1985. Dick Cheney did so twice, on June 29, 2002, and on July 21, 2007.", "Vice President of the United States The vice president's salary is $230,700.[38] The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his position as President of the Senate.[39] The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension.[40]" ]	[ "Oath of office of the Vice President of the United States The oath of office has been administered most by the President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate (last in 1925) for a total of 20 times. Others to give the oath of office include the outgoing Vice President (last in 1945) 12 times, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (last in 2017) 9 times, the Chief Justice of the United States (last in 2001) 6 times, U.S. Senators that are not Pro Tempore of the Senate (last in 1969) 5 times, the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (last in 2005) 4 times, a US judge twice, and a foreign consul once with one time being unrecorded. Former Chief Justice Warren E. Burger has given the oath the most times with three." ]
test3158	where is a simple gear train used in real life	[ "doc107852" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc107821", "doc689602", "doc1220962", "doc1220999", "doc107805", "doc1863196", "doc958706", "doc107851", "doc1738750", "doc107840", "doc107841", "doc107850", "doc107803", "doc958707", "doc212926", "doc689611", "doc2173294", "doc689640", "doc107852", "doc689606", "doc107825", "doc1863198", "doc689635", "doc310642", "doc689605", "doc1399749", "doc689722", "doc2320864", "doc1221000", "doc689608", "doc1220960", "doc958700", "doc689607", "doc689637", "doc107827", "doc107858", "doc2173314", "doc1525583", "doc2236173", "doc689636", "doc212924", "doc107804", "doc58615", "doc1220984", "doc107842", "doc689634", "doc2068962", "doc2259633", "doc246912", "doc958699", "doc689641", "doc689727", "doc2173298", "doc107845", "doc689729", "doc212922", "doc107813", "doc107844", "doc1221003", "doc107856", "doc2320879", "doc1221002", "doc2250324", "doc107860", "doc958710", "doc212917", "doc107828", "doc1766980", "doc1220973", "doc689734", "doc1220963", "doc91369", "doc212915", "doc107863", "doc1766975", "doc951825", "doc1811677", "doc689736", "doc1738754", "doc212928", "doc1011763", "doc212966", "doc1553025", "doc1220968", "doc212921", "doc1291733", "doc689627", "doc212937", "doc1335784", "doc212951", "doc1220964", "doc212952", "doc1766981", "doc689628", "doc689609", "doc91370", "doc107848", "doc1399760", "doc1446816", "doc1220978" ]	[ "Gear train The simplest example of a gear train has two gears. The \"input gear\" (also known as drive gear) transmits power to the \"output gear\" (also known as driven gear). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output of torque and rotational speed from the output (driven) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears.", "Gear A gear or cogwheel is a rotating machine part having cut like teeth, or cogs, which mesh with another toothed part to transmit torque. Geared devices can change the speed, torque, and direction of a power source. Gears almost always produce a change in torque, creating a mechanical advantage, through their gear ratio, and thus may be considered a simple machine. The teeth on the two meshing gears all have the same shape.[1] Two or more meshing gears, working in a sequence, are called a gear train or a transmission. A gear can mesh with a linear toothed part, called a rack, producing translation instead of rotation.", "Simple machine Simple machines can be regarded as the elementary \"building blocks\" of which all more complicated machines (sometimes called \"compound machines\"[5][6]) are composed.[3][7] For example, wheels, levers, and pulleys are all used in the mechanism of a bicycle.[8][9] The mechanical advantage of a compound machine is just the product of the mechanical advantages of the simple machines of which it is composed.", "Simple machine Simple machines are elementary examples of kinematic chains that are used to model mechanical systems ranging from the steam engine to robot manipulators. The bearings that form the fulcrum of a lever and that allow the wheel and axle and pulleys to rotate are examples of a kinematic pair called a hinged joint. Similarly, the flat surface of an inclined plane and wedge are examples of the kinematic pair called a sliding joint. The screw is usually identified as its own kinematic pair called a helical joint.", "Gear train The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the Renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio.", "Idler-wheel Another scenario is a series of rollers, such as used for pressing paper. Each roller has to be powered, but adding a motor to each one is wasteful (and it can be difficult to synchronize rotational speed with independent drive systems). One could simply add a gear onto the end of the shaft of each roller, but that means that each roller would be spinning the opposite direction of the one before (and therefore rubbing against each other as the turn). By simply adding a small idler gear between each larger gear, the result is a series of rollers, all being powered in the same direction.", "Wheel and axle In Roman Egypt, Hero of Alexandria identified the wheel and axle as one of the simple machines used to lift weights.[7] This is thought to have been in the form of the windlass which consists of a crank or pulley connected to a cylindrical barrel that provides mechanical advantage to wind up a rope and lift a load such as a bucket from the well.[8]", "Gear train For example, a belt with teeth, called the timing belt, is used in some internal combustion engines to synchronize the movement of the camshaft with that of the crankshaft, so that the valves open and close at the top of each cylinder at exactly the right time relative to the movement of each piston. A chain, called a timing chain, is used on some automobiles for this purpose, while in others, the camshaft and crankshaft are coupled directly together through meshed gears. Regardless of which form of drive is employed, the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear ratio is always 2:1 on four-stroke engines, which means that for every two revolutions of the crankshaft the camshaft will rotate once.", "Pulley Hero of Alexandria identified the pulley as one of six simple machines used to lift weights.[1] Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives in order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.[2][3]", "Gear train An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler. For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears.", "Gear train Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia (moment of inertia) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius. Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance.", "Gear train Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled to gear-like pulleys. Special gears called sprockets can be coupled together with chains, as on bicycles and some motorcycles. Again, exact accounting of teeth and revolutions can be applied with these machines.", "Gear train A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so the teeth of the gears engage.", "Wheel and axle The simple machine called a wheel and axle refers to the assembly formed by two disks, or cylinders, of different diameters mounted so they rotate together around the same axis.The thin rod which needs to be turned is called the axle and the wider object fixed to the axle, on which we apply force is called the wheel. A tangential force applied to the periphery of the large disk can exert a larger force on a load attached to the axle, achieving mechanical advantage. When used as the wheel of a wheeled vehicle the smaller cylinder is the axle of the wheel, but when used in a windlass, winch, and other similar applications (see medieval mining lift to right) the smaller cylinder may be separate from the axle mounted in the bearings. It cannot be used separately.[9][10]", "Transmission (mechanics) The simplest transmissions, often called gearboxes to reflect their simplicity (although complex systems are also called gearboxes in the vernacular), provide gear reduction (or, more rarely, an increase in speed), sometimes in conjunction with a right-angle change in direction of the shaft (typically in helicopters, see picture). These are often used on PTO-powered agricultural equipment, since the axial PTO shaft is at odds with the usual need for the driven shaft, which is either vertical (as with rotary mowers), or horizontally extending from one side of the implement to another (as with manure spreaders, flail mowers, and forage wagons). More complex equipment, such as silage choppers and snowblowers, have drives with outputs in more than one direction.", "Gear Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder or disk with teeth projecting radially. Though the teeth are not straight-sided (but usually of special form to achieve a constant drive ratio, mainly involute but less commonly cycloidal), the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears mesh together correctly only if fitted to parallel shafts.[12] No axial thrust is created by the tooth loads. Spur gears are excellent at moderate speeds but tend to be noisy at high speeds.[13]", "Epicyclic gearing Each of the speed ratios available to a simple planetary gear train can be obtained by using band brakes to hold and release the carrier, sun or ring gears as needed. This provides the basic structure for an automatic transmission.", "Gear A cage gear, also called a lantern gear or lantern pinion, has cylindrical rods for teeth, parallel to the axle and arranged in a circle around it, much as the bars on a round bird cage or lantern. The assembly is held together by disks at each end, into which the tooth rods and axle are set. Cage gears are more efficient than solid pinions,[citation needed] and dirt can fall through the rods rather than becoming trapped and increasing wear. They can be constructed with very simple tools as the teeth are not formed by cutting or milling, but rather by drilling holes and inserting rods.", "Gear train Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used. Gearing is employed in the transmission, which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and also in the differential, which contains the final drive to provide further speed reduction at the wheels. In addition, the differential contains further gearing that splits torque equally between the two wheels while permitting them to have different speeds when travelling in a curved path. The transmission and final drive might be separate and connected by a driveshaft, or they might be combined into one unit called a transaxle. The gear ratios in transmission and final drive are important because different gear ratios will change the characteristics of a vehicle's performance.", "Gear Early examples of gears date from the 4th century BC in China[3] (Zhan Guo times – Late East Zhou dynasty), which have been preserved at the Luoyang Museum of Henan Province, China. The earliest preserved gears in Europe were found in the Antikythera mechanism, an example of a very early and intricate geared device, designed to calculate astronomical positions. Its time of construction is now estimated between 150 and 100 BC.[4] Gears appear in works connected to Hero of Alexandria, in Roman Egypt circa AD 50,[5] but can be traced back to the mechanics of the Alexandrian school in 3rd-century BC Ptolemaic Egypt, and were greatly developed by the Greek polymath Archimedes (287–212 BC).[6]", "Gear train This shows that a simple gear train with two gears has the gear ratio R given by:", "Idler-wheel Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, but the mass and rotational inertia (moment of inertia) of a gear is quadratic in proportion to its radius. Instead of idler gears, of course, a toothed belt or a roller chain can be used to transmit torque over distance. For short distances, a train of idlers may be used; whether an odd or even number is used determines whether the final output gear rotates the same direction as the input gear or not. For longer distances, a roller chain or belt is quieter and creates less friction, although gears are typically stronger, depending on the strength of the roller chain. A case where numerous idler gears might be used is as described above, where there are a number of output gears that need to be driven simultaneously.", "Gear A rack is a toothed bar or rod that can be thought of as a sector gear with an infinitely large radius of curvature. Torque can be converted to linear force by meshing a rack with a pinion: the pinion turns; the rack moves in a straight line. Such a mechanism is used in automobiles to convert the rotation of the steering wheel into the left-to-right motion of the tie rod(s). Racks also feature in the theory of gear geometry, where, for instance, the tooth shape of an interchangeable set of gears may be specified for the rack, (infinite radius), and the tooth shapes for gears of particular actual radii are then derived from that. The rack and pinion gear type is employed in a rack railway.", "Tool A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force.[9] In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force.[10] Usually the term refers to the six classical simple machines which were defined by Renaissance scientists:[11]", "Gear In transmissions with multiple gear ratios—such as bicycles, motorcycles, and cars—the term \"gear\" as in \"first gear\" refers to a gear ratio rather than an actual physical gear. The term describes similar devices, even when the gear ratio is continuous rather than discrete, or when the device does not actually contain gears, as in a continuously variable transmission.[2]", "Worm drive Like other gear arrangements, a worm drive can reduce rotational speed or transmit higher torque. A worm is an example of a screw, one of the six simple machines.", "Gear In some machines (e.g., automobiles) it is necessary to alter the gear ratio to suit the task, a process known as gear shifting or changing gear. There are several ways of shifting gears, for example:", "Differential (mechanical device) Non-automotive uses of differentials include performing analog arithmetic. Two of the differential's three shafts are made to rotate through angles that represent (are proportional to) two numbers, and the angle of the third shaft's rotation represents the sum or difference of the two input numbers. The earliest known use of a differential gear is in the Antikythera mechanism, circa 80 BCE, which used a differential gear to control a small sphere representing the moon from the difference between the sun and moon position pointers. The ball was painted black and white in hemispheres, and graphically showed the phase of the moon at a particular point in time.[1] See also the Chinese South-pointing chariot. An equation clock that used a differential for addition was made in 1720. In the 20th Century, large assemblies of many differentials were used as analog computers, calculating, for example, the direction in which a gun should be aimed. However, the development of electronic digital computers has made these uses of differentials obsolete. Military uses may still exist, for example, for a hypothetical computer designed to survive an electromagnetic pulse. Practically all the differentials that are now made are used in automobiles and similar vehicles.", "Simple machine Two levers, or cranks, are combined into a planar four-bar linkage by attaching a link that connects the output of one crank to the input of another. Additional links can be attached to form a six-bar linkage or in series to form a robot.[23]", "Gear Examples of early gear applications include:", "Simple machine A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction or magnitude of a force.[2] In general, they can be defined as the simplest mechanisms that use mechanical advantage (also called leverage) to multiply force.[3] Usually the term refers to the six classical simple machines which were defined by Renaissance scientists:[4]", "Wheel and axle The wheel and axle can be viewed as a version of the lever, with a drive force applied tangentially to the perimeter of the wheel and a load force applied to the axle, respectively, that are balanced around the hinge which is the fulcrum. The mechanical advantage of the wheel and axle is the ratio of the distances from the fulcrum to the applied loads, or what is the same thing the ratio of the diameter of the wheel and axle.[2] A major application is in wheeled vehicles, in which the wheel and axle are used to reduce friction of the moving vehicle with the ground. Other examples of devices which use the wheel and axle are capstans, belt drives and gears.", "Gear The segmental gear, which receives/communicates reciprocating motion from/to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear/ring having cogs on the periphery,[7] was invented by Arab engineer Al-Jazari in 1206.[8] The worm gear was invented in the Indian subcontinent, for use in roller cotton gins, some time during the 13thâ€“14th centuries.[9] Differential gears may have been used in some of the Chinese south-pointing chariots,[10] but the first verifiable use of differential gears was by the British clock maker Joseph Williamson in 1720.", "Gear Sun and planet gearing is a method of converting reciprocating motion into rotary motion that was used in steam engines. James Watt used it on his early steam engines to get around the patent on the crank, but it also provided the advantage of increasing the flywheel speed so Watt could use a lighter flywheel.", "Gear train A double reduction gear comprises two pairs of gears, as single reductions, in series.[3] In the diagram, the red and blue gears give the first stage of reduction and the orange and green gears give the second stage of reduction. The total reduction is the product of the first stage of reduction and the second stage of reduction.", "Gear train For example, it is possible to determine the distance the car will travel for one revolution of the engine by dividing the circumference of the tire by the combined gear ratio of the transmission and differential.", "Epicyclic gearing The largest use of 3D printed planetary gear systems is as toys for children.[citation needed] Since herringbone gears are easy to 3D print, it has become very popular to 3D print a moving herringbone planetary gear system for teaching children how gears work. An advantage of herringbone gears is that they don't fall out of the ring and don't need a mounting plate.", "Pump This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. It consists of two meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and force it around the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed part, because the teeth mesh closely in the center. Gear pumps see wide use in car engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic power packs.", "Bimetallic strip Simple toys have been built which demonstrate how the principle can be used to drive a heat engine.[citation needed]", "Gear In epicyclic gearing one or more of the gear axes moves. Examples are sun and planet gearing (see below), cycloidal drive, and mechanical differentials.", "Transmission (mechanics) Gearboxes have found use in a wide variety of different—often stationary—applications, such as wind turbines.", "Gear train Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next.[1]", "Atwood machine An elevator with a counterbalance approximates an ideal Atwood machine and thereby relieves the driving motor from the load of holding the elevator cab â€” it has to overcome only weight difference and inertia of the two masses. The same principle is used for funicular railways with two connected railway cars on inclined tracks, and for the elevators on the Eiffel Tower which counterbalance each other. Ski lifts are another example, where the gondolas move on a closed (continuous) pulley system up and down the mountain. The ski lift is similar to the counter-weighted elevator, but with a constraining force provided by the cable in the vertical dimension thereby achieving work in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. Boat lifts [3] are another type of counter-weighted elevator system approximating an Atwood machine.", "Simple machine A compound machine is a machine formed from a set of simple machines connected in series with the output force of one providing the input force to the next. For example, a bench vise consists of a lever (the vise's handle) in series with a screw, and a simple gear train consists of a number of gears (wheels and axles) connected in series.", "Gear train If a simple gear train has three gears, such that the input gear GA meshes with an intermediate gear GI which in turn meshes with the output gear GB, then the pitch circle of the intermediate gear rolls without slipping on both the pitch circles of the input and output gears. This yields the two relations", "Gear Non-circular gears are designed for special purposes. While a regular gear is optimized to transmit torque to another engaged member with minimum noise and wear and maximum efficiency, a non-circular gear's main objective might be ratio variations, axle displacement oscillations and more. Common applications include textile machines, potentiometers and continuously variable transmissions.", "Engine Simple machines, such as the club and oar (examples of the lever), are prehistoric. More complex engines using human power, animal power, water power, wind power and even steam power date back to antiquity. Human power was focused by the use of simple engines, such as the capstan, windlass or treadmill, and with ropes, pulleys, and block and tackle arrangements; this power was transmitted usually with the forces multiplied and the speed reduced. These were used in cranes and aboard ships in Ancient Greece, as well as in mines, water pumps and siege engines in Ancient Rome. The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be more ancient. By the 1st century AD, cattle and horses were used in mills, driving machines similar to those powered by humans in earlier times.", "Vehicle Electric motors are used in electric vehicles such as electric bicycles, electric scooters, small boats, subways, trains, trolleybuses, trams and experimental aircraft. Electric motors can be very efficient: over 90% efficiency is common.[44] Electric motors can also be built to be powerful, reliable, low-maintenance and of any size. Electric motors can deliver a range of speeds and torques without necessarily using a gearbox (although it may be more economical to use one). Electric motors are limited in their use chiefly by the difficulty of supplying electricity.[citation needed]", "Mechanical advantage If the output gear of a gear train rotates more slowly than the input gear, then the gear train is called a speed reducer. In this case, because the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear, the speed reducer will amplify the input torque.", "Wheel and axle The wheel and axle are one of six simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists drawing from Greek texts on technology.[1] The wheel and axle consists of a wheel attached to a smaller axle so that these two parts rotate together in which a force is transferred from one to the other. A hinge or bearing supports the axle, allowing rotation. It can amplify force; a small force applied to the periphery of the large wheel can move a larger load attached to the axle.", "Gear Sometimes used in clocks, the cage gear should always be driven by a gearwheel, not used as the driver. The cage gear was not initially favoured by conservative clock makers. It became popular in turret clocks where dirty working conditions were most commonplace. Domestic American clock movements often used them.", "Gear As mentioned near the beginning of the article, the attainment of a nonfluctuating velocity ratio is dependent on the profile of the teeth.\nFriction and wear between two gears is also dependent on the tooth profile. There are a great many tooth profiles that provides a constant velocity ratio. In many cases, given an arbitrary tooth shape, it is possible to develop a tooth profile for the mating gear that provides a constant velocity ratio. However, two constant velocity tooth profiles are the most commonly used in modern times: the cycloid and the involute. The cycloid was more common until the late 1800s. Since then, the involute has largely superseded it, particularly in drive train applications. The cycloid is in some ways the more interesting and flexible shape; however the involute has two advantages: it is easier to manufacture, and it permits the center-to-center spacing of the gears to vary over some range without ruining the constancy of the velocity ratio. Cycloidal gears only work properly if the center spacing is exactly right. Cycloidal gears are still used in mechanical clocks.", "Epicyclic gearing In discussing the spur gear differential, the use of the term ring gear is a convenient way to distinguish the sun gears of the two epicyclic gear trains. The second sun gear serves the same purpose as the ring gear of a simple planetary gear train, but clearly does not have the internal gear mate that is typical of a ring gear.[1]", "Gear train In the photo, assuming the smallest gear is connected to the motor, it is called the drive gear or input gear. The somewhat larger gear in the middle is called an idler gear. It is not connected directly to either the motor or the output shaft and only transmits power between the input and output gears. There is a third gear in the upper-right corner of the photo. Assuming that gear is connected to the machine's output shaft, it is the output or driven gear.", "Gear Numerous nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and plastics are used in the manufacture of gears. However, steels are most commonly used because of their high strength-to-weight ratio and low cost. Plastic is commonly used where cost or weight is a concern. A properly designed plastic gear can replace steel in many cases because it has many desirable properties, including dirt tolerance, low speed meshing, the ability to \"skip\" quite well[30] and the ability to be made with materials that don't need additional lubrication. Manufacturers have used plastic gears to reduce costs in consumer items including copy machines, optical storage devices, cheap dynamos, consumer audio equipment, servo motors, and printers.\nAnother advantage of the use of plastics, formerly (such as in the 1980s), was the reduction of repair costs for certain expensive machines. In cases of severe jamming (as of the paper in a printer), the plastic gear teeth would be torn free of their substrate, allowing the drive mechanism to then spin freely (instead of damaging itself by straining against the jam). This use of \"sacrificial\" gear teeth avoided destroying the much more expensive motor and related parts. This method has been superseded, in more recent designs, by the use of clutches and torque- or current-limited motors.", "Transmission (mechanics) Most modern gearboxes are used to increase torque while reducing the speed of a prime mover output shaft (e.g. a motor crankshaft). This means that the output shaft of a gearbox rotates at a slower rate than the input shaft, and this reduction in speed produces a mechanical advantage, increasing torque. A gearbox can be set up to do the opposite and provide an increase in shaft speed with a reduction of torque. Some of the simplest gearboxes merely change the physical rotational direction of power transmission.", "Gear train If the output gear of a gear train rotates more slowly than the input gear, then the gear train is called a speed reducer. In this case, because the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear, the speed reducer amplifies the input torque.", "Gear train Notice that this gear ratio is exactly the same as for the case when the gears GA and GB engage directly. The intermediate gear provides spacing but does not affect the gear ratio. For this reason it is called an idler gear. The same gear ratio is obtained for a sequence of idler gears and hence an idler gear is used to provide the same direction to rotate the driver and driven gear. If the driver gear moves in the clockwise direction, then the driven gear also moves in the clockwise direction with the help of the idler gear.", "Simple machine This realization shows that it is the joints, or the connections that provide movement, that are the primary elements of a machine. Starting with four types of joints, the revolute joint, sliding joint, cam joint and gear joint, and related connections such as cables and belts, it is possible to understand a machine as an assembly of solid parts that connect these joints.[23]", "Gear train The car’s tires can almost be thought of as a third type of gearing. This car is equipped with 295/35-18 tires, which have a circumference of 82.1 inches. This means that for every complete revolution of the wheel, the car travels 82.1 inches (209 cm). If the Corvette had larger tires, it would travel farther with each revolution of the wheel, which would be like a higher gear. If the car had smaller tires, it would be like a lower gear.", "Differential (mechanical device) A differential gear train can be used to allow a difference between two input axles. Mills often used such gears to apply torque in the required axis. Differentials are also used in this way in watchmaking to link two separate regulating systems with the aim of averaging out errors. Greubel Forsey use a differential to link two double tourbillon systems in their Quadruple Differential Tourbillon.", "Simple machine However, a more successful strategy was identified by Franz Reuleaux, who collected and studied over 800 elementary machines. He realized that a lever, pulley, and wheel and axle are in essence the same device: a body rotating about a hinge. Similarly, an inclined plane, wedge, and screw are a block sliding on a flat surface.[31]", "Windmill Gears inside a windmill convey power from the rotary motion of the sails to a mechanical device. The sails are carried on the horizontal windshaft. Windshafts can be wholly made of wood, or wood with a cast iron poll end (where the sails are mounted) or entirely of cast iron. The brake wheel is fitted onto the windshaft between the front and rear bearing. It has the brake around the outside of the rim and teeth in the side of the rim which drive the horizontal gearwheel called wallower on the top end of the vertical upright shaft. In grist mills, the great spur wheel, lower down the upright shaft, drives one or more stone nuts on the shafts driving each millstone. Post mills sometimes have a head and/or tail wheel driving the stone nuts directly, instead of the spur gear arrangement. Additional gear wheels drive a sack hoist or other machinery. The machinery differs if the windmill is used for other applications than milling grain. A drainage mill uses another set of gear wheels on the bottom end of the upright shaft to drive a scoop wheel or Archimedes' screw. Sawmills use a crankshaft to provide a reciprocating motion to the saws. Windmills have been used to power many other industrial processes, including papermills, threshing mills, and to process oil seeds, wool, paints and stone products.[3]", "Gear train It is also possible to determine a car's speed from the engine speed by multiplying the circumference of the tire by the engine speed and dividing by the combined gear ratio.", "Wheel and axle The mechanical advantage of a simple machine like the wheel and axle is computed as the ratio of the resistance to the effort. The larger the ratio the greater the multiplication of force (torque) created or distance achieved. By varying the radii of the axle and/or wheel, any amount of mechanical advantage may be gained.[2] In this manner, the size of the wheel may be increased to an inconvenient extent. In this case a system or combination of wheels (often toothed, that is, gears) are used. As a wheel and axle is a type of lever, a system of wheels and axles is like a compound lever.[12]", "Transmission (mechanics) The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in the process. Transmissions are also used on pedal bicycles, fixed machines, and where different rotational speeds and torques are adapted.", "Gear train It is essential to have two coupled gears, of different sizes, on the intermediate layshaft. If three gears were used, the overall ratio would be simply that between the first and final gears, the intermediate gear would only act as an idler gear: it would reverse the direction of rotation, but not change the ratio.", "Inclined plane Inclined planes are widely used in the form of loading ramps to load and unload goods on trucks, ships and planes.[3] Wheelchair ramps are used to allow people in wheelchairs to get over vertical obstacles without exceeding their strength.[5] Escalators and slanted conveyor belts are also forms of inclined plane.[7] In a funicular or cable railway a railroad car is pulled up a steep inclined plane using cables. Inclined planes also allow heavy fragile objects, including humans, to be safely lowered down a vertical distance by using the normal force of the plane to reduce the gravitational force. Aircraft evacuation slides allow people to rapidly and safely reach the ground from the height of a passenger airliner.", "Simple machine The velocity ratio is also equal to the ratio of the distances covered in this period of time[25][26][27]", "Gear More recently, quantum physics uses \"quantum gears\" in their model. A group of gears can serve as a model for several different systems, such as an artificially constructed nanomechanical device or a group of ring molecules.[36]", "Simple machine Although they continue to be of great importance in mechanics and applied science, modern mechanics has moved beyond the view of the simple machines as the ultimate building blocks of which all machines are composed, which arose in the Renaissance as a neoclassical amplification of ancient Greek texts. The great variety and sophistication of modern machine linkages, which arose during the Industrial Revolution, is inadequately described by these six simple categories. Various post-Renaissance authors have compiled expanded lists of \"simple machines\", often using terms like basic machines,[8] compound machines,[5] or machine elements to distinguish them from the classical simple machines above. By the late 1800s, Franz Reuleaux[10] had identified hundreds of machine elements, calling them simple machines.[11] Modern machine theory analyzes machines as kinematic chains composed of elementary linkages called kinematic pairs.", "Wheel A wheel is a circular component that is intended to rotate on an axle bearing. The wheel is one of the key components of the wheel and axle which is one of the six simple machines. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a ship's wheel, steering wheel, potter's wheel and flywheel.", "Transmission (mechanics) A transmission is a machine in a power transmission system, which provides controlled application of the power. Often the term transmission refers simply to the gearbox that uses gears and gear trains to provide speed and torque conversions from a rotating power source to another device.[1][2]", "Gear train Close-ratio transmissions are generally offered in sports cars, sport bikes, and especially in race vehicles, where the engine is tuned for maximum power in a narrow range of operating speeds, and the driver or rider can be expected to shift often to keep the engine in its power band.", "Inclined plane An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load.[1][2][3] The inclined plane is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists. Inclined planes are widely used to move heavy loads over vertical obstacles; examples vary from a ramp used to load goods into a truck, to a person walking up a pedestrian ramp, to an automobile or railroad train climbing a grade.[3]", "Fixed-gear bicycle A commonly used gear ratio that works well in most situations is 2.75:1, which can be implemented with a 44-tooth chainring and a 16-tooth rear sprocket. [59]", "Torque In practice, this relationship can be observed in bicycles: Bicycles are typically composed of two road wheels, front and rear gears (referred to as sprockets) meshing with a circular chain, and a derailleur mechanism if the bicycle's transmission system allows multiple gear ratios to be used (i.e. multi-speed bicycle), all of which attached to the frame. A cyclist, the person who rides the bicycle, provides the input power by turning pedals, thereby cranking the front sprocket (commonly referred to as chainring). The input power provided by the cyclist is equal to the product of cadence (i.e. the number of pedal revolutions per minute) and the torque on spindle of the bicycle's crankset. The bicycle's drivetrain transmits the input power to the road wheel, which in turn conveys the received power to the road as the output power of the bicycle. Depending on the gear ratio of the bicycle, a (torque, rpm)input pair is converted to a (torque, rpm)output pair. By using a larger rear gear, or by switching to a lower gear in multi-speed bicycles, angular speed of the road wheels is decreased while the torque is increased, product of which (i.e. power) does not change.", "Gear The gear mechanism was previously considered exclusively artificial, but in 2013, scientists from the University of Cambridge announced their discovery that the juvenile form of a common insect Issus (species Issus coleoptratus), found in many European gardens, has a gear-like mechanism in its hind legs. Each leg has joints that form two 180Â° helix-shaped strips with 12 fully interlocking spur-type gear teeth, including filleted curves at the base of each tooth to reduce the risk of shearing. The joint rotates like mechanical gears and synchronizes Issus's legs when it jumps.[38][39]", "Pulley A rope and pulley system—that is, a block and tackle—is characterised by the use of a single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a load—the rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is included in the list of simple machines identified by Renaissance scientists.[7][8]", "Transmission (mechanics) Regardless of where they are used, these simple transmissions all share an important feature: the gear ratio cannot be changed during use. It is fixed at the time the transmission is constructed.", "Flywheel Flywheels are often used to provide continuous power output in systems where the energy source is not continuous. For example, a flywheel is used to smooth fast angular velocity fluctuations of the crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. In this case, a crankshaft flywheel stores energy when torque is exerted on it by a firing piston, and returns it to the piston to compress a fresh charge of air and fuel. Another example is the friction motor which powers devices such as toy cars. In unstressed and inexpensive cases, to save on cost, the bulk of the mass of the flywheel is toward the rim of the wheel. Pushing the mass away from the axis of rotation heightens rotational inertia for a given total mass.", "Transmission (mechanics) Diesel-electric arrangements are used on many railway locomotives, ships, large mining trucks, and some bulldozers. In these cases, each driven wheel is equipped with its own electric motor, which can be fed varying electrical power to provide any required torque or power output for each wheel independently. This produces a much simpler solution for multiple driven wheels in very large vehicles, where drive shafts would be much larger or heavier than the electrical cable that can provide the same amount of power. It also improves the ability to allow different wheels to run at different speeds, which is useful for steered wheels in large construction vehicles.", "Continuously variable transmission Simple rubber belt (non-stretching fixed circumference manufactured using various highly durable and flexible materials) CVTs are commonly used in small motorized vehicles, where their mechanical simplicity and ease of use outweigh their comparative inefficiency. Nearly all snowmobiles, utility vehicles, golf carts and motor scooters use CVTs, typically the rubber belt or variable pulley variety. Many small tractors and self-propelled mowers for home and garden also use simple rubber belt CVT. Hydrostatic systems are more common on the larger unitsâ€”the walk behind self propelled mowers are of the slipping belt variety.", "Simple machine Although each machine works differently mechanically, the way they function is similar mathematically.[19] In each machine, a force \n\n\n\n\nF\n\nin\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle F_{\\text{in}}\\,}\n\n is applied to the device at one point, and it does work moving a load, \n\n\n\n\nF\n\nout\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle F_{\\text{out}}\\,}\n\n at another point.[20] Although some machines only change the direction of the force, such as a stationary pulley, most machines multiply the magnitude of the force by a factor, the mechanical advantage", "Transmission (mechanics) Early transmissions included the right-angle drives and other gearing in windmills, horse-powered devices, and steam engines, in support of pumping, milling, and hoisting.", "Automatic transmission The most popular form found in automobiles is the hydraulic automatic transmission. Similar but larger devices are also used for heavy-duty commercial and industrial vehicles and equipment. This system uses a fluid coupling in place of a friction clutch, and accomplishes gear changes by hydraulically locking and unlocking a system of planetary gears. These systems have a defined set of gear ranges, often with a parking pawl that locks the output shaft of the transmission to keep the vehicle from rolling either forward or backward. Some machines with limited speed ranges or fixed engine speeds, such as some forklifts and lawn mowers, only use a torque converter to provide a variable gearing of the engine to the wheels.", "Gear Worms resemble screws. A worm is meshed with a worm wheel, which looks similar to a spur gear.", "Transmission (mechanics) The former type was standard in many vintage cars (alongside e.g. epicyclic and multi-clutch systems) before the development of constant-mesh manuals and hydraulic-epicyclic automatics, older heavy-duty trucks, and can still be found in use in some agricultural equipment. The latter is the modern standard for on- and off-road transport manual and semi-automatic transmission, although it may be found in many forms; e.g., non-synchronised straight-cut in racetrack or super-heavy-duty applications, non-synchro helical in the majority of heavy trucks and motorcycles and in certain classic cars (e.g. the Fiat 500), and partly or fully synchronised helical in almost all modern manual-shift passenger cars and light trucks.", "Elevator Vehicular elevators are used within buildings or areas with limited space (in place of ramps), generally to move cars into the parking garage or manufacturer's storage. Geared hydraulic chains (not unlike bicycle chains) generate lift for the platform and there are no counterweights. To accommodate building designs and improve accessibility, the platform may rotate so that the driver only has to drive forward. Most vehicle elevators have a weight capacity of 2 tons.", "Transmission (mechanics) There are also sequential transmissions that use the rotation of a drum to switch gears, much like those of a typical fully manual motorcycle.[12] These can be designed with a manual or automatic clutch system, and may be found both in automobiles (particularly track and rally racing cars), motorcycles (typically light \"step-thru\" type city utility bikes, e.g., the Honda Super Cub) and quadbikes (often with a separately engaged reversing gear), the latter two normally using a scooter-style centrifugal clutch.", "Simple machine The idea of a simple machine originated with the Greek philosopher Archimedes around the 3rd century BC, who studied the Archimedean simple machines: lever, pulley, and screw.[3][12] He discovered the principle of mechanical advantage in the lever.[13] Archimedes' famous remark with regard to the lever: \"Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the Earth.\" (Greek: δῶς μοι πᾶ στῶ καὶ τὰν γᾶν κινάσω)[14] expresses his realization that there was no limit to the amount of force amplification that could be achieved by using mechanical advantage. Later Greek philosophers defined the classic five simple machines (excluding the inclined plane) and were able to roughly calculate their mechanical advantage.[6] For example, Heron of Alexandria (ca. 10–75 AD) in his work Mechanics lists five mechanisms that can \"set a load in motion\"; lever, windlass, pulley, wedge, and screw,[12] and describes their fabrication and uses.[15] However the Greeks' understanding was limited to the statics of simple machines (the balance of forces), and did not include dynamics, the tradeoff between force and distance, or the concept of work.", "Transmission (mechanics) Bicycles usually have a system for selecting different gear ratios. There are two main types: derailleur gears and hub gears. The derailleur type is the most common, and the most visible, using sprocket gears. Typically there are several gears available on the rear sprocket assembly, attached to the rear wheel. A few more sprockets are usually added to the front assembly as well. Multiplying the number of sprocket gears in front by the number to the rear gives the number of gear ratios, often called \"speeds\".", "Inclined plane Other inclined planes are built into permanent structures. Roads for vehicles and railroads have inclined planes in the form of gradual slopes, ramps, and causeways to allow vehicles to surmount vertical obstacles such as hills without losing traction on the road surface.[3][5] Similarly, pedestrian paths and sidewalks have gentle ramps to limit their slope, to ensure that pedestrians can keep traction.[1][4] Inclined planes are also used as entertainment for people to slide down in a controlled way, in playground slides, water slides, ski slopes and skateboard parks.", "Gear Worm-and-gear sets are a simple and compact way to achieve a high torque, low speed gear ratio. For example, helical gears are normally limited to gear ratios of less than 10:1 while worm-and-gear sets vary from 10:1 to 500:1.[22] A disadvantage is the potential for considerable sliding action, leading to low efficiency.[23]", "Gear The definite ratio that teeth give gears provides an advantage over other drives (such as traction drives and V-belts) in precision machines such as watches that depend upon an exact velocity ratio. In cases where driver and follower are proximal, gears also have an advantage over other drives in the reduced number of parts required. The downside is that gears are more expensive to manufacture and their lubrication requirements may impose a higher operating cost per hour.", "Wheel Common examples are found in transport applications. A wheel greatly reduces friction by facilitating motion by rolling together with the use of axles. In order for wheels to rotate, a moment needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force or torque. Using the wheel, Sumerians invented a contraption that spins clay as a potter shapes it into the desired object.", "Gear train The third gear in the picture has 42 teeth. The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42/21, or 2:1, and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62x2â‰ˆ3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns one revolution, or for every one revolution of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns 0.31 (1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)).", "Worm drive Worm drives are used in presses, rolling mills, conveying engineering, mining industry machines, on rudders, and worm drive saws. In addition, milling heads and rotary tables are positioned using high-precision duplex worm drives with adjustable backlash. Worm gears are used on many lift/elevator and escalator-drive applications due to their compact size and the non-reversibility of the gear.", "Bicycle gearing A cyclist's legs produce power optimally within a narrow pedalling speed range, or cadence. Gearing can be optimized to use this narrow range as efficiently as possible. As in other types of transmissions, the gear ratio is closely related to the mechanical advantage of the drivetrain of the bicycle. On single-speed bicycles and multi-speed bicycles using derailleur gears, the gear ratio depends on the ratio of the number of teeth on the chainring to the number of teeth on the rear sprocket (cog). For bicycles equipped with hub gears, the gear ratio also depends on the internal planetary gears within the hub. For a shaft-driven bicycle the gear ratio depends on the bevel gears used at each end of the shaft.", "Simple machine In the screw, which uses rotational motion, the input force should be replaced by the torque, and the velocity by the angular velocity the shaft is turned." ]	[ "Gear train Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used. Gearing is employed in the transmission, which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and also in the differential, which contains the final drive to provide further speed reduction at the wheels. In addition, the differential contains further gearing that splits torque equally between the two wheels while permitting them to have different speeds when travelling in a curved path. The transmission and final drive might be separate and connected by a driveshaft, or they might be combined into one unit called a transaxle. The gear ratios in transmission and final drive are important because different gear ratios will change the characteristics of a vehicle's performance." ]
test524	preferential tariff arrangement ‒ group of eight developing countries	[ "doc19048" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc19048", "doc340824", "doc19050", "doc19051", "doc86338", "doc19055", "doc86346", "doc286483", "doc19049", "doc374924", "doc863425", "doc86348", "doc6693", "doc340821", "doc1259029", "doc949694", "doc1015719", "doc27773", "doc19054", "doc1141736", "doc2645093", "doc6686", "doc1004408", "doc862124", "doc875226", "doc124889", "doc1634202", "doc1701978", "doc863415", "doc1701414", "doc1208292", "doc27813", "doc86334", "doc19052", "doc1994814", "doc27782", "doc27800", "doc86353", "doc863411", "doc59205", "doc27770", "doc480934", "doc124875", "doc27771", "doc824038", "doc881597", "doc1087820", "doc729171", "doc55079", "doc2100674", "doc567442", "doc27814", "doc2292207", "doc875258", "doc86356", "doc19053", "doc86357", "doc1087847", "doc824063", "doc1506350", "doc1634258", "doc6696", "doc911071", "doc863424", "doc86351", "doc2423960", "doc2521937", "doc1208241", "doc135738", "doc911070", "doc160269", "doc149230", "doc86339", "doc863397", "doc19057", "doc949701", "doc27775", "doc27774", "doc1615047", "doc374912", "doc135745", "doc545707", "doc27801", "doc135743", "doc863402", "doc875302", "doc1015036", "doc1635798", "doc2521934", "doc86335", "doc875230", "doc2475350", "doc86349", "doc1446727", "doc135173", "doc2521935", "doc147088", "doc824039", "doc863419", "doc2521948" ]	[ "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation The D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, also known as Developing-8, is an organisation for development co-operation among the following countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. The objectives of D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation are to improve member states' position in the global economy, diversify and create new opportunities in trade relations, enhance participation in decision-making at international level, and improve standards of living. D-8 is a global arrangement rather than a regional one, as the composition of its members reflects. Organization for Economic Cooperation (D-8) is a forum with no adverse impact on bilateral and multilateral commitments of the member countries, emanating from their membership to other international or regional organisations.[2]", "Newly industrialized country Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa meet annually with the G8 countries to discuss financial topics and climate change, due to their economic importance in today's global market and environmental impact, in a group known as G8+5.[13] This group is expected to expand to G14 by adding Egypt alongside the five forementioned countries.[14]", "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation The idea of co-operation among major Muslim developing countries was mooted by Prof. Dr. Necmettin Erbakan, the then Prime Minister of Turkey, during a Seminar on \"Cooperation in Development\" which was held in Istanbul in October 1996. The group envisioned co-operation among countries stretching from South East Asia to Africa. Representatives from Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria and Pakistan attended the Seminar. This conference was the first step towards the establishment of D-8 and it was only after a series of preparatory meetings that D-8 was set up officially and began its activities with the Istanbul Declaration issued at the end of the summit of Heads of State and Government held in Istanbul on 15 June 1997", "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation As stated by the D-8 Facts and Figures Publication: \"The objectives of D-8 are to improve developing countries' positions in the world economy, diversify and create new opportunities in trade relations, enhance participation in decision-making at the international level, and provide better standards of living.\" The main areas of co-operation include finance, banking, rural development, science and technology, humanitarian development, agriculture, energy, environment, and health.[3]", "Group of Eight In 2005, the UK government initiated the practice of inviting five leading emerging markets — Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa — to participate in the G8 meetings that came to be known as G8+5; but this practice was short-lived.[5] With the G-20 major economies growing in stature since the 2008 Washington summit, world leaders from the group announced at their Pittsburgh summit in September 2009 that the group would replace the G8 as the main economic council of wealthy nations.[17][18] Nevertheless, the G7 retains its relevance as a \"steering group for the West\",[5] with special significance appointed to Japan.[19]", "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation The Developing 8 is organised into three bodies:[6]", "Group of Eight The ministerial meetings bring together ministers responsible for various portfolios to discuss issues of mutual or global concern. The range of topics include health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice and interior, terrorism, and trade. There are also a separate set of meetings known as the G8+5, created during the 2005 Gleneagles, Scotland summit, that is attended by finance and energy ministers from all eight member countries in addition to the five \"outreach countries\" which are also known as the Group of Fiveâ€”Brazil, People's Republic of China, India, Mexico, and South Africa.[31]", "International Trade Organization At the same time, the negotiations on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in Geneva advanced well, and by October 1947 an agreement was reached: on October 30, 1947 eight of the twenty-three countries that had negotiated the GATT signed the \"Protocol of Provisional Application of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade\".[4] Those eight countries were the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.", "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation The combined population of the eight countries is about 1 billion or 60% of all Muslims, or close to 13% of the world's population and covering an area of 7.6 million square kilometer,5%of world land area.[3] In 2006, trade between the D-8 member states stood at $35 billion, and it was around $68 billion in 2010.[4] Transactions between the 8 developing countries account for 3.3 percent of world trade. The figure is projected to reach 10–15 percent in the next few years.[4][when?]", "Least Developed Countries Dr. Chiedu Osakwe, as of 2001 the Director, Technical Cooperation Division at the Secretariat of the WTO, and adviser to the Director-General on developing country matters, was appointed as the WTO Special Coordinator for the Least Developed Countries beginning in 1999.[16] He worked closely with the five other agencies that together with the WTO constitute the Integrated Framework of action for the Least Developed Countries. They addressed issues of market access, special and differential treatment provisions for developing countries, participation of developing countries in the multilateral trading system, and development questions, especially the interests of developing countries in competition policy.[17] At the 28th G8 summit in Kananaskis, Alberta, Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien proposed and carried the Market Access Initiative, so that the then 48 LDCs could profit from \"trade-not-aid\".[18]", "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Agriculture was essentially exempted from previous agreements as it was given special status in the areas of import quotas and export subsidies, with only mild caveats. However, by the time of the Uruguay round, many countries considered the exception of agriculture to be sufficiently glaring that they refused to sign a new deal without some movement on agricultural products. These fourteen countries came to be known as the \"Cairns Group\", and included mostly small and medium-sized agricultural exporters such as Australia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia, and New Zealand.", "Group of Eight At the Heiligendamm Summit in 2007, the G8 acknowledged a proposal from the EU for a worldwide initiative on efficient energy use. They agreed to explore, along with the International Energy Agency, the most effective means to promote energy efficiency internationally. A year later, on 8 June 2008, the G8 along with China, India, South Korea and the European Community established the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan holding 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori.[34]", "South Asia The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), a contiguous block of countries, started in 1985 with seven countries – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka – and added Afghanistan as an eighth member in 2007.[47][48] China and Myanmar have also applied for the status of full members of SAARC.[49][50] This bloc of countries include two independent countries that were not part of the British Raj – Nepal, and Bhutan. Afghanistan was a British protectorate from 1878 until 1919, after the Afghans lost to the British in the Second Anglo-Afghan war. The World Factbook, based on geo-politics, people, and economy defines South Asia as comprising Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, British Indian Ocean Territory, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[51] The South Asia Free Trade Agreement incorporated Afghanistan in 2011, and the World Bank grouping of countries in the region also includes all eight members comprising South Asia and SAARC as well,[52][53] and the same goes for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF).[54][55]", "Newly industrialized country The table below presents the list of countries consistently considered NICs by different authors and experts.[2][3][4][5] Turkey and South Africa are classified as developed countries by the CIA.[6] Turkey was a founding member of the OECD in 1961 and Mexico joined in 1994. The G8+5 group is composed of the original G8 members in addition to China, India, Mexico, South Africa and Brazil.", "United Nations The Group of 77 at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries.[110] The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the \"Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries\" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The group held its first major meeting in Algiers in 1967, where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures.[111]", "Most favoured nation GATT members recognized in principle that the \"most favoured nation\" rule should be relaxed to accommodate the needs of developing countries, and the UN Conference on Trade and Development (established in 1964) has sought to extend preferential treatment to the exports of the developing countries.[5]:fol.93", "Socialist economics Other countries with privileged affiliation with the CMEA were Algeria, Benin, Burma, Congo, Finland, Madagascar, Mali, Mexico, Nigeria, Seychelles, Syria, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. The Soviet Union also provided substantial economic aid and technical assistance to developing countries including Egypt, India, Iraq, Iran, Somalia and Turkey.[81] It supported developing countries in calling for a New International Economic Order and backed the UN Charter of Economic Rights and Obligations of States adopted by the General Assembly in 1974.[82]", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation In the ending years of the 1970s, the seven inner South Asian nations that included Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc and to provide a platform for the people of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship, trust, and understanding. President Ziaur Rahman later addressed official letters to the leaders of the countries of the South Asia, presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for region.[8] During his visit to India in December 1977, Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai. In the inaugural speech to the Colombo Plan Consultative Committee which met in Kathmandu also in 1977, King Birendra of Nepal gave a call for close regional cooperation among South Asian countries in sharing river waters.[9] After the USSR's intervention in Afghanistan, the efforts to establish the union was accelerated in 1979 and the resulting rapid deterioration of South Asian security situation.[9] Responding to Rahman and Birendra's convention, the officials of the foreign ministries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981.[9] The Bangladeshi proposal was promptly endorsed by Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives but India and Pakistan were sceptical initially.[9] The Indian concern was the proposal’s reference to the security matters in South Asia and feared that Rahman's proposal for a regional organisation might provide an opportunity for new smaller neighbours to renationalise all bilateral issues and to join with each other to form an opposition against India. Pakistan assumed that it might be an Indian strategy to organise the other South Asian countries against Pakistan and ensure a regional market for Indian products, thereby consolidating and further strengthening India’s economic dominance in the region.[9]", "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation The fifth D-8 Summit Declaration (Bali, 2006) produced the following, as illustration of the application of the group's objectives:", "Southern African Development Community The SADC Free Trade Area was established in August 2008, after the implementation of the SADC Protocol on Trade in 2000 laid the foundation for its formation.[15][16] Its original members were Botswana, Lesotho, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe,[17] with Malawi and Seychelles joining later. Of the 15 SADC member states, only Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo are not yet participating.[18] The SADC-Customs Union, scheduled to be established by 2010 according to SADC's Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (RISDP), is unlikely to become reality in the near future. This is because the European Union's Economic Partnership Agreements (EPA) with their inherent extra-regional freetrade regimes provided for several SADC members more benefits than deeper regional market integration within the framework of a SADC-Customs Union. Since these SADC countries formed four different groupings to negotiate and implement different Economic Partnership Agreements with European Union, the chance to establish a SADC-wide common external tariff as prerequsite for a regional customs union is missed.[19]", "World government The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic and political organization of eight countries in Southern Asia. In terms of population, its sphere of influence is the largest of any regional organization: almost 1.5 billion people, the combined population of its member states. It was established on December 8, 1985 by India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives and Bhutan. In April 2007, at the Association's 14th summit, Afghanistan became its eighth member.", "South Asia The current territories of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka form South Asia.[7] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an economic cooperation organisation in the region which was established in 1985 and includes all eight nations comprising South Asia.[8]", "Globalisation in India India is a founding-member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since 1947 and its successor, the World Trade Organisation. While participating actively in its general council meetings, India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world. For instance, India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of such matters as labour and environment issues and other non-tariff barriers into the WTO policies.[8]", "Millennium Development Goals MDGs emphasize the role of developed countries in aiding developing countries, as outlined in Goal Eight, which sets objectives and targets for developed countries to achieve a \"global partnership for development\" by supporting fair trade, debt relief, increasing aid, access to affordable essential medicines and encouraging technology transfer. Thus developing nations ostensibly became partners with developed nations in the struggle to reduce world poverty.", "Foreign relations of India India has also forged relationships with developing countries, especially South Africa, Brazil,[71] and Mexico.[72] These countries often represent the interests of the developing countries through economic forums such as the G8+5, IBSA and WTO. India was seen as one of the standard bearers of the developing world and claimed to speak for a collection of more than 30 other developing nations at the Doha Development Round.[73][74] Indian Look East policy has helped it develop greater economic and strategic partnership with Southeast Asian countries, South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. India also enjoys friendly relations with the Persian Gulf countries and most members of the African Union.", "World Trade Organization Exceptions to the MFN principle also allow for preferential treatment of developing countries, regional free trade areas and customs unions.[7]:fol.93", "Bangladesh Bangladesh is a middle power and a developing nation. Listed as one of the Next Eleven, its economy ranks 43rd in terms of nominal gross domestic product and 29th in terms of purchasing power parity. It is one of the largest textile exporters in the world. Its major trading partners are the European Union, the United States, China, India, Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. With its strategically vital location between South, East and Southeast Asia, Bangladesh is an important promoter of regional connectivity and cooperation. It is a founding member of SAARC, BIMSTEC, the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation and the Bangladesh Bhutan India Nepal Initiative. It is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Commonwealth of Nations, the Developing 8 Countries, the OIC, the Indian-Ocean Rim Association, the Non Aligned Movement, the Group of 77 and the World Trade Organization. Bangladesh is one of the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping forces.", "Emerging markets In recent years, new terms have emerged to describe the largest developing countries such as BRIC that stands for Brazil, Russia, India, and China,[15] along with BRICET (BRIC + Eastern Europe and Turkey), BRICS (BRIC + South Africa), BRICM (BRIC + Mexico), MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey), Next Eleven (Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Korea, Turkey, and Vietnam) and CIVETS (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa).[16] These countries do not share any common agenda, but some experts believe that they are enjoying an increasing role in the world economy and on political platforms.", "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The EEC accordingly argued for an evening-out or harmonization of peaks and troughs through its cerement, double cart and thirty: ten proposals. Once negotiations had been joined, the lofty working hypothesis was soon undermined. The special-structure countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa), so called because their exports were dominated by raw materials and other primary commodities, negotiated their tariff reductions entirely through the item-by-item method.", "Sucrose Within international trade bodies, especially in the World Trade Organization, the \"G20\" countries led by Brazil have long argued that, because these sugar markets in essence exclude cane sugar imports, the G20 sugar producers receive lower prices than they would under free trade. While both the European Union and United States maintain trade agreements whereby certain developing and less developed countries (LDCs) can sell certain quantities of sugar into their markets, free of the usual import tariffs, countries outside these preferred trade rÃ©gimes have complained that these arrangements violate the \"most favoured nation\" principle of international trade. This has led to numerous tariffs and levies in the past.", "Developing country Four countries belong to the \"emerging markets\" groups and are together called the BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India and China.", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union, Common Market and the Economic Union. In 1995, Sixteenth session of the Council of Ministers (New Delhi, 18–19 December 1995) agreed on the need to strive for the realisation of SAFTA and to this end an Inter-Governmental Expert Group (IGEG) was set up in 1996 to identify the necessary steps for progressing to a free trade area. The Tenth SAARC Summit (Colombo, 29–31 July 1998) decided to set up a Committee of Experts (COE) to draft a comprehensive treaty framework for creating a free trade area within the region, taking into consideration the asymmetries in development within the region and bearing in mind the need to fix realistic and achievable targets.", "Group of Eight The G8 (reformatted as G7 from 2014 due to Russia's suspension)[1][2][3][4] was an inter-governmental political forum from 1997 until 2014, with participation from the worldâ€²s major highly industrialized economies in countries that viewed themselves as democracies.[5]", "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation In the first Summit Declaration (Istanbul, 1997), the main objective of D-8 is stated to be socio-economic development in accordance with following principles:", "Economy of Asia The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an association of eight countries of South Asia, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and, Sri Lanka.[94] These countries comprise an area of 5 130 746 km² and a fifth of the population of the world. SAARC encourages cooperation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism.", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (86)", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation The member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[20]", "Group of Eight The G8's relevance has been subject to debate from 2008 onward.[48] It represented the major industrialized countries but critics argued that the G8 no longer represented the world's most powerful economies, as China has surpassed every economy but the United States.[49].", "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (a) Measures for the expansion of trade of developing countries as a means of furthering their economic development,", "Economy of India India is a founding-member of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the WTO. While participating actively in its general council meetings, India has been crucial in voicing the concerns of the developing world. For instance, India has continued its opposition to the inclusion of labour, environmental issues and other non-tariff barriers to trade in WTO policies.[275]", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia. Its member states include Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, the Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion)[3] of the global economy, as of 2015.", "Caribbean The United States under President Bill Clinton launched a challenge in the World Trade Organization against the EU over Europe's preferential program, known as the Lomé Convention, which allowed banana exports from the former colonies of the Group of African, Caribbean and Pacific states (ACP) to enter Europe cheaply.[58] The World Trade Organization sided in the United States' favour and the beneficial elements of the convention to African, Caribbean and Pacific states has been partially dismantled and replaced by the Cotonou Agreement.[59]", "World Trade Organization Well before GATT's 40th anniversary, its members concluded that the GATT system was straining to adapt to a new globalizing world economy.[24][25] In response to the problems identified in the 1982 Ministerial Declaration (structural deficiencies, spill-over impacts of certain countries' policies on world trade GATT could not manage etc.), the eighth GATT round – known as the Uruguay Round – was launched in September 1986, in Punta del Este, Uruguay.[24]", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985.[4] Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. The organization promotes development of economic and regional integration.[5] It launched the South Asian Free Trade Area in 2006.[6] SAARC maintains permanent diplomatic relations at the United Nations as an observer and has developed links with multilateral entities, including the European Union.", "BRIC In economics, BRIC is a grouping acronym that refers to the countries of Brazil, Russia, India and China, which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. It is typically rendered as \"the BRICs\" or \"the BRIC countries\" or \"the BRIC economies\" or alternatively as the \"Big Four\". A related acronym, BRICS, adds South Africa. There are arguments that Indonesia should be included into grouping, effectively turning it into BRIIC or BRIICS.[2]", "Cotton While Brazil was fighting the US through the WTO's Dispute Settlement Mechanism against a heavily subsidized cotton industry, a group of four least-developed African countries – Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Mali – also known as \"Cotton-4\" have been the leading protagonist for the reduction of US cotton subsidies through negotiations. The four introduced a \"Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton\", presented by Burkina Faso's President Blaise Compaoré during the Trade Negotiations Committee on 10 June 2003.[88]", "Association of Southeast Asian Nations In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus[59] composed of the members of ASEAN as well as China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the growing US influence in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and in Asia as a whole.[60][61] However, the proposal failed because of heavy opposition from the US and Japan.[60][62] Work for further integration continued, and the ASEAN Plus Three, consisting of ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea, was created in 1997. In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was adopted as a schedule for phasing out tariffs with the goal to increase the \"region's competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market\". This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which is an agreement by member states concerning local manufacturing in ASEAN. It was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.[63] After the 1997 Asian financial crisis, a revival of the Malaysian proposal, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative, was put forward in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It called for better integration of the economies of ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus Three.", "Trade and development Anderson et al. (1999) estimate annual welfare losses of $19.8 billion for developing countries from agricultural tariffs â€“ even after Uruguay Round reforms. This is three times the loss from OECD import restrictions on textiles and clothing. A combination of better market access, and domestic reforms and foreign aid to enhance the ability of developing countries to take advantage of it, could have a significant impact on poverty reduction, and help to meet the Millennium Development Goals.", "Five-Year Plans of India Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan. Under this plan, the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt. Meanwhile, India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995. The major objectives included, controlling population growth, poverty reduction, employment generation, strengthening the infrastructure, institutional building, tourism management, human resource development, involvement of Panchayati rajs, Nagar Palikas, NGOs, decentralisation and people's participation.", "India and the Non-Aligned Movement India also is a founding member of the Group of fifteen, a group of developing nations established at the ninth Nonaligned Movement summit in Belgrade in 1989 to facilitate dialogue with the industrialised countries. India played host to the fourth Group of Fifteen summit in March 1994. At the summit, Prime Minister Narsimha Rao and other leaders expressed concern over new trade barriers being raised by the industrialised countries despite the conclusion of a new world trade agreement.", "BRICS BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Originally the first four were grouped as \"BRIC\" (or \"the BRICs\"), before the induction of South Africa in 2010.[4] The BRICS members are all leading developing or newly industrialized countries, but they are distinguished by their large, sometimes fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional affairs; all five are G-20 members.[5] Since 2009, the BRICS nations have met annually at formal summits. China hosted the 9th BRICS summit in Xiamen on September 3rd, 4th and 5th, 2017.[6] The term does not include countries such as South Korea, Mexico and Turkey for which other acronyms and group associations were later created.", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation The SAFTA Agreement was signed on 6 January 2004 during Twelfth SAARC Summit held in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2006, and the Trade Liberalisation Programme commenced from 1 July 2006. Under this agreement, SAARC members will bring their duties down to 20 percent by 2009. Following the Agreement coming into force the SAFTA Ministerial Council (SMC) has been established comprising the Commerce Ministers of the Member States.[49] In 2012 the SAARC exports increased substantially to US$354.6 billion from US$206.7 billion in 2009. Imports too increased from US$330 billion to US$602 billion over the same period. But the intra-SAARC trade amounts to just a little over 1% of SAARC's GDP. In contrast, in ASEAN (which is actually smaller than SAARC in terms of the size of the economy) the intra-bloc trade stands at 10% of its GDP.", "CARICOM Single Market and Economy Whilst all members of the CSME contributing to the CDF are eligible to receive financial and technical assistance support from the fund, only the designated disadvantaged countries - the LDCs (OECS and Belize) and Guyana (as a Highly Indebted Poor Country) will have access to resources during the first contribution cycle[82] which runs from 2008 to 2014.[89] To identify the needs of the eligible member states and to inform the CDF Board as it signed off on governance rules and regulations, needs assessment consultations were undertaken to the LDCs and Guyana.[82]", "Foreign relations of India As a founder member in 1985 of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, SAARC, which brings together Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, the country plays a very active role in SAARC. The Maldives has taken the lead in calling for a South Asian Free Trade Agreement, the formulation of a Social Charter, the initiation of informal political consultations in SAARC forums, the lobbying for greater action on environmental issues, the proposal of numerous human rights measures such as the regional convention on child rights and for setting up a SAARC Human Rights Resource Centre. The Maldives is also an advocate of greater international profile for SAARC such as through formulating common positions at the UN.", "Group of Eight Some people ask, does the G8 still matter, when we have a Group of 20? My answer is, yes. The G8 is a group of like-minded countries that share a belief in free enterprise as the best route to growth. As eight countries making up about half the world's gross domestic product, the standards we set, the commitments we make, and the steps we take can help solve vital global issues, fire up economies and drive prosperity all over the world.", "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation By the same token, D-8 is a forum with no adverse impact on bilateral and multilateral commitments of the member countries, emanating from their membership of other regional or international organisations.", "Group of Eight The Y8 Summit or simply Y8, formerly known as the G8 Youth Summit[53] is the youth counterpart to the G8 summit.[54] The first summit to use the name Y8 took place in May 2012 in Puebla, Mexico, alongside the Youth G8 that took place in Washington, D.C. the same year.", "Association of Southeast Asian Nations The group sought economic integration by creating the AEC by the end of 2015 that established a single market.[121]\nThe average economic growth of member states from 1989 to 2009 was between 3.8% and 7%. This was greater than the average growth of APEC, which was 2.8%.[122] The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), established on 28 January 1992,[63] includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) to promote the free flow of goods between member states.[121] ASEAN had only six members when it was signed. The new member states (Vietnam, Laos, Burma and Cambodia) have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but are officially considered part of the agreement as they were required to sign it upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.[123] The next steps are to create a single market and production base, a competitive economic region, a region of equitable economic development, and a region that is fully integrated into the global economy. Since 2007, ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import duties to member states, with a target of zero import duties by 2016.[124]", "BRIC In an August 2010 op-ed, Jim O'Neill of Goldman Sachs argued that Africa could be considered the next BRIC.[36] Analysts from rival banks have sought to move beyond the BRIC concept, by introducing their own groupings of emerging markets. Proposals include CIVETs (Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey and South Africa), the EAGLES (Emerging and Growth-Leading Economies) and the 7 percent club (which includes those countries which have averaged economic growth of at least 7 percent a year).[37]", "Megadiverse countries On 18 February 2002, the Ministers in charge of the Environment and the Delegates of Brazil, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, South Africa and Venezuela assembled in the Mexican city of Cancún. These countries declared to set up a Group of Like-Minded Megadiverse Countries as a mechanism for consultation and cooperation so that their interests and priorities, related to the preservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, could be promoted. They also declared that they would call on those countries that had not become Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and the Kyoto Protocol on climate change to become parties to these agreements.", "Bangladesh Bangladesh joined the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in 1973. It has hosted the summit of OIC foreign ministers, which addresses issues, conflicts and disputes affecting Muslim-majority countries. Bangladesh is a founding member of the Developing 8 Countries, a bloc of eight Muslim-majority republics.", "South Asia The United Nations Statistics Division's scheme of sub-regions include all eight members of the SAARC as part of Southern Asia, along with Iran[68] only for statistical purposes.[69] Population Information Network (POPIN) includes Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka as part of South Asia. Maldives, in view of its characteristics, was admitted as a member Pacific POPIN subregional network only in principle.[70] The Hirschmanâ€“Herfindahl index of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific for the region includes only the original seven signatories of SAARC.[71]", "ASEAN Free Trade Area Unlike the EU, AFTA does not apply a common external tariff on imported goods. Each ASEAN member may impose tariffs on goods entering from outside ASEAN based on its national schedules. However, for goods originating within ASEAN, ASEAN members are to apply a tariff rate of 0-5â€‰%(the more recent members of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, also known as CMLV countries, were given additional time to implement the reduced tariff rates). This is known as the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme.", "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The Uruguay Round began in 1986. It was the most ambitious round to date, hoping to expand the competence of the GATT to important new areas such as services, capital, intellectual property, textiles, and agriculture. 123 countries took part in the round. The Uruguay Round was also the first set of multilateral trade negotiations in which developing countries had played an active role.[9]", "Group of Eight Some criticism centres on the assertion that members of G8 do not do enough to help global problems, due to strict patent policy and other issues related to globalization. In Unraveling Global Apartheid, political analyst Titus Alexander described the G7, as it was in 1996, as the 'cabinet' of global minority rule, with a coordinating role in world affairs.[46]", "Vietnam In 2014 Vietnam negotiated a free trade agreement with the European Union, giving the country access to the EU's Generalized System of Preferences. This provides preferential access to European markets for developing countries through reduced tariffs.[112]", "Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation On June 6, 1997, a new sub-regional grouping was formed in Bangkok under the name BIST-EC (Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, and Thailand Economic Cooperation).[7][8] On 22 December 1997, Myanmar became a full member, resulting in the renaming of the grouping to BIMST-EC. In 1998, Nepal became an observer. In February 2004, Nepal and Bhutan became full members.", "Developing country There is criticism for using the term developing country. The term implies inferiority of a developing country or undeveloped country compared with a developed country, which many countries dislike. It assumes a desire to develop along the traditional Western model of economic development which a few countries, such as Cuba and Bhutan, choose not to follow.[4] Alternative measurements such as gross national happiness have been suggested as important indicators. Developing countries include in decreasing order of economic growth or size of the capital market: Newly industrialized countries, emerging markets, frontier markets, least developed countries. Therefore, the least developed countries are the poorest of the developing countries.", "Uruguay Round The Uruguay Round was the 8th round of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) conducted within the framework of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), spanning from 1986 to 1994 and embracing 123 countries as \"contracting parties\". The Round led to the creation of the World Trade Organization, with GATT remaining as an integral part of the WTO agreements. The broad mandate of the Round had been to extend GATT trade rules to areas previously exempted as too difficult to liberalize (agriculture, textiles) and increasingly important new areas previously not included (trade in services, intellectual property, investment policy trade distortions).[1] The Round came into effect in 1995 with deadlines ending in 2000 (2004 in the case of developing country contracting parties) under the administrative direction of the newly created World Trade Organization (WTO).[2]", "ASEAN Free Trade Area The primary mechanism for achieving such goals is the Common Effective Preferential Tariff scheme, which established a phased schedule in 1992 with the goal to increase the regionâ€™s competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market.", "South America Only Brazil and Argentina are part of the G20 (industrial countries), while only Brazil is part of the G8+5 (the most powerful and influential nations in the world). In the tourism sector, a series of negotiations began in 2005 to promote tourism and increase air connections within the region. Punta del Este, Florianópolis and Mar del Plata are among the most important resorts in South America.[75]", "Non-Aligned Movement The purpose of the organization has been enumerated as to ensure \"the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries\" in their \"struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics,\" by Fidel Castro in the Havana Declaration of 1979.[3] The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations' members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World, though the Non-Aligned Movement also has a number of developed nations such as Saudi Arabia, which is a member of the G20 (India is a G20 member as well).[4]", "Group of Eight Following 1994's G7 summit in Naples, Russian officials held separate meetings with leaders of the G7 after the group's summits. This informal arrangement was dubbed the Political 8 (P8)â€”or, colloquially, the G7+1. At the invitation of UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and U.S. President Bill Clinton,[20] President Boris Yeltsin was invited first as a guest observer, later as a full participant. It was seen as a way to encourage Yeltsin with his capitalist reforms. Russia formally joined the group in 1998, resulting in the Group of Eight, or G8.", "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. According to its preamble, its purpose was the \"substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis.\"", "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation The Council is the principal decision-making body and forum for consideration of issues relating to the D-8, and is composed of the foreign affairs ministers of each member state.", "Most favoured nation MFN status to Pakistan, Bangladesh and Vietnam, but review on withdrawal MFN status of Pakistan.[11]", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation In 1983, the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the foreign ministers of the inner seven countries adopted the Declaration on South Asian Association Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and formally launched the Integrated Programme of Action (IPA) initially in five agreed areas of cooperation namely, Agriculture; Rural Development; Telecommunications; Meteorology; and Health and Population Activities.[11]", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation However, after a series of diplomatic consultations headed by Bangladesh between South Asian U.N. representatives at the UN headquarters in New York, from September 1979 to 1980, it was agreed that Bangladesh would prepare the draft of a working paper for discussion among the foreign secretaries of South Asian countries.[9] The foreign secretaries of the inner seven countries again delegated a Committee of the Whole in Colombo on September 1981, which identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. New areas of co-operation were added in the following years.[10]", "Economy of Africa There are currently eight regional organizations that assist with economic development in Africa:[127]", "Least Developed Countries Since the LDC category was initiated, only four countries have graduated to developing country status. The first country to graduate from LDC status was Botswana in 1994. The second country was Cape Verde in 2007.[6] Maldives graduated to developing country status on 1 January 2011, while Samoa graduated in 2014.[7][8] It is anticipated that Equatorial Guinea and Vanuatu will be the next countries to be promoted from LDC status, followed by Angola.[9] At the UN's fourth conference on LDCs, which was held in May 2011, delegates endorsed a goal targeting the promotion of at least half the current LDC countries within the next ten years.[10]", "Uruguay Round The position of Developing Countries was detailed in the book: Brazil in the Uruguay Round of the GATT: The Evolution of Brazilâ€™s Position in the Uruguay Round, with Emphasis on the Issue of Services. In this book, the polemics about the issue of services are described, as well as the opposition of Developing Contries to the so called \"New Issues\". [8]", "United Nations Industrial Development Organization The setting up of UNIDO as a special organ had nonetheless been a compromise solution. The developing countries (the Group of 77) had in the first instance promoted the idea of a specialized agency with its own political decision-making governing bodies and autonomy in budgetary matters. The same position was advocated by several high-level expert groups and intergovernmental committees during the following years. In the context of the General Assembly's adoption of the Declaration and Programme of Action on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order and of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, UNIDO's second General Conference, held in 1975 in Lima, Peru, adopted the Lima Declaration on Industrial Development and Cooperation.[8] For the first time, industrial development objectives were quantified internationally â€” the Lima Target anticipated the developing countries to attain a twenty-five per cent share of world industrial production by the year of 2000. As part of the institutional arrangements of the Lima Plan of Action, and with a view to assisting in the establishment of a New International Economic Order, it was recommended to the General Assembly that UNIDO be converted into a specialized agency.", "South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985. In 2005, Afghanistan began negotiating their accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership on the same year.[21][22] The issue of Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great deal of debate in each member state, including concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because Afghanistan is a Central Asian country.[23]", "Uruguay Round The 1982 Ministerial Declaration identified problems including structural deficiencies, spill-over impacts of certain countries' policies on world trade GATT could not manage. To address these issues, the eighth GATT round (known as the Uruguay Round) was launched in September 1986, in Punta del Este, Uruguay.[4] It was the biggest negotiating mandate on trade ever agreed: the talks were going to extend the trading system into several new areas, notably trade in services and intellectual property, and to reform trade in the sensitive sectors of agriculture and textiles; all the original GATT articles were up for review.[2]", "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The third round occurred in Torquay, England in 1951.[7] Thirty-eight countries took part in the round. 8,700 tariff concessions were made totaling the remaining amount of tariffs to Â¾ of the tariffs which were in effect in 1948. The contemporaneous rejection by the U.S. of the Havana Charter signified the establishment of the GATT as a governing world body.[8]", "Foreign relations of India India's commonalities with developing nations in Latin America, especially Brazil and Mexico have continued to grow. India and Brazil continue to work together on the reform of Security Council through the G4 nations while have also increased strategic and economic co-operation through the IBSA Dialogue Forum. The process of finalising Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) with MERCOSUR (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay) is on the itinerary and negotiations are being held with Chile.[191] Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was the guest of honour at the 2004 Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi.[192]", "Industrial policy Historically, there is a growing consensus that most developed countries, including United Kingdom, United States, Germany and France, have intervened actively in their domestic economy through industrial policies.[14] These early examples are followed by interventionist ISI strategies pursued in Latin American countries such as Brazil, Mexico or Argentina.[7] More recently, the rapid growth of East Asian economies, or the newly industrialized countries (NICs), has also been associated with active industrial policies that selectively promoted manufacturing and facilitated technology transfer and industrial upgrading.[15] The success of these state-directed industrialization strategies are often attributed to developmental states and strong bureaucracies such as the Japanese MITI.[16] According to Princeton's Atul Kohli, the reason Japanese colonies such as South Korea developed so rapidly and successfully was down to Japan exporting to its colonies the same centralised state development that it had used to develop itself.[17] Many of these domestic policy choices, however, are now seen as detrimental to free trade and are hence limited by various international agreements such as WTO, TRIM or TRIPS. Instead, the recent focus for industrial policy has shifted towards the promotion of local business clusters and the integration into global value chains.[18]", "Regional integration The change from a system of closed regionalism to a more open model had arisen out of the fact that the section of trading blocs that were created among the developing countries during the 1960s and 1970s were based on certain specific models such as those of import substitution as well as regional agreements coupled with the prevalence generally high external trade barriers. The positive aspects of such shifting is that there has been some restructuring of certain old agreements. The agreements tend to be more forward in their outward approach as well as show commitment in trying to advance international trade and commerce instead to trying to put a cap on it by way of strict control.[10]", "Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organisation of seven nations of South Asia and South East Asia, housing 1.5 billion people and having a combined gross domestic product of $3.5 trillion (2018).[3][4] The BIMSTEC member states—Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand , Nepal and Bhutan [5]—are among the countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal.", "Group of Eight The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together representatives of six governments: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The summit came to be known as the Group of Seven, or G7, in 1976 with the addition of Canada. Russia was added to the political forum from 1997, which the following year became known as the G8. In March 2014 Russia was suspended following the annexation of Crimea, whereupon the group's name reverted to the G7.[6][7][8] Certain representatives of G7 countries stated that they would be interested in Russia's return to the group.[9][10][11][12][13][14] However in 2017 Russia announced that it would permanently leave the political forum G8. [15] The European Union was represented at the G8 since the 1980s as a \"nonenumerated\" participant, but originally could not host or chair summits.[16] The 40th summit was the first time the European Union was able to host and chair a summit. Collectively, in 2012 the G8 nations comprised 50.1 percent of 2012 global nominal GDP and 40.9 percent of global GDP (PPP).", "Foreign relations of India Certain aspects of India's relations within the subcontinent are conducted through the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Other than India, its members are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Established in 1985, SAARC encourages co-operation in agriculture, rural development, science and technology, culture, health, population control, narcotics control and anti-terrorism.", "New International Economic Order The New International Economic Order (NIEO) was a set of proposals put forward during the 1970's by some developing countries through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development to promote their interests by improving their terms of trade, increasing development assistance, developed-country tariff reductions, and other means. It was meant to be a revision of the international economic system in favour of Third World countries, replacing the Bretton Woods system, which had benefited the leading states that had created it â€“ especially the United States. This order was demanded by the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Group of Eight G8 Finance Ministers, whilst in preparation for the 34th Summit of the G8 Heads of State and Government in Toyako, Hokkaido, met on the 13 and 14 June 2008, in Osaka, Japan. They agreed to the \"G8 Action Plan for Climate Change to Enhance the Engagement of Private and Public Financial Institutions.\" In closing, Ministers supported the launch of new Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) by the World Bank, which will help existing efforts until a new framework under the UNFCCC is implemented after 2012. The UNFCCC is not on track to meeting any of its stated goals.[35]", "Southern Africa The Southern African Development Community (SADC) was established in 1980 to facilitate co-operation in the region. It includes:[4]", "Fair trade The Asia Fair Trade Forum aims to increase the competency of fair trade organizations in Asia so they can be more competitive in the global market. Garment factories in Asian countries including China, Burma, and Bangladesh consistently receive charges of human rights violations, including the use of child labour.[86] These violations conflict with the principles outlined by fair trade certifiers. In India, Trade Alternative Reform Action (Tara) Projects formed in the 1970s have worked to increase production capacity, quality standards, and entrance into markets for home-based craftsmen that were previously unattainable due to their lower caste identity.[87]", "Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation Fourteen priority sectors of cooperation have been identified and several BIMSTEC centres have been established to focus on those sectors.[3][6] A BIMSTEC free trade agreement is under negotiation (c. 2018).", "India and the United Nations India also played a prominent role in articulating the economic concerns of developing countries in such UN-sponsored conferences as the triennial UN Conference on Trade and Development and the 1992 Conference on the Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro.[13] It has been an active member of the Group of 77, and later the core group of the G-15 nations. Other issues, such as environmentally sustainable development and the promotion and protection of human rights, have also been an important focus of India's foreign policy in international forums.", "BRIC Previously BRIC was coined by Jim O'Neill in 2001 as an acronym of 4 countries which are all deemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development,[3][4][5][6] but in 2009 the leaders of BRIC countries made the first summit and in 2010 BRIC became a formal institution.[7] South Africa began efforts to join the BRIC grouping and on December 24, 2010 South Africa was invited to join BRICS.[8] The aim of BRIC is establishment of an equitable, democratic and multi polar world order,[7] but later BRIC became a political organization, moreover after South Africa joined BRICS.[9] Jim O'Neill, told the summit that South Africa, at a population of under 50 million people, was just too small as an economy to join the BRIC ranks.[10]", "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Their main achievement at the time, however, was seen to be the adoption of Part IV of the GATT, which absolved them from according reciprocity to developed countries in trade negotiations. In the view of many developing countries, this was a direct result of the call at UNCTAD I for a better trade deal for them.", "Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation BIMSTEC Free Trade Area Framework Agreement (BFTAFA) has been signed by all member nations to stimulate trade and investment in the parties, and attract outsiders to trade with and invest in BIMSTEC at a higher level. Subsequently, the \"Trade Negotiating Committee\" (TNC) was set up, with Thailand as the permanent chair, to negotiate in areas of trade in goods and services, investment, economic co-operation, trade facilitations and technical assistance for LDCs. Once negotiation on trade in goods is completed, the TNC would then proceed with negotiation on trade in services and investment." ]	[ "D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation The D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, also known as Developing-8, is an organisation for development co-operation among the following countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Pakistan, and Turkey. The objectives of D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation are to improve member states' position in the global economy, diversify and create new opportunities in trade relations, enhance participation in decision-making at international level, and improve standards of living. D-8 is a global arrangement rather than a regional one, as the composition of its members reflects. Organization for Economic Cooperation (D-8) is a forum with no adverse impact on bilateral and multilateral commitments of the member countries, emanating from their membership to other international or regional organisations.[2]" ]
test1404	how many seasons of goliath are there on amazon	[ "doc50165" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc50165", "doc50167", "doc2063443", "doc50169", "doc50170", "doc50166", "doc50168", "doc206544", "doc2502013", "doc2445936", "doc2029091", "doc1407274", "doc1826890", "doc1379528", "doc1339266", "doc1529330", "doc1543877", "doc1529331", "doc132039", "doc671565", "doc2219461", "doc828634", "doc1144506", "doc132048", "doc820158", "doc409552", "doc198643", "doc2082614", "doc2641319", "doc1355763", "doc828622", "doc995444", "doc920446", "doc252718", "doc198644", "doc3894", "doc1053348", "doc828631", "doc173225", "doc657998", "doc14838", "doc2236795", "doc2445935", "doc828632", "doc1843946", "doc820165", "doc935391", "doc1907552", "doc1339921", "doc2231056", "doc1254818", "doc1024479", "doc920453", "doc925882", "doc820164", "doc306799", "doc1722169", "doc1339261", "doc993623", "doc836725", "doc73719", "doc743545", "doc854613", "doc590827", "doc911956", "doc1658399", "doc1047838", "doc1543876", "doc1224516", "doc2314687", "doc713483", "doc279833", "doc2236794", "doc2450933", "doc2060967", "doc73724", "doc808050", "doc1690226", "doc628603", "doc502233", "doc30463", "doc2285188", "doc2204763", "doc2038488", "doc2180322", "doc1096858", "doc371197", "doc662023", "doc1186909", "doc306798", "doc1220143", "doc1007411", "doc820171", "doc1035914", "doc1465700", "doc896528", "doc1169002", "doc2285195", "doc431009", "doc1789526" ]	[ "Goliath (TV series) Goliath is an American legal drama web television series by Amazon Studios. The show was commissioned with a straight-to-series order of eight episodes on December 1, 2015,[2] and premiered on October 13, 2016, on Amazon Video.[3] On February 15, 2017, Amazon announced the series had been renewed for a second season and confirmed that Clyde Phillips was joining the series as showrunner.[4]", "Goliath (TV series) On May 14, 2015, it was announced that Amazon had issued a pilot order for the series, then titled Trial, based off a script by David E. Kelley and Jonathan Shapiro.[23] On December 1, 2015, Amazon announced that they were bypassing the pilot process with the project and were instead issuing a straight-to-series order consisting of a ten episode first season to premiere in 2016.[2] The first season would ultimately come to consist of eight episodes total. On August 7, 2016, it was announced that the first season would premiere on October 13, 2016.[3]", "Billy Bob Thornton \"Goliath\", a television series by Amazon Studios, features Thornton as a formerly brilliant and personable lawyer - now washed out and alcoholic. It premiered on October 13, 2016, on Amazon Video. On February 15, 2017, Amazon announced the series had been renewed for a second season.[19]", "Goliath (TV series) On February 15, 2017, Amazon announced the series had been renewed for a second season. In that announcement, it was also confirmed that Clyde Phillips was joining the series in season two as the day-to-day showrunner. Kelley, Shapiro and Ross Fineman were set to remain in their roles as executive producers.[4]", "Goliath (TV series) The show received generally favorable reviews, scoring a 65 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 26 critics.[27] Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 78% \"Certified Fresh\" rating based on 36 reviews, with an average score of 6.04/10 and the general consensus \"Compelling performances from an excellent cast—led by standout Billy Bob Thornton—propel David E. Kelley's Goliath into must-watch TV territory.\"[28]", "Goliath (TV series) Goliath follows \"a down-and-out lawyer (Thornton) as he seeks redemption. His one shot depends on getting justice in a legal system where truth has become a commodity, and the scales of justice have never been more heavily weighed toward the rich and powerful.\"[5]", "Goliath (TV series) On June 25, 2015, it was reported that Kevin Costner was in talks to join the series in the lead role of Billy McBride.[24] By June 30, he had exited talks.[25] On July 23, 2015, it was confirmed that Billy Bob Thornton had ultimately been cast in the role.[6] In August, Olivia Thirlby and Maria Bello joined the main cast.[9][8] On September 14, Sarah Wynter was cast in the series regular role of Gina Larson.[13] In November, Molly Parker and Britain Dalton joined the production as series regulars.[11][14] The following March, Nina Arianda and Tania Raymonde were also announced as part of the main cast.[10][12] In June, Dwight Yoakam and Harold Perrineau were cast in recurring roles.[19] In August, the final casting announcements, of Diana Hopper and Jason Ritter in recurring roles, were made.[5][26]", "Mozart in the Jungle The first season premiered in full on December 23, 2014.[4] The show's renewal for a second season was announced by Amazon on February 18, 2015.[5] All episodes of the second season were made available online on December 30, 2015. On February 9, 2016 a third season was announced.[6] All episodes of the third season were made available online on December 9, 2016.[7] On January 30, 2017, Amazon announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth season,[8] which was released on February 16, 2018.[9] On April 6, 2018, Amazon canceled the show after four seasons.[10]", "Z: The Beginning of Everything The first season was released on January 27, 2017.[1] On April 27, 2017 it was revealed that Amazon has ordered a second season.[2] It was then announced on September 7, 2017 that Amazon had rescinded the renewal, cancelling the show after one season.[3]", "Hand of God (TV series) The series officially premiered on September 4, 2015. A second season was ordered in December 2015, which premiered on March 10, 2017.[4] On September 15, 2016, Amazon Studios announced that the series would end after the second season.[5]", "Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street On February 25, 2015, Amazon renewed Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street for a second season.[1] Filming began on May 4, 2015. Season 2 premiered on October 30, 2015 and concluded on July 15, 2016.[2]", "Molly Parker One of her most recent projects involves a role alongside Jamie Dornan, Sarah Gadon, and Aaron Paul in Miramax's supernatural thriller The 9th Life of Louis Drax (2016), which started principal photography in October 2014.[4] Also in 2016, Parker co-starred in the Amazon Studios legal series Goliath.", "Harry Bosch A \"13 day shoot\" on the pilot episode of the series began in Los Angeles on 4 November 2013, while Connelly kept a daily \"set journal\".[10] The pilot was released on Amazon Prime in February 2014, and the full series was shown in February 2015.[11][12] On March 18, 2015, Bosch was renewed for a second season,[13] which takes inspiration from Connelly's novels Trunk Music, The Drop, and The Last Coyote.[14] The second season premiered on March 11, 2016. Amazon renewed Bosch for a third season soon after the second season was released, which will adapt novels The Black Echo and elements of A Darkness More Than Night. The third season premiered on April 21, 2017.[15] On October 16, 2016, Bosch was renewed for a fourth season.[16]", "Tania Raymonde She is currently starring on the Golden Globe-winning Amazon series Goliath alongside Billy Bob Thornton.", "Gomorrah (TV series) During a press conference held on 9 May 2016, the producer confirmed that seasons 3 and 4 would be produced; season 3 debuted in November 2017.[10] Season 4 is scheduled to premiere in spring 2019.", "List of The Amazing World of Gumball episodes On June 2, 2014, Cartoon Network announced that the series had been renewed a fourth and fifth season.[8] Both seasons combined will consist of 40 half-hour episodes.[9]", "Ripper Street In June 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth and fifth series.[11][12][13] In 2016, it was announced that the show would end with the fifth series.[14] Series 4 premiered on Amazon UK on 15 January 2016,[15][16] on BBC America on 28 July 2016, and in the United Kingdom on BBC Two from 22 August 2016. [9] The concluding fifth series premiered in full (six episodes) on Amazon UK on 12 October 2016.", "List of The Amazing World of Gumball episodes On June 22, 2016, Cartoon Network renewed the series for a sixth season which will consist of 44 episodes.[10] On September 6, 2016, Ben Bocquelet announced he would be departing production of Gumball upon completing the sixth season;[11] but production will continue without him,[12]", "The Amazing World of Gumball The first season of The Amazing World of Gumball premiered on May 3, 2011 with the episode \"The DVD\" and ended on March 13, 2012, with \"The Fight\".[14] A 40-episode second season was announced on March 17, 2011, prior to the premiere of the series' first season.[15] Speaking of the renewal, executive producer Daniel Lennard stated: \"Commissioning a second series before the first show has aired shows our absolute commitment and belief in the series and we're hoping audiences the world over will embrace this show as much as we have.\"[15] The Amazing World of Gumball was renewed for a third season consisting of 40 episodes in October 2012. In February 2013, the series was put on hiatus, but returned in June 2013.[16] On September 6, 2016, Ben Bocquelet announced he would be departing production of Gumball upon completing the sixth season,[17] but production will continue without him.[18]", "Suits (TV series) On July 1, 2015, Suits was renewed for a sixth season consisting of 16 episodes and premiered on July 13, 2016.[35] The series is available through streaming services on Amazon Video,[36] iTunes,[37] Vudu,[38] and Xfinity.[39]", "Grounded for Life On August 3, 2017, Amazon added all five seasons in HD through its Prime video service through a distribution deal with FilmRise.", "Bosch (TV series) On April 1, 2016, Bosch was renewed for a third season.[14][15] On October 16, 2016, Bosch was renewed for a fourth season.[16]", "The Amazing World of Gumball (season 5) The fifth season began filming on March 3, 2016 and ended filming on May 12, 2017. On June 2, 2014, Cartoon Network announced that the series had been renewed a fourth and fifth season.[2] Both seasons combined will consist of 40 half-hour episodes.[3]", "The Amazing World of Gumball The first and second seasons have been released on Cartoon Network channels in over 126 countries, with the third season rolling out through 2014.[54]", "Gotham (TV series) Gotham premiered on Fox on September 22, 2014. In May 2017, Fox renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 21, 2017.[14][15]", "The Man in the High Castle (TV series) Premiering in January 2015, the pilot was Amazon's \"most-watched since the original series development program began.\"[3] The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten-episode season,[4] which was released in November, to positive reviews.[5][6] A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016,[7] with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018.[8][9]", "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel On June 6, 2016, it was announced that Amazon had given the production a pilot order. The pilot episode was written by Sherman-Palladino, who was also expected to executive produce.[5] On March 2, 2017, it was reported that the pilot would premiere as a part of Amazon's Spring 2017 pilot season on March 17, 2017.[6] On April 10, 2017, it was announced that Amazon had given the production a series order consisting of two seasons. The series was expected to be executive produced by Sherman-Palladino and Daniel Palladino with Dhana Gilbert serving as a producer.[7] On October 10, 2017, it was reported that the series would premiere on November 29, 2017.[8]", "List of Mozart in the Jungle episodes On February 9, 2016 the show was renewed for a third season.[2] On January 30, 2017, Amazon announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth season,[3] scheduled for release on February 16, 2018.[4] As of February 16, 2018, 40 episodes of Mozart in the Jungle have aired, concluding its fourth season.", "Thunderbirds Are Go (TV series) On 10 February 2016, ITV Studios Global Entertainment announced 13 episodes of Thunderbirds Are Go (series 1, split up) would premiere in the United States on Amazon Video on 22 April 2016.[22][23][24] The premiere of the second series at Prime Video was also announced.[25]", "Charles in Charge All five seasons of the series were made available for streaming through Amazon Video and season one only on Hulu Plus.[9]", "Bosch (TV series) On March 12, 2014, Amazon.com ordered a full season to appear on Amazon Prime, and the season premiered on February 13, 2015.[3]", "Gigolos Showtime ordered a second season of eight episodes and it debuted October 20, 2011.[1] Showtime renewed the series for a third season to begin filming June 2012, but announced it would be without Jimmy Clabots.[2] Season three premiered August 30, 2012. Season four began filming in Las Vegas January 16, 2013 and premiered April 18th, 2013. Season 5 premiered on January 23, 2014.", "The Affair (TV series) A 12-episode second season of The Affair premiered on October 4, 2015.[4] On December 9, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season,[5] which debuted on November 20, 2016.[6] On January 9, 2017, Showtime renewed the series for a fourth season,[7] which premiered on June 17, 2018.[8] On July 26, 2018, Showtime announced it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season to debut in 2019.[9]", "Amazon Video The service debuted on September 7, 2006 as Amazon Unbox in the United States.[9] On September 4, 2008, the service was renamed Amazon Video on Demand.[10][11] As of August 2014 the service is no longer available for downloading purchased instant videos. On February 22, 2011, the service rebranded as Amazon Instant Video and added access to 5,000 movies and TV shows for Amazon Prime members.[12][13] On September 4, 2012, Amazon signed a deal with pay-TV channel Epix to feature movies on their streaming service, in a move to rival their competitor Netflix.[14] Additionally, in November 2013, Amazon premiered the comedies Alpha House and Betas, which are original series available exclusively online via the Prime Instant Video service. Amazon offered the first three episodes of both series at once for free, with each subsequent episode released weekly thereafter for Prime members.[15]", "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel On May 20, 2018, it was announced that Amazon had renewed the series for a third season.[9]", "Gossip Girl The success of Gossip Girl led to adaptations outside the United States. The show has received numerous award nominations, winning 18 Teen Choice Awards. The CW officially renewed Gossip Girl for a sixth and final season on May 11, 2012.[4] The final season, consisting of 10 episodes, premiered on October 8, 2012 and ended on December 17, 2012.[5][6]", "The Girlfriend Experience (TV series) On August 1, 2016, Starz renewed the series for a 14-episode second season, focusing on new characters and storylines, with Seimetz and Kerrigan returning.[4] The second season premiered on November 5, 2017.[5]", "Bosch (TV series) The pilot premiered on Amazon Prime in February 2014 to allow customers to vote to decide if more episodes should be made.[10] In March 2014, Amazon announced that they had commissioned Bosch for a full series.[11]", "Halt and Catch Fire (TV series) Season 1 was released on Netflix and AMC.com for home streaming on April 8, 2015, for a limited time.[33] It is also available on Amazon Video in the UK and Germany.[34] As of December 2017, all four seasons are streaming on Netflix.[35]", "Voltron: Legendary Defender The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10, 2016, and consisted of 13 episodes. The series has a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. It has been released globally in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Benelux Union and Latin America.[1][2] The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes.[3] The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes.[4] The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes.[5][6] The sixth season will premiere on June 15, 2018 and will consist of seven episodes.[7] The series' success has spawned several comics,[8] action figures, and other toys.[9]", "Wentworth (TV series) In the United Kingdom, all five seasons are available for streaming on Amazon Video,[53] while additional services include Google Play[54] and Youtube.[55]", "Samantha! A second season was confirmed by Netflix.[9][10]", "Hand of God (TV series) Hand of God is an American drama web television series created by Ben Watkins. The premiere episode is one of two drama pilots that Amazon streamed online in August 2014, along with Hysteria. Viewers were allowed to offer their opinions about the pilot before the studio decided whether or not to place an order for the entire series.[2] In October 2014, Hand of God was ordered to full series by Amazon Studios.[3]", "Bosch (TV series) All ten episodes of the first season of Bosch were released for viewing on Amazon Video on February 13, 2015.[12] Portions of the first episode were changed from the pilot, including the addition of Mimi Rogers to the cast to replace Amy Price-Francis as plaintiff's attorney Honey Chandler and the addition of a scene in which Bosch testifies in court and is questioned about his background by Chandler.", "You Me Her Seasons one and two are available on Netflix exclusively outside of the United States and Canada.[8]", "Gotham (TV series) Fox's Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly stated, \"We were only contractually obligated to order 13, and we ordered 16, because we think that's the way that show, at least in its first iteration, will be very strong to arc to. Could we do more next season? We certainly could, but thatâ€™s where we're starting with that one. That show is going to have a very strong, serialized element.\"[66] On October 13, Fox ordered an additional six episodes for the show, bringing the first season order to a full 22 episodes.[67]", "Hemlock Grove (TV series) The second season premiered on July 11, 2014.[5] On September 2, 2014, Netflix renewed it for a third and final 10-episode season.[6] The third season premiered on October 23, 2015.[7][8]", "Beauty and the Baker An English subtitled version was released online on the Channel 4 website.[1] On June 20, 2017 Amazon acquired global rights of the first two seasons of the show and will stream them worldwide on Amazon Prime Video.[2]", "Seven Seconds (TV series) On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Netflix had given the production a one season series order consisting of 10 episodes. The series was created by Veena Sud with Gavin O'Connor attached to direct. Sud and Oâ€™Connor were expected to executive produce alongside Lawrence Bender, Kevin Brown, and Alex Reznik. Production companies involved with the show include Fox 21 TV Studios.[3][4]", "Who Is America? On July 9, 2018, it was announced that Showtime had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of seven episodes and that it was set to premiere on July 15, 2018.[1] The series was created by Baron Cohen who was also set to executive produce alongside Anthony Hines, Todd Schulman, Andrew Newman, Dan Mazer, and Adam Lowitt.[14] On August 26, 2018, Baron Cohen suggested in a tweet from his official Twitter account that the show would not return for a second season. The following day, Showtime confirmed that the series had ended.[15] However, on the subsequent day further reports indicated that Showtime had not formally canceled the series and still maintained a desire to produce more.[16]", "List of Gotham episodes In May 2017, Fox renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 21, 2017.[1][2] As of April 12, 2018,[update] 84 episodes of Gotham have aired.", "Matlock (TV series) Season one of the series was made available for streaming through Amazon Video.[6]", "The Affair (TV series) On February 8, 2013, it was announced that Showtime had ordered a pilot for The Affair.[13] The network officially picked up the series on January 16, 2014, with a 10-episode order.[2] On November 10, 2014, Showtime renewed the series for a 10-episode second season;[14] however, it was later changed to 12.[15] On December 9, 2015, the series was renewed for a third season.[16] On January 9, 2017, Showtime renewed the series for a fourth season.[17] On July 26, 2018, Showtime announced it had renewed the series for a fifth and final season.[9]", "Green Acres MGM Home Entertainment released the first three seasons of Green Acres on Region 1 DVD. No release of the remaining three seasons is announced. However, the entire six-season run of the series is available for purchase via Amazon's video-on-demand service and is included in Hulu Plus subscriptions.", "Gotham (TV series) On September 24, 2013, Fox announced that it had bypassed the traditional pilot phase and placed a straight-to-series order for Gotham, to be written and executive produced by Heller.[62] Gotham received a series order from Fox on May 5, 2014,[63] with the first season reported to consist of 16 episodes, rather than the standard 13 or 22.[64] On January 17, 2015, the series was renewed for a second season.[65]", "The Tick (2016 TV series) The pilot of The Tick premiered on Amazon Video on August 18, 2016. The first six episodes of the first season were released on August 25, 2017.[5] The remaining six episodes of the first season will be released on February 23, 2018.[6]", "Crossing Lines In the United Kingdom, the series was released on the LoveFilm platform on October 25, 2013.[31] The second season was released on Amazon Video on August 15, 2014.[32] It is now being shown on Alibi (2015). All 3 seasons are being shown on Netflix. (May 2018)", "Gomorrah (TV series) Starting from 6 May 2014, Gomorrah ran on Sky Italia with approximately 1.2Â million viewers per episode.[3] Beta Film sold the rights to screen the series in more than 130 countries.[4] Season 1 premiered in the US on SundanceTV on 24 August 2016.[5][6] Season 2 premiered on 26 April 2017.[7]", "3% Academy Award-nominated cinematographer César Charlone, known for City of God and Blindness, served as director alongside Daina Giannecchini, Dani Libardi, and Jotagá Crema. Charlone also serves as an executive producer, alongside Tiago Mello.[1] The first season became available on Netflix worldwide on November 25, 2016.[7][8] In December 2016, Netflix renewed the series for a second season, which was released on April 27, 2018.[3][4] On June 4, 2018, the series was renewed for a third season, which is scheduled to be released in 2019.[5]", "The Bonfire of the Vanities Amazon Studios, in association with Warner Bros. TV, is working on an eight-episode, one-hour drama series based on the book, produced by Chuck Lorre. It will be distributed through Amazon Video. [13]", "Sneaky Pete Sneaky Pete is an American crime drama series created by David Shore and Bryan Cranston. The series follows Marius JosipoviÄ‡ (Giovanni Ribisi), a released convict who adopts the identity of his cell mate, Pete Murphy, in order to avoid his past life. The series also stars Marin Ireland, Shane McRae, Libe Barer, Michael Drayer, Peter Gerety, and Margo Martindale. The pilot debuted on August 7, 2015, and was followed by a full series order that September.[1] Shore left the project in early 2016 and was replaced by Graham Yost, who served as executive producer and showrunner for the remaining nine episodes.[2] The first season premiered in its entirety on January 13, 2017, exclusively on Amazon Video.[3] On January 19, 2017, Amazon announced that Sneaky Pete had been renewed for a second season,[4] which was released on March 9, 2018.[5]", "Elementary (TV series) Before the series premiered, it was met with some criticism given it followed closely on the heels of the BBC's modern adaptation Sherlock.[2] After the premiere, it was picked up for a full season and later an extra two episodes.[3][4] The season two premiere was partly filmed on location in London.[5] The series has since been well received by critics, who have praised the performances, writing, novel approach to the source material, and fresh modern twist detailed throughout the shows New York based adaptation down to the size of the brownstone first seen in the series premiere. On March 25, 2016, CBS renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on October 2, 2016.[6][7] On May 13, 2017, CBS renewed the series for a sixth season.[8] On November 29, 2017, CBS ordered an additional eight episodes bringing the sixth season total up to 21.[9] It premiered on April 30, 2018.[10] On May 12, 2018, CBS renewed the series for a seventh season.[11]", "The Grand Tour The four agreed to produce the series following their departures from the BBC series Top Gear with an initial agreement of 36 episodes over three years.[7][8] Episodes are released weekly to those with Amazon Prime Video accounts, repeats of the first series began airing on traditional broadcasters in late 2017.[9] As of DecemberÂ 2016[update] the show was made available to an additional 195 countries and various territories.[10] Studio audience segments for the first series were filmed in the travelling tent between 17 July and 11 December 2016 in various countries, while for the second series the tent was stationed permanently in the Cotswolds. Series one was filmed over the course of mid- to late 2016 and premiered on 18 November 2016. Series two was filmed over the same time period the following year; however, filming was set back due to various illnesses and injuries suffered by the presenters. Due to this, it premiered on 8 December 2017.", "The Strain (TV series) FX ordered a thirteen-episode first season for the series on November 19, 2013, and announced that the series would premiere in July 2014.[2] In August 2015, del Toro and Cuse announced a five-season plan for the series after the third season renewal, Cuse said, \"From the very beginning, we had really talked about the first book being the first season, the second book being the next two seasons and the third book the last two seasons\". He also said that beyond the first and second seasons, which are 13 episodes each, the remaining seasons were planned to each consist of 10 episodes.[45] However, in September 2016, FX announced the series' fourth season would be its last. Cuse stated, \"After finishing the writing on season three, Guillermo, Chuck and I looked at our remaining story and felt the best version could be told in one more season.\"[9]", "The Grand Tour (TV series) The four agreed to produce the series following their departures from the BBC series Top Gear with an initial agreement of 36 episodes over three years.[7][8] Episodes are released weekly to those with Amazon Prime Video accounts, repeats of the first series began airing on traditional broadcasters in late 2017.[9] As of DecemberÂ 2016[update] the show was made available to an additional 195 countries and various territories.[10] Studio audience segments for the first series were filmed in the travelling tent between 17 July and 11 December 2016 in various countries, while for the second series the tent was stationed permanently in the Cotswolds. Series one was filmed over the course of mid- to late 2016 and premiered on 18 November 2016. Series two was filmed over the same time period the following year; however, filming was set back due to various illnesses and injuries suffered by the presenters. Due to this, it premiered on 8 December 2017.", "Mark-Paul Gosselaar Gosselaar began filming the TNT series Franklin & Bash on March 28, 2010. The series premiered on June 1, 2011. On November 11, 2014, it was announced that the series was canceled, after four seasons.[18]", "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency (TV series) On November 21, 2016, BBC America renewed the series for a 10-episode second season set to premiere in 2017.[5] It was announced that the second season would begin airing in the United States on October 14, 2017. As of that date, Netflix had not announced a release date for worldwide outside the United States.", "Ripper Street On 4 December 2013, it was reported that a third series would not be made due to low viewing figures for series two.[4] Then on 11 December 2013, Variety reported negotiations between the show's producer Tiger Aspect and LoveFilm to fund future episodes, similar to Netflix funding episodes of Arrested Development.[5] On 26 February 2014, it was confirmed that Amazon Video would resurrect the show. Filming began in May 2014.[6] Series three began streaming on Amazon UK Prime Instant Video on 14 November 2014 but has not been made available on Amazon's US site.[7][8] The third series began airing on BBC America on 29 April 2015,[9] and on BBC One on 31 July 2015.[10]", "The Amazing World of Gumball (season 6) On June 22, 2016, Cartoon Network renewed the series for a sixth season.[2]", "Lost Girl Following good ratings and positive reviews, it was renewed for a second season on November 12, 2010 (two months after its premiere),[10] with the episodes order afterwards increased to 22 episodes;[11] a third season on December 9, 2011;[12] a fourth season on February 28, 2013;[13] and a fifth on February 27, 2014.[14] On August 25, 2014, Showcase announced that the fifth season would be the last, with the original 13-episode order increased to 16 final episodes.[15] The series' finale episode aired on October 25, 2015.[16]", "Glitch (TV series) On 26 October 2015, ABC TV renewed the show for a second series of six episodes. Series two began shooting in January 2017. The second season was co-produced by Netflix, which currently streams it globally outside Australia, New Zealand, and Africa.[2][3] In addition, the first series was made available to stream on Netflix globally on 15 October 2016. Series 2 premiered on 14 September 2017 in Australia and premiered on 28 November 2017 internationally on Netflix.[4][5][6]", "Jack Ryan (TV series) Amazon proceeded to put the production into development during which time they ordered three scripts written by Cuse and Roland. On August 16, 2016, it was announced that the production had been given a straight-to-series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes.[8]", "Samantha! Netflix confirmed the production of the series in February 2017, during a press conference given by its founder.[5] Its official teaser was released in June of 2018, announcing its debut for the 6 of July of the same year.[6] Months earlier, the service confirmed the production of season two that should have its debut in 2019.[7]", "Limitless (film) On May 25, 2016, Craig Sweeny announced the series had been cancelled after one season.[32]", "Lou Grant (TV series) Shout! Factory has released all five seasons on DVD in Region 1.[3][4][5][6][7][8]", "Sneaky Pete Episode 2 and the remainder of the first season premiered on January 13, 2017.[3]", "José José, el príncipe de la canción The first season is on Netflix since 1 June 2018 and has a total of 75 episodes.[2]", "The Expanse (TV series) The series premiered on demand on November 23, 2015, and on Syfy on December 14, 2015. In March 2017, Syfy renewed The Expanse for a 13-episode third season, which premiered April 11, 2018.[1] The series received positive reviews from critics, who highlighted its beautiful visuals, well-developed characters, and thrilling political narrative. It has received a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation as well as a Saturn Award nomination.", "Leave It to Beaver In early 2014, Netflix video streaming service acquired rights for all 6 seasons. The broadcast rights were for one year. The seasons were remastered for digital TV. All of 6 seasons are available for purchase through the Amazon Prime video on demand service.", "Red Oaks Red Oaks is a comedy web television series by Amazon Studios. The pilot was directed by David Gordon Green, who also executive produces with writer and creators Joe Gangemi and Gregory Jacobs. The full first season was released on Amazon Video on October 9, 2015. On December 18, 2015, Amazon officially announced the show would be returning for a second season in 2016.[1] The second season was released on November 11, 2016.[2] On January 30, 2017, Amazon announced that the series was renewed for a third and final season, which was released on October 20, 2017.[3]", "List of The Killing episodes On September 10, 2013, AMC officially cancelled the series after 38 episodes and three seasons.[2] However, on November 15, 2013, Netflix ordered a fourth and final season of six episodes,[3] that was released on Netflix on August 1, 2014.[4]", "Goliath American actor Ted Cassidy portrayed Goliath in the TV series Greatest Heroes of the Bible in 1978.[28] Italian actor Luigi Montefiori portrayed this nine-foot-tall giant in Paramount's 1985 live-action movie King David as part of a flashback. This movie includes the King of the Philistines saying, \"Goliath has challenged the Israelites six times and no one has responded.\" It's then on the seventh time that David meets his challenge.", "Da Vinci's Demons The series premiered in the United States on Starz on April 12, 2013, and its second season premiered on March 22, 2014.[6] The series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on October 24, 2015.[7] On July 23, 2015, Starz announced that the third season would be the show's last.[8] However Goyer has left it open for a miniseries return.[9]", "Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything On October 14, 2015, it was announced that production on the first season had been finished.[3] On November 20, 2015, a second season was announced.[4] On January 5, 2017, series co-creator and executive producer Devin Bunje, and various members of the cast, announced on social media that the series had been canceled.[2][5]", "The Legend of Qin (TV series) Four seasons have been broadcast as well as three special editions and the movie. The fifth season is currently airing. There is a total of 7 seasons planned.[2]", "Dominion (TV series) It was renewed for a 13 episode second season on September 25, 2014, which premiered on July 9, 2015 and concluded on October 1, 2015.[3][4] On October 13, 2015, Syfy cancelled Dominion after two seasons.[5]", "Just Add Magic (TV series) On January 4, 2018, a trailer was released announcing more episodes,[4] which premiered on Amazon on January 19, 2018, as an extension of the second season.[5]", "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver The fifth season premiered on February 18, 2018. In September 2017, HBO announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons of 30 episodes each, keeping the show on the air through 2020.[7]", "Good Omens In April 2016, Gaiman announced that as the result of a posthumous request from Pratchett he was writing the scripts for a six-part television series.[17] In January 2017, further details emerged. Amazon.com announced that Gaiman will adapt Good Omens into a \"comedic apocalyptic\" miniseries, set to be released on Prime Video in 2018. The adaption will be a six-part limited comedy series for Amazon and the BBC, and Gaiman will also serve as showrunner.[18] On August 14, 2017 Michael Sheen and David Tennant were announced as having been cast in the lead roles of the forthcoming miniseries.[19]", "The Tick (2016 TV series) In March 2016, it was announced that Amazon Video had ordered a pilot for a The Tick reboot with Peter Serafinowicz starring as The Tick along with Griffin Newman as Arthur. Co-starring in the pilot would be Valorie Curry as Arthur's sister Dot and Brendan Hines as Superian. In April 2016, Jackie Earle Haley was cast as The Terror.[3] In September 2016, Amazon Prime picked up the show for a full season of 12 episodes.[4] On January 17, 2018, Amazon ordered a second season of 10 episodes, expected to premiere in 2019.[1]", "The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams Shout! Factory, under license from CBS Home Entertainment, released both seasons in two region 1, 4-DVD sets: season 1 on November 6, 2012,[6] and Season 2 on February 19, 2013.[7] The same eight discs were reissued as Grizzly Adams: The Complete Series on May 31, 2016.", "Aquarius (U.S. TV series) The original vision was for the show to span six seasons.[16] NBC announced the renewal of Aquarius for a second season on June 25, 2015.[20][21][22]", "Gotham (TV series) The series premiered on Nine Network in Australia on October 12.[79] In Canada, it is shown in simulcast on CTV and reran on M3.[80] In New Zealand, it premiered on TV2 on September 28.[81] In the United Kingdom, it premiered on Channel 5 on October 13.[82] The channel also screen the second season but after failing to screen the third season it was announced in August 2017 that the season would premiere exclusively on DVD and BluRay and be on Netflix from September 1.[83] In Ireland, it premiered on RTÉ2 on 26 January 2015.[84]", "Alexandra Billings In 2018, Billings plays Judge Martha Wallace in the second season of Goliath.", "Uncle Grandpa With a ploy, Cartoon Network renewed the series for the fourth and fifth seasons:[3] first splitting the second season[4] (of 52 episodes) into two halves, which respectively became the second and third season, then also dividing in half the already announced third season.[5][6] With the fourth season composed of 26 episodes and the fifth season composed of 23 episodes, these new seasons are the final.[7] The series ended on June 30, 2017.", "Giovanni Ribisi Ribisi played Marius in the Amazon series Sneaky Pete. The pilot was created and produced by David Shore and Bryan Cranston, who also starred in the series. It was added to Amazon in 2015 and was picked up for ten of each episodes in 2016. The series premiered on January 13, 2017.[9]", "Oasis (2017 TV series) It is unclear how closely the series will follow Faber's plot about a preacher teaching aliens about Christianity.[1] The pilot premiered on Amazon Video on 17 March 2017;[4] future episodes may be ordered depending on the popularity of the pilot.[4] The pilot was written by Matt Charman (Oscar-nominated for Bridge of Spies)[6] and directed by Kevin Macdonald,[1] who previously directed The Last King of Scotland and 11.22.63.[1]", "Goliath Goliath was portrayed by Conan Stevens in the 2013 TV miniseries The Bible.", "Six (TV series) Six was renewed for a second season of 10 episodes on February 23, 2017, which premiered on May 28, 2018,[4] with the second new episode airing during its regular timeslot on May 30, 2018.[5] On June 29, History announced they had cancelled the series after two seasons.[6]", "Luther (TV series) It was announced on 12 June 2017 that a fifth series comprising four episodes was due to start filming in early 2018.[3]" ]	[ "Goliath (TV series) Goliath is an American legal drama web television series by Amazon Studios. The show was commissioned with a straight-to-series order of eight episodes on December 1, 2015,[2] and premiered on October 13, 2016, on Amazon Video.[3] On February 15, 2017, Amazon announced the series had been renewed for a second season and confirmed that Clyde Phillips was joining the series as showrunner.[4]" ]
test2484	how many dominoes do you need for mexican train	[ "doc85654" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc85654", "doc85653", "doc85671", "doc85672", "doc85655", "doc85661", "doc85658", "doc85665", "doc85662", "doc85674", "doc85656", "doc85664", "doc85670", "doc85657", "doc85667", "doc85663", "doc85659", "doc853037", "doc85660", "doc85668", "doc85673", "doc85669", "doc85675", "doc85666", "doc85676", "doc853028", "doc853018", "doc853012", "doc853030", "doc1816979", "doc853042", "doc853021", "doc853051", "doc853022", "doc853056", "doc853017", "doc853033", "doc853025", "doc1816981", "doc853031", "doc853065", "doc853044", "doc853036", "doc853027", "doc853034", "doc853032", "doc853043", "doc853055", "doc853016", "doc853045", "doc853052", "doc853039", "doc2580560", "doc853019", "doc694298", "doc853041", "doc2375141", "doc853015", "doc853026", "doc853023", "doc795754", "doc795737", "doc853013", "doc853047", "doc853049", "doc853029", "doc694302", "doc1146405", "doc1146401", "doc1350081", "doc853048", "doc1146410", "doc853061", "doc182694", "doc1146408", "doc853020", "doc684327", "doc1267541", "doc703881", "doc853054", "doc2085114", "doc703876", "doc2250991", "doc1421072", "doc2210540", "doc853040", "doc1512265", "doc2580564", "doc795743", "doc703891", "doc2117303", "doc853035", "doc1355820", "doc853014", "doc184376", "doc1146413", "doc1816987", "doc1525818", "doc1146406", "doc978599" ]	[ "Mexican Train A double-twelve set of dominoes is marketed as the standard for Mexican Train, and accommodates up to 8 players. Other sets are commonly used as well. The following alternate sets are common, depending on the number of people playing:", "Mexican Train Mexican Train is a game played with dominoes. The object of the game is for a player to play all the dominoes from his or her hand onto one or more chains, or \"trains\", emanating from a central hub or \"station\". The game's most popular name comes from a special optional train that belongs to all players. However, the game can be played without the Mexican Train; such variants are generally called \"Private Trains\" or \"Domino Trains\". It is related to the game Chicken Foot.", "Mexican Train With four, six or eight players, the game can be played in teams of two, with partners sitting opposite each other. Rules are identical except that a player's train and their partner's train are considered one and the same (they will usually extend from opposite sides of the station), and thus a player can play on their own end or their partner's, and neither end becomes public until neither partner can play a tile. Scoring is also handled in pairs, with the player who went out scoring zero for their team (even though their partner will have dominoes remaining) and other teams summing their scores for a team score.", "Mexican Train There are a number of other versions of the rules for Mexican Train, varying the number of dominoes drawn by each player, the rules for playing doubles, or the number of tiles that can be played during one turn. For example:", "Mexican Train In addition to dominoes, the game also requires:", "Mexican Train Play continues to the left.[1][2] Each person lays one legally placed domino per turn, or two if the player's first domino is a double. If they are unable to, they must draw a domino from the boneyard. If they are able to lay that domino, they must do so immediately.[1] Otherwise, their turn is over and play continues to the left, each player trying to place all their dominoes by playing matching dominoes one at a time, end to end.[1][2]", "Mexican Train At the start of each round, the dominoes are placed face side down, shuffled, and drawn by players to form their hands. Using the double-nine set, players draw dominoes as follows:", "Mexican Train The Mexican Train is an additional train that anyone may play on during their turn. They can start the train by playing a domino matching the engine (i.e. the double played at the beginning of the round) or add to the train. Mexican trains can be added as long as a space remains.", "Mexican Train A train can be as long as the players can make it; it only ends when all dominoes that could match its endpoint have already been played. As a result, trains can become quite long, especially with an extended domino set. It is acceptable to \"bend\" the train 90° or 180° to keep the train on the playing surface, as long as it does not interfere with the endpoints of other trains.", "Mexican Train Delayed First Turn variation: Similar to the Fast Game variation listed above, instead of simultaneously, each person takes turns playing as many dominoes on their train as possible. Any player that is unable to play on their first turn draws a domino, and may then begin their first turn or pass. When a player who has passed finally starts their train, they may play as many dominoes as they can string together. After starting their train, players are only permitted to play one domino at a time as usual, unless playing a double. This version allows a player to save their \"first turn\" string of dominoes for when they have a chance, instead of being stuck with all dominoes from the beginning.", "Mexican Train Many sets of dominoes include a station and special train-shaped tokens for markers, and packaged games with a central \"station\" and custom tokens are available. However, the station piece is not strictly needed, and anything from coins to poker chips to even pieces of candy or slips of paper can be used as markers.", "Mexican Train Players have the option, whether they can play on their own train or not, of playing a domino on any train currently marked \"public\". When a player with a \"public\" train adds a domino to it, it becomes \"private\" again and may not be played on except by the train's owner.[2]", "Mexican Train At the end of each round, the player going out receives 0 points, while all other players receive the sum of all pips (dots) on their dominoes. The person with the fewest points after all thirteen rounds have been played is the winner. In the case of a tie, the person with the most 0-point rounds is the winner. (If this is still a tie, the person with the lowest round total other than 0 is the winner).", "Mexican Train The object of all Trains games is to be the first player to place all of their dominoes. Dominoes may be placed onto the player's train, onto the Mexican train if available, or on the trains of other players under special circumstances.The middle tile counts as the start of your multiple tile train.", "Mexican Train The player who played the double must take another turn. This additional turn follows exactly the same rules as any normal turn. They may play anywhere they like, and do not have to \"finish the double\" on this turn. They may play elsewhere and, provided they make a legal play, do not have to mark their train for not finishing the double (unless the double was played on their own train). Blanks are wild. Like any other turn, if they cannot play they must draw a domino and mark their train as \"public\".[2]", "Mexican Train All trains begin the game as \"public\", and all players may play on it. When a player plays a domino on their train it then becomes \"private\". When a player draws a domino and is unable play it, they must mark their train as \"public\" by placing a marker on their train.[1] If a player is deemed to have made a strategic error the highest score of that round is added to theirs.", "Mexican Train Any remaining dominoes are placed to one side, forming the \"boneyard\".", "Dominoes In Mexican Train and other train games, the game starts with a spinner from which various trains branch off. Most trains are owned by a player and in most situations players are allowed to extend only their own train.", "Mexican Train With a standard double-twelve set the double twelve is placed in the station. In each successive round the next lower double is used until all doubles are used. The double-blank is the final round.", "Mexican Train If a double remains unfinished after it has been played, the train becomes a \"public\" train. No other train can be added to by any player until someone \"finishes the double\". Play passes to the next player who can legally play on this train (if the train is theirs, or if they can legally play on \"public\" trains). If they cannot \"finish the double\", they must draw a domino, and if they cannot play it on the double, their own train becomes \"public\". Play continues like this until someone \"finishes the double\". Single and double blanks are considered wilds.", "Mexican Train Fast Game variation: After the starting double has been placed, turns are ignored, and each player focuses on making their own train as long as possible. Once everyone has made as long of a train as they can, play reverts to turns, using the rules listed above. This speeds up the game, but eliminates some of the strategies of playing doubles.", "Mexican Train Branching on doubles as in Chicken Foot is allowed as an option (see Variations below).[2]", "Mexican Train Branching Doubles variation: Once a double has been satisfied, players may continue to branch off of the double in two more directions, meaning the double will have a matching endpoint on all four sides. Often, players like to angle these branches at a 45-degree angle to accommodate for more room. This variant gives players more choice and speeds up the game.", "Mexican Train When a double is played, it is placed perpendicular to the train. Subsequently, adding a domino to the double is called \"finishing\", \"satisfying the double\" or \"covering the double\".", "Mexican Train Swan Drive variation: A player who can play on their own train may also play one tile on each subsequent public train in clockwise order. Each public train must be played on in order to continue in this manner, and only one tile per train may be played (unless a double must be finished). Once a player cannot play on the next public train, or has looped around to their own train, their turn ends. While playing on each public train, the player may choose to play on the Mexican train or skip it when he comes to it, making the placement of the train somewhat strategical. This version makes for a much faster game.", "Dominoes The most common domino sets commercially available are double six (with 28 tiles) and double nine (with 55 tiles). Larger sets exist and are popular for games involving several players or for players looking for long domino games. The number of tiles in a set has the formula \n\n\n\n\n\n\n(\nn\n+\n1\n)\n(\nn\n+\n2\n)\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\frac {(n+1)(n+2)}{2}}}\n\n for a double-n set.[13]", "Dominoes However, this is a relatively small number especially when playing with more than four people, so many domino sets are \"extended\" by introducing ends with greater numbers of spots, which increases the number of unique combinations of ends and thus of pieces. Each progressively larger set increases the maximum number of pips on an end by three, so the common extended sets are double-nine, double-12, double-15, and double-18. Larger sets such as double-21 can theoretically exist, but are rarely seen in retail stores, as identifying the number of pips on each domino becomes difficult, and a double-21 set would have 253 pieces, far more than is normally necessary for most domino games even with eight players.", "Dominoes Dominoes is a family of tile-based games played with rectangular \"domino\" tiles. Each domino is a rectangular tile with a line dividing its face into two square ends. Each end is marked with a number of spots (also called pips, nips, or dobs) or is blank. The backs of the dominoes in a set are indistinguishable, either blank or having some common design. The domino gaming pieces (colloquially nicknamed bones, cards, tiles, tickets, stones, chips, or spinners[dubious â€“ discuss]) make up a domino set, sometimes called a deck or pack. The traditional Sino-European domino set consists of 28 dominoes, featuring all combinations of spot counts between zero and six. A domino set is a generic gaming device, similar to playing cards or dice, in that a variety of games can be played with a set.", "Dominoes The most basic domino variant is for two players and requires a double-six set. The 28 tiles are shuffled face down and form the stock or boneyard. Each player draws seven tiles; the remainder are not used. Once the players begin drawing tiles, they are typically placed on-edge in front of the players, so each player can see their own tiles, but none can see the value of other players' tiles. Every player can thus see how many tiles remain in the opponent's hands at all times during gameplay.", "Chicken foot (game) Chicken foot, also known as Chicken dominoes, Chickie dominoes, and Chickie, is a dominoes game of the \"Trains\" family, similar to Mexican Train. Chicken Foot is played in rounds, one round for each double domino in the set. The game is normally played by 2 to 8 players using any of the common sets (double-six, double-nine, double-twelve, double-fifteen or double-eighteen). If a player does not tap their last domino on the table when they are down to one and the next player plays a domino they must draw from the bone yard.", "Dominoes For 40 years the game has been played by four people, with the winner being the first player to score 150 points, in multiples of five, by using 27 bones, using mathematical strategic defenses and explosive offense. At times, it has been played with pairs of partners. The double-six set is the preferred deck with the lowest denomination of game pieces, with 28 dominoes.", "Dominoes In the Encyclopedia of a Myriad of Treasures, Zhang Pu (1602â€“1641) described the game of laying out dominoes as pupai, although the character for pu had changed, yet retained the same pronunciation.[1] Traditional Chinese domino games include Tien Gow, Pai Gow, Che Deng, and others. The 32-piece Chinese domino set, made to represent each possible face of two thrown dice and thus have no blank faces, differs from the 28-piece domino set found in the West during the mid 18th century.[7] Chinese dominoes with blank faces were known during the 17th century.[8]", "Dominoes A game is generally played to 100 points, the tally being kept on paper. In more common games, mainly urban rules, games are played to 150, 200, or 250 points.", "Dominoes Many different domino sets have been used for centuries in various parts of the world to play a variety of domino games. Each domino originally represented one of the 21 results of throwing two six-sided dice (2d6). One half of each domino is set with the pips from one die and the other half contains the pips from the second die. Chinese sets also introduce duplicates of some throws and divide the dominoes into two suits: military and civil.[9] Chinese dominoes are also longer than typical European dominoes.", "Dominoes A popular domino game in Texas is 42. The game is similar to the card game spades. It is played with four players paired into teams. Each player draws seven dominoes, and the dominoes are played into tricks. Each trick counts as one point, and any domino with a multiple of five dots counts toward the total of the hand. These 35 points of \"five count\" and seven tricks equals 42 points, hence the name.", "Dominoes The traditional set of dominoes contains one unique piece for each possible combination of two ends with zero to six spots, and is known as a double-six set because the highest-value piece has six pips on each end (the \"double six\"). The spots from one to six are generally arranged as they are on six-sided dice, but because blank ends having no spots are used, seven faces are possible, allowing 28 unique pieces in a double-six set.", "Dominoes In a draw game (blocking or scoring), players are additionally allowed to draw as many tiles as desired from the stock before playing a tile, and they are not allowed to pass before the stock is (nearly) empty.[11] The score of a game is the number of pips in the losing player's hand plus the number of pips in the stock. Most rules prescribe that two tiles need to remain in the stock.[12] The draw game is often referred to as simply \"dominoes\".[14]", "Dominoes Domino tiles, also known as bones, are twice as long as they are wide and usually have a line in the middle dividing them into two squares. The value of either side is the number of spots or pips. In the most common variant (double-six), the values range from blank or no pips to six.[11] The sum of the two values, i.e. the total number of pips, may be referred to as the rank or weight of a tile, and a tile with more pips may be called heavier than a lighter tile with fewer pips.", "Chicken foot (game) The dominoes are first turned face down and shuffled. Then, each player picks seven dominoes to form their hand. With more than four players, the game requires an extended set. The number of dominoes drawn can be increased when fewer players are using a larger set (for instance, four players using a double-twelve set can draw 15 dominoes). Any remaining dominoes are placed to the side, forming the boneyard.", "Dominoes One player begins by downing (playing the first tile) one of their tiles. This tile starts the line of play, in which values of adjacent pairs of tile ends must match. The players alternately extend the line of play with one tile at one of its two ends; if a player is unable to place a valid tile, they must keep on pulling tiles from the stock until they can. The game ends when one player wins by playing their last tile, or when the game is blocked because neither player can play. If that occurs, whoever caused the block gets all of the remaining player points not counting their own.[11]", "Dominoes Since April 2008,[23] the character encoding standard Unicode includes characters that represent the double-six domino tiles in various orientations. All combinations of blank through six pips on the left or right provides 49 glyphs, the same combinations vertically for another 49, and also a horizontal and a vertical \"back\" for a total of 100 glyphs. In this arrangement, both orientations are present: horizontally both tiles [1\|6] and [6\|1] exist, while a regular game set only has one such tile. The Unicode range for dominoes is U+1F030â€“U+1F09F. The naming pattern in Unicode is, by example, U+1F03B ðŸ€» DOMINO TILE HORIZONTAL-01-03. Few fonts are known to support these glyphs.[24] While the complete domino set has only 28 tiles, for printing layout reasons, the Unicode set needs both horizontal and vertical forms for each tile, plus the 01-03 (plain) 03-01 (reversed) pairs, and generic backsides.", "Dominoes Playing the first bone of a hand is sometimes called setting, leading, downing, or posing the first bone. Dominoes aficionados often call this procedure smacking down the bone.[17] After each hand, bones are shuffled and each player draws the number of bones required, normally seven. Play proceeds clockwise. Players, in turn, must play a bone with an end that matches one of the open ends of the layouts.", "Dominoes The rules for the line of play often differ from one variant to another. In many rules, the doubles serve as spinners, i.e., they can be played on all four sides, causing the line of play to branch. Sometimes, the first tile is required to be a double, which serves as the only spinner.[12] In some games such as Chicken Foot, all sides of a spinner must be occupied before anybody is allowed to play elsewhere. Matador has unusual rules for matching. Bendomino uses curved tiles, so one side of the line of play (or both) may be blocked for geometrical reasons.", "Dominoes Every tile belongs to the two suits of its two values, e.g. 0–3 belongs both to the blank suit (or 0 suit) and to the 3 suit. Naturally the doubles form an exception in that each double belongs to only one suit.[11] In 42, the doubles can be treated as an additional suit of doubles, so the double-six (6–6) belongs both to the six suit and the suit of doubles.", "Dominoes Adaptations of both games can accommodate more than two players, who may play individually or in teams.[11]", "Dominoes Players accrue points during game play for certain configurations, moves, or emptying one's hand. Most scoring games use variations of the draw game. If a player does not call \"domino\" before the tile is laid on the table, and another player says domino after the tile is laid, the first player must pick up an extra domino.", "Dominoes In many versions of the game, the player with the highest double leads with that double, for example \"double-six\". If no one has it, the next-highest double is called: \"double-five?\", then \"double-four?\", etc. until the highest double in any of the players' hands is played. If no player has an \"opening\" double, the next heaviest domino in the highest suit is called - \"six-five?\", \"six-four?\". In some variants, players take turns picking dominoes from the stock until an opening double is picked and played. In other variants, the hand is reshuffled and each player picks seven dominoes. After the first hand, the winner (or winning team) of the previous hand is allowed to pick first and begins by playing any domino in his or her hand.", "Dominoes Apart from the usual blocking and scoring games, also domino games of a very different character are played, such as solitaire or trick-taking games. Most of these are adaptations of card games and were once popular in certain areas to circumvent religious proscriptions against playing cards.[18]\nA very simple example is a Concentration variant played with a double-six set; two tiles are considered to match if their total pip count is 12.", "Dominoes Modern commercial domino sets are usually made of synthetic materials, such as ABS or polystyrene plastics, or Bakelite and other phenolic resins; many sets approximate the look and feel of ivory while others use colored or even translucent plastics to achieve a more contemporary look. Modern sets also commonly use a different color for the dots of each different end value (one-spots might have black pips while two-spots might be green, three red, etc.) to facilitate finding matching ends. Occasionally, one may find a domino set made of card stock like that for playing cards. Such sets are lightweight, compact, and inexpensive, and like cards are more susceptible to minor disturbances such as a sudden breeze. Sometimes, dominoes have a metal pin (called a spinner or pivot) in the middle.[5]", "Dominoes In some versions of the games, the pips or points on the end, and the section to be played next to it must add up to a given number. For example, in a double-six set, the \"sum\" would be six, requiring a blank to be played next to a six, an ace (one) next to a five, a deuce (two) next to a four, etc.", "Dominoes In some games, the tally is kept by creating houses, where the beginning of the house (the first 10 points) is a large +, the next 10 points are O, and scoring with a five is a /, and are placed in the four corners of the house. One house is equal to 50 points.", "Dominoes In scoring games, each individual can potentially add to the score. For example, in Bergen, players score two points whenever they cause a configuration in which both open ends have the same value and three points if additionally one open end is formed by a double.[15][16] In Muggins, players score by ensuring the total pip count of the open ends is a multiple of a certain number. In variants of Muggins, the line of play may branch due to spinners.", "Mahjong The game is played with a set of 144 tiles based on Chinese characters and symbols, although some regional variations may omit some tiles and/or add unique tiles. In most variations, each player begins by receiving 13 tiles. In turn players draw and discard tiles until they complete a legal hand using the 14th drawn tile to form 4 melds (or sets) and a pair (eye). A player can also win with a small class of special hands. There are fairly standard rules about how a piece is drawn, how a piece is robbed from another player, the use of simples (numbered tiles) and honors (winds and dragons), the kinds of melds allowed, how to deal the tiles and the order of play. Despite these similarities, there are many regional variations to the rules including rather different scoring systems, criteria for legal winning hands and even private table rules which distinguish some variations as notably different styles of mahjong.", "Dominoes The oldest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin (i.e., the capital Hangzhou) written by the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) author Zhou Mi (1232–1298), who listed pupai (gambling plaques or dominoes), as well as dice as items sold by peddlers during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Song (r. 1162–1189).[1] Andrew Lo asserts that Zhou Mi meant dominoes when referring to pupai, since the Ming author Lu Rong (1436–1494) explicitly defined pupai as dominoes (in regard to a story of a suitor who won a maiden's hand by drawing out four winning pupai from a set).[1]", "Lotería Lotería is the Spanish word for lottery. The deck is composed of a set of 54 different images, each one in a card. To start the game, the caller (cantor, or singer) randomly selects a card from the deck and announces it to the players by its name, sometimes using a riddle or humorous patter instead of reading the card name. The players with a matching pictogram on their board mark it off with a chip or other kind of marker (many Mexican people traditionally use small rocks, crown corks or pinto beans as markers). The first player with four chips in a horizontal, vertical or diagonal row, squared pattern, any other previously specified pattern, or fills the tabla first shouts \"¡Lotería!\" (Lottery!) or \"¡Buenas!\" (Good!) and is the winner.", "Dominoes An \"end\" stops when one of the players is out, i.e., has played all of their dominoes. In the event no player is able to empty their hand, then the player with the lowest domino left in hand is deemed to be out and scores one point. A game consists of any number of ends with points scored in the ends accumulating towards a total. The game ends when one of the pair's total score exceeds a set number of points. A running total score is often kept on a cribbage board. 5s-and-3s is played in a number of competitive leagues in the British Isles.", "Sequence (game) Playing Board 19 3⁄4 by 15 1⁄4 inches (500 mm × 390 mm); Instructions; 135 poker chips (50 blue, 50 green, 35 red); two full standard card decks (52 cards each, 104 cards total, no Jokers)", "Dominoes European-style dominoes are traditionally made of bone or ivory, or a dark hardwood such as ebony, with contrasting black or white pips (inlaid or painted). Alternatively, domino sets have been made from many different natural materials: stone (e.g., marble, granite or soapstone); other hardwoods (e.g., ash, oak, redwood, and cedar); metals (e.g., brass or pewter); ceramic clay, or even frosted glass or crystal. These sets have a more novel look, and the often heavier weight makes them feel more substantial; also, such materials and the resulting products are usually much more expensive than polymer materials.", "Dominoes Tiles are generally named after their two values; e.g. deuce-five or five-deuce (2–5 or 5–2) are alternative ways of describing the tile with the values two and five. Tiles that have the same value on both ends are called doubles, and are typically referred to as double-zero, double-one, etc.[11] Tiles with two different values are called singles.[12]", "Dominoes The early 18th century had dominoes making their way to Europe, making their first appearance in Italy. The game changed somewhat in the translation from Chinese to the European culture. European domino sets contain neither suit distinctions nor the duplicates that went with them. Instead, European sets contain seven additional dominoes, with six of these representing the values that result from throwing a single die with the other half of the tile left blank, and the seventh domino representing the blank-blank (0â€“0) combination.", "Chinese checkers Diamond game is a variant of Chinese Checkers played in South Korea and Japan. It uses the same jump rule as in Chinese Checkers. The aim of the game is to enter all one's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board, before opponents do the same. Each player has ten or fifteen pieces. Ten-piece diamond uses a smaller gameboard than Chinese Checkers, with 73 spaces. Fifteen-piece diamond uses the same board as in Chinese Checkers, with 121 spaces. To play diamond each player selects one color and places their 10 or 15 pieces on a triangle. Two to six players can compete.[12]", "Chinese checkers The aim is to race all one's pieces into the star corner on the opposite side of the board before opponents do the same. The destination corner is called home. Each player has 10 pieces, except in games between two players when 15 are used.[8] (On bigger star boards, 15 or 21 pieces are used.[9])", "Dominoes The earliest mention of dominoes is from Song dynasty China found in the text Former Events in Wulin by Zhou Mi (1232â€“1298).[1] Modern dominoes first appeared in Italy during the 18th century, but how Chinese dominoes developed into the modern game is unknown. Italian missionaries in China may have brought the game to Europe.[2]", "Dominoes If a player inadvertently picks up and sees one or more extra dominoes, those dominoes become part of his or her hand.", "Dominoes Play continues until one of the players has played all the dominoes in his or her hand, calls \"Out!\", \"I win\", or \"Domino!\" and wins the hand, or until all players are blocked and no legal plays remain. This is sometimes referred to as locked down or sewed up. In a common version of the game, the next player after the block picks up all the dominoes in the bone yard as if trying to find a (nonexistent) match. If all the players are blocked, or locked out, the player with the lowest hand (pip count) wins. In team play, the team with the lowest individual hand wins. In the case of a tie, the first of tied players or the first team in the play rotation wins.", "Dominoes The most popular type of play are layout games, which fall into two main categories, blocking games and scoring games.", "Lotería The following is a list of all the original 54 LoterÃa cards, traditionally and broadly recognized in all of Mexico. Below each card name and number, are the riddles (in Spanish) sometimes used to tell the players which card was drawn. However, there are several less traditional sets of cards, depicting different objects or animals.", "Rummikub Rummikub's main component is a pool of tiles, consisting of 104 number tiles and two joker tiles. The number tiles range in value from one to thirteen in four colors (black, orange, blue and red). Each combination of color and number is represented twice. Players each have a rack to store tiles without revealing the face of the tiles to the other players.", "Rummikub Rummikub is a tile-based game for two to four players, combining elements of the card game rummy and mahjong. There are 104 number tiles in the game (valued 1 to 13 in four different colors, two copies of each) and two jokers. Players have 14 or 16 tiles initially and take turns putting down tiles from their racks into sets (groups or runs) of at least three, drawing a tile if they cannot play. In the Sabra version (the most common and popular), the first player to use all their tiles scores a positive score based on the total of the other players' hands, while the losers get negative scores. An important feature of the game is that players can work with the tiles that have already been played.", "Skip-Bo Two to four people can play at a time as individuals, or, six or more players in teams (no more than three partnerships). The object of the game is to be the first player or team to play out their entire stock pile(s). The player with the middle age goes first. Each player is dealt 30 cards for their pile with only the top card visible, and a hand of five cards, and the remaining cards are placed face down to create a common draw pile. The shared play area allows up to four build piles, which must be started using either a \"1\" card or a Skip-Bo, and each player also has up to four personal discard piles. Each turn the active player draws until they have five cards in hand, though there are cases of not drawing more cards to equal five cards, instead doing a draw of a certain number of cards. They must play either the next card in sequential order or a wild Skip-Bo card, using either cards in hand, the top card of their stock pile, or the top card of any of their four discard piles. If the player can play all five cards from their hand, they draw five more and continue playing. When no more plays are available, the player discards one card to either an empty discard pile or on top of an existing one and play passes to the next player. When a build pile reaches 12, it is removed from the board and that space becomes empty for another pile to be started; play continues until one player has played their final start card.", "Dominoes A player who can play a tile may be allowed to pass anyway. Passing can be signalled by tapping twice on the table or by saying \"go\" or \"pass\".", "Rummikub All tiles in play must be arranged in sets of at least three tiles. The two valid set types are called runs and groups:", "Dominoes The Netherlands has hosted an annual domino-toppling exhibition called Domino Day since 1986. The event held on 18 November 2005 knocked over 4 million dominoes by a team from Weijers Domino Productions. On Domino Day 2008 (14 November 2008), the Weijers Domino Productions team attempted to set 10 records:[22]", "Rummy Rummy is a group of matching card games notable for similar gameplay based on matching cards of the same rank or sequence and same suit. The basic goal in any form of rummy is to build melds which consists of sets, three or four of a kind of the same rank; or runs, three or more cards in sequence, of the same suit. You can also have mixed runs in all types of rummy so long as all 7 cards are in order. The original form of rummy is called Sai rummy, Straight Rummy, Standard Rummy, Traditional Rummy, or Basic rummy.[1] The Mexican game of Conquian is considered by games scholar David Parlett to be ancestral to all rummy games, which itself is derived from a Chinese game called Khanhoo and, going even further back, Mahjong.[2] The Rummy principle of drawing and discarding with a view to melding appears in Chinese card games at least in the early 19th century and perhaps as early as the 18th century and is, in fact, the essence of Mah-jong.[3] Rummy is also very popular in India. It is most likely that Indian Rummy is an extension of Gin Rummy and Rummy 500 which originated from the USA. It is played with 13 cards, one or two decks, two or more players and with or without jokers.", "Rummikub For a player's first move, he must play a set (or sets in some versions) with a value of at least 30 points. Point values are taken from the face value of each tile played, with the joker (if played) assuming the value of the tile it is being used in place of. A player may not use other players' tiles to make the \"initial meld\". If a player cannot make an initial meld, he must pick up a single tile from the pool and add it to his rack. Play then proceeds to the next player.", "Dominoes The earliest known manual written about dominoes is the 《宣和牌譜》 (Manual of the Xuanhe Period) written by Qu You (1341–1437),[1] but some Chinese scholars believe this manual is a forgery from a later time.[6]", "Eight-ball In Mexico, a minority of players rack with the 8 ball rather than the apex ball on the foot spot, a trait in common with British-style blackball/8-ball pool. Pocketing the 8 ball on the break shot is an instant win, as it usually is in American bar pool, but is not in the international rules. Because Mexican pool, except near the US border, is almost always played on open-pocket pool-hall-style tables, rather than coin-operated tables that trap object balls, any of one's own balls pocketed on a foul are spotted (but how they are spotted varies widely, with the balls often placed against the foot cushion on the center string, and adjacent to nearby diamonds if more than one must be spotted, instead of on the foot spot, but sometimes even to the side at long rail diamonds, due to the influence of coyote, a Mexican variant of Chicago; foot-spot spotting is neither common nor uncommon.) Pool itself is not considered a very serious game in the country other than in the northern states; in most of Mexico, three-cushion billiards is the serious game, while pool is mostly played by youths, by groups of friends (including many young women) as a bar game to pass the time, and by older working-class men as an after-work activity. In many recreation halls, dominoes is more popular than pool.", "Pai gow The 32 tiles in a Chinese dominoes set can be arranged into 16 pairs, as shown in the picture at the top of this article. Eleven of these pairs have identical tiles, and five of these pairs are made up of two tiles that score the same, but look different. (The latter group includes the Gee Joon tiles, which can score the same, whether as three or six.) If a hand is made up of a pair, it always scores higher than a non-pair, no matter what the value of the pips are. (Pairs are often thought of as being worth 12 points each.)", "500 rum The object of the game is to score points as in regular rummy by laying down or laying off cards, initially in groups of matching cards known as melds, with a meld consisting of either: 3 or 4 cards of the same rank (e.g. 8♠ 8♥ 8♣ or 8♦ 8♠ 8♥ 8♣) called a set; or in sequences of three or more cards of the same suit (e.g. 8♠ 9♠ 10♠) called a run. One variation of the game requires that laying down a run can only be done starting with four or more cards of the same suit (e.g. 7♠ 8♠ 9♠ 10♠).", "Dominoes When a player plays out of turn or knocks when he could have played and someone calls bogus play, the other person is awarded 50 points.", "Mahjong tiles A set of Mahjong tiles will usually differ from place to place. It usually has at least 136 tiles, most commonly 144, although sets originating from the United States or Southeast Asia will have more usually in the form of flowers or jokers. Some sets also contain blank tiles which owners can use to replace damaged or missing tiles.", "500 rum 500 rum, also called pinochle rummy, Michigan rummy, Persian rummy, rummy 500 or 500 rummy, is a popular variant of rummy.[1] The game of canasta and several other games are believed[by whom?] to have developed from this popular form of rummy.[2][3][4][5][6] The distinctive feature of 500 Rum is that each player scores the value of the sets or cards they meld. It may be played by 2 to 8 players, but it is best for 3 to 5. The term \"Michigan Rummy\" may also refer to an unrelated game involving a playing board, chips, and accumulated pots that are awarded to players who play certain cards.", "Jenga Jenga is played with 54 wooden blocks. Each block is three times longer than its width, and one fifth as thick as its length 1.5 cm × 2.5 cm × 7.5 cm (0.59 in × 0.98 in × 2.95 in). Blocks have small, random variations from these dimensions so as to create imperfections in the stacking process and provide additional challenge to the game.[2] To set up the game, the included loading tray is used to stack the initial tower which has eighteen levels of three blocks placed adjacent to one another along their long side and at right angles to the previous level (so, for example, if the blocks in the first level lie lengthwise north-south, the second-level blocks will lie east-west).", "Sorry! (game) The modern deck contains 45 cards: there are five 1 cards as well as four each of the other cards (Sorry!, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 and 12). The 6s or 9s are kept out to avoid confusion. The first edition of the game had 44 cards (four of each) and the extra 1 card was soon introduced as an option for quicker play.[5] A 1996 board from Waddingtons had 5 of each card.", "Crazy Eights A standard 52-card deck is used when there are five or fewer players. When there are more than five players, two decks are shuffled together and all 104 cards are used.", "Dominoes In British public houses and social clubs, a scoring version of \"5s-and-3s\" is used. The game is normally played in pairs (two against two) and is played as a series of \"ends\". In each \"end\", the objective is for players to attach a domino from their hand to one end of those already played so that the sum of the end dominoes is divisible by five or three. One point is scored for each time five or three can be divided into the sum of the two dominoes, i.e. four at one end and five at the other makes nine, which is divisible by three three times, resulting in three points. Double five at one end and five at the other makes 15, which is divisible by three five times (five points) and divisible by five three times (three points) for a total of eight points.", "Mexican League The league has a total of 16 teams organized in two divisions, North and South. Teams play 114 games each season. Five teams in each division advance to a four-round postseason tournament that culminates in the Serie del Rey, a best-of-seven championship series between the two division champions. The Mexican League has two minor leagues of its own, the Liga Norte de México and Mexican Academy League.", "Mahjong A set of Mahjong tiles usually has at least 136 tiles (most commonly 144). Although, sets originating from the United States or Southeast Asia will probably have more. Mahjong tiles are split into 3 categories: Suits, Honors, and Bonuses.", "Chinese checkers In a two-player game, each player plays one, two, or three sets of pieces. If one set is played, the pieces usually go into the opponent's starting corner, and the number of pieces per side is increased to 15 (instead of the usual 10). If two sets are played, the pieces can either go into the opponent's starting corners, or one of the players' two sets can go into an opposite empty corner. If three sets are played, the pieces usually go into the opponent's starting corners.", "500 rum In one variation, a player may pick up from the discard pile to play a single card or pair of cards on a meld or other cards that have already been laid down by any of the players. In another variation, a player may pick up only the top card from the discard pile and keep it in their hand without immediately playing it.[1]", "History of games The modern game of Dominoes developed from early Chinese tile based games. What appears to have been the earliest references to gaming tiles are mentions of kwat pai, or \"bone tiles\", used in gambling, in Chinese writings no later than 900 AD.[35] The earliest definite references to Chinese dominoes are found in the literature of the Song Dynasty (960-1279), while Western-style dominoes are a more recent variation, with the earliest examples being of early-18th century Italian design.[36] The modern tile game Mahjong is based on older Chinese card games like Khanhoo, peng hu, and shi hu.[37]", "Dominoes The line of play is the configuration of played tiles on the table. It starts with a single tile and typically grows in two opposite directions when players add matching tiles. In practice, players often play tiles at right angles when the line of play gets too close to the edge of the table.", "Pinochle In triple-deck pinochle[8] six play in two partnerships of three each; each player has an opponent at their right and left. Three pinochle decks with no nines are mixed together, making a pack of 120 cards. Each player is dealt 20 cards, and the rules of double deck pinochle apply, except that the minimum bid is 75, and the last trick is worth 3 points. most of the extra melds made possible by the triple pack do not count extra. i.e. if a player should hold twenty aces, five of each suit, the value would be that of double aces and triple aces combined.[10]", "Dominoes The name \"domino\" is most likely from the resemblance to a kind of carnival costume worn during the Venetian Carnival, often consisting of a black-hooded robe and a white mask.[3][4] Despite the coinage of the word polyomino as a generalization, there is no connection between the word \"domino\" and the number 2 in any language.", "Uno (card game) The deck consists of 108 cards, of which there are 25 of each color (red, green, blue, and yellow), each color having two of each rank except zero. The ranks in each color are zero to nine, \"Skip\", \"Draw Two\", and \"Reverse\" (the last three being \"action cards\"). In addition, the deck contains four each of \"Wild\" and \"Wild Draw Four\" cards.", "Rummikub Players may play tiles by amending sets already in play. The only limit to the length of a run is the extremes of the tile values. Groups are limited to four because colors may not repeat within a group. If player has a play in hand it must be played or seven tiles must be drawn.", "Chicken foot (game) A round is over when either one player plays the last domino in their hand or no players can make a legal play. The latter situation can occur if someone plays a double that no longer has three remaining free dominoes to play on it and the boneyard is exhausted.", "Jack change it The number of starting cards can vary from the normal seven, usually still an odd number such as five or nine. Using five cards allows more players, while nine cards allows two or three players a longer game.", "Rummikub The following explanation is based on the rules in the 1998 Pressman American edition:", "Mexico City Metro As of April 2012, 14 types of standard gauge rolling stock totalling a number of 355 trains running in 6-or 9-car formation are currently in use on the Mexico City Metro. Four manufacturers have provided rolling stock for the Mexico City Metro, namely the French Alstom (NM-73, 79), Canadian Bombardier (MP-86, FM-95A and NM-02), Spanish CAF and Mexican Concarril (NM-83 and FM-86) (now Bombardier Transportation Mexico, in some train types with the help of Alstom and/or Bombardier)." ]	[ "Mexican Train A double-twelve set of dominoes is marketed as the standard for Mexican Train, and accommodates up to 8 players. Other sets are commonly used as well. The following alternate sets are common, depending on the number of people playing:" ]
test1595	who sings the song you'll never find another love like mine	[ "doc56674" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc56674", "doc56677", "doc56675", "doc1229918", "doc56676", "doc1229919", "doc1229921", "doc2649644", "doc1386591", "doc1568591", "doc476206", "doc2649645", "doc1568590", "doc1435221", "doc1558054", "doc2533689", "doc2253420", "doc501361", "doc2282015", "doc959758", "doc1306924", "doc2109612", "doc1558056", "doc1808462", "doc1229922", "doc125215", "doc372126", "doc2499874", "doc1558055", "doc719408", "doc939532", "doc933455", "doc9182", "doc959765", "doc1683493", "doc346557", "doc911063", "doc2083285", "doc133916", "doc483927", "doc511527", "doc466924", "doc780391", "doc1505767", "doc1435223", "doc1435233", "doc2236632", "doc1399114", "doc370879", "doc1744748", "doc1132647", "doc511515", "doc133918", "doc140442", "doc1844026", "doc9183", "doc1581489", "doc155878", "doc933451", "doc438069", "doc2649815", "doc2204045", "doc483930", "doc2207648", "doc194050", "doc1180515", "doc133919", "doc1581487", "doc768415", "doc1066979", "doc2631915", "doc2631924", "doc933458", "doc402819", "doc2649646", "doc824650", "doc140440", "doc2253421", "doc155879", "doc801547", "doc1201002", "doc2135200", "doc2207659", "doc933461", "doc647606", "doc476207", "doc295242", "doc813495", "doc632725", "doc2631926", "doc1435225", "doc2631899", "doc2109616", "doc501368", "doc1451204", "doc438063", "doc1148185", "doc2004457", "doc1148183", "doc726987" ]	[ "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine \"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine\" (written by Kenny Gamble & Leon Huff) is a song performed by R&B singer Lou Rawls on his 1976 album All Things in Time. The song proved to be Rawls' breakthrough hit, reaching number one on both the R&B[1] and Easy Listening charts as well as number four on the dance chart [2] and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, where it was kept from the top spot for two weeks by \"You Should Be Dancing\" by The Bee Gees[3] and \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\" by KC and the Sunshine Band,[4] respectively. This was the first and only time that one of Rawls' records managed to reach Billboard's pop top ten. It was the first big hit for Philadelphia International to feature the reformulated MFSB, after many of the original members left Gamble and Huff for better opportunities.[5] The song started Rawls' live shows from 1977 on.", "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine \"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine\" has been covered by singers Michael Bublé, Laura Pausini, reggae singer John Holt and by the Dub Pistols (who use a sample of John Holt's version) on their Speakers and Tweeters album. Jazz saxophonist Stanley Turrentine covered the song on his 1976 album The Man with the Sad Face.[12] as did Hank Crawford on Hank Crawford's Back. This song was also featured on The Proud Family Soundtrack.", "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine The single went on to sell over a million copies and was certified gold by the RIAA.[6]", "I'll Never Find Another You \"I'll Never Find Another You\" is a 1964 single by The Seekers which reached No. 1 in the UK in February 1965.[1] It was The Seekers' first UK-released single,[1] and was the second-best selling single of 1965 in the UK.[2] The song was also popular in the US, reaching peaks of No. 4 pop and No. 2 easy listening on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.[3]", "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine It can also be heard in the films The Hot Chick (2002), Guess Who (2005), Disturbia (2007), Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009), Hit and Run (2012), Veronica Mars (2014), and on the TV sitcoms My Wife and Kids (2001–2005), in which Lou Rawls himself sings it to Damon Wayans during a colonoscopy, That '70s Show (1998–2006), South Park (1997–), Two and a Half Men (2003–2015), and Psych (2006–2014). The song could also be heard in an episode of The Proud Family, where Lou Rawls sings and dances with Penny Proud. In addition, it was performed by the singer in doll form in an Action League Now! segment on KaBlam!. The song \"If You Could Love Me\" by Edwyn Collins uses many of the same chords, and has a similar sound. Rocco DiSpirito and Karina Smirnoff also danced the rumba to this song in week 2 of season 7 of Dancing with the Stars.", "I'll Never Find Another You The track was written and produced by Tom Springfield,[1] who was also responsible for most of the band's subsequent hits. The tune received a 1967 US revival as a country music No. 1 by Sonny James.[4] In 2006, it received yet another revival with a folk rock cover from guitarist Les Fradkin on his CD Jangleholic.", "I'll Never Find Another You The song was added to the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia's Sounds of Australia registry in 2011.[6]", "Never Give You Up (Gamble & Huff song) The Three Midnighters had their version of the song as the B side of their \"Chicano Power\" single which was released around 1967 - 1968.[3][4] Eddie Floyd covered the song which appeared on his 1968 Stax album, I've Never Found A Girl.[5] A version by Shirley And The Shirelles was recorded. It was included as the B side of single \"Go Away And Find Yourself\" which was released on Bell in 1969.[6] Buddy Greco recorded a version of the song which appeared as the B side of his single, \"Everybody Gets To Go To The Moon\", released on Wand Records in 1970.[7] It was also on his Let the Sunshine In album which was previously released on Scepter Records SPS 579 in 1969.[8] A group called The Road had a version on their self-titled album in which was released on Kama Sutra in 1969.[9]", "Lovin' You \"Lovin' You\" is a 1975 hit single originally performed by American singer Minnie Riperton from her album Perfect Angel (1974). It was written by Riperton and Richard Rudolph, produced by Stevie Wonder and Richard Rudolph, and released on January 13, 1975.", "You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me Featuring lead vocals by member Lyn Paul (the first time she had sung lead on a single), the song became the group's biggest hit for two years as it remained in the top five over Christmas 1973. \"You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me\" went on to be the band's second and final number-one single in the UK Singles Chart, spending a single week at the top of the chart in January 1974.[2][3] The song was included on the group's final album as an active band, Together, as they announced their decision to split a month later.", "Never Knew Love Like This Before \"Never Knew Love Like This Before\" is a song written and produced by songwriters James Mtume and Reggie Lucas for American R&B recording artist Stephanie Mills' second studio album Sweet Sensation (1980).", "Never Give You Up (Gamble & Huff song) In 1977, a single by Bonnie Bramlett and Dobie Gray was released on Capricorn 2089 039.[10] Chuck Brown and the Soul Searchers recorded a version which appeared on their 1979 Bustin' Loose album.[11]", "You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me \"You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me\" is a 1973 single by British pop group The New Seekers. Written by Tony Macaulay and Geoff Stephens, arranged by Gerry Shury and produced by Tommy Oliver.[1]", "Love Will Never Do (Without You) \"Love Will Never Do (Without You)\" is a song recorded by American singer Janet Jackson, recorded for her fourth studio album Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814 (1989). It was written and produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. The song was released as the seventh single from the album on October 2, 1990, by A&M Records. It topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for one week and the Radio & Records airplay chart for three weeks.", "I'll Never Love This Way Again \"I'll Never Love This Way Again\" is a Grammy Award-winning, Gold-certified 1979 hit recorded by American singer Dionne Warwick. The song was composed by Richard Kerr (music) and Will Jennings (lyrics) and produced by Arista labelmate Barry Manilow. The hit song was recorded for Warwick's first Arista label album titled Dionne (1979). It had been recorded by Cheryl Ladd a year earlier.", "Candi Staton Canzetta Maria \"Candi\" Staton (/ˈsteɪtən/) (born March 13, 1940 in Hanceville, Alabama)[1] is an American soul and gospel singer, best known in the United States for her 1970 remake of Tammy Wynette's \"Stand By Your Man\" and her 1976 disco chart-topper \"Young Hearts Run Free\". In Europe, her biggest selling record is the anthemic \"You Got the Love\" from 1986, released in collaboration with the Source. Staton was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame.[2] Staton is a four-time Grammy Award nominee.", "There Will Never Be Another You \"There Will Never Be Another You\" is a popular song with music by Harry Warren and lyrics by Mack Gordon for the Twentieth Century Fox musical Iceland (1942) starring Sonja Henie and John Payne. The songs in the film featured Joan Merrill accompanied by Sammy Kaye and His Orchestra.[1] The song was published in 1942, and is at least since the 1950s and Chet Baker's 1954 recording one of the widely known and performed standards of the jazz repertoire.[2]", "Always on My Mind \"Always on My Mind\" is a song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James, and Wayne Carson, recorded first by Gwen McCrae (as \"You Were Always on My Mind\") and Brenda Lee in 1972. The song has been a crossover hit, charting in both the country and western and pop categories.", "Minnie Riperton After Riperton died, several artists contributed vocals to tracks she had recorded before her death, to help compile Richard Rudolph's final tribute to his wife, Love Lives Forever. Included, among others, were Peabo Bryson, Michael Jackson, and Stevie Wonder. Riperton's last single, \"Give Me Time,\" was released in 1980. Richard Rudolph wrote the song, \"Now That I Have You\" for her, but she never got the chance to record it; he gave the song to Teena Marie, who recorded it (and co-produced it with Rudolph) on Marie's second LP, Lady T. Finally, in 1981, Capitol Records released The Best of Minnie Riperton, a greatest hits collection. The \"new\" song on the album was a remake of Joni Mitchell's \"A Woman of Heart and Mind,\" which was a holdover from the Minnie sessions. Also included were an alternate mix of \"Memory Lane\"; live versions of \"Can You Feel What I'm Saying,\" \"Lover And Friend,\" and \"Young, Willing, and Able\"; and two \"Moments with Minnie.\" It also included the hits \"Perfect Angel,\" \"Lovin' You,\" \"Inside My Love,\" \"Adventures In Paradise,\" and two tracks from Love Lives Forever: the single \"Here We Go\" (a duet with Peabo Bryson),[14] and the song \"You Take My Breath Away.\"\nDuring the 1990s, Riperton's music was sampled by many rap and hip-hop artists, including Tupac Shakur, Dr. Dre, A Tribe Called Quest, Blumentopf, The Orb and Tragedy Khadafi.[4] Rapper J. Cole sampled her in 2016, on the song \"Everybody Dies.\"[15]", "You Can't Hurry Love Written and produced by Motown production team Holland–Dozier–Holland, the song topped the United States Billboard pop singles chart, in the UK in the top 5, and in the Australian Singles Chart in the top 10, released and peaking late summer/early autumn in 1966.[1] Sixteen years later, it would become a number-one hit in the UK when Phil Collins re-recorded the song. It reached number-one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks beginning in January 1983,[2] and reached No. 10 on the US Singles Chart that same month.", "Baby Now That I've Found You Another version of the song was recorded by The Foundations in 1968 that featured Colin Young, Clem Curtis' replacement. This was on a Marble Arch album that featured newer stereo versions of their previous hits.[3]", "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You) \"He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)\" is a 1975 No. 1 song in the United States sung by Tony Orlando and Dawn. It topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart on May 3, 1975, and remained there for three weeks.[2] The song also went to No. 1 on the US adult contemporary chart for one week in 1975.[3] It was later certified Gold by the RIAA.[4]", "I'll Never Love This Way Again The song was first recorded by Richard Kerr himself for his 1978 album Welcome To The Club as \"I Know I'll Never Love This Way Again\". Using the same title, the song was soon covered by Cheryl Ladd[2] for her 1978 eponymous debut album. \"I'll Never Love This Way Again\" has also been recorded by Tom Jones, Billie Jo Spears, The Nolans, Regine Velasquez, Gary Valenciano, and Jona Viray.", "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It) \"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\" is a song by American female group En Vogue, released in 1992. It is the lead single from their multi-platinum hit album, Funky Divas. VH1 ranked it #43 on its list for the \"100 Greatest Songs of the '90s\".The single was certified gold by the RIAA for sales/shipments of over 500,000 units.", "I'll Never Find Another You Filipino Superstar Nora Aunor also recorded in 1968 covered an album of More, More, More of Nora Aunor", "Like You'll Never See Me Again \"Like You'll Never See Me Again\" is a song by American singer Alicia Keys from her third studio album As I Am (2007). Written and produced by Keys and Kerry Brothers, Jr., it was released in November 2007 as the album's second single. The song was first heard on October 25, 2007 on Atlanta's V103 WVEE radio station. An official remix of the song featuring rapper Ludacris exists.", "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" has been covered successfully by numerous artists. A 1965 hit cover by Cilla Black reached number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. Dionne Warwick took her version to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1969. A 1971 duet version by singers Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway peaked at number 30 on the Billboard R&B singles chart. Long John Baldry charted at number 2 in Australia with his 1979 remake and a 1980 version by Hall and Oates reached number 12 on the US Hot 100.", "The New Seekers The group's two UK number one singles are listed as being in the top 30 best selling singles for the 1970s, with I'd Like To Teach The World To sing at no.17 and You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me at no. 27.[16]", "I'll Never Love This Way Again The song was Warwick's first single release on Arista after an unsuccessful tenure at Warner Bros. Records. The song brought Warwick renewed popularity when it reached #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #13 on the Billboard R&B Chart.[1] In Canada, \"I'll Never Love This Way Again\" peaked at #6. The song won Warwick a 1980 Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. The tune was certified by the RIAA as Gold for sales of over 1 million copies and helped her Arista debut album, Dionne, be certified by the RIAA as Platinum for album sales of over 1 million copies.", "I'll Never Fall in Love Again In 1972 the Liz Anderson recording of the song peaked at number 56 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart,[17] and in 1990 the Scottish pop rock band Deacon Blue opted for a slower arrangement on the duet between their vocalists Ricky Ross and Lorraine McIntosh that got as high as number two in Ireland[18] and number 72 in the Netherlands.[19]", "Diana Ross Several of Ross's songs has been covered and sampled. \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" has been featured in the film Chicken Little. The song has also been covered live and on albums by Jennifer Lopez, Amy Winehouse. Janet Jackson sampled \"Love Hangover\" on her 1997 song \"My Need\" (featured on the album The Velvet Rope), having already sampled \"Love Child\" and \"Someday We'll Be Together\" by Ross & the Supremes on her 1993 tracks \"You Want This\" and \"If\" (both released as singles from the janet. album). \"Love Hangover\" was also sampled in Monica's 1998 number 1 \"The First Night\" as well as being sampled by Will Smith, Master P (who also sampled \"Missing You\"), Heavy D and Bone Thugs N Harmony.\n\"It's My House\" has been referenced in music by Snoop Dogg and MC Hammer. \"Upside Down\" has been covered and sampled by Salt-n-Pepa, Sean Combs, Kid Rock, Missy Elliott and MC Lyte. \"I'm Coming Out\" has been sampled in music recorded by The Notorious B.I.G. (who also sampled \"Missing You\"), Keyshia Cole featuring Iggy Azalea and Ariana Grande. \"Endless Love\" was recorded by Luther Vandross and Mariah Carey, and Ross's partner Lionel Richie later recorded a version with Shania Twain singing Ross's part. \"Muscles\" was sampled by Lil' Kim and Young Jeezy. \"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\" was recorded as a duet with Dolly Parton and Julio Iglesias. \"You Can't Hurry Love\" was a number one hit [UK] for Phil Collins in 1983.", "Love the One You're With UK pop group Bucks Fizz covered the song as their eighteenth single in 1986. The single, released in August, was the follow-up to the group's comeback top ten hit \"New Beginning (Mamba Seyra)\" and was seen as a make or break release. Ultimately the song peaked at a low No.47 in the UK Singles Chart during a three-week run.[8] In a review, music magazine Number One said that the song lacked bass and sounded rather \"tinny\" but predicted that it would be a hit.[9] Member Mike Nolan puts the song's failure down to the decision to showcase other male member Bobby G as the lead singer. Their previous single had featured all the group equally and was a hit, while earlier flops had featured G on lead and this was a return to that format.[10] A promotional video for the song was filmed featuring the group performing the song in a blue-toned studio accompanied by backing musicians.[11] The single was released on 7\" and 12\" on Polydor Records with an extended mix on the latter, the B-side was a Bobby G composition, \"Too Hard\".[12] Also included on the 12\" was an extended mix of earlier single \"I Hear Talk\". A second 12\" single was released featuring a dance edit of \"Love the One You're With\", backed by another alternate mix of \"I Hear Talk\".[13] \"Love the One You're With\" was included on the group's fifth studio album Writing on the Wall released at the end of the year. It has subsequently been included on re-issues of the album in alternate mixes.", "Never Gonna Let You Go (Sérgio Mendes song) Weil and Mann originally submitted \"Never Gonna Let You Go\" to American funk band Earth, Wind & Fire, but they decided not to record the song.[1] Dionne Warwick had previously recorded the song, which appears on her 1982 album Friends in Love. Stevie Woods had also recorded the song for his 1982 album The Woman in My Life.", "You Can't Hurry Love The most notable cover of the song was released in late 1982 as a single by Phil Collins from his second solo album, Hello, I Must Be Going! Collins's version reached number-one on the UK Singles Chart (becoming his first number-one solo hit in the UK Singles Chart,[2] and peaking two positions higher than the original song did in that country), and reached number 10 in the United States.[19] The single was certified gold in the UK.[18]", "Never Ending Song of Love On the country music charts, at least three versions have become hits: Dickey Lee recorded a version at the same time as Delaney & Bonnie's original, which reached #8 on Billboard's country charts. Eleven years later, the Osmond Brothers had a minor hit with the song, which reached #43 on the country charts in 1982. Crystal Gayle's last U.S. chart hit was a cover of the song, which reached #72 on the country chart in 1990. As of 2008, it had been covered by over 100 artists.[4]", "You to Me Are Everything The song was a minor hit in the U.S. where it peaked at number 64 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number 28 on the Billboard R&B chart.[3] One of the reasons for its lack of success in the U.S. was the flood of cover versions of the song released at the same time. American groups Broadway[4] and Revelation[5] both released versions of the song the same week, and at one point all three versions of the song appeared on Billboard Hot 100 and R&B charts. With radio and the public unable to agree on a single popular version, the three singles effectively prevented each other from becoming a hit.[citation needed]", "This Will Be (An Everlasting Love) \"This Will Be\" is a song written by Chuck Jackson and Marvin Yancy, and performed by American singer Natalie Cole. Often appended with \"(An Everlasting Love)\" but not released as such, this was Natalie Cole's debut single released in April 1975 and one of her biggest hits, becoming a number-one R&B and number-six pop smash in the United States[1] and also reaching the UK Top 40. Cole won a Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, a category that had previously been dominated by Aretha Franklin. It would also help her win the Grammy Award for Best New Artist.", "Never Gonna Fall in Love Again Australian singer songwriter Mark Holden recorded and released a version May 1976 as his debut single. The song was a commercial success, peaking at number 13 on the Kent Music Report.[11][12]", "I Will Always Love You \"I Will Always Love You\" is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer-songwriter Dolly Parton.[3] Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one-time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton's decision to pursue a solo career.[4][3]", "If You Don't Know Me by Now \"If You Don't Know Me by Now\" is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. It became their first hit after being released as a single in 1972, topping the US R&B chart and peaking at number three on the US Pop chart.[1]", "Paul Young Young's new backing band 'The Royal Family' included keyboardist Kewley, fretless bass player Pino Palladino,[15][16] guitarist Steve Bolton, drummer Mark Pinder, and backing singers Maz Roberts and Kim Leslie AKA 'The Fabulous Wealthy Tarts'. His first two singles, \"Iron Out the Rough Spots\" and a cover of \"Love of the Common People\", had no success, but the third, a cover of the Marvin Gaye song \"Wherever I Lay My Hat\", reached No. 1 in the UK singles chart[8] for three weeks in the summer of 1983, the first of 14 British Top 40 singles.[8][17][18] The song was included on the soundtrack of the 1992 British comedy film Peter's Friends.", "I've Never Been to Me \"I've Never Been to Me\" is a ballad, written and composed by Ron Miller and Kenneth Hirsch, which is best known via a recording by American pop singer Charlene. Its original release in 1977 barely registered on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, but its re-release in 1982 hit #3 in the U.S. and earned her a Gold certification in Australia.[1] In addition, the song topped the charts in Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom[2] and Ireland.", "I'm Not in Love Other versions have been recorded by Julia Fordham, The Pretenders, Mike Francis, Brotherhood of Man, Red Red Meat, John O'Banion, Outrageous Cherry, Chyp-Notic, Fun Lovin' Criminals, PÃ¤ivi Kautto-Niemi, The BB Band, Geb.el, Gloritone, Tori Amos, Unfinished Thought, Donny Osmond, Rick Springfield, Queen Latifah, Joey Kid from the group Trilogy, Tex Perkins & His Ladyboyz, Rozz Williams (Accept the Gift of Sin), Juice, F. R. David, Peggy Lee[47] and Japanese singer Ryohei. Former Supreme Scherrie Payne had a club hit with her version of the song in 1982 on Megatone Records.", "Looking for a New Love The single hit number two for four weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 1987 and spent four weeks at number-one on the Billboard R&B chart.[1] The single was kept out of the top spot of the Hot 100 by Cutting Crew's \"(I Just) Died in Your Arms\" and U2's \"With or Without You\", and would itself keep Club Nouveau's Hot 100 number-one single \"Lean on Me\" out of the top spot of the R&B chart. It ranked number 16 on Billboard's year-end chart for 1987.", "Love Will Never Do (Without You) Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis considered the idea of making this song a duet. According to Fred Bronson's The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, they thought about possibly getting Prince, Johnny Gill, Ralph Tresvant, or someone else working with them at the time. However, there was no concrete plan. During the recording of the first verse, Jimmy Jam told Jackson, \"Sing it low like some guy would sing it.\" As a result, they kept the idea of her singing the first verse in a low octave but go an octave up on the second verse.[2]", "Love Will Never Do (Without You) Sally Yeh and Alex To covered the Cantonese version \"信自己\" (Believe Myself) in 1991 on Sally 14th album. Macy Gray sang the song live as a tribute to Jackson during MTV's MTV Icon special in 2001.[12] The song was recorded by Sahara Hotnights in 2009 on their album Sparks. Manilyn Reynes performed the song on the film, Kung sino pa ang minahal (1991). Carnie Wilson revealed to Billboard that while creating a song for a Trident commercial as a task for The New Celebrity Apprentice it was inspired by this song.[13]", "I'll Always Love You (The Spinners song) \"I'll Always Love You\" is a song co-written by William \"Mickey\" Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label. The single became the Detroit-reared group's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 (and their third charting hit over all). The song was a top 40 pop single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, on which it peaked at number 35.[1] On the Billboard R&B singles chart, \"I'll Always Love You\" peaked at number 8.[2][3] The song featured lead vocals by the group's main lead singer, Bobby Smith.", "You Know How to Love Me According to the Allmusic review by Jose F. Promis, \"The album never truly realized its full potential, but does include the song that would become one of Hyman's signature tunes, \"You Know How to Love Me.\"[1] The song was never a blockbuster hit, but has grown into a classic, covered by artists such as Lisa Stansfield and Robin S\". The album reached number ten on the R&B charts in 1980.[3] The single, \"You Know How to Love Me\" was a club smash reaching number six on the dance charts.[4]", "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me Jerry Ross overall produced ten recordings of \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\":[1] these included a version on Jerry Butler's 1967 Soul Artistry album and another by Jay & the Techniques which was featured on the 1968 album release Love, Lost & Found. Ashford & Simpson sang background on all the versions of the song Ross produced with the Jay & the Techniques version also featuring Melba Moore.", "When You're Young and in Love The song had its strongest chart impact via a 1984 cover version by the Flying Pickets, produced by John Sherry. It reached number 7 in the UK.[2]", "I Can Love You Like That R&B quartet, All-4-One, covered the song later in 1995, and their version reached a peak of number 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It sold 600,000 copies domestically and was certified gold by the RIAA.[5][6] Despite a live performance on the BBC's long-running music programme Top of the Pops, it only peaked at number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the band's last Top 40 entry to date.", "Paul Young Paul Antony Young[4][5] (born 17 January 1956)[6][7] is an English singer, songwriter and musician. Formerly the frontman of the short-lived bands Kat Kool & the Kool Cats, Streetband and Q-Tips, he was turned into a 1980s teen idol by subsequent solo success. He is famous for hit singles such as \"Love of the Common People\", \"Wherever I Lay My Hat\", \"Come Back and Stay\", \"Every Time You Go Away\" and \"Everything Must Change\", all reaching the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart.[8] Released in 1983, his debut album No Parlez, the first of three UK number-one albums, made him a household name.[8] His smooth yet soulful voice belonged to a genre known as \"blue-eyed soul\". At the 1985 Brit Awards, Young received the award for Best British Male.[9]", "I Will Always Love You Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard. Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best-selling singles of all time.[5] It also holds the record for being the best-selling single by a woman in music history.[6] Houston's version of \"I Will Always Love You\" re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs.[7] The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe.[citation needed]", "Saving All My Love for You \"Saving All My Love for You\" was written by Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin during the 1970s and originally recorded with Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. on their LP \"Marilyn and Billy\" (1978).[1] Years later, Masser saw Whitney for the first time when he went into New York City's Sweetwater club, an invitation made by Arista Records president Clive Davis, and she was singing one of his songs, \"The Greatest Love of All\". After her performance, the singer told Masser that the song was one of her favorites and later, Masser was chosen by Arista to produce some tracks for Houston's self-titled debut.[2] After getting the right emotionally vulnerable-tailored take from Houston, the producer guaranteed her that it would become \"a woman's song\", meaning that women will feel a special affinity for the song.[2]", "Feels Like I'm in Love Written by Ray Dorset[4] of Mungo Jerry, the song was originally intended for Elvis Presley but he died before it could be pitched to him. When it was originally released on Pye Records in 1979, the song was a sleeper hit on the Scottish club scene before breaking through nationally in the summer of 1980, reaching the top of the UK Singles Chart in September.[5] The following year, aided by a number of remixes the song became a club hit in the US, reaching number ten on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart.[6]", "Never Gonna Let You Go (Sérgio Mendes song) Mendes, preparing for the release of his 1983 album, was quoted as saying, \"All the other songs on the album were up and festive. I needed a ballad on the album, just to change the pace a bit.\"[1] Mendes' version was a hit, matching the No. 4 peak of his previous best showing on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, \"The Look of Love\", in 1968.[2] It spent four weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and peaked at No. 28 on the Billboard R&B chart.[1] On the Radio & Records airplay chart the song debuted #26 on the May 13, 1983 issue; after six weeks it reached and peaked at #7 for one week; the single stayed on the top 10 for three weeks and remained on the chart for twelve weeks.[3]", "Love Don't Live Here Anymore An instrumental cover was recorded by the UK jazz-funk duo Morrissey–Mullen at EMI's London Abbey Road Studios in 1979 and was the first digital recording to be made of a non-classical ensemble. It was released as the first of the EMI Digital series in a limited edition 12\" single.[21] Jimmy Nail's version was released in 1985 in his native United Kingdom, reaching number three on the UK Singles Chart.[22] British dance music producers Double Trouble released a version of ‘Love Don’t Live Here Anymore’ as a single in 1990. Their arrangement had the vocals mixed over a House-influenced backing track. A reggae version was released in 1997 by dancehall artist Bounty Killer and Swedish singer Robyn.[23] Faith Evans recorded it on her 1995 album Faith.[24] American Hardcore band Lionheart named their fourth and final album which was released in 2016 after that song.[25] Australian band I'm Talking covered the song and released it as the B-side on the 12\" single \"Lead the Way\", before releasing it as an individual single. The song peaked at number 21 on the Australian Kent Music Report.[15]", "What You Won't Do for Love (song) \"What You Won't Do for Love\" is a blue-eyed soul-styled single\nrecorded by Bobby Caldwell for his eponymous debut album (1978). It was written by Caldwell and Alfons Kettner, and released in by Clouds Records domestically and by TK Records internationally.", "Love the One You're With \"Love the One You're With\" is a song by folk rocker Stephen Stills. It was released as the lead single from his debut self-titled studio album in November 1970. The song, inspired by a remark Stills heard from musician Billy Preston, became his biggest hit single, peaking at No. 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 1971.[1] David Crosby and Graham Nash, Stills' fellow members of Crosby, Stills & Nash, provide background vocals on the song. The song was also covered by a number of artists, including Aretha Franklin, The Isley Brothers, Bucks Fizz, and Luther Vandross.", "The Greatest Love of All In 1977, an extended play (EP) with four successful soul music songs from that year was released in Thailand. The EP was called Floating Gold, released by label Royalsound, in reference to the song \"Float On\" by the Floaters, the first track of the EP. The second track was the Manhattans' \"We Never Danced To Love Song\" and the third was the Brothers Johnson's \"Strawberry Letter 23\". To finish the EP, the fourth track was \"The Greatest Love of All\" by George Benson.", "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No) \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\" is a song by Jamaican recording artist Dawn Penn from her debut studio album, No, No, No (1994). The song's lyrics are credited to Penn, Bo Diddley and Willie Cobbs, and production was handled by Steely and Clevie. Penn recorded a song in 1967 called \"You Don't Love Me\", which incorporates elements of the music and lyrics of Cobbs' 1960 song \"You Don't Love Me\". The Cobbs song was, in turn, based on Diddley's 1955 song \"She's Fine, She's Mine\". Thus, both are credited as songwriters on Penn's recording. In 1994, after a 17-year break from the music industry, she re-recorded a dancehall version of the song retitled \"You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)\".", "You Should Be Mine (The Woo Woo Song) \"You Should Be Mine (The Woo Woo Song)\" is a 1986 song by Jeffrey Osborne from the album Emotional. \"The Woo Woo Song\" is the title in parentheses because his little daughter did not know the exact title, she identified the song saying \"Daddy, sing 'The Woo Woo Song'!\" Jeffrey thus affectionately nicknamed the track. It was his biggest pop hit when released as a single, reaching #13 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart. On other US charts, \"You Should Be Mine\" peaked at #2 on both the Hot Black Singles and Adult Contemporary charts.", "If You Don't Know Me by Now It was later covered by the English pop/soul band Simply Red, also becoming their second best-known hit after reaching number one on the U.S. Hot 100 on July 15, 1989, and at number thirty-eight on the Hot Black Singles chart.[2] It peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart. It also topped the Canadian Singles Chart.", "When You Tell Me That You Love Me \"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\" is a 1991 song, written by Albert Hammond and John Bettis, released as a single by American soul singer Diana Ross. The song was subsequently covered by various artists.", "Do You Love Me Like many American R&B songs of the 1960s, \"Do You Love Me?\" was covered by a number of British Invasion groups. Three British groups who recorded their own versions of the song were Brian Poole and the Tremeloes (who hit number one with it in the UK Singles Chart after learning it from Liverpool's Faron's Flamingos),[1] the Dave Clark Five, and The Hollies on their 1964 album Stay with the Hollies. The song has also been covered by The Sonics, The Kingsmen, Paul Revere & the Raiders, and Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers. In 1965, Bob Marley and the Wailers recorded the song \"Playboy,\" which incorporates \"Do You Love Me\"'s chorus. The song was covered by the English glam rock band Mud for their album mud rock (1974). The song was one of the highlights of The Blues Brothers' live set. Bruce Springsteen frequently ended his shows in the mid-1980s with the song, as part of a medley with \"Twist and Shout\". Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1988 album The Chipmunks and The Chipettes: Born to Rock. Indie band Steadman has a well known cover of the song, played in the style of the Dave Clark Five. Andy Fraser covered the song in the style of the 1980s back in 1984. Westlife performed a live version for their The Greatest Hits Tour in 2003. German girl group Preluders covered the song for their cover album Prelude to History in 2004. In 1992 David Hasselhoff famously sang the song in an episode of Baywatch. In November 2013, The Overtones covered the song for their album Saturday Night at the Movies. In February 2015, Chester See & Andy Lange uploaded a cover of \"Do You Love Me\" to See's YouTube channel. In 2017 Colt Prattes, Nicole Scherzinger, and J. Quinton Johnson covered the song for ABC's Dirty Dancing movie remake.", "This Is for the Lover in You It was later remade by Babyface from the album The Day featuring LL Cool J and the former members of Shalamar: Howard Hewett, Jody Watley, and Jeffrey Daniel.[1] The Babyface version was a successful hit, reaching #6 on the U.S. Hot 100 chart, #2 on the U.S. R&B chart, and #12 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was considered to be atypical for Babyface when it was released.[2][3]", "I Will Always Love You Country music singer-songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one-time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner, from whom she was separating professionally after a seven-year partnership.[8][9] She recorded it in RCA's Studio B in Nashville on June 13, 1973.[2] \"I Will Always Love You\" was issued on June 6, 1974, as the second single from Parton's thirteenth solo studio album, Jolene (1974). In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas.[10] In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album, Parton's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese's film Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore, and the 1996 film It's My Party. The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards.", "Love Don't Live Here Anymore Kenny Hill from The San Diego Union-Tribune said that the song \"was a lasting impression of Rose Royce's brilliance as a group\" and it proved that disco and R&B soul music was not dead.\"[3] Frederick Douglas from The Baltimore Sun complimented the song saying that \"with their soul ballad 'Love Don't Live Here Anymore', Rose Royce is poised to take their place in the musical landscape as the greatest soul group.\"[4] Bob Kostanczuk from Post-Tribune listed \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\" as Rose Royce's greatest song.[5] Jim Mortimer from Deseret News felt that \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\" was a perfect example of how gospel and soul music can be clubbed together and complimented producer Buckmaster.[6] Shannon Kingly from Los Angeles Daily News felt that \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\" is \"a tad bit overrated, and is full of shouting.\"[7] \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\" debuted at 91 on the Billboard Hot 100, and made a slow climb, ultimately reaching a peak of 32.[8] It was more successful on the Hot Black Singles chart, where it reached five, and stayed there for four weeks.[8] In Canada, the song debuted at 100 on the RPM Singles Chart on December 23, 1978.[9] The song began a slow climb, and after nine weeks reached a peak of 41 on the chart.[10] It was present for a total of 12 weeks on the chart.[11] In the United Kingdom, \"Love Don't Live Here Anymore\" became Rose Royce's biggest hit, reaching two on the UK Singles Chart while in Ireland it reached a peak of number seven.[12][13] Across Europe, the song failed to chart except in Netherlands, where it reached eleven.[14] The song was successful in Australia and New Zealand, where it reached positions four and two on the charts, respectively.[14][15]", "The One That You Love \"The One That You Love\" is a popular song written by Graham Russell and sung by Australian soft rock duo Air Supply from their sixth studio album of the same name. This song reached number one in the United States in 1981. It topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart on 25 July 1981 and remained there for one week, becoming the band's only number one hit. In Canada, it knocked the Stars on 45 medley off the top spot and stayed there for five weeks.[1]", "When Will I See You Again It was one of the most successful recordings of the \"Philly Soul\" era. In the U.S., the song reached number one on the adult contemporary chart, number two on the pop singles chart,[1] and number four on the R&B chart in the autumn of 1974.[2] In the UK, it fared even better, spending two weeks at the top of the UK Singles Chart in August 1974.[3] The Three Degrees performed the song at Prince Charles' 30th birthday party at Buckingham Palace in 1978.", "Everlasting Love The second Love Affair recording of \"Everlasting Love\" in fact featured only one member of the group: lead vocalist Steve Ellis who fronted a session ensemble comprising arranger/ conductor Keith Mansfield's 40-piece orchestra plus a rhythm section, the session musicians including Peter Ahern (triangle percussion), Clem Cattini (drums), Alan Parker (guitar), Russ Stableford (bass), and a chorale comprising Madeline Bell, Kiki Dee, Lesley Duncan, and Kay Garner: the track was recorded in two takes.[9] Mike Smith would eventually attribute the non-utilization of the actual musicians in Love Affair to the need for expediency (quote - \"there just wasnâ€™t time for the group to learn the arrangement in time, so we used session musicians\"),[10] a UK release for the Robert Knight original version being imminent.[7]", "Everlasting Love \"Everlasting Love\" reached the Top 40 for the third time in the summer of 1981 via a duet version cut by Rex Smith and Rachel Sweet; this version features revised lyrics including an additional verse of uncredited authorship which was approved by the song's composers [21] and which would be retained by Sandra for her 1987 remake. Recorded at the Record Plant (NYC) and featured on both Sweet's ...And Then He Kissed Me album and the album Everlasting Love by Smith, \"Everlasting Love\" as a single featured a two-track B-side featuring Sweet's \"Billy and the Gun\" and Smith's \"Still Thinking of You\" respectively taken from each singer's album cited above.", "Love the One You're With Australian group, Chantoozies released a version in February 1991. The song was the second single from the group's second studio album Gild the Lily. The song peaked at number 21 on the Australian charts.[14]", "Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You \"Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You\" is a song written by composers Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin.[1] It was originally recorded in 1984[2] by American singer and guitarist George Benson,[2] and released in 1985 on his studio album 20/20, by Warner Bros. Records.[2] This original version was produced by its own author Michael Masser,[1] and was released as a single only in Europe in 1985.[1] The song was not released as a single in the United States, but nevertheless, Benson recorded two video clips in the U.S. the same year, which were displayed on television programs.[4][5] Two years later, the song became even more well known for a re-recording by Hawaiian singer Glenn Medeiros, whose 1987 cover eventually topped the charts in several countries.", "Never Give You Up (Gamble & Huff song) Leonard Julien III recorded the song and it appeared on his Reflections of Soul album which came out on Modeste Records in 2007.[12] Rod Stewart recorded the song as well and it appears on the RCA 88697603432 release of his 2009 Soulbook album.[13] The Black Keys recorded a version which appeared on their Brothers album which was released in 2010.[14] Their version was also used in the Series 3 Episode 4 of the BBC series Luther, which starred Idris Elba.[15] Tony Strong & the Philly Soul recorded a version that was included on their 2012 album \"It Ainâ€™t Over\".[16]", "You Got the Love The original version is a soul/disco/gospel track (released in the UK by Streetwave in 1986) written by Anthony B. Stephens, Arnecia Michelle Harris and John Bellamy. It featured an a cappella version utilised by Paul Simpson for a remix of the Adeva song \"Musical Freedom\" in 1989. The original Candi Staton track had been recorded for a video-only 1980s documentary about an obese man who was trying to lose weight. Candi said she couldn't remember having recorded a song called \"You Got the Love\". It was only later that she realised she had performed the song years earlier for the documentary. The producers of the video had selected the song for her to sing, but as they had no funds to pay her, they donated half of the copyright and publishing to Candi.[2]", "Saving All My Love for You \"Saving All My Love for You\" is a song written by Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin with arrangement by Gene Page. It was originally a minor hit for Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. in 1978 on their album Marilyn & Billy. A cover of the song was done by American recording artist Whitney Houston, for her debut, self-titled album, which was released on February 14, 1985, by Arista Records. The song was the second single from the album in the United States and third worldwide.", "There Will Never Be Another You Jackie Paris covered the song.[10]", "What You Won't Do for Love (song) After gaining a reputation in Miami clubs as a talented musician, Caldwell was signed to an exclusive contract with TK Records in 1978 by TK Records president Henry Stone. Heading to the studio, Caldwell recorded his first album, which was given a redo after Stone felt the album was good but \"didn't have a hit\". Caldwell returned to the studio and came up with the final product, which included \"What You Won't Do for Love\". The song's horn arrangement was written and recorded by Miami arranger Mike Lewis.", "Never Can Say Goodbye The song has been covered by many other artists, including Grant Green, Andy Williams, Junior Walker, The Supremes (in 1971),\n[39] Smokey Robinson (in 1973),\n[40] Cal Tjader, David T. Walker, The Sandpipers, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Johnny \"Hammond\" Smith, Herbie Mann, Yazz, Sheena Easton, Gerald Albright, Sonny & Cher, Westlife, The Impact of Brass and Matchstik \"The Mj Tribute\".", "Disco Singer Stacy Lattisaw signed with Motown after achieving success in the disco genre. In 1980, she released her album Let Me Be Your Angel, which spawned the disco singles \"Dynamite\" and \"Jump to the Beat\" on the Cotillion label. Lattisaw continued to enjoy success as a contemporary R&B/pop artist throughout the 1980s. She signed with Motown in 1986, and achieved most success when teaming up with Johnny Gill, releasing the 1989 song \"Where Do We Go From Here?\" from her last ever album, What You Need, before retiring. In addition, her first ever single, back in 1979, was a disco cover of \"When You're Young and in Love\", which was most famously recorded by Motown female group the Marvelettes in 1967.", "I'm Stone in Love with You The song was the first track from their 1972 album, Round 2[2] and was released as a single and reached number 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[1][3] In addition, it also climbed to number 4 in the Billboard R&B chart[3] and reached number 9 in the UK Singles Chart in December 1972.[4] The Stylistics' recording sold over one million copies globally, earning the band a gold disc[1] The award was presented by the RIAA on December 13, 1972.[1] It was the band's third gold disc.[1]", "When You Tell Me That You Love Me \"When You Tell Me That You Love Me\" is the second single released from Westlife's sixth studio album, Face to Face (2005). It features vocals from original artist Diana Ross. The single peaked at #2 on the UK Singles Chart, just losing out on the top spot by a mere 171 copies. The song was the 39th best selling single of 2005 in the UK. The single reached 120 000 copies sold in UK so far.[18]", "Love the One You're With Luther Vandross released a cover of the song on his 1994 album Songs. It peaked in the top 30 on Billboard's Hot R&B Singles, 33 on Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks; and earned Vandross a 1995 Grammy nomination for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance.[16]", "All Out of Love \"All Out of Love\" is a song by the Australian soft rock duo Air Supply, released in 1980 from their fifth studio album Lost in Love and it was written by Graham Russell & Clive Davis. In the United States, it reached number two on the Hot 100 (blocked by both \"Upside Down\" by Diana Ross and \"Another One Bites the Dust\" by Queen) and number 5 on the Adult Contemporary chart. In the UK, the song went to number 11 and is their only Top 40 hit in that country. It placed 92nd in VH1's list of the 100 Greatest Love Songs in 2003.[2]", "Never Knew Love Like This Before The song became Mills' biggest hit on the Billboard Pop Singles Chart, where it peaked at No. 6, outperforming her previously highest charting single, \"Whatcha Gonna Do with My Lovin'\", which peaked at No. 22. The single was also successful on the R&B and Adult Contemporary charts, peaking at No. 12 and No. 5, respectively. It was a bigger success in the UK where it peaked at #4.", "Love You like a Love Song \"Love You like a Love Song\" is a song by American band Selena Gomez & the Scene recorded for their third studio album When the Sun Goes Down (2011). It was released as the second single from the album internationally. The song was released for digital download on June 17, 2011 and serviced to mainstream radios on August 17, 2011 in the United States, through Hollywood Records.", "Now That We Found Love \"Now That We Found Love\" (also known as \"Now That We've Found Love\") is a song written by Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff and originally recorded by The O'Jays for their album Ship Ahoy (1973). Cover versions have been an album track by Martha Reeves (1976), a reggae-disco hit by the reggae band Third World (1978) and a breakthrough hit for Heavy D (1991). The Third World version was released as a single in 1978 by Island Records and peaked at number 10 in the UK and #47 on the Billboard Hot 100. Heavy D's version of the song can be heard during the end of the movie Hitch, as well as at the end of the episode \"Black Cadillac\" (Season 1, Episode 4) from the TV series Ray Donovan.", "Until You Come Back to Me (That's What I'm Gonna Do) \"Until You Come Back to Me (That's What I'm Gonna Do)\" is a song written by Morris Broadnax, Clarence Paul, and Stevie Wonder. The song was originally recorded by Stevie Wonder in 1967, but his version was not released as a single and did not appear on an album until 1977's anthology Looking Back. The most well-known version of this song is the 1973 release by Aretha Franklin, who had a million-selling top 10 hit on Billboard charts. The song reached no. 1 on the R&B chart and no. 3 on the Hot 100 chart in 1974.[1] It became an RIAA gold record.[2]", "Everlasting Love With neither Smith nor Sweet being a strong Top 40 force - Smith's solitary Billboard Hot 100 single had been \"You Take My Breath Away\" #10 in 1979 while Sweet had yet to rank on the Hot 100 - their collaboration on \"Everlasting Love\" would only generate qualified chart impact: the single peaked at #32 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1981, affording Sweet her only Top 40 showing and Smith his second and last. The track also appeared on Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary chart peaking at #31.", "Love Will Never Do (Without You) \"Love Will Never Do\" is written in the key of Aâ™ major and has a tempo of 103 beats per minute[4] in common time. Jackson's vocals span from F3 to C6 in the song.[5]", "Everlasting Love \"Everlasting Love\" is a song written by Buzz Cason and Mac Gayden, originally a 1967 hit for Robert Knight and since remade several times, most successfully by the Love Affair, as well as Town Criers, Carl Carlton, and Sandra. In 1989, U2 released a version of \"Everlasting Love\" as a B-side on various formats of the \"All I Want Is You\" single.", "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You) When Orlando and the other members of Dawn (Telma Hopkins and Joyce Vincent Wilson) were waiting in the lobby to go on at a Golden Globes award ceremony, Orlando spoke with Faye Dunaway and her then-husband, Peter Wolf, lead singer for The J. Geils Band. To pass the time, the two began singing various R&B songs from the `60s, including Butler's \"He Will Break Your Heart\", which the couple recommended that the group record on an upcoming album. Orlando contacted Mayfield requesting permission to do a remake, but to change the song's title to the opening lines, and Mayfield gave his permission.[3] Billboard ranked it as the No. 18 song for 1975.", "Always on My Mind In 1979, John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition, entitled \"You Are Always on My Mind\", from the album Let the Night Begin.[9] The rendition was produced by Bob Montgomery.[10]", "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You The Velvelettes, a minor act signed to Motown's V.I.P. subsidiary, recorded the first version of the song in May 1966. The group had found some success with their first two (official) Motown singles, \"Needle In A Haystack\" and \"He Was Really Sayin' Somethin'\", but their last two releases had failed to chart. Although \"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You\" was scheduled for release on V.I.P. (V.I.P. 25034), the song was instead released on Motown's Soul imprint (as S 35025), in August 1966. It became a minor R&B hit in America, peaking at #43 on the US R&B Charts in late 1966. It nearly made it onto the Billboard Hot 100 as well, bubbling under at #102.[1] A Velvelettes album project was also started, The Velvelettes, and scheduled for release as V.I.P. 401. The LP was scrapped and the group disbanded shortly after. \"These Things Will Keep Me Loving You\" proved to be their last Motown single. In 1971, however, a British (Tamla Motown) reissue of the song became a hit, making #34 on the UK Singles Charts in August of that year.[2] Despite the newfound success, The Velvelettes did not reunite until the 1980s; they would go on to record (with all four original members) for Ian Levine's Motorcity Records as well. Their next single was a rerecorded version of their hit \"Needle In A Haystack\", released on Levine's Nightmare label some 21 years after this song.", "The Greatest Love of All The original version of \"The Greatest Love of All\" was recorded in 1977 by Benson and originally released on the soundtrack album for The Greatest. The song was released as a single in the same year and was a substantial hit, reaching at number 2 on the R&B chart, becoming the first R&B Top Ten hit for Arista Records. In other charts, the single was between positions number 22 and number 27 in the U.S. and in the UK, not peaking any position in other countries.", "A Groovy Kind of Love Unlike the Mindbenders' version, which was an upbeat guitar-based pop song, Collins's version was a slow ballad with a prominent keyboard and strings. This version hit No. 1 on both the U.S. and UK charts, and remains Collins' only single to top the charts in both countries; it was his last No. 1 single in the UK.[8] The single was certified silver in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry. It also reached No. 1 on the U.S. Adult Contemporary chart. The song earned Collins a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male in 1989.", "Stevie Wonder LI>I Was Made to Love Her (1967)", "A Groovy Kind of Love Jack McGraw, who ran the London Screen Gems offices, thought the Wine/Bayer-Sager song was a perfect match for the new group The Mindbenders (previously the backing group for Wayne Fontana, who had recently left the band) and especially their Guitarist, who now became their new Lead Vocalist, Eric Stewart. The band recorded their version of \"A Groovy Kind of Love\" in 1965. They liked the result so much that they included the song on their first album without Fontana, The Mindbenders (US title \"A Groovy Kind of Love\") and released the song to radio as their debut single. It reached #2 in the UK the week of January 19â€“26, 1966 and it also hit #2 in the United States on the Billboard Hot 100 for 2 weeks in late May and early June 1966. The song features a female backing chorus, and they sing the words \"You and me\" and the repeated title towards the end of each verse of the song. Eric Stewart went on to co-found the British Art/Pop band, 10cc.", "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real) Chicago-born house music singer Byron Stingily, formerly of the band Ten City recorded a cover of this song. Like Sylvester's original recording, Stingily's cover version of \"You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)\" (produced by UK music producer Damien Mendis) also went to #1 on the American dance chart, where it spent one week atop the chart in March 1998.[5] Although there have been instances where the same song, recorded by two different artists, has reached #1 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart (\"Don't Leave Me This Way\" is one example), it is still a fairly rare occurrence. This version also reached #13 in the UK.[2]" ]	[ "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine \"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine\" (written by Kenny Gamble & Leon Huff) is a song performed by R&B singer Lou Rawls on his 1976 album All Things in Time. The song proved to be Rawls' breakthrough hit, reaching number one on both the R&B[1] and Easy Listening charts as well as number four on the dance chart [2] and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100, where it was kept from the top spot for two weeks by \"You Should Be Dancing\" by The Bee Gees[3] and \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\" by KC and the Sunshine Band,[4] respectively. This was the first and only time that one of Rawls' records managed to reach Billboard's pop top ten. It was the first big hit for Philadelphia International to feature the reformulated MFSB, after many of the original members left Gamble and Huff for better opportunities.[5] The song started Rawls' live shows from 1977 on." ]
test769	where does the name elevator pitch come from	[ "doc27520" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc27521", "doc27523", "doc27525", "doc27522", "doc27520", "doc27518", "doc27524", "doc27526", "doc1263750", "doc27527", "doc27528", "doc1335681", "doc27519", "doc1335673", "doc1335686", "doc1335677", "doc1335689", "doc1335687", "doc1335684", "doc1335696", "doc1335678", "doc1335682", "doc1335798", "doc1335688", "doc1335679", "doc1335776", "doc1636776", "doc1335690", "doc1426377", "doc1335795", "doc2191848", "doc1335691", "doc1335692", "doc2295535", "doc1335674", "doc1335725", "doc1335703", "doc1335848", "doc2159372", "doc992154", "doc1335768", "doc63989", "doc510224", "doc1335781", "doc1335801", "doc1153231", "doc2425521", "doc2159359", "doc1335800", "doc835732", "doc1335694", "doc1335680", "doc2159373", "doc1335693", "doc2522783", "doc1335792", "doc1335702", "doc2295536", "doc1335730", "doc1335742", "doc2159363", "doc2159375", "doc142333", "doc1335846", "doc2295534", "doc1142584", "doc1153252", "doc1335802", "doc977765", "doc1335741", "doc1335675", "doc1335695", "doc1767886", "doc302269", "doc1335803", "doc1335777", "doc1335806", "doc1636788", "doc1335778", "doc1636789", "doc2348134", "doc1335720", "doc2159366", "doc795035", "doc1335849", "doc1335793", "doc510226", "doc2159376", "doc1335698", "doc1263751", "doc1335739", "doc142331", "doc529061", "doc26894", "doc1335788", "doc26962", "doc1318784", "doc1150824", "doc1823457", "doc2422839" ]	[ "Elevator pitch There are many origin stories for the elevator pitch or elevator speech. One commonly-known origin story is that of Ilene Rosenzweig and Michael Caruso, two former journalists in the 90s. According to Rosenzweig, Caruso was a senior editor at Vanity Fair and was continuously attempting to pitch story ideas to the Editor-In-Chief at the time, but could never pin her down long enough to do so simply because she was always on the move.[1] So, in order to pitch her ideas, Caruso would join her during short free periods of time she had, such as on an elevator ride. Thus, the concept of an elevator pitch was created, as says Rosenzweig.", "Elevator pitch Crosby, who worked as a quality test technician, and then later as the Director of Quality at International Telephone and Telegraph, recounted how an elevator pitch could be used to push for change within the company.[3] He planned a speech regarding the change he wanted to see and waited at the ITT headquarters elevator. Crosby stepped onto an elevator with the CEO of the company in order to deliver his speech. Once they reached the floor in which the CEO was getting off, Crosby was asked to deliver a full presentation on the topic at a meeting for all of the general managers.", "Elevator pitch Another origin story for the elevator pitch is from Elisha Graves Otis, the inventor of a device meant for elevator safety, which dates back to the 1850s. In 1852, Otis began developing a device that would improve the safety of elevators, specifically related to the hoists used to lift heavy equipment to upper floors.[4] The device was created out of steel wagon spring meshing and provided a backup catch and hold mechanism if the rope lifting the elevator gave way. In 1854, in the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York in front of a big audience, Otis revealed his device. He did so by lifting an elevator, like normal, but as it was positioned approximately halfway up the elevator shaft, the rope was cut. The elevator platform was held in place by Otisâ€™ device. This can be known as the first elevator pitch ever.", "Elevator pitch However, there is another known potential origin story that dates back prior to the story of Rosenzweig and Caruso. Philip Crosby, author of “The Art of Getting Your Own Sweet Way” (1972) and “Quality Is Still Free,” (1996) suggested individuals should have a pre-prepared speech that can deliver information regarding themselves or a quality that they can provide within a short period of time, namely the amount of time of an elevator ride for if an individual finds themselves on an elevator with a prominent figure.[2] Essentially, an elevator pitch, or elevator speech, is meant to allow an individual to pitch themselves or an idea to a person who is high up in a company, with very limited time.", "Elevator pitch The name—elevator pitch—reflects the idea that it should be possible to deliver the summary in the time span of an elevator ride, or approximately thirty seconds to two minutes.", "Elevator pitch An elevator pitch, elevator speech, or elevator statement is a short description of an idea, product, company, or oneself that explains the concept in a way such that any listener can understand it in a short period of time. This description typically explains who the product/company is for, what it does, why it is needed, and how it will get done. For the latter, when explaining an individual, the description generally explains oneâ€™s skills and goals, and why they would be a productive and beneficial person to have on a team or within a company/project. An elevator pitch does not have to include all of these components, but it usually does at least explain what the idea, product, company, or person is and why it/they are valuable.", "Elevator pitch The concept of an elevator pitch, as created by Crosby, did not receive much popularity until two statisticians, Gerry Hahn from General Electric and Tom Boardman, a professor at the University or Colorado, started to push the concept onto other statisticians. The two pushed this concept in order to help other statisticians in promoting what they have to offer. Boardman pushed the concept much further than Hahn, resulting in the elevator pitch, or elevator speech, ultimately being linked to Boardman and his professional life.", "Elevator pitch An elevator pitch is meant to last the duration of an elevator ride, which can vary in length from approximately 15 seconds to two minutes. Therefore, the main focus of an elevator pitch should be making it short and direct. According to the Idaho Business Review[5], the first two sentences of any elevator pitch are the most important, and should hook or grab the attention of the listener(s). Information in an elevator pitch, due to the limited amount of time, should be condensed in order to express the most important ideas or concepts within the allotted time.", "Business plan An \"elevator pitch\" is a short summary of the plan's executive summary. This is often used as a teaser to awaken the interest of potential investors, customers, or strategic partners. It is called an elevator pitch as it is supposed to be content that can be explained to someone else quickly in an elevator. The elevator pitch should be between 30 and 60 seconds.[8]", "Elevator pitch Furthermore, the Idaho Business Review suggests individuals who use an elevator pitch deliver it using simple language, and avoiding statistics or other language that may disrupt the focus of the listener. Bloomberg Businessweek suggests that an important lesson to think about when giving an elevator pitch is to “adjust the pitch to the person who is listening, and refine it as you and your business continue to grow and change.”[6] When delivering an elevator pitch, individuals are encouraged to remain flexible and adaptable, and to be able to deliver the pitch in a genuine and fluent fashion. By doing so, the intended audience of the pitch will likely be able to follow the information, and will not interpret it as being too scripted.", "Elevator pitch Advantages to conducting an elevator pitch, or elevator speech, include convenience and simplicity. For instance, elevator pitches can be given on short notice and without much preparation due to the pre-planning of the content being delivered within said pitch.[7] Furthermore, elevator pitches allow the individual who is giving the pitch the ability to simplify the content and deliver it in a less complicated manner by providing the information in a cut-down fashion that gets right to the point. [8]", "Elevator Starting in the coal mines, by the mid-19th century elevators were operated with steam power and were used for moving goods in bulk in mines and factories. These steam driven devices were soon being applied to a diverse set of purposes â€“ in 1823, two architects working in London, Burton and Hormer, built and operated a novel tourist attraction, which they called the \"ascending room\". It elevated paying customers to a considerable height in the center of London, allowing them a magnificent panoramic view of downtown.[12]", "Elevator pitch An elevator pitch can be used to entice an investor, executive in a company, or explain an idea to a founderâ€™s parents. The goal is simply to convey the overall concept or topic in an exciting way. Unlike a sales pitch, there may not be a clear buyer/seller relationship.", "Elevator An elevator (US and Canada) or lift (UK, Australia,[1][2][3] Ireland,[4][5] New Zealand,[6][7] and South Africa[8]) is a type of vertical transportation that moves people or goods between floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel, or other structure. Elevators/lifts are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston like a jack.", "Elevator In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator descend at excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in a dramatic, death-defying presentation in 1854,[14][15] and the first such passenger elevator was installed at 488 Broadway in New York City on March 23, 1857.", "Elevator The earliest known reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes (c. 287 BC â€“ c. 212 BC) built his first elevator probably in 236 BC.[9] Some sources from later historical periods mention elevators as cabs on a hemp rope powered by hand or by animals.", "Elevator Schuyler Wheeler invented the electric elevator, patenting it in 1883.[20][21][22]", "Elevator The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented.[16] The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most efficient design.[17] Later, Otis designed a special elevator for the building.", "Elevator Henry Waterman of New York is credited with inventing the \"standing rope control\" for an elevator in 1850.[14]", "Elevator Some people argue that elevators began as simple rope or chain hoists (see Traction elevators below). An elevator is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day elevator consists of a cab (also called a \"cage\", \"carriage\" or \"car\") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a \"hoistway\". In the past, elevator drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons or by hand. In a \"traction\" elevator, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced by a counterweight. Sometimes two elevators are built so that their cars always move synchronously in opposite directions, and are each other's counterweight.", "Elevator In 1000, the Book of Secrets by al-Muradi in Islamic Spain described the use of an elevator-like lifting device, in order to raise a large battering ram to destroy a fortress.[10] In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France. Louis XV of France had a so-called 'flying chair' built for one of his mistresses at the Chateau de Versailles in 1743.[11]", "Elevator Early, crude steam-driven elevators were refined in the ensuing decade; â€“ in 1835 an innovative elevator called the \"Teagle\" was developed by the company Frost and Stutt in England. The elevator was belt-driven and used a counterweight for extra power.[13]", "Elevator Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal, iron ore and grain into the holds of bulk carriers", "Elevator The Equitable Life Building completed in 1870 in New York City was thought to be the first office building to have passenger elevators.[18] However Peter Ellis, an English architect, installed the first elevators that could be described as paternoster lifts in Oriel Chambers in Liverpool in 1868.[19]", "Elevator Ancient and medieval elevators used drive systems based on hoists or windlasses. The invention of a system based on the screw drive was perhaps the most important step in elevator technology since ancient times, leading to the creation of modern passenger elevators. The first screw drive elevator was built by Ivan Kulibin and installed in Winter Palace in 1793. Several years later another of Kulibin's elevators was installed in Arkhangelskoye near Moscow.", "Elevator Passenger elevators may be specialized for the service they perform, including: hospital emergency (code blue), front and rear entrances, a television in high-rise buildings, double-decker, and other uses. Cars may be ornate in their interior appearance, may have audio visual advertising, and may be provided with specialized recorded voice announcements. Elevators may also have loudspeakers in them to play calm, easy listening music. Such music is often referred to as elevator music.", "Skyscraper Elevators are characteristic to skyscrapers. In 1852 Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, allowing convenient and safe passenger movement to upper floors. Another crucial development was the use of a steel frame instead of stone or brick, otherwise the walls on the lower floors on a tall building would be too thick to be practical. Today major manufacturers of elevators include Otis, ThyssenKrupp, Schindler, and KONE.", "Elevator The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany.[23] The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft.", "American English Already existing English words—such as store, shop, dry goods, haberdashery, lumber—underwent shifts in meaning; some—such as mason, student, clerk, the verbs can (as in \"canned goods\"), ship, fix, carry, enroll (as in school), run (as in \"run a business\"), release and haul—were given new significations, while others (such as tradesman) have retained meanings that disappeared in England. From the world of business and finance came break-even, merger, delisting, downsize, disintermediation, bottom line; from sports terminology came, jargon aside, Monday-morning quarterback, cheap shot, game plan (football); in the ballpark, out of left field, off base, hit and run, and many other idioms from baseball; gamblers coined bluff, blue chip, ante, bottom dollar, raw deal, pass the buck, ace in the hole, freeze-out, showdown; miners coined bedrock, bonanza, peter out, pan out and the verb prospect from the noun; and railroadmen are to be credited with make the grade, sidetrack, head-on, and the verb railroad. A number of Americanisms describing material innovations remained largely confined to North America: elevator, ground, gasoline; many automotive terms fall in this category, although many do not (hatchback, sport utility vehicle, station wagon, tailgate, motorhome, truck, pickup truck, to exhaust).[citation needed]", "Elevator A special type of elevator is the paternoster, a constantly moving chain of boxes. A similar concept, called the manlift or humanlift, moves only a small platform, which the rider mounts while using a handhold seen in multi-story industrial plants.", "Cube (film) After writing Cube, Vincenzo Natali developed and filmed a short entitled Elevated. The short was set in an elevator and was intended to give investors an idea of how Cube would hypothetically look and come across. It eventually got the feature financed. Cube was shot on a Toronto soundstage.[10]", "Elevator In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed by Edward B. Ellington and others. It constructed a network of high-pressure mains on both sides of the Thames which, ultimately, extended to 184 miles and powered some 8,000 machines, predominantly elevators (lifts) and cranes.[24]", "Elevator In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely.[25] In 1887, American Inventor Alexander Miles of Duluth, Minnesota patented an elevator with automatic doors that would close off the elevator shaft.", "Love in an Elevator \"Love in an Elevator\", like the other tracks on Pump, was recorded sometime in April to June 1989 at Little Mountain Sound Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia. During the writing process, lead singer Steven Tyler is said to have come upon the concept of the song while researching famous battleships. Specifically, an instance on the Russian battleship Navarin, in which one of the crew was famously quoted, as the ship was going down, \"Мы должны жить вверх, в то время как мы теперь идем вниз,\" or when translated \"we must live upwards now, for it is downward we head.\"[citation needed] Tyler claims the song's lyrics were inspired by an experience he had at a hotel, in which he was making out with a girl in the elevator and they started having sex as the doors opened; \"It felt like a lifetime waiting for those doors to close,\" quipped Tyler.", "Elevator In agriculture and manufacturing, an elevator/lift is any type of conveyor device used to lift materials in a continuous stream into bins or silos. Several types exist, such as the chain and bucket elevator, grain auger screw conveyor using the principle of Archimedes' screw, or the chain and paddles or forks of hay elevators.", "Elevator Automatic elevators began to appear as early as the 1930s,[citation needed] their development being hastened by striking elevator operators which brought large cities dependent on skyscrapers (and therefore their elevators) such as New York and Chicago to their knees. These electromechanical systems used relay logic circuits of increasing complexity to control the speed, position and door operation of an elevator or bank of elevators.", "Elevator The majority of elevator designs are developed from Up Peak Round Trip Time calculations as described in the following publications:- CIBSE Guide D: Transportation Systems in Building[31] Elevator Traffic Handbook, Theory and Practice. Gina Barney.[32] The Vertical Transportation Handbook. George Strakosch[33]", "Elevator Guests ascending to the 67th, 69th, and 70th level observation decks (dubbed \"Top of the Rock\") atop the GE Building at Rockefeller Center in New York City ride a high-speed glass-top elevator. When entering the cab, it appears to be any normal elevator ride. However, once the cab begins moving, the interior lights turn off and a special blue light above the cab turns on. This lights the entire shaft, so riders can see the moving cab through its glass ceiling as it rises and lowers through the shaft. Music plays and various animations are also displayed on the ceiling. The entire ride takes about 60 seconds.", "Escalator Authors and historians have offered multiple interpretations of the source of the word “escalator”, and some degree of misinformation then proliferated. For reference, contradictory citations by seven separate individuals, including the Otis Elevator Company itself, are provided below.[32]", "Roller coaster Another explanation is that it originated from a ride located in a roller skating rink in Haverhill, Massachusetts in 1887. A toboggan-like sled was raised to the top of a track which consisted of hundreds of rollers. This Roller Toboggan then took off down gently rolling hills to the floor. The inventors of this ride, Stephen E. Jackman and Byron B. Floyd, claim that they were the first to use the term \"roller coaster\".[12]", "Elevator Statistically speaking, cable-borne elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides result in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open. Of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-related — for example, technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts,[57] and most of the rest are attributed to other kinds of accidents, such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors.[57] In fact, prior to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog, severing the cables of an elevator cab, which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building, seriously injuring (though not killing) the sole occupant — the elevator operator.[58] However, there was an incident in 2007 at a Seattle children's hospital, where a ThyssenKrupp ISIS machine-room-less elevator free-fell until the safety brakes were engaged.[59] This was due to a flaw in the design where the cables were connected at one common point, and the kevlar ropes had a tendency to overheat and cause slipping (or, in this case, a free-fall). While it is possible (though extraordinarily unlikely) for an elevator's cable to snap, all elevators in the modern era have been fitted with several safety devices which prevent the elevator from simply free-falling and crashing. An elevator cab is typically borne by 2 to 6 (up to 12 or more in high rise installations) hoist cables or belts, each of which is capable on its own of supporting the full load of the elevator plus twenty-five percent more weight. In addition, there is a device which detects whether the elevator is descending faster than its maximum designed speed; if this happens, the device causes copper (or silicon nitride in high rise installations) brake shoes to clamp down along the vertical rails in the shaft, stopping the elevator quickly, but not so abruptly as to cause injury. This device is called the governor, and was invented by Elisha Graves Otis.[58] In addition, an oil/hydraulic or spring or polyurethane or telescopic oil/hydraulic buffer or a combination (depending on the travel height and travel speed) is installed at the bottom of the shaft (or in the bottom of the cab and sometimes also in the top of the cab or shaft) to somewhat cushion any impact.[57] However, In Thailand, in November 2012, a woman was killed in free falling elevator, in what was reported as the \"first legally recognised death caused by a falling lift\".[60]", "Storey Elevator buttons may also be labelled according to their main function. In English-speaking countries, besides the common L for \"Lobby\", one may find P for \"Pool\"[citation needed] or \"Parking\"[8] (and P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6, P7, P8, P9, P10, etc. for multiple parking floors), S for \"Skyway\" or \"Street\", R for \"Restaurant\" or Roof, PH for \"Penthouse\", OD for \"observation deck\", W for Walkway, T for Tunnel, Ticketing or Trains, etc. In some US buildings, the label G on the elevator may stand for the building's \"Garage\", which need not be located on the \"Ground\" floor.", "Early skyscrapers The development of the elevator was also essential to the emergence of the early skyscrapers, as office building taller than around six stories would have been impractical without them.[29] Powered elevators were first installed in England during the 1830s and spread to US factories and hotels by the 1840s.[29] Elevators using hoist ropes, however, could only function effectively in low-rise buildings and this limitation encouraged the introduction of the hydraulic elevator in 1870, even though early models contained dangerous design flaws.[30] By 1876 these problems had been resolved, providing a solution for servicing the early skyscrapers.[31]", "Elevator Stage lifts and orchestra lifts are specialized elevators, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used to raise and lower entire sections of a theater stage. For example, Radio City Music Hall has four such elevators: an orchestra lift that covers a large area of the stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the stage. In this case, the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise an entire orchestra, or an entire cast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below. There's a barrel on the background of the image of the left which can be used as a scale to represent the size of the mechanism", "Elevator Early users of elevators sometimes reported nausea caused by abrupt stops while descending, and some users would use stairs to go down. In 1894, a Chicago physician documented \"elevator sickness\".[69]", "The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror Walt Disney Imagineering eventually took inspiration from Rod Serling's anthology stories featured in The Twilight Zone, as a foundation for their original story. Imagineers mused that the attraction would be able to take guests into the Fifth Dimension that Serling always described as unlocking in every episode of the series. With the project in firm development, Disney licensed the rights to use The Twilight Zone intellectual property from CBS Inc..[14] The Imagineering team settled on a 1930s-era Hollywood hotel with a Twilight Zone theme, but a new ride system had to be built, which would allow both more capacity inside the ride and make the drop fast. Otis Elevator Company created the vertical ride system, and Eaton-Kenway a ride vehicle that could drive itself horizontally.[12] Joe Dante directed the ride's short preshow film.[15] The archival footage of Rod Serling used in the preshow was taken from the episode, \"It's a Good Life\".[16] Mark Silverman provided the voice for Serling in the attraction; Serling's wife, Carol Serling, approved Silverman's casting after several auditions.[7]", "Dumbwaiter The term seems to have been popularized in the United States in the 1840s, after the model of earlier \"dumbwaiters\" now known as serving trays and lazy Susans.[3] The mechanical dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon, a New York City inventor. Cannon first filed for the patent of a brake system (US Patent no. 260776) that could be used for a dumbwaiter on January 6, 1883.[4] Cannon later filed for the patent on the mechanical dumbwaiter (US Patent No. 361268) on February 17, 1887.[5] Cannon reportedly generated a vast amount of royalties from the dumbwaiter patents until his death in 1897.[6]", "Escalator Reno, a graduate of Lehigh University, produced the first working escalator (called the \"inclined elevator\") and installed it alongside the Old Iron Pier at Coney Island, New York City in 1896.[20] This particular device was little more than an inclined belt with cast-iron slats or cleats on the surface for traction, and traveled along a 25 degree incline. A few months later, the same prototype was used for a month-long trial period on the Manhattan side of the Brooklyn Bridge. Reno eventually joined forces with Otis and retired once he had sold his patents. Some Reno-type escalators were still being used in the Boston subway until construction for the Big Dig precipitated their removal. The Smithsonian Institution considered re-assembling one of these historic units from 1914 in their collection of Americana, but \"logistics and reassembly costs won out over nostalgia,\" and the project was discarded.[21]", "Elevator Before the widespread use of elevators, most residential buildings were limited to about seven stories. The wealthy lived on lower floors, while poorer residents–required to climb many flights of stairs–lived on higher floors. The elevator reversed this social stratification, exemplified by the modern penthouse suite.[69]", "The finger Linguist Jesse Sheidlower traces the gesture's development in the United States to the 1890s. According to anthropologist Desmond Morris, the gesture probably came to the United States via Italian immigrants.[5] The first documented appearance of the finger in the United States was in 1886, when Old Hoss Radbourn, a baseball pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters, was photographed giving it to a member of their rival the New York Giants.[5] In the film Speedy (1928), Harold Lloyd's character gives himself the finger into a distorting mirror at Luna Park, about 24 minutes into the film.", "Elevator By 1900, completely automated elevators were available, but passengers were reluctant to use them. A 1945 elevator operator strike in New York City, and adoption of an emergency stop button, emergency telephone, and a soothing explanatory automated voice aided adoption.[27]", "Elevator The development of elevators was led by the need for movement of raw materials including coal and lumber from hillsides. The technology developed by these industries and the introduction of steel beam construction worked together to provide the passenger and freight elevators in use today.", "Escalator Seeberger trademarked the word \"escalator\" in 1900, to coincide with his device’s debut at the Exposition Universelle. According to his own account, in 1895, his legal counsel advised him to name his new invention, and he then set out to devise a title for it. As evidenced in Seeberger's handwritten documents, the inventor consulted \"a Latin lexicon\" and \"adopted as the root of the new word, 'Scala'; as a prefix, 'E' and as a suffix, 'Tor.'\"[33] His own rough translation of the word thus created was \"means of traversing from,\" and he intended for the word to be pronounced, \"es‧ʹkæl‧ə‧tər\" (es-CAL-a-tor). By 1906, Seeberger noted that the public had instead come to pronounce it \"escə‧lāʹ‧tər\" (es-ca-LĀ-tor).[34]", "Elevator The first elevator in India was installed at the Raj Bhavan in Calcutta (now Kolkata) by Otis in 1892.[26]", "Yonkers, New York For its first two hundred years, Yonkers was a small farming town with an active industrial waterfront. Yonkers's later growth rested largely on developing industry. In 1853, Elisha Otis invented the first safety elevator and the Otis Elevator Company, opened the first elevator factory in the world on the banks of the Hudson near what is now Vark Street. It relocated to larger quarters (now the Yonkers Public Library) in the 1880s. Around the same time, the Alexander Smith and Sons Carpet Company (in the Saw Mill River Valley) expanded to 45 buildings, 800 looms, and over 4,000 workers and was known as one of the premier carpet producing centers in the world.", "Elevator Some types of residential elevators do not use a traditional elevator shaft, machine room, and elevator hoistway. This allows an elevator to be installed where a traditional elevator may not fit, and simplifies installation. The ASME board first approved machine-room-less systems in a revision of the ASME A17.1 in 2007. Machine-room-less elevators have been available commercially since the mid 1990s, however cost and overall size prevented their adoption to the residential elevator market until around 2010.[65]", "Elevator Machine room-less elevators are designed so that most of the components fit within the shaft containing the elevator car; and a small cabinet houses the elevator controller. Other than the machinery being in the hoistway, the equipment is similar to a normal traction or hole-less hydraulic elevator. The world's first machine room-less elevator, the Kone MonoSpace was introduced in 1996, by Kone. The benefits are:", "Love in an Elevator The song was produced by Bruce Fairbairn and was engineered by Mike Fraser with Ken Lomas as second engineer, and in addition to Aerosmith – Steven Tyler (lead vocals), Joe Perry (guitars, backing vocals), Brad Whitford (guitars, backing vocals), Tom Hamilton (electric bass, backing vocals), and Joey Kramer (drums, percussion) – were Bob Dowd (backing vocals), Bruce Fairbairn (backing vocals), and Catherine Epps (elevator operator).[2]", "Elevator An audible signal button, labeled \"S\": in the US, for elevators installed between 1991 and 2012 (initial passage of ADA and coming into force of 2010 revision), a button which if pushed, sounds an audible signal as each floor is passed, to assist visually impaired passengers. No longer used on new elevators, where the sound is obligatory.[51]", "Elevator The system was first pioneered by Schindler Elevator in 1992 as the Miconic 10. Manufacturers of such systems claim that average traveling time can be reduced by up to 30%.[53]", "Escalator In the first half of the twentieth century, several manufacturers developed their own escalator products, though they had to market their devices under different names, due to Otisâ€™ hold on the trademark rights to the word \"escalator.\" New York-based Peelle Company called their models the Motorstair, while Westinghouse called their model an Electric Stairway. The Toledo-based Haughton Elevator company referred to their product as simply Moving Stairs. The Otis trademark is no longer in effect.", "Escalator The alleged intended capitalization of \"escalator\" is likewise a topic of debate. Seebergerâ€™s trademark application lists the word not only with the \"E\", but also with all of the letters capitalized (in two different instances), and he specifies that \"any other form and character of type may be employed . . . without altering in any essential manner the character of [the] trade-mark.\"[36] That his initial specifications are ostensibly inconsistent. Otis Elevator Co. advertisements so frequently capitalized all of the letters in the word.", "Elephant in the room The first widely disseminated conceptual reference was a story written by Mark Twain in 1882, \"The Stolen White Elephant\", which slyly dissects the inept, far-ranging activities of detectives trying to find an elephant that was right on the spot after all. This may have been the reference in the legal opinion of United States v. Leviton, 193 F. 2d 848 (2nd Circuit, 1951), makes reference in its opinion, \"As I have elsewhere observed, it is like the Mark Twain story of the little boy who was told to stand in a corner and not to think of a white elephant.\"", "Elevator The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror is the common name for a series of elevator attractions at the Disney's Hollywood Studios park in Orlando, the Disney California Adventure Park park in Anaheim, the Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris and the Tokyo DisneySea park in Tokyo. The central element of this attraction is a simulated free-fall achieved through the use of a high-speed elevator system. For safety reasons, passengers are seated and secured in their seats rather than standing. Unlike most traction elevators, the elevator car and counterweight are joined using a rail system in a continuous loop running through both the top and the bottom of the drop shaft. This allows the drive motor to pull down on the elevator car from underneath, resulting in downward acceleration greater than that of normal gravity. The high-speed drive motor is used to rapidly lift the elevator as well.", "Love in an Elevator \"Love in an Elevator\" is a song performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith, written by Steven Tyler and guitarist/backing vocalist Joe Perry. It was released in August 1989 as the lead single from their third album with Geffen Records, Pump, released in September (see 1989 in music).[1] It peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number 1 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.[3]", "Bootstrapping The term appears to have originated in the early 19th century United States (particularly in the phrase \"pull oneself over a fence by one's bootstraps\"), to mean an absurdly impossible action, an adynaton.[1][2][3]", "The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror The elevator rose quickly to the fifth floor. Because the dark-ride portion of California's tower took place in the drop shaft, the physical vertical vehicle conveyance system moved more quickly and nimbly than Florida's (in which the first tower functions only as a dark ride and is not built for the quick movements that the drop portion requires). As such, visitors felt a moment of weightlessness as the elevator quickly ascended and then stopped on the fifth floor, where when the doors opened, an ornate, wood-framed mirror stood in a brightly lit hallway of the hotel and riders saw their reflection in its glass. Serling then said:", "Elevator Elevators necessitated new social protocols. When Nicholas II of Russia visited the Hotel Adlon in Berlin, his courtiers panicked about who would enter the elevator first, and who would press the buttons. In Lifted: A Cultural History of the Elevator, author Andreas Bernard documents other social impacts caused by the modern elevator, including thriller movies about stuck elevators, casual encounters and sexual tension on elevators, the reduction of personal space and claustrophobia, and concerns about personal hygiene.[70]", "Generic trademark Genericization or \"loss of secondary meaning\" may be either among the general population or among just a subpopulation, for example, people who work in a particular industry. Some examples of the latter type from the vocabulary of physicians include the names Luer-Lok (Luer lock), Phoroptor (phoropter), and Port-a-Cath (portacath), which have genericized mind share (among physicians) because (1) the users may not realize that the term is a brand name rather than a medical eponym or generic-etymology term, and (2) no alternative generic name for the idea readily comes to mind. Most often, genericization occurs because of heavy advertising that fails to provide an alternative generic name or that uses the trademark in similar fashion to generic terms. Thus, when the Otis Elevator Company advertised that it offered \"the latest in elevator and escalator design,\" it was using the well-known generic term \"elevator\" and Otis's trademark \"Escalator\" for moving staircases in the same way. The Trademark Office and the courts concluded that, if Otis used their trademark in that generic way, they could not stop Westinghouse from calling its moving staircases \"escalators\", and a valuable trademark was lost through genericization.", "Elevator The idea of destination control was originally conceived by Leo Port from Sydney in 1961,[52] but at that time elevator controllers were implemented in relays and were unable to optimize the performance of destination control allocations.", "Elevator Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator or lift.", "Elevator In 2000, the first vacuum elevator was offered commercially in Argentina.[28]", "The Cat in the Hat Geisel gave varying accounts of how he conceived of The Cat in the Hat. According to the story Geisel told most often, he was so frustrated with the word list that William Spaulding had given him that he finally decided to scan the list and create a story out of the first two words he found that rhymed. The words he found were cat and hat.[8] Near the end of his life, Geisel told his biographers, Judith and Neil Morgan, that he conceived the beginnings of the story while he was with Spaulding, in an elevator in the Houghton Mifflin offices in Boston.[9] It was an old, shuddering elevator and was operated by a \"small, stooped woman wearing 'a leather half-glove and a secret smile'\".[9] Anita Silvey, recounting a similar story, described the woman as \"a very elegant, very petite African-American woman named Annie Williams\".[10] Geisel told Silvey that, when he sketched the Cat in the Hat, he thought of Williams and gave the character Williams' white gloves and \"sly, even foxy smile\".[10]", "The real McCoy The expression has also been associated with Elijah McCoy's oil-drip cup invention (patented in 1872).[6] One theory is that railroad engineers looking to avoid inferior copies would request it by name, inquiring if a locomotive was fitted with 'the real McCoy system\".[4][6] This possible origin is mentioned in Elijah McCoy's biography at the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[7] The original appearance of this claim in print can be traced to an advertisement which appeared in the December 1966 issue of Ebony. The ad, for Old Taylor Bourbon whiskey, ends with the tag line: \"...but the most famous legacy McCoy left his country was his name.\"[8] While the story in the ad copy bears the hallmarks of false etymology, its spread certainly reinforced a productive force tying the expression to the legacy of the inventor.", "Elevator Elevators may feature talking devices as an accessibility aid for the blind. In addition to floor arrival notifications, the computer announces the direction of travel (OTIS is well known for this in some of their GEN2 model elevators), and notifies the passengers before the doors are to close.", "Elevator An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between the ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to a range of floors, skipping floors in between. These are especially popular in eastern Asia.", "Elevator In addition to lanterns, most elevators have a chime to indicate if the elevator is going up or down either before or after the doors open, usually in conjunction with the lanterns lighting up. Universally, one chime is for up, two is for down, and none indicates an elevator that is 'free'.[citation needed]", "Skyscraper The invention of the elevator was a precondition for the invention of skyscrapers, given that most people would not (or could not) climb more than a few flights of stairs at a time. The elevators in a skyscraper are not simply a necessary utility, like running water and electricity, but are in fact closely related to the design of the whole structure: a taller building requires more elevators to service the additional floors, but the elevator shafts consume valuable floor space. If the service core, which contains the elevator shafts, becomes too big, it can reduce the profitability of the building. Architects must therefore balance the value gained by adding height against the value lost to the expanding service core.[60]", "Elevator Residential elevators may be small enough to only accommodate one person while some are large enough for more than a dozen. Wheelchair, or platform elevators, a specialized type of elevator designed to move a wheelchair 3.7 m (12 ft) or less, can often accommodate just one person in a wheelchair at a time with a load of 340 kg (750 lb).[61]", "Skyscraper Many tall buildings use elevators in a non-standard configuration to reduce their footprint. Buildings such as the former World Trade Center Towers and Chicago's John Hancock Center use sky lobbies, where express elevators take passengers to upper floors which serve as the base for local elevators. This allows architects and engineers to place elevator shafts on top of each other, saving space. Sky lobbies and express elevators take up a significant amount of space, however, and add to the amount of time spent commuting between floors.", "Lazy Susan Part of the mystery arises from the variety of devices that were grouped under the term dumb waiter (today written dumbwaiter). An early 18th-century British article in The Gentleman's Magazine describes how silent machines had replaced garrulous servants at some tables[6] and, by the 1750s, Christopher Smart was praising the \"foreign\" but discreet devices in verse.[7] It is, however, almost certain that the devices under discussion were wheeled serving trays similar to those introduced by Thomas Jefferson to the United States from France,[8] where they were known as étagères.[8] At some point during or before the 3rd quarter of the 18th century, the name dumb waiter also began to be applied to rotating trays.[1] (Jefferson never had a Lazy Susan at Monticello but he did construct a box-shaped rotating book stand and, as part of serving \"in the French style\", employed a revolving dining-room door whose reverse side supported a number of shelves.[9]) Finally, by the 1840s, Americans were applying the term to small elevators carrying food between floors as well.[1] The success of George W. Cannon's 1887 mechanical dumbwaiter then popularized this usage, replacing the previous meanings of \"dumbwaiter.\"", "Elevator A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance. An example would be the Moonlight towers in Austin, Texas, where the elevator holds only one person and equipment for maintenance. The Glasgow Tower — an observation tower in Glasgow, Scotland — also makes use of two climbing elevators.", "Escalator In the twenty-first Schindler became the largest maker of escalators and second largest maker of elevators in the world, though their first escalator installation did not occur until 1936.[24] In 1979, the company entered the United States market by purchasing Haughton Elevator. A decade later, Schindler assumed control of the North American escalator/elevator operations of Westinghouse, forming Schindler's American division.", "Manhattan The borough has a place in several American idioms. The phrase New York minute is meant to convey an extremely short time such as an instant,[265] sometimes in hyperbolic form, as in \"perhaps faster than you would believe is possible,\" referring to the rapid pace of life in Manhattan.[266][267] The expression \"melting pot\" was first popularly coined to describe the densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side in Israel Zangwill's play The Melting Pot, which was an adaptation of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet set by Zangwill in New York City in 1908.[268] The iconic Flatiron Building is said to have been the source of the phrase \"23 skidoo\" or scram, from what cops would shout at men who tried to get glimpses of women's dresses being blown up by the winds created by the triangular building.[269] The \"Big Apple\" dates back to the 1920s, when a reporter heard the term used by New Orleans stablehands to refer to New York City's horse racetracks and named his racing column \"Around The Big Apple.\" Jazz musicians adopted the term to refer to the city as the world's jazz capital, and a 1970s ad campaign by the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau helped popularize the term.[270]", "Elevator Part of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and Disneyland in Paris, France, takes place on an elevator. The \"stretching room\" on the ride is actually an elevator that travels downwards, giving access to a short underground tunnel which leads to the rest of the attraction. The elevator has no ceiling and its shaft is decorated to look like walls of a mansion. Because there is no roof, passengers are able to see the walls of the shaft by looking up, which gives the illusion of the room stretching.", "Elevator Also, residential elevators are smaller than commercial elevators. The smallest passenger elevator is pneumatic, and it allows for only 1 person.[66] The smallest traction elevator allows for just 2 persons.[67]", "Early skyscrapers There is academic disagreement over which building should be considered the first skyscraper.[37] The term was first used in the 1780s to describe a particularly tall horse, before later being applied to the sail at the top of a ship's mast, tall hats and bonnets, tall men and a ball that was hit high into the air.[38] In the 1880s it began to be applied to buildings, first in 1883 to describe large public monuments and then in 1889 as a label for tall office blocks, coming into widespread use over the next decade.[39] Identifying the first \"true skyscraper\" is not straightforward, and various candidates exist depending on the criteria applied.[40] George Post's New York Equitable Life Building of 1870, for example, was the first tall office building to use the elevator, while his Produce Exchange of 1884 made substantial structural advances in metal frame design.[41] The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, opened in 1884, is, however, most often labelled the first skyscraper because of its innovative use of structural steel in a metal frame design.[42]", "Escalator In 1950, the landmark case Haughton Elevator Co. v. Seeberger precipitated the end of Otis's exclusive reign over the word \"escalator\", and simultaneously created a cautionary study for companies and individuals interested in trademark retention.[37] Confirming the contention of the Examiner of Trademark Interferences, Assistant Commissioner of Patents Murphy’s decision rejected Otis’ appeal to keep their trademark intact, and noted that \"the term 'escalator' is recognized by the general public as the name for a moving stairway and not the source thereof\", observing that Otis had \"used the term as a generic descriptive term . . . in a number of patents which [had] been issued to them and . . . in their advertising matter.\"[38] All trademark protections were removed from the word \"escalator\", the term was officially genericized, and it fell into the public domain.", "Elevator Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car (see Hydraulic elevators below). Roped hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.", "Business plan A pitch deck is a slide show and oral presentation that is meant to trigger discussion and interest potential investors in reading the written presentation. The content of the presentation is usually limited to the executive summary and a few key graphs showing financial trends and key decision making benchmarks. If a new product is being proposed and time permits, a demonstration of the product may be included.[9]", "Elevator It can also improve accessibility, as a mobility-impaired passenger can move to his or her designated car in advance.", "Elephant in the room The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first recorded use of the phrase, as a simile, in The New York Times on June 20, 1959: \"Financing schools has become a problem about equal to having an elephant in the living room. It's so big you just can't ignore it.\"[5]", "Jazz The origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a slang term dating back to 1860 meaning \"pep, energy\".[7] The earliest written record of the word is in a 1912 article in the Los Angeles Times in which a minor league baseball pitcher described a pitch which he called a jazz ball \"because it wobbles and you simply can't do anything with it\".[7]", "National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum â€” Ogden Nash, Sport magazine (January 1949)[12]", "Elevator On some passenger double-deck aircraft such as the Boeing 747 or other widebody aircraft, elevators transport flight attendants and food and beverage trolleys from lower deck galleys to upper passenger carrying decks.[63]", "Acronym During the mid- to late-19th century, an acronym-disseminating trend spread through the American and European business communities: abbreviating corporation names in places where space was limited for writing—such as on the sides of railroad cars (e.g., Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad → RF&P); on the sides of barrels and crates; and on ticker tape and in the small-print newspaper stock listings that got their data from it (e.g., American Telephone and Telegraph Company → AT&T). Some well-known commercial examples dating from the 1890s through 1920s include Nabisco (National Biscuit Company),[31] Esso (from S.O., from Standard Oil), and Sunoco (Sun Oil Company).", "Brownie points Another proposed etymology is that the term derives from the name of a 19th-century American railroad superintendent, George R. Brown who, in 1886, devised what was then an innovative system of merits and demerits for railroad employees on the Fall Brook Railway in New York state. Accounts of his system were published in railroad journals, and adopted by many leading U.S. railroads.[4] American railroad employees soon began referring colloquially to \"brownie points\", and at some point, the term entered the general vocabulary.[5]", "Moscow Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.[73]", "Life hack The term life hack was coined in 2004 during the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference in San Diego, California by technology journalist Danny O'Brien to describe the \"embarrassing\" scripts and shortcuts productive IT professionals use to get their work done.[1][3] After his presentation, use of the term life hack spread in the tech and blogging community.[citation needed]", "Elevator algorithm When a new request arrives while the drive is idle, the initial arm/head movement will be in the direction of the cylinder where the data is stored, either in or out. As additional requests arrive, requests are serviced only in the current direction of arm movement until the arm reaches the edge of the disk. When this happens, the direction of the arm reverses, and the requests that were remaining in the opposite direction are serviced, and so on.[1]" ]	[ "Elevator pitch The name—elevator pitch—reflects the idea that it should be possible to deliver the summary in the time span of an elevator ride, or approximately thirty seconds to two minutes." ]
test1532	when is marvel's most wanted coming out	[ "doc54932" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc54932", "doc54930", "doc54940", "doc54942", "doc54935", "doc54931", "doc54934", "doc54933", "doc54936", "doc54939", "doc82984", "doc2535515", "doc54941", "doc54937", "doc226624", "doc2535508", "doc226568", "doc82982", "doc2535509", "doc586446", "doc82974", "doc2535514", "doc2535513", "doc460684", "doc670351", "doc82968", "doc586450", "doc670345", "doc54938", "doc471104", "doc103793", "doc1785131", "doc471103", "doc670346", "doc670341", "doc2304684", "doc1844817", "doc82944", "doc82971", "doc82981", "doc82956", "doc82983", "doc82937", "doc1844806", "doc670343", "doc701072", "doc2535512", "doc1261720", "doc852616", "doc477700", "doc1658041", "doc226625", "doc187005", "doc134758", "doc586449", "doc2127168", "doc477701", "doc2384936", "doc82940", "doc494849", "doc670349", "doc261461", "doc670347", "doc82965", "doc1534693", "doc134757", "doc2225858", "doc261467", "doc2317654", "doc82941", "doc2535511", "doc261476", "doc840079", "doc1796992", "doc737224", "doc1534692", "doc1412820", "doc82945", "doc586429", "doc586447", "doc1658039", "doc1534683", "doc586501", "doc477686", "doc1844816", "doc1785130", "doc664611", "doc82980", "doc670350", "doc82951", "doc630197", "doc82936", "doc586445", "doc82933", "doc2535516", "doc1844826", "doc825889", "doc471106", "doc852589", "doc1093188" ]	[ "Most Wanted (TV pilot) In August 2015, the series was reinvented as Most Wanted and received a pilot order from ABC. The cast was filled out in early 2016, and production was completed by late March. The episode was co-produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television. In May 2016, ABC announced that it would not pick up the pilot to series, and would look to develop other series with Marvel instead.", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) Marvel's Most Wanted, or simply Most Wanted, is an unaired American television pilot based on the Marvel Comics characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise, and is a spin-off from Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The pilot was created and written by Jeffrey Bell and Paul Zbyszewski, and directed by Billy Gierhart.", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) Filming on the pilot took place in early 2016,[23] with Billy Gierhart directing.[24] Production began following that of the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode \"Parting Shot\", and was completed by late March.[24] William O. Hunter, who worked on Marvel's The Avengers, served as production designer,[28] with Christine Bieselin Clark as costume designer.[29]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) In April 2016, Most Wanted was seen to be \"a no-brainer\" for a series pick-up by industry insiders.[30] However, in early May it was said to be \"cooling\" and \"not considered the lock it once was\".[31] At that time, the producers were prepping \"if-come\" orders, \"deals with writers that will come into effect in the event a pilot is picked [up] to series\".[32] On May 12, 2016, the pilot was passed on by ABC,[33] with Lee's successor Channing Dungey explaining that Most Wanted \"did not feel as strong as some of the other pilots that we shot. We talked about it with Marvel and we all came to an agreement that we want to figure out what the next show is that we do together, is something that we all feel is as creatively strong as it can be.\" However, Dungey said that ABC was open to the series being shopped to another network if Marvel found \"another home\" for it.[34] Loeb also acknowledged this possibility, but said that the series was designed \"to do a very specific thing\" alongside S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC.[35]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) At San Diego Comic-Con International 2014, Morse was revealed to be appearing in the second season of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., while Nick Blood was announced as cast in the role of Lance Hunter,[5] a series regular for the season.[13] In August 2014, Adrianne Palicki was cast as Morse in a guest role,[14] and later promoted to series regular with the season two episode \"Aftershocks\".[15][3] By April 2015, Marvel was developing a spin-off series focused on those characters with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. showrunner Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski. The spin-off would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot.[16] Palicki and Blood were in final discussions to headline the potential new series,[17] but ABC passed on the project by May 7, 2015, when they announced their series renewals, cancellations, and pickups.[18] ABC entertainment president Paul Lee explained, \"We thought the right thing now is to leave [Palicki and Blood] on S.H.I.E.L.D., because S.H.I.E.L.D. is so strong on [sic] the moment,\" though he did not rule out returning to the spin-off in the future.[19]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) The pilot revolves around the characters of Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter, ex-S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and ex-spouses on the run, with Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood reprising their respective roles of Morse and Hunter from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.. Delroy Lindo, Fernanda Andrade, and Oded Fehr also starred in the pilot. A television series featuring Morse entered development for ABC Family in July 2011, but never materialized. The character subsequently appeared in the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. along with Hunter, and plans for a spin-off centered on the duo, with Palicki and Blood attached, began in April 2015. The series would have been based on storylines occurring at the end of that second season, but ABC passed on the project.", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) At San Diego Comic-Con International 2011, head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Mockingbird was in development at ABC Family. The series, which was described as \"Alias meets Felicity\", would feature Bobbi Morse as a freshman science major at \"a prestigious university in the Silicon Valley... [until h]er life changes when she is recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. and is forced to become a student by day and a super spy by night.\"[11] By March 2012, Mockingbird was still in development, with Loeb saying, \"as with anything that you’re doing, particularly when you’re starting up a brand new entity [like Marvel Television], things take time and we want to make sure we get it right.\"[12]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) Ex-spies and ex-spouses Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter are on the run trying to uncover a conspiracy against them. With no help from S.H.I.E.L.D., the peacekeeping and spy agency that previously employed them, they enter into an uneasy partnership with rogue adventurer Dominic Fortune and his niece Christina Santos.[1][2]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) Blood and Palicki returned as principal cast members for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[20] In August 2015, the spin-off series received new life, reworked as Marvel's Most Wanted and given a pilot order.[21] Bell and Zbyszewski were again developing the series, writing the pilot and executive producing. The pair were set to serve as showrunners for the series, if it was picked up.[22] Loeb and Jim Chory were also attached as executive producers.[22][1] The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter, with Palicki and Blood both attached, and was described as \"a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures.\"[21] In January 2016, Lee stated that the pilot was \"absolutely\" moving forward, praising the script and saying production would begin \"in the next few months.\"[23] In the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode \"Parting Shot\", the two characters were written off that series, having them leave and disavow S.H.I.E.L.D. Bell explained that Palicki and Blood had to leave to film the pilot, and \"it didn't make sense\" to have the story explain their absence for several episodes just to have the pair leave again soon after to begin production on the rest of Most Wanted if it was picked up to series.[24]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) In August 2015, Palicki and Blood were attached to Most Wanted with the pilot order, reprising their Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. roles as Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter, respectively.[22][21] In January 2016, Delroy Lindo was cast as \"rogue adventurer\" Dominic Fortune.[6] That March, Oded Fehr and Fernanda Andrade were also cast in the pilot,[2] as a \"well-known character\" from the comics and Fortune's niece Christina Santos, respectively.[2] Additionally, guest stars for the pilot include Mckenna Grace as Zoe Abel,[8] Laura Allen as Olivia,[9] and Damon Dayoub.[10]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series In August 2015, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series, titled Marvel's Most Wanted, with a pilot order.[304] Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series, while also serving as co-writers of the pilot, executive producers, and showrunners, with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer.[305] The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter, with Palicki and Blood both attached, and was described as \"a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures.\"[304] In May 2016, the series was passed on by ABC once again.[306]", "Wanted (2016 Australian TV series) The Seven Network released a 90-second promo in December 2015, advising the series will begin airing in February 2016.[30] The premiere date was later confirmed as 9 February.[3]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) On potential crossovers with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Bell said in March 2016, in reference to the way Hunter and Morse were written off of that series, \"We want to be clear we're telling a different type of story, and in doing so, you don't want to be telling a story where you go, \"Why don't they call Coulson? He can fix this easily,\" because that line's been cut. Not that you can't bring them back someday or have someone from S.H.I.E.L.D. show up on this show, but it's really setting up a different [part of the] universe\".[24] Blood described the situation as \"they're on their own, they can make up their own rules, just turn the phones on airplane mode and ignore the calls from back home\".[27]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) Bell compared Most Wanted to the Buffy the Vampire Slayer spin-off Angel, saying the series would be more intimate than Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. because at the heart of the series would be the question, \"What's the metaphor of the relationship that's going to dramatize over the course of the episode versus the larger machinations of the world that S.H.I.E.L.D. [is] in?\"[24] Palicki said the pilot is less based in Marvel mythology and more focused on the two characters, whose dynamic she compared to Mr. and Mrs. Smith. Blood added, \"Itâ€™s exploring how you make a relationship work with the backdrop of all this crazy stuff that goes on\" in their world.[4]", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In August 2015, the spin-off series received new life as a reworked series, titled Marvel's Most Wanted, with a pilot order.[298] Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series, while also serving as co-writers of the pilot, executive producers, and showrunners, with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer.[299] The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter, with Palicki and Blood both attached, and was described as \"a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures.\"[298]", "Wanted (2016 Australian TV series) Wanted is an Australian drama television series which premiered on the Seven Network in Australia on 9 February 2016.[1][2][3] The first season consisted of six episodes.[4] It was renewed for a six-episode second season,[5][6] which premiered with a double-episode on 5 June 2017.[7]", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Several characters created for the series have since been introduced to the comic universe and other media, while a spin-off series, centered on Blood and Palicki's characters Lance Hunter and Bobbi Morse and titled Marvel's Most Wanted, received a pilot order in August 2015; it was ultimately passed on in May 2016. An online digital series, Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot, centered on Elena \"Yo-Yo\" Rodriguez, was launched in December 2016 on ABC.com.", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series In January 2016, Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC,[292] while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that \"all the characters in the universe could also spin out\" into their own series at some point.[168] That May, Dungey said that there were \"a handful of projects in development\", after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter, and that Marvel and ABC were looking \"at series that would be beneficial to both brands.\"[298] By November 2017, Disney was developing a Marvel series specifically for release on its new streaming service, which it planned to launch before the end of 2019.[299] In January 2018, Dungey noted Marvel and ABC \"tried a few things that haven’t worked out as well as we would’ve liked. We developed a couple things this season that we don’t think are going to end up going forward, so we’re going to look really carefully about what we do next, because the idea for us is to come up with something that works very well for both Marvel and ABC, so we’re going to continue to try there.\"[300]", "Wanted (2016 Australian TV series) The series was renewed for a third season to air in 2018.[8]", "Marvel Cinematic Universe In May 2016, after ABC had canceled Agent Carter and passed on Marvel's Most Wanted, ABC Entertainment president Channing Dungey said that Marvel and ABC were working together, looking \"at series that would be beneficial to both brands\" moving forward.[54] In November 2016, Marvel and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel's Inhumans, based on the species of the same name, after a planned film based on the characters had been removed from Marvel Studios' slate.[55][56][57] The first two episodes of the series were set to premiere in IMAX theaters in September 2017 for two weeks, before airing on ABC with the remainder of the series.[55] Ben Sherwood, president of Disney–ABC Television Group, said, \"We've worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios—and this is a critical point—to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing\" the MCU; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films—the theatrical run of the series will take place between the releases of Spider-Man: Homecoming and Thor: Ragnarok.[58][59] The deal was initially suggested to Marvel by IMAX after they had held a successful IMAX event with Game of Thrones in 2015. Sherwood described it as \"a quadruple win—a win for IMAX, a win for Marvel, a win for ABC Studios and a win for ABC to launch a show in an innovative way and get attention\" in an increasingly crowded market. Sherwood hoped that this would be the first of \"several innovative ways to launch [television] programming.\"[59]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series By the end of August 2016, Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half-hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl, with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets.[199] In April 2017, Freeform announced a straight-to-series order for Marvel's New Warriors, with Kevin Biegel serving as the series' showrunner and writing the first script.[197][200] In July 2017, the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal.[201] In November 2017, it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks, with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018.[202] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, is set to air in 2018, with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series.[197][200][201]", "Wanted (2016 Australian TV series) In August 2016, it was confirmed that Wanted had been renewed for a second season[5] which consists of six episodes, these were filmed in Australia, New Zealand and Thailand.[6]", "Wanted (2016 Australian TV series) Production began in September 2015[29] and wrapped in early December of the same year, totalling 10 weeks across 60 locations.[2]", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 3) However, a pilot for the spinoff was ordered in August 2015, with the series titled Marvel's Most Wanted.[56] Bell and fellow Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Paul Zbyszewski developed the series,[56][57] while working on Hunter and Morse's storyline for season three, preparing them to move over to the spin-off.[58] Bell explained that it would set up Most Wanted by defining exactly who the characters are, such as Hunter and his lack of loyalty to S.H.I.E.L.D. and to ideologies—\"nothing specific about the show, it's just who Hunter is\"—and that while the characters are \"on S.H.I.E.L.D., we want to take advantage of who they are, and give the audience as much of their relationship with one another, and with other people, as possible. We are aware that there is a potential imminent end, and so they won't be neglected.\"[59][60]", "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors Following the premiere of Secret Warriors, Marvel announced on October 2, 2018 two new Marvel Rising specials for future release. Release dates and distribution partners for either special have not yet been announced.[14]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series In August 2016, Marvel announced Marvel's Runaways had received a pilot order, along with additional scripts, from the streaming service Hulu, based on the team of the same name. The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series.[175] In February 2017, Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways, with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder, Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru, Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean, Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes, Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein, and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez.[177] Shortly after, they announced the cast of the Pride, the parents of the Runaways, with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder, Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder, Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru, James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru, Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes, Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes, Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean, Kip Pardue as Frank Dean, James Marsters as Victor Stein, and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein.[178] Hulu ordered the series in May 2017.[179] Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017,[180][181] and concluded in October 2017.[182] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, premiered on November 21, 2017.[183] Hulu renewed the series for a second season on January 8, 2018.[176]", "Marvel Cinematic Universe In April 2016, the ABC-owned cable network Freeform announced Marvel's Cloak & Dagger, based on the characters of the same name, with a straight-to-series order for 2018.[76][77] The network confirmed that the series would be \"its first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe\", and described the show as a \"superhero love story\", a premise that Variety called \"a seamless fit for Freeform\" given the network's target audience of \"Becomers\" (the 14â€“34 age demographic).[76][78] This younger-skewing content was continued with the comedy series Marvel's New Warriors ordered in April 2017, with Freeform executive Karey Burke saying, Marvel \"started to see our strength with young adults and together we could create a pipeline for content that was specific to our audience that felt younger than what they're doing at the other channels... It was important to both of us to find the right characters that felt like they would speak directly to Freeform's audience. The Avengers wouldn't work here but the about-to-be-Avengers works here.\"[79] Loeb noted that it was \"exciting\" to Marvel \"to be able to explore the world of the hero and how it affects someone who is trying to figure out who they are as opposed to already knows who they are and now their whole life has to take a left. That's the journey we're going on with these kinds of characters\" in Cloak & Dagger, New Warriors and Hulu's Runaways.[80] In November 2017, it was announced that New Warriors would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks.[81]", "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors Secret Warriors is part of a bigger project, titled Marvel Rising announced in December 2017.[10] The franchise first launched with a digital short series about Ghost Spider that takes place before the events of the film. Titled Marvel Rising: Initiation, the shorts aired in August 2018. Marvel Comics is expected to publish material for Marvel Rising, but delayed any announcement on their material.[11] A set of Marvel Rising comic books began hitting the stands in April 2018 with Marvel Rising No. 0 for free followed by with monthly issues starting June.[12] On August 23, 2018, the film's theme song, Born Ready, was released on Walt Disney Records' YouTube channel.[3] Marvel announced on August 13, 2018 a Youth Storyteller live event for students to develop a script featuring Marvel Rising characters which then be filmed and posted to Marvel YouTube channel in the third quarter.[2] On the same day in early September 2018, Marvel released the film's first trailer while Hasbro unveiled its Marvel Rising toy line that consists of three varieties of figures and the Ghost-Spider Web Slinger.[13] Marvel announced on October 2, 2018 that two new Marvel Rising specials, Chasing Ghosts and Heart of Iron, are being filmed with out fixed release dates or distribution partners.[14]", "Most Wanted (TV pilot) Bell and Zbyszewski worked together on Morse and Hunter's storyline for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., preparing them to move over to the spin-off,[25] with Bell explaining that it would set up Most Wanted by defining exactly who the characters are, such as Hunter and his lack of loyalty to S.H.I.E.L.D. and to ideologies—\"nothing specific about the show, it’s just who Hunter is.\"[26] Blood noted that Hunter is \"willing to ignore the rules and regulations to get the right thing done. Sometimes, Bobbi needs that kick up the backside to send her in that direction. By the same token, Hunter needs Bobbi's rationale sometimes to make sure he doesn't get in trouble again.\"[27] Bell added that for Hunter, \"laws are kind of suggestions, and if he’s with them he’ll follow them, and he’s always been much more a loyalist to the guy in the trenches than to any ideology\".[26] Palicki remarked that the differences in the character's views and beliefs would be \"a big through line throughout the entire show\", and that having Morse and Hunter work for Fortune would test both of their morals, with Hunter having \"a bit more experience with that, where the line to cross is a bit fluid. It might take Bobbi a bit more to adapt to that.\"[4]", "The Punisher (TV series) In early September 2017, Dominic Patten and Denise Petski of Deadline.com commented on the lack of specific release date for the series at the time, calling it \"an unusual\", \"rare move for Marvel and Netflix, who usually give a lot of lead-up to the launch of the high profile and much anticipated series.\" The pair felt with the increased marketing of the series, it would release \"sooner rather than later\".[1] Allison Keene of Collider felt Marvel and Netflix holding back the release date was \"really weird and unnecessary... If you're excited for this show, you'll watch it whenever it appears. For TV editors who have to plan reviews and other content, it's just irritating.\"[46] Polygon's Susana Polo felt Marvel and Netflix were waiting for their scheduled panel at New York Comic Con 2017 during the first weekend of October to reveal the series' release date, as the convention had been used in previous years to reveal \"breaking fall Marvel/Netflix news\".[47] It was reported that Netflix had been planning a surprise \"drop\" release of the series in mid-October 2017,[48][49] mimicking a strategy from the music industry where an artist's album is released \"with little or no fanfare\", after their panel at New York Comic Con 2017, but decided to delay the release to later in 2017 after the 2017 Las Vegas Strip shooting and subsequently cancelling the panel.[49] Two weeks later, the November 17 release was announced.[22]", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) In August 2017, Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role.[6] A month later, it was revealed that former series regular Nick Blood would be returning to reprise his role as Lance Hunter. Blood left the series during the third season, to star on the spin-off series Marvel's Most Wanted, which never came to fruition.[7] Adrianne Palicki, who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season to star on Most Wanted with Blood, expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season, saying she \"would absolutely come back\" if asked.[16]", "Inhumans (TV series) In May 2016, after ABC had canceled Marvel's Agent Carter and passed on Marvel's Most Wanted, ABC Entertainment president Channing Dungey said that Marvel and ABC were looking \"at series that would be beneficial to both brands\" moving forward.[46] In November, Feige said that \"Inhumans will happen for sure. I don't know when. I think it's happening on television. And I think as we get into Phase 4 as I've always said, it could happen as a movie.\"[47] Shortly after, Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced the eight-episode television series Inhumans, to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios and air on ABC;[3][4] Marvel Studios decided that the characters were better suited to television, and a series would be better than trying to fit the multiple planned franchise films around the studio's existing film franchises.[48] Inhumans is not intended to be a reworking of the planned film, nor a spin-off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[3] but it is set in the same shared universe.[5] In December, Scott Buck, the showrunner for the first season of the Marvel Netflix series Iron Fist, was revealed to also be executive producing and showrunning Inhumans.[49] Jeph Loeb and Jim Chory also executive produce the series.[20]", "The Punisher (TV series) The Punisher is scheduled to be released on November 17, 2017 on the streaming service Netflix, worldwide.[11][22] The 13 hour-long episodes will be released simultaneously, as opposed to a serialized format, to encourage binge-watching, a format which has been successful for other Netflix series.[43][23] In July 2016, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that The Punisher would not debut until 2018 at the earliest, after The Defenders released on August 18, 2017,[44][45] but that October, Marvel confirmed a 2017 release instead.[11]", "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors A comic book title for the franchise was launched with the release on April 25, 2018 with Marvel Rising No. 0 for free by writer Devin Grayson, with artist Marco Failla featuring the first team up of Squirrel Girl and Ms. Marvel. Regular issues begin in June and would be written by Grayson, G. Willow Wilson and Ryan North.[12] However, the \"series\" was more a story line as each book had a different title all numbered issue 1, for example in June it was Marvel Rising: Alpha issue 1[16] and Marvel Rising: Squirrel Girl & Ms. Marvel issue 1 on August 1st.[17] This was \"criticized as being overly complicated and confusing\" by Comics Worth Reading.[16]", "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors is an American animated superhero film produced by Marvel Animation, featuring Ms. Marvel, Squirrel Girl, Patriot, and others.[4] It is the first of the Marvel Rising franchise and was released on September 30, 2018 simultaneously on the Disney Channel and Disney XD.[3]", "Adrianne Palicki In August 2014, Palicki joined Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. in a recurring role as Barbara \"Bobbi\" Morse.[15] She became one of the principal cast after the midseason break of season 2,[16] continuing until her character was written out of the series near the end of season 3. ABC ordered a pilot episode for a spin-off, Marvel's Most Wanted, featuring her character in the lead role,[17] but did not develop it as a series.[18]", "Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2012 video game) On 7 May 2012, EA confirmed that new entries in both the Dead Space and Need for Speed franchises would be on shelves by March 2013.[29] The then unnamed and unannounced Need for Speed game was slated for a Q3 2012 release, which would have been any time between October and Christmas 2012.[30] On 25 May 2012, a booth schedule sent out by TwitchTV revealed that EA was showing off Need for Speed: Most Wanted at E3. While EA had previously confirmed that a new Need for Speed was on the way, this was the first time its title had been confirmed.[31][32] On 1 June 2012, EA officially confirmed the existence of the Criterion-developed Need for Speed: Most Wanted as part of the publisher's E3 line-up.[33][34]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series In November 2016, Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel's Inhumans, to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios.[26][70] The series' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras,[71] and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, for two weeks.[5] ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29, 2017,[5] with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content, outside of the versions screened on IMAX.[26] Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX.[71] The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios, nor a spin-off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[72] Ben Sherwood, president of Disney–ABC Television Group, added that \"We’ve worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios—and this is a critical point—to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing\" the MCU; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films.[73] In December 2016, Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series.[6] In February 2017, Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt.[70] Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii,[74] and concluded in June.[75]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series In April 2016, the ABC-owned network Freeform announced a straight-to-series order for Marvel's Cloak & Dagger, based on the characters of the same name,[190] calling it their \"first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe\", and describing the show as a \"superhero love story\".[191] In January 2017, Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, respectively.[192] Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series.[189] Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017,[193] and concluded in November 2017.[194] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes,[187] is set premiere on June 7, 2018.[188]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series, \"reinventing\" an existing Marvel character or property.[293] In January 2016, Ridley confirmed that the project was \"still in development\". He stated that he was looking to \"bring some of the socially conscious nature\" of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show, while also creating something that is \"straight entertainment\".[294] A year later, Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley's project was still progressing, with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script.[295] Ridley added that the rewrite was not because \"anything didn't work the first time around\", but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series, hoping it would occupy \"a space that is not currently being filled\" by Marvel. He also stated that he hoped to create the series \"in the near term.\"[296] By August 2017, Dungey was \"not sure\" if Ridley was still working on the project.[297]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series The second season is scheduled to be released on June 22, 2018.[83] Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season.[133]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series By April 2015, Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series, which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski, would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot.[301] Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter, respectively.[302] By May 7, 2015, when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations, and new series pickups, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on.[303]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series The first season, which premiered on September 24, 2013,[20] aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor: The Dark World and Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[21][22] The revelation in Captain America: The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series. Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film, Loeb said, \"It's an extremely unique experience that doesn't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business.\"[23] The second season, which premiered on September 23, 2014,[24] introduces Inhumans to the MCU,[25] ahead of their own television series.[26] Additionally, a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race, who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy.[27] The third season, which premiered on September 29, 2015,[28] introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors, with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name,[29][30] as well as Life Model Decoys.[31] The fourth season, which premiered on September 20, 2016,[32] sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU,[33] and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange.[34][35] The fifth season premiered on December 1, 2017.[11]", "Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2012 video game) Need for Speed: Most Wanted[a] is an open world racing game developed by Criterion Games and published by Electronic Arts (EA). Announced on 4 June 2012, during EA's E3 press conference, Most Wanted is the nineteenth title in the Need for Speed series and was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation Vita, iOS and Android, beginning in North America on 30 October 2012, with a Wii U version following on 14 March 2013 under the title Need for Speed: Most Wanted U.[9] The game picked up on the Most Wanted intellectual property, as opposed to the Hot Pursuit reboot that Criterion Games developed previously.[10]", "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors The movie was first announced on December 7, 2017.[5] Joe Quesada, Dan Buckley, Cort Lane, and Eric Radomski are set to executive produce the film. Those credited as co-executive producers are Stan Lee, Sana Amanat, and Marsha Griffin. Writer for the film is Mairghread Scott with Alfred Gimeno as supervising director.[7]", "Freeform (TV channel) On April 7, 2016, Freeform ordered a series from ABC Signature and Marvel Television based on the comic book series Cloak and Dagger, marking the first work in the Marvel Cinematic Universe to have been developed for the network.[52] Marvel Television had a Cloak and Dagger and Mockingbird-based series in development for the network as early as 2011.[53] Freeform also announced several new non-scripted productions in development, including Later Bitches, a new late-night talk show produced by The Daily Show alumni Jennifer Flanz and Elise Terrel, an untitled late-night talk show starring Iliza Shlesinger, and Snapshotsâ€”a series of pop culture-oriented documentaries co-produced by ESPN Films.[54] Shlesinger's new show, Truth and Iliza, premiered on May 2, 2017.[55]", "Wanted (2016 Australian TV series) Upon its announcement, Shirley Barrett was named as director,[25] however Peter Templeman and Jennifer Leacey were later named as directors.[28] The series is created by Rebecca Gibney and Richard Bell, the co-founders of R&R Productions which is the production company behind the series, along with Matchbox Pictures.[27] The series will be distributed internationally by Universal Media Studios International.[29]", "Powers (U.S. TV series) Powers is an American online streaming series adaptation of the Powers comic book series published by Marvel Comics under their Icon Comics imprint. The PlayStation Network's first scripted original programming,[1][2] the series premiered on March 10, 2015.[3][4] The first two episodes of the series were written by Charlie Huston and directed by David Slade.[5] The first three episodes, (the third directed by David Petrarca), were released on March 10, 2015, on the PlayStation Network. The pilot episode is available for free for people in the USA on YouTube[6] and the entire first season was available on Crackle until May 3, 2016. On May 6, 2015, Powers was renewed for a second season, which premiered on May 31, 2016.[7] It was announced on August 3, 2016 that Powers had been canceled.[8]", "Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2005 video game) On April 18, 2012, South Africa-based online retailer BTGames, the retailer that listed the existence of Jak and Daxter Collection, listed both Need for Speed: Most Wanted 2 and Dead Space 3 for pre-order, hinting that a possible sequel is in the works.[32] The Most Wanted reboot was officially confirmed on June 1, 2012 on the official website and Facebook fan page. EA presented the game at their E3 live press conference on June 4, 2012. Despite its name the game is completely different in nearly all aspects from the 2005 version.", "Cloak & Dagger (TV series) Cloak & Dagger premiered on Freeform on June 7, 2018,[66] with the series consisting of 10 episodes and running through August 2.[29][35] It was originally intended to premiere in 2017 when it was first ordered to series.[67] ABC Spark airs the series in Canada, also starting on June 7,[68] with Amazon Video airing the series in the United Kingdom and select additional European countries, starting on June 8, 2018.[69] The second season, again consisting of 10 episodes, is scheduled to debut in early 2019.[34]", "Spider-Man (2017 TV series) In October 2016, the series was announced by Cort Lane, senior vice president of Marvel Animation, as a replacement for the series' predecessor, Ultimate Spider-Man, which ended its run in early January 2017. It premiered on August 19, 2017 on Disney XD.[1][21]", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Bell and Zbyszewski worked together on the characters' storyline for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., preparing them to move over to the spin-off,[300] with Bell explaining that it would set up Most Wanted by defining exactly who the characters are, such as Hunter and his lack of loyalty to S.H.I.E.L.D. and to ideologiesâ€”\"nothing specific about the show, it's just who Hunter is.\"[301] In March 2016, Bell stated that while Hunter and Morse are \"on S.H.I.E.L.D., we want to take advantage of who they are, and give the audience as much of their relationship with one another, and with other people, as possible. We are aware that there is a potential imminent end, and so they won't be neglected.\"[302]", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4) In May 2016, Tancharoen said \"we’re always open\" to the possibility of Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood appearing in the season,[79] after they left the series' cast during the third season for the spin-off series Marvel's Most Wanted,[94] which ultimately did not get picked up.[95] Whedon reiterated in January 2017 that \"Once an agent, always an agent, so it’s always out there in the ether\", but stated that the pair were unlikely to return during the fourth season.[96]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films In April 2013, Feige mentioned the Inhumans as a property out of which he was \"confident\" a film would be made.[506] Inhumans as a concept would first be introduced to the MCU in 2014 through the second season of the television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[507] By August 2014, the studio was ready to move forward in development with the film, with a screenplay written by Joe Robert Cole.[508] In October 2014, the film was announced for Phase Three[227] and scheduled for release July 2019.[307] By October 2015, Cole was no longer involved with the film and any potential drafts that he may have written would not be used.[509] In April 2016, Inhumans was removed from the release schedule,[510] and would no longer be a part of Phase Three.[511] In July 2016, Feige said Inhumans would \"certainly\" be a part of the discussion regarding the film ideas for 2020 and 2021,[512] adding the following November that he was still optimistic the film could be released in Phase Four.[513] In November 2016, Marvel Television announced the series Marvel's Inhumans, which premiered on ABC in September 2017, after the first two episodes were screened in IMAX.[514] The series was not intended to be a reworking of the film.[515] ABC canceled Inhumans after one season in May 2018.[516]", "Marvel Cinematic Universe In August 2016, Marvel announced that Marvel's Runaways had received a pilot order from Hulu,[71] eventually receiving a 10 episode order the following May.[72] That July, Loeb confirmed the series would take place in the MCU saying, \"It all lives in the same world, how it's connected and where it's connected and what it's going to be connected to remains to be seen.\" He added that the characters would not be concerned with the actions of other in the universe, instead focusing on their own issues. This allowed showrunners Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage to deal with concepts such as superheroics and fantasy without explaining them to the audience, since they are already well established in the MCU, while still focusing on their own characters, which they described as \"liberating\".[73] Also that month, it was announced that Marvel and Netflix would complete production on 135 episodes by the end of 2017, making the deal the largest television production commitment in New York State. Production for the different series had engaged 500 local vendors and small businesses for various stages of development, and had required over 14,000 production-related hires.[74] By November 2017, Disney was looking to develop a new Marvel television series for their planned streaming service.[75]", "Disney XD The channel's first original television movie, Skyrunners, premiered on November 27, 2009.[5] On April 1, 2012, Disney XD launched a block called \"Marvel Universe\", as a result of Disney's 2009 acquisition of Marvel Entertainment.[6]", "Cloak & Dagger (TV series) The first trailer for the series was released on April 19, 2017, ahead of Freeform's 2017 upfront presentation.[70] The A.V. Club's William Hughes described the trailer as dark and moody, \"the grimmest entry we've seen from Marvel TV to date.\" He felt that Joseph and Holt \"look like they're game to capture the necessary 'You're the only person on Earth who gets me' vibe\" that is central to the comic characters.[71] Ben Pearson at /Film said the trailer looked \"dangerously cheesy\", and as \"over the top\" as other Freeform shows. He added, \"It also doesn't look very much like other Marvel shows. So if all else fails, at least this will be an experiment to see how well Marvel's products can transition within genres and play to different audiences.\"[72] Rob Cave for Comic Book Resources felt setting the series in New Orleans \"gives audiences a glimpse of part of the Marvel Universe, and of America, that is seen on screen far less often than the mythical realms of Asgard or the sci-fi cities of Xandar Prime, let alone the over-exposed metropolises of New York and LA. The move also gives Cloak and Dagger's story its own space, far from the clutter and the clamor of the multitudes of superheroes already established across\" the MCU.[59] In August 2017, exclusive clips from the series were shown at the Edinburgh International Television Festival.[73] The series was part of Freeform's \"activation zone\" at New York Comic Con 2017.[74] Holt, Joseph, Pokaski, and Prince-Bythewood appeared at South by Southwest 2018 on March 11 at the Central Presbyterian Church in Austin, Texas, as well as at WonderCon 2018 on March 23, to discuss the series and screen the first episode.[75][76][40] A trailer was released on March 20, 2018.[77]", "Darkwing Duck On April 2, 2015, a rumor surfaced that Disney would be rebooting the series for a 2018 premiere.[2] This has since been debunked, instead it has returned as a comic book published by Joe Books, which premiered on April 27, 2016.[3][4]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series By September 2013, Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One-Shot, featuring Peggy Carter,[52] and in January 2014, the series was confirmed to be in development, with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America: The First Avenger and Captain America: The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely.[53] On May 8, 2014, ABC officially ordered Marvel's Agent Carter to series.[16] Tara Butters, Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series,[4][53] while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter.[53] The series was renewed for a second season on May 7, 2015,[17] and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12, 2016.[54]", "Captain Marvel (film) Captain Marvel is scheduled to be released in the United States on March 8, 2019,[54] in IMAX and 3D.[109][110] It was originally scheduled for release on July 6, 2018,[41] before moving in February 2015 to November 2, 2018, to accommodate Spider-Man: Homecoming.[44] In October 2015, it moved again to accommodate Ant-Man and the Wasp.[54]", "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors On August 23, 2018, the film's theme song, Born Ready, was released on Walt Disney Records' VEVO YouTube channel. The song is sung by Dove Cameron, who plays Ghost-Spider in other Marvel Rising media.[3]", "Runaways (TV series) Rhenzy Feliz, Lyrica Okano, Virginia Gardner, Ariela Barer, Gregg Sulkin, and Allegra Acosta star as the Runaways, six teenagers from different backgrounds who unite against their parents, the Pride, portrayed by Angel Parker, Ryan Sands, Annie Wersching, Kip Pardue, Ever Carradine, James Marsters, Brigid Brannagh, Kevin Weisman, Brittany Ishibashi, and James Yaegashi. A film from Marvel Studios based on the Runaways began development in May 2008, before being shelved in 2013 due to the success of The Avengers. In August 2016, Marvel Television announced that Runaways had received a pilot order from Hulu, after being developed and written by Schwartz and Savage. Casting for the Runaways and the Pride were revealed in February 2017. Filming on the pilot began in Los Angeles in February 2017. The series was officially ordered by Hulu in May 2017.", "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors A series of six four-minute shorts, titled Marvel Rising: Initiation, were released on in advance of the film.[17] The shorts focus on Ghost-Spider, who is on the run after being framed for her friend Kevin's murder, while Ms. Marvel, Squirrel Girl, Quake, and Patriot attempt to bring her in.[17] Written by Mairghread Scott, Initiation aired on August 13, 2018 on Disney XD.[7][17] The episodes are grouped into three arcs, a Gwen Stacy solo, a Ms. Marvel/Squirrel Girl team-up, and a S.H.I.E.L.D. pursuit.[18]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series By January 2016, ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil, Netflix was in \"very early development\" on a spin-off series titled The Punisher, and was looking for a showrunner. The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle, and was described as a stand-alone series, outside of the series leading up to The Defenders.[166][167][168] Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin-off and were focusing on making \"the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two\" at the time, but did say, \"Iâ€™m never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more....If we are lucky enough that through the writing, through the direction, through the actor that people want to see more of that person, terrific.\"[169] In April 2016, Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher, along with confirming Bernthal's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner.[89] Filming began in Brooklyn, New York in October 2016,[170] and concluded in April 2017.[171] A second season was ordered on December 12, 2017.[90]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series) Advanced previews of the show started airing on Disney XD on August 1, 2015. A full preview of the series aired on Disney XD on September 5, 2015. The official one-hour premiere aired on September 26, 2015.[23]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films A film based on the Runaways went through a number of iterations. Brian K. Vaughan was originally hired to write a screenplay based on the property in May 2008.[498] In April 2010, Marvel hired Peter Sollett to direct the film,[499] and Drew Pearce was hired to write a script in May.[500] The following October, development on the film was put on hold,[501] with Pearce revealing in September 2013 that the Runaways film had been shelved in favor of The Avengers, with the earliest it could release being Phase Three.[502] In October 2014, after announcing all of Marvel's Phase Three films without Runaways, Feige stated the project was \"still an awesome script that exists in our script vault\", adding, \"We'd love to do something with Runaways some day. In our television and future film discussions, it's always one that we talk about, because we have a solid draft there. But again, we can't make them all.\"[104] In August 2016, Marvel Television announced Marvel's Runaways from the streaming service Hulu,[503] with the series receiving a full season order in May 2017.[504] It premiered in November 2017.[505]", "Cloak and Dagger (comics) In April 2016, Marvel Television announced that the duo would appear in their own live-action television series,[2] set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, with Aubrey Joseph as Johnson and Olivia Holt as Bowen. The 10-episode first season debuted in June 2018, with a second season set to premiere in Spring of 2019.", "Runaways (TV series) Marvel Television, based at ABC Studios, was waiting for the right showrunner before moving forward with a television take on the characters. Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, whose company Fake Empire Productions had an overall deal with ABC, independently brought up the property during a general meeting with the studio,[27][1] and, by August 2016, the pair had spent a year conversing with Marvel about turning Runaways into a television series. That month, Marvel's Runaways was announced from Marvel Television, ABC Signature Studios, and Fake Empire Productions, with the streaming service Hulu ordering a pilot episode and scripts for a full season. Hulu was believed to already have \"an eye toward a full-season greenlight.\"[1][28] Executive producer Jeph Loeb felt \"it was an easy decision\" to have Hulu air the series over the other networks Marvel Television works with, because \"We were very excited about the possibility of joining a network that was young and growing in the same way that when we went to Netflix when it was young and growing on the original side. It really feels like weâ€™re in the right place at the right time with the right show.\" Loeb and Marvel Television were also impressed by the success of Hulu's The Handmaid's Tale, which helped further justify the decision.[29] Schwartz and Savage wrote the pilot, and serve as showrunners on the series, as well as executive producers alongside Loeb and Jim Chory.[1][28] In May 2017, Runaways received a 10-episode series order from Hulu at their annual advertising upfront presentation.[30]", "Marvel Legacy The relaunch will begin in September 2017 following the conclusion of the Secret Empire storyline, with the release of a 50-page one-shot titled Marvel Legacy #1.[1][3] Writer Jason Aaron and artist Esad Ribić are collaborating on the opening issue and laying the narrative groundwork for the line.[1] The issue will introduce the first super hero team of Avengers that were active in the year 1,000,000 BC. The story will span the history of the Marvel Universe and explore the connection between the prehistoric Avengers and their present-day counterparts.[3] The issue will see the return of a fan-favourite character into active service.[4] Quesada teased the cover artwork for the opening issue,[5] hinting at the possible return of Bruce Banner as Hulk, Tony Stark as Iron Man, Thor Odinson reclaiming the hammer Mjolnir, and the appearance of other superheroes in their classic costumes.[1] The series also saw the return of the original Wolverine after his initial death. In addition, the original Jean Grey will also return in her own 5 issue limited series titled Phoenix Resurrection: The Return of Jean Grey in December. Marvel Legacy #1 has also brought Franklin and Valeria Richards back to the Marvel Universe. Marvel Two-In-One (a series featuring the Thing teaming up with other superheroes) has been revived by the company with the latest team-up with Thing's best friend Human Torch being the guest in the storyline \"Fate of the Four\" which will focus on both heroes trying to solve the mystery of Reed and Sue's disappearances hinting at a possible Fantastic Four reunion.", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series The first season, which premiered on January 6, 2015,[55] introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs, which both appear in several MCU films.[56][57][58] The second season, which premiered on January 19, 2016,[59] features the Darkforce, which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange.[60]", "Wanted (2016 Australian TV series) The series was first announced in August 2015, following an undisclosed funding amount from Screen Australia[24][25] and investment of AU$527,768 from Screen Queensland.[26] The series was filmed in various locations across Queensland.[27]", "Runaways (TV series) Runaways premiered its first three episodes on Hulu in the United States on November 21, 2017, with the first season consisting of 10 episodes,[29][46] and concluding on January 9, 2018.[47] The series aired on Showcase in Canada, premiering on November 22,[48] and will air on Syfy in the United Kingdom beginning on April 18, 2018.[49]", "Malibu's Most Wanted Malibu's Most Wanted was released on April 18, 2003. \n[3]", "DreamWorks Trollhunters The first two episodes of the series premiered on October 8, 2016, at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] It was released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The series was nominated for nine Daytime Emmy Awards in 2017, winning six including Outstanding Directing, Writing and Casting in an Animated Program. It was also nominated for four Annie Awards in 2017, winning three in the categories of Outstanding Achievement in Character Animation, Character Design, and Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production. On February 9, 2017, Netflix renewed the series for a second season of thirteen episodes, which is set to be released later in 2017.[5] It will be adapted into a comic book by Marc Guggenheim and Richard Hamilton.[6]", "Wanted Dead or Alive (TV series) On June 7, 2005, New Line Home Video released season 1 of Wanted: Dead or Alive on DVD in Region 1. In 2007, BCI Eclipse acquired the distribution rights to the series and released the final two seasons on DVD. Season 2 was released on July 17, 2007, and season 3 on October 16, 2007. These releases are now out of print as BCI Eclipse ceased operations in December 2008.[9]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series) On July 26, 2014, at San Diego Comic-Con, a week before the release of the Guardians of the Galaxy film, Marvel Animation announced the Guardians of the Galaxy animated TV series with a trailer featuring Rocket Raccoon and Star-Lord.[21] With the success of the live action film, Marvel and Disney XD announced that they were moving forward with the animated series at New York Comic Con. They showed some test footage to the audience.[22] It is intended to air in 2015 as a part of the Marvel Universe block on Disney XD.[19]", "Stan Lee's Lucky Man The first series debuted on 22 January 2016,[4] and averaged 1.49 million viewers per episode, making it Sky 1's most successful original drama series to date. The series was renewed for a second season, which began filming in June 2016 and was first broadcast on 24 February 2017.[5] On 25 August 2017, the series was renewed for a third series of eight new episodes. Series 3 began filming September 2017 and is available only on Sky 1 and TV streaming service NOW TV in the UK and Ireland which started on 20 July 2018.[6][7]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series By October 2013, Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest.[91] That November, it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live-action series based on Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders.[92]", "Marvel Cinematic Universe The first film released in the MCU was Iron Man (2008), which began the first phase of films culminating in the crossover film Marvel's The Avengers (2012). Phase Two began with Iron Man 3 (2013), and concluded with Ant-Man (2015). The films are currently in Phase Three, which began with the release of Captain America: Civil War (2016) and is set to conclude with an untitled Avengers film (2019). Marvel Television expanded the universe further, first to network television with Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC in the 2013–14 television season, followed by online streaming with Marvel's Daredevil on Netflix in 2015 and Marvel's Runaways on Hulu in 2017, and then to cable television with Marvel's Cloak & Dagger in 2018 on Freeform. Marvel Television has also produced the digital series Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot, which is a supplement to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Soundtrack albums have been released for all of the films, along with many of the television series, as well as the release of compilation albums containing existing music heard in the films. The MCU also includes tie-in comics published by Marvel Comics, while Marvel Studios has also produced a series of direct-to-video short films and a viral marketing campaign for its films and the universe with the faux news program WHIH Newsfront.", "Marvel Cinematic Universe By October 2013, Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries, totaling 60 episodes, to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest.[60] In November 2013, it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live-action series based on Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders.[61] Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Netflix was chosen to air the shows, \"when Disney realized it could use the streaming service as a way to grow the popularity of the characters\". He added that, if the characters prove popular, they could become feature films.[62] Loeb later stated that Marvel was not \"interested in making four pilots and then hoping someday that they could all get together. Netflix really understood what it is we wanted to do. They're very open to directors that might not have that same opportunity in broadcast television. The notion of having all 13 episodes at one time, particularly in serialized storytelling, is very appealing.\"[63] Loeb also added that the four characters chosen \"all had a previous existing relationship and all grew up on the same kind of stoop in New York [in the comics]. So it lent itself to a world. Does that mean these shows are going to be the same? No. They can't be. The characters have different issues, different problems, different feelings about them ... the example that I continually give is that I cannot think of two films that are more different in tone than The Winter Soldier and Guardians of the Galaxy. And yet, if you watch them back to back, they feel very Marvel. They feel very much like, 'Oh, it is still the same universe that I'm in.'\"[64]", "Spider-Man (2017 TV series) Marvel's Spider-Man, or simply Spider-Man, is an American animated television series based on the Spider-Man comics published by Marvel Comics. It is a replacement for the previous series, Ultimate Spider-Man, and premiered on August 19, 2017 on Disney XD.", "Guardians of the Galaxy (TV series) Disney XD premiered the second season of the series on March 11, 2017.[4]", "Marvel Cinematic Universe In September 2014, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell stated that in order to meet production demands and avoid having to air repeat episodes, ABC would likely air a Marvel special in place of a regular installment at some point during the first ten episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s second season.[82] In October, the special was revealed to be Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, which was hosted by Emily VanCamp, who portrays Agent 13 in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and aired on November 4, 2014.[358] The special features behind the scenes footage from Avengers: Age of Ultron and Ant-Man, as well as footage from the Agent Carter television series previously screened at New York Comic-Con.[359] Brian Lowry of Variety felt an hour for the special did not \"do the topic justice\" adding, \"For anyone who has seen more than one Marvel movie but would shrug perplexedly at the mention of Jack Kirby or Steve Ditko, Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp To Pop! should probably be required viewing. Fun, fast-paced and encompassing many of the company's highlights along with a few lowlights, it's a solid primer on Marvel's history, while weaving in inevitable self-promotion and synergistic plugs.\"[360] Eric Goldman of IGN also wished the special had been longer, adding, \"Understandably, the more you already know about Marvel, the less you'll be surprised by Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, but it's important to remember who this special is really made for â€“ a mainstream audience who have embraced the Marvel characters, via the hugely successful movies, in a way no one could have imagined.\"[359]", "Cloak & Dagger (TV series) At San Diego Comic-Con International 2011, head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Cloak & Dagger was in development at ABC Family. The series, which would be set in post-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans, would follow Cloak and Dagger as the two \"find each other and realize that their powers both complement and complicate their lives.\"[28] In April 2016, the series received a straight-to-series order for Freeform, the new name of ABC Family, from ABC Signature Studios and Marvel Television, with the search for a showrunner underway.[1] The order consisted of 10 episodes.[29] By August 2016, Joe Pokaski had signed on to the series as showrunner and executive producer,[30][31][32] with Loeb and Jim Chory also serving as executive producers.[33][32] Alan Fine, Stan Lee, Joe Quesada, and Karim Zreik also serve as executive producers, while Jenny Klein produces the series.[10]", "Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2012 video game) In November 2011, it was revealed that Criterion Games was developing another Need for Speed game, according to a job advertisement. According to the job listing, the studio was \"looking for talented Cinematic Artists to work on the worldâ€™s number one, multi award winning, arcade racing franchise.\" According to the listing, players should expect \"entertaining, compelling in-game cinematic action sequences\" from the racer, as well as \"intense car action sequences, terrifying jumps, insane crashes and epic car chases.\"[23] Earlier in the year, another job advert revealed that Criterion was developing a game with \"believable, open world AI racing drivers.\"[24] On 11 January 2012, British retailer Game revealed that EA plans to release Medal of Honor: Warfighter and a new entry in the Need for Speed series later that year, which was shown by EA during a confidential presentation. However, the developer and what direction the racing series takes in 2012 was not revealed.[25][26] On 23 January 2012, Criterion's creative director, Craig Sullivan, said on Twitter that the Guildford-based studio has \"lots to share over the coming months\". Sullivan didn't provide any further details, except to say the upcoming announcement/s are \"going to be BIG\".[27] On 8 April 2012, South African-based online retailer BTGames listed Dead Space 3 and Need for Speed: Most Wanted 2 for pre-order.[28]", "Inhumans (TV series) A film based on the Inhumans was first mentioned as being in development in a March 2011 trade report.[39][40] In October 2014, Marvel Studios officially announced the film as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe's Phase Three, with a release date of November 2, 2018.[41] Producer Kevin Feige said, \"We really do believe the Inhumans can be a franchise or a series of franchises unto themselves. They have dozens of powers and an amazing social structure. With our 20th movie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, we wanted to continue to refine what that universe is about.\"[42] The following December, the Inhuman species was introduced during the second season of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. that began a storyline that recurred throughout the series moving forward.[43] In April 2016, the film was officially taken off of Marvel's release schedule, though it was not outright canceled.[44] After the film's cancellation, Jed Whedon, executive producer and showrunner on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., noted that series had \"a little more freedom\" and were \"able to do a little bit more\" with the species going into the fourth season, including the potential of introducing some of the \"classic\" Inhumans.[45]", "List of The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes episodes Marvel Animation and Disney XD later confirmed a second season of the series.[19][20] The first episode was publicly shown at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con in June 2011 and again at New York Comic-Con in October 2011 before its television broadcast.[1][2][21]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series In October 2015, ABC ordered a put pilot for a half-hour live-action comedy series Marvel's Damage Control, based on the comics construction company of the same name. The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television, with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer.[290][291] In January 2016, ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was \"going to be coming out this season,\" seemingly implying it would air in the 2016–17 television season.[292]", "Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors With the Young Storytellers nonprofit organization, Marvel announced on August 13, 2018 a live event will be hosted at which students (ages 11 to 13) will work with mentors to develop a three to five-page script featuring Marvel Rising characters. The voice actors would then perform them to be posted to Marvel YouTube channel in the third quarter.[2]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series In November 2013, Melissa Rosenberg was announced as the writer and executive producer of the series,[79] and the following March, Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil.[111] In December 2014, Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series,[112] officially titled Marvel's Jessica Jones.[113] A second season was ordered on January 17, 2016,[114] and a third on April 12, 2018.[80]", "Mayans M.C. On January 5, 2018, FX announced at the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that the production had been given a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes.[16] On June 28, 2018, it was reported that the series would premiere on September 4, 2018.[17] On October 1, 2018, it was announced that FX had renewed the series for a second season.[18]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series In August 2012, ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D., to be written by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, and Maurissa Tancharoen, and directed by Joss Whedon.[12] On April 6, 2013, ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[13] and it was officially ordered to series on May 10, 2013.[14] Jed Whedon, Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series' showrunners,[1] while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson.[15] The series was renewed for a second season on May 8, 2014,[16] a third on May 7, 2015,[17] a fourth on March 3, 2016,[18] and a fifth on May 11, 2017.[19]", "Marvel Cinematic Universe In June 2010, Marvel Television was launched with Jeph Loeb as head.[47] By July 2012, the division had entered into discussions with ABC to create a show set in the MCU,[48] and in August, ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D., with The Avengers writer/director Joss Whedon involved;[49] it was later renamed Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[50] In January 2014, the series Marvel's Agent Carter was announced, joining Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at ABC,[51] while a put pilot order for the half-hour live-action comedy series, Marvel's Damage Control, was revealed in October 2015.[52] While talking about Marvel potentially making comedy series, Loeb said in January 2016 that Marvel always feels humor should be a part of anything they produce, despite possibly fitting more within a darker genre, as Daredevil and Jessica Jones do, while also staying \"grounded and real\". He added, \"There are moments of levity that are in life that you need to bring to the table, or else it just becomes overwhelmingly oppressive ... If you're going to [explore comic book elements], it's always a good idea to make sure that the audience is aware that, yeah, it's funny [too].\"[53]", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series The first series in the universe, Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., began airing on ABC during the 2013–14 television season, and was joined by Marvel's Agent Carter in the 2014–15 television season. Marvel formed a unique partnership with IMAX Corporation to premiere Marvel's Inhumans in IMAX theaters in September 2017 before airing on ABC during the 2017–18 television season; a put pilot for another ABC series, Marvel's Damage Control, has also been ordered. Netflix's Marvel series began in 2015 with Marvel's Daredevil and Marvel's Jessica Jones, followed by Marvel's Luke Cage in 2016. Marvel's Iron Fist, the crossover miniseries Marvel's The Defenders, and Marvel's The Punisher released in 2017. Additionally, the MCU expanded to Hulu with Marvel's Runaways in 2017, and will also expand to Freeform with Marvel's Cloak & Dagger in 2018. Marvel's New Warriors is also scheduled to air in 2018, despite not having a broadcaster.", "Wanted (2016 Australian TV series) The first season averaged 1.24Â million viewers and was the highest rating Australian drama series of the 2016 calendar year.[31]", "Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2012 video game) On 1 February 2016, the Windows version of the game was made available for free via Origin's \"On the House\" program.[50]", "List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Blood left the series following the season three episode \"Parting Shot\" to star in the spin-off show Marvel's Most Wanted.[77] As that series was not picked up in May 2016,[78] it was announced in September 2017 that Blood would return to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D during season five.[79] On where Hunter's been when he returns to help Fitz get to 2091 to rescue Coulson and the team, Blood said, \"he’s been up his usual tricks, doing some mercenary work and bickering with Bobbi…. He doesn’t necessarily have access to all the bells-and-whistles and gadgetry that S.H.I.E.L.D. did, so he has to use his charm and his wit to break down doors, and call in a few favors from his dodgy friends\".[80]", "The Punisher (TV series) Bernthal and Woll appeared at New York Comic Con in October 2016 to officially announce the start of production on the series and the latter's involvement.[15] At San Diego Comic-Con International 2017, Bernthal presented exclusive footage.[51] A teaser was revealed on Netflix in August 2017, appearing after the credits of the final episode of The Defenders.[52] Also in the month, the series' Twitter account revealed the episode titles as Morse code messages.[21] In September 2017, the series' Instagram account released viral videos made to look like security footage,[53] while episodic photos and a poster for the series with a redacted release date were also released.[1] On September 20, the official trailer for the series was released. Andrew Liptak of The Verge noted the trailer \"sets up The Punisher with its own distinct tone that’s different from the other Marvel Netflix shows. It wades into government conspiracies and hacking, which is reminiscent of shows like CBS's Person of Interest or USA's Mr. Robot, but with more gunfire.\"[54] Nerdist's Kendall Ashley called the trailer \"intense, super bloody, and has [me] INCREDIBLY pumped for the show’s premiere.\" She added, \"The hype is huge for this show. If this trailer is any indication, The Punisher is definitely going to live up to fan expectations, and is going to be an intense and awesome addition to the Marvel Netflix universe.\" Ashley felt the inclusion of \"One\" by Metallica in the trailer \"helps paint Frank as a badass unlike any we’ve seen on the Marvel Netflix shows so far.\"[55] Cooper Hood, writing for Screen Rant felt that, even though the series was still without a release date, the trailer would \"undoubtedly only increase the fever for The Punisher.\" He continued that \"unlike some of the more cryptic and quiet [marketing] videos that have come before,\" the trailer \"especially fits the mold of Punisher. While it looked like at the beginning of the trailer that this one would again be a quieter piece of marketing, it turned out to be anything but. The trailer is stylish and well-cut to the beat of the song, with the choice of \"One\" only further amplifying the intensity.\"[56]", "Need for Speed: Most Wanted (2005 video game) Most Wanted has been released for Nintendo DS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Advance and is the first Need for Speed game released for the seventh generation console, the Xbox 360, as one of the system's launch titles. Another version of Most Wanted, titled Need for Speed: Most Wanted 5-1-0 has been released for the PlayStation Portable. In May 2012, the PlayStation 2 version was released on the online virtual market, PlayStation Store, for the PlayStation 3, but was removed from the storefront later that year. On June 1, 2012, a reboot of the game, also called Need for Speed: Most Wanted, was announced by the British developing team Criterion Games and was released on October 30, 2012.", "Ming-Na Wen In December 7, 2017, Marvel Entertainment announced to launch a new animation film franchise Marvel Rising: Secret Warriors in 2018. Wen would voice Hala the Accuser, the main antagonist of the film, along with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. co-star Chloe Bennet.[9]" ]	[ "Most Wanted (TV pilot) In August 2015, the series was reinvented as Most Wanted and received a pilot order from ABC. The cast was filled out in early 2016, and production was completed by late March. The episode was co-produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television. In May 2016, ABC announced that it would not pick up the pilot to series, and would look to develop other series with Marvel instead." ]
test1115	when was the last god of war made	[ "doc39161", "doc39170" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc39161", "doc39160", "doc129943", "doc1046811", "doc39163", "doc39171", "doc1976138", "doc1976180", "doc401356", "doc39170", "doc129950", "doc39201", "doc401358", "doc842066", "doc39176", "doc39172", "doc39199", "doc39164", "doc39174", "doc129944", "doc39162", "doc1976140", "doc1976155", "doc39173", "doc401378", "doc129951", "doc1976157", "doc401391", "doc39195", "doc39192", "doc39196", "doc401372", "doc842067", "doc39186", "doc39203", "doc39202", "doc39175", "doc39183", "doc39166", "doc842087", "doc401385", "doc39168", "doc1976160", "doc401377", "doc39194", "doc129952", "doc39185", "doc1976163", "doc1481630", "doc129948", "doc2276471", "doc39188", "doc109432", "doc401389", "doc129959", "doc129945", "doc1976171", "doc401364", "doc39182", "doc1976167", "doc39165", "doc1976164", "doc39197", "doc1481629", "doc39184", "doc1046822", "doc1481612", "doc842091", "doc401359", "doc39167", "doc39191", "doc1976156", "doc401373", "doc39181", "doc39198", "doc109414", "doc1046820", "doc129956", "doc842098", "doc1481614", "doc109428", "doc1481624", "doc129957", "doc39204", "doc39177", "doc39190", "doc39200", "doc842101", "doc39205", "doc401374", "doc39179", "doc129947", "doc401386", "doc1976174", "doc39187", "doc1976158", "doc1976179", "doc2276494", "doc1046826", "doc1976177" ]	[ "God of War (franchise) Santa Monica has developed all main entries, while Ready at Dawn and Javaground/Sony Online Entertainment-Los Angeles (SOE-LA) developed the three side games. Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE; formerly Sony Computer Entertainment) has published all games except the mobile phone installment; it was published by Sony Pictures Digital. There are two eras in the God of War series. The first era are the first seven games, which are based on Greek mythology with vengeance as a central motif. God of War (2005), God of War II (2007), and God of War III (2010) comprise its main trilogy; the first two were released on the PS2 with the third on the PlayStation 3 (PS3). The fourth main installment, Ascension (2013), a prequel to the entire series, was also released for the PS3 and features multiplayer. The three side games include Chains of Olympus (2008) and Ghost of Sparta (2010) for the PlayStation Portable (PSP), and Betrayal (2007) for mobile phones that supported the Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME). The fifth main installment, also titled God of War (2018), was released for the PlayStation 4 (PS4). It began the second era, which takes the franchise to the world of Norse mythology. To go along with the new installment, Sony released a short prequel story, A Call from the Wilds (2018), as a text-based game through Facebook Messenger.", "God of War (franchise) God of War is an action-adventure, hack and slash, mythology-based video game series, originally created by David Jaffe at Sony's Santa Monica Studio. Debuting in 2005 on the PlayStation 2 (PS2) video game console, the series has become a flagship title for the PlayStation brand, consisting of eight games across multiple platforms. The series' story centers around its playable character, Kratos, a Spartan warrior tricked into killing his wife and daughter by his former master, the Greek God of War Ares. Kratos kills Ares at the behest of the goddess Athena and takes his place as the new God of War, but is still haunted by the nightmares of his past. Revealed to be a demigod and the son of Zeus, the King of the Olympian Gods who betrays Kratos, the Spartan then seeks revenge against the gods for their machinations. What follows is a series of attempts to free himself from the influence of the Olympian gods, as well as the Titans, and exact revenge. Many years after taking his revenge against the Greek gods, Kratos ends up in the world of the Norse gods. Him and his young son Atreus set out on a journey to fulfill his recently deceased second wife's last wish, which is to spread her ashes at the highest peak in the nine realms.", "God of War (2018 video game) God of War (commonly referred to as God of War 4[2][3][4]) is an upcoming third-person action-adventure video game in development by Santa Monica Studio and to be published by Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE). It is scheduled to be released in early 2018 for the PlayStation 4 (PS4) console. It will be the eighth installment in the God of War series, the eighth chronologically, and the sequel to 2010's God of War III. The game will be a soft reboot for the franchise and will take the series to the world of Norse mythologyâ€”all previous games were based on Greek mythology. Series protagonist Kratos will return as the main character, and he now has a son named Atreus. Kratos acts as a mentor and protector to his son, and has to master the rage that has driven him for many years.", "Characters of God of War God of War (2005), created by Sony's Santa Monica Studio, was the inaugural game in the series, the main part of which continued with God of War II (2007), God of War III (2010), and series prequel Ascension (2013); and side games Betrayal (2007), Chains of Olympus (2008), and Ghost of Sparta (2010). These seven games comprised the Greek era of the series. The Norse era began with the sequel to God of War III, which is also titled God of War (2018). The God of War mythos expanded into literature, with a novelization of the original God of War published in 2010,[1] and a six-issue comic series that introduced new characters and plot developments that was published from 2010–11. A novelization of God of War II was published in 2013,[2] and a film adaptation of the original God of War has been in development since 2005.[3] A prequel graphic novel titled Rise of the Warrior (2012–2013) was released in the lead up to Ascension's release and is the backstory of the player's multiplayer character.", "God of War (franchise) Games in the series have been praised for being the best action games for the PlayStation brand, and some of the best action games of all time. In June 2012, Sony reported that the series had sold more than 21 million copies worldwide. Strong sales and support of the series led to the franchise's expansion into other media, such as a comic book series—God of War (2010–11)—two novels—God of War (2010) and God of War II (2013)—a web-based graphic novel—Rise of the Warrior (2012–13)—and a digital comic—God of War #0 (2018). Two documentaries have been produced and a film adaptation of the original installment has been in development since 2005. Merchandise promoting the series has also been produced, including artwork, clothing, toys, and prop replicas, as well as the games' soundtracks, including a heavy metal album, Blood & Metal (2010), featuring original music by various bands who were inspired by the series.", "God of War (franchise) God of War was released worldwide on April 20, 2018, for the PlayStation 4 console. Many years after the events of God of War III, Kratos has ended up in the world of Norse mythology and now has a son named Atreus. The game is a new direction for the series, not only by its new mythological setting, but also by its gameplay. Kratos now prominently uses a magical battle axe called the Leviathan Axe.[13] To go along with the new installment, Sony partnered with Facebook to develop a text-based game titled God of War: A Call from the Wilds through Facebook Messenger. Released on February 1, 2018, the short story follows Atreus on his first adventure in the Norse wilds.[14] Although further games have not been officially announced, Cory Barlog confirmed that this new installment would not be Kratos' last game.[15] It was also revealed that following games would also be set in the Norse environment, and include Atreus.[16]", "God of War III God of War III is an action-adventure hack and slash video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). Released for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) console on March 16, 2010, the game is the fifth installment in the God of War series, the seventh chronologically, and the sequel to 2007's God of War II. Loosely based on Greek mythology, the game is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif. The player controls the protagonist and former God of War Kratos, after his betrayal at the hands of his father Zeus, King of the Olympian Gods. Reigniting the Great War, Kratos ascends Mount Olympus until he is abandoned by the Titan Gaia. Guided by the spirit of Athena, Kratos battles monsters, gods, and Titans in a search for Pandora, without whom he cannot open Pandora's Box, defeat Zeus, and end the reign of the Olympian Gods.", "God of War III A fourth game, considered as a soft-reboot, is in the works. It is titled God of War and will be released on PlayStation 4.[115][116]", "God of War (2005 video game) God of War is a third-person hack and slash action-adventure video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). First released on March 22, 2005, for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) console, it is the first installment in the series of the same name and the third chronologically. Loosely based on Greek mythology, it is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif. The player controls the protagonist Kratos, a Spartan warrior who serves the Olympian Gods. The goddess Athena tasks Kratos with killing Ares, the God of War and Kratos' former mentor who tricked Kratos into killing his own wife and daughter. As Ares besieges Athens out of hatred for Athena, Kratos embarks on a quest to find the one object capable of stopping the god once and for all: the legendary Pandora's Box.", "God of War (franchise) God of War: Ascension[8] was first released in North America on March 12, 2013, for the PlayStation 3.[9] It is the only game in the series to feature multiplayer for both competitive and cooperative play.[10][11] Set six months after Kratos killed his wife and child, he has been imprisoned by the three Furies for breaking his blood oath to Ares. With the help of the oath keeper Orkos, Kratos learns that Ares and the Furies plan to overthrow Mount Olympus. The Spartan escapes his imprisonment, subsequently killing the Furies, and Orkos, who begs for release. Although free of Ares' bond, Kratos begins to suffer the nightmares that plague him for years.[12]", "God of War (2018 video game) At the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6, 2014, Santa Monica Studios's creative director Cory Barlog confirmed that a new God of War was in very early development. He said that the game would not be a prequel, but it might be a reboot.[15] In April 2016, Polygon reported that concept art of the next installment had been leaked. The images showed Kratos in the world of Norse mythology; a concept originally considered by series creator David Jaffe after Kratos eliminated the Greek gods.[16] At the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), the next installment was officially announced with a gameplay demo and confirmed the concept art to be true. The demo showed a fully bearded Kratos, who now has a son, and Kratos is teaching the boy how to hunt. The pair also battle a troll, a creature from the mythology. The end of the demo showed the title God of War and confirmed it is in development for PlayStation 4.[7][2] E3 also confirmed that Barlog had returned to the series as game director for the new installment. Barlog has been a major contributor in the development of the God of War series since the original installment in 2005, with his prior most notable role being game director of God of War II (2007). This new installment is his fifth God of War game that he has worked on.[12] Barlog stated that the game was deliberately titled God of War with no numeral or subtitle because although it is a continuation of the series, \"we are reimagining everything.\"[9][11]", "God of War (franchise) In June 2012, Sony reported that the series had sold more than 21.65 million copies worldwide (as of April 27, 2018, Sony has not released updated sales data).[137][138] God of War (2005), God of War II, Chains of Olympus, God of War Collection, God of War III, and God of War (2018) have each received critical acclaim from several reviewers as compiled by review aggregator Metacritic,[124][125][127][128][130] with God of War (2018) receiving the highest score in the franchise with 95/100.[124][136] Betrayal and Ghost of Sparta only received generally favorable reception.[4][131] Ascension also only had a generally favorable reception and, not including the PlayStation Vita port of God of War Collection, it has the lowest score in the series from Metacritic (80/100).[134]", "God of War (2005 video game) God of War sold more than 4.6Â million copies worldwide, making it the eleventh best-selling PlayStation 2 game of all time. Regarded as one of the best action-adventure games for the platform, it won several \"Game of the Year\" awards. In 2009, entertainment website IGN named God of War the seventh-best PlayStation 2 game of all time. It has been highly regarded for its graphics, sound, presentation, and story, in addition to its gameplay. It has been hailed as one of the greatest video games ever made. Success of the game led to the development of eight more games and expansion into other media. The game and its first sequel, God of War II, were remastered and released in November 2009 as part of the God of War Collection, and in 2012, the remastered version was re-released as part of the God of War Saga, both for the PlayStation 3 (PS3). A novelization of the game was published in May 2010 and a film adaptation has been in development since 2005.", "God of War: Ascension God of War: Ascension is a third-person action-adventure video game developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). The game was first released on March 12, 2013, for the PlayStation 3 (PS3) console. It is the seventh installment in the God of War series and prequel to the entire series. Loosely based on Greek mythology, the game is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif. The player controls the protagonist Kratos, the former servant of the God of War Ares, who tricked Kratos into killing his wife and daughter. In response to this tragedy, Kratos renounced Ares, breaking his blood oath to the god. Kratos was therefore imprisoned and tortured by the three Furies, guardians of honor and enforcers of punishment. Helped by the oath keeper Orkos, Kratos escapes his imprisonment and confronts the Furies to be completely free of his bond to Ares.", "God of War (franchise) The series currently consists of six single-player-only games, and a seventh that includes multiplayer. Each game typically features a third-person, fixed cinematic camera. The player controls the character Kratos in a combination of hack and slash combat, platforming, and puzzle game elements to achieve goals and complete the story.[26][27] A first-person camera is featured in God of War III[28] and Ascension.[29] Betrayal is the only installment to feature a 2D side-scrolling view.[30]", "God of War (franchise) God of War Collection was first released in North America on November 17, 2009, for the PlayStation 3—the franchise's first appearance on the platform. It is a remastered port of God of War and God of War II.[17] The games were ported by Bluepoint Games and feature high-definition 1080p anti-aliased graphics at 60 frames per second and trophies.[18] Sanzaru Games later ported the collection to the PlayStation Vita and it was released in May 2014—the franchise's only appearance on this platform.[19]", "God of War (franchise) On October 18, 2010, God of War: Ghost of Sparta – Original Soundtrack from the Video Game was released on the iTunes Store by SIE. It was also included as downloadable content as part of the Ghost of Sparta pre-order package and includes three bonus tracks from Chains of Olympus.[111][112] Several tracks were cited as being intended for purely contextual purposes, and the remaining tracks rated well in comparison to the soundtracks of the main installments in the series.[113] God of War: Ascension (Original Soundtrack) differed from the previously released soundtracks as it was composed by Tyler Bates alone, and is the only God of War score that he has worked on. It was released on March 5, 2013, on iTunes by SIE and La-La Land Records.[114] It was included as downloadable content in the God of War: Ascension–Collector's Edition and Special Edition.[115] Reviewers praised it for being powerful, rich, and pulsing, though felt it was repetitive at times.[116] Bear McCreary is the most recent composer to work on the series as he composed the music for 2018's God of War on PlayStation 4.[117]", "God of War (franchise) God of War was first released in North America on March 22, 2005, for the PlayStation 2. After ten years in the service of the Olympian gods, Spartan soldier Kratos is tasked by Athena to find Pandora's Box; the key to defeating Ares, the God of War, who is running amok through Athens. A series of flashbacks reveals that Kratos was once the servant of Ares, who saved the Spartan and his army from annihilation in battle, but tricked him into killing his family which forced his metamorphosis into the \"Ghost of Sparta\". Kratos eventually finds Pandora's Box, and after finally killing Ares, he ascends to Mount Olympus to become the new God of War.[1]", "God of War (franchise) God of War Saga was released in North America on August 28, 2012. It is a collection of five of the God of War games for the PlayStation 3, released as part of Sony's PlayStation Collections line. The collection includes God of War, God of War II, God of War III, Chains of Olympus, and Ghost of Sparta. It features two Blu-ray Discs—God of War I and II on the first and III on the second—and a voucher to download Chains of Olympus and Ghost of Sparta. The games retain the same features as their first PS3 releases.[22][23]", "God of War (2018 video game) The gameplay will be vastly different from the previous installments, as it has been rebuilt from the ground up.[5] Although the previous installment, Ascension (2013), introduced multiplayer to the series, this new installment will be single-player-only.[6] The game will feature elements similar to role playing games (RPG), such as archery knowledge points, as well as a Spartan Rage timed-ability during battle. This ability appears to be a new take on the \"Rage\" ability of the previous installments.[7] There will also be crafting resources for the player to find.[8] The new installment features a third-person, over-the-shoulder free camera, a departure from the previous installments, which featured a third-person, fixed cinematic camera (with the exception of 2007's 2D side-scroller Betrayal).[7]", "God of War (franchise) In addition to the individual games, two collections featuring remastered versions of both PS2 installments, God of War Collection (2009), and both PSP installments, Origins Collection (2011), were released on the PS3 by Bluepoint Games and Ready at Dawn, respectively. Another collection, God of War Saga (2012), was released for the PS3 and features God of War Collection, Origins Collection, and God of War III. Sanzaru Games ported God of War Collection to the PlayStation Vita in 2014. In celebration of the franchise's tenth anniversary, God of War III Remastered was released on PS4 in 2015 and was ported by Wholesale Algorithms.", "God of War III God of War III was critically acclaimed upon release, with a reviewer from IGN stating that it redefines the word \"scale\" in video games.[3] It has been praised for its graphics, particularly of Kratos, which IGN called \"perhaps the single most impressive-looking character ever in video games\".[3] The game received several awards, including \"Most Anticipated Game of 2010\" and \"Best PS3 Game\" at the 2009 and 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, respectively, and the \"Artistic Achievement\" award at the 2011 British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Video Game Awards. The best-selling game in the God of War series and the ninth best-selling PlayStation 3 game of all time, it sold nearly 5.2Â million copies worldwide by June 2012 and was included in the God of War Saga released for PlayStation 3 on August 28, 2012. In celebration of the God of War franchise's tenth anniversary, a remastered version of God of War III, titled God of War III Remastered, was released on the PlayStation 4 on July 14, 2015.", "God of War III In a 2007 interview with GameTrailers, God of War creator and game director David Jaffe explained his original intention for the series, which is different from the actual ending of God of War III, which was based on game director Stig Asmussen's vision. Jaffe's idea was that \"God of War explains, or ultimately will explain, why there are no more Greek myths\". He said that it would have been \"hell on earth\" as the gods and Titans battled each other for domination. Other mythological pantheons would have become involved after Kratos killed Zeus and the other Greek gods, and the result would be that humankind no longer believed in the godsâ€”according to Jaffe, the only way a god can truly die.[10] God of War III was first mentioned by God of War II game director Cory Barlog at a God of War II launch event.[11] Barlog said that the game would have full 1080p HD resolution (changed to 720p in final release[12]) and support Sixaxis tilt and vibration functions.[13] Announced before the DualShock 3 controller was introduced, this caused confusion since the Sixaxis controller does not support rumble.[14] During the 2009 Game Developers Conference (GDC), the creative team said that the Sixaxis tilt capability had been removed because they \"could not find a suitable situation to use Sixaxis in the game effectively\".[15]", "God of War (franchise) God of War: Origins Collection was first released in North America on September 13, 2011, for the PlayStation 3. It is a remastered port of the two PlayStation Portable installments in the seriesâ€”Chains of Olympus and Ghost of Sparta. God of War Origins was ported by Ready at Dawn and features 1080p high-definition video, anti-aliased graphics at 60 frames per second, DualShock 3 rumble features, trophies,[20] and it is the only God of War release to feature Stereoscopic 3D.[21]", "God of War (2005 video game) The game and its sequel, God of War II, were released in North America on November 17, 2009, as part of the God of War Collection, featuring remastered ports of both games for the PlayStation 3 platform, with upscaled graphics and support for PlayStation 3 Trophies.[38][39] It became available in Japan on March 18, 2010,[1] Australia on April 29,[40] and the UK on April 30.[41] The God of War Collection was released as a digital download on the PlayStation Store on November 2, 2010, and was the first product containing PlayStation 2 software available via download.[42] PlayStation Plus subscribers can download a one-hour trial of each game.[43] By June 2012, God of War Collection had sold more than 2.4Â million copies worldwide.[37] A PlayStation Vita version of God of War Collection was released on May 6, 2014.[5] On August 28, 2012, God of War Collection, God of War III, and God of War: Origins Collection were included in the God of War Saga, under Sony's line of PlayStation Collections for the PlayStation 3 in North America.[44]", "God of War (2018 video game) Most of the development team that worked on the original God of War is working on the new installment.[9] In regards to the camera change, Barlog said \"We wanted a much more intimate experience, a much more up close, and a much more player-controlled experience, so the camera really is a mechanic that we're leaning into heavily for everything in the game.\"[5] The entire game will be a single shot, meaning there will be no loading screens or fade-to-black.[8] The frame rate will be 30 frames per second,[6] and the enemy count has been increased to up to 100 enemies on-screen; God of War III and Ascension could do up to 50.[9] Unlike the previous games, Santa Monica will not be making a demo specifically for public release. Barlog explained that making another demo would delay the game by a couple of months; he did not mention whether or not the E3 2016 demo would become available.[17] He also confirmed that the game was built for the standard PlayStation 4,[17] but the game \"will benefit from the power\" of the PlayStation 4 Pro; an updated version of the PlayStation 4 that can render games in 4K and was released a few months after God of War was announced.[18] God of War was absent from the annual PlayStation Experience event in early December 2016, with Barlog promising that \"we will be showing something really awesome when it is ready.\"[19] In late December 2016, Barlog confirmed that the game was playable from start to finish.[20]", "God of War III In December 2008, Sony reported that God of War III would be the last game in the series.[17] However, in January 2010 John Hight told Joystiq: \"While God of War III will conclude the trilogy, it won't spell the end of the franchiseÂ ... We're going to be really careful about what we do next\".[18] Asmussen mentioned the possibility of downloadable content; the game would be shipped with the regular challenge mode, and new challenge modes might be released as downloadable content to maintain the series.[1] In March 2009, it was reported that Sony was seeking opinions about a collector's edition from PlayStation 3 owners.[19] In October, an Ultimate Edition was unveiled for North America, and an Ultimate Trilogy Edition was announced soon afterwards for a limited European, Australian, and New Zealand release. A Trilogy Edition was announced for Japan, where the Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (CERO) gave the game an adults-only Z rating after the previous two versions were considered suitable for players 17 and older.[20]", "God of War (2005 video game) In November 2012, the writers told GameSpot that God of War will \"improve on films like Clash of the Titans and Immortals by taking a step in a bolder direction.\" Melton said that Sony has \"encouraged\" them to make it different from other films in the same genre. It was confirmed that Charles Roven and Alex Gartner, who are producing the Uncharted film, will be producing the movie via Atlas Entertainment.[92] In early 2013, God of War: Ascension's Game Director, Todd Papy, said he did not know the status of the film.[93] The writer behind the God of War video games, Marianne Krawczyk, said her main worry with the movie adaptation is casting Kratos: \"The player has a personal experience with him, and then he's going to be embodied by a different actor, he's going to have a different voice, he's going to say a lot more words. So I think it will be hard to get that across,\" but she is hopeful that it can be done.[94] As of February 28, 2018, the movie is without a director, no actors have been confirmed, a release date has not been set,[92] but the script has been \"turned in\".[95] It has a budget of $150 million USD.[91]", "God of War (franchise) In the lead up to Ascension's release, Santa Monica released a graphic novel titled Rise of the Warrior on the God of War website that featured a social experience from October 2012 until March 2013. The graphic novel is a prequel story that ties into the single-player of Ascension, and is the backstory of the player's multiplayer character.[100]", "God of War (franchise) God of War – Game Directors Live (80 minutes, 2010)[94] is a documentary featuring five game directors of the God of War series: David Jaffe (God of War), Cory Barlog (God of War II), Ru Weerasuriya (Chains of Olympus), Stig Asmussen (God of War III), and Dana Jan (Ghost of Sparta). The documentary takes the form of an interview panel hosted by G4's Alison Haislip, with the five game directors, 150 members of PlayStation.Blog, and members of GodofWar.com and SpartansStandTall.com. It was filmed at the El Portal theater in Los Angeles on September 1, 2010, and was released as a pre-order bonus for Ghost of Sparta in North America on November 2, 2010, and was included with the Origins Collection and later released on the PlayStation Store.[95]", "God of War (franchise) A new digital comic called God of War #0 by Dark Horse Comics was included with the three different special editions of 2018's God of War.[101]", "God of War (2005 video game) Santa Monica began development of God of War in 2002, under the working title Dark Odyssey,[24] and unveiled it two years later at SCEA Santa Monica Gamers' Day 2004.[25] In a meeting with GameSpot at the 2004 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3), the developers said there would be 15 to 25 different attacks with the player's main weapon in the final game, with a free-form combo system that would allow players to combine moves in almost any order. GameSpot said the developers described the gameplay \"as merging the action of Devil May Cry with the puzzle-solving of Ico\" and noted that players would be able to \"sunder enemies with a single move, such as by ripping them in half\".[26]", "God of War: Ascension The gameplay is similar to previous installments, focusing on combo-based combat with the player's main weapon—the Blades of Chaos—and other weapons acquired by the new World Weapons mechanic. It continues the use of quick time events and adds a new, promptless, free-form system. Four magical attacks and a power-enhancing ability can be used as alternative combat options, and the game features puzzles and platforming elements. Ascension is the only installment in the series to include online multiplayer features for both competitive and cooperative play. It also features a redesigned combat system, new gameplay mechanics, and downloadable content. From October 2012 to March 2013, a social experience was available online in the form of a graphic novel titled Rise of the Warrior, a prequel story that tied into the game's single-player and multiplayer modes.", "God of War (franchise) On April 12, 2012, Sony released a teaser image for Ascension on its official PlayStation Facebook page,[67] which was followed by the game's announcement on April 19 on PlayStation.Blog.[68] Todd Papy, who had previously worked as a designer on God of War and God of War II and as design director on God of War III, assumed the role of game director; God of War III director Stig Asmussen was busy with another project at Santa Monica and did not work on Ascension.[69] The announcement officially confirmed the game's title and Papy said it was not titled God of War IV to avoid confusion because it is a prequel, rather than a sequel, to the trilogy.[10][70] The game features a retooled God of War III engine, enabling online multiplayer battles for up to eight players.[10] The decision to add multiplayer came about from curiosity, according to lead combat designer Jason McDonald. The multiplayer was first tested using Kratos, and McDonald said the testers had \"a lot of fun\".[71] Seeing their reaction made the team feel that the multiplayer had value and they then began to put the \"God of War spin on it\".[71] In the developmental transition from God of War III to Ascension, one of the graphics engineers, Cedric Perthuis, noted that the limits of the God of War III engine restricted artist creativity, so they \"tried to remove or push those limits as far as possible without losing any performance.\"[66] Ascension did not have a graphical leap over its predecessor like God of War III did. Dynamic lighting was added, which allowed for development of the Life Cycle gameplay mechanic. Particle effects were also greatly improved upon from God of War III.[66]", "God of War (franchise) Chains of Olympus has been praised for \"fantastic\" graphics and \"tight and responsive\" controls.[145] In 2008, IGN awarded Chains of Olympus the \"Best PSP Action Game\",[146] and in September 2010, it was listed as the best PSP game by GamePro.[147] God of War III received praise for its graphics, in particular of Kratos; IGN stated that Kratos is \"perhaps the single most impressive-looking character ever in videogames.\"[148] IGN also said that God of War III \"redefines what the word 'scale' means with regards to videogames, as it throws you into scenes with Titans that are larger than entire levels in some other games.\"[148] God of War III received awards for \"Most Anticipated Game of 2010\" and \"Best PS3 Game\" at the 2009 and 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, respectively.[149] The game also won the \"Artistic Achievement\" award at the 2011 BAFTA awards.[150] Ghost of Sparta was praised for its graphics and story, with Chris Pereira of 1UP saying that it was \"a more personal story than the other GOW games.\"[151] It received several awards at E3 2010 including \"Best Handheld Game\", \"Best PSP Game\", and \"PSP Game of Show\",[152] and won \"Best Handheld Game\" at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards.[149]", "God of War (franchise) At the time of its release, Raymond Padilla of GameSpy wrote that God of War is the \"best action game ever to grace the PS2\".[139] Other critics have similarly said that it is one of the best action games of all time; it received over a dozen \"Game of the Year\" awards.[140] In 2009, it was named the \"seventh best\" PlayStation 2 game of all time on IGN's \"Top 25 PS2 Games of All Time\" list.[141] God of War II was also on IGN's list, and was named the \"second best\" PlayStation 2 game of all time.[142] God of War II has similarly been called one of the best action games of all time and is considered the swan song of the PlayStation 2 era.[143] In November 2012, Complex.com named God of War II the best PlayStation 2 game of all time—where God of War was named the 11th best—and consider it better than its successor, God of War III.[144] Betrayal was acclaimed for its fidelity to the series in terms of gameplay, art style, and graphics.[4]", "God of War (franchise) God of War III Remastered was first released in North America on July 14, 2015, for the PlayStation 4â€”the franchise's first appearance on the platform. It is a remastered version of God of War III, and it features full 1080p support targeted at 60 frames per second and a photo mode. The game's announcement and release was in celebration of the franchise's tenth anniversary.[24] It was ported by Wholesale Algorithms.[25]", "God of War (franchise) After the success of their first game Kinetica (2001), SIE Santa Monica Studio began development of God of War in 2002, and unveiled it two years later at SCEA Santa Monica Gamers' Day 2004.[46] Game director and creator David Jaffe said that although the idea for God of War was his own, the concept owed a debt to Capcom because he had played Onimusha and said \"let's do that with Greek Mythology\".[47] He was inspired in part by the 1981 feature film, Clash of the Titans, saying, \"the real high concept for me was ... merging it with Heavy Metal magazine\".[47] He said he liked both \"the kids stuffÂ ... with Greek Mythology\" and the idea of adding more adult themes such as sex and violence.[47] He was also inspired by the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark.[48] Although the game is based on Greek mythology, the development team gave themselves \"lots of freedom\" to modify the myths, and Jaffe said they took the \"coolest aspects of the subject\" and created art and story using those elements.[49] Director of visual development and lead concept artist, Charlie Wen, drew inspiration from these films as well as more contemporary films such as Gladiator (2000) for tonal inspiration to lead the visual design of Kratos, other characters, and the world of God of War.[49] GameSpot said the developers described the gameplay \"as merging the action of Devil May Cry with the puzzle-solving of Ico\" and noted that players would be able to \"sunder enemies with a single move, such as by ripping them in half\".[50] The game uses Santa Monica's Kinetica engine, which they developed for Kinetica.[51]", "God of War (franchise) God of War: Betrayal was released on June 20, 2007, for mobile phones supporting Java ME. It is the only game in the series to be released as a two-dimensional (2D) side-scroller and released on a non-PlayStation platform. The game's narrative takes place between the events of Ghost of Sparta and God of War II. Kratos is framed for murder, and rampages across Greece seeking the true assassin. Kratos succumbs to bloodlust and kills Ceryx, the son of the god Hermesâ€”an act that alienates him from his fellow gods.[3][4]", "God of War: Ascension In January 2010, Santa Monica's studio director John Hight told video-gaming blog Joystiq that \"while God of War III will conclude the trilogy, it won't spell the end of the franchise\" and said \"We're going to be really careful about what we do next.\"[32] From April 2011 until April 2012, several sources claimed that a fourth main entry would release sometime in 2012 and would feature an online component.[33][34][35][36][37][38] On April 12, 2012, Sony released a teaser image on its official PlayStation Facebook page,[39] which was followed by the game's announcement on April 19,[40] though Amazon leaked the announcement the day before.[41] The trailer announced Todd Papy, who had worked as a designer on God of War and God of War II and as Design Director on God of War III, as Game Director.[40] David Jaffe confirmed that God of War III Game Director Stig Asmussen did not return to direct this game because he was working on another project at Santa Monica.[42] The announcement trailer was narrated by Linda Hunt; it refers to a time before Kratos became the Ghost of Sparta and was not \"bound in blood\".[43] The announcement officially confirmed that the game's title would be God of War: Ascension. Papy said the game was not titled God of War IV to avoid confusion because it is a prequel, rather than a sequel, to the trilogy. The name was chosen because it complements the story and the additional multiplayer component; according to Papy, in this mode, players are \"basically ascending from an unknown hero to a god\".[30][43]", "God of War (2005 video game) God of War won several \"Game of the Year\" awards.[61] At the 2005 Spike Video Game Awards, it was named \"Best Action Game\" and David Jaffe won \"Designer of the Year\" for the game. It was also a nominee for \"Game of the Year\", \"Best Performance by a Human Male\" (TC Carson as Kratos), and \"Best Original Score\".[62] At the 2006 Interactive Achievement Awards, it won several awards, including \"Overall Game of the Year\", \"Console Game of the Year\", and \"Action/Adventure Game of the Year\".[63] In 2009, IGN named God of War the seventh-best PlayStation 2 game of all time.[64] In November 2012, Complex magazine named God of War the eleventh-best PlayStation 2 game of all time.[65]", "God of War (franchise) God of War III was first released in North America on March 16, 2010, for the PlayStation 3. Reigniting the Great War, Kratos is soon abandoned by the Titans, who were only using him to exact their own revenge. Helped by the spirit of Athena who was elevated to a new level of understanding, she instructs him to seek the Flame of Olympus in order to defeat Zeus. Kratos engages the gods and the Titans in an epic series of battles across the Underworld and Olympus and learns that Pandora's Box is within the Flame. He discovers that Pandora herself is the key to pacifying the Flame and allowing him to open the Box. After finally killing Zeus, he refuses to help Athena assume the role of new patron of mankind and disappears.[6]", "God of War III Asmussen estimated overall game length to be 10 to 20 hours, \"depending on how good of a gamer you are.\"[1] Santa Monica studio director John Hight reassured players that God of War III lasts longer than 10 hours: \"We've done a lot of play testing on it ... We know, for a really hardcore player, it'll take them longer than it took them to play either of the previous God of War games.\"[25] The finished game script was about 120 pages long,[26] and the number of onscreen enemies increased from 15 in the previous games to a maximum of 50.[27] To light the game, Turtle by Illuminate Labs was used.[28] Head of development Christer Ericson of SCE Santa Monica Studio confirmed that God of War III has seamless loading; no loading screens and no hard disk drive installation requirement.[29][30] SCE America animator Bruno Velazquez said that while the first two God of War titles had computer-generated imagery (CGI) cinematics, there would be no true CGI in the third game:[31] \"all the cutscenes are created using our in-game engine.\"[32] A God of War III game trailer debuted on Spike's GameTrailers TV on February 11, 2010,[33] and Asmussen confirmed that all footage is of gameplay.[34] New camera angles were added; during some major battles the player can still control Kratos while the camera pans away from the fight, and a first-person camera view was used for the final portion of the Poseidon and Zeus boss fights.[35] According to Sony Santa Monica director of technology Tim Moss, God of War III used 35 gigabytes (GB) of Blu-ray Disc.[36] God of War III's budget was $44 million USD, and the game had a staff of 132 at the end of its development.[37]", "God of War (2005 video game) The demo of God of War, entitled God of War: The Hydra Battle, was released on January 1, 2005. It featured Kratos battling various opponents and ended with a portion of the Hydra battle that opens the main game.[32] The game was released on March 22 in North America,[33] July 8 in the United Kingdom, and November 17 in Japan.[34] By the end of July, it was the sixth-best-selling game of 2005 up to that point.[35] In 2006, it became available in the PlayStation 2 lineup of Greatest Hits.[34] By July 2006, the game had sold 1 million copies and earned $43 million in the United States alone. Next Generation ranked it as the 50th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country.[36] In June 2012, Sony reported that the game sold more than 4.6Â million copies worldwide.[37]", "God of War (franchise) The God of War novels recount the events of the games and offer deeper insights into their stories. God of War, the official novelization of the first game of the series, was written by Matthew Stover and Robert E. Vardeman. It was published on May 25, 2010, by Del Rey Books.[98] God of War II, the second novelization of the series, was written by Vardeman alone and was published by Del Rey Books on February 12, 2013.[99]", "God of War (2018 video game) At E3 2017, a new trailer was shown featuring new gameplay, cinematics, and characters. In the trailer, Kratos was shown using a shield that he could use offensively and defensively. At one point in the trailer, Kratos finds a Greek vase with himself on it, wielding his infamous double-chained blades. During the trailer, an unnamed woman warns Kratos about the Norse gods, as they know what he did to the Greek gods, while a pair of wolves were also shown. The trailer ends with Kratos and Atreus encountering the World Serpent. Atreus is able to translate what it says, which is that it wants to help the pair. It was confirmed that the game would release in early 2018.[10]", "God of War (franchise) God of War III was first mentioned by Cory Barlog at a God of War II launch event,[60] and it was officially announced at the 2008 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3).[61] After the first eight months of development, Barlog left Santa Monica for unexplained reasons and Stig Asmussen (lead environment artist and art director on God of War and God of War II, respectively) became director. Asmussen said that one of the greatest challenges in developing God of War III for the PlayStation 3 was the \"complexity of everything\"; individual tasks, such as designing Helios' decapitation, could take a year because the \"level of detail [that was] expected [was] so high and intricate, it [crossed] multiple departments.\"[62][63] He said that the PlayStation 3's hardware capabilities allowed more flexibility in character creation and interaction with the environment.[62][63] The engine for God of War III was ported from the first two installments to the PlayStation 3. As the game was being developed, the code department swapped out PlayStation 2 components with PlayStation 3 components. They replaced the renderer, the particle system, and the collision system.[64] Although they were re-using the engine from God of War II, the core engine for God of War III was brand new.[65] Between E3 2009 and the time the game shipped, morphological anti-aliasing (MLAA) was added, which graphics engineer Ben Diamand said \"improved edges dramatically and saved substantial amounts of frame-rate.\"[66] Diamand also said that \"depth-of-field, motion blur, crepuscular 'god' rays and refraction were either added or improved in quality and speed\" during that same time period.[66]", "God of War III God of War III was released in North America on March 16, 2010,[2] on March 18 in Australia, March 19 in Europe, and March 25 in Japan. The game outsold its predecessor by nearly 400,000 copies in its first week.[47] According to retail tracker NPD Group, God of War III sold about 1.1 million copies in the United States by the end of March 2010, making it the best-selling game of that month, and its opening-month sales were 32 percent higher than those of God of War II.[48] By June 2012, God of War III had sold almost 5.2 million copies worldwide—about 2.8 million in North America, 2 million in PAL regions, and 417,866 in Japan and Asia—making it the best-selling game in the series.[49] The game is also part of PlayStation 3's Greatest Hits lineup.[50] On August 28, 2012, God of War III, God of War Collection, and God of War: Origins Collection were released in North America as the God of War Saga, part of Sony's PlayStation Collections line.[51]", "God of War: Chains of Olympus Together with God of War: Ghost of Sparta, the game was released for the PlayStation 3 as part of the God of War: Origins Collection (called God of War Collection – Volume II in Europe) on September 13, 2011, in North America, September 16 in Europe, September 29 in Australia, and October 6 in Japan.[29] The collection is a remastered port of both games to the PS3 hardware, with features including high-definition resolution, stereoscopic 3D, anti-aliased graphics locked at 60 frames per second, DualShock 3 vibration function, and PlayStation 3 Trophies.[30] God of War: Origins Collection and full trials of its two games were also released for download on the PlayStation Store on September 13, 2011, in North America.[31] By June 2012, the collection had sold 711,737 copies worldwide.[28] On August 28, 2012, God of War Collection, God of War III, and Origins Collection were released as part of the God of War Saga under Sony's line of PlayStation Collections for the PlayStation 3 in North America.[32]", "God of War (2018 video game) While the first seven games were loosely based on Greek mythology, this new installment will be based on Norse mythology. Barlog explained the transition: \"it's kind of this BCâ€“AD change over kind of thing. We're moving and starting from zero and kind of moving forward on that.\"[9][11] Before settling on Norse mythology, Egyptian mythology was also considered. Barlog said that half of the team was for it, but since \"there's a lot more about civilization - it's less isolated, less barren\", they decided on the Norse setting because they wanted the focus to stay on Kratos: \"Having too much around distracts from that central theme of a stranger in a strange land.\"[13] In explaining why Kratos is now in the Norse world, Barlog said that different cultures' belief systems coexisted, but they were \"separated by geography\", suggesting that Kratos traveled from Greece to Norway (Scandinavia) after the conclusion of God of War III.[14] Barlog also confirmed that this game predates the Vikings; it is the time in which their gods walked the Earth.[12][13] Throughout the game, players will be able to visit some of the nine realms of Norse mythology.[9]", "Kratos (God of War) Kratos, the \"Ghost of Sparta\", is a video game character from Sony Santa Monica's God of War series, which is loosely based on Greek mythology. Kratos first appeared in the 2005 video game God of War, which led to the development of six additional games featuring the character as the protagonist. Another installment is in development, which will take the character to Norse mythology. Kratos also appears as the protagonist of the God of War comic series and novels. The character was voiced by Terrence C. Carson from 2005 to 2013,[4] with Christopher Judge taking over the role in the upcoming God of War. Antony Del Rio voiced the character as a child in God of War: Ghost of Sparta.", "God of War (franchise) Ghost of Sparta was announced on May 4, 2010, on PlayStation.Blog.[77] According to Sony, Ready at Dawn utilized \"state-of-the-art visual technologies\" that allowed \"higher quality environments and characters.\"[78] Ghost of Sparta offers \"over 25% more gameplay\" than Chains of Olympus, while adding more enemies on screen and more boss encounters.[78] Development of Ghost of Sparta took 23 months to complete.[78] Due to Weerasuriya's schedule at Ready at Dawn, he could not return to direct; Dana Jan, the lead level designer for Chains of Olympus, became director for Ghost of Sparta. At Comic-Con 2010, Jan noted that when development began in 2008, the goal was to make the game bigger than Chains of Olympus, which had apparently pushed the PSP to its functional limits. Jan stated that Ghost of Sparta has taken the PSP to its \"absolute capacity\", with another feature being more on-screen foes.[79] The game concept was originally used as a teaser for players who obtained the platinum trophy from God of War III. The trophy revealed a site called spartansstandtall.com, which became the official site for Ghost of Sparta on May 4.[80] Jan stated the reason they chose to have the game take place between God of War and God of War II was because \"It seemed to make a lot of sense to fill in that void.\"[78]", "God of War: Ghost of Sparta The game was released in North America on November 2, 2010,[20][21] in mainland Europe on November 3, in Australia and New Zealand on November 4, and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 5.[22] By June 2012, God of War: Ghost of Sparta had sold almost 1.2 million copies worldwide.[23] Together with God of War: Chains of Olympus, the game was released as part of the God of War: Origins Collection on September 13, 2011, in North America and September 16 in Europe. The collection is a remastered port of both games to the PlayStation 3, with features including high-definition resolution, stereoscopic 3D, anti-aliased graphics locked in at 60 frames per second, DualShock 3 vibration function, and Trophies.[24] God of War: Origins Collection was also released to download on the PlayStation Store on September 13 in North America (including full game trials of both games).[25] By June 2012, God of War: Origins Collection had sold 711,737 copies worldwide.[23] On August 28, 2012, God of War Collection, God of War III, and Origins Collection were released as part of the God of War Saga under Sony's line of PlayStation Collections for the PlayStation 3 in North America.[26]", "God of War (2005 video game) A film adaptation was announced in 2005.[83] Jaffe confirmed that a script had been completed by David Self and they were looking for a director.[84] He confirmed that Universal Studios is committed to making the God of War film, but he was unaware of its status,[85] and later expressed doubt the film would be released.[86] In September 2008, Brett Ratner told UGO that he would direct the film,[87] but in February 2009, it was confirmed that he had left the project to direct Tower Heist.[88] In March 2010, Santa Monica confirmed that they have no creative control over the film.[86] During the God of War – Game Directors Live documentary, filmed on September 1, 2010, Jaffe said the \"script went out a year and a half ago to Daniel Craig, who plays [James] Bond, but he turned it down\". He indicated an actor had since signed on for the role of Kratos, and said, \"this new person is pretty good, if that ends up true\".[89] In July 2012, The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that the writers of Pacific Rim, Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan, had been hired to adapt God of War into a film.[90]", "God of War (2018 video game) On January 13, 2017, a live recording from E3 2016 of God of War's overture was released for free for a limited time. Barlog released the overture as a thank you to fans for God of War's E3 2016 trailer reaching fifteen million views on YouTube.[27]", "God of War (2018 video game) A major change is that Kratos will no longer use his signature double-chained blades, as he lost these at the conclusion of God of War III (2010). Instead, he will use a magical battle axe, which can be infused with elemental abilities and thrown at enemies. The E3 2016 and 2017 trailers showed that the axe can be engulfed in ice, to which Kratos can hurl at an enemy and magically summon it back to his hand. Kratos will also be able to charge the axe and let out a burst of energy that will damage nearby enemies. Game director Cory Barlog said that the axe has a deep rooted history and connection with the characters; it is connected to both the son and his mother.[9] Another new weapon that Kratos will utilize is a shield. When not in use, it folds up and appears like armor on Kratos' left forearm. When summoned, the shield can be used offensively and defensively.[10] Kratos will also utilize hand-to-hand combat, a feature originally introduced in Ascension.[7]", "God of War III In celebration of the God of War franchise's tenth anniversary, Santa Monica's Creative Director Cory Barlog announced God of War III Remastered, which was released on PlayStation 4 in North America on July 14, 2015, mainland Europe on July 15, and the UK on July 17. The remastered version has full 1080p support targeted at 60 frames per second and features a photo mode, allowing players to edit their photos and share their favorite moments.[77][78] The game was ported by Wholesale Algorithms.[79] All of the DLC that was released for God of War III is included with God of War III Remastered.[80] By the end of its first week of release, God of War III Remastered was ninth in sales at retail in the UK.[81] For the entire month of July 2015, the downloadable version was the seventh best-selling PlayStation 4 title from the PlayStation Store.[82]", "God of War (2005 video game) God of War is set in an alternate version of ancient Greece, populated by the Olympian Gods, Titans, and other beings of Greek mythology. With the exception of flashbacks, the events are set between those of the games Chains of Olympus (2008) and Ghost of Sparta (2010). There are six locations explored, including fictional versions of the real-world Aegean Sea and ancient city of Athens, and fictional locations of the Desert of Lost Souls, the Temple of Pandora, the Underworld, and a brief scene on Mount Olympus.[17]", "God of War (franchise) Ascension is the only installment in the series to feature online multiplayer for both competitive and cooperative play. Up to eight players on two teams of two to four players (or a four to eight player deathmatch) battle for control of a map in order to earn rewards from the gods. Players can also fight each other in one-on-one matches. Players must sell their champion's soul to either Zeus, Hades, Ares, or Poseidon, which allows players to try different weapons, armor sets, and powers inspired by the god of their choice, and extras can be unlocked.[10][45]", "God of War III In December 2009, Santa Monica accepted video submissions from players to determine the ultimate God of War fan. The top 18 submissions were included in the closing credits of God of War: Unearthing the Legend, and all winners received a copy of the God of War III Ultimate Edition signed by the development team.[64][65] Sony and Spike TV sponsored a Last Titan Standing contest, in which fans over 21 could win a chance to play God of War III before its mainstream release.[66][67] Spike's GameTrailers TV presented God of War III: Last Titan Standing on March 15, 2010, and the winner received a custom-made God of War III PS3.[68] A week before God of War III's release, the developers released Kratos' backstory on the God of War website, under the title \"Path to Olympus\".[69]", "God of War (franchise) God of War II was first released in North America on March 13, 2007, for the PlayStation 2. Angered at his fellow gods, Kratos runs amok across the city of Rhodes. Zeus intervenes and betrays Kratos, who is saved by the Titan Gaia. She tells him he must now find the Sisters of Fate, who can change his fate and prevent his death at the hands of Zeus. Kratos is ultimately successful and as he is about to kill the god, Athena sacrifices herself to save Zeus and preserve Olympus, and tells Kratos that he is the son of Zeus. Kratos then joins forces with Gaia and the Titans to attack Olympus.[2]", "God of War III God of War III had an extensive marketing campaign before its release. This campaign began in early 2008 when a teaser for God of War III appeared as an image (the original PlayStation 3 logo surrounded by the Greek omega) at the end of the instruction manual for God of War: Chains of Olympus.[52] This was soon followed by a teaser trailer screened at Sony's 2008 E3 press conference.[53] Another trailer premiered at the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards,[54] and an \"official\" God of War III trailer was released in February 2009.[55] A new trailer debuted with the release of God of War III on March 16, 2010.[56]", "God of War (franchise) Five God of War soundtracks have been commercially released and have featured several composers, including Gerard K. Marino, Ron Fish, Winifred Phillips, Mike Reagan, Cris Velasco, Winnie Waldron, Marcello De Francisci, Jeff Rona, Tyler Bates, and Bear McCreary. On March 1, 2005, God of War: Original Soundtrack from the Video Game was released on CD by SIE as an exclusive product for the Sony Connect Music Store. It has been praised for its well-developed orchestral themes, and the creative use of ancient and ethnic instrumentation. The composers were also praised for avoiding the production of never-ending action themes.[102] God of War II: Original Soundtrack from the Video Game was released on CD by SIE on April 10, 2007. Praised as strong, the album features ominous orchestral pieces, and each composer's contributions are slightly more distinctive than the previous soundtrack.[103] God of War III: Original Soundtrack from the Video Game was released on CD by SIE and Sumthing Else on March 30, 2010.[104] It was also included as downloadable content in the God of War III Ultimate Edition and Ultimate Trilogy Edition collections.[105] The soundtrack was praised as an orchestral success and the best score in the series.[106]", "God of War: Chains of Olympus God of War: Chains of Olympus was originally scheduled to be released during the fourth quarter of 2007,[23] but it was rescheduled[22] and released on March 4, 2008, in North America,[24] March 27 in Australia, March 28 in Europe,[25] and July 10 in Japan, where it was published by Capcom.[25] The game was a commercial success, debuting at No. 5 on the North American charts with 340,500 copies sold in the first month.[26] The game was re-released in Europe on October 17, 2008, as part of Sony's Platinum Range and was also re-released in Japan and North America in April 2009 under Capcom's Best Price and Sony's Greatest Hits labels, respectively.[25] It became available for download from the PlayStation Store on September 30, 2009, in North America, October 1 in Europe, and November 11, 2010, in Japan.[25] Sony released a limited-edition bundle pack only in North America, on June 3, 2008. The pack included the game, a UMD of the 2007 film Superbad, a voucher for the PSP title Syphon Filter: Combat Ops, and a red edition of the console imprinted with an image of Kratos' face on the rear.[27] As of June 2012, Chains of Olympus has sold more than 3.2 million copies worldwide.[28]", "God of War (franchise) A sequel to God of War was first teased at the end of its credits, which stated, \"Kratos Will Return\".[52] God of War II was officially announced at the 2006 Game Developers Conference (GDC).[53] David Jaffe stepped down and became the creative director of its sequel and God of War's lead animator Cory Barlog assumed the role of game director.[54] Barlog said that in the game, players would see \"a larger view of Kratos' role within the mythological world.\"[55] Like God of War, the game uses Santa Monica's Kinetica engine. Magic attacks became an integral part of the combat system and it was more refined. New creatures and heroes from the mythology, and more boss battles were added.[56] Both Jaffe and Barlog said that they did not view God of War II as a sequel, but rather a continuation of the previous game. Jaffe said that they did not want to include the Roman numeral number two (II) in the title for this reason, but they did not want the title to convey the impression it was an expansion pack.[57] Both Jaffe and Barlog said that the reason God of War II appeared on the PlayStation 2 instead of the PlayStation 3—which was released four months prior to God of War II—was because \"there's a 100 million people out there that will be able to play God of War II as soon as it launches.\"[58][59] Barlog assured that the game would be playable on the newer platform, which had PlayStation 2 backwards compatibility.[58][59]", "Characters of God of War The character was voiced by Carole Ruggier in 2005's God of War,[38] 2007's God of War II,[39] and 2018's God of War. Erin Torpey voiced the character in Chains of Olympus (2008), God of War III (2010), and Ghost of Sparta (2010).[30][32]", "God of War: Chains of Olympus God of War: Chains of Olympus is a third-person action-adventure video game developed by Ready at Dawn and Santa Monica Studio, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). It was first released for the PlayStation Portable (PSP) handheld console on March 4, 2008. The game is the fourth installment in the God of War series, the second chronologically, and a prequel to the original God of War. It is loosely based on Greek mythology and set in ancient Greece, with vengeance as its central motif. The player controls Kratos, a Spartan warrior who serves the Olympian Gods. Kratos is guided by the goddess Athena, who instructs him to find the Sun God Helios, as the Dream God Morpheus has caused many of the gods to slumber in Helios' absence. With the power of the Sun and the aid of the Titan Atlas, Morpheus and the Queen of the Underworld Persephone intend to destroy the Pillar of the World and in turn Olympus.", "God of War: Ascension At Sony's 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) press conference, the North American release date was confirmed as March 12, 2013. A single-player demo was shown, revealing new gameplay mechanics and combat systems.[52] An encounter with the sea monster Charybdis was included in the demo, but this sequence was cut from the final game. Charybdis was recast as the creature that Alecto transforms into during the final fight of the game.[53] The same day, Papy confirmed on PlayStation.Blog that a collector's edition of the game would be released. He said Ascension was being developed to feature stereoscopic 3D,[2] but it was ultimately cut.[49] At gamescom 2012, new multiplayer footage was shown, followed by the announcement of a multiplayer beta.[20]", "God of War (2005 video game) God of War is a third-person single player action-adventure video game with hack and slash elements, viewed from a fixed camera perspective. The player controls the character Kratos in combo-based combat, platforming, and puzzle game elements, and battles foes who primarily stem from Greek mythology, including undead soldiers, harpies, minotaurs, Medusa and her Gorgons, cyclopes, wraiths, Sirens, satyrs, centaurs, cerberuses, and boss opponentsâ€”the Hydra and a giant minotaur known as Pandora's Guardian.[7] Platforming elements require the player to climb walls and ladders, jump across chasms, swing on ropes, and balance across beams to proceed through sections of the game. Some puzzles are simple, such as moving a box so that the player can use it as a jumping-off point to access a pathway unreachable with normal jumping, but others are more complex, such as finding several items across different areas of the game to unlock one door.[8]", "God of War (franchise) God of War: Chains of Olympus was first released in North America on March 4, 2008, for the PlayStation Portable. Its narrative takes place during Kratos' ten years of service to the gods. Kratos halts a Persian invasion of the Greek city of Attica, and learns that the world has been plunged into darkness by the god Morpheus. Kratos investigates the abduction of the sun god Helios, and prevents the Machiavellian plan of the goddess Persephone to use the Titan Atlas to destroy the world.[5]", "God of War (franchise) God of War: Unearthing the Legend (75 minutes, 2010)[92] is a documentary about the God of War franchise and is hosted by Peter Weller. The production discusses the relationship between the God of War games and Greek mythology, and features members of the God of War III development team and professional historians. It was included as part of the God of War III Ultimate Edition (North America) and Ultimate Trilogy Edition (Europe, Australia, and New Zealand) packages. On March 25, 2010, it was released on the PlayStation Store in North America to purchase.[93]", "God of War III After the first eight months of development, game director Cory Barlog left Santa Monica for unexplained reasons and Stig Asmussen (lead environment artist and art director on God of War and God of War II, respectively) became director. In an interview with IGN, Asmussen said that Barlog \"had a major impact on the game\" and although he had left the team, they spoke several times afterwards and \"bounced a few ideas off him,\" but there was no formal collaboration. He also said that David Jaffe \"[had] been around the studio a few times\" and they \"[had] gone over some high-level stuff with him to get his observations and feedback.\"[16] Early in development when Barlog was still with the team, he expressed interest in a cooperative mode \"if we can do something unique with it\".[14] In November 2009, Asmussen told GamePro that although a multiplayer option had been discussed, it was unsuitable for God of War III: \"There's a story we want to tell and an experience we want to deliver, and multi-player doesn't fit into that.\"[1] By December 2009, the game was in its final developmental stages.[16]", "God of War (2005 video game) Game Director and creator David Jaffe confirmed the game would be a cinematic presentation. He said that at E3, they got to see where players were having issues with the camera system and said, \"we are doing extensive focus tests, and using data compiled from E3, to find and fix the problem areas\" of the cameras. He said he had the confidence that the team would fix the problems before the game's release. However, he said if players \"hate cinematic camera systems, nothing we can do will help you like the God of War cameras\".[27] The game uses Santa Monica's Kinetica engine, which they developed for their previous game, Kinetica (2001).[28]", "God of War (franchise) With the exception of Ascension, each installment offers a challenge mode, which yields extra red orbs, secret costumes, and behind-the-scenes videos.[41] Bonus content can also be unlocked by defeating the game's difficulty levels.[42] Battle arenas, which allow players to set difficulty levels and choose their own opponents, are included in God of War II, God of War III, and Ghost of Sparta.[43] A quick-time sex mini-game is also included in each installment except Betrayal and Ascension.[44]", "God of War (franchise) The original scores for God of War, God of War II, and God of War III were nominated for Best Original Score at the 2005,[107] 2007,[108] and 2010[109] Spike Video Game Awards, respectively. The God of War Trilogy Soundtrack was included with the God of War III Ultimate Edition and Ultimate Trilogy Edition collections as downloadable content. The Trilogy Soundtrack consists of the original scores for God of War, God of War II, and God of War III. It was praised by critics as the best way to experience the series' musical development, and allows the listener to note the development of the composers during the series.[110]", "God of War: Ghost of Sparta God of War: Ghost of Sparta is a third person action-adventure video game developed by Ready at Dawn and Santa Monica Studio, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). It was first released for the PlayStation Portable (PSP) handheld console on November 2, 2010. The game is the sixth installment in the God of War series and the fourth chronologically. Loosely based on Greek mythology, Ghost of Sparta is set in ancient Greece with vengeance as its central motif. The player controls the protagonist Kratos, the God of War. Kratos is still haunted by the visions of his mortal past and decides to explore his origins. In Atlantis, he finds his mother Callisto, who claims that his brother Deimos is still alive. Kratos then journeys to the Domain of Death to rescue his brother. After initial resentment from Deimos, the brothers team up to battle the God of Death, Thanatos.", "Characters of God of War The character was originally voiced by Terrence C. Carson; his final portrayal of the character was in 2013's Ascension.[29][30] Christopher Judge replaced TC Carson in 2018's God of War.[31] Antony Del Rio voiced the character as a child in Ghost of Sparta (2010).[32]", "God of War (2018 video game) During E3 2016, GameSpot mistakenly reported that Kratos' son's name was Charlie, which Barlog laughingly denied.[24] In January 2017, after a fan downloaded the God of War overture and saw the track's details that said \"An introduction to Kratos and Atreus\", Barlog confirmed on Twitter that Atreus is in fact the son's name.[25] Barlog said that Atreus knows that Kratos is a demigod, but does not know about his past, and Barlog confirmed that this would not be Kratos' last game.[6] In regards to Atreus' mother, Barlog said they are not talking about her yet, as she is a critical part of the story.[9]", "God of War: Ascension God of War: Ascension was released in North America on March 12, 2013,[2][16] in mainland Europe and PAL regions on March 13,[1] in Australia and New Zealand on March 14,[1] and in the UK and Ireland on March 15.[1] In the US, it sold 570,000 units in the first month of its release not including bundled sales, making it the fourth-best-selling game of March 2013.[66] The game's sales were significantly lower than God of War III's first month sales, which were 1.1 million units.[67] On October 15, 2013, God of War: Ascension was released as a digital download on the PlayStation Store in North America.[68][69] The digital version was released in Europe and Australia on October 23, and in Japan and Asia on October 31. On September 24, 2014, God of War: Ascension became available to play from Sony's game streaming service PlayStation Now.[70]", "God of War: Chains of Olympus Debuting at No. 5 on the North American charts, Chains of Olympus achieved the highest composite score for a PSP title from Metacritic and GameRankings. 1UP stated that the game is \"a technical showpiece for Sony, and arguably the best-looking game on the system.\"[1] It won several awards, including \"Best PSP Action Game\", \"Best Graphics Technology\", and \"Best Use of Sound\". In September 2010, GamePro named Chains of Olympus the best PSP game. By June 2012, the game had sold 3.2 million copies worldwide, making it the fourth best-selling PlayStation Portable game of all time. Together with God of War: Ghost of Sparta, Chains of Olympus was remastered and released on September 13, 2011, as part of the God of War: Origins Collection for the PlayStation 3 (PS3). The remastered version was included in the God of War Saga released on August 28, 2012, also for PlayStation 3.", "God of War: Ghost of Sparta God of War: Ghost of Sparta was announced on May 4, 2010, on PlayStation.Blog.[12] According to Sony, Ready at Dawn utilized \"state-of-the-art visual technologies\" that allowed \"higher quality environments and characters.\" Ghost of Sparta apparently offers \"over 25% more gameplay\" than its PSP predecessor, Chains of Olympus, while adding more enemies on screen and a greater number of boss encounters. Development of Ghost of Sparta took 23 months to complete.[13] Chains of Olympus Game Director Ru Weerasuriya did not return to direct due to his busy schedule at Ready at Dawn, so Dana Jan, the Lead Level Designer on Chains of Olympus, became director. At Comic-Con 2010, Jan noted that when development began in 2008, the goal was to make the game \"bigger\" than Chains of Olympus, which had apparently \"pushed\" the PSP to its functional limits. Jan stated that Ghost of Sparta has taken the PSP to its \"absolute capacity\", with one additional feature being more on-screen foes.[1] The game concept was originally used as a teaser for players who obtained the platinum trophy from God of War III. The trophy revealed a site called spartansstandtall.com –it initially featured a simple animation of torrential rain falling into a body of water and a Spartan shield encompassed by a meter on the screen. The meter was speculated to have been filled by players achieving the trophy and reaching the site.[14] On May 4, 2010, the meter reached maximum and the site was updated for a final time, revealing an image of Kratos standing above a reflection and the logo for God of War: Ghost of Sparta, as the official site. On June 15, 2010, Sony displayed a cinematic trailer narrated by Linda Hunt during their 2010 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) Press Conference.[15]", "God of War: Chains of Olympus Game developer Ready at Dawn pitched the idea of a God of War game for the PlayStation Portable to SCE Santa Monica Studio soon after the original God of War launched.[7] In February 2007, Ready at Dawn posted a teaser featuring \"Coming Soon\" in the God of War font.[8] An editor from 1UP obtained an early copy of God of War II and posted the game's instruction manual, featuring a one-page teaser with \"PSP\" in the Omega symbol and stating \"Coming 2007\".[9] On March 12, 2007, God of War II was launched at the Metreon: God of War II Game Director Cory Barlog officially confirmed the development of Chains of Olympus, stating \"It is its own story that connects to the overall story. God of War, God of War II, and then if all the stars align God of War III will be the telling of a trilogy. This PSP story will be a further fleshing out.\"[10] An initial trailer for Chains of Olympus was released on April 25, 2007, coinciding with the announcement of a demo on UMDâ€”the optical disc medium for the PSP.[11] The trailer is narrated by voice actress Linda Hunt.[12]", "God of War (2018 video game) Bear McCreary, who is best known for his work on television shows, such as Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead, will be scoring God of War, composing all-new themes for the game. McCreary said that he was called into Santa Monica Studio in November 2014 to meet with music producers Pete Scaturro and Keith Leary to discuss \"a secret project\"; McCreary had previously collaborated with Scaturro and Leary on 2011's SOCOM 4: U.S. Navy SEALs. Ideas of folk music, mythology, Nordic ethnic instruments, vocal writing, and classical thematic development were discussed, to which McCreary correctly guessed that the discussions were about a new God of War. He met with Barlog early on, and they discussed Barlog's narrative vision for the game. After meeting with Barlog, he knew the franchise was in good hands because God of War II, which Barlog also directed, was his favorite installment.[26]", "God of War (franchise) The series has also received criticism because of problems with puzzles, weapons, and technical issues. Chains of Olympus was criticized by G4, who stated that the game \"occasionally suffers from screen tearing and framerate drops\", and that some of the puzzles \"are so maddeningly difficult to solve\".[153] The game was also criticized for its lack of variety in enemies, its continued use of puzzles that require players to move boxes,[145] and its relatively short story.[154] God of War III also received some criticism. GameFront's Phil Hornshaw said it had an overly cruel protagonist, and the game assumed that the players reveled in the misery and violence as much as Kratos did.[155] IGN complained about the game's weapons, and said \"that two of the three additional weapons that you'll earn are extremely similar to your blades. They have unique powers and slightly different moves, but by and large, they're more of the same.\"[148] Ghost of Sparta received criticism from Eurogamer, which said that the \"game's primary problem ... is in its in-built focus\" and that \"there is a sense that Ghost of Sparta is a step back for the series if you've played [God of War III].\"[156] Some reviewers stated that Ascensions's story was not as compelling as previous installments, with IGN stating that in comparison to Zeus and Ares, \"the Furies don’t quite cut it\".[157] The multiplayer received a mixed response. Although reviewers claimed gameplay translated well into the multiplayer, they were critical of the balance and depth of combat. Edge magazine approved of the multiplayer, stating it is an \"evolutionary step\" with \"some fine ideas ... that will form part of this genre's future template.\"[158]", "God of War (franchise) Throughout the Greek era, Kratos' main weapon is a pair of double-chained blades that appears in three iterations: the Blades of Chaos, the Blades of Athena (or Athena's Blades), and the Blades of Exile. They each perform similarly, but differ in the types of combos and amount of damage each yields, as well as cosmetic differences. Other weapons (such as the Blade of Artemis in God of War) are also obtained during the games.[31] Magic is also used, and four abilities (such as Poseidon's Rage, Medusa's Gaze, Zeus' Fury, and Army of Hades in God of War) are typically acquired.[32] God of War III differs in that instead of separate abilities, there are four primary weapons that possess their own respective magic offensive. The game also features \"Items\"â€”additional secondary weapons with limited usage, such as the Bow of Apollo.[28] With each new game, most weapons and magic are lost via a plot device, and a new arsenal of weapons and abilities are acquired during gameplay.[33] Ascension differs from the previous games in that instead of acquiring new weapons that are kept throughout the entire game, the player collects up to five World Weapons (such as a sword or a javelin) that have limited usage. When there is not a World Weapon equipped, the player can punch or kick foes as part of a new mechanic added to the game.[34]", "God of War (franchise) A film adaptation of the first game was announced in 2005.[84] Creator David Jaffe confirmed that a completed script had been written by David Self and would be sent to an unspecified director. He said that Universal Studios was behind the making of the God of War movie, but was unaware of its current status,[85] and eventually said, \"it's doubtful that the film will even be made\".[86] In September 2010, Jaffe said that the \"script went out a year and a half ago to Daniel Craig who plays [James] Bond, but he turned it down\".[87] He also said that another actor had since been cast as Kratos; he said, \"this new person is pretty good, if that ends up true.\"[87] In July 2012, The Hollywood Reporter said that writers Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan had been hired to adapt the God of War film.[88] On August 30, 2012, the writers told IGN that they intend to \"humanize\" Kratos and explore his past. Melton said that they are emotionally invested and it could become a series of films, and that Ares \"will become a more proactive villain\".[89] As of April 27, 2018, the movie is without a director, no actors have been confirmed, and a release date has not been set,[90] but the script has been \"turned in\".[91] It has a budget of $150 million USD.[89]", "God of War (franchise) God of War: Blood & Metal is a heavy metal homage by various bands on the Roadrunner Records label, and features original music inspired by the God of War video game series. The EP was released for purchase on March 2, 2010, and is available from ShockHound[118] and the iTunes Store.[119] It was also included as downloadable content in the God of War III Ultimate Edition and Ultimate Trilogy Edition collections, which included a bonus track.[105][120] The second track, \"Shattering the Skies Above\" by Trivium,[118] and the bonus track, \"Even Gods Cry\" by The Turtlenecks,[121] were made into music videos. 1UP.com (2.5/5) said, \"it's not offensive to [the] ears\" and \"mainstream listeners may enjoy [the album]\".[122] Square Enix Music Online (8/10) stated the album is a \"good selection of metal music\" and listeners will be \"surprised with the variety of music\".[123]", "God of War: Ascension Pre-orders for the Collector's Edition commenced on June 4, 2012, in North America. Participating retailers offered the \"Mythological Heroes Multiplayer DLC Pack\" as a bonus for pre-ordering the standard or Collector's Edition of the game.[2] The DLC pack included the armors of Achilles, Odysseus, Orion, and Perseus.[77][78] Along with the DLC pack, GameStop offered an exclusive pre-order bonus—the armor and spear of King Leonidas, as depicted by Gerard Butler in the 2007 film 300, for use in multiplayer mode, and a double-sided God of War: Ascension poster measuring 22 by 28 inches (56 cm × 71 cm).[79] For a limited time, all copies of God of War: Ascension purchased from Best Buy included the multiplayer weapon Mjölnir (the Hammer of Thor), inspired by the television series Vikings, as DLC.[80] Walmart offered the Blade of Judgment multiplayer weapon as an exclusive pre-order bonus.[81] All copies of God of War: Ascension included early access to the demo of Naughty Dog's video game The Last of Us.[82][83] In North America, all copies included a voucher to download the characters Zeus and Isaac Clarke for PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale.[84]", "God of War (franchise) The collections have also received praise. IGN (9.4/10) awarded God of War Collection (PS3) the \"Editor's Choice\" Award and praised the enhanced resolutions, lower price point and smoother frame rates, and stated it was the \"definitive way to play the game[s]\".[159] Due to the success of God of War Collection, Sony announced that further titles would receive similar treatment for release under its new \"Classics HD\" brand.[17] The Origins Collection was similarly well received. IGN (9/10) stated \"Sony succeeded at making good games better\",[160] although GamePro criticized it for its lack of new bonus content.[161] God of War Saga also received praise. Ryan Fleming of Digital Trends wrote that the collection \"is perhaps the best value buy for any console available,\" although the collection is not likely for fans of the series, but rather inexperienced players or newcomers.[162] God of War III Remastered was met with generally favorable reception. Praise was given to the smoother textures and improved frame rate, though because the original already had remarkable graphics, the changes were not major, and reviewers said these changes were not a strong enough argument to rebuy the game for $40 USD.[163]", "God of War (2005 video game) Although the game is based on Greek mythology, the development team gave themselves \"lots of freedom\" to modify the myths, and Jaffe said they took the \"coolest aspects of the subject\" and wrote a story using those elements.[27] In an interview for Eurogamer, he said while the idea for God of War was his own, the concept owed a debt to Capcom because he had played Onimusha and said \"let's do that with Greek Mythology\". He was inspired in part by the 1981 feature film, Clash of the Titans, saying, \"the real high concept for me was ... merging it with Heavy Metal magazine\". He said he liked both \"the kids stuffÂ ... with Greek Mythology\" and the idea of adding more adult themes such as sex and violence.[29]", "God of War (franchise) Relics, which the player can use in successive games (such as Poseidon's Trident obtained in God of War allowing Kratos to swim underwater for extended periods) are also found and necessary for game progression.[26] Kratos often has a special ability, which provides temporary invulnerability and increased attack damage. This ability has become an ongoing feature of gameplay throughout the seriesâ€”Rage of the Gods in God of War and Ascension, Rage of the Titans in God of War II, Rage of Sparta in God of War III, and Thera's Bane in Ghost of Sparta.[28] This ability can be recharged by building hits on foes in combat, and gaining game-specific orbs. Thera's Bane, however, is recharged automatically.[26][28][37]", "God of War (2018 video game) The developers claim that they have matched the new gameplay with the same level of accessibility of the previous installments. Barlog confirmed that the game will be open, but it will not be open-world, and quick time events will not be like they were in previous games.[5] The game will not feature any morality system or branching story; all players will have the same story experience. The developers also confirmed that some of the more controversial mini-games found in previous entries will not return.[9]", "God of War (2005 video game) An official novelization of the game, titled God of War, was announced in July 2009, along with a novelization of God of War II.[66] It was written by Matthew Stover and Robert E. Vardeman,[67] and was published on May 25, 2010, by Del Rey Books.[68] In an interview for Play magazine, Vardeman said a mythology book written in the 1930s got him interested in Greek mythology, and the chance to work on the God of War novel \"was an opportunity not to be missed\". He said giving the readers a solid plot foundation was necessary and the novel required extra material so that it did not simply follow the action of the game. Although he has not played the game, he said God of War was based on the traditional Edith Hamilton Greek mythology, essentially \"the accepted mythology on steroids\". Vardeman called Kratos a substantial character, continuing, \"This conflict of motives makes him a great, if troubled, hero.\" He confirmed his work on the second God of War novel, saying there are many potential story ideas for Kratos and that \"it would be a shame\" if there were not additional books to fill in the details of his quests, such as stories of the time while he was a minion of Ares or before he met the Barbarian King.[69]", "God of War III God of War III was critically acclaimed, receiving aggregate scores of 92.84% from GameRankings[92] and 92 out of 100 from Metacritic,[94] who describe their score as \"universal acclaim\".[105] Adam Sessler of X-Play said that the game \"finishes the trilogy on an exceptionally high note\", and it \"blends all of its best attributes into a stellar experience.\"[104] IGN's Chris Roper said that God of War III \"practically redefines\" scale in video games, singling out the size of the Titans as being \"larger than entire levels in other games\".[3] Mike Jackson of Official PlayStation Magazine UK called it the biggest God of War game yet; if it was the series' last game, \"God of War III gives PlayStation's toughest hero the send-off he deserves.\"[103]", "God of War (franchise) Game developer Ready at Dawn pitched the idea of a God of War game for the PlayStation Portable to Santa Monica Studio soon after the original God of War launched.[72] Cory Barlog officially confirmed the development of Chains of Olympus at a God of War II launch event, stating \"It is its own story that connects to the overall story.\"[73] Chains of Olympus uses a proprietary, in-house engine referred to as the Ready at Dawn engine, which expanded on the engine created for their previous game, Daxter (2006).[74] Originally designed for the PlayStation Portable's restricted 222 megahertz (MHz) processor,[75] Ready at Dawn convinced Sony to increase the clock speed of the PSP to 333 MHz, which they did in a firmware upgrade. The faster processor allowed for more realistic blood effects, lighting effects, and shadows as well as improved enemy intelligence, but noticeably decreased battery life.[75][76] After the game's completion, game director Ru Weerasuriya stated multiplayer options and other puzzles, characters, and dialogue had to be removed due to time constraints.[74]", "God of War III Asmussen said that one of the greatest challenges in developing God of War III for the PlayStation 3 was the \"complexity of everything\"; individual tasks, such as designing Helios' decapitation, could take a year because the \"level of detail [that was] expected [was] so high and intricate, it [crossed] multiple departments.\" He said that the PlayStation 3's hardware capabilities allowed more flexibility in character creation and interaction with the environment.[1][16] The character model for Kratos in the PlayStation 2 (PS2) games used about 5,000 polygons; the PS3 model was about 20,000 â€“ a high number, but less than that used by other models such as Nathan Drake in Uncharted 2: Among Thieves, who used 35,000. Ken Feldman, the art director, commented that the polygon count was not the only factor, and cited the increased texture detail as one of the reasons for Kratos's realistic appearance. The developers used a new technique called blended normal mapping to add realism to the basic model and hugely enhance the range of animation available (e.g., muscle movement, including visible veins, and facial animations). All of the main protagonists were animated by hand because the animators produced more effective work than basic motion capture, though the voice actors' facial movements were recorded by Image Metrics's performance capture system. For animating things like hair, the animators created a secondary animation code, known as Dynamic Simulation, which allows the PS3 itself to mathematically calculate the way it should look; it accurately generates motion that previously took the animators long hours to replicate.[21]", "God of War III Though the original release of God of War III was met with critical acclaim, God of War III Remastered only garnered generally favorable reviews, receiving aggregate scores of 80.37%[93] and 81 out of 100[95] from GameRankings and Metacritic, respectively. Reviewers found it odd that Sony decided to remaster God of War III for PlayStation 4, as its story picks up immediately from the ending of God of War II, which may confuse newcomers who have never played the previous games. Praise was given to the smoother textures and improved frame rate, though because the original already had impressive graphics, the changes were not major, and reviewers said these changes were not a strong enough argument to rebuy the game for $40 USD.[80][99][101]", "Kratos (God of War) Kratos' visage has appeared on the PlayStation Portable Chains of Olympus exclusive bundle pack,[63] and on the PlayStation 3 God of War III sweepstakes prize[64] video game consoles. A limited-edition 10 inches (250 mm) figurine of Kratos was the grand prize of a sweepstakes in a promotion for God of War Collection in November 2009.[65] A 6 inches (150 mm) figure of Kratos was included in the God of War: Ascension—Collector's Edition.[66] In June 2014, a Kratos Pop! Vinyl Figure was released.[67] The same year, Sony partnered with Gaming Heads to produce a limited-edition (500 units) life-size bust of Kratos. It is 28 inches (710 mm) tall and sits upon a Greek-inspired column.[68] A \"Fear Kratos\" version of the bust was also produced (100 units) that year, based on the Fear Kratos costume from God of War III.[69] In 2015, Sony again partnered with Gaming Heads to produce a limited-edition (1,250 units) lunging Kratos statue. The statue is 19 inches (480 mm) tall and features Kratos wielding the Blades of Exile.[70] For the God of War franchise's tenth anniversary (March 2015), Gaming Heads produced two limited-edition \"Kratos on the Throne\" statues, depicting the final scene of the original God of War. Both statues are 29 inches (740 mm) tall and the Regular Edition (1,250 units) features Kratos in his normal attire and the Exclusive Edition (500 units) features Kratos in his God of War armor.[71] In November 2015, Sony announced a new Kratos statue to be released the following month, which is also in celebration of God of War's ten-year anniversary. The limited edition (500 units) statue made of polystone was designed by Santa Monica and stands over 26 inches (660 mm) tall with details such as leather, cloth, and metal pieces.[72]", "Characters of God of War The character was originally voiced by Paul Eiding in 2005's God of War.[38] Corey Burton, who had previously voiced Zeus in the animated Disney show based on the film Hercules, took over the role in God of War II.[39] He continued it in God of War III, in the multiplayer mode of Ascension, where Zeus appears as one of the four gods that players can pledge their allegiance to, and in 2018's God of War. Fred Tatasciore provided Zeus's voice in Ghost of Sparta's after-game \"Combat Arena\" mode.[32]", "God of War III Jackson called God of War III's graphics as good as (if not better than) those in Killzone 2 and Uncharted 2: Among Thieves.[103] According to Juba, the \"cinematic camera work [is] even more impressive than Naughty Dog's feats with Uncharted 2.\"[98] Roper said, \"God of War III presents some of the most impressive visuals that I've ever seen in a game. Kratos in particular looks phenomenal, and is perhaps the single most impressive-looking character ever in videogames.\"[3] According to GameTrailers, \"the levels are expertly designed\" and the game's scale is the most outstanding visual achievement.[102]" ]	[ "God of War (franchise) Santa Monica has developed all main entries, while Ready at Dawn and Javaground/Sony Online Entertainment-Los Angeles (SOE-LA) developed the three side games. Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE; formerly Sony Computer Entertainment) has published all games except the mobile phone installment; it was published by Sony Pictures Digital. There are two eras in the God of War series. The first era are the first seven games, which are based on Greek mythology with vengeance as a central motif. God of War (2005), God of War II (2007), and God of War III (2010) comprise its main trilogy; the first two were released on the PS2 with the third on the PlayStation 3 (PS3). The fourth main installment, Ascension (2013), a prequel to the entire series, was also released for the PS3 and features multiplayer. The three side games include Chains of Olympus (2008) and Ghost of Sparta (2010) for the PlayStation Portable (PSP), and Betrayal (2007) for mobile phones that supported the Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME). The fifth main installment, also titled God of War (2018), was released for the PlayStation 4 (PS4). It began the second era, which takes the franchise to the world of Norse mythology. To go along with the new installment, Sony released a short prequel story, A Call from the Wilds (2018), as a text-based game through Facebook Messenger.", "God of War (franchise) God of War: Ascension[8] was first released in North America on March 12, 2013, for the PlayStation 3.[9] It is the only game in the series to feature multiplayer for both competitive and cooperative play.[10][11] Set six months after Kratos killed his wife and child, he has been imprisoned by the three Furies for breaking his blood oath to Ares. With the help of the oath keeper Orkos, Kratos learns that Ares and the Furies plan to overthrow Mount Olympus. The Spartan escapes his imprisonment, subsequently killing the Furies, and Orkos, who begs for release. Although free of Ares' bond, Kratos begins to suffer the nightmares that plague him for years.[12]" ]
test1759	song god bless the child that's got his own	[ "doc62054" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc62057", "doc62054", "doc62058", "doc62056", "doc62055", "doc62059", "doc716536", "doc1478078", "doc372472", "doc289220", "doc2245760", "doc289217", "doc972677", "doc289218", "doc716538", "doc716537", "doc289210", "doc2245758", "doc716535", "doc2258472", "doc1918818", "doc1548187", "doc538493", "doc716539", "doc1728238", "doc372480", "doc253864", "doc1801963", "doc2418899", "doc1368172", "doc1275649", "doc578617", "doc372476", "doc372474", "doc1622007", "doc1833078", "doc868384", "doc1003931", "doc1622005", "doc14325", "doc17778", "doc2533699", "doc2245759", "doc1622003", "doc380171", "doc1996469", "doc1798988", "doc1168500", "doc991053", "doc2370088", "doc14324", "doc2370091", "doc2245765", "doc289214", "doc298877", "doc307962", "doc1801972", "doc1168516", "doc991046", "doc1622008", "doc1087464", "doc2485621", "doc1944077", "doc14322", "doc2596104", "doc253863", "doc538497", "doc14321", "doc295660", "doc2258469", "doc628921", "doc372479", "doc1240846", "doc2258471", "doc1798990", "doc372477", "doc628931", "doc69900", "doc1327973", "doc1842974", "doc453956", "doc1801968", "doc991049", "doc1639598", "doc991051", "doc336642", "doc1482578", "doc716540", "doc850932", "doc1627551", "doc1994893", "doc14327", "doc2103107", "doc463667", "doc1871313", "doc1996466", "doc1994891", "doc141994", "doc1768537", "doc2370094" ]	[ "God Bless the Child (Billie Holiday song) In her autobiography Lady Sings the Blues[3] Holiday indicated an argument with her mother over money led to the song. She states that during the argument her mother said \"God bless the child that's got his own.\" The anger over the incident led her to turn that line into a starting point for a song, which she worked out in conjunction with Herzog.", "God Bless the Child (Billie Holiday song) \"God Bless the Child\" is a song written by Billie Holiday and Arthur Herzog, Jr. in 1939. It was first recorded on May 9, 1941 and released by the Okeh Records in 1942. Years later, Aretha Franklin performed the song making it even more popular.", "God Bless the Child (Billie Holiday song) In his 1990 book Jazz Singing, Will Friedwald[4] indicates it as \"sacred and profane\" as it references the Bible while indicating that religion seems to have no effect in making people treat each other better.[5] The lyrics refer to an unspecified Biblical verse: \"Them that's got shall get, them that's not shall lose, so the Bible says, and it still is news. . . . \" This likely refers to Matthew 25:29[6], Matthew 13:12, Luke 8:18, Luke 19:26, or Mark 4:25.", "God Bless the Child (Billie Holiday song) Session #44: 799 Seventh Avenue, New York City, May 9, 1941, Eddie Heywood and his Orchestra with Roy Eldridge (trumpet), Jimmy Powell and Lester Boone (alto saxophone), Ernie Powell (trumpet), Eddie Heywood (piano), Johan Robins (guitar), Paul Chapman (guitar), Grachan Moncur II (bass), Herbert Cowans (drums), Billie Holiday (vocal)[2]", "God Bless the Child (Billie Holiday song) Holiday's version of the song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1976.[1] It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century, by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts.", "God Bless the Child (Billie Holiday song) The song was featured in the 2007 video game BioShock. It also inspired a children's picture book.[10]", "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands The song was first published in the paperbound hymnal Spirituals Triumphant, Old and New in 1927.[1] In 1933, it was collected by Frank Warner from the singing of Sue Thomas in North Carolina.[2] It was also recorded by other collectors such as Robert Sonkin of the Library of Congress, who recorded it in Gee's Bend, Alabama in 1941. That version is still available at the Library's American Folklife Center.[3]", "Music and politics Blues songs have the reputation of being resigned to fate rather than fighting against misfortune, but there have been exceptions. Bessie Smith recorded protest song \"Poor Man Blues\" in 1928. Josh White recorded \"When Am I Going to be Called a Man\" in 1936 – at this time it was common for white men to address black men as \"boy\" – before releasing two albums of explicitly political material, 1940's Chain Gang and 1941's Southern Exposure: An Album of Jim Crow Blues.[26] Lead Belly's \"Bourgeois Blues\" and Big Bill Broonzy's \"Black, Brown and White\" (aka \"Get Back\") protested racism. Billie Holiday recorded and popularised the song \"Strange Fruit\" in 1939. Written by Communist Lewis Allan, and also recorded by Josh White and Nina Simone, it addressed Southern racism, specifically the lynching of African-Americans, and was performed as a protest song in New York venues, including Madison Square Gardens. In the post-war era, J.B. Lenoir gained a reputation for political and social comment; his record label pulled the planned release of 1954 single \"Eisenhower Blues\" due to its title[27] and later material protested civil rights, racism and the Vietnam War.[28] John Lee Hooker also sang 'I Don't Wanna Go To Vietnam\" on 1969 album Simply the Truth.[29]", "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out \"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out\" is a blues standard written by Jimmy Cox in 1923. Its lyric, told from the point of view of a one-time millionaire during the Prohibition era, reflects on the fleeting nature of material wealth and the friendships that come and go with it. As a vaudeville-style blues, it was popularized by Bessie Smith, the preeminent female blues singer of the 1920s and 1930s. Since her 1929 recording, it has been interpreted by numerous musicians in a variety of styles.", "Ain't Nobody's Business His rendition also inspired numerous artists to record adaptations of the song,[1] usually with variations in the music and lyrics, including[15] versions by Cher, Ardis, James Booker, Eric Clapton, Sam Cooke, Mary Coughlan, Billie Holiday, Mississippi John Hurt, B.B. King, Freddie King, Willie Nelson, Diana Ross (for the film Lady Sings the Blues), Otis Spann, Taj Mahal, Susan Tedeschi, Dinah Washington, Bobby \"Blue\" Bland, Little Milton, Nell Carter and Wingnut Dishwashers Union. A version by Hank Williams, Jr. peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 1990.[16]", "I Got Plenty o' Nuttin' Porgy sings the song in Act 2 after he and Bess have been living together, expressing his new happiness.[1] Like several other arias in the opera, it is implied that it is being performed by the singer to the other characters, in this case as a banjo song. As elsewhere in the opera, other characters join in to create communal engagement with song. In the view of Joseph Horowitz, Gershwin made \"a banjo song with choral interjections, a community moment\".[2]", "Ain't Nobody's Business In 1928, a country blues rendition was recorded by Memphis, Tennessee, singer-guitarist Frank Stokes.[1] His finger-style acoustic guitar version uses a simple I-IV-V chord progression and different lyrics, including the refrain \"It ain't nobody's business but mine\".", "This Land Is Your Land \"This Land Is Your Land\" is one of the United States' most famous folk songs. Its lyrics were written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1940, based on an existing melody, a Carter Family tune called \"When the World's on Fire\", in critical response to Irving Berlin's \"God Bless America.\" When Guthrie was tired of hearing Kate Smith sing \"God Bless America\" on the radio in the late 1930s, he sarcastically wrote \"God Blessed America for Me\" before renaming it \"This Land Is Your Land.\"[1]", "Ain't Nobody's Business In the postâ€“World War II blues era, the jump blues singer Jimmy Witherspoon revived the song as \"Ain't Nobody's Business\".[4] He performed it in the West Coast blues style with understated backing by piano, guitar, bass, drums, and a three-piece horn section.[5] The song was recorded in Los Angeles on November 15, 1947, and released by Supreme Records in September 1948.[5] It entered the record chart on March 5, 1949, and reached number one.[14] Witherspoon's song was the best-selling R&B record of 1949.[5]", "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands The song made the popular song charts in a 1957 recording by English singer Laurie London with the Geoff Love Orchestra, which reached #12 on the UK singles chart in late 1957.[6] The songwriting on London's record was credited to \"Robert Lindon\" and \"William Henry\", which were pseudonyms used by British writers Jack Waller and Ralph Reader, who had used the song in their 1956 stage musical Wild Grows the Heather.[7][8]", "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands Frank Warner performed the song during the 1940s and 1950s, and introduced it to the American folk scene.[2] Warner recorded it on the Elektra album American Folk Songs and Ballads in 1952.[4][5] It was quickly picked up by both American gospel singers and British skiffle and pop musicians.", "Ain't Nobody's Business Recordings by other classic female blues singers, including Sara Martin, Alberta Hunter, and Bessie Smith soon followed.[1][3] In 1947, the song was revived by the jump blues singer Jimmy Witherspoon as \"Ain't Nobody's Business\".[4] It was the best-selling race record of 1949[5] and inspired numerous adaptations of the song.[1] In 2011, Witherspoon's rendition was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame as a \"Classic of Blues Recording\".[4]", "I Got Plenty o' Nuttin' \"I Got Plenty o' Nuttin'\" is a song composed in 1934 by George Gershwin for the 1935 \"folk-opera\" Porgy and Bess (1934). The lyrics are by DuBose Heyward, the author of the novel Porgy on which the opera was based, and Ira Gershwin. It is one of the most famous songs from the opera (along with \"Summertime,\" \"It Ain't Necessarily So\", and \"Bess, You Is My Woman Now\") and it has been recorded by hundreds of singers and music groups.", "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands \"He's Got the Whole World in His Hands\" is a traditional American spiritual, first published in 1927. It became an international pop hit in 1957-58 in a recording by English singer Laurie London, and has been recorded by many other singers and choirs.", "You Gotta Move (song) You may be high, you may be low\nYou may be rich child, you may be poor\nBut when the Lord gets ready, you got to move", "How Long Has This Been Going On? Replaced by \"He Loves and She Loves\" in Funny Face, it was eventually introduced in the musical Rosalie (1928) by Bobbe Arnst as 'Mary O'Brien'.[1] The lyrics used as first released by Gershwin started with the refrain: \"As a tot, when I trotted in little velvet panties,/ I was kissed by my sisters, my cousins, and my aunties./ Sad to tell, it was hell, an inferno worse than Dante's.\" In the subsequent version of the lyrics as performed by Ella Fitzgerald ten years later, the lyrics of this opening stanza were changed to the melancholy reflections of a worker in evening \"bazaars\" reflecting of the differences between kisses for money in comparison to romantic kisses from someone with emotional ties, which had previously eluded her. She reflects with \"salty tears\" about the differences between the two types of kisses.", "The Woman in Me (Shania Twain album) After more success with another No.1 hit named \"No One Needs To Know\", which was selected for the soundtrack to the film \"Twister\", and another minor hit \"Home Ain't Where His Heart Is (Anymore)\", Twain decided to turn \"God Bless The Child\" into a full-length song. She and Lange co-wrote new verses touching on the turbulent lives in people's society, and Lange developed two new instrumentals for Twain to record her vocals on: a country version with a banjo and a pop version with a subtle electronic beat. Both versions contain the same acoustic drum set, guitars and chord arrangements, and also feature the Fisk University Jubilee singers and a local performing arts choir on backing vocals.", "This Little Light of Mine \"This Little Light of Mine\" is a gospel song written for children in the 1920s by Harry Dixon Loes. It was later adapted by Zilphia Horton, amongst many other activists, in connection with the civil rights movement.[1] Although the words of the song have a Biblical theme, it is unclear as to which specific Bible verse it is based upon. Today, many versions of the song are available.", "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands Laurie London's version then rose to #1 of the Most Played by Jockeys song list in the USA and went to number three on the R&B charts in 1958.[9] The record reached #2 on Billboard's Best Sellers in Stores survey and #1 in Cashbox's Top 60. It became a gold record and was the most successful record by a British male in the 1950s in the USA.[10] It was the first, and remains, the only gospel song to hit #1 on a U.S. pop singles chart; \"Put Your Hand in the Hand (of the Man)\" by Ocean peaked at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1971; and \"Oh Happy Day\" by the Edwin Hawkins Singers reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1969.", "To Each His Own (Jay Livingston and Ray Evans song) On the Billboard \"Most Played\" chart for August 24, 1946, and again on September 7, September 14 and October 5, all five versions appeared simultaneously in the Top Ten.[1][2][3][4] While many popular songs of the pre-rock period had multiple hit versions-- for example, Dinah had nine Top Ten covers over the years, and fifteen versions of St. Louis Blues charted between 1916 and 1953-- according to its co-composer Ray Evans, To Each His Own is the only song to take up half the slots on the Top Ten at the same time.", "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out Due to the popularity of Bessie Smith's recording, numerous musicians began interpreting the song in recordings of their own. The song became an early standard with jazz and blues artists, such as the Count Basie Orchestra, Louis Jordan And His Tympany Five, Sidney Bechet, Scrapper Blackwell, Eddie Condon, Josh White, Julia Lee, and Lead Belly. In the late 1950s â€“ early 1960s, it again became popular with the American folk music revival, with recordings by Eric Von Schmidt, Odetta, Chad Mitchell Trio, Dave Van Ronk, and an early demo by Janis Joplin with Jorma Kaukonen. In 1960, a version by Nina Simone reached number 23 in the Billboard R&B chart as well as number 93 in the Hot 100 pop chart.[6] In the mid-1960s, soul versions were recorded by Sam Cooke and Otis Redding; rock versions by the Spencer Davis Group, pre-Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman and Gregg Allman, and Them; and a French version by Nino Ferrer (as \"Le Millionnaire\").", "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) The music was composed and arranged by Ellington in August 1931 during intermissions at Chicago's Lincoln Tavern and was first recorded by Ellington and his orchestra for Brunswick Records (Br 6265) on February 2, 1932. After Mills wrote the lyrics, Ivie Anderson sang the vocal and trombonist Joe Nanton and alto saxophonist Johnny Hodges played the instrumental solos. The song became famous, Ellington wrote, \"as the expression of a sentiment which prevailed among jazz musicians at the time.\"[2] Ellington credited the saying as a \"credo\" of his former trumpeter, Bubber Miley,[2] who was dying of tuberculosis at the time;[3] Miley died the year that the song was released.[4] The Ellington band played the song continually over the years and recorded it numerous times, most often with trumpeter Ray Nance as vocalist.", "God Bless America \"God Bless America\" is an American patriotic song written by Irving Berlin during World War I in 1918 and revised by him in the run up to World War II in 1938. The later version has notably been recorded by Kate Smith, becoming her signature song.[1][2]", "Women in music While jazz songwriting has long been a male-dominated field, there have been a few notable women jazz songwriters. In the 1930s, Ann Ronell (1905–1993) wrote several hit songs. She is known for her 1932 hit song \"Willow Weep for Me\" and the 1933 Disney song \"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?\".[12] Irene Higginbotham (1918–1988) wrote almost 50 songs, her best-known being \"Good Morning Heartache\".[12] Dorothy Fields (1905–1974) wrote the lyrics for over 400 songs, some of which were played by Duke Ellington. She co-wrote \"The Way You Look Tonight\" with Jerome Kern, which won the 1936 Oscar for Best Song. She co-wrote several jazz standards with Jimmy McHugh, such as \"Exactly Like You,\" \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\" and \"I Can't Give You Anything but Love.\"[12] Lil Hardin Armstrong (1898–1971) played piano in King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. Her most famous song, \"Struttin' with Some Barbecue\" has been recorded 500 times. Her other notable songs are \"Doin' the Suzie Q,\" \"Just for a Thrill\" and \"Bad Boy\".[12] While Billie Holiday (1915–1959) is best known as a singer, she co-wrote \"God Bless the Child\" and \"Don't Explain\" with Arthur Herzog, Jr. and she penned the blues song \"Fine and Mellow.\"[12]", "Ray Charles Late in 1954, Charles recorded his own composition \"I Got a Woman\". It became one of his most notable hits, reaching number two on the R&B chart.[25] \"I Got a Woman\" included a mixture of gospel, jazz and blues elements that would later prove to be seminal in the development of rock and roll and soul music. In 1955, he had hits with \"This Little Girl of Mine\" and \"A Fool for You\". In upcoming years, he scored with \"I'll Drown in My Own Tears\" and \"Hallelujah, I Love Her So\". By 1959, \"What'd I Say\" had reached the Billboard Top Ten, making him a major figure in R&B.[25]", "It's a Man's Man's Man's World The song's lyrics, which Rolling Stone characterized as \"biblically chauvinistic\",[4] attribute all the works of modern civilization (the car, the train, the boat (\"Like Noah built the ark\"), and the electric light) to the efforts of men, but claim that it all would \"mean nothing without a woman or a girl\".[1] The song also states that man made toys for the baby boys and girls, and comments about the fact that \"Man makes money\" to buy from other men. Before the song's fade, Brown states that man is lost in his bitterness and in the wilderness. Brown's co-writer and onetime girlfriend, Betty Jean Newsome, wrote the lyrics based on her own observations of the relations between the sexes. In later years, Newsome would claim that Brown didn't write any part of the song and argued in court that Brown sometimes forgot to pay her royalties.[5]", "Bianca Ryan In 2015, Ryan created a music video for \"Alice\", an original song she had written years earlier. The video was funded in part by a Kickstarter project and was self-released in May 2015. It features dancer Chloe Lukasiak, who called the video her favorite project since leaving Dance Moms.[44] The single was released via Ryan's own label through iTunes, Google Play and ReverbNation.[45] Her cover of \"God Bless the Child\" was released on iTunes in July.[46]", "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out Although \"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out\" was published in 1923, the first known recording did not appear until 1927. Piedmont blues musician Bobby Leecan, who recorded with various ensembles, such as the South Street Trio, Dixie Jazzers Washboard Band, and Fats Waller's Six Hot Babies, recorded an early rendition of the song as Blind Bobby Baker, with his vocal and fingerpicking-style guitar. His version, recorded in New York around June 1927, was titled \"Nobody Needs You When You're Down and Out\" and used some different lyrics with emphasis on the hard times.[3]", "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out Once I lived the life of a millionaire, spendin' my money I didn't care\nI carried my friends out for a good time, buying bootleg liquor, champagne and wine\nWhen I begin to fall so low, I didn't have a friend and no place to go\nSo if I ever get my hand on a dollar again, I'm gonna hold on to it 'til them eagles grin\nNobody knows you, when you down and out\nIn my pocket not one penny, and my friends I haven't any", "Something's Got a Hold on Me On September 27, 1963, Etta James first performed \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" at the New Era Club in Nashville, Tennessee; later the performance was recorded and was included on her first live album Etta James Rocks the House.[5] During a \"King-led all-star concert\" which was held at the Ebony Theater, Los Angeles, California in 1987, James performed the song again with American blues musician B.B. King.[10] There, the singer sang the track with backing guitar played by King.[10] That performance was released as a CD and home video entitled \"A Night of Blistering Blues\".[10]", "Irma Thomas Charlie Brooker's anthology series, Black Mirror, has repeatedly featured Thomas' song \"Anyone Who Knows What Love Is (Will Understand).\" Appearances include in the second episode, entitled \"Fifteen Million Merits,\"[16] in a karaoke segment in the seventh episode, \"White Christmas,\" and again in the third series episode \"Men Against Fire.\"[17]", "I've Got the World on a String \"I've Got The World on a String\" is a 1932 popular jazz song composed by Harold Arlen, with lyrics written by Ted Koehler. It was written for the twenty-first edition of the Cotton Club series which opened on October 23, 1932, the first of the Cotton Club Parades.[1]", "Christian child's prayer He's got the whole world in his hands.\nHe's got you and me, brother in his hands.\nHe's got you and me, sister in his hands.\nHe's got the little bitty baby in his hands.\nHe's got the whole world in his hands.", "Something's Got a Hold on Me \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" was written by Etta James, Leroy Kirkland and Pearl Woods, while it was produced by two founders of the Chess Records, Leonard and Phil Chess.[2] The song was released as the third single from James' 1962 self-titled studio album.[2] It was served as a 7\" vinyl disc with the other song, \"Waiting for Charlie to Come Home\", as the B-side in the United States.[3] Later, the track was included on the singer's 1963 compilation album Etta James Top Ten.[4] The live version of \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" also appeared on Etta James' first live album, Etta James Rocks the House (1964).[5] In 1992, the song was a part of her greatest hits album, My Greatest Songs.[6]", "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It Williams likely first heard \"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It\" from Rufus Payne, nicknamed \"Tee Tot,\" a black street singer who taught a young Hank to play blues guitar.[6] In the essay to the 1990 Polygram box set Hank Williams: The Original Singles Collection, Colin Escott quotes Williams in an interview with Ralph Gleason in 1952: \"I was shinin' shoes and sellin' newspapers and following this old Nigrah around to get him to teach me how to play the git-tar. I'd give him 15 cents or whatever I could get ahold of for a lesson.\" Understandably, producer Fred Rose was wary of the song's commercial potential; as country music historian Escott notes, \"Fred Rose's opposition to the song had a lot to do with the fact that it mentioned beer, and probably had something to do with the fact that Acuff-Rose didn't publish it.\" In addition, Williams originally had a couplet mentioning a Ford automobile (\"Me an' my baby, we got a Ford/Now we change the gears from the running board\") and Rose demanded that, if Williams did record it, the reference be dropped because if Hank endorsed Ford, \"then deejays sponsored by GM, Chrysler, and Studebaker wouldn't spin his record.\"[7] Williams recorded the song on August 30, 1949 at Herzog Studio in Cincinnati, Ohio (the same session that produced the B-side \"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry\"). He is backed by members of the Pleasant Valley Boys - Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Innis (rhythm guitar) - as well as Tommy Jackson (fiddle) and Ernie Newton (bass).[8]", "Mean Old World This anticipated future versions, in which new lyrics would be added to the familiar opening lines. On December 14, 1956, Walker recorded another version for Atlantic Records that was released on the acclaimed 1959 album T-Bone Blues.[8] He is backed by a small combo with Lloyd Glenn on piano, Billy Hadnot on bass, and Oscar Bradley on drums.[9]", "Candi Staton In 1991, she returned to popular mainstream charts by lending her vocals to the Source's Top Ten British hit, \"You Got the Love\", a club-styled dance hit that sold two million copies and that is still considered a seminal classic of that era, leading to many remixes and cover versions being created.[citation needed] Staton signed with Intersound Records in 1995. In 2000, she released her eleventh album, Here's a Blessing. In 2004, the British record label Honest Jon's released a compilation CD of her country-soul work from the late 1960s and early 1970s, the self-titled Candi Staton, and Staton followed it up with a secular project in 2006 entitled His Hands, produced by Mark Nevers of Lambchop and with the title track written by Will Oldham. Two of Staton's children, Cassandra Hightower (background vocals) and Marcus Williams (drums), joined her on the CD. A second studio album for Honest Jon's, titled Who's Hurting Now?, appeared in 2009.", "I Got Plenty o' Nuttin' The song expresses a cheerful acceptance of poverty as freedom from worldly cares. The singer says he has the most important things in life, \"'Cause de things dat I prize, / Like de stars in de skies / All are free\". Most of all, he's \"got my gal, got my Lord, got my song\".", "Something's Got a Hold on Me \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" is a song by American singer Etta James. The song was written by James, Leroy Kirkland and Pearl Woods, while production was handled by Leonard and Phil Chess. It was released in 1962 as the third single from her 1962 self-titled album as a 7\" vinyl disc. Musically, \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" is an R&B track with elements of soul, blues and gospel. Upon its release, the single was an R&B hit, peaking at number four on the Billboard Hot R&B Sides chart.[1]", "Lean on Me (song) \"Lean on Me\" is a song written and recorded by African American singer-songwriter Bill Withers. It was released in April 1972 as the first single from his second album, Still Bill. It was his first and only number one single on both the soul singles and the Billboard Hot 100.[1] Billboard ranked it as the No. 7 song of 1972.[2] It is ranked number 208 on Rolling Stone's list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[3] Numerous cover versions have been recorded, and it is one of only nine songs to have reached No. 1 in the US Singles Charts with versions recorded by two different artists.[4]", "Mary's Boy Child When Hairston found out how well the Boney M version had done, he said: \"God bless my soul. That's tremendous for an old fogey like me\".[2] He was 78 at the time.", "Saint Louis Blues (song) \"Saint Louis Blues\" is a popular American song composed by W. C. Handy in the blues style and published in September 1914. It was one of the first blues songs to succeed as a pop song and remains a fundamental part of jazz musicians' repertoire. Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Count Basie, Glenn Miller, Guy Lombardo, and the Boston Pops Orchestra are among the artists who have recorded it. The song has been called \"the jazzman's Hamlet.\"[1]", "Protest songs in the United States The 1920s and 30s also saw a marked rise in the number of songs which protested against racial discrimination, such as Fats Waller's \"(What Did I Do to Be So) Black and Blue\" in 1929, and the anti-lynching song \"Strange Fruit\" by Lewis Allan and performed and recorded by Billie Holiday, which contains the lyrics \"Southern trees bear strange fruit / Blood on the leaves and blood at the root / Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze\". It was also during this period that many African American blues singers were beginning to have their voices heard on a larger scale across America through their music, most of which protested the discrimination which they faced on a daily basis. Perhaps the most famous example of these 1930s blues protest songs is Lead Belly's \"The Bourgeois Blues\", in which he sings, \"The home of the Brave / The land of the Free / I don't wanna be mistreated by no bourgeoisie.\"", "Baby, Please Don't Go The song became a hit and established Williams' recording career.[9] On December 12, 1941, he recorded a second version titled \"Please Don't Go\" in Chicago for Bluebird, with a more modern arrangement and lyrics.[10] Blues historian Gerard Herzhaft calls it \"the most exciting version\",[1] which Williams recorded using his trademark nine-string guitar. Accompanying him are Sonny Boy Williamson I on harmonica and Alfred Elkins on imitation bass (possibly a washtub bass).[11] Since both songs appeared before recording industry publications began tracking such releases, it is unknown which version was more popular. In 1947, he recorded it for Columbia Records with Williamson and Ransom Knowling on bass and Judge Riley on drums. This version did not reach the Billboard Race Records chart,[12] but represents a move toward a more urban blues treatment of the song.", "Strange Fruit The song continues to be covered by numerous artists, including Nina Simone, UB40, Jeff Buckley, Siouxsie and the Banshees and Dee Dee Bridgewater and has inspired novels, other poems, and other creative works. In 1978, Holiday's version of the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.[6] It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century, by the Recording Industry of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. Lyricist E. Y. Harburg referred to the song as a \"historical document\".[4] It was also dubbed, \"a declaration of warÂ ... the beginning of the civil rights movement\" by record producer Ahmet Ertegun.[4]", "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It Washboard Sam, aka Robert Brown, released a version of this song on Bluebird B-7906 known as \"Bucket's Got A Hole In It.\" This recording was made in 1937 as one of \"several historic blues recording sessions [that] took place on the top floor of the Leland Hotel located in downtown Aurora, Illinois. Lester Melrose, a freelance A&R man, and record producer, put together those recording sessions for the Bluebird label. Melrose brought together a small group of artists from St. Louis, and some of Chicago’s finest blues artists of the time, and over the course of the next 20 months, recorded over 300 tracks.[5] \" Featured in this series of recordings are the performers Tampa Red, Washboard Sam, Big Bill Broonzy, Walter Davis, John Lee “Sonny Boy” Williamson, Big Joe Williams, Henry Townsend, Robert Lee McCoy, Speckled Red, Merlene Johnson, Addie “Sweet Peas” Spivey, Bill “Jazz” Gillum and One Arm Slim, amongst many others.[5]", "Strange Fruit Barney Josephson, the founder of Café Society in Greenwich Village, New York's first integrated nightclub, heard the song and introduced it to Billie Holiday. Other reports say that Robert Gordon, who was directing Billie Holiday's show at Cafe Society, heard the song at Madison Square Garden and introduced it to her.[11] Holiday first performed the song at Café Society in 1939. She said that singing it made her fearful of retaliation but, because its imagery reminded her of her father, she continued to sing the piece, making it a regular part of her live performances.[14] Because of the power of the song, Josephson drew up some rules: Holiday would close with it; the waiters would stop all service in advance; the room would be in darkness except for a spotlight on Holiday's face; and there would be no encore.[11] During the musical introduction, Holiday stood with her eyes closed, as if she were evoking a prayer.", "I Got Plenty o' Nuttin' The song has been covered by many musicians, from its first performance by Todd Duncan. Some of the most notable performers included Bing Crosby (recorded March 29, 1936),[5] Aaron Bridgers (1950), Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong (1957), Frank Sinatra (1957), Pearl Bailey (1959), Carol Kidd (1994). In 1998 it was performed by Michael Franti and Spearhead.", "Ain't Nobody's Business The music and lyrics are usually credited to two pianists â€“ Porter Grainger, who had been Bessie Smith's accompanist from 1924 to 1928, and Everett Robbins, who had his own bands and worked briefly with Mamie Smith.[1][2][3][4] Clarence Williams, who played the piano on Bessie Smith's recording, is sometimes listed as a co-author of the song.[7]BMI, the performing rights organization, lists Grainger, Williams, Witherspoon, and Robert Prince.[8] The original lyrics were copyrighted in 1922 and are now in the public domain.[9]", "Ol' Man River \"Ol' Man River\" (music by Jerome Kern, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II) is a show tune from the 1927[1] musical Show Boat that contrasts the struggles and hardships of African Americans with the endless, uncaring flow of the Mississippi River. It is sung from the point of view of a black stevedore on a showboat,[2][3] and is the most famous song from the show. The song is meant to be performed in a slow tempo, it is sung complete once in the musical's lengthy first scene by the stevedore \"Joe\" who travels with the boat, and, in the stage version, is heard four more times in brief reprises. Joe serves as a sort of musical one-man Greek chorus, and the song, when reprised, comments on the action, as if saying, \"This has happened, but the river keeps rolling on anyway.\"", "Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen \"Nobody Knows the Trouble I've Seen\" is an African-American spiritual song that originated during the period of slavery but was not published until 1867. The song is well known and many cover versions of it have been done by artists such as Marian Anderson, Lena Horne, Louis Armstrong, Harry James, Paul Robeson, Sam Cooke among others.[1] Anderson had her first successful recording with a version of this song on the Victor label in 1925.[2] Horne recorded a version of the song in 1946.[3] Deep River Boys recorded their version in Oslo on August 29, 1958. It was released on the extended play Negro Spirituals Vol. 1 (HMV 7EGNÂ 27). The song was arranged by Harry Douglas.", "God Bless America \"God Bless America\" was the official campaign song for President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1940, as well as his Republican opponent, Wendell Willkie. At that time, the song represented cultural and religious tolerance.[10]", "Protest songs in the United States The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s often used Negro spirituals as a source of protest, changing the religious lyrics to suit the political mood of the time.[42] The use of religious music helped to emphasize the peaceful nature of the protest; it also proved easy to adapt, with many improvised call-and-response songs being created during marches and sit-ins. Some imprisoned protesters used their incarceration as an opportunity to write protest songs. These songs were carried across the country by Freedom Riders,[43] and many of these became Civil Rights anthems. Many soul singers of the period, such as Sam Cooke (\"A Change Is Gonna Come\" (1965)), Otis Redding and Aretha Franklin (\"Respect\"), James Brown (\"Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud\" (1968);[44] \"I Don't Want Nobody to Give Me Nothing (Open Up the Door, I'll Get It Myself)\" (1969)), Curtis Mayfield & The Impressions (\"We're a Winner\") (1967); and Nina Simone (\"Mississippi Goddam\" (1964), \"To Be Young, Gifted and Black\" (1970)) wrote and performed many protest songs which addressed the ever-increasing demand for equal rights for African Americans during the civil rights movement. The predominantly white music scene of the time also produced a number of songs protesting racial discrimination, including Janis Ian's \"Society's Child (Baby I've Been Thinking)\" in 1966, about an interracial romance forbidden by a girl's mother and frowned upon by her peers and teachers and a culture that classifies citizens by race.[45] Steve Reich's 13-minute-long \"Come Out\" (1966), which consists of manipulated recordings of a single spoken line given by an injured survivor of the Harlem Race Riots of 1964, protested police brutality against African Americans. In late 1968, Sly and the Family Stone released the single \"Everyday People\", which became the band's first number-one hit. \"Everyday People\" was a protest against prejudices of all kinds, and popularized the catchphrase \"different strokes for different folks.\" The Family Stone featured Caucasians Greg Errico and Jerry Martini in its lineup, as well as females Rose Stone and Cynthia Robinson; making it the first major integrated band in rock history. Sly & the Family Stone's message was about peace and equality through music, and this song reflects the same.", "Baby, Please Don't Go \"Baby, Please Don't Go\" is a blues song which has been called \"one of the most played, arranged, and rearranged pieces in blues history\" by music historian Gerard HerzhaftÂ (fr).[1] Its roots have been traced back to nineteenth-century American songs which deal with themes of bondage and imprisonment. Delta blues musician Big Joe Williams popularized the song with several versions beginning in 1935.", "Something's Got a Hold on Me Jay Lustig of New Jersey On-Line called \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" a \"scintillating\" track.[10] Upon its release, \"Something's Got a Hold on Me\" was an R&B hit, peaking at number four on the Hot R&B Sides chart, a music chart which was published by American music magazine Billboard and now is the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.[7] The single also charted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 37.[11]", "David Clayton-Thomas Clayton-Thomas's first album with the band, Blood, Sweat & Tears (which was released in December 1968) – despite the self-titled name, actually the band's second album – sold ten million copies worldwide. The record topped the Billboard album chart for seven weeks, and charted for 109 weeks. It won five Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and Best Performance by a Male Vocalist. It featured three hit singles, \"You Made Me So Very Happy\", \"Spinning Wheel\", \"And When I Die\" (on the Hot 100, each peaked at No. 2 and lasted 13 weeks) as well as a rendition of Billie Holiday's \"God Bless The Child\".", "No Charge A young boy hands his mother an itemized list of charges he says he's owed for performing various chores and comes to collect; the singer performs this in spoken word. The mother responds (singing) by reminding her son about all the things she's done for him, that she never asked him to pay for services rendered and that, all things considered, \"the cost of real love is no charge.\"", "I've Gotta Be Me Sammy Davis, Jr. recorded the song in 1968 while the musical was still running on Broadway, altering the title slightly to \"I've Gotta Be Me\", and released it as a single late in the year. This version of the song was a surprise hit for Davis, since the musical was not among the more successful shows on Broadway that season. Produced by Jimmy Bowen, Davis' cover of the song peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in early 1969 and remained in the Top 40 for 11 weeks.[1] This is Davis' third highest charting single on the Hot 100 in his career; \"Something's Gotta Give\" had reached number nine in 1955, while \"The Candy Man\" hit #1 in 1972. In addition, the song spent seven weeks at number one on the Easy Listening chart.[2] The song appears on Davis' 1968 album, which was also titled I've Gotta Be Me.", "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It A rendering (1927) by Tom Gates and his Orchestra (on Gennett 6184) as \"The Bucket's Got A Hole In It\" gives writing credit to musicians Lee Blevins and Victor Sells. This version predates the C. Williams copyright. The original melody evolved from the second theme of \"Long Lost Blues\" published in 1914 by J. Paul Wyer and H. Alf Kelley. The \"Long Lost Blues\" theme was a variation of \"Bucket's Got a Hole in It\", a motif that appears in several versions of \"Keep A-Knockin\". This tune later became the basis for several versions of the song, \"You Can't Come In\" recorded by multiple artists. However, \"Bucket's Got a Hole in It\" has also been attributed to Buddy Bolden, which would date it before 1906.[2] As one critic noted, Hank Williams \"could have been given this ditty to record, [but] he may have been familiar with this ditty from previous recordings or had heard it while growing up in Alabama.\"[3]", "Billy Preston Billy Preston was brought up in the African-American gospel tradition; he was a committed Christian throughout his life and he openly expressed his faith in works such as his 1970s hit \"That's the Way God Planned It\". However, his personal beliefs were sometimes at odds with the attitudes and musical expressions of the secular world of rock & roll in which he often worked - while he was apparently willing to put his religious views aside when working on tracks like John Lennon's openly atheistic song \"God\", he was reported to have been particularly uncomfortable with having to perform \"Sympathy for the Devil\" while touring with the Rolling Stones in the early 1970s. Preston was also deeply attached to his mother, for whom he wrote the song that became his best-known composition, \"You Are So Beautiful\".[14]", "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing) is a 1931 composition by Duke Ellington, whose lyrics were written by Irving Mills. It is now accepted as a jazz standard, and jazz historian Gunther Schuller characterized it as \"now legendary\" and \"a prophetic piece and a prophetic title.\"[1]", "This Little Light of Mine Under the influence of Zilphia Horton, Fannie Lou Hamer, and others, it eventually became a Civil Rights anthem in the 1950s and 1960s, especially the version by Betty Fikes.[5] The Seekers recorded it for their second UK album, Hide & Seekers (also known as The Four & Only Seekers) in 1964. Over time it also became a very popular children's song, recorded and performed by the likes of Raffi in the 1980s.", "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It \"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It\" is a song widely attributed to Clarence Williams, who obtained a copyright in 1933. The song became popular performed by Hank Williams for MGM and reached #4 on the country chart in 1949.[1]", "Blues Blues musical styles, forms (12-bar blues), melodies, and the blues scale have influenced many other genres of music, such as rock and roll, jazz, and popular music.[123] Prominent jazz, folk or rock performers, such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Miles Davis, and Bob Dylan have performed significant blues recordings. The blues scale is often used in popular songs like Harold Arlen's \"Blues in the Night\", blues ballads like \"Since I Fell for You\" and \"Please Send Me Someone to Love\", and even in orchestral works such as George Gershwin's \"Rhapsody in Blue\" and \"Concerto in F\". Gershwin's second \"Prelude\" for solo piano is an interesting example of a classical blues, maintaining the form with academic strictness. The blues scale is ubiquitous in modern popular music and informs many modal frames, especially the ladder of thirds used in rock music (for example, in \"A Hard Day's Night\"). Blues forms are used in the theme to the televised Batman, teen idol Fabian Forte's hit, \"Turn Me Loose\", country music star Jimmie Rodgers' music, and guitarist/vocalist Tracy Chapman's hit \"Give Me One Reason\".", "You Gotta Move (song) The Two Gospel Keys recorded \"You've Got to Move\" in 1948.[1] They performed it as an uptempo gospel song. Similar renditions followed by Elder Charles D. Beck (1949),[2] Sister Rosetta Tharpe (1950),[3] the Original Five Blind Boys of Alabama (1953),[4] and the Hightower Brothers (1956).[5] The Reverend Gary Davis recorded the song in 1962.[6] It includes a more ominous verse:[7]", "Be Thankful for What You Got The record sold nearly two million copies on its release in spring 1974, reaching #1 on the U.S. R&B charts and #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[2] With a sound and content influenced by Curtis Mayfield (and often erroneously attributed to him), its simple and encouraging lyrics hit home, to the extent that it became featured on gospel radio stations.", "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out Bessie Smith's \"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out\" became one of her biggest hits, but was released before \"race records\" were tracked by record industry publications, such as Billboard magazine. Today, it \"more than any other, is the song that most people associate with Bessie Smith\".[5]", "I Got You Babe Recalling Dylan's bitter 1964 song \"It Ain't Me Babe\" (soon to be a folk-rock hit for the Turtles), Bono wrote his own opposite sentiment: \"I Got You Babe.\" Where Dylan was lyrically complex, Bono was simple: His lyric began with the ominous youth-versus-grownups theme of \"they\" who set up barriers to romance, but soon gave way to a dialogue of teenage romantic platitudes. Where Dylan was musically simple, however, Bono, without fully rebuilding Spector's Wall of Sound, was more structurally ambitious, following the song's standard verse-chorus-verse-chorus-bridge-verse-chorus form with an ascending coda that built to a climax, then started building again before the fadeout, all in only a little over three minutes. Set to waltz time, the tune retained a light feel despite the sometimes busy instrumentation, led by a prominent oboe. These effects are purposely part of the instrumental arrangement by African-American musician Harold Battiste.[3][4] The alternating vocals alternate between the two singers and if neither were interesting singers, their plodding, matter-of-fact performances gave the song a common-man appeal.[5]", "You Gotta Move (song) In 1964, soul singer Sam Cooke recast the song with lyrics about a broken relationship for his 1963 album Night Beat.[8] In 1965, Mississippi bluesman Fred McDowell recorded it as a slow, slide guitar Hill country blues solo piece. The song generally follows an eight-bar blues arrangement and has been compared to \"Sitting on Top of the World\".[9] McDowell uses lyrics closer to Davis' 1962 rendition,[9] but adds a haunting slide guitar line that doubles the vocal.[10] A verse from the song is inscribed on his headstone:[11]", "Saint Louis Blues (song) Handy said he had been inspired by a chance meeting with a woman on the streets of St. Louis distraught over her husband's absence, who lamented, \"Ma man's got a heart like a rock cast in de sea\", a key line of the song.[2][3] Details of the story vary. Handy's autobiography recounts his hearing the tune in St. Louis in 1892: \"It had numerous one-line verses and they would sing it all night.\"[4]", "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out On January 15, 1929, influential boogie-woogie pianist Pinetop Smith recorded \"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out\" in Chicago.[4] In it the lyrics are spoken rather than sung to Smith's piano accompaniment. The song is one of 11 known recordings by Smith, who died two months after he recorded it.", "Be Thankful for What You Got The song was covered in 1974 by Arthur Lee and Love on their Reel to Real album; Reggae versions were done by Donovan Carless in 1974, Bunny Clarke (produced by Lee \"Scratch\" Perry) in 1975,[3] and by Winston Curtis in 1984 (on World International Records); in 1991 by the British trip hop band Massive Attack on their album Blue Lines, in 1993 by Portrait on the soundtrack album Addams Family Values: Music from the Motion Picture, by Peter Blakeley as the opening theme for the movie The Taking of Beverly Hills, by Yo La Tengo on its 1997 \"Little Honda\" EP and by Lawrence \"Lipbone\" Redding on his 2009 Science of Bootyism album.", "Ain't We Got Fun The sheet music published in 1921 by Jerome K. Remick and Co. leaves this chorus out completely,[13] whereas a recording for Edison Records by Billy Jones keeps the reference to the Pierce Arrow, but then continues as in the sheet music: \"There's nothing surer / The rich get rich and the poor get laid off / In the meantime,/ In between time/ Ain't we got fun?\"[14]", "Miss Lucy had a baby America\n(early version)[8]", "That's All Right Elvis Presley's version was recorded in July 1954.[8] Its catalogue number was Sun 209.[9] The label reads \"That's All Right\" (omitting \"Mama\" from the original title), and names the performers as Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill.[10] Arthur Crudup was credited as the composer on the label of Presley's single, but even after legal battles into the 1970s, was reportedly never paid royalties. An out-of-court settlement was supposed to pay Crudup an estimated $60,000 in back royalties, but never materialized.[11][12] Crudup had used lines in his song that had been present in earlier blues recordings, including Blind Lemon Jefferson's 1926 song \"That Black Snake Moan\".[12]", "His Eye Is on the Sparrow \"His Eye Is on the Sparrow\" is a Gospel hymn. The song was written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel. It is most associated with actress-singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography.[1] Mahalia Jackson's recording of the song was honored with the Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2010.", "God Bless America Woody Guthrie criticized the song, which he considered unrealistic and complacent, and in 1940 he wrote \"This Land Is Your Land,\" originally titled \"God Blessed America For Me,\" as a response.[citation needed] Anti-Semitic groups such as the Ku Klux Klan also protested against the song due to its authorship by a Jewish immigrant.[4]", "Baby, Please Don't Go \"Baby, Please Don't Go\" is likely an adaptation of \"Long John\", an old folk theme which dates back to the time of slavery in the United States.[1] Blues researcher Paul Garon notes that the melody is based on \"Alabamy Bound\", composed by Tin Pan Alley writer Ray Henderson, with lyrics by Buddy DeSylva and Bud Green in 1925.[2][a] The song, a vaudeville show tune, inspired several other songs between 1925 and 1935, such as \"Elder Greene Blues\", \"Alabama Bound\", and \"Don't You Leave Me Here\".[2][3] These variants were recorded by Charlie Patton, Lead Belly, Monette Moore, Henry Thomas, and Tampa Red.[2]", "Nobody's Fault but Mine In 1994, Jimmy Page and Robert Plant recorded an acoustic arrangement of \"Nobody's Fault but Mine\". It was included on their No Quarter album, which featured their interpretations of Led Zeppelin songs using different instrumentation and backing musicians; \"[some of] the songs are given rather drastic reinterpretations â€“ \"Nobody's Fault but Mine\" brings the brooding undercurrent of the original to the surface\".[13] Their new arrangement also included the \"got a Bible in my home\" line from Blind Willie Johnson's 1927 original.", "Baby, Please Don't Go Big Joe Williams used the imprisonment theme for his October 31, 1935, recording of \"Baby, Please Don't Go\". He recorded it during his first session for Lester Melrose and Bluebird Records in Chicago.[3] It is an ensemble piece with Williams on vocal and guitar accompanied by Dad Tracy on one-string fiddle and Chasey \"Kokomo\" Collins on washboard, who are listed as \"Joe Williams' Washboard Blues Singers\" on the single.[3] Musical notation for the song indicates a moderate-tempo fifteen-bar blues in 4\n4 or common time in the key of B flat.[6][b] As with many Delta blues songs of the era, it remains on the tonic chord (I) throughout without the progression to the subdominant (IV) or dominant (V) chords.[6] The lyrics express a prisoner's anxiety about his lover leaving before he returns home:[8]", "Ma! He's Making Eyes at Me Some of the earliest recordings are those by The Benson Orchestra of Chicago and Ted Lewis & his Orchestra both in 1921. Later recordings include Dick Robertson & His Orchestra released in December 1939 on Decca Records with the B-side \"She Had to Go and Lose It at the Astor\".[1] Soon after the Merry Macs made a recording released in February 1940 again on Decca records with B-side as \"Breezin' Along with the Breeze\"[2] followed by Riley Puckett in October 1940 on Bluebird Records with \"Walking My Baby Back Home\" as B-side.[3]", "I'd Rather Go Blind Etta James recorded the song at the FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. It was included on the album Tell Mama and as the B-side of the single of the same name which made number 10 on the Billboard R&B charts,[5] and number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100.[6] The song is also on the 1978 Jerry Wexler-produced album Deep in the Night, but there it is titled \"Blind Girl\" (track 10).[7] Some critics have regarded \"I'd Rather Go Blind\" as of such emotional and poetic quality that it makes that release one of the great double-sided singles of the period.[8] Critic Dave Marsh put the song in his book The Heart of Rock and Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made (number 429).[9]", "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands Mahalia Jackson's version made the Billboard top 100 singles chart, topping at number 69. Other versions were recorded by Marian Anderson (in Oslo on August 29, 1958 and released on the single His Master's Voice 45-6075 AL 6075 and on the extended play En aften på \"Casino Non Stop\", introdusert av Arne Hestenes (HMV 7EGN 26. It was arranged by Harry Douglas and Ed Kirkeby), Kate Smith, Odetta, Jackie DeShannon, Perry Como, the Sandpipers (1970; \"Come Saturday Morning\" LP) and Nina Simone on And Her Friends (recorded 1957). Andy Williams released a version on his 1960 album, The Village of St. Bernadette. The Sisters of Mercy played it at the Reading Festival in 1991. It is featured on The Good and the Bad and the Ugly bootleg album. Pat Boone recorded a version for his 1961 album Great, Great, Great. James Booker covered the song on his 1993 album Spiders On The Keys.", "Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby In the 1932 American film Harlem Is Heaven, dancer Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson, accompanied by jazz pianist Putney Dandridge, sings \"Is You Is or Is You Ain't.\" The song in the film has different lyrics; but, in addition to its title, its melody is at times similar to that later used for \"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby.\"[4]", "I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good) \"I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)\" is a pop and jazz standard with music by Duke Ellington and lyrics by Paul Francis Webster published in 1941. It was introduced in the musical revue Jump for Joy by Ivie Anderson,[1] who also provided vocals for Duke Ellington and His Orchestra on single Victor 27531.[2]", "Gotta Serve Somebody As Dylan's first release during his \"gospel\" period, \"Gotta Serve Somebody\" was met with divisive reviews; John Lennon famously criticized the song and released a parody titled \"Serve Yourself\" in response.[3][4] Nevertheless, the single won the Grammy for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Male in 1979.[2] It stands as Dylan's latest hit single, peaking at #24 on the Billboard Magazine Hot 100 singles chart, and remaining on the chart for 12 weeks.[5][6] In 2016, Rolling Stone magazine featured the song as #43 on its list of \"100 Greatest Bob Dylan Songs.\"[7]", "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It The blues influence is evident in other Williams songs, such as \"Move It on Over,\" \"Mind Your Own Business,\" and \"Honky Tonk Blues,\" but \"My Bucket's Got a Hole in It\" remains the song that displays the influence most prominently.", "Sam Cooke Influential as both a singer and composer,[3] he is commonly known as the King of Soul for his distinctive vocals and importance within popular music. He began singing as a child and joined The Soul Stirrers before moving to a solo career where he scored a string of hit songs like \"You Send Me\", \"A Change is Gonna Come\", \"Wonderful World\", \"Chain Gang\", \"Twistin' the Night Away\", and \"Bring it on Home to Me\".", "God's Gonna Cut You Down The song has, over time, been modified to fit the boundaries of diverse genres like country, folk, gospel, techno, and black metal.[1] As \"God's Gonna Cut You Down\", it was performed by Odetta on Odetta Sings Ballads and Blues (1956) and Johnny Cash on the posthumously released American V: A Hundred Highways (2006). As \"Run On\", it was recorded, among others, by Elvis Presley. The song has also been covered by many other artists. A version by Bill Landford & The Landfordairs was later sampled heavily for the 1999 song \"Run On\" by Moby.", "Lady Sings the Blues (film) Billie plays to a packed house at Carnegie Hall. Her encore, \"God Bless the Child\", is overlaid with newspaper clippings highlighting subsequent events: the concert fails to sway the Commission to restore her license; subsequent appeals are denied; she is later re-arrested on drug charges and finally dies when she is 44. Nevertheless, the Carnegie triumph is frozen in time.", "Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte heard the song being performed by the choir and sought permission to record it.[2] It was recorded in 1956 for his album An Evening with Belafonte. An edited version was subsequently released as a single,[3] reaching No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1957.[1] It was the first single to sell over one million copies in the UK alone.[1] To date, Belafonte's version has sold over 1.19 million copes.[4] In 1962. the full-length version was added to a re-issue of Belafonte's previously released album To Wish You a Merry Christmas.", "Gotta Serve Somebody \"Gotta Serve Somebody\" is a song by Bob Dylan from his 1979 studio album Slow Train Coming.[1] It won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Male in 1979.[2]", "Sitting on Top of the World The ‘peaches’ verse has a long history in popular music. It appears as the chorus of an unpublished song composed by Irving Berlin in May 1914: “If you don't want my peaches / You'd better stop shaking my tree”. The song \"Mamma's Got the Blues\", written by Clarence Williams and S. Martin and recorded by Bessie Smith in 1923, has the line: \"If you don't like my peaches then let my orchard be\". In her version of \"St. Louis Blues\", Ella Fitzgerald sang, \"If you don't like my peaches, why do you shake my tree? / Stay out of my orchard, and let my peach tree be\". In 1929 Blind Lemon Jefferson recorded “Peach Orchard Mama” (\"... you swore nobody’d pick your fruit but me / I found three kid men shaking down your peaches free\"). In later years lines using similar imagery were used in \"Matchbox\" by Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis; \"The Joker\" by the Steve Miller Band; an early version of \"Pipeliner Blues\" by Moon Mullican; and, most directly, \"If You Don't Want My Peaches, Don't Shake My Tree\" by Fox. Ahmet Ertegun was able to convince Miller to pay him US$50,000, claiming authorship of the line in his song \"Lovey Dovey\". This verse and its ubiquitous usage is an example of the tradition of floating lyrics (also called 'maverick stanzas') in folk-music tradition. ‘Floating lyrics’ have been described as “lines that have circulated so long in folk communities that tradition-steeped singers call them instantly to mind and rearrange them constantly, and often unconsciously, to suit their personal and community aesthetics”.[8]", "The Thrill Is Gone \"The Thrill Is Gone\" has been recorded by numerous artists since B.B. King's hit version,[5] including Aretha Franklin from the album Spirit in the Dark (1970) that was released as a B-side to her single, \"Spirit in the Dark\"; Little Milton from Waiting for Little Milton (1973); Chicken Shack/Stan Webb from Poor Boy (The Deram Years 1972–1974) (1973); Luther Allison from Live in Paris (1979); the Crusaders from Royal Jam (1981); Barbara Mandrell from ...In Black and White (1982); Jerry Garcia and David Grisman from their eponymous album (1991); Tuxedomoon's Steven Allan Brown sing his version of the Roy Hawkins and B.B.King cult classics which is called \"The Thrill\" from his third album from 1991's Half Out (1991); the Manhattan Transfer from Tonin' (1995); Dishwalla from the soundtrack to Things to Do in Denver When You're Dead (1995); Diamanda Galas on her live album Malediction & Prayer (1998); Willie Nelson from Milk Cow Blues (2000); the Marshall Tucker Band from Stompin' Room Only (2003, recorded from a Volunteer Jam show in 1975); Pappo from Buscando un amor (2003); and Leslie West from Got Blooze (2005). M.C. Hammer's song by the same name from his Feel My Power album samples King's song. Most recently covered by Christone “Kingfish” Ingram on the soundtrack for season two of Netflix’s Luke Cage.", "Strange Fruit In her autobiography, Lady Sings the Blues, Holiday suggested that she, together with Meeropol, her accompanist Sonny White, and arranger Danny Mendelsohn, set the poem to music. The writers David Margolick and Hilton Als dismissed that claim in their work Strange Fruit: The Biography of a Song, writing that hers was \"an account that may set a record for most misinformation per column inch\". When challenged, Holiday—whose autobiography had been ghostwritten by William Dufty—claimed, \"I ain't never read that book.\"[17]" ]	[ "God Bless the Child (Billie Holiday song) \"God Bless the Child\" is a song written by Billie Holiday and Arthur Herzog, Jr. in 1939. It was first recorded on May 9, 1941 and released by the Okeh Records in 1942. Years later, Aretha Franklin performed the song making it even more popular." ]
test3029	university of michigan school of public health ranking	[ "doc103839" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc103839", "doc103838", "doc1580029", "doc2117819", "doc2117806", "doc705588", "doc2244030", "doc1871870", "doc1580030", "doc1537776", "doc705586", "doc1406978", "doc245913", "doc1580044", "doc2610623", "doc660124", "doc998267", "doc1649281", "doc497814", "doc1579997", "doc1254509", "doc1254481", "doc1254507", "doc1331570", "doc112624", "doc66694", "doc1580023", "doc1580031", "doc705587", "doc1681402", "doc1461100", "doc2538317", "doc116761", "doc1602498", "doc1286961", "doc758252", "doc1316249", "doc1254504", "doc2042799", "doc660096", "doc705559", "doc1254510", "doc2275138", "doc2041135", "doc2071", "doc1406979", "doc1166859", "doc758250", "doc532741", "doc497815", "doc1973260", "doc2275137", "doc705609", "doc1166855", "doc1579996", "doc1461080", "doc1580042", "doc1892066", "doc970324", "doc1316247", "doc1316250", "doc705590", "doc2244031", "doc1230148", "doc532740", "doc2042822", "doc888371", "doc641252", "doc1643233", "doc963977", "doc2145761", "doc1973255", "doc2117812", "doc1580043", "doc2279717", "doc1166854", "doc2036307", "doc1829862", "doc758249", "doc1077531", "doc998266", "doc1672237", "doc1316257", "doc245914", "doc641254", "doc1973261", "doc1127134", "doc1602502", "doc1331572", "doc2174137", "doc1254505", "doc497813", "doc2117807", "doc245915", "doc705613", "doc1580045", "doc2155048", "doc2117817", "doc1672239", "doc970320" ]	[ "University of Michigan School of Public Health According to the US News & World Report's report on graduate programs, the University of Michigan School of Public Health was ranked as the #4 School of Public Health in the country and also had the #1 Healthcare Management program in the country in 2011.[1][2][3]", "University of Michigan School of Public Health The University of Michigan School of Public Health is one of the professional graduate schools of the University of Michigan. Located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, UM SPH is one of the oldest schools of public health in the country and is also considered one of the top schools focusing on health in the United States. Founded in 1941, the School of Public Health grew out of the University of Michigan's degree programs in public health, some of which date back to the 19th century.", "University of Michigan USNWR graduate school rankings[84]", "Milken Institute School of Public Health U.S. News & World Report University Rankings ranks the SPH as the 14th best public health graduate program in the United States.[citation needed]", "Milken Institute School of Public Health U.S. News & World Report University Rankings ranks the SPH as the 14th best public health graduate program in the United States.", "Michigan State University In its 2016–17 rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked MSU 21st in public schools, 41st overall in the United States, and 101st in the world. Michigan State ranks 101–150 in the world in 2016, according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities. The 2018 QS World University Rankings placed it at 149th internationally.[66] In its 2017 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked it as tied for the 33rd-best public university in the United States, tied for 82nd nationally and 78th globally.[67]", "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine In 2015 and 2016, US News Best Global Universities Rankings ranked the LSHTM as 3rd in the world for social sciences and public health, ranking behind only Harvard and Johns Hopkins Universities.[3][4] The School also ranked 29th in the world for clinical medicine, 20th for immunology and 39th for microbiology, contributing to an overall ranking of 114th in the world, 38th in Europe and 10th in the UK.[3]", "University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health The University of Illinois at Chicago's School of Public Health is public health school recognized by the Council on Education for Public Health that awards undergraduate and graduate degrees in public health and health administration. Located on UIC's West Campus:,[1] the School of Public Health was founded in 1970 as an expansion of the University of Illinois Medical Center.[2] It later, along with rest of UIMC, was consolidated into the University of Illinois at Chicago. Now constituting one of the 15 colleges of UIC. The school is ranked seventeenth in public health programs in the U.S. News and World Report rankings.[3]", "University of Michigan USNWR departmental rankings[84]", "University of Minnesota College of Education and Human Development As of fall 2017 it enrolled 4,823 students. Living alumni total more than 70,000. The 2017 Academic Ranking of World Universities listed CEHD as the top public school of education in the world. U.S. News & World Report in its 2016 Best Grad School rankings rated University of Minnesota's CEHD No. 11 among public institutions and tied for twenty-first overall.[1]", "Michigan State University USNWR graduate school rankings[65]", "Johns Hopkins University JHU's undergraduate education is ranked 11th among U.S. \"national universities\" by U.S. News & World Report for 2018.[15] For medical research U.S. News & World Report ranks the School of Medicine in 2017 tied for 3rd in the U.S.[77] and the Bloomberg School of Public Health 1st.[77] The School of Nursing was ranked 1st nationally for master's degrees.[77] The QS Top Universities ranked Johns Hopkins University No. 5 in the world for medicine.[78] Hopkins ranks No. 1 nationally in receipt of federal research funds and the School of Medicine is 1st among medical schools in receipt of extramural awards from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).[79] In 2016, the Johns Hopkins Hospital was ranked the No. 4 hospital in the United States by the U.S. News & World Report annual ranking of American hospitals.[80]", "Heinz College In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report Graduate School rankings, the Heinz College was ranked 14th among schools of public affairs. Of the 282 schools of public affairs across the nation that were surveyed for 2019, Heinz College ranked:[15]", "University of Michigan Of the university's 12,714 non-professional graduate students, 5,367 are seeking academic doctorates and 6,821 are seeking master's degrees. The largest number of master's degree students are enrolled in the Ross School of Business (1,812 students seeking MBA or Master of Accounting degrees) and the College of Engineering (1,456 students seeking M.S. or M.Eng. degrees). The largest number of doctoral students are enrolled in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (2,076) and College of Engineering (1,496). While the majority of U-M's graduate degree-granting schools and colleges have both undergraduate and graduate students, a few schools only issue graduate degrees. Presently, the School of Natural Resources and Environment, School of Public Health, and School of Social Work only have graduate students.[57]", "School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University Foreign Policy ranked SIPA fifth in its 2018 ranking of \"Top Master's Programs for Policy Career in International Relations\".[5] In addition, SIPA was ranked first by U.S. News & World Report Best Graduates Schools 2018 world rankings for International Global Policy and Administration and fifth for Environmental Policy and Management.[6]", "Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Students enroll from more than 40 different countries, and the school remains in the top tier of accredited schools of public health across the country. U.S. News & World Report's 2015 edition ranked the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine 12th among public health programs.[15] In 2008, the school conferred the first bachelor of science in public health degrees to the first undergraduate class of Tulane public health graduates. Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2012.[16]", "University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota is ranked 14 overall among the nation's top research universities by the Center for Measuring University Performance.[26] The university's research and development expenditures ranked 13thâ€“15th among U.S. academic institutions in the 2010 through 2015 National Science Foundation reports.[27] The U.S. News & World Report's 2016 rankings placed the undergraduate program of the university as the 69th-best National University in the United States. It also ranked the Chemical Engineering program third-best, the Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) program third best, the Economics PhD program tenth, Psychology eighth, Statistics sixteenth, Audiology ninth, and the University of Minnesota Medical School 6th for primary care and 34th for research.[28] The Law School, consistently recognized as a 'Top Law School' by U.S. News & World Report, is ranked 20th in the nation, and is a national leader in commercial law, international law, and clinical education.[29] Additionally, nineteen of the university's graduate-school departments have been ranked in the nation's top-twenty by the U.S. National Research Council.[30] In 2008 and 2012 U.S. News & World Report ranked the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation. 2016 U.S. News & Report now rank the College of Pharmacy 2nd in the nation.[31] In 2011, U.S. News & World Report ranked the School of Public Health 8th in the nation,[32] which is home to the 2nd ranked program for the Master of Healthcare Administration degree.[33] The University of Minnesota ranked 19th in NIH funding in 2008.[34] \nMinnesota is listed as a \"Public Ivy\" in 2001 Greenes' Guides The Public Ivies: America's Flagship Public Universities.[35]", "Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences U.S News & World Report ranked the Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences 17th in nursing-anesthesia, 58th in occupational therapy, 39th in pharmacy, 121st in physical therapy, and 62nd in physician assistant programs.[11]", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill The university was named a Public Ivy by Richard Moll in his 1985 book The Public Ivies: A Guide to America's Best Public Undergraduate Colleges and Universities, and in later guides by Howard and Matthew Greene.[101][102] Many of UNC Chapel Hill's professional schools have achieved high rankings in publications such as Forbes magazine, as well as annual U.S. News & World Report surveys.[103][104] In 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked UNC Chapel Hill business school's MBA program as the 16th best in the nation. In the 2015 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked the UNC Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health as the top public school of public health in the United States, and tied for second best school of public health in the U.S. (behind Johns Hopkins and tied with Harvard).[105] The UNC Chapel Hill Eshelman School of Pharmacy was ranked first among pharmacy schools in the United States in 2016 by U.S. News & World Report.[106] In 2005, Business Week ranked UNC Chapel Hill business school's Executive MBA program as the 5th best in the United States.[107] Other highly ranked schools include journalism and mass communication, law, library and information science, medicine, dentistry, and city and regional planning.[108][109][110][111] Nationally, UNC Chapel Hill is in the top ten public universities for research.[112] Internationally, the 2016 QS World University Rankings ranked North Carolina 78th in the world (in 2010 Times Higher Education World University Rankings and QS World University Rankings parted ways to produce separate rankings).[113]", "University of Michigan Considered one of the foremost research universities in the United States,[8] Michigan is classified as a Doctoral University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation. Its comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) as well as professional degrees in architecture, business, medicine, law, pharmacy, nursing, social work, public health, and dentistry. Michigan's body of living alumni comprises more than 540,000 people, one of the largest alumni bases of any university in the world.[9]", "University of California, Los Angeles Departments ranked in the national top ten by the 2016 U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report are Clinical Psychology (1st), Fine Arts (2nd), Psychology (2nd), Medical School: Primary Care (6th), Math (7th), History (9th), Sociology (9th), English (10th), Political Science (10th), and Public Health (10th).[66]", "University of California, Los Angeles The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2017–2018 ranked UCLA 15th in the world for academics, No.1 US Public University for academics, and 13th in the world for reputation.[19][20] In 2017, UCLA ranked 12th in the world (10th in North America) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU)[21] and 33rd in the 2017–2018 QS World University Rankings.[22] In 2017, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 15th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, citations, broad impact, and patents.[23] In 2017–2018, US News & World Report ranked UCLA as the #1 public university in the United States in a tie with its sister campus, UC Berkeley.[24]", "University of California, Los Angeles As of AugustÂ 2016[update], the U.S. News & World Report Best Graduate Schools report ranked the Graduate School of Education and Information Studies (GSEIS) 11th, the Anderson School of Management 15th, the David Geffen School of Medicine tied for 6th for Primary Care and 14th for Research, the School of Law 17th, the Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science (HSSEAS) tied for 14th, the Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health 19th, and the School of Nursing 12th.[66] The QS Global 200 MBA Rankings report for 2015 ranks the Anderson School of Management 9th among North American business schools.[86] The 2014 Economist ranking of Full-time MBA programs ranks the Anderson School of Management 13th in the world.[87] The 2014 Financial Times ranking of MBA programs ranks the Anderson School 26th in the world.[65] The 2014 Bloomberg Businessweek ranking of Full-time MBA programs ranks the Anderson School of Management 11th in the United States.[88] The 2014 Business Insider ranking of the world's best business schools ranks the Anderson School of Management 20th in the world.[89] The 2014 Eduniversal Business Schools Ranking ranks the Anderson School of Management 15th in the United States.[90] In 2015, career website Vault ranked the Anderson School of Management 16th among American business schools,[91] and the School of Law 16th among American law schools.[92] In 2015, financial community website QuantNet ranked the Anderson School of Management's Master of Financial Engineering program 12th among North American financial engineering programs.[93]", "Columbia University Columbia University was ranked 2nd among U.S. colleges for 2017 by Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education and 2nd among Ivy League schools.[113] It was ranked 4th overall among U.S. national universities for 2016 by U.S. News & World Report.[114] Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by U.S. News & World Report for its 2016 edition. Columbia Law School was ranked tied for 4th, the Mailman School of Public Health 5th, the School of Social Work 5th, Teachers College (Columbia Graduate School of Education) 7th, Columbia Business School 8th, the College of Physicians and Surgeons tied for 6th for research (and tied for 51st for primary care), the Graduate School of Arts 6th, the School of Nursing tied for 8th, and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (graduate) was ranked 13th.[115]", "John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard Kennedy School receives high rankings in the U.S. News & World Report listing of top graduate schools of public affairs. HKS is currently ranked first by US News in social policy. [16] In the 2015 rankings,[17] HKS is ranked first in the subcategory of health policy, second in public policy analysis and social policy.[18] Kennedy's foreign affairs offerings are also ranked at or near the top of Foreign Policy magazine's Inside the Ivory Tower survey, which lists the world's top twenty international relations programs at the undergraduate, Master's and Ph.D. levels.[19] In 2012, for example, the survey ranked HKS first overall for doctoral and undergraduate programs and third overall in the Master's category.[20]", "University of Miami In the 2017 issue of U.S. News & World Report's \"America's Best Colleges,\" the University of Miami was ranked 44th among national universities.[129] U.S. News's 2016 ranking of U.S. medical schools ranked the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine as the 44th best medical school for research in the nation, while US News ranked the School of Law as the 60th best law school in the nation.[130] In 2008, U.S. News & World Report ranked the University of Miami Physical Therapy Department 7th in the nation[131] and the Department of Psychology's Clinical Training Program 25th in the nation.[132]", "University of Michigan There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.[56] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.[57] At the graduate level, the Rackham Graduate School serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.[58] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges, the largest of which are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, the Law School, and the Ross School of Business. Professional degrees are conferred by the Schools of Architecture, Public Health, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Urban Planning and Pharmacy.[57] The Medical School is partnered with the University of Michigan Health System, which comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education.", "University of Michigan The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.[85][86][87] The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has \"very high\" research activity and the comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.[85] U-M has been included on Richard Moll's list of Public Ivies.[88] With over 200 undergraduate majors, and 100 doctoral and 90 master's programs,[89] U-M has conferred 6,490 undergraduate degrees, 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 2011-2012.[90]", "Michigan State University USNWR departmental rankings[65]", "Duke University In U.S. News & World Report's \"America's Best Graduate Schools 2018\", Duke's medical school ranked tied for 7th in research[150] and 34th in primary care.[151] The School of Law was ranked 10th in the 2018 rankings by the same publication,[152] with Duke's nursing school ranked 1st[153] while the Sanford School of Public Policy ranked tied for 13th overall for 2017.[154] Among business schools in the United States, the Fuqua School of Business was ranked tied for 12th overall by U.S. News & World Report for 2018, while BusinessWeek ranked its full-time MBA program 1st in the nation in 2014.[155][156] The graduate program for the Pratt School of Engineering was ranked 30th in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings.[157]", "Miami University U.S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings ranked the university's undergraduate program 79th among national universities, and 30th among public universities. U.S. News also ranked the university fifth for best undergraduate teaching at national public universities.[42] Kiplingerâ€™s Personal Finance magazine listed Miami as one the \"100 Best Values in Public Colleges\" for 2015 ranking Miami 55th nationally. Miami has appeared on the list since it was first published in 1998. Forbes ranked Miami 155th in the United States among all colleges and universities and listed it as one of \"America's Best College Buys\".[43] In March 2014, BusinessWeek ranked the undergraduate business program for the Farmer School of Business at 23rd among all U.S. undergraduate business schools and was ranked 8th among public schools.[44] Entrepreneur ranked Miami's Institute for Entrepreneurship in its top ten undergraduate programs in the nation.[45] The Wall Street Journal ranked Miami 22nd among state schools for bringing students directly from undergraduate studies into top graduate programs.[46] The Journal also ranked Miami's accelerated MBA program ninth globally.[47] Miami's accountancy program received high marks from the Public Accounting Report's rankings of accountancy programs; its undergraduate and graduate programs ranked 17th and 20th respectively.[48] In 1985, Richard Moll wrote a book about America's premier public universities where he describes Miami as one of America's original eight \"Public Ivies\", along with the University of California, University of Michigan, University of Virginia, College of William and Mary, University of Texas, University of Vermont, and the University of North Carolina.[49]", "Boston University U.S. News & World Report ranks Boston University tied for 37th among national universities and 32nd among global universities for 2018.[84] Boston University was also ranked 10th among public health graduate schools, 12th among social work schools, tied for 20th among law schools, tied for 29th among medical schools (research), 35th among engineering schools, tied for 41st among business schools, and 45th among education schools.[85]", "University of Wisconsin–Madison Madison's undergraduate program was ranked tied for 44th among national universities by U.S.News & World Report for 2017 and tied for 10th among public schools.[49] The same magazine ranked UW's graduate School of Business tied for 27th, and its undergraduate business program tied for 19th.[49] Other graduate schools ranked by USNWR for 2017 include the School of Medicine and Public Health, which was tied for 25th in research and 14th in primary care, the School of Education 4th, the Law School tied for 33rd, and the La Follette School of Public Affairs tied for 13th.[49]", "University of Arizona The University of Arizona was ranked tied for 124th in the \"National Universities\" category by U.S. News & World Report for 2017, and 60th among \"Top Public Schools.\"[20] The James E. Rogers College of Law was ranked tied for 48th nationally, and the University of Arizona College of Medicine - Tucson was tied for 76th nationally in primary care and tied for 67th for research by U.S. News & World Report for 2017.[20] The College of Medicine was also rated No. 7 among the nation's medical schools for Hispanic students, according to Hispanic Business Magazine.[21] In 2017, the Eller MBA program was ranked 24th among public institutions and 49th nationally by U.S. News & World Report, which placed the school's Management Information Systems program as 2nd, the Entrepreneurship program as 5th and the Part-time MBA 30th among U.S public schools.[20] U.S. News & World Report also rated UA as tied for 33rd for online MBA programs, tied for 49th for best online graduate nursing programs, and tied for 33rd for best online graduate engineering programs nationally.[20] UA graduate programs ranked in the top 25 in the nation by U.S. News & World Report for 2017 include Information Science (4th), Entrepreneurship (15th), Geology (3rd), Geophysics and Seismology (8th), Speech Pathology (7th), Rehabilitation Counseling (6th), Earth Sciences (7th), Analytical Chemistry (9th), Atomic/Molecular/Optical Sciences (9th), Audiology (9th), and Photography (9th).[20]", "Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs Maxwell was ranked as the top graduate program for public affairs in the country by U.S. News and World Report from 1995-2017, and #2 in 2018.[7] Maxwell is ranked the top school in the sub-specialty of Public Management/Administration and top-ten in four other areas.", "University of Florida Florida's graduate programs ranked for 2016 by U.S. News & World Report in the nation's top 50 were audiology 7th, analytical chemistry 8th, occupational therapy 10th, criminology 12th, physical therapy 12th, pharmacy 9th, veterinary medicine 14th, speech-language pathology 15th, physician assistant 27th, healthcare management 29th, public health 30th, statistics 30th, chemistry 35th, physics 36th, clinical psychology 37th, psychology 40th, history 46th, computer science 48th, economics 48th, and political science 50th.[62]", "University of California, San Francisco In 2016, the Academic Ranking of World Universities, published annually by Shanghai Jiaotong University, ranked UCSF third in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy and fifth in the world for Life and Agricultural Sciences. Previously, UCSF had been second in the world for Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy from 2007-2015, ceding the #2 position to the University of Washington in 2016.[21] The professional schools of the University of California, San Francisco are among the top in the nation, according to current (2013) US News and World Report graduate school and other rankings. The schools also rank at or near the top in research funding from the National Institutes of Health. In addition, the UCSF Medical Center in 2013 was ranked by U.S. News & World Report the 7th-best hospital in the nation,[66] making it the highest-ranked medical center in northern California.", "University of California, Los Angeles The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2017–2018 ranks UCLA 15th in the world for academics, No.1 US Public University for academics, and 13th in the world for reputation.[20] UCLA was ranked 33rd in the QS World University Rankings in 2017, 12th in the world (10th in North America) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) in 2017, and 32nd in the world in Financial Times' Global MBA Rankings in 2017.[65] In 2017, the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 15th in the world based on quality of education, alumni employment, quality of faculty, publications, influence, citations, broad impact, and patents.[23] The 2017 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Rankings report ranked UCLA 10th in the world.[66] The CWTS Leiden ranking of universities based on scientific impact for 2017 ranks UCLA 14th in the world.[67] The University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) conducted by Middle East Technical University for 2016–2017 ranked UCLA 12th in the world based on the quantity, quality and impact of research articles and citations.[68] The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities for 2017 ranked UCLA 11th in the world based on the presence, impact, openness and excellence of its research publications.[69]", "University of California, Berkeley Berkeley is often ranked as a top-ten university in the world and the top public university in the United States.[29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] For 2017â€“18, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked Berkeley 5th in the world. Berkeley ranks 27th internationally in the QS World University Rankings. It is additionally ranked 4th internationally by U.S. News & World Report.[38] Berkeley is ranked 18th internationally in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and as the 6th most reputed university in the world by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings.[39]", "Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine Global Biostatistics and Data Science[2] Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences[3] Global Environmental Health Sciences [4] Global Health Management and Policy[5] Tropical Medicine [6]", "Michigan State University MSU pioneered the studies of packaging, hospitality business, supply chain management, and communication sciences. Michigan State frequently ranks among the top 30 public universities in the United States and the top 100 research universities in the world.[6][7][8][9][10] U.S. News & World Report ranks many of its graduate programs among the best in the nation, including African history, criminology, industrial and organizational psychology, educational psychology, elementary and secondary education, osteopathic medicine, human medicine, nuclear physics, rehabilitation counseling, supply chain/logistics, and veterinary medicine. MSU is a member of the Association of American Universities, an organization of 62 leading research universities in North America. The university's campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden, the Abrams Planetarium, the Wharton Center for Performing Arts, the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum, the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, and the country's largest residence hall system.[11]", "University of California, Los Angeles Departments ranked in the global top ten by the 2016 U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities report are Arts and Humanities (7th), Biology and Biochemistry (10th), Chemistry (6th), Clinical Medicine (10th), Materials Science (10th), Mathematics (7th), Neuroscience and Behavior (7th), Psychiatry/Psychology (3rd) and Social Sciences and Public Health (8th).[95]", "University of Georgia The University of Georgia School of Public and International Affairs was ranked 4th in the nation, while the Public Management Administration program was ranked 2nd by U.S. News & World Report in 2016.[99]", "University of Southern California The Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism was ranked 1st in 2014 by USA Today.[117] In its 2016 rankings, U.S. News & World Report rates USC's School of Law as 19th, the Marshall School of Business tied for 10th in undergraduate education with the USC Leventhal School of Accounting 6th, the Lloyd Greif Center for Entrepreneurial Studies 3rd, and the MBA program tied for 25th. Marshall no longer appears among the previewed Top 9 undergraduate business schools.[118]; the Keck School of Medicine of USC was ranked tied for 31st in research and tied for 72nd in primary care.[110] U.S. News & World Report in 2016 further ranked the Viterbi School of Engineering tied for 10th, the Rossier School of Education 15th, the Roski School of Fine Arts graduate program 36th, the Sol Price School of Public Policy 4th, the USC School of Social Work 11th, and the USC School of Pharmacy tied for 9th.[110] USC's graduate programs in physical therapy and occupational therapy are ranked the nation's 1st and 3rd best programs, respectively, for 2016 by U.S. News & World Report.[110] The USC School of Architecture was ranked 5th in 2014.[119] The Philosophical Gourmet Report in 2015 ranked USC's graduate philosophy program as 8th nationally.[120]", "University of Texas at Austin In its 2016 edition of college rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked the Accounting and Latin American History programs as the top in the nation and more than 50 other science, humanities and professional programs rank in the top 25 nationally.[81] The College of Pharmacy is listed as the third best in the nation and The School of Information (iSchool) is sixth best in Library and Information Sciences.[81] Among other rankings, the School of Social Work is 7th, the Jackson School of Geosciences is 8th for Earth Sciences, the Cockrell School of Engineering is tied for 10th best (with the undergraduate engineering program tied for 11th best in the country), the Nursing School is tied for 13th, the University of Texas School of Law is 14th, the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs is 16th, and the McCombs School of Business is tied for 16th best (with the undergraduate business program tied for 7th best in the country).[81]", "Johns Hopkins University The School of Education is ranked No. 2 nationally by U.S. News & World Report for 2017.[77] Although no formal rankings exist for music conservatories, the Peabody Institute is generally considered one of the most prestigious conservatories in the country, along with Juilliard and the Curtis Institute. The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) ranked No. 1 (2005), No. 2 (2007), and No. 2 (2009), by College of William & Mary's surveys conducted once every two years beginning in 2005, for its MA program among the world's top schools of International Affairs for those who want to pursue a policy career.[81] In 2015, SAIS ranked 2nd in the world in Foreign Policy's Top Master's Programs for Policy Career in International Relations ranking.[82]", "Kelley School of Business In the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report[25] the school was indexed as the 24th best business school in North America (for MBA). Fortune Small Business magazine listed Kelleyâ€™s MBA and undergraduate programs in entrepreneurship No. 1 among all public universities in the nation in 2009.", "University of Florida In its 2018 edition, U.S. News & World Report (USN&WR) ranked the University of Florida as tied for the 9th-best public university in the United States,[13] and tied for 42nd overall among all national universities, public and private.[62]", "University of Kansas The city management and urban policy program was ranked first in the nation, and the special education program second, by U.S. News & World Report's 2016 rankings.[31] USN&WR also ranked several programs in the top 25 among U.S. universities.[31]", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill UNC Chapel Hill's undergraduate program is ranked 30th in the United States by U.S. News & World Report and is consistently ranked among the nation's top five public universities, just behind UC Berkeley, University of Virginia, UCLA, and the University of Michigan.[115][116] Kiplinger's Personal Finance in 2015 ranked UNC Chapel Hill as the number one \"best value\" public college in the country.[117] The university also topped The Princeton Review's list of the Best Value Colleges in 2014.[118] Similarly, the university is first among public universities and ninth overall in \"Great Schools, Great Prices\", on the basis of academic quality, net cost of attendance and average student debt.[119] Along with one of the nation's most acclaimed undergraduate honors programs in a public institution, UNC Chapel Hill also has the highest percentage of undergraduates studying abroad for any public institution.[63][120]", "Ohio State University The Ohio State law school is ranked by U.S. News & World Report tied for 34th overall in America for 2016, with the nursing school tied for 22nd, public affairs tied for 25th, and the medical school ranked tied for 31st for research and tied for 40th for primary care; the graduate engineering program was ranked 32nd best and the College of Education ranked 15th in America.[28] Nineteen Ohio State graduate programs or specialties were rated among the nation's top ten for 2016.[28]", "University of Georgia U.S. News & World Report has ranked the university's undergraduate program as tied for 56th overall among National Universities and tied for 16th overall among Top Public Schools in its 2018 rankings.[99]", "Michigan State University According to U.S. News & World Report's 2016 rankings, the College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O. degree) ranked tied for 12th among U.S. medical schools for primary care,[115] and the College of Human Medicine (MD degree) was ranked 70th among the U.S. medical schools for primary care.[116]", "Kelley School of Business The 2017 U.S. News & World Report ranks Kelley's Online Graduate Business Program #1 in the nation, and the online MBA #3.[23]", "University of Michigan The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, or UMich), often simply referred to as Michigan, is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded in 1817 in Detroit as the Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania, 20 years before the Michigan Territory became a state, the University of Michigan is the state's oldest university. In 1821, the university was officially renamed the University of Michigan. It moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres (16 ha) of what is now known as Central Campus. Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 34 million gross square feet (780 acres; 3.2 km2) spread out over a Central Campus and North Campus, two regional campuses in Flint and Dearborn, and a Center in Detroit. The University was a founding member of the Association of American Universities.", "Miami University Miami University is well known for its liberal arts education; it offers more than 120 undergraduate degree programs and over 60 graduate degree programs within its 8 schools and colleges in architecture, business, engineering, humanities and the sciences. In its 2017 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked the university 79th among national universities and the 30th top public university in the United States.[10][11] Additionally, Miami University is ranked 2nd best national university (1st among public institutions) for undergraduate teaching.[12] Miami University is one of the original eight Public Ivy schools.[13][14]", "University of Michigan In Fall 2016, the university had an enrollment of 44,718 students: 28,983 undergraduate students, 12,565 graduate students and 2.665 first professional students[5][57] in a total of 600 academic programs. Of all students, 37,954 (84.9%) are U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 6,764 (15.1%) are international students.[5]", "Rutgers University In the 2018 U.S. News & World Report ranking of American national universities (public and private), Rutgers is tied for 69th and among public universities ranked 25th.[92] The same ranking placed Rutgers in the top 25 among all U.S. universities for the following graduate school programs: Library Science (7th), English (15th), History (21st) (with the subspecialties of Women's History and African-American History both ranked 1st), Social Work (22nd), and Mathematics (23rd).[92] It also ranked Rutgers 22nd in the world for Agricultural Sciences.[93]", "University of Pittsburgh The University of Pittsburgh Schools of the Health Sciences, including Medicine, Dental, Nursing, ranked 5th nationally,[126] Pharmacy, Public Health, and Rehabilitation are also all highly ranked and regarded in their respective fields.[127] In addition, the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, is consistently honored as one of America's top hospitals.[68]", "University of California, San Francisco USNWR graduate school rankings[64]", "University of California, San Francisco In 2015, the School of Medicine ranked third overall among research-based medical schools by U.S. News & World Report.[67] In rankings of medical schools for primary care, UCSF also ranked 3rd, making it the only U.S. medical school to hold a top five rank in both research and primary care.[67] In addition, UCSF is nationally ranked as #1 in AIDS, #2 in Internal Medicine, Women's Health, and Drug and Alcohol Abuse, #4 in Family Medicine, #6 in Geriatrics, and #7 in Pediatrics.[67]", "Michigan State University The Eli Broad College of Business was ranked No. 42nd among undergraduate institutions nationally by Businessweek. Ninety-four percent of the school's graduates received job offers in 2014.[68] The 2016 U.S. News ranked Michigan State's undergraduate supply chain management/logistics program in the Eli Broad College of Business 1st in the nation.[67] In addition, the Eli Broad College of Business undergraduate accounting program is ranked 13th, the master's accounting program is ranked 15th, and the doctoral program is ranked 11th, according to the 2013 Public Accounting Report's Annual Survey of Accounting Professors.[69] The MBA program is ranked 19th in the U.S. by Forbes magazine.[70]", "London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine In the 2015 CWTS Leiden Ranking, the LSHTM has been ranked top university in Europe for research impact in all fields, ahead of Oxford and Cambridge.[5] The School is also ranked 6th overall in the world for impact based on the top 1% of published papers in all fields, after MIT, Harvard, Caltech, Stanford and Berkeley, 3rd in the world for biomedical and health sciences, after only MIT and Caltech, and 5th in the world overall for collaborative research.[5]", "Yale University USNWR graduate school rankings[135]", "University of Kansas In its 2018 list, U.S. News & World Report ranked KU as tied for 115th place among National Universities and 53rd place among public universities.[31]", "University of California, Berkeley Berkeley is often ranked as a top-ten university in the world and the top public university in the United States,[29][30][31][32][33][103][35][36][37] as well as a top public university producing high net-worth individuals. For 2017â€“18, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) ranked Berkeley 5th in the world. Berkeley ranks 27th internationally in the QS World University Rankings. It is additionally ranked 4th internationally by U.S. News & World Report.[38] Berkeley is ranked 18th internationally among research universities in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, and as the 6th most reputed university in the world by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings.[39]", "University of California, San Diego Recognized as a Public Ivy, UC San Diego is a highly regarded research institution, ranked 11th in the world by the Nature Index[23], 14th in the world by the Scrimago Institutions Rankings[24], 14th in the world by the Lens Metric[25], 14th best university in the world according to TBS Rankings[26], 15th in U.S. News & World Report 's 2017 global university rankings[27], 15th best university in the world by Webometrics Ranking of World Universities[28], 15th in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities[29], 16th best university in the world by the Centre for Science and Technology Studies of Leiden University Ranking[30], 17th in the world by the Center for World University Rankings[31], 17th in the world by University Ranking by AP[32], and 5th best public university in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings[33].", "University of Maryland, College Park USNWR graduate school rankings[92]", "Vanderbilt University In its 2018 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked Vanderbilt 14th among all national universities.[127] In the same publication's graduate program rankings, the Peabody College of Education was ranked third in the nation among schools of education,[128] and the Vanderbilt Law School was listed at 16th, the School of Medicine was listed at 15th among research-oriented medical schools, the School of Nursing was listed at 15th, the School of Engineering was listed at 34th, and the Owen Graduate School of Management was listed at 25th among business schools.[129] Additionally, U.S. News & World Report ranked Vanderbilt first in the nation in the fields of special education, educational administration, and audiology.[129] In 2014, the Owen Graduate School of Management was ranked 30th by BloombergBusinessweek among full-time MBA programs.[130]", "University of Alabama In the 2017 USN&WR rankings, UA was tied for 103rd in the National Universities category (tied for 46th among the public schools in the category).[53] Several of UA's schools are ranked individually. In the 2016 U.S. News ranking, the UA law school was tied for 22nd in the nation, the business school was tied for 58th, the nursing school tied for 61st, and the engineering school was tied for 104th.[53]", "University of Rochester The Eastman School of Music ranks first among music schools in the U.S.[114] [115] U.S. News & World Report also ranked the Hajim School of Engineering's graduate program 38th nationally; additionally, the graduate programs of political science, international relations, economics, and medical research were ranked 15th, 14th, 22nd, and 31st in the nation, respectively.[116]", "Ohio State University In its 2016 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked Ohio State as tied for the 16th-best public university in the United States, and tied for 52nd among all national universities.[28]", "Milken Institute School of Public Health Since 2010, SPH is led by Michael and Lori Milken Dean Lynn R. Goldman.[4]", "University of Michigan In 2014, undergraduates were enrolled in 12 schools: About 61 percent in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts; 21 percent in the College of Engineering; 5.3 percent in the Ross School of Business; 3.3 percent in the School of Kinesiology; 2.7 percent in the School of Music, Theatre & Dance; and 2 percent in the School of Nursing. Small numbers of undergraduates were enrolled in the colleges or schools of Art & Design, Architecture & Urban Planning, Dentistry, Education, Pharmacy, and Public Policy.[57] In 2014, the School of Information opened to undergraduates, with the new Bachelor of Science in Information degree. Among undergraduates, 70 percent graduate with a bachelor's degree within four years, 86 percent graduate within five years and 88 percent graduating within six years.[125]", "Public health Even though schools of public health had already been established in Canada, Europe and North Africa, the United States had still maintained the traditional system of housing faculties of public health within their medical institutions. A $25,000 donation from businessman Samuel Zemurray instituted the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine at Tulane University in 1912 conferring its first doctor of public health degree in 1914.[56][57] The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health became an independent, degree-granting institution for research and training in public health, and the largest public health training facility in the United States,[58][59][60][61] when it was founded in 1916. By 1922, schools of public health were established at Columbia, Harvard and Yale on the Hopkins model. By 1999 there were twenty nine schools of public health in the US, enrolling around fifteen thousand students.[49][53]", "Kelley School of Business The Kelley School of Business is ranked 9th, tied with Cornell University, for its Undergraduate Business Program according to US News & World Report. In 2016, Kelley was ranked 4th for its undergraduate B.S. program in business by Bloomberg Businessweek and 1st among public institutions out of over 100 of the top business schools in America.[17] In 2015, Kelley was also ranked 4th. The Master of Business Administration (MBA) program was ranked 16th by Business Week in 2014;[18] it was ranked fifth for regional MBA programs by the Wall Street Journal in 2007. The 2016 ranking for \"Best Undergraduate Business Schools\" by Poets & Quants ranked the Kelley School of Business 7th in the nation and 2nd among public schools. Kelley is also ranked 2nd in academic excellence. It lists anacceptance rate under 40% with 75% of students being in the top 10 of their high schools, and average ACT/SAT scores of 30/1387.[19] Poets & Quants also ranked Kelley's MBA program 5th in the nation in producing Fortune 500 CEOs.[20] Bloomberg Businessweek ranked its full-time MBA program at #15 in the 2012 edition, and at #4 among all public universities.[18] In 2016, The Economist ranked the Kelley MBA #30 in the world. [21]Its top-ranked MBA program for full-time residential students has been cited in Business Week as one of the favorites of corporate recruiters looking for general managers, marketing talent, and finance graduates. In a 2016 survey of over 1,000 recruiters by Bloomberg Businessweek, the undergraduate school was ranked 4th in the nation, 1st among public universities.[22]", "Doctor of Public Health Henry F. Vaughan - Founder and former Dean of the University of Michigan School of Public Health. Past president of the American Public Health Association.", "Purdue University College of Health and Human Sciences The college's Hospitality and Tourism Management programs - undergraduate, master's and doctoral - have been ranked first in the nation by both industry recruiters and an evaluation conducted by Virginia Tech that applied the U.S. News & World Report methodology to the academic unit level. Additionally, Purdue's speech pathology graduate program is ranked number 5 in the nation, tied along with Northwestern University and University of Wisconsin â€“ Madison according to the U.S. News & World Report.[4] Aside from these rankings, there are no current national rankings for Health and Human Sciences Colleges.[3] While no ranking system exists, Purdue's Radiological Health (well known for protecting individuals from nuclear radiation), Environmental Health, and Occupational Health programs consistently have 100% job placement rating.[citation needed]", "University of Florida USN&WR 2016 Global Rankings[61]", "UC San Diego School of Medicine The UC San Diego School of Medicine is ranked 18th in the 2017 edition of U.S. News and World Report for research and ranked 12th in primary care.[12] The \"Drug and Alcohol Abuse\" research program is ranked 10th overall. The Academic Ranking of World Universities ranks UC San Diego 20th in the world for clinical medicine and pharmacy.[13]", "University of Minnesota In 2016, Minnesota was ranked 33rd in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU). In its 2017 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked Minnesota 38th in their \"Best Global University Rankings\".[21] The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015 ranks Minnesota 46th in the world.[22] The Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranked the university 35th in the world and 25th in the United States in 2018.[23] In 2016, the Nature Index ranked Minnesota 34th in the world based on research publication data from 2015.[24] In 2015, Academic Ranking of World Universities ranked the university 11th in the world for mathematics.[25]", "San Diego State University Modern Healthcare ranked SDSU second for graduate schools for physician executives in relation to their Master in Public Health program.[111] SDSU is ranked No. 9 in Fortune Small Business's \"America's Best Colleges For Entrepreneurs\".[112] SDSU ranks 15th best in the nation for the top colleges for engineering majors, and sixth best in California.[113]", "University of California, San Francisco In 2015, U.S. News & World Report ranked the UCSF School of Pharmacy number three in its \"America's Best Graduate Schools\" edition.[73] In 2014, the School of Pharmacy also ranked first in NIH research funding among all US pharmacy schools, receiving awards totaling $31.8Â million.[72] The UCSF School of Pharmacy was also ranked as the top program in the US, according to a 2002 survey published in The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, which weighed key criteria, including funding for research and the frequency of scientific publications by faculty, that are not considered in other rankings. In 2013, the UCSF pharmacy program implemented the multiple mini interview, developed by McMaster University Medical School, as a replacement for the more traditional panel interview as the MMI had shown to be a better predictor of subsequent performance in school.", "Heinz College Heinz College also ranked 2nd in the Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index listing for the top performing programs in public administration and 9th in the listing for the top performing programs in public policy.[16]", "University of Maryland, College Park The university is ranked as tied for 60th in the 2017 U.S. News and World Report rankings of \"National Universities\" across the United States, and it is ranked tied for 20th nationally among public universities.[93] In 2015, Business Insider ranked the University of Maryland #9 in their list of \"Smartest Public Colleges in America\" for the second year in a row.[94]", "Ohio State University The Ohio State political science department is ranked 15th in the country by U.S. News & World Report for 2016, with the international politics section 8th, American politics 10th, and political methodology 10th.[28] Professor Alexander Wendt was ranked the most influential scholar of international relations in the world in a 2011 survey of American professors of international relations.[33] The history department was recently ranked 18th in the nation (6th among public universities) by the National Research Council.[citation needed]", "University of Notre Dame USNWR graduate school rankings[159]", "University of Arizona The School of Geography and Development is ranked at one of the top geography graduate programs in the US.[29][30]", "Columbia University Rankings by other organizations include the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation #2,[116] and its Graduate School of Journalism #1.[117][118]", "University of New Mexico U.S. News & World Report (USN&WR) ranked UNM at tied for 180th in the country in their 2016 ranking of \"Best Colleges\".[28] USN&WR in 2016 also ranked the University of New Mexico School of Medicine tied for 35th in primary care and tied for 83rd in research, with the Rural Medicine residency program as 2nd best in the country and the Family Medicine residency program 10th.[28] The University of New Mexico School of Law is ranked by USN&WR in 2016 as tied for 71st in the country, with the Clinical Law program ranked 10th nationwide, while The School of Engineering was ranked tied for 85th.[28] Also, according to USN&WR 2016 rankings, the school has the 5th best graduate program in photography and 17th best graduate program in printmaking. Other programs ranked in the top 50 nationwide by USN&WR in 2016 include occupational therapy (36), pharmacy (48), and earth sciences (49).[28]", "University of California, Los Angeles The 2018 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked UCLA first (tie) among public universities.[70] The Washington Monthly ranked UCLA 8th among national universities in 2016, with criteria based on research, community service, and social mobility. The Money Magazine Best Colleges ranking for 2015 ranked UCLA 26th in the United States based on educational quality, affordability and alumni earnings.[71] In 2014, The Daily Beast's Best Colleges report ranked UCLA 10th in the country.[72] The Kiplinger Best College Values report for 2015 ranked UCLA 6th for value among American public universities.[73] The Wall Street Journal and Times Higher Education ranked UCLA 26th among national universities in 2016.[74] The 2013 Top American Research Universities report by the Center for Measuring University Performance ranks UCLA 11th in power, 12th in resources, faculty, and education, 14th in resources and education and 9th in education.[75] The 2015 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked UCLA as the No. 5 \"Dream College\" among students and the No. 10 \"Dream College\" among parents.[76] The National Science Foundation ranked UCLA 10th among American universities for research and development expenditures in 2014 with $948 million.[77] The university is one of the Public Iviesâ€”a public university considered to provide an Ivy League education.", "University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill In 2015, U.S. News & World Report ranked UNC Chapel Hill 5th among the top public colleges and universities in the United States.[100]", "Milken Institute School of Public Health With 1,000 graduate students and 180 undergraduate students from nearly every U.S. state and more than 35 nations pursue undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral-level degrees in public health,[1] its student body is one of the most ethnically diverse among the nation's private schools of public health.", "Heinz College The PhD program in Public Policy and Management at the Heinz College was ranked in the top 5 overall and in the top 3 in faculty research activity by the National Research Council in 2010.[17]", "Michigan State University The College of Education at Michigan State University offers graduate and undergraduate degrees in several fields, including counseling, educational psychology, special education, teacher education and kinesiology.[127] The graduate school has several programs ranked in the top five in the country by U.S. News & World Report for 2016: elementary teacher education (1st), secondary teacher education (1st), curriculum and instruction (3rd), educational psychology (4th), and higher education administration (4th).[67] The College of Education is housed in Erickson Hall.", "University of Michigan In Fall 2014, 2,709 Michigan students were enrolled in U-M's professional schools: the School of Dentistry (628 students), Law School (1,047 students), Medical School (1300 students), and College of Pharmacy (436 students).[57]", "Rankings of universities in the United States Money's college rankings take into account 21 factors that it categorizes as measures of educational quality, affordability, and alumni earnings. The rankings considered 1500 four-year colleges and reported the top ranking 736. In 2017, according to Money, the top 5 colleges are Princeton, Baruch College, Michigan-Ann Arbor, Berkeley, and UCLA.[35]", "Milken Institute School of Public Health The School has six academic departments:[15]", "San Diego State University U.S. News & World Report rankings:[93] USNWR in its 2016 rankings placed SDSU 78th among Top Public Schools and 136th for High School Counselor Rankings among all universities in the nation. SDSU's College of Business Administration is ranked 87th. Additionally, its Part-Time MBA program ranks 109th. SDSU's College of Education is ranked the 71st, and its College of Engineering ranks 140th. SDSU's Audiology and its Speech and Language Pathology programs rank 27th and 25th best. Its Chemistry program ranks 131st. SDSU is home to the 26th best Clinical Psychology and 52nd best Psychology programs. Its Fine Arts program ranks 72nd. Its Healthcare Management programs ranks 48th. Its Public Affairs and Public Health programs rank 73rd and 39th. Its Rehab Counseling ranks 10th best. Furthermore, SDSU's Social Work program ranks 60th best.", "University of Pittsburgh In its 2018 rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked Pitt 24th in comparison to other public universities in the United States and tied for 68th among all national universities.[8] Princeton Review placed Pitt among its \"Best Value Public Colleges\",[14] while Kiplinger rated Pitt the best value in Pennsylvania and thirty-sixth best nationally for out-of-state students among public universities in their 2016 rankings.[13] The 2017 Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education college rankings of American universities ranked Pitt 75th overall, and the No. 1 public college in the Northeast.[115]" ]	[ "University of Michigan School of Public Health According to the US News & World Report's report on graduate programs, the University of Michigan School of Public Health was ranked as the #4 School of Public Health in the country and also had the #1 Healthcare Management program in the country in 2011.[1][2][3]" ]
test776	papayas were suffering from what pathogen on the big island of hawaii	[ "doc27729", "doc27732" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc27732", "doc27752", "doc27748", "doc27729", "doc27753", "doc27750", "doc1460177", "doc27751", "doc27745", "doc27744", "doc27747", "doc27756", "doc976694", "doc27734", "doc27735", "doc27731", "doc27730", "doc27746", "doc2409809", "doc27737", "doc27754", "doc27749", "doc1203579", "doc27743", "doc27741", "doc27738", "doc27740", "doc27736", "doc434845", "doc27755", "doc27742", "doc27733", "doc1116037", "doc1116036", "doc434843", "doc1367201", "doc2234680", "doc1252956", "doc1116041", "doc1698575", "doc1116034", "doc1583615", "doc1698565", "doc1323727", "doc128767", "doc2062813", "doc1248598", "doc2426631", "doc27739", "doc2062812", "doc2062821", "doc2426614", "doc2232803", "doc1248596", "doc1208563", "doc2328229", "doc2426620", "doc388679", "doc1698574", "doc310666", "doc388684", "doc1116035", "doc1116014", "doc2659853", "doc1248597", "doc1116042", "doc548227", "doc2451933", "doc1236475", "doc1095229", "doc1248595", "doc1248590", "doc1736218", "doc1582969", "doc2328228", "doc434844", "doc977747", "doc2426617", "doc2168267", "doc457154", "doc2062819", "doc548229", "doc584874", "doc1130729", "doc2062816", "doc976698", "doc2426629", "doc128766", "doc165326", "doc1521985", "doc124214", "doc434826", "doc2426621", "doc420326", "doc1116040", "doc881037", "doc1698580", "doc636281", "doc237730", "doc548232" ]	[ "Papaya ringspot virus Hawaiian papaya production has been severely affected twice by PRSV. The virus was introduced to Oahu as early as 1937.[5] The disease was mild for a number of years until it either mutated or a more aggressive strain was introduced around 1950. Within 12 years, the amount of land under papaya production dropped 94%. Production was then moved from Oahu to the Puna region of Hawaii island (the \"Big Island\") under strict quarantine. In 1971 PRSV was found in home gardens but efforts were taken to prevent its spread. The virus emerged in commercial farms in 1992 and by 1995 production in Puna was impossible. Commercial growers again relocated to the Hamakua coast but with only limited success. Hawaiian papaya production was halved by the end of the decade. Transgenic papaya varieties that are resistant to PRSV entered production in 1998 and resuscitated the industry.[6]", "Papaya ringspot virus So far in Hawaii, there has been no breakdown of the coat protein resistance encoded in transgenic strains of papaya. Exposure to foreign strains of the virus is a serious risk, as Rainbow papayas have been shown to be susceptible to PRSV from Guam, Taiwan and Thailand.[20][26]", "Papaya ringspot virus There are two transgenic varieties of papaya, both of which were created by Dennis Gonsalves[22] and his team and were introduced for production in May 1, 1998.[23] Rainbow (created by Dennis Gonsalves[22]) is an F1 hybrid, which is a cross between the yellow fleshed Kapoho and the red-fleshed SunUp.[24] Rainbow is produced on 76% of Hawaiian papaya acreage, while SunUp is hardly grown commercially. SunUp is thought to be more resistant to exotic strains of PRSV, while Rainbow has shown susceptibility to such exotic strains of the virus.[20] Transgenic varieties have been shown to be extremely effective against Hawaiian strains of PRSV, showing complete resistance to the virus compared to 100% infection of susceptible strains in some trials.[25]", "Papaya ringspot virus Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus[1] in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree.", "Papaya ringspot virus In Hawaii, PRSV has had dramatic effects. Between 1992 and 1997, nearly all fields in the Puna region had been affected.[19] This is a local industry worth $11 million annually.[27]", "Papaya ringspot virus The evaluation of whether or not to release transgenic papaya in the United States was undertaken by APHIS, the EPA and the FDA. This incident was unique in that transgenic crops are usually developed and promoted by commercial operations, while transgenic papaya and the case for deregulation was adopted by University of Hawaii researchers. The university was highly motivated to help save the Hawaiian papaya industry, and consequently took a leading role in pushing for commercialization of the fruit.[19]", "Genetically modified crops Papaya, potatoes, and squash have been engineered to resist viral pathogens such as cucumber mosaic virus which, despite its name, infects a wide variety of plants.[145]\nVirus resistant papaya were developed in response to a papaya ringspot virus (PRV) outbreak in Hawaii in the late 1990s. They incorporate PRV DNA.[146][147] By 2010, 80% of Hawaiian papaya plants were genetically modified.[148][149]", "Papaya ringspot virus Japan is 20% of Hawaii's export market. Japan had been resistant to approve GMO papaya since its introduction in 1998. As of 2011, the Rainbow transgenic papaya has been approved for export to Japan.[24]", "Papaya ringspot virus Roguing, or the removal and destruction of infected plants, is a way to control the spread of PRSV. This method was employed unsuccessfully when PRSV began to invade the Puna region of Hawaii. It is difficult to suppress the spread of PRSV through rouging because it is spread very quickly and effectively by aphids.", "Papaya ringspot virus Prevention through quarantine and geographic displacement of cropland is common and has occurred in Hawaii, the Philippines and Brazil.[19][20] When fields become infected, such as the case of Oahu papaya growers, attempts to relocate growing areas to virus-free fields are made. This is usually just a temporary avoidance of the disease, which eventually spreads to the new fields.", "Papaya ringspot virus Cross protection is similar in practice, although not in mode of action, to viral vaccinations in humans. A mild strain of PRSV is introduced into the host plant, which then develops resistance to virulent strains of the virus. Development of cross-protection in papaya was researched in Hawaii starting in 1979. A delay in the onset of symptoms was achieved, as well as a reduction in the severity of symptoms. However, inoculation of the mild strain also caused pathogenesis on the papaya plants.[19]", "Papaya ringspot virus Backlash against GMO papaya has resulted in surreptitious destruction of papaya plantations under the cover of darkness. In some cases, farmers have lost up to $15,000 worth of papaya trees.[27]", "Genetically modified food Papaya was genetically modified to resist the ringspot virus. 'SunUp' is a transgenic red-fleshed Sunset papaya cultivar that is homozygous for the coat protein gene PRSV; 'Rainbow' is a yellow-fleshed F1 hybrid developed by crossing 'SunUp' and nontransgenic yellow-fleshed 'Kapoho'.[51] The New York Times stated, \"in the early 1990s, Hawaii’s papaya industry was facing disaster because of the deadly papaya ringspot virus. Its single-handed savior was a breed engineered to be resistant to the virus. Without it, the state’s papaya industry would have collapsed. Today, 80% of Hawaiian papaya is genetically engineered, and there is still no conventional or organic method to control ringspot virus.\"[52] The GM cultivar was approved in 1998.[53] In China, a transgenic PRSV-resistant papaya was developed by South China Agricultural University and was first approved for commercial planting in 2006; as of 2012 95% of the papaya grown in Guangdong province and 40% of the papaya grown in Hainan province was genetically modified.[54]", "Papaya ringspot virus Using genetic phylogeny studies, researchers suspect the virus originated in Asia, likely India, about 2,250 years ago. From there it slowly spread through the continent reaching China about 600 years ago. It was also introduced directly from India to Australia and the Americas within the last 300 years. Papayas were introduced to India only 500 years ago, at which point the virus made the jump from cucurbits. However, the virus has switched back and forth between pathotypes many times in its evolution.[7]", "Papaya ringspot virus Symptoms are typical of viral diseases. Papaya exhibits yellowing, leaf distortion, and severe mosaic. Oily or water-soaked spots and streaks appear on the trunk and petioles. The fruit will exhibit bumps and the classic \"ringspot\". A severe isolate of PRSV has also been shown to cause tissue necrosis.[8] Cucurbit symptoms tend to be similar to papaya symptoms including blisters, mosaic, yellowing, and leaf distortions.[9]", "Papaya ringspot virus There are two major types of this virus that are serologically indistinguishable and are so closely genetically related that they are now considered the same virus species. The type that gave the virus its name are the Type P isolates (PRSV-P). This type infects papaya and several members of the melon family (Cucurbitaceae). The other type, Type W isolates (PRSV-W), does not infect papaya. Isolates of PRSV-W do infect cucurbits such as watermelon, cucumber, and squash and were originally known as Watermelon mosaic virus 1.[3][4]", "Papaya ringspot virus The virus is a non-enveloped, flexous rod-shaped particle that is between 760–800 nm long and 12 nm in diameter. It is transmitted between plants by mechanical activities like pruning and by numerous aphid species such as Myzus persicae. No seed transmission has been detected.[2]", "Papaya ringspot virus Netting can also be used to prevent insect vectors from spreading the virus. Production under netting is prohibitively expensive for subsistence and small-scale producers,[20] but was used effectively in Taiwan because geographical displacement was not possible on such a small island.[21]", "Genetically modified organism Genetically modified organisms have been proposed to aid conservation of plant species threatened by extinction. Many trees face the threat of invasive plants and diseases, such as the emerald ash borer in North American and the fungal disease, Ceratocystis platani, in European plane trees. A suggested solution to increase the resilience of threatened tree species is to genetically modify individuals by transferring resistant genes.[73] Papaya trees are an example of a species that was successfully conserved using genetic modification. The papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) devastated papaya trees in Hawaii in the twentieth century until transgenic papaya plants were given pathogen-derived resistance.[74]", "Papaya ringspot virus In squash, watermelon and other cucurbits, PRSV-W causes mottling and distortion of leaves and fruit.[12] PRSV-W is considered to be one of the limiting factors in the growing of cucurbits in Florida.[13]", "Papaya ringspot virus Papaya is grown for personal consumption by small subsistence farmers in parts of Southeast Asia, with small surpluses sold at market. PRSV is the biggest constraint to papaya production in the Philippines. In 1994, PRSV damage had destroyed 60 million pesos worth of papaya production in the Southern Tagalog area, and had reduced production levels by 80%.[20]", "Papaya ringspot virus Pathogen-derived resistance (PDR) is the technique of inserting a gene fragment from the pathogen into the transgenic crop, which then affords the crop plant resistance against the pathogen. This method was employed in the development of transgenic papaya. PRSV's coat protein gene was inserted into highly embryogenic plant tissue by using the newly invented gene gun, which led to the development of the transgenic line 55-1, which was proven to be effective at controlling Hawaiian strains of PRSV.", "Social history of viruses In the 1920s the sugarbeet growers in the western US suffered huge economic loss caused by damage done to their crops by the leafhopper-transmitted beet curly top virus. In 1956, between 25 and 50 per cent of the rice crop in Cuba and Venezuela was destroyed by rice hoja blanca virus. In 1958, it caused the loss of many rice fields in Colombia. Outbreaks recurred in 1981, which caused losses of up to 100 per cent.[246] In Ghana between 1936 and 1977, the mealybug-transmitted cacao swollen-shoot virus caused the loss of 162 million cacao trees, and additional trees were lost at the rate of 15 million each year.[247] In 1948, in Kansas, US, seven per cent of the wheat crop was destroyed by wheat streak mosaic virus, spread by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tulipae).[248] In the 1950s papaya ringspot virus – a potyvirus – caused a devastating loss of solo papaya crops on Oahu, Hawaii. Solo papaya had been introduced to the island in the previous century but the disease had not been seen on the island before the 1940s.[249]", "Papaya ringspot virus There is no known resistance to PRSV, although certain varieties are more symptomatic than others.[20] There are four main methods of control for PRSV: quarantine and geographic displacement, roguing and netting, cross-protection, and genetic modification of the host plant. Because PRSV is a non-persistent virus and is consequently transmitted to healthy plants by aphids within a very short time period, insecticidal control is difficult and impractical. Once symptoms have been observed, it is already too late to spray for aphids â€“ the disease has most likely already been transmitted to nearby healthy plants. In order to implement successful vector control, frequent preventative sprays are required, which is rarely done.", "Papaya ringspot virus Seed transmission has been observed at rates of 2 infected second generation plants out of 1355.[18] This method of transmission is marginal compared to transmission through aphid vectors.[19] However, if infected seed survives, it could then function as a source on inoculum, which then could be spread by insect vectors.", "Papaya ringspot virus PRSV-W should not be confused with Watermelon mosaic virus 2, another potyvirus that infects cucurbits around the world, including Florida, and which is now known simply as Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV). PRSV has a different host range, different serological properties, and no nucleotide sequence homology with WMV.[14] WMV also has different cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that can differentiate it from PRSV-W.[15]", "Papaya ringspot virus Aphids are the predominant means by which PRSV is transmitted. PRSV is a non-persistent virus, meaning it does not enter beyond the feeding mouthparts of the aphid, and does not circulate or multiply within its insect host. Non-persistent viruses are transmitted quickly and easily between plants. Many species of aphid can transmit PRSV, particularly the Peach Aphid and Melon Aphid.[17]", "Papaya ringspot virus This virus produces two types of inclusion bodies visible under a light microscope with proper staining of epidemal strips.[10] One inclusion is the typical cylidrical inclusion (CI) which is considered diagnostic for the potyvirus group, and the other is called the amorphous inclusion (AI). The presence of both inclusions can be diagnostic for this virus.[11]", "Pineapple Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by Phytophthora Cinnamoni and P. parasitica, fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all suckers that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds.[48]", "Papaya ringspot virus Brazil accounts for nearly half of global output, with India second and Nigeria third in worldwide production.[28] Dramatic geographical shifts of production to avoid PRSV have been common. For example, between 1973 and 1984, papaya production moved substantially in Brazil away from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo to the northern states of Espirito Santo and Bahia.[19] As with the case of Hawaii, PRSV generally catches up to the industry’s movements over time. The total economic costs of such redistributive costs are unknown, but likely significant.", "Papaya ringspot virus Disease transmission can also occur by planting infected seedlings in fields where the virus is not present. Using \"clean\", virus-free seedlings for planting is of very high importance.", "Papaya ringspot virus Both pathotypes are distributed worldwide. PRSV-P, for example, is known to be present in the Middle East, Africa, South and Central American. It has also been found in China, France, Germany, India, Italy, Mexico, Taiwan, and the United States. PRSV-W isolates have been found in the United States, the Caribbean, Mexico, Italy, Germany, Australia, France, India, the Middle East, and South America.", "Banana Black sigatoka is a fungal leaf spot disease first observed in Fiji in 1963 or 1964. Black Sigatoka (also known as black leaf streak) has spread to banana plantations throughout the tropics from infected banana leaves that were used as packing material. It affects all main cultivars of bananas and plantains (including the Cavendish cultivars[63]), impeding photosynthesis by blackening parts of the leaves, eventually killing the entire leaf. Starved for energy, fruit production falls by 50% or more, and the bananas that do grow ripen prematurely, making them unsuitable for export. The fungus has shown ever-increasing resistance to treatment, with the current expense for treating 1 hectare (2.5 acres) exceeding $1,000 per year. In addition to the expense, there is the question of how long intensive spraying can be environmentally justified. Several resistant cultivars of banana have been developed, but none has yet received commercial acceptance due to taste and texture issues.[citation needed]", "Banana Tropical race 4 (TR4) is a reinvigorated strain of Panama disease first discovered in 1993. This virulent form of fusarium wilt has wiped out Cavendish in several southeast Asian countries. It has yet to reach the Americas; however, soil fungi can easily be carried on boots, clothing, or tools. This is how TR4 travels and is its most likely route into Latin America. Cavendish is highly susceptible to TR4, and over time, Cavendish is almost certain to be eliminated from commercial production by this disease. The only known defense to TR4 is genetic resistance.[84]", "Pineapple Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by mealybugs[45] typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.[2] Other diseases include pink disease, bacterial heart rot, anthracnose,[45] fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.[46] Pink disease is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria Acetobacter aceti, Gluconobacter oxydans, and Pantoea citrea.[47]", "Torres Strait Islands The banana plant leaf disease black sigatoka, the major banana disease worldwide, is endemic to Papua New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands. Occasional infections have been discovered on Cape York Peninsula but they have been successfully halted with eradication programs. The disease most likely appeared on the mainland via plant material from the Torres Strait Islands.[21]", "United Fruit Company Epidemic diseases would cyclically strike the banana enterprise in the form of Panama disease, black sigatoka, and Moko (Ralstonia solanacearum). Large investments of capital, resources, time, tactical practices, and extensive research would be necessary in search for a solution. The agriculture research facilities employed by United Fruit pioneered in the field of treatment with physical solutions such as Fusarium wilt (\"flood fallowing\") and chemical creations such as the Bordeaux mixture spray.", "Light brown apple moth In sharp contrast to most affected regions, the Hawaii Department of Agriculture says the moth \"has not been a significant pest in Hawaii\" and finds it beneficial in a few cases, because it kills some invasive plants, including gorse and blackberry.[6]", "Banana Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) jumps from plant to plant using aphids. It stunts leaves, resulting in a \"bunched\" appearance. Generally, an infected plant does not produce fruit, although mild strains exist which allow some production. These mild strains are often mistaken for malnourishment, or a disease other than BBTV. There is no cure; however, its effect can be minimized by planting only tissue-cultured plants (in vitro propagation), controlling aphids, and immediately removing and destroying infected plants.[citation needed]", "Hawaiian crow Avian malaria is a parasitic disease of birds, caused by Plasmodium relictum, a protist affecting birds in all parts of the world. Usually this disease does not kill birds, however in an isolated habitat such as Hawaii, birds have lost evolutionary resistance and are unable to defend against the novel protist. Its main vector is the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, introduced to the Hawaiian islands in 1826. This introduction can be attributed to birds club that brought nonnative species to replace birds that fell victim to the Avipoxvirus. At least 100 introductions have been documented in this manner.", "Banana Panama disease is caused by a fusarium soil fungus (Race 1), which enters the plants through the roots and travels with water into the trunk and leaves, producing gels and gums that cut off the flow of water and nutrients, causing the plant to wilt, and exposing the rest of the plant to lethal amounts of sunlight. Prior to 1960, almost all commercial banana production centered on \"Gros Michel\", which was highly susceptible.[83] Cavendish was chosen as the replacement for Gros Michel because, among resistant cultivars, it produces the highest quality fruit. However, more care is required for shipping the Cavendish, and its quality compared to Gros Michel is debated.[by whom?][citation needed]", "Kiwifruit Pseudomonas syringae actinidiae (PSA) was first identified in Japan in the 1980s. This bacterial strain has been controlled and managed successfully in orchards in Asia. In 1992, it was found in northern Italy. In 2007/2008, economic losses were observed, as a more virulent strain became more dominant (PSA V).[24][25][26] In 2010 it was found in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty kiwifruit orchards in the North Island.[27]", "Hawaiian crow The species is known for strong flying ability and resourcefulness, and the reasons for its extirpation are not fully understood. It is thought that introduced diseases, such as Toxoplasma gondii, avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum), and fowlpox, were probably a significant factor in the species' decline.[5]", "Invasive species Invasive plant pathogens and insect vectors for plant diseases can also suppress agricultural yields and nursery stock. Citrus greening is a bacterial disease vectored by the invasive Asian citrus psyllid (ACP). Because of the impacts of this disease on citrus crops, citrus is under quarantine and highly regulated in areas where ACP has been found.[72]", "Sugarcane Numerous pathogens infect sugarcane, such as sugarcane grassy shoot disease caused by Phytoplasma, whiptail disease or sugarcane smut, pokkah boeng caused by Fusarium moniliforme, Xanthomonas axonopodis bacteria causes Gumming Disease, and red rot disease caused by Colletotrichum falcatum. Viral diseases affecting sugarcane include sugarcane mosaic virus, maize streak virus, and sugarcane yellow leaf virus.", "Phytophthora ramorum P. ramorum was first reported in 1995, and the origins of the pathogen are still unclear, but most evidence suggests it was repeatedly introduced as an exotic species.[1] Very few control mechanisms exist for the disease, and they rely upon early detection and proper disposal of infected plant material.", "Fibropapillomatosis FP affects green sea turtle populations all over the world, making it a panzootic.[1] It is especially found in warmer climates, such as the Caribbean, Hawaii, Japan, and Australia, where up to 70% of individuals in a population have FP.[1]", "Phytophthora infestans Around the world the disease causes around $6 billion of damage to crops each year.[1][2]", "Papaya ringspot virus Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been made for both of the CI and AI proteins as well as for the capsid protein of PRSV-W.[16]", "Phytophthora ramorum P. ramorum also infects a great number of other plant species, significantly woody ornamentals such as Rhododendron, Viburnum, and Pieris, causing foliar symptoms known as ramorum dieback or ramorum blight. Such plants can act as a source of inoculum for new infections, with the pathogen-producing spores that can be transmitted by rainsplash and rainwater.", "Phytophthora ramorum In 2009, the pathogen was found to be infecting and killing large numbers of Japanese larch trees (Larix kaempferi) in the United Kingdom at sites in the English counties of Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall.[8] It was the first time in the world that Phytophthora ramorum had been found infecting this species.[9] Since then, it has also been found extensively in larch plantations in Wales[10][11] and in southwest Scotland, leading to the deliberate felling of large areas.[6] The UK Forestry Commission noted that eradication of the disease would not be possible, and instead adopted a strategy of containing the disease to reduce its spread.[9] Symptoms of the disease on larch trees include dieback of the tree's crown and branches, and a distinctive yellowing or ginger colour beneath the bark.[9] In August 2010, the disease was found in Japanese larch trees in Counties Waterford and Tipperary in Ireland.[12] It had spread to Japanese larch plantations across the south of the country by February 2014.[13] Coillte, who owned twenty forests where the disease was present, felled 16,000 trees in one of its forests, having already felled 150 hectares to contain the disease.[14]", "Phytophthora infestans Phytophthora infestans is an [amoeba protozoa] microorganism, specifically an oomycete, which causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. (Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani, is also often called \"potato blight\".) Late blight was a major culprit in the 1840s European, the 1845 Irish, and the 1846 Highland potato famines. The organism can also infect some other members of the Solanaceae.[1][2][3] The pathogen is favored by moist, cool environments: sporulation is optimal at 12–18°C in water-saturated or nearly saturated environments, and zoospore production is favored at temperatures below 15° C. Lesion growth rates are typically optimal at a slightly warmer temperature range of 20 to 24° C.[4]", "Pitaya Overwatering or excessive rainfall can cause the flowers to drop and fruit to rot. Also, extended over-watering can cause maturing fruit to split on the branch. Birds can be a nuisance. The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris causes the stems to rot. Dothiorella fungi can cause brown spots on the fruit, but this is not common. Other fungi known to infect pitaya include Botryosphaeria dothidea, Colletotrichum gloesporioides and Bipolaris cactivora.[8]", "Fibropapillomatosis The FP is an infectious disease with horizontal transmission.[1] An alphaherpesvirus called fibropapilloma-associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV) is believed to be the causative agent of the disease, though no real proof of its causality exists. The reason for this belief is because nearly all tissue samples tested from turtles with lesions carry genetic material of this herpesvirus, varying between 95 and 100% depending on different studies and locations.[1][2][4] The DNA loads of the herpesvirus in tumour tissue are 2.5-4.5 logarithms higher than in uninfected tissue.[8] The FPTHV herpesvirus has been found in turtles free from FP and this suggest that the FP progression is multifactorial and might even involve some sort of tumour-promoting phase.[4] The global prevalence of the disease also suggests a multifactorial cause, rather than single factors or agents.[4][9] Possible factors include some parasites, bacteria, environmental pollutants, UV-light, changing water temperatures and biotoxins. Even physiological factors such as stress and immunologic status appear to be associated with FP.[1]", "Small Asian mongoose The 1800s was a huge century for sugar cane, and plantations shot up on many tropical islands including Hawaii, Fiji and Jamaica. With sugar cane came rats, attracted to the sweet plant, which ended up causing crop destruction and loss. Attempts were made to introduce the species in Trinidad in 1870 but this failed.[5] A subsequent trial with four males and five females from Calcutta however established in Jamaica in 1872. A paper published by W. B. Espeut that praised the results intrigued Hawaiian plantation owners who, in 1883, brought 72 mongooses from Jamaica to the Hamakua Coast on the Big Island. These were raised and their offspring were shipped to plantations on other islands.[6] Populations that have been introduced to these islands show larger range sizes than in their native ranges.[7] They also show genetic diversification due to drift and population isolation.[8]", "Citrus The Asian citrus psyllid is an aphid-like insect that feeds on the leaves and stems of citrus trees and other citrus-like plants. The real danger lies that the psyllid can carry a deadly, bacterial tree disease called Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening disease.[28]", "Phytophthora infestans Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) is the most destructive fungal disease of potato, reducing yields considerably. For example: it is best known as the cause of the Irish potato famine of the 1840s, which resulted in the death or emigration of over 2 million people from Ireland.[10] In 1995, there was a 4-6% of the quantity of potatoes because of late blight in the Columbian[disambiguation needed], which cost around 1.3 million to control the late blight (Tai,1998). There is another reason why the late blight could cause a large damage is that late blight has a wide geographic range.[11]", "Guam An infestation of the coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, was detected on Guam on September 12, 2007. CRB is not known to occur in the United States except in American Samoa. Delimiting surveys performed September 13–25, 2007, indicated that the infestation was limited to Tumon Bay and Faifai Beach, an area of approximately 900 acres (3.6 km2). Guam Department of Agriculture (GDA) placed quarantine on all properties within the Tumon area on October 5 and later expanded the quarantine to about 2,500 acres (10 km2) on October 25; approximately 0.5 miles (800 m) radius in all directions from all known locations of CRB infestation. CRB is native to Southern Asia and distributed throughout Asia and the Western Pacific including Sri Lanka, Upolu, Samoa, American Samoa, Palau, New Britain, West Irian, New Ireland, Pak Island and Manus Island (New Guinea), Fiji, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Mauritius, and Reunion.", "Hawaiian crow The Hawaiian crow faces an ample number of threats in the wild, which are considered contributing factors to their extinction in the wild. Small population size makes the species more vulnerable to environmental fluctuations, leading to a higher likelihood of inbreeding, which could result in lethal deformities. Unlike most crows, Hawaiian crows did not adapt well to human presence. Persecution by humans is another threat to their survival. Farmers have shot ʻalalā because they were believed to disturb crops. Illegal hunting has continued even after legal protection was granted to the crows. Humans have also caused habitat degradation and deforestation through agriculture, ranching, logging, and non-native ungulates. Loss of canopy cover exposes the ʻalalā to dangerous predators. Chicks are vulnerable to tree-climbing rats, and after they leave their nests, to cats, dogs, and mongooses.[18] Deforestation also increases soil erosion and the spread of invasive plants and mosquitoes.[8] This directly relates to the primary cause of the Hawaiian crow's extinction, disease.", "Papain In 2008 the FDA announced its intention to take action against these products because it had received reports of serious adverse events in patients using products containing papain. Reports included hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions that lead to hypotension (low blood pressure) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate). In addition, people allergic to latex can also be allergic to papaya, the source of papain, implying that people with latex sensitivity may be at increased risk of suffering an adverse reaction to a topical papain drug product.", "Guam Invading animal species are not the only threat to Guam's native flora. Tinangaja, a virus affecting coconut palms, was first observed on the island in 1917 when copra production was still a major part of Guam's economy. Though coconut plantations no longer exist on the island, the dead and infected trees that have resulted from the epidemic are seen throughout the forests of Guam.[60]", "Banana According to current sources, a deadly form of Panama disease is infecting Cavendish. All plants are genetically identical, which prevents evolution of disease resistance. Researchers are examining hundreds of wild varieties for resistance.[83]", "Banana In global commerce in 2009, by far the most important cultivars belonged to the triploid AAA group of Musa acuminata, commonly referred to as Cavendish group bananas. They accounted for the majority of banana exports,[60] despite only coming into existence in 1836.[62] The cultivars Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain (Chiquita Banana) gained popularity in the 1950s after the previous mass-produced cultivar, Gros Michel (also an AAA group cultivar), became commercially unviable due to Panama disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum which attacks the roots of the banana plant.[60] Cavendish cultivars are resistant to the Panama Disease but in 2013 there were fears that the Black Sigatoka fungus would in turn make Cavendish bananas unviable.[63]", "Cucurbita Species in the genus Cucurbita are susceptible to some types of mosaic virus including: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Papaya ringspot virus-cucurbit strain (PRSV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV),[109] Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV).[110][111][112][113] PRSV is the only one of these viruses that does not affect all cucurbits.[110][114] SqMV and CMV are the most common viruses among cucurbits.[115][116] Symptoms of these viruses show a high degree of similarity, which often results in laboratory investigation being needed to differentiate which one is affecting plants.[109]", "Fibropapillomatosis The Ozobranchus genus of leeches is thought to be the mechanical vector of the herpesvirus, transmitting the virus from one turtle to another. These leeches are common turtle ectoparasites that exclusively feed on turtle blood, and some leeches have been found carrying more than 10 million copies of the herpesvirus DNA.[3] The green sea turtle is an herbivore and feeds primarily on seagrass and macroalgae.[4][6] Two toxins which are suspected to be associated with FP are found epiphytically on these plants.[1][4] First, the toxic compound lyngbyatoxin from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscule,[4] and second the toxin okadaic acid – a documented tumour-promoting toxin - from the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum.[1] Again, causality has not been concluded, but an association seems to exist between the distribution of especially the dinoflagellates and the occurrence of FP, and as they are found on weeds, they can be ingested by foraging green sea turtles.[1][4] Turtles with FP are found to have a compromised immune system.[6] They have higher phagocytic leucocyte counts (especially heterophils) compared to healthy individuals, which seems to be an effect of FP, as it is mostly evident in individuals with severe tumours.[6][10] This further supports the hypothesis of the herpesvirus as a causative agent.[10] Immunosuppression is strongly correlated with FP, but does seem to be a consequence of the development and growth of FP rather than a prerequisite, which is similar to other virus-induced tumour diseases in other species, such as Marek’s disease in poultry.[1][6]", "Banana Banana bacterial wilt (BBW) is a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum.[85] After being originally identified on a close relative of bananas, Ensete ventricosum, in Ethiopia in the 1960s,[86] BBW occurred in Uganda in 2001 affecting all banana cultivars. Since then BBW has been diagnosed in Central and East Africa including the banana growing regions of Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, and Uganda.[87]", "Citrus production Huanglongbing (HLB), called citrus greening within the industry, is recognized as the deadliest citrus disease the Florida citrus industry has ever faced.[9] This can be attributed to the economic costs of implementing new care-taking strategies, and overall tree loss creating a loss of revenues.[10] A look at total Florida citrus-growing acreage provides a tangible impression to the hardships citrus greening provides; in 2000 there was 665,529 commercially producing citrus acres, while in 2011 there were 473,086 commercially producing citrus acres in Florida.[11] Every year citrus reports indicate a continued loss of citrus production. Citrus greening is being attributed for a total output impact of -4.51 billion, and a loss of 8,257 jobs within Florida.[10] The disease has now spread throughout the entire state, and affects every Florida citrus grower.[12] The disease is spread through an insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid. The psyllid was previously introduced into Florida in 1998. At this time citrus greening was never found within the state, thus the psyllids spread was left unchecked. By the time citrus greening had reached Florida psyllid populations were well established throughout the state of Florida. The first positive case of greening disease was in August 2005, when a greening positive citrus tree was discovered in Miami-Dade County. It was at this time the entire Florida citrus industry changed its citriculture practices overnight. Intensive pesticide applications, aggressive removal of citrus greening positive trees, and the complete switch from outdoor to indoor citrus nursery operations transpired.[11]", "Biopesticide Monsanto has invested in multiple companies for their RNA expertise, including Beeologics (for RNA that kills a parasitic mite that infests hives and for manufacturing technology) and Preceres (nanoparticle lipidoid coatings) and licensed technology from Alnylam and Tekmira. In 2012 Syngenta acquired Devgen, a European RNA partner. Startup Forrest Innovations is investigating RNAi as a solution to citrus greening disease that in 2014 caused 22 percent of oranges in Florida to fall off the trees.[10]", "Vanilla Biological control of the spread of such diseases can be managed by applying to the soil Trichoderma (0.5 kg (1.1 lb) per plant in the rhizosphere) and foliar application of pseudomonads (0.2%). Mosaic virus, leaf curl, and cymbidium mosaic potex virus are the common viral diseases. These diseases are transmitted through the sap, so affected plants must be destroyed. The insect pests of vanilla include beetles and weevils that attack the flower, caterpillars, snakes, and slugs that damage the tender parts of shoot, flower buds, and immature fruit, and grasshoppers that affect cutting shoot tips.[32][33] If organic agriculture is practiced, insecticides are avoided, and mechanical measures are adopted for pest management.[30] Most of these practices are implemented under greenhouse cultivation, since such field conditions are very difficult to achieve.", "Coconut Coconuts are susceptible to the phytoplasma disease, lethal yellowing. One recently selected cultivar, the 'Maypan', has been bred for resistance to this disease.[49] Yellowing diseases affect plantations in Africa, India, Mexico, the Caribbean and the Pacific Region.[50]", "Fibropapillomatosis The first documented case of the disease was in 1938 in Key West, Florida.[1] Long-term studies found no signs of the disease on Floridaâ€™s Atlantic coast in the 1970s, but during the 1980s FP was recorded in incidences varying from 28%-67%.[1] Today, incidences as high as 92% have been reported in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii. Generally, FP is most prominent in warmer climates.[1]", "Fibropapillomatosis Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a disease specific to sea turtles. The condition is characterized by benign epithelial tumours on the surface of biological tissues.[1] A herpesvirus is believed to be the causative agent of the disease,[2] while turtle leeches are suspected mechanical vectors, transmitting the disease to other individuals.[3] The disease is thought to have a multifactorial cause, including a tumour-promoting phase that is possibly caused by biotoxins or contaminants.[4] FP exists all over the world, but it is most prominent in warmer climates, affecting up to 50%-70% of some populations.[1]", "Viral disease In 2010 it was reported that the presence of a tobamovirus (Pepper mild mottle virus) in the stool was associated with clinical disease and a specific immune response.[36] If this association can be confirmed it is the first known case of disease caused by a virus previously considered pathogenic only to plants.", "Orange (fruit) The disease is spread primarily by two species of psyllid insects. One of them is the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), an efficient vector of the Liberobacter asiaticum. Generalist predators such as the ladybird beetles Curinus coeruleus, Olla v-nigrum, Harmonia axyridis, and Cycloneda sanguinea, and the lacewings Ceraeochrysa spp. and Chrysoperla spp. make significant contribution to the mortality of the Asian citrus psyllid, which results in 80â€“100% reduction in psyllid populations. In contrast, parasitism by Tamarixia radiata, a species-specific parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid, is variable and generally low in southwest Florida: in 2006, it amounted to a reduction of less than 12% from May to September and 50% in November.", "Citrus Citrus plants are very liable to infestation by aphids, whitefly and scale insects (e.g. California red scale). Also rather important are the viral infections to which some of these ectoparasites serve as vectors such as the aphid-transmitted Citrus tristeza virus which when unchecked by proper methods of control is devastating to citrine plantations. The newest threat to citrus groves in the United States is the Asian citrus psyllid.", "Pineapple Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, thrips, mites, mealybugs, ants, and symphylids.[46]", "Hawaii (island) Diversified agriculture is a growing sector of the economy. Major crops include macadamia nuts, papaya, flowers, tropical and temperate vegetables, and coffee beans. Only coffee grown in the Kona District of this island may be branded Kona coffee. The island's orchid agriculture is the largest in the state, and resulted in the unofficial nickname \"The Orchid Isle\". The island is home to one of the United States' largest cattle ranches: Parker Ranch, on 175,000 acres (708Â km2) in Waimea. The island is also known for astronomy, with numerous telescopes operated on the summit of Mauna Kea, where atmospheric clarity is excellent and there is little light pollution.[citation needed]", "Phytophthora infestans The color of potato sign is white. People can observe phytophthora infestans produces sporangia and sporangiophores on the surface of potato stems and leaves.[7] These sporangia and sporangiophores are always appear on the lower surface of the foliage. As for tuber blight, the white mycelium often on the tubers surface.[8]", "Watermelon Major pests of the watermelon include aphids, fruit flies and root-knot nematodes. In conditions of high humidity, the plants are prone to plant diseases such as powdery mildew and mosaic virus.[10] Some varieties often grown in Japan and other parts of the Far East are susceptible to fusarium wilt. Grafting such varieties onto disease-resistant rootstocks offers protection.[2]", "Mimosa pudica The species can be a troublesome weed in tropical crops, particularly when fields are hand cultivated. Crops it tends to affect are corn, coconuts, tomatoes, cotton, coffee, bananas, soybeans, papaya, and sugar cane. Dry thickets may become a fire hazard.[7] In some cases it has become a forage plant although the variety in Hawaii is reported to be toxic to livestock.[7][20]", "Phytophthora ramorum In addition to oaks, many other forest species may be hosts for the disease; in fact, it was observed in the USA that nearly all woody plants in some Californian forests were susceptible to P. ramorum.[4] including rhododendron, madrone (Arbutus menziesii), evergreen huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica), buckeye (Aesculus californica), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), coffeeberry (Rhamnus californica), honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula), and Shreve oak (Quercus parvula). P. ramorum more commonly causes a less severe disease known as ramorum dieback/leaf blight on these hosts. Characteristic symptoms are dark spots on foliage and in some hosts the dieback of the stems and twigs.[5] The disease is capable of killing some hosts, such as rhododendron, but most survive. Disease progression on these species is not well documented. Redwoods exhibit needle discoloration and cankers on small branches, with purple lesions on sprouts that may lead to sprout mortality.", "Citrus production Vector control of citrus greening began when the disease was first introduced in 2005. All commercial citrus growers are advised in applying two dormancy pesticide sprays. These broad-spectrum pesticide sprays are applied in winter when adult psyllid populations decline to almost exclusive overwintering adults. With this strategy, significant reductions of populations withhold for up to 6 months. This fact is crucial as it protects the spring flush, which accounts for over 70% of new leaves for the year, from the infectious psyllid attacks. The spring flush typically occurs 3 months past winter.[14] More aggressive citrus grove care-takers may employ a wide host of pesticides to try to keep psyllid populations low yearround. These growers may spray pesticides up to 7 times a year rotating various pesticides to employ different modes of actions against the psyllid.[15] This is done in an attempt to prevent resistances of psyllids to the various pesticides. The spraying of pesticides is the only method of control for the citrus greening vector, the psyllid. It is impossible to kill all psyllids through pesticides, thus strategic timing of pesticide sprays are done to try and slow the gradual spread of HLB throughout the citrus grove. Unfortunately, at this time it is inevitable that a commercial citrus grove will reach 100 percent infection rates even with aggressive sprays.[13]", "Passiflora Banana passion flower or \"banana poka\" (P. tarminiana), originally from Central Brazil, is an invasive weed, especially on the islands of Hawaii. It is commonly spread by feral pigs eating the fruits. It overgrows and smothers stands of endemic vegetation, mainly on roadsides. Blue passion flower (P. caerulea) is holding its own in Spain these days, and it probably needs to be watched so that unwanted spreading can be curtailed.[2]", "Albugo This organism causes white rust or white blister diseases in above-ground plant tissues. While these organisms affect many types of plants, the destructive aspect of infection is limited to a few agricultural crops, including: beets (garden and sugar), Brussels sprouts, cabbages, Chinese cabbage, cauliflower, collards, garden cress, kale, lettuce, mustards, parsnip, radish, horseradish, rape, salsify (black or white), spinach, sweet potatoes, turnips, watercress, and perhaps water-spinach.[1]", "Phytophthora ramorum It was first discovered in California in 1995 when large numbers of tanoaks (Notholithocarpus densiflorus) died mysteriously, and was described as a new species of Phytophthora in 2000. It has subsequently been found in many other areas, including Britain, Germany, and some other U.S. states, either accidentally introduced in nursery stock, or already present undetected.", "Genetically modified food In 2013, the USDA approved the import of a GM pineapple that is pink in color and that \"overexpresses\" a gene derived from tangerines and suppress other genes, increasing production of lycopene. The plant's flowering cycle was changed to provide for more uniform growth and quality. The fruit \"does not have the ability to propagate and persist in the environment once they have been harvested,\" according to USDA APHIS. According to Del Monte's submission, the pineapples are commercially grown in a \"monoculture\" that prevents seed production, as the plant's flowers aren't exposed to compatible pollen sources. Importation into Hawaii is banned for \"plant sanitation\" reasons.[61]", "Phytophthora infestans If adequate field scouting occurs and late blight is found soon after disease development, localized patches of potato plants can be killed with a desiccant (e.g. paraquat) through the use of a backpack sprayer. This management technique can be thought of as a field-scale hypersensitive response similar to what occurs in some plant-viral interactions whereby cells surrounding the initial point of infection are killed in order to prevent proliferation of the pathogen.", "Sugarcane The cane beetle (also known as cane grub) can substantially reduce crop yield by eating roots; it can be controlled with imidacloprid (Confidor) or chlorpyrifos (Lorsban). Other important pests are the larvae of some butterfly/moth species, including the turnip moth, the sugarcane borer (Diatraea saccharalis), the African sugarcane borer (Eldana saccharina), the Mexican rice borer (Eoreuma loftini), the African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), leaf-cutting ants, termites, spittlebugs (especially Mahanarva fimbriolata and Deois flavopicta), and the beetle Migdolus fryanus. The planthopper insect Eumetopina flavipes acts as a virus vector, which causes the sugarcane disease ramu stunt.[24][25]", "RNA interference No plant products that use RNAi-based genetic engineering have yet exited the experimental stage. Development efforts have successfully reduced the levels of allergens in tomato plants[170] and fortification of plants such as tomatoes with dietary antioxidants.[171] Previous commercial products, including the Flavr Savr tomato and two cultivars of ringspot-resistant papaya, were originally developed using antisense technology but likely exploited the RNAi pathway.[172][173]", "Papakolea Beach Papakōlea Beach is located in a bay half circled by Puʻu Mahana, a tuff ring[2] formed over 49,000 years ago[3] and associated with the southwest rift of Mauna Loa. Unlike cinder cones, tuff rings consist mostly of volcanic ash produced by violent interactions of magma with groundwater (Diamond Head, on the Island of Oahu, is another example of a tuff ring). Since its last eruption, the tuff ring has partially collapsed and been partially eroded by the ocean. The beach is sometimes named after the tuff ring, and sometimes after the area of land called Papakōlea, which comes from papa kōlea, which means plover flats in the Hawaiian language.[4] Papakōlea is the area near the crater[5] where Pacific golden plovers (Pluvialis fulva) are sometimes seen in winter.[6]", "Hawaiian Islands Human contact, first by Polynesians, introduced new trees, other plants and animals. These included voracious species such as rats and pigs, who took a heavy toll on native birds and invertebrates that evolved in the absence of such predators. The growing population also brought deforestation, forest degradation, treeless grasslands, and environmental degradation. As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct. As humans cleared land for farming, monocultural crop production replaced multi-species systems.[citation needed]", "Pineapple Seed formation needs pollination, but the presence of seeds harms the quality of the fruit. In Hawaii, where pineapple is cultivated on an agricultural scale, importation of hummingbirds is prohibited for this reason.[14] Certain bat-pollinated wild pineapples open their flowers only at night.[15]", "Phytophthora infestans P. infestans is diploid, with about 11-13 chromosomes, and in 2009 scientists completed the sequencing of its genome. The genome was found to be considerably larger (240 Mbp) than that of most other Phytophthora species whose genomes have been sequenced; Phytophthora sojae has a 95 Mbp genome and Phytophthora ramorum had a 65 Mbp genome. About 18,000 genes were detected within the P. infestans genome. It also contained a diverse variety of transposons and many gene families encoding for effector proteins that are involved in causing pathogenicity. These proteins are split into two main groups depending on whether they are produced by the water mould in the symplast (inside plant cells) or in the apoplast (between plant cells). Proteins produced in the symplast included RXLR proteins, which contain an arginine-X-leucine-arginine (where X can be any amino acid) sequence at the amino terminus of the protein. Some RXLR proteins are avirulence proteins, meaning that they can be detected by the plant and lead to a hypersensitive response which restricts the growth of the pathogen. P. infestans was found to encode around 60% more of these proteins than most other Phytophthora species. Those found in the apoplast include hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, lipases and glycosylases that act to degrade plant tissue, enzyme inhibitors to protect against host defence enzymes and necrotizing toxins. Overall the genome was found to have an extremely high repeat content (around 74%) and to have an unusual gene distribution in that some areas contain many genes whereas others contain very few.[1][12]", "Plant pathology Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).[1] Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.", "Banana The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and NARO, funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and CGIAR have started trials for genetically modified bananas that are resistant to both Black sigatoka and banana weevils. It is developing cultivars specifically for smallholder and subsistence farmers.[citation needed]", "Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii During the late 20th century, the \"coquí\", a thumbnail-sized tree frog endemic to Puerto Rico, became established in Hawaii, most likely as stowaways in shippings of potted plants. Its loud mating call, \"music to the ears\" of Puerto Ricans on their native highland, is considered an annoyance in Hawaii where this invasive species reaches much higher population densities. Unsuccessful efforts were made to exterminate the infestation.[17][18]", "Hawaiian crow On September 26, 2017, 6 crows were released into the Pu'u Maka'ala Reserve. In contrast to the previous release, the group released was made of 4 males and 2 females rather than just males.[25] On October 11, 2017, another group of 5 crows, 3 males and 2 females, was also released into the area. The first group introduced also formed social groups similar to those expected of the species, and also responded to stressors in the environment, showing awareness of surroundings.[26] As of 2018, they have been described as \"thriving\".[27] However, they may have been negatively affected by the 2018 lower Puna eruption, which impacted at least a third of the Malama Kī Forest Reserve, an important habitat for the Hawaiian crow and other endangered Hawaiian wildlife.[28]", "Domesticated plants of Mesoamerica Originally from southern Mexico, particularly Chiapas and Veracruz, Central America and northern South America, the papaya is now cultivated in most tropical countries, such as Brazil, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Indonesia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Philippines and Jamaica. In cultivation, it grows rapidly, fruiting within 3 years. It is, however, highly frost sensitive.", "Galápagos Islands There are over 700 introduced plant species today. There are only 500 native and endemic species. This difference is creating a major problem for the islands and the natural species that inhabit them. These plants have invaded large areas and eliminated endemic species in the humid zones of San Cristobal, Floreana, Isabela and Santa Cruz. Some of the most harmful introduced plants are the guayaba or guava (Psidium guajava), avocado (Persea americana), cascarilla (Cinchona pubescens), balsa (Ochroma pyramidale), hill raspberry (Rubus niveus), various citrus (orange, grapefruit, lemon), floripondio, higuerilla (Ricinus communis) trees and the elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum.", "Citrus production Vector control of the psyllid, which is the sole means for citrus greening to spread is now done routinely. Before citrus greening disease was introduced, commercial citrus growers did not have to spray pesticides targeting insects. Current research is aimed at pesticide application timing, and pesticide choice for efficacy.[14]" ]	[ "Papaya ringspot virus Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is a pathogenic plant virus[1] in the genus Potyvirus and the virus family Potyviridae which primarily infects the papaya tree.", "Papaya ringspot virus Hawaiian papaya production has been severely affected twice by PRSV. The virus was introduced to Oahu as early as 1937.[5] The disease was mild for a number of years until it either mutated or a more aggressive strain was introduced around 1950. Within 12 years, the amount of land under papaya production dropped 94%. Production was then moved from Oahu to the Puna region of Hawaii island (the \"Big Island\") under strict quarantine. In 1971 PRSV was found in home gardens but efforts were taken to prevent its spread. The virus emerged in commercial farms in 1992 and by 1995 production in Puna was impossible. Commercial growers again relocated to the Hamakua coast but with only limited success. Hawaiian papaya production was halved by the end of the decade. Transgenic papaya varieties that are resistant to PRSV entered production in 1998 and resuscitated the industry.[6]" ]
test3095	who wrote catch 22 (both names)	[ "doc105954" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc105954", "doc105974", "doc105963", "doc105965", "doc105984", "doc2259314", "doc105973", "doc105983", "doc752122", "doc105966", "doc105975", "doc2259313", "doc752125", "doc105964", "doc752143", "doc2231651", "doc105955", "doc105977", "doc105980", "doc105981", "doc105982", "doc705110", "doc105978", "doc877680", "doc877679", "doc877661", "doc105979", "doc2556056", "doc105960", "doc752151", "doc752147", "doc1882509", "doc105959", "doc105956", "doc105972", "doc705035", "doc752129", "doc752145", "doc752144", "doc1843107", "doc2259318", "doc105986", "doc105958", "doc105976", "doc1366184", "doc105968", "doc752139", "doc1626684", "doc105962", "doc105971", "doc105985", "doc1824589", "doc877657", "doc105957", "doc2035882", "doc2259322", "doc83312", "doc105970", "doc2277503", "doc1843108", "doc2259316", "doc105967", "doc105969", "doc752132", "doc1150967", "doc1150968", "doc105961", "doc2259320", "doc752141", "doc752142", "doc1467488", "doc752133", "doc877672", "doc83288", "doc2460775", "doc752138", "doc2259317", "doc752124", "doc752128", "doc2259315", "doc83299", "doc752146", "doc2458665", "doc83313", "doc83317", "doc1227717", "doc752140", "doc83289", "doc2556058", "doc83320", "doc1400717", "doc83318", "doc2554018", "doc1924531", "doc2167940", "doc752130", "doc83305", "doc752155", "doc83306", "doc1346093" ]	[ "Catch-22 Catch-22 is a satirical novel by American author Joseph Heller. He began writing it in 1953; the novel was first published in 1961. Often cited as one of the most significant novels of the twentieth century,[2] it uses a distinctive non-chronological third-person omniscient narration, describing events from the points of view of different characters. The separate storylines are out of sequence so the timeline develops along with the plot.", "Catch-22 The idea for Catch-22 was based on Joseph Heller's personal experience in World War II. The feelings that Yossarian and the other bomber pilots felt were taken directly from problems he suffered while on duty. Heller flew 60 bombing missions from May to October in 1944. Heller was able to make it out of the war, but it took until 1953 before he could start writing about it. The war experience turned Heller into a \"tortured, funny, deeply peculiar human being\".[16]", "Catch-22 Heller wanted to be a writer from an early age. His experiences as a bombardier during World War II inspired Catch-22;[9] Heller later said that he \"never had a bad officer.\" In a 1977 essay on Catch-22, Heller stated that the \"antiwar and antigovernment feelings in the book\" were a product of the Korean War and the 1950s rather than World War II itself. Heller's criticisms are not intended for World War II but for the Cold War and McCarthyism.[10]", "Catch-22 Czech writer Arnošt Lustig recounts in his book 3x18 that Joseph Heller told him that he would never have written Catch-22 had he not first read The Good Soldier Švejk by Jaroslav Hašek.[11]", "Catch-22 Although he continued writing, including a sequel novel Closing Time, Heller’s later works were inevitably overshadowed by the success of Catch-22. When asked by critics why he’d never managed to write another novel as good as his groundbreaking work, Heller would retort with a smile “Who has?”[24]", "List of Catch-22 characters Captain John Yossarian is a fictional character in Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22 and its sequel Closing Time, and the protagonist of both books. In Catch-22, Yossarian is a 28-year-old Captain and B-25 bombardier in the 256th Bombardment Squadron of the Army Air Corps, stationed on the small island of Pianosa off the Italian mainland during World War II. Yossarian's exploits are based on the experiences of the author; Heller was also a bombardier in the Air Corps, stationed on an island off the coast of Italy during World War II.", "Catch-22 Catch-22 contains allusions to many works of literature. Howard Jacobson, in his 2004 introduction to the Vintage Classics publication, wrote that the novel was \"positioned teasingly ... between literature and literature's opposites – between Shakespeare and Rabelais and Dickens and Dostoevsky and Gogol and Céline and the Absurdists and of course Kafka on the one hand, and on the other vaudeville and slapstick and Bilko and Abbott and Costello and Tom and Jerry and the Goons (if Heller had ever heard of the Goons).\"[14] One critic argues that it is Kafka's influence that can be seen most strongly in the novel: \"Like Kafka's heroes, Yossarian is riddled with anxiety and caught in an inexorable nightmare – in his case created by Colonel Cathcart and the inevitability of his raising the number of missions he has to fly.\"[15]", "Catch-22 Although the novel won no awards upon release, it has remained in print and is seen as one of the most significant American novels of the 20th century.[2] Scholar and fellow World War II veteran Hugh Nibley said it was the most accurate book he ever read about the military.[23] Since its release in 1961, the book has sold 10 million copies.", "Catch-22 (logic) A catch-22 is a paradoxical situation from which an individual cannot escape because of contradictory rules.[1][2] The term was coined by Joseph Heller, who used it in his 1961 novel Catch-22.", "Catch-22 In 1998, some critics raised the possibility that Heller's book had questionable similarities to Louis Falstein's 1950 novel, Face of a Hero. Falstein never raised the issue between Catch-22's publication and his death in 1995 and Heller claimed never to have been aware of the obscure novel. Heller said that the novel had been influenced by Céline, Waugh and Nabokov. Many of the similarities have been stated to be attributable to the authors' experiences, both having served as U.S. Army Air Forces aircrew in Italy in World War II. However, their themes and styles are different.[12]", "Catch-22 After publication in 1961, Catch-22 became very popular among teenagers at the time. Catch-22 seemed to embody the feelings that young people had toward the Vietnam War. A common joke was that every student who went off to college at the time took along a copy of Catch-22. The popularity of the book created a cult following, which led to more than eight million copies being sold in the United States. On October 26, 1986, professor and author John W. Aldridge wrote a piece in the New York Times celebrating the 25th anniversary of the publishing of \"Catch-22\". He commented that Heller's book presaged the chaos in the world that was to come:", "List of Catch-22 characters The following is a list of characters in the novel Catch-22 by Joseph Heller.", "Catch-22 (logic) Joseph Heller coined the term in his 1961 novel Catch-22, which describes absurd bureaucratic constraints on soldiers in World War II. The term is introduced by the character Doc Daneeka, an army psychiatrist who invokes \"Catch 22\" to explain why any pilot requesting mental evaluation for insanity—hoping to be found not sane enough to fly and thereby escape dangerous missions—demonstrates his own sanity in creating the request and thus cannot be declared insane. This phrase also means a dilemma or difficult circumstance from which there is no escape because of mutually conflicting or dependent conditions.[4]", "Catch-22 The influence of the 1950s on Catch-22 is evident through Heller's extensive use of anachronism. Though the novel is ostensibly set in World War II, Heller intentionally included anachronisms like loyalty oaths and computers (IBM machines) to situate the novel in the context of the 1950s.[8] Many of the characters are based on or connected to individuals from the 1950s:", "Catch-22 (logic) Heller originally wanted to call the phrase (and hence, the book) by other numbers, but he and his publishers eventually settled on 22. The number has no particular significance; it was chosen more or less for euphony. The title was originally Catch-18, but Heller changed it after the popular Mila 18 was published a short time beforehand.[9][10]", "Satire Joseph Heller's most famous work, Catch-22 (1961), satirizes bureaucracy and the military, and is frequently cited as one of the greatest literary works of the twentieth century.[97] Departing from traditional Hollywood farce and screwball, director and comedian Jerry Lewis used satire in his self-directed films The Bellboy (1960), The Errand Boy (1961) and The Patsy (1964) to comment on celebrity and the star-making machinery of Hollywood.[98] The film Dr. Strangelove (1964) starring Peter Sellers was a popular satire on the Cold War.", "Catch-22 The novel is set during World War II, from 1942 to 1944. It mainly follows the life of Captain John Yossarian, a U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bombardier. Most of the events in the book occur while the fictional 256th Squadron is based on the island of Pianosa, in the Mediterranean Sea, west of Italy. The novel looks into the experiences of Yossarian and the other airmen in the camp, who attempt to maintain their sanity while fulfilling their service requirements so that they may return home.", "Catch-22 The title is a reference to a fictional bureaucratic stipulation which embodies forms of illogical and immoral reasoning.[7] The opening chapter of the novel was originally published in New World Writing as Catch-18 in 1955, but Heller's agent, Candida Donadio, requested that he change the title of the novel, so it would not be confused with another recently published World War II novel, Leon Uris's Mila 18.[18] The number 18 has special meaning in Judaism (it means Alive in Gematria; see Chai) and was relevant to early drafts of the novel which had a somewhat greater Jewish emphasis.[19]", "Catch-22 Officially published on 10 October 1961, the hardcover sold for $5.95. The book was not a best-seller in hardcover in the United States. Though it sold 12,000 copies by Thanksgiving, it never entered the New York Times Bestseller List. Catch-22 received good notices and was nominated for the National Book Award in March 1962. (Heller lost out to Walker Percy's The Moviegoer.) It went through four printings in hardcover, but only sold well on the East Coast. The book never established itself nationally until it was published in paperback for 75 cents.[20]:224â€“230", "Catch-22 Upon publication in Great Britain, the book became the #1 best-seller.[20]:233 Don Fine of Dell Paperbacks bought the paperback reprint rights to Catch-22 for $32,000. Between the paperback's release in September 1962 and April 1963, it sold 1.1 million copies.[20]:238â€“240 In August 1962, Donadio brokered the sale of movie rights to Columbia Pictures for $100,000 plus $25,000 to write a treatment or a first draft of a screenplay.[20]:234", "Catch-22 The initial reviews of the book ranged from very positive to very negative. There were positive reviews from The Nation (\"the best novel to come out in years\"), the New York Herald Tribune (\"A wild, moving, shocking, hilarious, raging, exhilarating, giant roller-coaster of a book\") and The New York Times (\"A dazzling performance that will outrage nearly as many readers as it delights\"). On the other hand, The New Yorker (\"doesn't even seem to be written; instead, it gives the impression of having been shouted onto paper\", \"what remains is a debris of sour jokes\") and a second review from the New York Times (\"repetitive and monotonous. Or one can say that it is too short because none of its many interesting characters and actions is given enough play to become a controlling interest\")[21] disliked it. One commentator of Catch-22 recognized that \"many early audiences liked the book for just the same reasons that caused others to hate it\"[22] The book had a cult following though, especially among teenagers and college students. Heller remarks that in 1962, after appearing on the Today show he went out drinking with the host at the time, John Chancellor, who handed him stickers that Chancellor had got privately printed reading \"YOSSARIAN LIVES\". Heller also said that Chancellor had been secretly putting them on the walls of the corridors and executive bathrooms in the NBC building.[22]", "American literature Regarding the war novel specifically, there was a literary explosion in America during the postâ€“World War II era. Some of the best known of the works produced included Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead (1948), Joseph Heller's Catch-22 (1961) and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.'s Slaughterhouse-Five (1969). The Moviegoer (1962), by Southern author Walker Percy, winner of the National Book Award, was his attempt at exploring \"the dislocation of man in the modern age.\"[20]", "Catch-22 The title Catch-11 was suggested, with the duplicated 1 paralleling the repetition found in a number of character exchanges in the novel, but because of the release of the 1960 movie Ocean's Eleven, this was also rejected.[18] Catch-17 was rejected so as not to be confused with the World War II film Stalag 17, as was Catch-14, apparently because the publisher did not feel that 14 was a \"funny number.\" Eventually, the title came to be Catch-22, which, like 11, has a duplicated digit, with the 2 also referring to a number of déjà vu-like events common in the novel.[19]", "Postmodern literature The antiwar and anti government feelings in the book belong to the period following World War II: the Korean War, the cold war of the Fifties. A general disintegration of belief took place then, and it affected Catch-22 in that the form of the novel became almost disintegrated. Catch-22 was a collage; if not in structure, then in the ideology of the novel itself ... Without being aware of it, I was part of a near-movement in fiction. While I was writing Catch-22, J. P. Donleavy was writing The Ginger Man, Jack Kerouac was writing On the Road, Ken Kesey was writing One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Thomas Pynchon was writing V., and Kurt Vonnegut was writing Cat's Cradle. I don't think any one of us even knew any of the others. Certainly I didn't know them. Whatever forces were at work shaping a trend in art were affecting not just me, but all of us. The feelings of helplessness and persecution in Catch-22 are very strong in Cat's Cradle.[48]", "Postmodern literature Many of the well-known postmodern novels deal with World War II, one of the most famous of which being Joseph Heller's Catch-22. Heller claimed his novel and many of the other American novels of the time had more to do with the state of the country after the war:", "Postmodern literature Linda Hutcheon claimed postmodern fiction as a whole could be characterized by the ironic quote marks, that much of it can be taken as tongue-in-cheek. This irony, along with black humor and the general concept of \"play\" (related to Derrida's concept or the ideas advocated by Roland Barthes in The Pleasure of the Text) are among the most recognizable aspects of postmodernism. Though the idea of employing these in literature did not start with the postmodernists (the modernists were often playful and ironic), they became central features in many postmodern works. In fact, several novelists later to be labeled postmodern were first collectively labeled black humorists: John Barth, Joseph Heller, William Gaddis, Kurt Vonnegut, Bruce Jay Friedman, etc. It's common for postmodernists to treat serious subjects in a playful and humorous way: for example, the way Heller and Vonnegut address the events of World War II. The central concept of Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is the irony of the now-idiomatic \"catch-22\", and the narrative is structured around a long series of similar ironies. Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49 in particular provides prime examples of playfulness, often including silly wordplay, within a serious context. For example, it contains characters named Mike Fallopian and Stanley Koteks and a radio station called KCUF, while the novel as a whole has a serious subject and a complex structure.[5][19][20]", "Catch-22 Catch-22 was sold to Simon & Schuster, where it had been championed by editor Robert Gottlieb, who along with Nina Bourne, would edit and oversee the marketing of the book.[18] Gottlieb was a strong advocate for the title along with Peter Schwed and Justin Kaplan. Henry Simon, a vice-president at Simon & Schuster, found it repetitive and offensive.[18] The editorial board decided to contract the book when Heller agreed to revisionsâ€”he signed for $1,500.[18]", "John Kennedy Toole The book eventually reached senior editor Robert Gottlieb, who had talked the then-unknown Joseph Heller into completing the classic comic novel Catch 22.[86] They began a two-year correspondence and dialogue over the novel which would ultimately result in bitter disappointment on both sides.[87] While Gottlieb felt Toole was undoubtedly talented, he was unhappy with the book in its original form. He felt that it had one basic flaw which he expressed to Toole in an early letter:[88]", "Catch-22 Although its non-chronological structure may at first seem random, Catch 22 is highly structured. It is founded on a structure of free association, ideas run into one another through seemingly random connections. For example, Chapter 1 entitled \"The Texan\" ends with \"everybody but the CID man, who had caught a cold from the fighter captain and come down with pneumonia.\"[4] Chapter 2, entitled \"Clevinger\", begins with \"In a way, the CID man was pretty lucky because outside the hospital the war was still going on.\"[5] The CID man connects the two chapters like a free association bridge and eventually Chapter 2 flows from the CID man to Clevinger through more free association links.", "Catch-22 (logic) The archetypal catch-22, as formulated by Heller, involves the case of John Yossarian, a U.S. Army Air Forces bombardier, who wishes to be grounded from combat flight. This will only happen if he is evaluated by the squadron's flight surgeon and found \"unfit to fly\". \"Unfit\" would be any pilot who is willing to fly such dangerous missions, as one would have to be mad to volunteer for possible death. However, to be evaluated, he must request the evaluation, an act that is considered sufficient proof for being declared sane. These conditions make it impossible to be declared \"unfit\".", "Catch-22 (logic) Along with George Orwell's \"doublethink\", \"Catch-22\" has become one of the best-recognized ways to describe the predicament of being trapped by contradictory rules.[11]", "Novel Furthermore, the major political and military confrontations of the 20th and 21st centuries have also influenced novelists. The events of World War II, from a German perspective, are dealt with by Günter Grass' The Tin Drum (1959) and an American by Joseph Heller's Catch-22 (1961). The subsequent Cold War influenced popular spy novels. Latin American self-awareness in the wake of the (failing) left revolutions of the 1960s and 1970s resulted in a \"Latin American Boom\", linked to with the names of novelists Julio Cortázar, Mario Vargas Llosa, Carlos Fuentes and Gabriel García Márquez, along with the invention of a special brand of postmodern magic realism.", "Catch-22 While a few characters are most prominent, notably Yossarian and the Chaplain, the majority of named characters are described in detail with fleshed out or multidimensional personas to the extent that there are few if any \"minor characters.\"", "Catch-22 The development of the novel can be split into segments. The first (chapters 1–11) broadly follows the story fragmented between characters, but in a single chronological time in 1944. The second (chapters 12–20) flashes back to focus primarily on the \"Great Big Siege of Bologna\" before once again jumping to the chronological 'present' of 1944 in the third part (chapter 21–25). The fourth (chapters 26–28) flashes back to the origins and growth of Milo's syndicate, with the fifth part (chapter 28–32) returning again to the narrative present but keeping to the same tone of the previous four. The sixth and final part (chapter 32 on) remains in the story's present, but takes a much darker turn and spends the remaining chapters focusing on the serious and brutal nature of war and life in general.[3] Previously the reader had been cushioned from experiencing the full horror of events, but in the final section, the events are laid bare. The horror begins with the attack on the undefended Italian mountain village, with the following chapters involving despair (Doc Daneeka and the Chaplain), disappearance in combat (Orr and Clevinger), disappearance caused by the army (Dunbar) or death of most of Yossarian's friends (Nately, McWatt, Mudd, Kid Sampson, Dobbs, Chief White Halfoat and Hungry Joe), culminating in the unspeakable horrors of Chapter 39, in particular the rape and murder of Michaela, who represents pure innocence.[3] In Chapter 41 the full details of the gruesome death of Snowden are finally revealed. Despite this, the novel ends on an upbeat note with Yossarian learning of Orr's miraculous escape to Sweden and Yossarian's pledge to follow him there.", "Catch-22 The motif of bureaucratic absurdity is further explored in 1994's Closing Time, Heller's sequel to Catch-22. This darker, slower-paced, apocalyptic novel explores the pre- and post-war lives of some of the major characters in Catch-22, with particular emphasis on the relationship between Yossarian and tail gunner Sammy Singer.", "American literature Depression era writers included John Steinbeck (1902â€“1968), notable for his novel The Grapes of Wrath. Henry Miller assumed a unique place in American Literature in the 1930s when his semi-autobiographical novels were banned from the US. From the end of World War II up until, roughly, the late 1960s and early 1970s saw the publication of some of the most popular works in American history such as To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. America's involvement in World War II influenced the creation of works such as Norman Mailer's The Naked and the Dead (1948), Joseph Heller's Catch-22 (1961) and Kurt Vonnegut Jr.'s Slaughterhouse-Five (1969). John Updike was notable for his novel Rabbit, Run (1960). Philip Roth explores Jewish identity in American society. From the early 1970s to the present day the most important literary movement has been postmodernism and the flowering of literature by ethnic minority writers.", "Catch-22 (logic) Different formulations of \"Catch-22\" appear throughout the novel. The term is applied to various loopholes and quirks of the military system, always with the implication that rules are inaccessible to and slanted against those lower in the hierarchy. In chapter 6, Yossarian is told that Catch-22 requires him to do anything his commanding officer tells him to do, regardless of whether these orders contradict orders from the officer's superiors.[5]", "Catch-22 (logic) James E. Combs and Dan D. Nimmo suggest that the idea of a \"catch-22\" has gained popular currency because so many people in modern society are exposed to frustrating bureaucratic logic. They write:", "Catch-22 (logic) The term \"catch-22\" has filtered into common usage in the English language.[2] In a 1975 interview, Heller said the term would not translate well into other languages.[10]", "Milo Minderbinder First Lieutenant Milo Minderbinder is a fictional character in Joseph Heller's most successful novel, Catch-22. As the mess officer of Yossarian's squadron, Minderbinder is a war profiteer during World War II, \"perhaps the best known of all fictional profiteers\" in American literature.[1] The Minderbinder character is a \"bittersweet parody\" of the American dream, both a \"prophet of profit\" and the \"embodiment of evil\".[2]", "List of Catch-22 characters First Lieutenant Milo Minderbinder is the mess officer at the U.S. Army Air Corps base and he becomes obsessed with expanding mess operations and trading goods for the profits of the syndicate (in which he and everyone else \"has a share\"). Milo is a satire of the modern businessman, and beyond that is the living representation of capitalism, as he has no allegiance to any country, person or principle unless it pays him and profit is generated. Milo even begins contracting missions for the Germans, fighting on both sides in the battle at Orvieto and bombing his own squadron.", "Catch-22 The original manuscript is held by Brandeis University.[34]", "Catch-22 Much of Heller's prose in Catch-22 is circular and repetitive, exemplifying in its form the structure of a Catch-22. Circular reasoning is widely used by some characters to justify their actions and opinions. Heller revels in paradox, for example: \"The Texan turned out to be good-natured, generous and likable. In three days no one could stand him\", and \"The case against Clevinger was open and shut. The only thing missing was something to charge him with.\" This atmosphere of apparently logical irrationality pervades the book.", "Catch-22 \"The comic fable that ends in horror has become more and more clearly a reflection of the altogether uncomic and horrifying realities of the world in which we live and hope to survive.\"[17]", "Allusion This phrase comes from a novel by Joseph Heller. Catch-22 is set on a U.S. Army Air Force base in World War II. \"Catch-22\" refers to a regulation that states an airman's request to be relieved from flight duty can only be granted if he is judged to be insane. However, anyone who does not want to fly dangerous missions is obviously sane, thus, there is no way to avoid flying the missions.", "Catch-22 In the book, Catch-22 is a military rule typifying bureaucratic operation and reasoning. The rule is not stated in a general form, but the principal example in the book fits the definition above: If one is crazy, one does not have to fly missions; and one must be crazy to fly. But one has to apply to be excused, and applying demonstrates that one is not crazy. As a result, one must continue flying, either not applying to be excused, or applying and being refused. The narrator explains:", "Catch-22 (logic) Besides referring to an unsolvable logical dilemma, Catch-22 is invoked to explain or justify the military bureaucracy. For example, in the first chapter, it requires Yossarian to sign his name to letters that he censors while he is confined to a hospital bed. One clause mentioned in chapter 10 closes a loophole in promotions, which one private had been exploiting to reattain the attractive rank of Private First Class after any promotion. Through courts-martial for going AWOL, he would be busted in rank back to private, but Catch-22 limited the number of times he could do this before being sent to the stockade.", "Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910),[1] better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1875) and its sequel, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called \"The Great American Novel\".", "Catch-22 While the military's enemies are Germans, none appear in the story as an enemy combatant. This ironic situation is epitomized in the single appearance of German personnel in the novel, who act as pilots employed by the squadron's Mess Officer, Milo Minderbinder, to bomb the American encampment on Pianosa. This predicament indicates a tension between traditional motives for violence and the modern economic machine, which seems to generate violence simply as another means to profit, quite independent of geographical or ideological constraints.[7] Heller emphasizes the danger of profit seeking by portraying Milo without \"evil intent.\" Milo's actions are portrayed as the result of greed, not malice.[8]", "Catch-22 Yossarian comes to realize that Catch-22 does not actually exist, but because the powers that be claim it does, and the world believes it does, it nevertheless has potent effects. Indeed, because it does not exist, there is no way it can be repealed, undone, overthrown, or denounced. The combination of force with specious and spurious legalistic justification is one of the book's primary motifs.", "Catch-22 This list covers the first and most recent printed publications by the original publisher Simon & Schuster as well as all other formats. Other print publishers include Dell, Corgi, Vintage, Knopf, Black Swan, Grasset & Fasquelle and WahlstrÃ¶m & Widstrand.", "Jewish culture Other notable contributors are Isaac Asimov author of the Foundation series and others such as I, robot, Nightfall and The Gods Themselves; Joseph Heller (Catch-22); R.L. Stine (Goosebumps series); J. D. Salinger (The Catcher in the Rye); Michael Chabon (The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay, The Yiddish Policemen's Union); Marcel Proust (In Search of Lost Time); Arthur Miller (Death of a Salesman and The Crucible); Will Eisner (A Contract with God); Shel Silverstein (The Giving Tree); Arthur Koestler (Darkness at Noon, The Thirteenth Tribe); Saul Bellow (Herzog); The historical novel series The Accursed Kings by Maurice Druon is an inspiration for George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire novels.[56][57][58]", "Postmodern literature Postmodernism in literature is not an organized movement with leaders or central figures; therefore, it is more difficult to say if it has ended or when it will end (compared to, say, declaring the end of modernism with the death of Joyce or Woolf). Arguably postmodernism peaked in the 1960s and 1970s with the publication of Catch-22 in 1961, Lost in the Funhouse in 1968, Slaughterhouse-Five in 1969, and many others. Thomas Pynchon's 1973 novel Gravity's Rainbow is \"often considered as the postmodern novel, redefining both postmodernism and the novel in general.\"[16]", "Catch-22 Many events in the book are repeatedly described from differing points of view, so the reader learns more about each event from each iteration, with the new information often completing a joke, the setup of which was told several chapters previously. The narrative's events are out of sequence, but events are referred to as if the reader is already familiar with them so that the reader must ultimately piece together a timeline of events. Specific words, phrases, and questions are also repeated frequently, generally to comic effect.", "English literature Postmodern literature is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and a reaction against Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is difficult to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. Among postmodern writers are the Americans Henry Miller, William S. Burroughs, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, Hunter S. Thompson, Truman Capote and Thomas Pynchon.", "List of Catch-22 characters Captain Aardvaark (called Aarfy) is the navigator in Yossarian's B-25 bomber (but only when Yossarian is flying in the lead ship â€“ hence Aarfy's sporadic appearances in the air in the novel). He is oblivious to incoming flak, repeatedly gets lost on missions, and always smokes a pipe. He befriends Nately in the hope of working for Nately's wealthy father after the war. Aarfy sees himself as moral and protects well-connected women from the sexual advances of other officers, but he ends up raping and murdering the innocent maid Michaela, and when asked by Yossarian why he didn't simply hire a prostitute, repeats his common admonition that \"Old Aarfy has never paid for it.\" He shows no remorse for these crimes until he begins to worry that he might be brought to justice for them.", "The Catcher in the Rye When The Catcher in the Rye was first released, many offers were made to adapt it for the screen, including one from Samuel Goldwyn, producer of My Foolish Heart.[46] In a letter written in the early 1950s, Salinger spoke of mounting a play in which he would play the role of Holden Caulfield opposite Margaret O'Brien, and, if he couldn't play the part himself, to \"forget about it.\" Almost 50 years later, the writer Joyce Maynard definitively concluded, \"The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger.\"[48]", "Catch-22 Other forms of Catch-22 are invoked throughout the novel to justify various bureaucratic actions. At one point, victims of harassment by military police quote the MPs' explanation of one of Catch-22's provisions: \"Catch-22 states that agents enforcing Catch-22 need not prove that Catch-22 actually contains whatever provision the accused violator is accused of violating.\" Another character explains: \"Catch-22 says they have a right to do anything we can't stop them from doing.\"", "Neologism The title of a book may become a neologism, for instance, Catch-22 (from the title of Joseph Heller's novel). Alternatively, the author's name may give rise to the neologism, although the term is sometimes based on only one work of that author. This includes such words as \"Orwellian\" (from George Orwell, referring to his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four) and \"Kafkaesque\" (from Franz Kafka).", "Milo Minderbinder Minderbinder also appears in Heller's sequel Closing Time. In the 1970 film adaptation of Catch-22 the Minderbinder character is portrayed by Jon Voight.", "List of Catch-22 characters A full colonel, Chuck Cathcart is a group commander at the U.S. Army Air Corps base in Pianosa and is obsessed with becoming a general. As such, he does whatever it takes to please his superiors, in particular, by repeatedly raising the number of missions the men have to fly to complete a tour of duty beyond that normally required by other outfits. This becomes the bane of Yossarian's life, as every time he comes close to obtaining the target number of missions for being sent home, Colonel Cathcart raises the number again.", "Catch-22 Strictly speaking, a \"Catch-22\" is \"a problematic situation for which the only solution is denied by a circumstance inherent in the problem or by a rule.\"[13] For example, losing something is typically a conventional problem; to solve it, one looks for the lost item until one finds it. But if the thing lost is one's glasses, one cannot see to look for them â€” a Catch-22. The term \"Catch-22\" is also used more broadly to mean a tricky problem or a no-win or absurd situation.", "Catch-22 There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one's safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he were sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didn't have to, but if he didn't want to he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle. (p. 56, ch. 5)", "Catch-22 (logic) \"What the hell are you talking about?\" Yossarian shouted at her in bewildered, furious protest. \"How did you know it was Catch-22? Who the hell told you it was Catch-22?\"", "Holden Caulfield Holden Caulfield is a fictional character in author J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. Since the book's publication, Holden has become an icon for teenage rebellion and angst, and now stands among the most important characters of 20th-century American literature. The name Holden Caulfield was used in an unpublished short story written in 1942 and first appeared in print in 1945.", "Holden Caulfield Although it has been conjectured that J. D. Salinger got the name for Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye when he saw a marquee for the 1947 film Dear Ruth, starring William Holden and Joan Caulfield,[1] Salinger's first Holden Caulfield story, \"I'm Crazy,\" appeared in Collier's on December 22, 1945, a year and a half before this movie was released.", "Catch-22 Yossarian comes to fear his commanding officers more than he fears the Germans attempting to shoot him down and he feels that \"they\" are \"out to get him.\" Chief among the reasons Yossarian fears his commanders more than the enemy is that as he flies more missions, Colonel Cathcart increases the number of required combat missions before a soldier may return home; he reaches the magic number only to have it retroactively raised. He comes to despair of ever getting home and is greatly relieved when he is sent to the hospital for a condition that is almost jaundice. In Yossarian's words:", "List of Catch-22 characters A bomber pilot in the squadron who is continually being shot down and having to crash land in the sea. Described as \"a warm-hearted, simple-minded gnome,\" Orr is the only person in the group considered to be crazier than his good friend Yossarian, with whom he shares a tent. He is declared MIA halfway through the book after crashing his plane in the Mediterranean but by the end it's revealed that he had rowed to the neutral zone in Sweden to escape the army, at which point Yossarian realizes that Orr's constant crashes had been part of his plan. Orr's survival inspires Yossarian to finally escape the army.", "Catch-22 (logic) At one point, Captain Black attempts to press Milo into depriving Major Major of food as a consequence of not signing a loyalty oath that Major Major was never given an opportunity to sign in the first place. Captain Black asks Milo, \"You're not against Catch-22, are you?\"", "Catch-22 (logic) In chapter 40, Catch-22 forces Colonels Korn and Cathcart to promote Yossarian to Major and ground him rather than simply sending him home. They fear that if they do not, others will refuse to fly, just as Yossarian did.", "Dash In a related use, it may visually indicate the shift between speakers when they overlap in speech. For example, the em dash is used this way in Joseph Heller's Catch-22:", "Catch-22 (logic) \"The soldiers with the hard white hats and clubs. The girls were crying. 'Did we do anything wrong?' they said. The men said no and pushed them away out the door with the ends of their clubs. 'Then why are you chasing us out?' the girls said. 'Catch 22,' the men said. All they kept saying was 'Catch-22, Catch-22. What does it mean, Catch 22? What is Catch-22?\"", "Postmodern literature Perhaps demonstrated most famously and effectively in Joseph Heller's Catch-22, the sense of paranoia, the belief that there's an ordering system behind the chaos of the world is another recurring postmodern theme. For the postmodernist, no ordering is extremely dependent upon the subject, so paranoia often straddles the line between delusion and brilliant insight. Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49, long-considered a prototype of postmodern literature, presents a situation which may be \"coincidence or conspiracy â€“ or a cruel joke\".[40] This often coincides with the theme of technoculture and hyperreality. For example, in Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut, the character Dwayne Hoover becomes violent when he's convinced that everyone else in the world is a robot and he is the only human.[5]", "The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is a story by J. D. Salinger, first published in serial form in 1945-6 and as a novel in 1951.[3] A classic novel originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation.[4][5] It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages.[6] Around 1 million copies are sold each year with total sales of more than 65 million books.[7] The novel's protagonist Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion.[8] The novel also deals with complex issues of innocence, identity, belonging, loss, and connection.", "Postmodernism Jorge Luis Borges' (1939) short story Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote, is often considered as predicting postmodernism[49] and conceiving the ideal of the ultimate parody.[50] Samuel Beckett is sometimes seen as an important precursor and influence. Novelists who are commonly connected with postmodern literature include Vladimir Nabokov, William Gaddis, Umberto Eco, John Hawkes, William S. Burroughs, Giannina Braschi, Kurt Vonnegut, John Barth, Jean Rhys, Donald Barthelme, E.L. Doctorow, Richard Kalich, Jerzy Kosinski, Don DeLillo, Thomas Pynchon[51] (Pynchon's work has also been described as \"high modern\"[52]), Ishmael Reed, Kathy Acker, Ana Lydia Vega, Jachym Topol and Paul Auster.", "Catch-22 (logic) According to literature professor Ian Gregson, the old woman's narrative defines \"Catch-22\" more directly as the \"brutal operation of power\", stripping away the \"bogus sophistication\" of the earlier scenarios.[8]", "List of Catch-22 characters Dr. Dan Daneeka is the squadron flight surgeon and a friend of the novel's protagonist, Yossarian. Doc Daneeka's main motivation is for his own welfare, whether that be making money or protecting his own life. He generally forgets his moral duty as a physician except in the most extreme of circumstances. Doc Daneeka feels the military is responsible for him being drafted into the war effort and putting him in harm's way, because they were distrustful of him when he lied on his drafting papers about his health. He is constantly scared of upsetting his superiors who may see fit to then ship him off to the far more dangerous South Pacific. Already he sees it as military cruelty to have been assigned to the Air Corps even though he is scared of flying.", "Catch-22 (logic) Catch-22s often result from rules, regulations, or procedures that an individual is subject to but has no control over because to fight the rule is to accept it. Another example is a situation in which someone is in need of something that can only be had by not being in need of it (e.g a bank will never issue someone a loan if they need the money). One connotation of the term is that the creators of the \"catch-22\" situation have created arbitrary rules in order to justify and conceal their own abuse of power.", "Catch-22 (logic) There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for one's own safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didn't, but if he was sane, he had to fly them. If he flew them, he was crazy and didn't have to; but if he didn't want to, he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle.", "List of Catch-22 characters Tappman (also called R. O. Shipman in some editions) is a naÃ¯ve Anabaptist minister from Kenosha, Wisconsin, who is tormented throughout the novel by his rude, manipulative atheist assistant, Corporal Whitcomb. Easily intimidated by the cruelty of others, the Chaplain is a kind, gentle, and sensitive man who worries constantly about his wife and children at home.", "The Catcher in the Rye Various older stories by Salinger contain characters similar to those in The Catcher in the Rye. While at Columbia University, Salinger wrote a short story called \"The Young Folks\" in Whit Burnett's class; one character from this story has been described as a \"thinly penciled prototype of Sally Hayes\". In November 1941, he sold the story \"Slight Rebellion off Madison\", which featured Holden Caulfield, to The New Yorker, but it wasn't published until December 21, 1946 due to World War II. The story \"I'm Crazy\", which was published in the December 22, 1945, issue of Collier's, contained material that was later used in The Catcher in the Rye. In 1946, The New Yorker accepted a 90-page manuscript about Holden Caulfield for publication, but Salinger later withdrew it.[14]", "Catch-22 (logic) Everyone, then, who deals with organizations understands the bureaucratic logic of Catch-22. In high school or college, for example, students can participate in student government, a form of self-government and democracy that allows them to decide whatever they want, just so long as the principal or dean of students approves. This bogus democracy that can be overruled by arbitrary fiat is perhaps a citizen's first encounter with organizations that may profess 'open' and libertarian values, but in fact are closed and hierarchical systems. Catch-22 is an organizational assumption, an unwritten law of informal power that exempts the organization from responsibility and accountability, and puts the individual in the absurd position of being excepted for the convenience or unknown purposes of the organization.[7]", "Neil Simon Simon incorporated some of their experiences into his play Laughter on the 23rd Floor (1993). A 2001 TV adaptation of the play won him two Emmy Award nominations. The first Broadway show Simon wrote was Catch a Star! (1955), collaborating on sketches with his brother, Danny.[10][11]", "The Catcher in the Rye Salinger told Maynard in the 1970s that Jerry Lewis \"tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden,\"[48] despite Lewis not having read the novel until he was in his thirties.[41] Celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson to Tobey Maguire and Leonardo DiCaprio have since tried to make a film adaptation.[49] In an interview with Premiere, John Cusack commented that his one regret about turning 21 was that he had become too old to play Holden Caulfield. Writer-director Billy Wilder recounted his abortive attempts to snare the novel's rights:", "The Catcher in the Rye After Salinger's death in 2010, Phyllis Westberg, who was Salinger's agent at Harold Ober Associates, stated that nothing has changed in terms of licensing film, television, or stage rights of his works.[53] A letter written by Salinger in 1957 revealed that he was open to an adaptation of The Catcher in the Rye released after his death. He wrote: \"Firstly, it is possible that one day the rights will be sold. Since there's an ever-looming possibility that I won't die rich, I toy very seriously with the idea of leaving the unsold rights to my wife and daughter as a kind of insurance policy. It pleasures me no end, though, I might quickly add, to know that I won't have to see the results of the transaction.\" Salinger also wrote that he believed his novel was not suitable for film treatment, and that translating Holden Caulfield's first-person narrative into voice-over and dialogue would be contrived.[54]", "Shoeless Joe (novel) W.P. Kinsella, who had never met Salinger, created a wholly imagined character (aside from his being a recluse) based on the author of The Catcher in the Rye, a book that had great meaning to him when he was a young man. To get a feel for Salinger, he re-read his body of work.", "Catch-22 (logic) At another point in the book, a prostitute explains to Yossarian that she cannot marry him because he is crazy, and she will never marry a crazy man. She considers any man crazy who would marry a woman who is not a virgin. This closed logic loop clearly illustrated Catch-22 because by her logic, all men who refuse to marry her are sane and thus she would consider marriage; but as soon as a man agrees to marry her, he becomes crazy for wanting to marry a non-virgin, and is instantly rejected. Yet her belief is not actually a logical fallacy. Just because she considers all men who would marry her, a damaged woman with no virtue, insane, she does not say that all men who don't want to marry her are sane.", "The Catcher in the Rye The novel was included on Time's 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923[9] and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[10][11][12] In 2003, it was listed at #15 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[13]", "John Kennedy Toole Initially, although Toole was disappointed that the novel could not be published as is, he was exuberant that a major publisher was interested in it.[89] He entered his second year of teaching at Dominican as one of the favorite new professors on staff. Students marveled at his wit, and Toole would make entire classes burst into laughter while hardly showing expression.[90] He never retold a story or joke, and had many repeat students.[90] Shortly before Christmas break in 1964, Toole received a letter from Gottlieb. In it Gottlieb remarked that he had shown the novel to Candida Donadio, a literary agent whose clients included Joseph Heller and Thomas Pynchon.[91] Gottlieb told Toole they felt he was \"... wildly funny often, funnier than almost anyone around\".[91] Also they liked the same portions and characters of the book and disliked the same parts as well.[91] Gottlieb gave a list of things he did not like concluding with:[91]", "The Catcher in the Rye Fantasy writer Harry Turtledove has written a pastiche-parody \"Catcher in the Rhine\", based on his daughter's mishearing of Salinger's title. In this short story, an unnamed narrator, who is clearly meant to be Holden Caulfield but is unnamed to avoid copyright problems, goes on vacation to Germany and meets characters from the Niebelunglied. This was first published in The Chick is in the Mail, edited by Esther Friesner, Baen 2000 and reprinted in the omnibus Chicks Ahoy! (2010). It was reprinted in Atlantis and Other Places also in 2010.", "Rebel in the Rye The life of author J. D. Salinger from his youth to the World War II era, including his romantic life and the publication of his debut novel The Catcher in the Rye.[3][4]", "The Catcher in the Rye In 2009, a year before his death, Salinger successfully sued to stop the U.S. publication of a novel that presents Holden Caulfield as an old man.[26][55] The novel's author, Fredrik Colting, commented: \"call me an ignorant Swede, but the last thing I thought possible in the U.S. was that you banned books\".[56] The issue is complicated by the nature of Colting's book, 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, which has been compared to fan fiction.[57] Although commonly not authorized by writers, no legal action is usually taken against fan fiction, since it is rarely published commercially and thus involves no profit.[58] Colting, however, has published his book commercially, therefore interfering with copyright law and is not protected.", "George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 â€“ 21 January 1950),[1] better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and outspoken support of democratic socialism.[2][3]", "Anabaptism Anabaptist characters exist in popular culture, most notably Chaplain Tappman in Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22, James (Jacques) in Voltaire's novella Candide, Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Le prophète (1849), and the central character in the novel Q, by the collective known as \"Luther Blissett\".", "Hunter S. Thompson Hunter Stockton Thompson (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American journalist and author, and the founder of the gonzo journalism movement. He first rose to prominence with the publication of Hell's Angels (1967), a book for which he spent a year living and riding with the Hells Angels motorcycle gang in order to write a first-hand account of lives and experiences of its members.", "Catch-22 (logic) In a final episode, Catch-22 is described to Yossarian by an old woman recounting an act of violence by soldiers:[6][7]", "The Catcher in the Rye In their biography of Salinger, David Shields and Shane Salerno argue that: \"The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel.\" Salinger witnessed the horrors of World War II, but rather than writing a combat novel, Salinger, according to Shields and Salerno, \"took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming-of-age novel.\"[22]", "Catch-22 (logic) The philosopher Laurence Goldstein argues that the \"airman's dilemma\" is logically not even a condition that is true under no circumstances; it is a \"vacuous biconditional\" that is ultimately meaningless. Goldstein writes:[15]", "The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye has been listed as one of the best novels of the twentieth century. Shortly after its publication, writing for The New York Times, Nash K. Burger called it \"an unusually brilliant novel,\"[23] while James Stern wrote an admiring review of the book in a voice imitating Holden's.[24] George H. W. Bush called it a \"marvelous book,\" listing it among the books that have inspired him.[25] In June 2009, the BBC's Finlo Rohrer wrote that, 58 years since publication, the book is still regarded \"as the defining work on what it is like to be a teenager. Holden is at various times disaffected, disgruntled, alienated, isolated, directionless, and sarcastic.\"[26] Adam Gopnik considers it one of the \"three perfect books\" in American literature, along with Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Great Gatsby, and believes that \"no book has ever captured a city better than Catcher in the Rye captured New York in the fifties.\"[27] Jeff Pruchnic wrote an appraisal of The Catcher in the Rye after the death of J.D. Salinger. In this article, Pruchnic focuses on how the novel continues to be received incredibly well, even after it has aged many generations. Pruchnic describes Holden as a “teenage protagonist frozen midcentury but destined to be discovered by those of a similar age in every generation to come”.[28] Bill Gates said that The Catcher in the Rye is one of his favorite books ever. [29]", "Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style—which he termed the Iceberg Theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two non-fiction works. Three of his novels, four short story collections, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature." ]	[ "Catch-22 Catch-22 is a satirical novel by American author Joseph Heller. He began writing it in 1953; the novel was first published in 1961. Often cited as one of the most significant novels of the twentieth century,[2] it uses a distinctive non-chronological third-person omniscient narration, describing events from the points of view of different characters. The separate storylines are out of sequence so the timeline develops along with the plot." ]
test1560	turkish finnish and hungarian belong to which family of languages	[ "doc55779" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc55784", "doc1106541", "doc1106643", "doc1106540", "doc55779", "doc1106544", "doc1358210", "doc1358211", "doc1667737", "doc1106550", "doc1487161", "doc1978506", "doc178248", "doc1285264", "doc2263487", "doc55813", "doc55800", "doc1108838", "doc325781", "doc55785", "doc1875285", "doc1282037", "doc1358209", "doc55796", "doc55827", "doc1966158", "doc1106588", "doc55786", "doc2263485", "doc55814", "doc1106587", "doc55781", "doc1106546", "doc1106542", "doc55811", "doc1108839", "doc55790", "doc1358212", "doc454625", "doc55789", "doc55799", "doc55795", "doc443031", "doc1966159", "doc1987939", "doc55801", "doc55793", "doc1875287", "doc1106642", "doc1987944", "doc55798", "doc2263483", "doc2263484", "doc55812", "doc1106547", "doc2263466", "doc55787", "doc1888738", "doc1106641", "doc1061709", "doc2595010", "doc55783", "doc1106545", "doc1058209", "doc55817", "doc55809", "doc1667743", "doc1106554", "doc1358261", "doc1061710", "doc55807", "doc1106543", "doc1106640", "doc1106565", "doc1978411", "doc1106549", "doc2595389", "doc55803", "doc55821", "doc55788", "doc1150260", "doc2263400", "doc55818", "doc2263486", "doc1667756", "doc705158", "doc1358241", "doc55794", "doc1106644", "doc719181", "doc55822", "doc55797", "doc1106558", "doc1504344", "doc55805", "doc1358260", "doc959511", "doc1358216", "doc857208", "doc55802" ]	[ "Uralic languages The affinity of Hungarian and Finnish was first proposed in the late 17th century. Two of the more important contributors were the German scholar Martin Vogel, who established several grammatical and lexical parallels between Finnish and Hungarian, and the Swedish scholar Georg Stiernhielm, who commented on the similarities of Sami, Estonian and Finnish, and also on a few similar words between Finnish and Hungarian.[7] These two authors were the first to outline what was to become the classification of the Finno-Ugric, and later Uralic family. This proposal received some of its initial impetus from the fact that these languages, unlike most of the other languages spoken in Europe, are not part of what is now known as the Indo-European family.", "Hungarian language Hungarian is a member of the Uralic language family. Linguistic connections between Hungarian and other Uralic languages were noticed in the 1670s, and the family itself (then called Finno-Ugric) was established in 1717, but the classification of Hungarian as a Uralic/Finno-Ugric rather than Turkic language continued to be a matter of impassioned political controversy throughout the 18th and into the 19th centuries. Hungarian has traditionally been assigned to an Ugric branch within Uralic/Finno-Ugric, along with the Mansi and Khanty languages of western Siberia (Khanty–Mansia region), but it is no longer clear that it is a valid group. When the Samoyed languages were determined to be part of the family, it was thought at first that Finnic and Ugric (Finno-Ugric) were closer to each other than to the Samoyed branch of the family, but that now is frequently questioned.[4][5]", "Hungarian language Today the scientific consensus among linguists is that Hungarian is part of the Uralic family of languages. For many years (from 1869), it was a matter of dispute whether Hungarian was a Finno-Ugric/Uralic language, or was more closely related to the Turkic languages, a controversy known as the \"Ugric–Turkish war\",[52] or whether indeed both the Uralic and the Turkic families formed part of a superfamily of \"Ural–Altaic languages\". Hungarians did absorb some Turkic influences during several centuries of cohabitation. For example, it appears that the Hungarians learned animal breeding techniques from the Turkic Chuvash, as a high proportion of words specific to agriculture and livestock are of Chuvash origin. There was also a strong Chuvash influence in burial customs. Furthermore, all Ugric languages, not just Hungarian, have Turkic loanwords related to horse riding.", "Hungarian language Hungarian ( magyar nyelv (help·info)) is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and several neighbouring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is also spoken by communities of Hungarians in the countries that today make up Slovakia, western Ukraine, central and western Romania (Transylvania and Partium), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, and northern Slovenia due to the effects of the Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in many ethnic Hungarians being displaced from their homes and communities in the former territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States). Like Finnish and Estonian, Hungarian belongs to the Uralic language family branch, its closest relatives being Mansi and Khanty.", "Uralic languages The Uralic languages (/jʊəˈrælɪk/; sometimes called Uralian languages /jʊəˈreɪliən/) form a language family of 38[2] languages spoken by approximately 25 million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, which are the official languages of Hungary, Finland, and Estonia, respectively, and of the European Union. Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt, and Komi, which are officially recognized languages in various regions of Russia.", "Hungarian language During the latter half of the 19th century, a competing hypothesis proposed a Turkic affinity of Hungarian. Following an academic debate known as Az ugor-török háború (\"the Ugric-Turkic battle\"), the Finno-Ugric hypothesis was concluded the sounder of the two, foremost based on work by the German linguist Josef Budenz (de).[10]", "Finnish language Finnish is a member of the Finnic group of the Uralic family of languages. The Finnic group also includes Estonian and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea.", "Finnish language Finnish demonstrates an affiliation with other Uralic languages (such as Hungarian/Magyar) in several respects including:", "Indo-European languages The Indo-European family includes most of the modern languages of Europe; notable exceptions include Hungarian, Turkish, Finnish, Estonian, Basque, and Maltese. The Indo-European family is also represented in Asia with the exception of East and Southeast Asia. It was predominant in ancient Anatolia (present-day Turkey), the ancient Tarim Basin (present-day Northwest China) and most of Central Asia until the medieval Turkic and Mongol invasions. With written evidence appearing since the Bronze Age in the form of the Anatolian languages and Mycenaean Greek, the Indo-European family is significant to the field of historical linguistics as possessing the second-longest recorded history, after the Afroasiatic family, although certain language isolates, such as Sumerian, Elamite, Hurrian, Hattian, and Kassite are recorded earlier.", "Hungarian language Dreisziger assumes that the Hungarian language might have been spoken by the late Avars and that Árpád's \"Magyars\" were a small-numbered Turkic-speaking elite who ruled over Finno-Ugric proto-Hungarian speaking population during the migrations.[23]", "Demographics of Europe Most of the languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European language family. This family is divided into a number of branches, including Romance, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, Albanian, Celtic and Greek. The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, also have a significant presence in Europe. The Turkic and Mongolic families also have several European members, while the North Caucasian and Kartvelian families are important in the southeastern extremity of geographical Europe. The Basque language of the western Pyrenees is an isolate unrelated to any other group, while Maltese is the only Semitic language in Europe with national language status.", "Hungary Hungarian (Magyar) is a member of the Uralic language family, unrelated to any neighboring language and distantly related to Finnish and Estonian. It is the largest of the Uralic languages in terms of the number of speakers and the only one spoken in Central Europe. There are sizable populations of Hungarian speakers in Romania, the Czech and Slovak Republics, the former Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Israel, and the U.S. Smaller groups of Hungarian speakers live in Canada, Slovenia, and Austria, but also in Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, Venezuela and Chile. Standard Hungarian is based on the variety spoken in the capital of Budapest, although use of the standard dialect is enforced, Hungarian has a number of urban and rural dialects.", "Europe Many other languages outside the three main groups exist in Europe. Other Indo-European languages include the Baltic group (that is, Latvian and Lithuanian), the Celtic group (that is, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton[182]), Greek, Armenian, and Albanian. In addition, a distinct non-Indo-European family of Uralic languages (Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian) is spoken mainly in Estonia, Finland, and Hungary, while Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Mingrelian, and Svan), are spoken primarily in Georgia, and two other language families reside in the North Caucasus (termed Northeast Caucasian, most notably including Chechen, Avar and Lezgin and Northwest Caucasian, notably including Adyghe). Maltese is the only Semitic language that is official within the EU, while Basque is the only European language isolate. Turkic languages include Azerbaijani and Turkish, in addition to the languages of minority nations in Russia.", "Finland Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south and in the autonomous region of Åland. The native language of 89% of the population is Finnish,[50] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin. Finnish is closely related to Karelian and Estonian and more remotely to the Sami languages and Hungarian. Swedish is the native language of 5.3% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).[51]", "Turkic peoples The Turkish language belongs to the Oghuz subfamily of Turkic. It is for the most part mutually intelligible with the other Oghuz languages, which include Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Turkmen and Urum, and to a varying extent with the other Turkic languages.", "Uralic languages The Estonian philologist Mall Hellam proposed cognate sentences that she asserted to be mutually intelligible among the three most widely spoken Uralic languages: Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian:[51]", "Uralic languages Lexicostatistics has been used in defense of the traditional family tree. A recent re-evaluation of the evidence[42] however fails to find support for Finno-Ugric and Ugric, suggesting four lexically distinct branches (Finno-Permic, Hungarian, Ob-Ugric and Samoyedic).", "Talk:Polish language I think it's uralic. See in Hungarian langage. Many words is same to Polish. And i see that Polish is similar to Hungarian language more than Russian and Serbian language--125.25.244.44 (talk) 09:03, 25 March 2009 (UTC)", "European Union Most official languages of the EU belong to the Indo-European language family, represented by the Balto-Slavic,[j] the Italic,[k] the Germanic,[l] the Hellenic,[m] and the Celtic[n] branches. Some EU languages however, namely Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian (all three Uralic), Basque (Vasconic[o]) and Maltese (Semitic) do not belong to Indo-European languages.[104] The three official alphabets of the European Union (Cyrillic, Latin, and modern Greek), all derive from the Archaic Greek scripts.[4][105]", "Uralic languages In 1717, Swedish professor Olof Rudbeck proposed about 100 etymologies connecting Finnish and Hungarian, of which about 40 are still considered valid.[8] In the same year, the German scholar Johann Georg von Eckhart, in an essay published in Leibniz's Collectanea Etymologica, proposed for the first time a relation to the Samoyedic languages.[citation needed]", "Inflection The Uralic languages are agglutinative, following from the agglutination in Proto-Uralic. The largest languages are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonianâ€”all European Union official languages. Uralic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles.", "Grammatical tense Finnish and Hungarian, both members of the Uralic language family, have morphological present (non-past) and past tenses. The Hungarian verb van (\"to be\") also has a future form.", "Finnish language Finnish is a member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages. It modifies and inflects nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, depending on their roles in the sentence.", "Uralic languages Nodes of the traditional family tree recognized in some overview sources:", "Uralic languages Various unorthodox comparisons have been advanced such as Finno-Basque[70], Hungarian-Etruscan[71], and Cal-Ugrian. These are considered at best spurious fringe-theories by specialists.", "Languages of Europe Uralic is native to northern Eurasia. Finno-Ugric groups the Uralic languages other than Samoyedic. Finnic languages include Finnish and Estonian. The Sami languages are closely related to Finnic.", "Hungarian language Words for elementary kinship and nature are more Ugric, less r-Turkic and less Slavic. Agricultural words are about 50% r-Turkic and 50% Slavic; pastoral terms are more r-Turkic, less Ugric and less Slavic. Finally, Christian and state terminology is more Slavic and less r-Turkic. The Slavic is most probably proto-Slovakian and/or -Slovenian. This is easily understood in the Uralic paradigm, proto-Magyars were first similar to Ob-Ugors who were mainly hunters, fishers & gatherers, but with some horses, too. Then they accultured to Bulgarian r-Turks, so the older layer of agriculture words (wine, beer, wheat, barley &c.) are purely r-Turkic, and also lots of termini of statemanship & religion were, too.[44]", "Uralic languages In 1730, Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published his book Das Nord- und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia (The North and East Parts of Europe and Asia), surveying the geography, peoples and languages of Russia. All the main groups of the Uralic languages were already identified here.[9] Nonetheless, these relationships were not widely accepted. Hungarian intellectuals especially were not interested in the theory and preferred to assume connections with Turkic tribes, an attitude characterized by Merritt Ruhlen as due to \"the wild unfettered Romanticism of the epoch\".[10] Still, in spite of this hostile climate, the Hungarian Jesuit János Sajnovics travelled with Maximilian Hell to survey the alleged relationship between Hungarian and Sami. Sajnovics published his results in 1770, arguing for a relationship based on several grammatical features.[11] In 1799, the Hungarian Sámuel Gyarmathi published the most complete work on Finno-Ugric to that date.[12]", "Turkic peoples The Turkic language family is traditionally considered to be part of the proposed Altaic language family.[169][176][177][178]", "Uralic languages However, linguist Geoffrey Pullum reports that neither Finns nor Hungarians could understand the other language's version of the sentence.[52]", "Hungarian language The basic vocabulary shares some hundreds word roots with other Uralic languages like Finnish, Estonian, Mansi and Khanty. Examples of such include the verb él 'live' (Finnish elää[43]), the numbers kettő 'two', három 'three', négy 'four' (cf. Mansi китыг kitig, хурум khurum, нила nila, Finnish kaksi, kolme, neljä,[43] Estonian kaks, kolm, neli, ), as well as víz 'water', kéz 'hand', vér 'blood', fej 'head' (cf. Finnish[43] and Estonian vesi, käsi, veri, Finnish pää,[43] Estonian pea or pää).", "Uralic languages Finno-Ugric is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic, though Finno-Ugric is widely understood to exclude the Samoyedic languages.[3] Scholars who do not accept the traditional notion that Samoyedic split first from the rest of the Uralic family may treat the terms as synonymous.", "Hungarian language Increasing archaeological evidence from present-day southern Bashkortostan found in the previous decades confirms the existence of Hungarian settlements between the Volga River and Ural Mountains.[13] The Onogurs (and Bulgars) later had a great influence on the language, especially between the 5th-9th centuries. This layer of Turkic loans is large and varied (e.g. szó ‘word’, from Turkic, daru ‘crane’, from the related Permic languages), and includes words borrowed from Oghur Turkic, e.g. borjú ‘calf’ (cf. Chuvash păru, părăv vs. Turkish buzağı),[14] dél ‘noon; south’ (cf. Chuvash tĕl vs. Turkish dial. düš).[15] Many words related to agriculture,[16] to state administration or even to family relations have such backgrounds. Hungarian syntax and grammar were not influenced in a similarly dramatic way during these 300 years.", "Hungarian language The name of Hungary could be a result of regular sound changes of Ungrian/Ugrian, and the fact that the Eastern Slavs referred to Hungarians as Ǫgry/Ǫgrove (sg. Ǫgrinŭ) seemed to confirm that.[6] Current literature favors the hypothesis that it comes from the name of the Turkic tribe Onogur (which means \"ten arrows\" or \"ten tribes\").[7][8][9]", "Uralic languages Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation (⟨ž⟩ [ʒ], ⟨š⟩ [ʃ], ⟨č⟩ [t͡ʃ]) (In Northern Sami, (⟨ž⟩ [dʒ]), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation (⟨ś⟩ [sʲ ~ ɕ], ⟨ć⟩ [tsʲ ~ tɕ], ⟨l⟩ [lʲ]) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter ⟨y⟩ and the letter ⟨ü⟩ in other languages represent the high rounded vowel [y]; the letters ⟨ä⟩ and ⟨ö⟩ are the front vowels [æ] and [ø].", "Talk:Polish language And another thing is:Why Hungarian is Uralic? I compared with Finnish, Estonian and it's NOT THE SAME!", "Uralic languages Obsolete or native names are displayed in italics.", "Finnish language Several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the Ural Mountains region and/or the bend of the middle Volga. The strong case for Proto-Uralic is supported by common vocabulary with regularities in sound correspondences, as well as by the fact that the Uralic languages have many similarities in structure and grammar.[5]", "Part of speech Essentially all these word classes exist within all Indo-European languages,[1] even though articles might sometimes be considered as a part of a noun. Conversely, Hungarian completely lacks prepositions and Finnish only has very few of them, in addition to which it also has some postpositions. Hungarian is an agglutinative language whereas Finnish is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages, but both belong to the Uralic language family.", "Uralic languages The Uralic family comprises nine undisputed groups with no consensus classification between them. (Some of the proposals are listed in the next section.) An agnostic approach treats them as separate branches.[23]", "Uralic languages Within Ugric, uniting Mansi with Hungarian rather than Khanty has been a competing hypothesis to Ob-Ugric.", "Uralic languages At Donner's time, the Samoyedic languages were still poorly known, and he was not able to address their position. As they became better known in the early 20th century, they were found to be quite divergent, and they were assumed to have separated already early on. The terminology adopted for this was \"Uralic\" for the entire family, \"Finno-Ugric\" for the non-Samoyedic languages (though \"Finno-Ugric\" has, to this day, remained in use also as a synonym for the whole family). Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic are listed in ISO 639-5 as primary branches of Uralic.", "Scandinavia The Scandinavian languages are (as a language family) unrelated to Finnish, Estonian and Sami languages, which as Uralic languages are distantly related to Hungarian. Owing to the close proximity, there is still a great deal of borrowing from the Swedish and Norwegian languages in the Finnish and Sami languages.[58] The long history of linguistic influence of Swedish on Finnish is also due to the fact that Finnish, the language of the majority in Finland, was treated as a minority language while Finland was part of Sweden. Finnish-speakers had to learn Swedish in order to advance to higher positions.[59] Swedish spoken in today's Finland includes a lot of words that are borrowed from Finnish, whereas the written language remains closer to that of Sweden.", "Languages of Europe The Ugric languages are represented in Europe with the Hungarian language, historically introduced with the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin of the 9th century.", "Ö The letter Ö also occurs in two other Germanic languages: Swedish and Icelandic, but it is regarded there as a separate letter, not as an umlauted version of O. Apart from Germanic languages, it occurs in the Uralic languages Finnish, Karelian, Veps, Estonian, Southern Sami, and Hungarian, in the Turkic languages such as Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur (Latin script), Crimean Tatar, Kazakh (Latin script), and in the Uto-Aztecan language Hopi, where it represents the vowel sounds [ø, œ]. Its name in Finnish, Swedish, Icelandic, Estonian, Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Crimean Tatar, Hungarian, Slovak, Czech, Votic and Volapük is Öö [øː], not \"O with two dots\" since /ø/ is not a variant of the vowel /o/ but a distinct phoneme.", "Uralic languages One alternate proposal for a family tree, with emphasis on the development of numerals, is as follows:[43]", "Uralic languages All Uralic languages are thought to have descended, through independent processes of language change, from Proto-Uralic. The internal structure of the Uralic family has been debated since the family was first proposed.[25] Doubts about the validity of most of the proposed higher-order branchings (grouping the nine undisputed families) are becoming more common.[25][26]", "Inflection The three language families often united as the Altaic languages—Turkic, Mongolic, and Manchu-Tungus—are agglutinative. The largest languages are Turkish, Azerbaijani and Uzbek—all Turkic languages. Altaic inflection is, or is developed from, affixing. Grammatical markers directly added to the word perform the same function as prepositions in English. Almost all words are inflected according to their roles in the sentence: verbs, nouns, pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and some particles.", "Hungarian language Source:Wiktionary[51][unreliable source?]", "Ö It is collated as an independent letter, sometimes by placing it at the end of the alphabet, such as in Swedish and Icelandic; and in Finnish, after Z, Å and Ä, thus fulfilling the place of \"omega\", for example in the Finnish expression aasta ööhön \"from A to Z\". However, in Hungarian, as well as Turkish and other Turkic alphabets that have Ö, it is an independent letter between O and P.", "Uralic languages The Finno-Permic grouping still holds some support, though the arrangement of its subgroups is a matter of some dispute. Mordvinic is commonly seen as particularly closely related to or part of Finno-Samic.[41] The term Volgaic (or Volga-Finnic) was used to denote a branch previously believed to include Mari, Mordvinic and a number of the extinct languages, but it is now obsolete[26] and considered a geographic classification rather than a linguistic one.", "Turkic peoples The earliest positively dated and read Turkic inscriptions date from c. 150, and the alphabets were generally replaced by the Old Uyghur alphabet in the Central Asia, Arabic script in the Middle and Western Asia, Greek-derived Cyrillic in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, and Latin alphabet in Central Europe. The latest recorded use of Turkic alphabet was recorded in Central Europe's Hungary in 1699 CE.", "Turkic peoples The Turkic runiform scripts, unlike other typologically close scripts of the world, do not have a uniform palaeography as, for example, have the Gothic runes, noted for the exceptional uniformity of its language and paleography.[175] The Turkic alphabets are divided into four groups, the best known of them is the Orkhon version of the Enisei group. The Orkhon script is the alphabet used by the Göktürks from the 8th century to record the Old Turkic language. It was later used by the Uyghur Empire; a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian script of the 10th century.", "Uralic languages As is apparent from the list, Finnish is the most conservative of the Uralic languages presented here, with nearly half the words on the list below identical to their Proto-Uralic reconstructions and most of the remainder only having minor changes, such as the conflation of ś into /s/, or widespread changes such as the loss of x and alteration of ï. Finnish has even preserved old Indo-European borrowings relatively unchanged as well. (An example is porsas (\"pig\"), loaned from Proto-Indo-European porḱos or pre-Proto-Indo-Iranian porśos, unchanged since loaning save for loss of palatalization, ś > s.)", "Hungarian language After the arrival of the Hungarians into the Carpathian Basin the language came into contact with different speech communities (mainly Slavic, Turkic, German). Turkic loans from this period come mainly from the Pechenegs and Cumanians who settled in Hungary during the 12th-13th centuries; e.g., koboz ‘cobza’ (cf. Turkish kopuz ‘lute’), komondor ‘mop dog’ (< kumandur < Cuman). Hungarian borrowed many words from especially the neighbouring Slavic languages (e.g., tégla ‘brick’, mák ‘poppy’, and karácsony[17] ‘Christmas’). In exchange, these languages also borrowed words from Hungarian, e.g. Serbo-Croatian ašov from Hung ásó ‘spade’. Approximately 1.6% of the Romanian lexicon is of Hungarian origin.[18][19]", "Turkic peoples The Turkic languages constitute a language family of some 30 languages, spoken across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, to Siberia and Western China, and through to the Middle East.", "Uralic languages Progress resumed after a number of decades, with the first major field research expeditions on the Uralic languages spoken in the more eastern parts of Russia. These were made in the 1840s by Matthias Castrén (1813–1852) and Antal Reguly (1819–1858), who focused especially on the Samoyedic and the Ob-Ugric languages, respectively. Reguly's materials were worked on by the Hungarian linguist Pál Hunfalvy (1810–1891) and German Josef Budenz (1836–1892), who both supported the Uralic affinity of Hungarian.[13] Budenz was the first scholar to bring this result to popular consciousness in Hungary, and to attempt a reconstruction of the Proto-Finno-Ugric grammar and lexicon.[14] Another late-19th-century Hungarian contribution is that of Ignácz Halász (1855–1901), who published extensive comparative material of Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic in the 1890s,[15][16][17][18] and whose work is at the base of today's wide acceptance of the inclusion of Samoyedic as a part of Uralic.[19] Meanwhile, in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, a chair for Finnish language and linguistics at the University of Helsinki was created in 1850, first held by Castrén.[20]", "Kazakhs The Kazakh language is a member of the Turkic language family, as are Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Tatar, Uyghur, Turkish, Azeri, Turkmen, and many other living and historical languages spoken in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Xinjiang, and Siberia.", "Hungarian language Source: Wiktionary[50][unreliable source?]", "Huns It was not a Turkic language, but one between Turkic and Mongolian, probably closer to the former than the latter. The language had strong ties to Bulgar language and to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut.[99]", "Eurasian Steppe According to the most widely held hypothesis of the origin of the Indo-European languages, the Kurgan hypothesis, their common ancestor is thought to have originated on the Pontic-Caspian steppe. The Tocharians were an early Indo-European branch in the Tarim Basin. At the beginning of written history the entire steppe population west of Dzungaria spoke Iranian languages. From about 500 AD the Turkic languages replaced the Iranian languages first on the steppe, and later in the oases north of Iran (the reasons for this are poorly understood). Additionally, Hungarian speakers, a branch of the Uralic language family, who previously lived in the steppe in what is now Southern Russia, settled in the Carpathian basin in year 895. Mongolic languages are in Mongolia. In Manchuria one finds Tungusic languages and some others.", "Uralic languages The first plausible mention of a Uralic people is in Tacitus's Germania (c. 98 AD),[5] mentioning the Fenni (usually interpreted as referring to the Sami) and two other possibly Uralic tribes living in the farthest reaches of Scandinavia. There are many possible earlier mentions, including the Iyrcae (perhaps related to Yugra) described by Herodotus living in what is now European Russia, and the Budini, described by Herodotus as notably red-haired (a characteristic feature of the Udmurts) and living in northeast Ukraine and/or adjacent parts of Russia. In the late 15th century, European scholars noted the resemblance of the names Hungaria and Yugria, the names of settlements east of the Ural. They assumed a connection but did not seek linguistic evidence.[6]", "Hungarian language The traditional view argues that the Hungarian language separated from its Ugric relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium b.c., in western Siberia, east of the southern Urals.[11] The Hungarians gradually changed their lifestyle from settled hunters to nomadic pastoralists (cattle, sheep), probably as a result of early contacts with Iranian nomads (Scythians, Sarmatians). In Hungarian, Iranian loans date back to the time immediately following the breakup of Ugric and probably span well over a millennium.[12] Among these include tehén ‘cow’ (cf. Avestan dhaénu), tíz ‘ten’ (cf. Avestan dasa), tej ‘milk’ (cf. Persian dáje ‘wet nurse’), and nád ‘reed’ (from late Middle Iranian; cf. Middle Persian nāy).", "Crimea The Turkic language family comprising the Bulgars, Khazars, Kipchaks, Tatars, Turkicized Greeks (Urums) and the Ottomans", "Uralic languages The Indo-Uralic (or Uralo-Indo-European) hypothesis suggests that Uralic and Indo-European are related at a fairly close level or, in its stronger form, that they are more closely related than either is to any other language family.", "Uralic languages Basic vocabulary of about 200 words, including body parts (e.g. eye, heart, head, foot, mouth), family members (e.g. father, mother-in-law), animals (e.g. viper, partridge, fish), nature objects (e.g. tree, stone, nest, water), basic verbs (e.g. live, fall, run, make, see, suck, go, die, swim, know), basic pronouns (e.g. who, what, we, you, I), numerals (e.g. two, five); derivatives increase the number of common words.", "Indo-European languages Ottoman Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi visited Vienna in 1665–1666 as part of a diplomatic mission and noted a few similarities between words in German and in Persian.\nGaston Coeurdoux and others made observations of the same type. Coeurdoux made a thorough comparison of Sanskrit, Latin and Greek conjugations in the late 1760s to suggest a relationship among them. Meanwhile, Mikhail Lomonosov compared different language groups, including Slavic, Baltic (\"Kurlandic\"), Iranian (\"Medic\"), Finnish, Chinese, \"Hottentot\", and others, noting that related languages (including Latin, Greek, German and Russian) must have separated in antiquity from common ancestors.[7]", "Hungarian language The first printed Hungarian book was published in Kraków in 1533, by Benedek Komjáti. The work's title is Az Szent Pál levelei magyar nyelven (In original spelling: Az zenth Paal leueley magyar nyeluen), i.e. The letters of Saint Paul in the Hungarian language. In the 17th century, the language was already very similar to its present-day form, although two of the past tenses were still used. German, Italian and French loans also appeared in the language by these years. Further Turkish words were borrowed during the Ottoman rule of part of Hungary between 1541 and 1699.", "Finnish language In general, the first loan words into Uralic languages seem to come from very early Indo-European languages. Later important sources have been, depending on the language, Indo-Iranian, Turkic, Baltic, Germanic, and Slavic languages. Finnic languages, including Finnish, have borrowed in particular from Baltic and Germanic languages, and to a lesser extent from Slavic and Indo-Iranian languages. Furthermore, a certain group of very basic and neutral words exists in Finnish and other Finnic languages that are absent from other Uralic languages, but without a recognizable etymology from any known language. These words are usually regarded[who?] as the last remnant of the Paleo-European language spoken in Fennoscandia before the arrival of the proto-Finnic language.[citation needed] Words included in this group are e.g. jänis (hare), musta (black), mäki (hill), saari (island), suo (swamp) and niemi (cape (geography)).", "Huns On the basis of the existing name records, a number of scholars suggest that the Huns spoke a Turkic language of the Oghur branch, which also includes the Bulgar, Khazar and Chuvash languages.[100][101][102] Peter Heather called the Huns \"the first group of Turkic, as opposed to Iranian, nomads to have intruded into Europe\".[103] Many recent scholars agree that Hunnic was related to Turkic and Mongolian languages.[104]", "Uralic languages Based on phonological isoglosses, HÃ¤kkinen (2007)[48] proposes the following tree:", "Hungarian language There are numerous regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and the other Ugric languages. For example, Hungarian /aː/ corresponds to Khanty /o/ in certain positions, and Hungarian /h/ corresponds to Khanty /x/, while Hungarian final /z/ corresponds to Khanty final /t/. For example, Hungarian ház [haːz] \"house\" vs. Khanty xot [xot] \"house\", and Hungarian száz [saːz] \"hundred\" vs. Khanty sot [sot] \"hundred\". The distance between the Ugric and Finnic languages is greater, but the correspondences are also regular.", "Hungarian language Source: Wiktionary[49]", "Hungarian language Hungarian is an agglutinative language. It uses various affixes, mainly suffixes, but also some prefixes and a circumfix to change a word's meaning and grammatical function.", "Hungary The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar ('Hungarian') and ország ('country'). The word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri.[47][48][49] The first element magy is likely from Proto-Ugric mäńć- 'man, person', also found in the name of the Mansi people (mäńćī, mańśi, måńś). The second element eri, 'man, men, lineage', survives in Hungarian férj 'husband', and is cognate with Mari erge 'son', Finnish archaic yrkä 'young man'.[50]", "Hungarian language On the basis of the growing genetic evidence, the accepted origin theory is contested by geneticists too.[21][22] Neparaczki argues that the Hungarian conquerors of the late 9th century were, in fact, Hunnic tribes and if he accepts the traditional view which states that the Hungarian language got into the Carpathian Basin by the Magyars, then the Huns spoke Hungarian.[22] The biggest problem of this theory is that the paleogenetic researches can not prove or disprove the origin of languages.", "Nordic countries Most of the Nordic languages belong to one of three linguistic families: North Germanic languages, Finno-Ugric languages and Eskimo–Aleut languages. Although the area is linguistically heterogeneous, with three unrelated language groups, the common linguistic heritage is one of the factors making up the Nordic identity.[68]", "Uralic languages The grouping of the four bottom-level branches remains to some degree open to interpretation, with competing models of Finno-Saamic vs. Eastern Finno-Ugric (Mari, Mordvinic, Permic-Ugric; k > ɣ between vowels, degemination of stops) and Finno-Volgaic (Finno-Saamic, Mari, Mordvinic; δ́ > δ between vowels) vs. Permic-Ugric. Viitso finds no evidence for a Finno-Permic grouping.", "Uralic languages Theories proposing a close relationship with the Altaic languages were formerly popular, based on similarities in vocabulary as well as in grammatical and phonological features, in particular the similarities in the Uralic and Altaic pronouns and the presence of agglutination in both sets of languages, as well as vowel harmony in some. For example, the word for \"language\" is similar in Estonian (keel) and Mongolian (хэл (hel)). These theories are now generally rejected[57] and most such similarities are attributed to language contact or coincidence.", "Uralic languages In 1883, the Finno-Ugrian Society was founded in Helsinki on the proposal of Otto Donner, and during the late 19th and early 20th century (until the separation of Finland from Russia following the Russian revolution), a large number of stipendiates were sent by the Society to survey the less known Uralic languages. Major researchers of this period included Heikki Paasonen (studying especially the Mordvinic languages), Yrjö Wichmann (studying Permic), Artturi Kannisto (Mansi), Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen (Khanty), Toivo Lehtisalo (Nenets), and Kai Donner (Kamass).[21] The vast amounts of data collected on these expeditions would provide edition work for later generations of Finnish Uralicists for more than a century.[22]", "Attila The origin and language of the Huns has been the subject of debate for centuries. According to some theories, their leaders at least may have spoken a Turkic language, perhaps closest to the modern Chuvash language.[14]:444 One scholar suggests a relationship to Yeniseian.[21] According to the Encyclopedia of European Peoples, \"the Huns, especially those who migrated to the west, may have been a combination of central Asian Turkic, Mongolic, and Ugric stocks\".[22]", "Turkic peoples The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of central, eastern, northern, and western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family.[28] They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits, common ancestry and historical backgrounds. The most notable modern Turkic ethnic groups are Turks, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Turkmens and Kyrgyz people.", "Uralic languages The Uralic–Yukaghir hypothesis identifies Uralic and Yukaghir as independent members of a single language family. It is currently widely accepted that the similarities between Uralic and Yukaghir languages are due to ancient contacts.[54] Regardless, the hypothesis is accepted by a few linguists and viewed as attractive by a somewhat larger number.", "Turkic peoples The various Turkic languages are usually considered in geographical groupings: the Oghuz (or Southwestern) languages, the Kypchak (or Northwestern) languages, the Eastern languages (like Uygur), the Northern languages (like Altay and Yakut), and one existing Oghur language: Chuvash (the other Oghur languages, like Hunnic and Bulgaric, are now extinct). The high mobility and intermixing of Turkic peoples in history makes an exact classification extremely difficult.", "Indo-European languages The Indo-Hittite hypothesis proposes that the Indo-European language family consists of two main branches: one represented by the Anatolian languages and another branch encompassing all other Indo-European languages. Features that separate Anatolian from all other branches of Indo-European (such as the gender or the verb system) have been interpreted alternately as archaic debris or as innovations due to prolonged isolation. Points proffered in favour of the Indo-Hittite hypothesis are the (non-universal) Indo-European agricultural terminology in Anatolia[46] and the preservation of laryngeals.[47] However, in general this hypothesis is considered to attribute too much weight to the Anatolian evidence. According to another view, the Anatolian subgroup left the Indo-European parent language comparatively late, approximately at the same time as Indo-Iranian and later than the Greek or Armenian divisions. A third view, especially prevalent in the so-called French school of Indo-European studies, holds that extant similarities in non-satem languages in general—including Anatolian—might be due to their peripheral location in the Indo-European language-area and to early separation, rather than indicating a special ancestral relationship.[48] Hans J. Holm, based on lexical calculations, arrives at a picture roughly replicating the general scholarly opinion and refuting the Indo-Hittite hypothesis.[49]", "Name of Turkey The Icelandic word Tyrkland, and the Hungarian word Törökország, i.e. \"Turk-land\", use native forms of derivation.", "Finnish language Characteristic features of Finnish (common to some other Uralic languages) are vowel harmony and an agglutinative morphology; owing to the extensive use of the latter, words can be quite long.", "Uralic languages A traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late 19th century.[27] It has enjoyed frequent adaptation in whole or in part in encyclopedias, handbooks, and overviews of the Uralic family. Donner's model is as follows:", "Hungarian language There have been attempts, dismissed by mainstream linguists as pseudoscientific comparisons, to show that Hungarian is related to other languages including Hebrew, Hunnic, Sumerian, Egyptian, Etruscan, Basque, Persian, Pelasgian, Greek, Chinese, Sanskrit, English, Tibetan, Magar, Quechua, Armenian, Japanese and at least 40 other languages.[53]", "Central Asia The Turkic languages may belong to a larger, but controversial, Altaic language family, which includes Mongolian. Mongolian is spoken throughout Mongolia and into Buryatia, Kalmyk, Tuva, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang.", "Uralic languages Nostratic associates Uralic, Indo-European, Altaic, Dravidian, and various other language families of Asia. The Nostratic hypothesis was first propounded by Holger Pedersen in 1903[58] and subsequently revived by Vladislav Illich-Svitych and Aharon Dolgopolsky in the 1960s.", "Uralic languages Little explicit evidence has however been presented in favour of Donner's model since his original proposal, and numerous alternate schemes have been proposed. Especially in Finland, there has been a growing tendency to reject the Finno-Ugric intermediate protolanguage.[26][39] A recent competing proposal instead unites Ugric and Samoyedic in an \"East Uralic\" group for which shared innovations can be noted.[40]", "Hungarian language Hungarian is the official language of Hungary, and thus an official language of the European Union. Hungarian is also one of the official languages of Vojvodina and an official language of three municipalities in Slovenia: Hodoš, Dobrovnik and Lendava, along with Slovene. Hungarian is officially recognized as a minority or regional language in Austria, Croatia, Romania, Zakarpattia in Ukraine, and Slovakia. In Romania it is a recognized minority language used at local level in communes, towns and municipalities with an ethnic Hungarian population of over 20%.[citation needed]", "World language Turkic Khaganate - Turkic languages", "Uralic languages Finno-Ugric consonant developments after Viitso (2000); Samoyedic changes after Sammallahti (1988)[46]", "Finnish language Over the course of many centuries, the Finnish language has borrowed many words from a wide variety of languages, most from neighbouring Indo-European languages. Indeed, some estimates put the core Proto-Uralic vocabulary surviving in Finnish at only around 300 word roots.[citation needed] Owing to the different grammatical, phonological and phonotactic structure of the Finnish language, loanwords from Indo-European have been assimilated.", "Balkans The Balkan region today is a very diverse ethno-linguistic region, being home to multiple Slavic, and Romance languages, as well as Albanian, Greek, Turkish, and others. Romani is spoken by a large portion of the Romanis living throughout the Balkan countries. Throughout history many other ethnic groups with their own languages lived in the area, among them Thracians, Illyrians, Romans, Celts and various Germanic tribes. All of the aforementioned languages from the present and from the past belong to the wider Indo-European language family, with the exception of the Turkic languages (e.g., Turkish and Gagauz).", "Finnish language The Finnic languages evolved from the Proto-Finnic language after Sámi was separated from it around 1500–1000 BCE.[citation needed] Current models assume three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects evolving over the first millennium BCE.[12]", "Estonia The official language, Estonian, belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages. Estonian is closely related to Finnish, spoken in Finland, across the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and is one of the few languages of Europe that is not of an Indo-European origin. Despite some overlaps in the vocabulary due to borrowings, in terms of its origin, Estonian and Finnish are not related to their nearest geographical neighbours, Swedish, Latvian, and Russian, which are all Indo-European languages.", "Uralic languages Another proposed tree, more divergent from the standard, focusing on consonant isoglosses (which does not consider the position of the Samoyedic languages) is presented by Viitso (1997),[44] and refined in Viitso (2000):[45]" ]	[ "Uralic languages The Uralic languages (/jʊəˈrælɪk/; sometimes called Uralian languages /jʊəˈreɪliən/) form a language family of 38[2] languages spoken by approximately 25 million people, predominantly in Northern Eurasia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, which are the official languages of Hungary, Finland, and Estonia, respectively, and of the European Union. Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt, and Komi, which are officially recognized languages in various regions of Russia." ]
test1277	what breed is the dog on the cesar commercial	[ "doc45148" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1914475", "doc320382", "doc1723387", "doc1534097", "doc45148", "doc1723386", "doc973386", "doc1410190", "doc1975050", "doc1534094", "doc311955", "doc635170", "doc1302763", "doc1914478", "doc990951", "doc635159", "doc1022692", "doc2669089", "doc1534093", "doc1147203", "doc870349", "doc2669087", "doc2374259", "doc973385", "doc854181", "doc448666", "doc1913097", "doc635167", "doc990948", "doc1534092", "doc2669088", "doc2265505", "doc635160", "doc311957", "doc1728699", "doc2576215", "doc2188773", "doc319690", "doc635162", "doc328830", "doc1224441", "doc1749381", "doc1141169", "doc635157", "doc116249", "doc2188780", "doc2288216", "doc2188774", "doc2561924", "doc1015167", "doc1914476", "doc973387", "doc1831072", "doc162234", "doc116246", "doc1347044", "doc1161076", "doc1534096", "doc1224438", "doc1723384", "doc2576217", "doc2084695", "doc311956", "doc2450353", "doc1913103", "doc2226034", "doc635169", "doc1913104", "doc2374260", "doc2669090", "doc319692", "doc635168", "doc635165", "doc1085887", "doc2576219", "doc116268", "doc1914477", "doc116247", "doc1161089", "doc388251", "doc401321", "doc1147209", "doc401343", "doc832809", "doc635128", "doc1810258", "doc1975045", "doc116295", "doc1085888", "doc635163", "doc113430", "doc281384", "doc1840010", "doc1428085", "doc1810266", "doc1272761", "doc1022696", "doc1913096", "doc1074050", "doc1622221" ]	[ "Daddy (dog) Daddy (1994 â€’ February 19, 2010) was an American Pit Bull Terrier integral to dog trainer Cesar Millan's work and his television series, Dog Whisperer.[1] Daddy became known for his calm temperament, tolerance for smaller dogs and capacity for empathy.[2]", "Sykes (dog) Peter Kay.[3]", "Neapolitan Mastiff A \"blue\" Neo puppy", "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Two Cavalier King Charles Spaniels", "West Highland White Terrier The breed remains very popular in the UK, with multiple winner at Cruft's. It is in the top third of all breeds in the US since the 1960s. It has been featured in television and film, including in Hamish Macbeth, and in advertising by companies such as Cesar dog food and Scotch whisky Black & White.", "Neapolitan Mastiff Male Neapolitan Mastiff 1998", "Puppy A mongrel puppy", "Higgins (dog) Animal trainer Frank Inn found the dog at the Burbank Animal Shelter as a puppy. A fluffy black-and-tan mixed breed dog, he was marked like a Border Terrier, and Inn believed him to be a mix of Miniature Poodle, Cocker Spaniel, and Schnauzer.", "Japanese raccoon dog Shirodokkuri (白徳利, lit. \"white wine bottle\")", "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Front and top view of Blenheim Spot", "Shiba Inu A cream coated Shiba Inu", "Chihuahua (dog) Longhaired black & white Chihuahua", "Staffordshire Bull Terrier Two-months-old puppy", "Daddy (dog) Millan later selected another pit bull puppy, Junior, as Daddy's protégé — to apprentice, learn his temperament and prepare to assume Daddy's role after his death.[4] At the time of Daddy's death at age 16 on February 19, 2010,[4] Millan noted, \"he represented what my grandfather taught me, never work against Mother Nature.\" After the death of Daddy, Junior has now assumed Daddy's role and helps Cesar with rehabilitating dogs by using calm, assertive energy.[9]", "Jack Russell Terrier Max from the 2016 film The Secret Life of Pets is a Jack Russell Terrier.", "Chihuahua (dog) A shorthaired blue merle Chihuahua", "St. Bernard (dog) A St. Bernard with short coat", "Dogo Argentino In 1928, Antonio Nores Martinez, a medical doctor, professor and surgeon, set out to breed a big game hunting dog that was also capable of being a loyal pet and guard dog. Antonio Martinez picked the Cordoba Fighting Dog to be the base for the breed.[5] This breed is extinct today, but it was said that as a large and ferocious dog, it was a great hunter. Martinez crossed it with the Great Dane, Boxer, Spanish Mastiff, Old English Bulldog, Bull Terrier, Great Pyrenees, Pointer, Irish Wolfhound and Dogue de Bordeaux.[5] Nores Martinez continued to develop the breed via selective breeding to introduce the desired traits.", "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Black-and-tan Cavalier King Charles Spaniel", "Taco Bell chihuahua Gidget (February 7, 1994 â€“ July 21, 2009), nicknamed the \"Taco Bell Chihuahua\", was an advertising figure and mascot for the Taco Bell restaurant chain from May 16, 1993 to October 23, 2004. It was voiced by Carlos Alazraqui, and developed by TBWA. The Chihuahua is a breed commonly associated with Mexico.", "Portuguese Podengo They are enthusiastic, trainable dogs. This led them to star in a number of movies in the 1990s and 2000s, including Dante's Peak, Three Wishes, Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco, Zeus and Roxanne, Secondhand Lions, Can of Worms and Soccer Dog: The Movie. Also The Lake House", "Dogo Argentino The Dogo Argentino is a large white short-coated dog with muscular and strong body that rarely has any markings (any type of marking or spot on the coat is considered a flaw).[1] While it is not accepted in many of the clubs, a Dogo Argentino can have a black spot on its head known as 'pirata' and it is accepted by the Federación Cinológica Argentina.[2]", "Dobermann One black and one blue Doberman Pinscher", "Puppy Australian Cattle Dog puppy", "Bullseye (mascot) Bullseye (formerly known as Spot) is a Bull Terrier and the official mascot of Target Corporation. The dog is featured in Target's commercial campaigns and in store sale signage and is used in various marketing campaigns. The dog used in marketing campaigns is often female, but is used to play a male dog character. She has a pure white coat, and has Target Corporation's bullseye logo painted around her left eye hence her name. The makeup used on Bullseye is all natural and non-toxic.[1] Target also offers the dog as a stuffed toy for special events or employee recognition. The original Target dog was American Kennel Club Ch. Kingsmere Moondoggie, affectionately known as \"Smudgie.\"[2] The current mascot is a descendant from the breeder Skyline Bull Terriers, located in Massachusetts.", "Griffon Bruxellois A brown Griffon Bruxellois with beard", "Boxer (dog) \"Reverse\" brindle Boxer, cropped and docked", "Chihuahua (dog) Soft Nosed Chihuahua", "Jack Russell Terrier Uggie (2002-2015) was an animal actor, appearing in commercials starting in 2005 and most notably cast in Water for Elephants and The Artist, both in 2011.[81] In the same year, based on interest following The Artist, the \"Consider Uggie\" campaign was launched, which attempted to gain the dog a nomination for an Academy Award.[82] In 2012, Uggie was named Nintendo's first-ever spokesdog.[83]", "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Rich chestnut markings on a white pearly coat", "Dogo Argentino Breed Standard Height: for females is 60–65 centimetres (24–26 inches) and for males is 60–68 centimetres (24–27 inches), measured at the withers.[3] Weight: from 40–45 kilograms (88–99 pounds).[3] The length of the body is just slightly longer than the height. The length of the front leg (measured from point of elbow to the ground) is approximately equal to one-half of the dog's height at the withers. The head has a broad, slightly domed skull and the muzzle is slightly higher at the nose than the stop, when viewed in profile. The tail is set low, thick at the base and tapers to a point. It has been described as looking similar to the American Bulldog but very tall with a solid white coat. The breed has also been described as looking similar to the American Pit Bull Terrier, even though the American Pit Bull Terrier is far smaller (13.5 to 27 kilograms).[4]", "Wire Fox Terrier Although it is said Queen Victoria owned one, and her son and heir, King Edward VII, did own a wire fox terrier named Caesar, the breed was not popular as a family pet until the 1930s, when The Thin Man series of feature films was created. Asta, the canine member of the Charles family, was a wire fox terrier, and the popularity of the breed soared. Milou (Snowy) from The Adventures of Tintin comic strip is also a wire fox terrier.", "Chihuahua (dog) A longhaired Chihuahua", "Shiba Inu A red Shiba Inu", "Turner & Hooch Hooch's real name was Beasley, and he was a Dogue de Bordeaux (French mastiff), a French breed of work dog developed in the 15th century. Beasley was born on a dog kennel in Merrimac, Wisconsin owned by Peter Curley. Beasley was later purchased along with three other dogs for production of the film and were trained by Clint Rowe, who makes a brief appearance in the film as an ASPCA officer. Beasley died in 1992, aged 14. Animal Makers created an exact replica of Hooch for the famous death scene. Beasley also had a stunt double by the name of Igor.[4]", "Dachshund A wirehaired dachshund", "Malinois dog A Malinois puppy", "Rottweiler A close-up headshot", "Chihuahua (dog) A longhaired brown Chihuahua with dark saddle", "Labrador Retriever Mascots and advertising", "French Bulldog Jason Schwartzman's French Bulldog, Arrow, made a cameo in his HBO detective comedy series Bored to Death in October 2010.[47]", "List of most popular dog breeds Between 1915 and 1940, American Kennel Club statistics were collected on a five-year basis instead of every year. These figures show that between 1905 and 1935, the Boston Terrier was consistently in either first or second place. In 1925, following the popularity of Rin Tin Tin, the German Shepherd displaced the Terrier as the top dog. American Cocker Spaniels then led the way as the most popular dog from 1936 all the way through to 1952, when the Beagle became the number one dog until 1959. Poodles would become the most popular breed for the longest, reigning from 1960 for the next twenty-two years until 1982, when the American Cocker Spaniel fought back to take over until 1990. The Labrador Retriever has been the most popular since 1991.[1]", "Moose (dog) Moose (December 24, 1990 â€“ June 22, 2006) was a Parson Russell Terrier who portrayed Eddie Crane on the television sitcom Frasier.", "Chihuahua (dog) A Long Coat white parti-color Chihuahua", "German Shepherd Two German Shepherds", "Malinois dog United States Navy SEALs used a Belgian Malinois war dog named Cairo in Operation Neptune Spear, in which Osama bin Laden was killed.[16][17][18]", "Pug Pug from 1915", "Malinois dog A ten-week-old Belgian Malinois", "Weimaraner Short-haired male", "Beverly Hills Chihuahua Chloe is picked to fight in the pit against El Diablo, a fierce Argentinean-Bolivian Doberman Pinscher. Delgado helps her escape the dog fights, unleashing the other dogs from their cages and unlocking the ring to allow both Chloe and himself to flee. After several arguments, he then decides to return her to Beverly Hills safely.", "Daddy (dog) Millan employed Daddy's temperament to rehabilitate dogs, train dog owners and serve as a role model for a breed often associated with aggressiveness. Daddy appeared frequently in episodes of the Dog Whisperer,[3] with Millan referring to him as his right-hand man[4] and The True Dog Whisperer. According to Millan, Daddy \"never made a mistake â€” never, never. He's never displayed aggression or any other negative behavior. He's just always helped me.\"[5] In 2009, Millan added \"I have never had a dog like Daddy. I've been astounded by his intuition, consoled by his affection, and awed by his silent empathy.\"[6]", "Puppy St. Bernard puppy", "Mutt & Stuff Calvin Millan and his giant talking dog, Stuff, are in charge of a school for dogs. They are best friends.[5]", "Poodle France[1][2][3][4] & Germany[5][6]", "German Shepherd German Shepherds are medium to large-sized", "Bo (dog) As Bo is a gift through a breeder, he is not a shelter dog. Dog expert Cesar Milan stated Bo could be considered part of a larger group known as \"rescue dogs\". He was unsuccessful in his first home when plans for him to provide companionship to an older female dog went awry; apparently his attempts to suckle irritated her.[18][31] The Obamas pledged a donation to the DC Humane Society in a show of support for shelter dogs.[32]", "Chesapeake Bay Retriever The Chesapeake Bay Retriever is a large-sized breed of dog belonging to the Retriever, Gundog, and Sporting breed groups.[1][2][3] Members of the breed may also be referred to as a Chessie, CBR, or Chesapeake. The breed was developed in the United States Chesapeake Bay area during the 19th century. Historically used by area market hunters to retrieve waterfowl, it is primarily a family pet and hunting companion. They are often known for their love of water and their ability to hunt. It is a medium to large sized dog similar in appearance to the Labrador Retriever. The Chesapeake have a wavy coat, rather than the Labrador's smooth coat. They are described as having a bright and happy disposition, courage, willingness to work, alertness, intelligence, and love of water as some of their characteristics.[4]", "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Portrait of a young female", "French Bulldog French Bulldogs 1905", "Neapolitan Mastiff Male Neapolitan Mastiff", "Dachshund A longhaired dachshund", "Gran Canaria Canis lupus familiaris", "Shiba Inu Two red with a black and tan Shiba Inus", "Rin Tin Tin Following advances made by American forces during the Battle of Saint-Mihiel, Corporal Lee Duncan, an aerial gunner of the U.S. Army Air Service, was sent forward on September 15, 1918, to the small French village of Flirey to see if it would make a suitable flying field for his unit, the 135th Aero Squadron.[1][2] The area had been subject to bombs and artillery, and Duncan found a severely damaged kennel which had once supplied the Imperial German Army with German Shepherd dogs. The only dogs left alive in the kennel were a starving mother with a litter of five nursing puppies, their eyes still shut because they were less than a week old.[3] Duncan rescued the dogs and brought them back to his unit.", "Boxer (dog) Brindle boxer head", "Digby, the Biggest Dog in the World The film starred Fernville Lord Digby in the title role. Digby was then the reigning Dulux Old English Sheepdog; the company using the breed since 1961 in their advertisements that led to the breed's popularity around the world.[4]", "Chihuahua (dog) Shorthaired chocolate-tri-color Chihuahua", "Boxer (dog) Brindle boxer head with white neck", "Dobermann Blue Doberman Pinscher", "Dogo Argentino Dogos are big-game hunters and are also trained for search and rescue, police assistance, service dogs, guide for the blind, competitive obedience, Schutzhund and military work.[1]", "Rottweiler An oblique head shot", "Chihuahua (dog) A white Chihuahua on the beach", "Chihuahua (dog) A chocolate long coat Chihuahua", "Pit bull Pit bull breeds have become famous for their roles as soldiers, police dogs, search and rescue dogs, actors, television personalities, seeing eye dogs, and celebrity pets. The American Staffordshire Terrier, Pete the Pup from the movie Little Rascals is a historically well known pit bull. Lesser known, but still historically notable pit bulls include Billie Holiday's companion \"Mister\",[76] Helen Keller's dog \"Sir Thomas\",[77] Buster Brown's dog \"Tige\",[78] Horatio Jackson's dog \"Bud\",[79][80] President Theodore Roosevelt's Pit Bull terrier \"Pete\", \"Jack Brutus\" who served for Company K, the First Connecticut Volunteer Infantry during the civil war,[81] Sergeant Stubby who served for the 102nd Infantry, 26th (Yankee) Division during World War I, and Sir Walter Scott's \"Wasp\".[82]", "Dachshund Black and tan dapple smooth-haired miniature dachshund with one blue eye and one brown eye", "German Shepherd A German night-watchman from 1950 with his German Shepherd", "Daddy (dog) Daddy had been with Millan since he was 4 months old, when his previous owner, rapper Redman, asked Millan to care for him.[2] As a puppy he demonstrated a natural insecurity (from having been constantly on the move with Redman) and pronounced strength.[5] By the time Daddy was ten years old â€” still with Millan, having been raised with a pack of Rottweilers[7] and having survived both cancer and chemotherapy,[8] he was officially adopted by the Millan family.[2]", "German Shepherd Showing the long muzzle, black nose and brown, medium-sized eyes", "Chesapeake Bay Retriever It is the mascot of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County.", "Briard A fawn Briard", "Hachikō Hachikō (ハチ公, November 10, 1923 – March 8, 1935) was an Akita dog born on a farm near the city of Ōdate, Akita Prefecture,[2] Japan. He is remembered for his remarkable loyalty to his owner, for whom he continued to wait for over nine years following his death.[3] Hachikō is known in Japanese as chūken Hachikō (忠犬ハチ公) \"faithful dog Hachikō\", hachi meaning \"eight\" and kō meaning \"affection.\"[4] During his lifetime, the dog was held up in Japanese culture as an example of loyalty and fidelity. Well after his death, he continues to be remembered in worldwide popular culture, with statues, movies, books, and appearances in various media.", "Taco Bell chihuahua In later years, Gidget appeared in a 2002 commercial for insurance company GEICO[13] and as \"Bruiser's Mom\" in the 2003 movie Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde.[citation needed]", "Hachikō \"Jurassic Bark\", episode 2 of season 5 of the animated series Futurama", "Dog The longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years.[89] The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged.[87][88][89][90] The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.[91]", "Chihuahua (dog) The Chihuahua /tʃɪˈwɑːwɑː/ ( listen) (Spanish: chihuahueño)[1] is the smallest breed of dog and is named after the state of Chihuahua in Mexico. Chihuahuas come in a wide variety of colors, and two coat lengths.", "World's Ugliest Dog Contest Pabst, a boxer mix owned by Miles Egstad of Citrus Heights, California, won the 2009 World's Ugliest Dog competition; Miss Ellie, a blind 16-year-old Chinese Crested Hairless, won in the pedigree category; Pabst beat her in a run-off for the overall title.[8]", "Japanese raccoon dog Akadenchū (赤殿中, lit. \"red denchū\")", "German Shepherd German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media.[73] \nIn 1921 Strongheart became one of the earliest canine film stars, and was followed in 1922 by Rin Tin Tin, who is considered the most famous German Shepherd. Both have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[74] German Shepherds were used in the popular Canadian series The Littlest Hobo.", "Pit bull Contemporary significant pit bulls are: Weela, who helped save 32 people, 29 dogs, 3 horses, and 1 cat during southern California's widespread flooding in 1993;[83] Popsicle, a five-month-old puppy originally found nearly dead in a freezer, who grew to become one of the nation's most important police dogs;[84] Norton, who was placed in the Purina Animal Hall of Fame after he rescued his owner from a severe reaction to a spider bite;[85] Titan, who rescued his owner's wife, who would have died from an aneurysm; D-Boy, who took three bullets to save his family from an intruder with a gun;[86] Star, who while protecting her owner was shot by police in a video that went viral;[87] and Lilly, who lost a leg after being struck by a freight train while pulling her unconscious owner from the train tracks.[88] Daddy, Cesar Millan's right-hand dog, was famous for his mellow temperament and his ability to interact calmly with ill-mannered dogs.", "Chihuahua (dog) A chocolate and tan shorthaired Chihuahua portrait showing the characteristic traits of the breed", "Toto (Oz) In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Baum did not specifically state Toto's breed, but describes him as \"a little black dog (male although he was played by a female dog in the 1939 MGM movie) with long silky hair and small black eyes that twinkled merrily on either side of his funny, wee nose\". However, from the illustrations in the first book many have concluded that he is a Cairn Terrier while others believe he is a Yorkshire Terrier as this breed was very popular at the time and it fits the illustration quite well. In subsequent books he becomes a Boston Terrier for reasons that are never explained, but then resumes the earlier look in later books.", "Siberian Husky Several purebred Siberian Huskies portrayed Diefenbaker, the \"half-wolf\" companion to RCMP Constable Benton Fraser, in the CBS/Alliance Atlantis TV series Due South.[38]", "Lap dog Cavalier King Charles Spaniel", "Mongrel A mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt is a dog that does not belong to one officially recognized breed and is not the result of intentional breeding.[1] Estimates place their numbers at 150 million animals worldwide.[1] Although the term \"mixed-breed dog\" is preferred by some, many mongrels have no known purebred ancestors. Furthermore, crossbreed dogs, while literally a mix of breeds, differ from mongrels in being intentionally bred. Although mongrels have at times been considered somehow lesser than intentionally bred dogs, they are thought to be less susceptible to genetic health problems associated with dog breeding (based on the theory of heterosis), and have enthusiasts and defenders who prefer them to intentionally bred dogs.", "World's Ugliest Dog Contest Quasi Modo, a 10-year-old mutt with Dutch Shepherd and pit bull lineage, won the 2015 contest, narrowly beating two Chinese Crested/Chihuahua mixes. Quasi Modo was noted for its shortened frame, hunched back and long legs relative to its body, leading to confusion at first glance as to whether it was a dog or a hyena, according to the dog's biography. The dog's unnamed owner is from Loxahatchee, Florida and rescued the dog from a shelter.[19]", "Maremma Sheepdog Detail of the Journey of the Magi to Bethlehem by Benozzo Gozzoli", "St. Bernard (dog) St. Bernard puppy with colours not distinctively pronounced", "Boxer (dog) A red fawn boxer", "Bernese Mountain Dog Like the other Sennenhunde, the Bernese mountain dog is a large, heavy dog with a distinctive tri-colored coat, black with white chest and rust colored markings above eyes, sides of mouth, front of legs, and a small amount around the white chest. An ideal of a perfectly marked individual gives the impression of a white horseshoe shape around the nose and a white “Swiss cross” on the chest, when viewed from the front. A “Swiss kiss” is a white mark located typically behind the neck, but may be a part of the neck. A full ring would not meet type standard. The AKC breed standard lists, as disqualifications, blue eye color, and any ground color other than black.[6][7]", "Bulldog The Bulldog is a medium-sized breed of dog commonly referred to as the English Bulldog or British Bulldog. Other scent-hound breeds include the Small Greek Domestic Dog, Irish Wolfhound, Bluetick Coonhound, Finnish Lapphund, and the Basset Hound. The Bulldog is a muscular, hefty dog with a wrinkled face and a distinctive pushed-in nose.[4] The American Kennel Club (AKC), The Kennel Club (UK), and the United Kennel Club (UKC) oversee breeding records. Bulldogs were the fourth most popular purebreed in the US in 2007 according to the American Kennel Club.[5]" ]	[ "West Highland White Terrier The breed remains very popular in the UK, with multiple winner at Cruft's. It is in the top third of all breeds in the US since the 1960s. It has been featured in television and film, including in Hamish Macbeth, and in advertising by companies such as Cesar dog food and Scotch whisky Black & White." ]
test1607	total number of mna in pakistan national assembly	[ "doc56897" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc56897", "doc1102442", "doc2091580", "doc56921", "doc2091603", "doc1102441", "doc2408088", "doc2091600", "doc213073", "doc56902", "doc56898", "doc56900", "doc1353594", "doc2408089", "doc56895", "doc56896", "doc213065", "doc1611304", "doc56922", "doc1102447", "doc213074", "doc56924", "doc213061", "doc952849", "doc2091577", "doc56906", "doc213075", "doc2091589", "doc213092", "doc56909", "doc2091571", "doc56905", "doc1353589", "doc2117040", "doc2408090", "doc56908", "doc2091590", "doc2408092", "doc2378731", "doc1102446", "doc2091604", "doc56910", "doc2509989", "doc2091588", "doc2313854", "doc2313864", "doc2091578", "doc2091573", "doc56926", "doc1042549", "doc2091592", "doc1042557", "doc2510026", "doc2091576", "doc2378781", "doc56903", "doc2091587", "doc1047478", "doc1102445", "doc1152644", "doc2509993", "doc1353595", "doc56904", "doc204170", "doc952840", "doc2091584", "doc1102444", "doc1218699", "doc2091574", "doc1102454", "doc2378730", "doc1042555", "doc2408091", "doc2522532", "doc2091594", "doc56916", "doc56899", "doc2678219", "doc1152646", "doc2378748", "doc939089", "doc2509990", "doc876042", "doc2389715", "doc2091572", "doc204177", "doc1042556", "doc1102450", "doc2091596", "doc2091593", "doc213086", "doc1152645", "doc2091602", "doc2439294", "doc2091581", "doc1042546", "doc2091597", "doc2272756", "doc1042553", "doc1685439" ]	[ "National Assembly of Pakistan The Pakistani National Assembly (Urdu: قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان‬‎— Qaumī Asimbli'e Pākistān); is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis-e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate (upper house). The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 332 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority.[3]", "History of the National Assembly of Pakistan The National Assembly (Urdu: ایوان زیریں پاکستان‎) is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis-e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate (upper house). The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 342 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority.[1]", "Parliament of Pakistan Qaumi Assembly (English: National Assembly of Pakistan) is the lower house of the parliament. The National Assembly has 342 seats, 272 of which are directly elected, 60 are reserved for women and a further 10 for religious minorities. The National Assembly of Pakistan is the country's sovereign legislative body. It embodies the will of the people to let themselves be governed under the democratic, multi-party Federal Parliamentary System. The National Assembly makes laws for the Federation in respect of the powers enumerated in the Federal Legislative list. Through its debates, adjournment motion, question hour and Standing Committees, the National Assembly keeps as check over the Executive and ensures that the government functions within the parameters set out in the Constitution and does not violate the fundamental rights of citizens. Only the National Assembly, through its Public Accounts Committee, scrutinizes public spending and exercises control of expenditure incurred by the government. The Members of the National Assembly are to be elected by direct and free vote in accordance with law.", "National Assembly of Pakistan The composition of the National Assembly is specified in Article 51 of the Constitution of Pakistan. There are a total of 332 seats in the National Assembly. Of these, 272 are filled by direct elections. In addition, the Pakistani Constitution reserves 10 seats for religious minorities and 60 seats for women, to be filled by proportional representation among parties with more than 5% of the vote. As of 2006, there are 72 women members in the Assembly.", "Parliament of Pakistan Seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan", "History of the National Assembly of Pakistan PPP (124)\nPML-(N) (91)", "List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan The 14th Parliament of Pakistan is the legislature of Pakistan following the 2013 general election of members of parliament (MPs) to the National Assembly of Pakistan, the lower house of the bicameral Majlis-e-Shura. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of 342 members, who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members; 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportion of the total vote.[1]", "Parliament of Pakistan At the national level, Pakistan elects a bicameral legislature, the Parliament of Pakistan, which consists of a directly elected National Assembly of Pakistan and a Senate, whose members are chosen by elected provincial legislators. The Prime Minister of Pakistan is elected by the National Assembly. The president is elected by the Electoral college, which consists of both houses of Parliament together with the provincial assemblies. In addition to the national parliament and the provincial assemblies, Pakistan also has more than five thousand elected local governments. Elections in Pakistan are conducted under the supervision of Election Commission of Pakistan. The country offers a multi-party system, with numerous parties. Frequently, no single party holds a majority, and therefore parties must form alliances during or after elections, with coalition governments forming out of negotiations between parties. The Parliament of Pakistan consists of the president and two houses to be known respectively as National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly consists of 342[2] Seats including 60[3] seats reserved for Women and 10 Seats reserved for Non-Muslims. The Senate consists of 104 Members including 17 Seats reserved for Women and 17 Seats reserved for Technocrats and Ulema. The Members of the National Assembly are elected for a term of 5 years whereas the Members of the Senate are elected for a term of 6 years with staggered elections every 3 years", "Pakistani general election, 2018 The 342 members of the National Assembly are elected by two methods in three categories; 272 are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting;[38] 60 are reserved for females and 10 for religious minority groups; both sets of reserved seats use proportional representation with a 5% electoral threshold.[39] This proportional number, however, is based on the number of seats won rather than votes cast.[40] To win a simple majority, a party would have to take 137 seats.[41]", "National Assembly of Pakistan The Constitution which was passed unanimously by the National Assembly in April 1973, provides a federal parliamentary system of government, with the President as the ceremonial head of the State and an elected Prime Minister as the head of the government. Under Article 50 of the Constitution the federal legislature is the bicameral Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament), which comprises the President and the two Houses, the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly, Pakistan's sovereign legislative body, makes laws for the federation under powers spelled out in the Federal Legislative List and also for subjects in the Concurrent List, as given in the fourth schedule of the Constitution. Through debates, adjournment motions, question hour, and Standing Committees, the National Assembly keeps a check on the government. It ensures that the government functions within the parameters set out in the Constitution, and does not violate the people's fundamental rights. The Parliament scrutinizes public spending and exercises control of expenditure incurred by the government through the work of the relevant Standing Committees. The Public Accounts Committee has a special role to review the report of the Auditor General. Senate, the upper house of the Parliament, has equal representation from the federating units balancing the provincial inequality in the National Assembly, where the number of members is based on population of the provinces. The Senate's role is to promote national cohesion and harmony, and work as a stabilizing factor of the federation. The Senate numbers a total of 104 members who serve six-year terms which are alternated so that half the senators are up for re-election by the electoral college every three years. The National Assembly consists of 332 members. The Constitution empowers the President to dissolve the National Assembly, but the Senate is not subject to dissolution. Only the Parliament can amend the Constitution, by two-thirds majority vote separately in each House.", "National Assembly of Pakistan Members are elected through the first-past-the-post system under universal adult suffrage, representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies. According to the constitution, the 70 seats reserved for women and religious minorities are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation.", "National Assembly of Pakistan Election for 13th National Assembly was held on 18 February 2008. On March 17, 2013 13th National Assembly was dissolved on completion of its five-year term under Article 52 of the Constitution.[4][5] Pakistani general election, 2013 (for the 14th National Assembly) was held on May 11, 2013. Members of 14th National Assembly took oath on June 1, 2013.[6]", "Elections in Pakistan The Seats in the National Assembly are allocated to each of Four Provinces, the FATAs and the Federal Capital on the basis of population in accordance with the last preceding Census officially published. Members to the Seats reserved for Women and Non-Muslims, are elected in accordance with law through proportional representation system of political party's lists of candidates on the basis of total number of General Seats secured by each political party in the National Assembly or a Provincial Assembly. The National Assembly has 342 seats, usually elected for five year terms; however, if the National Assembly dissolved, a general elections must be called in ninety-days period, in accordance to the constitution.", "List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan The election saw each of Parliament's 272 geographical constituencies return one MP to the National Assembly. It resulted in a Pakistan Muslim League (N) majority, and a massive loss of seats for the Pakistan Peoples Party. Pakistan Muslim League (N) became the single largest party, though without an overall majority. The Pakistan Muslim League (N) won 188 seats in the National Assembly through a simple majority.[2] This resulted in a hung parliament. A coalition agreement was then formed following negotiations with the independent candidates who joined the PML(N) which allowed party to form a simple-majority government by bringing on-board nineteen independent candidates, thirteen more than the minimum required to form a government.[3] This swing ultimately resulted in Nawaz Sharif becoming the new Prime Minister of Pakistan for the third time.[4] Syed Khurshid Ahmed Shah won a PPP leadership vote to succeed Nisar Ali Khan as permanent Leader of the Opposition.[5] Ayaz Sadiq and Murtaza Javed Abbasi of PML-N elected as the legislatureâ€™s speaker and deputy speaker, respectively.[6]", "National Assembly of Pakistan Government Coalition (209)", "National Assembly of Pakistan Opposition (130)", "Pakistani general election, 2018 Following the elections in 2013, Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), led by twice Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif, emerged as the largest party with 166 seats out of a total of 342 in the National Assembly. Although this was short of a majority, Sharif was able to form a government after several independents joined his party.[20]", "National Assembly (Kenya) It has a total of 349 seats; 290 elected from the constituencies, 47 women elected from the counties and 12 nominated representatives. The speaker serves as an ex officio member. The Kenyan Higher Court, ordered the lawmakers to enact gender quotas legislation, or face dissolution.[4]", "National Assembly of Pakistan Members of the National Assembly are elected by the people in competitive multi-party elections, to be held at most five years apart on universal adult franchise. To be a member of electoral college, according to Article 62 of the Constitution, candidates must be citizens of Pakistan and not less than 18 years of age.", "History of the National Assembly of Pakistan From 1947 to 1973, the country had a unicameral system of legislature. Under the 1973 Constitution, Pakistan adopted bicameral system at the centre, called \"The Parliament\", composing the President, the National Assembly and The Senate. Originally, the general seats of the National Assembly were 200 with additional 10 seats reserved for women, bringing the total strength to 210. The newly created Upper House i.e. the Senate had 63 members. Later in 1985 through a Presidential Order (P.O. No. 14 of 1985), seven seats were added to the general seats and ten to the reserved seats for women in the National Assembly. Ten seats were exclusively reserved for minorities to be filled through separate electorate system. Thus the total strength of the lower house reached to 237 members. Similarly the strength of Senate was also increased from 63 to 87.", "Pakistani general election, 2018 The 2018 General Elections were held under new delimitation of constituencies as a result of 2017 Census of Pakistan.[42] Parliament of Pakistan amended the Constitution, allowing a one-time exemption for redrawing constituency boundaries using 2017 provisional census results.[43] As per the notification issued on 5 March 2018, the Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) now has three constituencies, Punjab 141, Sindh 61, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 39, Balochistan 16 and Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) has 12 constituencies in the National Assembly.[44][45][46] 106 million people were registered to vote for members of the National Assembly of Pakistan and four Provincial Assemblies.[47]", "National Assembly of Pakistan 58. Dissolution of the National Assembly:", "Pakistani general election, 2018 General elections were held in Pakistan on Wednesday 25 July, after the completion of a five-year term by the outgoing government. At the national level, elections were held in 270 constituencies, each electing one member to the National Assembly. At the provincial level, elections were held in each of the four provinces to elect Members of the Provincial Assemblies (MPA).", "Member of parliament The National Assembly of Kenya has a total of 349 seats; 205 members are elected from the constituencies, 47 women are elected from the counties and 12 members are nominated representatives.", "Parliament of Pakistan Vacant (1)", "National Assembly of Pakistan According to The Constitution", "Pakistani general election, 2018 Likewise for elections to provincial assemblies, Punjab has 297 constituencies, Sindh 130, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 99 and Balochistan 51.", "Parliament of Pakistan The first session of the National Assembly, due to the delay caused by the separation of East Pakistan, was held on 14 April 1972 at the State Bank Building, Islamabad, in which all 144 Members from West Pakistan and two from former East Pakistan (Mr. Noor-ul-Amin and Raja Tridev Roy who had chosen to join Pakistan) participated. On 17 April 1972 an Interim Constitution was adopted by the National Assembly, which provided for a Presidential form of Government. Under this Constitution, the National Assembly was not to be dissolved earlier than 14 August 1973. The Interim Constitution dealt in detail with the distribution of powers between the Centre and the Provinces. The Assembly also formed a Constitution Committee on 17 April 1972 to prepare the first draft for framing a Constitution. The report of the Committee was presented with a draft Constitution on 31 December 1972. It was unanimously passed by the Assembly in its session on 10 April 1973 and was authenticated by the president on 12 April 1973. This Constitution, called the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973, was promulgated on 14 August 1973. On the same day, Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took oath as the Prime Minister, while Mr. Fazal Illahi Choudhary took oath as the president of Pakistan. The 1973 Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of government where the executive authority of the state vests with the Prime Minister. The President, according to the Constitution, is at the apex, representing the unity of the Republic. From 1947 to 1973, the country had had a unicameral system, but under the 1973 Constitution, Pakistan adopted a bicameral federal legislature, called Parliament, composed of the President, the Senate and the National Assembly. Originally, the general seats of the National Assembly were 200 with additional 10 seats reserved for women, bringing the total strength to 210. The newly created Upper house i.e. the Senate had 63 members. Later in 1985 through a Presidential Order (P.O. No. 14 of 1985), seven seats were added to the general seats and ten to the reserved seats for women in the National Assembly. Ten seats were exclusively reserved for minorities to be filled through separate electorate system. Thus the total strength of the lower house reached to 237 members. Similarly the size of the Senate was also increased from 63 to 87 members.", "Pakistani general election, 2018 There were 272 national and 577 provincial assembly constituencies,[79] contested by over 3,600 and 8,800 candidates respectively.[80] A total of 811,491 staff were deployed for election duties as presiding officers, assistant presiding officers, and polling officers, in addition to 371,000 armed forces personnel who provided security duties alongside police and other law enforcement agencies. There were 85,317 polling stations set up, comprising over 242,000 polling booths.[79]", "National Assembly of Pakistan The life of National Assembly is divided into sessions. It had to meet for 130 days before the First Amendment passed on 8 May 1974 in the constitution of 1973. According to this Amendment, maximum duration between successive sessions was reduced to 90 days from 130 days, and there must be at least three sessions in a year. A session of the National Assembly is summoned by the President of Pakistan under Article 54(1) of the Constitution. In the summoning order the President gives the date, time and place (which is usually the Parliament House), for the National Assembly to meet. The date and time for the summoning of the National Assembly is immediately announced over Radio and Television. Generally, a copy of the summon is also sent to the Members at their home address. The National Assembly can also be summoned by the Speaker of National Assembly on a request made by at one-fourth of the total membership of the National Assembly. If the National Assembly is so requisitioned, it must be summoned within 14 days.", "Parliament of Pakistan Government Coalition (33)", "National Assembly of Pakistan The National Assembly is elected for a five-year term on the basis of adult franchise and one person, one vote. The tenure of a Member of the National Assembly is for the duration of the House, or sooner, in case the Member dies or resigns. The tenure of the National Assembly also comes to an end if dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister or by the President in his discretion under the Constitution. Under the 1973 Constitution, a member of Parliament may not hold the office of the Prime Minister more than twice. In the 1990s, Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Shareef proposed a bill to amend the 1973 constitution to allow a Member to serve a third term as Prime Minister.", "Elections in Pakistan The Election Commission of Pakistan, a constitutionally established institution chaired by an appointed and designated Chief Election Commissioner, supervises the general elections. The Pakistan Constitution defines (to a basic extent) how general elections are held in Part VIII, Chapter 2 and various amendments. A multi-party system is in effect, with the National Assembly consisting of 342 seats and the Senate consisting of 104 seats elected from the four provinces. The Constitution dictates that the general elections be held every five years when the National Assembly has completed its term or has been dissolved and that the Senatorial elections be held to elect members for terms of six years. By law, general elections must be held within two months of the National Assembly completing its term.[1]", "Politics of Pakistan Members of the National Assembly are elected by universal adult suffrage (formerly twenty-one years of age and older but the seventeenth amendment changed it to eighteen years of age.). Seats are allocated to each of the four provinces, the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, and Islamabad Capital Territory on the basis of population. National Assembly members serve for the parliamentary term, which is five years, unless they die or resign sooner, or unless the National Assembly is dissolved. Although the vast majority of the members are Muslim, about 5 percent of the seats are reserved for minorities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs. Elections for minority seats are held on the basis of separate electorates at the same time as the polls for Muslim seats during the general elections. There are also 50+ special seats for women now, and women are selected (i.e. not directly elected in the general election but given representation according to how their parties performed in the general election) on these seat by their party head: another seventeenth amendment innovation.", "List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan Members of the 14th National Assembly took oath on 1 June 2013,[7] and marked the historic constitutional transition of power from one democratically-elected government to another for the first time in the history of Pakistan.[8]", "National Assembly of Pakistan The current Speaker of the House is Sardar Ayaz Sadiq and the Deputy Speaker is Murtaza Javed Abbasi, both are from the PML-N.", "Parliament of Pakistan Under the 1973 Constitution the National Assembly is elected for five years term, unless sooner dissolved. The seats in National Assembly, unlike the Senate, are allocated to each province and other units of the federation, on the basis of population. The Constitutional provision of 20 special seats for women lapsed in 1990, thus decreased the Assembly strength from 237 to 217. Under the Constitution, elections to the 10 seats reserved for minority were held on separate electorate basis. Despite the tenure of the Assembly being five years, as prescribed in the Constitution, Mr. Z.A. Bhutto, on 7 January 1977 announced the holding of elections before time. Consequently, on 10 January 1977, he advised the president to dissolve the National Assembly. Elections were held on 7 March 1977. The opposition charged the government with rigging the elections to the National Assembly and thereafter boycotted the Provincial Assemblies elections. Since the opposition had not accepted the National Assembly elections result, they did not take oath. This resulted in severe political crisis and Martial Law was imposed by the then Army Chief, General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, on 5 July 1977.", "List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan Since general election in May 2013, numerous seats of the National Assembly of Pakistan become vacant. In most cases, the incumbent becomes ineligible to continue in office when a constituency election is invalidated by voting irregularities. In some case the incumbent died, resigned or vacated the seat in order to retain the seat the member won in their home constituency. Afterwards, by-elections were held in vacant constituencies to fill the vacant seats.[351]", "Pakistani general election, 2013 The fifth largest democracy[4] and second largest Muslim democracy after Indonesia in the world,[5] the elections are noted for the first civilian transfer of power following the successful completion of a five-year term by a democratically elected government.[6] Election took place in 272 constituencies, whilst a further 70 seats were awarded to parties having been reserved for women and minority groups; none of the parties achieved the 172 seats needed for an overall majority.[7] The Pakistan Muslim League (N) won the largest number of votes and seats but still fell six seats short; this resulted in a hung parliament where no party was able to command a majority in the National Assembly.[8] Initial results saw the hung parliament for a second consecutive general electionâ€”the first being the prior general election in 2008. Potential for a hung parliament was widely considered and predicted as both countries' politicians were better prepared for the constitutional process that would follow such a result, in contrast to 2008.[9][10]", "History of the National Assembly of Pakistan On 25 March 1969 the second Martial law was imposed and General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan took over as the President of Pakistan and Chief Martial Law Administrator. He later issued a Legal Framework Order (LFO), under which the first ever general elections were held on 7 December 1970. This was the first Assembly elected on the adult franchise and population basis. It consist of 313 members, 169 from East Pakistan and 144 from West Pakistan including 13 reserved seats for women (6 were from West Pakistan and 7 from East Pakistan). Soon after the elections, due to grave political differences, the Province of East Pakistan seceded from West Pakistan and became Bangladesh. On 20 December 1971 Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took over as the President of Pakistan as well as the first civil Chief Martial Law Administrator. The first session of the National Assembly, due to the delay caused by the separation of East Pakistan, was held on 14thApril 1972 at the State Bank Building, Islamabad, in which all 144 Members from West Pakistan and two from former East Pakistan (Mr. Noor-ul-Amin and Raja Tridev Roy who had chosen to join Pakistan) participated. On 17 April 1972 an Interim Constitution was adopted by the National Assembly, which provided for a Presidential form of Government. Under this Constitution, the National Assembly was not to be dissolved earlier than 14 August 1973. The Interim Constitution dealt in detail with the distribution of powers between the Centre and the Provinces. The Assembly also formed a Constitution Committee on 17 April 1972 to prepare the first draft for framing a Constitution. The report of the Committee was presented with a draft Constitution on 31 December 1972. It was unanimously passed by the Assembly in its session on 10 April 1973 and was authenticated by the President on 12 April 1973. This Constitution, called the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1973, was promulgated on 14 August 1973. On the same day, Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took oath as the Prime Minister, while Mr. Fazal Illahi Choudhary took oath as the President of Pakistan.", "Parliament of Pakistan a Following the elections, 19 independents joined PML(N).[4]", "National Assembly of Pakistan Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament of Pakistan shall consist of President and the two Houses known as the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly has an edge over the Senate by legislating exclusively on money matters. With exception to money Bills, however, both the Houses work together to carryout the basic work of the Parliament, i.e. law making.", "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly is the unicameral legislative body of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. It was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of the Pakistan. The assembly has 124 elected members, 99 regular seats, 22 seats reserved for women and 3 seats for Non-Muslims.[1]", "Parliament of Pakistan On 27 October 1958 General Muhammad Ayub Khan took over as second President of Pakistan. One of the first major steps taken by General Ayub Khan was the appointment of a Constitution Commission on 17 February 1960. The objective of this commission was to submit proposals, as to how best democracy can be strengthened and molded according to the countryâ€™s socio-political environment and Islamic principles of justice. The Commission submitted its report to the government on 29 April 1961. On the basis of this report a new Constitution was framed and given to the nation on 1 March 1962. General elections under the new Constitution were held on 28 March 1962 and elections to the special seats reserved for women were held on 29 May 1962. The first session of the third National Assembly was held on 8 June 1962 at Ayub Hall, Rawalpindi. The Constitution of 1962 envisaged a Federal State with Presidential form of government, with the National Assembly at the centre and the Provincial Assemblies in the Provinces. The Legislatures, both at center and in provinces were unicameral. The Federal system had been curtailed by allowing the Provincial Governors to be appointed directly by the president. All executive authority of the Republic of Pakistan, under the Constitution, vested in the office of the president. The President appointed his Cabinet members who were directly responsible to him. The electoral system was made indirect, and the `Basic Democrats', for both wings were declared Electoral College for the purpose of electing the assemblies and the president. Basic democrats were 80,000 in number (40,000 from each East and West Pakistan). The total membership of the National Assembly was 156, one half of whom were to be elected from East Pakistan and other half from West Pakistan, also three seats were reserved for women from each province. The term of this Assembly was three years. The norm was established that if the president was from West Pakistan, the Speaker was to be from East Pakistan and vice versa. One of the major achievements of this Assembly was the passage of Political Parities Act, 1962. On 25 March 1969 the second Martial law was imposed and General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan took over as the president of Pakistan and Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA). He later issued a Legal Framework Order (LFO), under which the first ever general elections were held on 7 December 1970. This was the first Assembly elected on the adult franchise and population basis. It consist of 313 members, 169 from East Pakistan and 144 from West Pakistan including 13 reserved seats for women (6 were from West Pakistan and 7 from East Pakistan). Soon after the elections, due to grave political differences, the Province of East Pakistan seceded from West Pakistan and became Bangladesh. On 20 December 1971 Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took over as the President of Pakistan as well as the first civil Chief Martial Law Administrator.", "Provincial Assembly of the Punjab The Provincial Assembly of the Punjab is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the province of Punjab, which is located in Lahore, Pakistan.[3] The Assembly was established under Article 106 of the Constitution of Pakistan as having a total of 371 seats, with 66 seats reserved for women and eight reserved for non-Muslims.", "Provincial Assembly of the Punjab Article 106 of the constitution provides that each Provincial Assembly shall consist of general seats and seats reserved only for women and non-Muslims. The same article specifies that the Provincial Assembly of Punjab will have a total of 371 seats: 297 general seats, 66 reserved for women, and eight reserved for non-Muslims.", "Parliament of Pakistan The Parliament of Pakistan (Urdu: مجلس شوریٰ پاکستان‬‎ — Majlis-e-Shūrā Pākistān) is the federal and supreme legislative body of Pakistan. It is a bicameral federal legislature that consists of the Senate as the upper house and the National Assembly, as the lower house. According to the constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the President of Pakistan is also a component of the Parliament. The National Assembly is elected for a five-year term on the basis of adult franchise and one-man one-vote. The tenure of a Member of the National Assembly is for the duration of the house, or sooner, in case the Member dies or resigns. The tenure of the National Assembly also comes to an end if dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister or by the president in his discretion under the Constitution.", "Parliament of Pakistan Unalligned Opposition (24)", "National Assembly of Pakistan In the 14th Assembly, the seats have been allocated among the four provinces, federally-administered area, and capital territory of Pakistan as follows:", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan The office of Speaker of the National Assembly is created by Article 53 of the Chapter 2 in Part III of the Constitution of Pakistan:[3]", "Parliament of Pakistan On 2 March 1985, the revival of Constitution Order (P.O.14 of 1985) was issued in which a large number of amendments were made in the Constitution. Article 1 substituted the name \"Parliament\" for the more Islamic term Majlis-e-Shoora.[1] The first session of the National Assembly was held 20 March 1985. Mr. Muhammad Khan Junejo, was nominated as the Prime Minister of Pakistan by the president (General Zia-ul-Haq). He received vote of confidence on 24 March 1985. In November 1985, the 8th Constitutional Amendment was adopted by the Parliament. Besides changes in other Articles in the Constitution the significant Article 58(2)(b) was added, according to which the president acquired discretionary powers to dissolves the National Assembly. On 29 May 1988 the Assembly was dissolved by the president by using the power acquired under Article 58(2)(b).", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf", "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly In the 2002 elections, Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal had won 53 of the seats, ANP 15, and PPP 10 seats.", "Parliament of Pakistan Opposition (159)", "Pakistani general election, 2013 Starting from 22 August 2013, several rounds of bye-elections were held by Election Commission to fill vacant seats in all constituent assemblies.[95] As of May 2017, bye-elections have been held for 33 National Assembly seats, 29 Punjab Assembly seats, 18 Sindh Assembly seats, 13 Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Assembly seats, and 6 Balochistan Assembly seats.[96] The consolidated results are as follows:[96][97]", "National Assembly of Pakistan The Constitution of Pakistan lists a number of requirements for members of the National Assembly in Article 62.", "Parliament of Pakistan The second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was created on 28 May 1955 under Governor General's Order No.12 of 1955. The Electoral College for this Assembly was the Provincial Assemblies of respective Provinces. The strength of this Assembly was 80 Members, half each from East Pakistan and West Pakistan. One of the major decisions taken by this Assembly was the establishment of West Pakistan (One Unit), with the aim to create parity between the two wings (East and West Pakistan). This Assembly also achieved its target by giving the first Constitution to the nation i.e. the Constitution of Pakistan 1956. Chaudhry Muhammad Ali was the Prime Minister at that time. The draft of this Constitution was introduced in the Assembly on 9 January 1956 and was passed by the Assembly on 29 February 1956. The assent was given on it by the Governor General on 2 March 1956. This Constitution was enforced with effect from 23 March 1956. Under this Constitution, Pakistan became an Islamic Republic, hence 23 March became the country's Republic day. It was the same day in 1940 that the historic Pakistan Resolution was adopted at Minto Park, Lahore. On 5 March 1956, Major General Iskandar Mirza became the first President of Pakistan. The 1956 constitution provided for Parliamentary form of government with all the executive powers in the hands of Prime Minister. The President was the Head of State, and was to be elected by all Members of the National and Provincial Assemblies. He was to hold office for 5 years. The President was to act on the advice of Prime Minister, except where he was empowered to act in his discretion. Under 1956 Constitution, Parliament was unicameral. Legislative powers vested in the Parliament, which consisted of the president and the National Assembly with 300 Members divided equally between East and West Pakistan. In addition to these 300 seats, five seats were reserved for women for each of the two wings, for a period of ten years: thus bringing the total membership of the house to 310. However, in the absence of any law to control the Political Parties and the problem of floor crossing, political instability perpetually ensued. Although the first general election were scheduled for early 1959, President Iskandar Mirza abrogated the Constitution, dissolved the National and Provincial Assemblies, and declared Martial Law, on 7 October 1958. He appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, as the Chief Martial Law Administrator. The new administration did not satisfy CMLA Ayub Khan who had more control in the administration than President Mirza. Ayub dispatched the military unit to enter in presidential palace on the midnight of 26â€“27 October 1958 and placed him in an airplane to exile in England", "Constitution of Pakistan All of the MNAs (full list)signed the constitution except Mian Mahmud Ali Kasuri, Dr Abdul Hayee Baloch, Mr Abdul Khaliq Khan, Haji Ali Ahmed Khan, Rais Atta Mohammad Khan and Nizamuddin Haider[60]. Sahibzada Muhammad Nazeer Sultan is currently the last serving member of the National Assembly who was also elected as the Member of National Assembly in the 1970 elections & was one of the last signatories of 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan[61].", "History of the National Assembly of Pakistan General elections under the new Constitution were held on 28 March 1962 and elections to the special seats reserved for women were held on 29 May 1962. The first session of the third National Assembly was held on 8 June 1962 at Ayub Hall, Rawalpindi.", "Prime Minister of Pakistan (2) The National Assembly shall meet on the twenty-first day following the day on which a general election to the Assembly is held unless sooner summoned by the President.", "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly The Indian National Congress under Dr. Khan Sahib won the 1946 elections despite a strong showing by the Muslim League The first session of parliament was summoned on 12 March 1946 under the Chairmanship of Sardar Bahadur Khan while Nawabzada Allah Nawaz Khan was elected as Speaker and Lala Girdheri Lal as Deputy Speaker on 13 March 1946. The total number of members was 50, the provincial government of Dr.Khan Sahib was dismissed by the Governor-General in September 1947 after the Chief Minister did not attend the oath taking ceremony of the new nation state of Pakistan. The Muslim league minority Chief Minister Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan formed a government with the help of Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba. This Assembly was dissolved in 1951 and the number of members was increased from 80 to 85. The Muslim League controversially won the 1951 elections. Then comes names of Nawabzada Allah Nawaz Khan, Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan, Girdhari Lal who occupied the slot during 1947, Khan Muhammad Farid Khan, Malik Amir Alam Khan, Arbab Saifur Rahman who worked two times as deputy speaker, Muhammad Nawaz Khan, Rahim Dad Khan, Ahmad Hassan Khan, Abdul Akbar Khan, Shad Muhammad Khan Khattak, Syed Allaudin and Haji Muhammad Adeel who was the last deputy speaker.", "Elections in Pakistan The Senate consists of 104 members, of whom 14 members are elected by each Provincial Assembly, eight members are elected from FATAs by the Members of National Assembly from these areas, two members (one woman and one technocrat) is elected from the Federal Capital by the Members of National Assembly; four women and four Technocrats are elected by the members of each Provincial Assembly. One seat in the senate is reserved for minorities in each province.", "National Assembly of Pakistan The constitution also details a number of disqualifications in Article 63, which include mental instability, insolvency, criminal conviction and accepting dual-citizenship or relinquishing their Pakistani nationality, among others. Furthermore, an individual would stand disqualified if he or she is found to have opposed Pakistan's ideology or worked against the integrity of the country, after its establishment in 1947.", "Lok Sabha Government coalition (312)\nNational Democratic Alliance (312)", "Member of parliament Members of the Jatiya Sangsad, or National Assembly, are elected every five years and are referred to in English as members of Parliament. The assembly has directly elected 300 seats, and further 50 reserved selected seats for women.", "Parliament of Pakistan The main purpose for the creation of the Aiwan-e Bala (English: Senate of Pakistan) was to give equal representation to all the federating units since the membership of the National Assembly was based on the population of each province. Equal provincial membership in the Senate, thus, balances the provincial inequality in the National Assembly and dispels doubts and apprehension, if any, regarding deprivation and exploitation. The role of the Senate is to promote national cohesion and harmony and to alleviate fears of the smaller provinces regarding domination by any one province because of its majority, in the National Assembly. The Senate, is a body which represents the provinces/territories of the country and promotes a feeling of equality, peace and harmony, which is so essential for the growth and prosperity of a nation. Thus, the Senate in Pakistan, over the years, has emerged as an essential organ and a stabilizing factor of the federation. The Senate consists of 104 members, of whom 14 members are elected by each Provincial Assembly, 8 members are elected from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs) by the Members of National Assembly from these areas, 2 members, 1 woman and 1 Technocrat is elected from the Federal Capital by the Members of National Assembly, 4 women and 4 Technocrats are elected by the members of each Provincial Assembly.\nAnd 1 Non - Muslim Member is selected from each Province. The breakup of seats allocated to each Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs), Federal Capital, Women and Ulema/Technocrats. It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to hold and make arrangements for the Senate elections in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote through electoral colleges. The term of the members of the Senate is 6 years. However, the term of the first group of the Senators, who shall retire after completion of first 3 years of the Senate, is determined by drawing of lots by the Chief Election Commissioner.", "History of the National Assembly of Pakistan The second National Assembly was known as the 2nd Constituent Assembly of Pakistan. It was created on 28 May 1955 under Governor General's Order No.12 of 1955. The Electoral College for this Assembly was the Provincial Assemblies of respective Provinces. The strength of this Assembly was 80 Members, half each from East Pakistan and West Pakistan. One of the major decisions taken by this Assembly was the establishment of West Pakistan (One Unit), with the aim to create parity between the two wings (East and West Pakistan). This Assembly also achieved its target by giving the first Constitution to the nation i.e. the Constitution of Pakistan 1956. Choudhary Muhammad Ali was the Prime Minister at that time. Under this Constitution, Pakistan became an Islamic Republic, hence 23 March became our Republic day. It was the same day in 1940 that the historic Pakistan Resolution was adopted at Minto Park, Lahore. On 5 March 1956, Major General Sikandar Mirza became the first elected President of Pakistan. President Sikandar Mirza abrogated the Constitution, dissolved the National and Provincial Assemblies, and declared Martial Law, on 7 October 1958. He appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan, Commander-in-Chief of the Army, as the Chief Martial Law Administrator. 27 October 1958 General Muhammad Ayub Khan took over as a second President of Pakistan. A new Constitution was framed and given to the nation on 1 March 1962.", "National Assembly of Zambia The current National Assembly, formed following elections held on 11 August 2016, has a total of 166 members. 156 members are directly elected in single-member constituencies using the simple plurality (or first-past-the-post) system. Nine additional seats are filled through presidential appointment. The Vice President is also granted a seat in the assembly.", "Parliament of Pakistan Government Coalition (176)", "History of the National Assembly of Pakistan The elections for eleventh National Assembly was held on 3 February 1997. The first session was held on 15 February 1997. Mr. Illahi Bukhsh Soomro took oath of the office of the Speaker National Assembly on 16 February 1997. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif took oath as Prime Minister of Pakistan and Leader of the House on 17 February 1997. The new Assembly came into power with an overwhelming majority. The Article 58(2)(b) was later on omitted from the Constitution vide 13th Amendment in the Constitution in April 1997.", "Pakistani general election, 2013 General elections were held in Pakistan on 11 May 2013 to elect the members of the 14th National Assembly and to the four provincial assemblies of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Elections were held in all four provinces, Islamabad's federal capital territory and in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The remaining two territories of Pakistan, the Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, were ineligible to vote due to their disputed status. Allegations on systematic vote rigging, favouritism, and ethnicity trends on political parties marred with controversy regarding the nationwide elections; this eventually led to anti-government march that called for electoral reforms in 2014.", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan PML (Q)", "List of members of the 14th National Assembly of Pakistan In July 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from holding membership of the National Assembly following an investigation on corruption allegations regarding his family's wealth, forcing him to resign as Prime Minister.[9] Shahid Khaqan Abbasi was elected by the National Assembly as the new Prime Minister on 1 August 2017.[10]", "Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan In 1973, the constitutional conventional framed the comprehensive Constitution which was rectify on 12 April and promulgated on 14 August 1973.[6] Retired Senior Justice Habibullah Khan Marwat was elected its first chairman and remained until 1977.[6] The 1973 Constitution also provided a parliamentary system of government with a bicameral legislature: the National Assembly (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). The membership of the Senate, which was originally 45, was raised to 63 in 1977 and to 87 in 1985.[6] In 2002, the membership rose to 100 through the legal framework enforced on 21 August 2002. Now there are 104 members.[6]", "Parliament of Pakistan The elections for tenth National Assembly was held on 6 October 1993. The first session was held on 15 October 1993. Syed Yousaf Raza Gillani took oath of the office of the Speaker National Assembly on 17 October 1993. Mohtarma Benizar Bhutto administered the oath as Prime Minister of Pakistan on 19 October 1993. The Assembly was dissolved by President Farooq Ahmad Khan Laghari on 5 November 1996. The elections for eleventh National Assembly was held on 3 February 1997. The first session was held on 15 February 1997. Mr. Illahi Bukhsh Soomro took oath of the office of the Speaker National Assembly on 16 February 1997. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif took oath as prime minister of Pakistan and leader of the house on 17 February 1997. The new Assembly came into power with an overwhelming majority. The Article 58(2)(b) was later on omitted from the Constitution vide 13th Amendment in the Constitution in April 1997. It may be pertinent to note at this point that while, ostensibly, sixteen amendments have been made in the Constitution so far, the ninth and the eleventh Constitutional Amendments were, however, passed by the Senate alone and fifteenth by the National Assembly alone, hence these amendments lapsed. The fourteenth Amendment in the Constitution empowered a check on floor crossing of legislators.", "National Assembly of Pakistan List of All The Prime Ministers", "National Assembly of Pakistan Each National Assembly is formed for a five-year term, commencing from the date of the first sitting, after which it is automatically dissolved. Currently the National Assembly can not be dissolved by the President of Pakistan, it is dissolved by the Prime Minister of Pakistan.", "National Assembly (Afghanistan) The Wolesi Jirga has 250 seats with members directly elected by the people. Sixty-eight women were elected to the seats reserved under the Constitution, while 17 of them have been elected in their own rights. Each province was given proportionate representation in the Wolesi Jirga according to its population. Each member of the Wolesi Jirga will enjoy a five-year term.", "Prime Minister of Pakistan (4) The Prime Minister shall be elected by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the National Assembly:", "Pakistani general election, 2013 The PML(N) ran a political programme which was termed as \"Ilmi aur Maashi Dhamaka\" (lit. Education and Economic boom) at the public circles, and gained a lot of public support from all over the Punjab, and the financial support from the business community in Karachi, which proved to be a crucial factor in PML(N)'s efforts to gain majority in the elections.[49] After delivering a victory speech on May 2013, Nawaz Sharif became Prime Minister for a third term on 5 June 2013 after receiving vote of confidence in the Parliament. He received 244 votes in the 342-seat parliament.[50] The PML(N) was generally supported by PML(F) against the PPP in Sindh and BNP in Balochistan, also against the PPP.[51] Terming it as \"EEE programme\" for Education, Energy, Economy, the PML(N) popularise its slogan \"Stronger Economyâ€“Strong Pakistan\", which was released in 2012.[52]", "Lists of electoral districts by nation Bangladesh has 300 parliamentary constituencies. There is one member of Parliament for each constituency. According to the constitution, the 50 seats reserved for women are allocated to the political parties according to their proportional representation.", "Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly The Federal Government appoints a Governor as head of the Provincial Government, the province is divided into 26 districts. Each district has a Zilla Nazim, in a District the functions are devolved further to the Tehsil, Town and Union Council Governments.[1]", "Central Legislative Assembly Initially, of its 142 members, 101 were elected and 41 were nominated. Of the 101 elected members, 52 came from general constituencies, 29 were elected by Muslims, 2 by Sikhs, 7 by Europeans, 7 by landlords, and 4 by business men.[4][5] Later, one seat each was added for Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara and the North West Frontier Province.", "Pennsylvania General Assembly 253 voting members", "Parliament of Pakistan Opposition Alliance (46)", "Lok Sabha The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552. Currently the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum, 2 nominated members of the Anglo-Indian Community by the President of India. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law.[3][4]", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan Pakistan Peoples Party", "History of the National Assembly of Pakistan On 2 March 1985, the revival of Constitution Order (P.O.14 of 1985) was issued in which a large number of amendments were made in the Constitution. The first session of the National Assembly was held 20 March 1985. Mr. Muhammad Khan Junejo, was nominated as the Prime Minister of Pakistan by the President (General Zia-ul-Haq). He received vote of confidence on 24 March 1985. In November 1985, the 8th Constitutional Amendment was adopted by the Parliament. Besides changes in other Articles in the Constitution the significant Article 58(2)(b) was added, according to which the President acquired discretionary powers to dissolve the National Assembly. On 29 May 1988 the Assembly was dissolved by the President by using the power acquired under Article 58(2)(b).", "Parliament of Pakistan Syed Zafar Ali Shah, MNA and Illahi Bukhsh Soomro, Speaker National Assembly, challenged the suspension orders in the Supreme Court. The Court in its judgment on 12 May 2000 validated the military takeover by giving three years time frame to the government, starting from 12 October 1999. The Court in its judgement asked the government to complete its agenda and then hand over powers to the elected government. The court also allowed the military government to bring necessary Constitutional Amendments, provided that those should not change the basic feature of Federal Parliamentary democracy, independence of judiciary and Islamic provisions in the Constitution. The court reserved the right of Judicial Review and power of validity of any act or any action of the government, if challenged, in the light of State necessity. On 20 June 2001, through a notification (C.E. Order No.1) the Chief Executive assumed the office of the president of Pakistan under President's Succession Order, 2001. On the same day, through another Order (C.E. Order No. 2, 2001), the president converted the orders of suspension of legislative bodies and their presiding officers, into dissolution. The elections for twelfth National Assembly was held on 10 October 2002. The inaugural session of the National Assembly was held on 16 November 2002 and Ch Amir Hussain and Sardar Muhammad Yaqoob were elected Speaker and Deputy Speaker respectively on 19 November 2002. Mir Zafar ullah Jamali was elected leader of the house on 21 November 2002. Speaker Chaudhry Amir Hussain gave the ruling on 14 June 2003 that LFO is the part of the Constitution of Pakistan. On this issue, Opposition Parties submitted a resolution for vote of no confidence against Speaker National Assembly on 20 June 2003 which was rejected on 28 June 2003.", "Parliament of Pakistan The General elections for the eighth National Assembly was held on 16 November 1988. The first session was convened by the President on 30 November 1988. Mr. Miraj Khalid was elected as the Speaker of the National Assembly on 3 December 1988. Benazir Bhutto was nominated as Prime Minister of Pakistan and took the oath of the Office on 2 December 1988. The Assembly was later dissolved by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan under Article 58(2)(b) of the Constitution of Pakistan, on 6 August 1990. The General elections for the ninth National Assembly was held on 24 October 1990. The first session was held on 3 November 1990. Mr. Gohar Ayub Khan was elected as the Speaker of the National Assembly and he took oath on 4 November 1990. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister of Pakistan and took oath on 11 November 1990. The Assembly was again dissolved by the then President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, under Article 58(2)(b) on 18 April 1993. The dissolution of the National Assembly was challenged in the Supreme Court of Pakistan and after hearing the case the Assembly was restored by the Supreme Court on 26 May 1993. The Assembly was later dissolved on the advice of the Prime Minister on 18 July 1993.", "Pakistani general election, 2018 The National Assembly and provincial assemblies of Pakistan dissolved as early as 28 May for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh, and as late as 31 May for Punjab, Balochistan, and the National Assembly.[61]", "Prime Minister of Pakistan (3) After the election of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, the National Assembly shall, to the exclusion of any other business, proceed to elect without debate one of its Muslim members to be the Prime Minister.", "Parliament of Pakistan Seats in the Senate of Pakistan", "Chief Minister of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa In 1901, NWFP was declared as a Chief Commissioner Province and thirty-one years later in 1932 its status was raised to the Governor Province. In 1937, the Government of India Act 1935 was enforced in NWFP and NWFP Legislative Assembly was formed. The first session of parliament was summoned on 12 March 1946 under the Chairmanship of Sardar Bahadur Khan while Nawabzada Allah Nawaz Khan was elected as Speaker and Lala Girdheri Lal as Deputy Speaker on 13 March 1946. The total number of members was 50. This Assembly was dissolved in 1951 and the number of members was increased from 50 to 58. The legislative Assembly became a Provincial Assembly through a presidential order known as legal framework order 1970. After the restoration of the Provincial Assembly in 1970, General Elections were held for the NWFP Provincial Assembly on 17 December 1970. At that time the number of memberâ€™s seats in the Assembly was 43 out of which 2 seats were reserved for women and only one for minorities. The first session of the Assembly was summoned on 2 May 1972 in the hall of Pakistan Academy for Rural Development, University Town Peshawar. Mr. Muhammad Aslam Khan Khattak was elected as Speaker and Arbab Saifur Rehman Khan as Deputy Speaker on 2 May 1972.", "Parliament of Pakistan Article 50 of the Constitution provides that the Parliament of Pakistan shall consist of president and the two houses known as the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly has an edge over the Senate by legislating exclusively on money matters. With exception to money bills, however, both the houses work together to carry out the basic work of the Parliament, i.e. law making. The bill relating to the Federal Legislative List can be originated in either house. If the house passed the bill through majority vote, it shall be transmitted to the other house. If the other house passes it without amendment, it shall be presented to the president for assent. If the bill, transmitted to the other house, is not passed within ninety days or rejected, it shall be considered in a joint sitting to be summoned by the president on the request of the house in which the bill was originated. If the bill is passed in the joint sitting, with or without amendments, by the votes of majority of the members of the two houses, it shall be presented to the president for assent.", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan The Speaker of the National Assembly (Urdu: اسپیکر قومی اسمبلی); informally as Speaker National Assembly, is the presiding official of the National Assembly of Pakistan– a lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan.[1]", "Parliament of Pakistan National Assembly of Pakistan expressed confidence in the leadership of President General Pervez Musharaf through the resolution on 1 January 2004. President General Pervez Musharaf addressed the Joint Session of the Parliament on 17 January 2004. Prime Minister Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali resigned from his office on 26 June 2004. Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain was elected the 21st Prime Minister of Pakistan on 29 June 2004 and obtained a vote of confidence from the National Assembly on 30 June 2004. Mr. Shaukat Aziz was elected the leader of the house on 27 August 2004 and was administered oath of the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 28 August 2004. National Assembly of Pakistan completed its Constitutional tenure on 15 November 2007. After the resignation from the post of Chief of Army Staff, Mr. Pervez Musharaf administered the oath of President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan on 29 November 2007.", "Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha Members of the lower house of the Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) were elected in the Indian general election, 2014 held in Aprilâ€“May 2014. The total strength of the 16th Lok Sabha is 545, against the approved strength of 552.[14]", "Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan Muslim League/Convention Muslim League", "Independent politician Pakistan is a Democratic country and also has Independent politician standing in elections. Pakistan's Parliament has General Elections, 2008 Elected 30 Members. In Election 2011 has won the 4 candidates in National Assembly.In General Election 2013, 9 seats won by independents." ]	[ "National Assembly of Pakistan The Pakistani National Assembly (Urdu: قومی اسمبلئ پاکستان‬‎— Qaumī Asimbli'e Pākistān); is the lower house of the bicameral Majlis-e-Shura, which also comprises the President of Pakistan and Senate (upper house). The National Assembly and the Senate both convene at Parliament House in Islamabad. The National Assembly is a democratically elected body consisting of a total of 332 members who are referred to as Members of the National Assembly (MNAs), of which 272 are directly elected members and 70 reserved seats for women and religious minorities. A political party must secure 172 seats to obtain and preserve a majority.[3]" ]
test9	who makes the decisions about what to produce in a market economy	[ "doc91" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc91", "doc586194", "doc1668359", "doc1626492", "doc341437", "doc1097795", "doc341460", "doc1097736", "doc1668363", "doc1167100", "doc2553108", "doc1097769", "doc2127373", "doc1358907", "doc93", "doc1359005", "doc403357", "doc98", "doc1653770", "doc341455", "doc341453", "doc341454", "doc1120340", "doc341464", "doc547460", "doc1097773", "doc341457", "doc1097776", "doc1097806", "doc1097922", "doc1097766", "doc403359", "doc1097838", "doc1236730", "doc96", "doc403360", "doc1573818", "doc1358915", "doc1015682", "doc981976", "doc1097810", "doc929079", "doc1097804", "doc1236722", "doc952067", "doc586188", "doc1097920", "doc104", "doc1227967", "doc1120326", "doc2553110", "doc586195", "doc1097898", "doc1358918", "doc341438", "doc163608", "doc952064", "doc1668364", "doc1358913", "doc1097811", "doc403361", "doc963384", "doc981989", "doc2227119", "doc1668358", "doc368607", "doc963414", "doc1120335", "doc981987", "doc586184", "doc885767", "doc1359003", "doc1097874", "doc1016039", "doc1097803", "doc916022", "doc1097770", "doc1573821", "doc92", "doc963405", "doc279018", "doc1358919", "doc2227116", "doc1330144", "doc1126503", "doc1358910", "doc2227109", "doc163606", "doc94", "doc1097805", "doc952063", "doc163609", "doc1064698", "doc1358887", "doc1579564", "doc1097802", "doc105", "doc916012", "doc106", "doc969283" ]	[ "Market economy A market economy is an economic system where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on the interplay of supply and demand,[1] which determines the prices of goods and services.[2] The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that investment decisions, or the allocation of producer good, are primarily made through capital and financial markets.[3] This is contrasted with a planned economy, where investment and production decisions are embodied in an integrated plan of production established by a state or other organizational body that controls the factors of production.", "Economic system In a capitalist economic system, production is carried out for private profit, and decisions regarding investment and allocation of factor inputs are determined by business owners in factor markets. The means of production are primarily owned by private enterprises, and decisions regarding production and investment are determined by private owners in capital markets. Capitalist systems range from laissez-faire, with minimal government regulation and state enterprise, to regulated and social market systems, with the aims of ameliorating market failures (see economic intervention) or supplementing the private marketplace with social policies to promote equal opportunities (see welfare state), respectively.", "Factor market Production is the transformation of inputs into final products.[1] Firms obtain the inputs or factors of production in the factors markets. The goods are sold in the products markets. In most respects these markets are the same. Price is determined by the interaction of supply and demand; firms attempt to maximize profits, and factors can influence and change the equilibrium price and quantities bought and sold, and the laws of supply and demand hold.", "Invisible hand In this interpretation, the theory is that the Invisible Hand states that if each consumer is allowed to choose freely what to buy and each producer is allowed to choose freely what to sell and how to produce it, the market will settle on a product distribution and prices that are beneficial to all the individual members of a community, and hence to the community as a whole. The reason for this is that self-interest drives actors to beneficial behavior in a case of serendipity. Efficient methods of production are adopted to maximize profits. Low prices are charged to maximize revenue through gain in market share by undercutting competitors.[citation needed] Investors invest in those industries most urgently needed to maximize returns, and withdraw capital from those less efficient in creating value. All these effects take place dynamically and automatically.[citation needed]", "Free market In economics, a free market is an idealized system in which the prices for goods and services are determined by the open market and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. Proponents of the concept of free market contrast it with a regulated market, in which a government intervenes in supply and demand through various methods such as tariffs used to restrict trade and protect the economy. In an idealized free market economy, prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy.", "Capitalism In capitalist economic structures, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It concludes that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at the current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at the current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium for price and quantity.", "Free market Friedrich Hayek popularized the view that market economies promote spontaneous order which results in a better \"allocation of societal resources than any design could achieve.\"[18] According to this view, in market economies are characterized by the formation of complex transactional networks which produce and distribute goods and services throughout the economy. These networks are not designed, but nevertheless emerge as a result of decentralized individual economic decisions. The idea of spontaneous order is an elaboration on the invisible hand proposed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. Smith wrote that the individual who:", "Capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.[1][2][3] Characteristics central to capitalism include private property, capital accumulation, wage labor, voluntary exchange, a price system and competitive markets.[4][5] In a capitalist market economy, decision-making and investment are determined by every owner of wealth, property or production ability in financial and capital markets, whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets.[6][7]", "Factor market The buyers in the factors markets are the firms that produce the final goods for the products markets. Each firm must decide how much labor to hire to maximize its profits. The decision is made through marginal analysis. The firm will hire a worker if the marginal benefits exceed the marginal costs.[3] The marginal benefit is the marginal revenue product of labor or MRPL. The MRPL is the MPL times marginal revenue or, in a perfectly competitive market structure, simply the MPL times price.[4] The marginal revenue product of labor is the \"amount of which [the manager] can sell the extra output [from adding another worker]\".[5] The marginal costs are the wage rate.[6] The firm will continue to hire additional units of labor as long as MRPL > wage rate and will stop at the point that MRPL = the wage rate.[7] Following this rule the firm is maximizing profits since MRPL = MCL is equivalent to the profit maximization rule of MR = MC.[8]", "Factors of production Consider entrepreneurship as a factor of production, leaving debate aside. In markets, entrepreneurs combine the other factors of production, land, labor, and capital, to make a profit. Often these entrepreneurs are seen as innovators, developing new ways to produce and new products. In a planned economy, central planners decide how land, labor, and capital should be used to provide for maximum benefit for all citizens. Of course, just as with market entrepreneurs, the benefits may mostly accrue to the entrepreneurs themselves.", "Supply creates its own demand The production of commodities creates, and is the one and universal cause that creates a market for the commodities produced.", "Capitalism Supply is the amount of a good or service produced by a firm and which is available for sale. Demand is the amount that people are willing to buy at a specific price. Prices tend to rise when demand exceeds supply, and fall when supply exceeds demand. In theory, the market is able to coordinate itself when a new equilibrium price and quantity is reached.", "Marginal cost In perfectly competitive markets, firms decide the quantity to be produced based on marginal costs and sale price. If the sale price is higher than the marginal cost, then they supply the unit and sell it. If the marginal cost is higher than the price, it would not be profitable to produce it. So the production will be carried out until the marginal cost is equal to the sale price. In other words, firms refuse to sell if the marginal cost is greater than the market price.[7]", "Economics Prices and quantities have been described as the most directly observable attributes of goods produced and exchanged in a market economy.[39] The theory of supply and demand is an organizing principle for explaining how prices coordinate the amounts produced and consumed. In microeconomics, it applies to price and output determination for a market with perfect competition, which includes the condition of no buyers or sellers large enough to have price-setting power.", "Market economy Market economies do not logically presuppose the existence of private ownership of the means of production. A market economy can and often does include various types of cooperatives, collectives, or autonomous state agencies that acquire and exchange capital goods in capital markets. These all utilize a market-determined free price system to allocate capital goods and labor.[3] In addition, there are many variations of market socialism, some of which involve employee-owned enterprises based on self-management; as well as models that involve the combination of public ownership of the means of production with factor markets.[7]", "Economics The continuous interplay (exchange or trade) done by economic actors in all markets sets the prices for all goods and services which, in turn, make the rational managing of scarce resources possible. At the same time, the decisions (choices) made by the same actors, while they are pursuing their own interest, determine the level of output (production), consumption, savings, and investment, in an economy, as well as the remuneration (distribution) paid to the owners of labour (in the form of wages), capital (in the form of profits) and land (in the form of rent).[h] Each period, as if they were in a giant feedback system, economic players influence the pricing processes and the economy, and are in turn influenced by them until a steady state (equilibrium) of all variables involved is reached or until an external shock throws the system toward a new equilibrium point. Because of the autonomous actions of rational interacting agents, the economy is a complex adaptive system.[i]", "Economic problem â€¢ What to produce?", "Market economy Free-market economy refers to an economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets, private ownership of productive enterprises. Laissez-faire is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights.", "Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory) Capitalist society is epitomized by the so-called circuit of commodity production, M-C-M' and by renting money for that purpose where the aggregate of market actors determine the money price M, of the input labor and commodities and M' the struck price of C, the produced market commodity. It is centered on the process M â†’ M', \"making money\" and the exchange of value that occurs at that point. M' > M is the condition of rationality in the capitalist system and a necessary condition for the next cycle of accumulation/production. For this reason, Capitalism is \"production for exchange\" driven by the desire for personal accumulation of money receipts in such exchanges, mediated by free markets. The markets themselves are driven by the needs and wants of consumers and those of society as a whole in the form of the bourgeois state. These wants and needs would (in the socialist or communist society envisioned by Marx, Engels and others) be the driving force, it would be \"production for use\". Contemporary mainstream (bourgeois) economics, particularly that associated with the right, holds that an \"invisible hand\",[4] through little more than the freedom of the market, is able to match social production to these needs and desires.", "Free market In a free market, individuals and firms taking part in these transactions have the liberty to enter, leave and participate in the market as they so choose. Prices and quantities are allowed to adjust according to economic conditions in order to reach equilibrium and properly allocate resources. However, in many countries around the world, governments seek to intervene in the free market in order to achieve certain social or political agendas.[13] Governments may attempt to create social equality or equality of outcome by intervening in the market through actions such as imposing a minimum wage (price floor) or erecting price controls (price ceiling). Other lesser-known goals are also pursued, such as in the United States, where the federal government subsidizes owners of fertile land to not grow crops in order to prevent the supply curve from further shifting to the right and decreasing the equilibrium price. This is done under the justification of maintaining farmers' profits; due to the relative inelasticity of demand for crops, increased supply would lower the price but not significantly increase quantity demanded, thus placing pressure on farmers to exit the market.[14] Such interventions are often done in the name of maintaining basic assumptions of free markets, such as the idea that the costs of production must be included in the price of goods. Pollution and depletion costs are sometimes NOT included in the cost of production (a manufacturer that withdraws water at one location then discharges it polluted downstream, avoiding the cost of treating the water), so governments may opt to impose regulations in an attempt to try to internalize all of the cost of production (and ultimately include them in the price of the goods).", "Free market Demand for an item (such as goods or services) refers to the market pressure from people trying to buy it. Buyers have a maximum price they are willing to pay and sellers have a minimum price they are willing to offer their product. The point at which the supply and demand curves meet is the equilibrium price of the good and quantity demanded. Sellers willing to offer their goods at a lower price than the equilibrium price receive the difference as producer surplus. Buyers willing to pay for goods at a higher price than the equilibrium price receive the difference as consumer surplus.[12]", "Free market The model is commonly applied to wages in the market for labor. The typical roles of supplier and consumer are reversed. The suppliers are individuals, who try to sell (supply) their labor for the highest price. The consumers are businesses, which try to buy (demand) the type of labor they need at the lowest price. As more people offer their labor in that market, the equilibrium wage decreases and the equilibrium level of employment increases as the supply curve shifts to the right. The opposite happens if fewer people offer their wages in the market as the supply curve shifts to the left.[12]", "Microeconomics Supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a perfectly competitive market. It concludes that in a perfectly competitive market with no externalities, per unit taxes, or price controls, the unit price for a particular good is the price at which the quantity demanded by consumers equals the quantity supplied by producers. This price results in a stable economic equilibrium.", "Free market Supporters of this view claim that spontaneous order is superior to any order that does not allow individuals to make their own choices of what to produce, what to buy, what to sell, and at what prices, due to the number and complexity of the factors involved. They further believe that any attempt to implement central planning will result in more disorder, or a less efficient production and distribution of goods and services.", "Demand In perfectly competitive markets the demand curve, the average revenue curve, and the marginal revenue curve all coincide and are horizontal at the market-given price.[3] The demand curve is perfectly elastic and coincides with the average and marginal revenue curves. Economic actors are price-takers. Perfectly competitive firms have zero market power; that is, they have no ability to affect the terms and conditions of exchange. A perfectly competitive firm's decisions are limited to whether to produce and if so, how much. In less than perfectly competitive markets the demand curve is negatively sloped and there is a separate marginal revenue curve. A firm in a less than perfectly competitive market is a price-setter. The firm can decide how much to produce or what price to charge. In deciding one variable the firm is necessarily determining the other variable", "Capitalism In capitalist theoretics, the profit motive is said to ensure that resources are being allocated efficiently. For instance, Austrian economist Henry Hazlitt explains: â€œIf there is no profit in making an article, it is a sign that the labor and capital devoted to its production are misdirected: the value of the resources that must be used up in making the article is greater than the value of the article itself.\"[80] In other words, profits let companies know whether an item is worth producing. Theoretically in free and competitive markets, maximising profits ensures that resources are not wasted.", "Free market General equilibrium theory has demonstrated, with varying degrees of mathematical rigor over time, that under certain conditions of competition, the law of supply and demand predominates in this ideal free and competitive market, influencing prices toward an equilibrium that balances the demands for the products against the supplies.[17] At these equilibrium prices, the market distributes the products to the purchasers according to each purchaser's preference (or utility) for each product and within the relative limits of each buyer's purchasing power. This result is described as market efficiency, or more specifically a Pareto optimum.", "Capitalism In capitalist economics, market competition is the rivalry among sellers trying to achieve such goals as increasing profits, market share, and sales volume by varying the elements of the marketing mix: price, product, distribution, and promotion. Merriam-Webster defines competition in business as \"the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure the business of a third party by offering the most favourable terms\".[84] It was described by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations (1776) and later economists as allocating productive resources to their most highly valued uses[85] and encouraging efficiency. Smith and other classical economists before Cournot were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by bidding of buyers, not necessarily to a large number of sellers nor to a market in final equilibrium.[86] Competition is widespread throughout the market process. It is a condition where \"buyers tend to compete with other buyers, and sellers tend to compete with other sellers\".[87] In offering goods for exchange, buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available, or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods. Similarly, sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on the market, competing for the attention and exchange resources of buyers. Competition results from scarcity – there is never enough to satisfy all conceivable human wants – and occurs \"when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what\".[87]", "Capitalism Just like the supply curves reflect marginal cost curves, demand curves are determined by marginal utility curves.[107] Consumers will be willing to buy a given quantity of a good, at a given price, if the marginal utility of additional consumption is equal to the opportunity cost determined by the price, that is the marginal utility of alternative consumption choices. The demand schedule is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time.", "Capitalism Austrian School economists have argued that capitalism can organise itself into a complex system without an external guidance or central planning mechanism. Friedrich Hayek considered the phenomenon of self-organisation as underpinning capitalism. Prices serve as a signal as to the urgent and unfilled wants of people, and the opportunity to earn profits if successful, or absorb losses if resources are used poorly or left idle, gives entrepreneurs incentive to use their knowledge and resources to satisfy those wants. Thus the activities of millions of people, each seeking his own interest, are coordinated.[249]", "Capitalism Capitalism is \"production for exchange\" driven by the desire for personal accumulation of money receipts in such exchanges, mediated by free markets. The markets themselves are driven by the needs and wants of consumers and those of society as a whole. Contemporary mainstream economics holds that the market, by an \"invisible hand\" and through little more than free trade, is able to match social production to these needs and desires.", "Economic problem â€¢ For whom to produce?", "Capitalism Free-market economy refers to a capitalist economic system where prices for goods and services are set freely by the forces of supply and demand and are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly competitive markets and private ownership of productive enterprises. Laissez-faire is a more extensive form of free-market economy where the role of the state is limited to protecting property rights.", "Planned economy Critics of planned economies argue that planners cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages, and surpluses with sufficient accuracy and therefore cannot efficiently co-ordinate production (in a market economy, a free price system is intended to serve this purpose). This difficulty was notably written about by economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek, who referred to subtly distinct aspects of the problem as the \"economic calculation problem\" and \"local knowledge problem\" respectively. These opponents of central planning argue that the only way to satisfy individuals who have a constantly changing hierarchy of needs, and are the only ones to possess their particular individual's circumstances, is by allowing those with the most knowledge of their needs to have it in their power to use their resources in a competing marketplace to meet the needs of the most consumers, most efficiently. This phenomenon is recognized as spontaneous order. Additionally, misallocation of resources would naturally ensue by redirecting capital away from individuals with direct knowledge and circumventing it into markets where a coercive monopoly influences behavior, ignoring market signals. According to Tibor R. Machan, \"Without a market in which allocations can be made in obedience to the law of supply and demand, it is difficult or impossible to funnel resources with respect to actual human preferences and goals.\"[19]", "Market economy Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism, but most feel[who?] that the term \"mixed economies\" more precisely describes most contemporary economies, due to their containing both private-owned and state-owned enterprises. In capitalism, prices determine the demand-supply scale. For example, higher demand for certain goods and services lead to higher prices and lower demand for certain goods lead to lower prices.", "Economic problem 'What and how much will you produce?'\nThis question lies with selecting the type of supply and the quantity of the supply, focusing on efficiency.", "Profit motive Theoretically, when an economy is fully competitive (i.e. has no market imperfections like externalities, monopolies, information or power imbalances etc), the profit motive ensures that resources are being allocated efficiently. For instance, Austrian economist Henry Hazlitt explains, â€œIf there is no profit in making an article, it is a sign that the labor and capital devoted to its production are misdirected: the value of the resources that must be used up in making the article is greater than the value of the article itself.\"[1] In other words, profits let companies know whether an item is worth producing. Theoretically in free and competitive markets, if an individual firm maximizes profits, it ensures that resources are not wasted. However, the market itself, should minimize profits as it is the cost to the value chain. Competition is the key tool by which markets overcome the individual firm's profit maximization incentive. The profit motive is a good of value to the economy. It is needed to provide incentive to generate efficiency and innovation. However over-remuneration of the profit motive creates profit inefficiency.", "Economics Marginalist theory, such as above, describes the consumers as attempting to reach most-preferred positions, subject to income and wealth constraints while producers attempt to maximize profits subject to their own constraints, including demand for goods produced, technology, and the price of inputs. For the consumer, that point comes where marginal utility of a good, net of price, reaches zero, leaving no net gain from further consumption increases. Analogously, the producer compares marginal revenue (identical to price for the perfect competitor) against the marginal cost of a good, with marginal profit the difference. At the point where marginal profit reaches zero, further increases in production of the good stop. For movement to market equilibrium and for changes in equilibrium, price and quantity also change \"at the margin\": more-or-less of something, rather than necessarily all-or-nothing.", "Socialist economics Economic planning is a mechanism for the allocation of economic inputs and decision-making based on direct allocation, in contrast to the market mechanism, which is based on indirect allocation.[44] An economy based on economic planning appropriates its resources as needed, so that allocation comes in the form of internal transfers rather than market transactions involving the purchasing of assets by one government agency or firm by another. Decision-making is carried out by workers and consumers on the enterprise-level.", "Market (economics) In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. The exchange of goods or services, with or without money, is a transaction.[1] Market participants consist of all the buyers and sellers of a good who influence its price, which is a major topic of study of economics and has given rise to several theories and models concerning the basic market forces of supply and demand. A major topic of debate is how much a given market can be considered to be a \"free market\", that is free from government intervention. Microeconomics traditionally focuses on the study of market structure and the efficiency of market equilibrium; when the latter (if it exists) is not efficient, then economists say that a market failure has occurred. However it is not always clear how the allocation of resources can be improved since there is always the possibility of government failure.", "Capitalism The determinants of demand are:", "Economy A market-based economy is where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency.", "Capitalism The determinants of supply are:", "Planned economy Planned economies are usually associated with Soviet-type central planning, which involves centralized state planning and administrative decision making.[5] In command economies, important allocation decisions are made by government authorities and are imposed by law.[6] Planned economies are held in contrast to unplanned economies, specifically market economies, where production, distribution, pricing and investment decisions are made by autonomous firms operating in markets. Market economies that use indicative planning are sometimes referred to as “planned market economies”.", "Production (economics) The customers of a company are typically consumers, other market producers or producers in the public sector. Each of them has their individual production functions. Due to competition, the price-quality-ratios of commodities tend to improve and this brings the benefits of better productivity to customers. Customers get more for less. In households and the public sector this means that more need satisfaction is achieved at less cost. For this reason the productivity of customers can increase over time even though their incomes remain unchanged.", "Economic system There are multiple components to economic system.Decision-making structures of an economy determine the use of economic inputs (the factors of production), distribution of output, the level of centralization in decision-making, and who makes these decisions. Decisions might be carried out by industrial councils, by a government agency, or by private owners.", "Capitalism The model of prices being determined by supply and demand assumes perfect competition. But:", "Market economy Market socialism refers to various types of economic systems where the means of production and the dominant economic institutions are either publicly owned or cooperatively owned but operated according to the rules of supply and demand. This type of market economy has its roots in classical economics and in the works of Adam Smith, the Ricardian socialists, and Mutualist philosophers.[12]", "Decision-making In economics, it is thought that if humans are rational and free to make their own decisions, then they would behave according to rational choice theory.[22]:368â€“370 Rational choice theory says that a person consistently makes choices that lead to the best situation for himself or herself, taking into account all available considerations including costs and benefits; the rationality of these considerations is from the point of view of the person himself, so a decision is not irrational just because someone else finds it questionable.", "Microeconomics Microeconomics (from Greek prefix mikro- meaning \"small\" + economics) is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms.[1][2][3]", "Supply creates its own demand Nothing is more true than that it is produce which constitutes the market for produce, and that every increase of production, if distributed without miscalculation among all kinds of produce in the proportion which private interest would dictate, creates, or rather constitutes, its own demand.", "Economic system In socialist economic systems (socialism), production for use is carried out; decisions regarding the use of the means of production are adjusted to satisfy economic demand; investment is determined through economic planning procedures. There is a wide range of proposed planning procedures and ownership structures for socialist systems, with the common feature among them being the social ownership of the means of production. This might take the form of public ownership by all of the society, or ownership cooperatively by their employees. A socialist economic system that features social ownership but is based on the process of capital accumulation and utilization of capital markets for the allocation of capital goods between socially-owned enterprises falls under the subcategory of market socialism.", "Capitalism Free-market economists counter that the profit motive, coupled with competition, actually reduces the final price of an item for consumption, rather than raising it. They argue that businesses profit by selling a good at a lower price and at a greater volume than the competition. Economist Thomas Sowell uses supermarkets as an example to illustrate this point: “It has been estimated that a supermarket makes a clear profit of about a penny on a dollar of sales. If that sounds pretty skimpy, remember that it is collecting that penny on every dollar at several cash registers simultaneously and, in many cases, around the clock.”[194]", "Economics People frequently do not trade directly on markets. Instead, on the supply side, they may work in and produce through firms. The most obvious kinds of firms are corporations, partnerships and trusts. According to Ronald Coase, people begin to organize their production in firms when the costs of doing business becomes lower than doing it on the market.[45] Firms combine labour and capital, and can achieve far greater economies of scale (when the average cost per unit declines as more units are produced) than individual market trading.", "Free market In scholarly debates, the concept of a free market is contrasted with the concept of a coordinated market in fields of study such as political economy, new institutional economics, economic sociology, and political science. All of these fields emphasize the importance in actually existing market systems of rule making institutions external to the simple forces of supply and demand which create space for those forces to operate to control productive output and distribution.", "Competition (economics) In any given market, the power structure will either be in favor of sellers or in favor of buyers. The former case is known as a seller's market; the latter is known as a buyer's market or consumer sovereignty.[3] In either case, the disadvantaged group is known as price-takers and the advantaged group known as price-setters.[citation needed]", "Production (economics) In principle there are two main activities in an economy, production and consumption. Similarly there are two kinds of actors, producers and consumers. Well-being is made possible by efficient production and by the interaction between producers and consumers. In the interaction, consumers can be identified in two roles both of which generate well-being. Consumers can be both customers of the producers and suppliers to the producers. The customers’ well-being arises from the commodities they are buying and the suppliers’ well-being is related to the income they receive as compensation for the production inputs they have delivered to the producers.", "Factor market The demand for inputs is a derived demand.[9] That is, the demand is determined by or originates from the demand for the product the inputs are used to produce.[10][11]", "Economics For a given quantity of a consumer good, the point on the demand curve indicates the value, or marginal utility, to consumers for that unit. It measures what the consumer would be prepared to pay for that unit.[40] The corresponding point on the supply curve measures marginal cost, the increase in total cost to the supplier for the corresponding unit of the good. The price in equilibrium is determined by supply and demand. In a perfectly competitive market, supply and demand equate marginal cost and marginal utility at equilibrium.[41]", "Capitalism In the context of supply and demand, economic equilibrium refers to a state where economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change. For example, in the standard text-book model of perfect competition, equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal.[108] Market equilibrium in this case refers to a condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by buyers is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by sellers. This price is often called the competitive price or market clearing price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes and the quantity is called \"competitive quantity\" or market clearing quantity.", "Economic problem e.g. \"What should I produce more; laptops or tablets?\"", "Consumer choice Consumption is separated from production, logically, because two different economic agents are involved. In the first case consumption is by the primary individual; in the second case, a producer might make something that he would not consume himself. Therefore, different motivations and abilities are involved. The models that make up consumer theory are used to represent prospectively observable demand patterns for an individual buyer on the hypothesis of constrained optimization. Prominent variables used to explain the rate at which the good is purchased (demanded) are the price per unit of that good, prices of related goods, and wealth of the consumer.", "Market (economics) In his Principles of Economics (1890),[7] Alfred Marshall presented a possible solution to this problem, using the supply and demand model. Marshall's idea of solving the controversy was that the demand curve could be derived by aggregating individual consumer demand curves, which were themselves based on the consumer problem of maximizing utility. The supply curve could be derived by superimposing a representative firm supply curves for the factors of production and then market equilibrium would be given by the intersection of demand and supply curves. He also introduced the notion of different market periods: mainly long run and short run. This set of ideas gave way to what economists call perfect competition—now found in the standard microeconomics texts—even though Marshall himself was highly skeptical, it could be used as general model of all markets.", "Supply and demand Just like the supply curves reflect marginal cost curves, demand curves are determined by marginal utility curves.[2] Consumers will be willing to buy a given quantity of a good, at a given price, if the marginal utility of additional consumption is equal to the opportunity cost determined by the price, that is, the marginal utility of alternative consumption choices. The demand schedule is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time.", "Factor market Firms buy productive resources in return for making factor payments at factor prices. The interaction between product and factor markets involves the principle of derived demand. Derived demand refers to the demand for productive resources, which is derived from the demand for final goods and services or output. For example, if consumer demand for new cars rises, producers will respond by increasing their demand for the productive inputs or resources used to produce new cars.", "Shortage In a perfect market (one that matches a simple microeconomic model), an excess of demand will prompt sellers to increase prices until demand at that price matches the available supply, establishing market equilibrium[1][citation needed]. In economic terminology, a shortage occurs when for some reason (such as government intervention, or decisions by sellers not to raise prices) the price does not rise to reach equilibrium. In this circumstance, buyers want to purchase more at the market price than the quantity of the good or service that is available, and some non-price mechanism (such as \"first come, first served\" or a lottery) determines which buyers are served. So in a perfect market the only thing that can cause a shortage is price.", "Consumer choice In Marx's critique of political economy, any labor-product has a value and a use value, and if it is traded as a commodity in markets, it additionally has an exchange value, most often expressed as a money-price.[10] Marx acknowledges that commodities being traded also have a general utility, implied by the fact that people want them, but he argues that this by itself tells us nothing about the specific character of the economy in which they are produced and sold.", "Microeconomics The theory of supply and demand usually assumes that markets are perfectly competitive. This implies that there are many buyers and sellers in the market and none of them have the capacity to significantly influence prices of goods and services. In many real-life transactions, the assumption fails because some individual buyers or sellers have the ability to influence prices. Quite often, a sophisticated analysis is required to understand the demand-supply equation of a good model. However, the theory works well in situations meeting these assumptions.", "Market (economics) Microeconomics (from Greek prefix mikro- meaning \"small\" and economics) is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and small impacting organizations in making decisions on the allocation of limited resources (see scarcity). On the other hand, macroeconomics (from the Greek prefix makro- meaning \"large\" and economics) is a branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets.", "Economic system An economic system is a system of production, resource allocation, and distribution of goods and services within a society or a given geographic area. It includes the combination of the various institutions, agencies, entities, decision-making processes, and patterns of consumption that comprise the economic structure of a given community. As such, an economic system is a type of social system. The mode of production is a related concept.[1] All economic systems have three basic questions to ask: what to produce, how to produce and in what quantities, and who receives the output of production.", "Production function In the decision frame of a firm making economic choices regarding production—how much of each factor input to use to produce how much output—and facing market prices for output and inputs, the production function represents the possibilities afforded by an exogenous technology. Under certain assumptions, the production function can be used to derive a marginal product for each factor. The profit-maximizing firm in perfect competition (taking output and input prices as given) will choose to add input right up to the point where the marginal cost of additional input matches the marginal product in additional output. This implies an ideal division of the income generated from output into an income due to each input factor of production, equal to the marginal product of each input.", "Economics Neoclassical economics studies the behaviour of individuals, households, and organizations (called economic actors, players, or agents), when they manage or use scarce resources, which have alternative uses, to achieve desired ends. Agents are assumed to act rationally, have multiple desirable ends in sight, limited resources to obtain these ends, a set of stable preferences, a definite overall guiding objective, and the capability of making a choice. There exists an economic problem, subject to study by economic science, when a decision (choice) is made by one or more resource-controlling players to attain the best possible outcome under bounded rational conditions. In other words, resource-controlling agents maximize value subject to the constraints imposed by the information the agents have, their cognitive limitations, and the finite amount of time they have to make and execute a decision. Economic science centres on the activities of the economic agents that comprise society.[135] They are the focus of economic analysis.[g]", "Capitalism Wage labour refers to the sale of labour under a formal or informal employment contract to an employer.[142] These transactions usually occur in a labour market where wages are market determined.[143] Individuals who possess and supply financial capital or labor to productive ventures often become owners, either jointly (as shareholders) or individually. In Marxist economics these owners of the means of production and suppliers of capital are generally called capitalists. The description of the role of the capitalist has shifted, first referring to a useless intermediary between producers to an employer of producers, and eventually came to refer to owners of the means of production.[144] Labor includes all physical and mental human resources, including entrepreneurial capacity and management skills, which are needed to produce products and services. Production is the act of making goods or services by applying labor power.[145][146]", "Monopolistic competition No sellers or buyers have complete market information, like market demand or market supply.[12]", "Capitalism Economists also distinguish the short-run market supply curve from the long-run market supply curve. In this context, two things are assumed constant by definition of the short run: the availability of one or more fixed inputs (typically physical capital), and the number of firms in the industry. In the long-run, firms can adjust their holdings of physical capital, enabling them to better adjust their quantity supplied at any given price. Furthermore, in the long-run potential competitors can enter or exit the industry in response to market conditions. For both of these reasons, long-run market supply curves are generally flatter than their short-run counterparts.", "Say's law John Maynard Keynes argued in 1936 that Say's law is simply not true, and that demand, rather than supply, is the key variable that determines the overall level of economic activity. According to Keynes, demand depends on the propensity of individuals to consume and on the propensity of businesses to invest, both of which vary throughout the business cycle. There is no reason to expect enough aggregate demand to produce full employment.[19]", "Capitalism Competition arises when more than one producer is trying to sell the same or similar products to the same buyers. In capitalist theory, competition leads to innovation and more affordable prices. Without competition, a monopoly or cartel may develop. A monopoly occurs when a firm supplies the total output in the market; the firm can engage in rent seeking behaviors such as limiting output and raising prices because it has no fear of competition. A cartel is a group of firms that act together in a monopolistic manner to control output and prices.", "Profit motive Free-market economists argue that the profit motive, coupled with competition, actually reduces the final price of an item for consumption, rather than raising it. They argue that businesses profit by selling a good at a lower price and at a greater volume than the competition. Economist Thomas Sowell uses supermarkets as an example to illustrate this point: “It has been estimated that a supermarket makes a clear profit of about a penny on a dollar of sales. If that sounds pretty skimpy, remember that it is collecting that penny on every dollar at several cash registers simultaneously and, in many cases, around the clock.”[5]", "Market economy Market economies can range from free market systems to regulated markets and various forms of interventionist variants. In reality, free markets do not exist in pure form, since societies and governments all regulate them to varying degrees.[4][5] Different perspectives exist as to how strong a role the government should have in both guiding and regulating market economies and addressing the inequalities the market naturally produces. Most existing market economies include a degree of state-directed activity or economic planning, and are thus classified as mixed economies. The term free-market economy is sometimes used synonymously with market economy.[6]", "Consumer choice The behavioral assumption of the consumer theory proposed herein is that all consumers seek to maximize utility. In the mainstream economics tradition, this activity of maximizing utility has been deemed as the \"rational\" behavior of decision makers. More specifically, in the eyes of economists, all consumers seek to maximize a utility function subject to a budgetary constraint.[4] In other words, economists assume that consumers will always choose the \"best\" bundle of goods they can afford.[5] Consumer theory is therefore based around the problem of generate refutable hypotheses about the nature of consumer demand from this behavioral postulate.[4]", "Aggregate expenditure Classical economists relied on the Say's law which states that supply creates its own demand, which stemmed from the belief that wages,prices and interest rates are all flexible.[5] This comes from the classical thought that the factor payments which are made to the various factors of production during the production process, would create enough income in the economy to create a demand for the products produced.", "Economics In perfectly competitive markets studied in the theory of supply and demand, there are many producers, none of which significantly influence price. Industrial organization generalizes from that special case to study the strategic behaviour of firms that do have significant control of price. It considers the structure of such markets and their interactions. Common market structures studied besides perfect competition include monopolistic competition, various forms of oligopoly, and monopoly.[46]", "Supply and demand Economists also distinguish the short-run market supply curve from the long-run market supply curve. In this context, two things are assumed constant by definition of the short run: the availability of one or more fixed inputs (typically physical capital), and the number of firms in the industry. In the long run, firms have a chance to adjust their holdings of physical capital, enabling them to better adjust their quantity supplied at any given price. Furthermore, in the long run potential competitors can enter or exit the industry in response to market conditions. For both of these reasons, long-run market supply curves are generally flatter than their short-run counterparts.", "Economic planning The internal structures of corporations have been described as centralized command economies that employ both planning and hierarchical organization and management. According to J. Bradford DeLong, a significant portion of transactions in Western economies do not pass through anything resembling a market. Many transactions are actually movements of value among different branches and divisions within corporations, companies and agencies. Furthermore, a significant portion of economic activity is planned in a centralized manner by managers within firms in the form of production planning and marketing management where consumer demand is estimated, targeted and included in the firm's overall plan; and in the form of production planning.[12]", "Division of labour In general, in capitalist economies, such things are not decided consciously.[citation needed] Different people try different things, and that which is most effective cost-wise (produces the most and best output with the least input) will generally be adopted.[citation needed] Often techniques that work in one place or time do not work as well in another. This does not present a problem,[citation needed] as the only requirement of a capitalist system is that you turn a profit.", "Economics Supply is the relation between the price of a good and the quantity available for sale at that price. It may be represented as a table or graph relating price and quantity supplied. Producers, for example business firms, are hypothesized to be profit-maximizers, meaning that they attempt to produce and supply the amount of goods that will bring them the highest profit. Supply is typically represented as a function relating price and quantity, if other factors are unchanged.", "Supply and demand In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market. It postulates that, holding all else equal, in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good, or other traded item such as labor or liquid financial assets, will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded (at the current price) will equal the quantity supplied (at the current price), resulting in an economic equilibrium for price and quantity transacted.", "Competition (economics) Competition is generally accepted as an essential component of markets, and results from scarcity—there is never enough to satisfy all conceivable human wants—and occurs \"when people strive to meet the criteria that are being used to determine who gets what.\" In offering goods for exchange, buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available, or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods. Similarly, sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on the market, competing for the attention and exchange resources of buyers.[1]:105", "Market economy Capitalism generally refers to an economic system where the means of production are largely or entirely privately owned and operated for a profit, structured on the process of capital accumulation. In general, in capitalist systems investment, distribution, income, and prices are determined by markets, whether regulated or unregulated.", "Capitalism A demand schedule, depicted graphically as the demand curve, represents the amount of some goods that buyers are willing and able to purchase at various prices, assuming all determinants of demand other than the price of the good in question, such as income, tastes and preferences, the price of substitute goods, and the price of complementary goods, remain the same. Following the law of demand, the demand curve is almost always represented as downward-sloping, meaning that as price decreases, consumers will buy more of the good.[106]", "Production (economics) Economic well-being also increases due to the growth of incomes that are gained from the growing and more efficient market production. Market production is the only production form which creates and distributes incomes to stakeholders. Public production and household production are financed by the incomes generated in market production. Thus market production has a double role in creating well-being, i.e. the role of producing goods and services and the role of creating income. Because of this double role market production is the “primus motor” of economic well-being and therefore here under review.[citation needed]", "Competition (economics) In his 1776 The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith described it as the exercise of allocating productive resources to their most highly valued uses and encouraging efficiency, an explanation that quickly found support among liberal economists opposing the monopolistic practices of mercantilism, the dominant economic philosophy of the time.[4][5] Smith and other classical economists before Cournot were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by bidding of buyers, not necessarily to a large number of sellers nor to a market in final equilibrium.[6]", "Economic equilibrium In most interpretations, classical economists such as Adam Smith maintained that the free market would tend towards economic equilibrium through the price mechanism. That is, any excess supply (market surplus or glut) would lead to price cuts, which decrease the quantity supplied (by reducing the incentive to produce and sell the product) and increase the quantity demanded (by offering consumers bargains), automatically abolishing the glut. Similarly, in an unfettered market, any excess demand (or shortage) would lead to price increases, reducing the quantity demanded (as customers are priced out of the market) and increasing in the quantity supplied (as the incentive to produce and sell a product rises). As before, the disequilibrium (here, the shortage) disappears. This automatic abolition of non-market-clearing situations distinguishes markets from central planning schemes, which often have a difficult time getting prices right and suffer from persistent shortages of goods and services.[7]", "Economics Microeconomics examines how entities, forming a market structure, interact within a market to create a market system. These entities include private and public players with various classifications, typically operating under scarcity of tradable units and light government regulation.[clarification needed] The item traded may be a tangible product such as apples or a service such as repair services, legal counsel, or entertainment.", "Monopoly Market power is the ability to increase the product's price above marginal cost without losing all customers.[33] Perfectly competitive (PC) companies have zero market power when it comes to setting prices. All companies of a PC market are price takers. The price is set by the interaction of demand and supply at the market or aggregate level. Individual companies simply take the price determined by the market and produce that quantity of output that maximizes the company's profits. If a PC company attempted to increase prices above the market level all its customers would abandon the company and purchase at the market price from other companies. A monopoly has considerable although not unlimited market power. A monopoly has the power to set prices or quantities although not both.[34] A monopoly is a price maker.[35] The monopoly is the market[36] and prices are set by the monopolist based on their circumstances and not the interaction of demand and supply. The two primary factors determining monopoly market power are the company's demand curve and its cost structure.[37]", "Capitalism Economists distinguish between the supply curve of an individual firm and between the market supply curve. The market supply curve is obtained by summing the quantities supplied by all suppliers at each potential price. Thus, in the graph of the supply curve, individual firms' supply curves are added horizontally to obtain the market supply curve.", "Market economy The distinguishing feature between non-market socialism and market socialism is the existence of a market for factors of production and the criteria of profitability for enterprises. Profits derived from publicly owned enterprises can variously be used to reinvest in further production, to directly finance government and social services, or be distributed to the public at large through a social dividend or basic income system.[13]", "Say's law James Mill and David Ricardo restated and developed Say's law. Mill wrote, \"The production of commodities creates, and is the one and universal cause which creates, a market for the commodities produced.\"[10] Ricardo wrote, \"Demand depends only on supply.\"[11]", "Market economy In the 1930s the economists Oskar Lange and Abba Lerner developed a model of socialism that posited that a public body (dubbed the \"Central Planning Board\") could set prices through a trial-and-error approach until they equaled the marginal cost of production in order to achieve perfect competition and pareto optimality. In this model of socialism, firms would be state-owned and managed by their employees, and the profits would be disbursed among the population in a social dividend. This model came to be referred to as \"market socialism\" because it involved the use of money, a price system, and simulated capital markets; all of which were absent from traditional of non-market socialism.", "Economic inequality In a purely capitalist mode of production (i.e. where professional and labor organizations cannot limit the number of workers) the workers wages will not be controlled by these organizations, or by the employer, but rather by the market. Wages work in the same way as prices for any other good. Thus, wages can be considered as a function of market price of skill. And therefore, inequality is driven by this price. Under the law of supply and demand, the price of skill is determined by a race between the demand for the skilled worker and the supply of the skilled worker. \"On the other hand, markets can also concentrate wealth, pass environmental costs on to society, and abuse workers and consumers.\" \"Markets, by themselves, even when they are stable, often lead to high levels of inequality, outcomes that are widely viewed as unfair.\"[62] Employers who offer a below market wage will find that their business is chronically understaffed. Their competitors will take advantage of the situation by offering a higher wage the best of their labor. For a businessman who has the profit motive as the prime interest, it is a losing proposition to offer below or above market wages to workers.[63]" ]	[ "Market economy A market economy is an economic system where decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution are based on the interplay of supply and demand,[1] which determines the prices of goods and services.[2] The major defining characteristic of a market economy is that investment decisions, or the allocation of producer good, are primarily made through capital and financial markets.[3] This is contrasted with a planned economy, where investment and production decisions are embodied in an integrated plan of production established by a state or other organizational body that controls the factors of production." ]
test538	when did tel aviv become the capital of israel	[ "doc19614" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc19614", "doc1167722", "doc1007566", "doc1167724", "doc1569160", "doc575344", "doc995374", "doc19606", "doc19595", "doc19602", "doc81916", "doc1569155", "doc19615", "doc575325", "doc19593", "doc19611", "doc19594", "doc19592", "doc217824", "doc19610", "doc575329", "doc1020378", "doc19617", "doc217817", "doc81879", "doc867196", "doc1569183", "doc1569166", "doc19596", "doc19649", "doc2074933", "doc19597", "doc19613", "doc1167716", "doc2045840", "doc1167723", "doc19616", "doc1167661", "doc1569165", "doc19600", "doc81870", "doc19648", "doc164342", "doc19633", "doc1891742", "doc19608", "doc81861", "doc19612", "doc1891643", "doc1569162", "doc81873", "doc2074968", "doc867201", "doc755641", "doc19654", "doc164344", "doc164405", "doc81909", "doc19607", "doc2170640", "doc19631", "doc19599", "doc575326", "doc19619", "doc2413341", "doc19632", "doc164382", "doc19638", "doc19644", "doc1167708", "doc549512", "doc575346", "doc19601", "doc1761929", "doc1167726", "doc19626", "doc459495", "doc1569181", "doc217780", "doc1405483", "doc1569157", "doc19625", "doc706366", "doc156429", "doc2404582", "doc19651", "doc1416794", "doc1891645", "doc19658", "doc1569164", "doc2405507", "doc19652", "doc2405464", "doc81876", "doc164346", "doc2413315", "doc1569161", "doc19620", "doc693568", "doc19702" ]	[ "Tel Aviv When Israel declared Independence on 14 May 1948, the population of Tel Aviv was over 200,000.[47] Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel until the government moved to Jerusalem in December 1949. Due to the international dispute over the status of Jerusalem, most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.[48] In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the UN's measures responding to Israel's 1980 Jerusalem Law.[49] Today, all national embassies are in Tel Aviv or environs.[50]", "Jerusalem On 5 December 1949, Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, proclaimed Jerusalem as Israel's \"eternal\" and \"sacred\" capital, and eight days later specified that only the war had \"compelled\" the Israeli leadership \"to establish the seat of Government in Tel Aviv\", while \"for the State of Israel there has always been and always will be one capital only - Jerusalem the Eternal\", and that after the war, efforts had been ongoing for creating the conditions for \"the Knesset... returning to Jerusalem.\"[247] This indeed took place, and since the beginning of 1950 all branches of the Israeli government—legislative, judicial, and executive—have resided there, except for the Ministry of Defense, which is located at HaKirya in Tel Aviv.[248][249] At the time of Ben Gurion's proclamations and the ensuing Knesset vote of 24 January 1950,[249] At the time Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan, and thus the proclamation only applied to West Jerusalem.", "The Guardian The Guardian's style guide section referred to Tel Aviv as the capital of Israel in 2012.[79][80] The Guardian later clarified: \"In 1980, the Israeli Knesset enacted a law designating the city of Jerusalem, including East Jerusalem, as the country's capital. In response, the UN security council issued resolution 478, censuring the \"change in character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem\" and calling on all member states with diplomatic missions in the city to withdraw. The UN has reaffirmed this position on several occasions, and almost every country now has its embassy in Tel Aviv. While it was therefore right to issue a correction to make clear Israel's designation of Jerusalem as its capital is not recognised by the international community, we accept that it is wrong to state that Tel Aviv – the country's financial and diplomatic centre – is the capital. The style guide has been amended accordingly.\"[81]", "Jerusalem In 1995, the United States Congress passed the Jerusalem Embassy Act, which required, subject to conditions, that its embassy be moved from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[254] On 6 December 2017 U.S. President Donald Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital and announced his intention to move the American embassy to Jerusalem, reversing decades of United States policy on the issue.[255][256] The move was criticized by many nations.[257] A resolution condemning the US decision was supported by all the 14 other members of the UN Security Council, but was vetoed by the US on 18 December 2017,[258] and a subsequent resolution condemning the US decision was passed in the United Nations General Assembly.[259][260][261][262] Due to the non-recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital, some non-Israeli press use Tel Aviv as a metonym for Israel.[263][264][265][266]", "Jerusalem Embassy Act On December 5, 1949 the Israeli Cabinet, meeting in Tel Aviv, declared Jerusalem the capital of Israel, and on January 23, 1950, the First Knesset proclaimed that \"Jerusalem was, and had always been, the capital of Israel.\"[25] Moreover, on April 24, 1950, the Jordan House of Deputies and House of Notables, in a joint session, adopted a resolution annexing the West Bank and Jerusalem. Because the status of Jerusalem had been included previously in the UN Partition Plan, most countries did not accept this Israeli position, and most embassies have been located elsewhere.[23][26]", "Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv The Jerusalem Embassy Act, passed by Congress in 1995, requires the United States to relocate its embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem by December 31, 1999 and that Jerusalem be recognized as the capital of Israel. The Embassy remains in Tel Aviv because the Act also allows for the President to \"delay the implementation of the law indefinitely if the move presents national security concerns.\"[24] Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama have regularly invoked the clause, delaying the move of the embassy to Jerusalem. In 2017, President Donald Trump officially declared Jerusalem to be the capital of Israel and ordered the State Department to begin moving the embassy. The relocation process is expected to take around 4 years.[2]", "List of countries with multiple capitals Israel designates Jerusalem as its capital, and seats its government in that city. However, as Jerusalem's political status has not reached a final settlement, most countries locate their embassy in Tel Aviv.[1] Tel Aviv and Jerusalem served as de facto joint capitals of Israel from May to December 1948. The Israeli parliament and the supreme court are both located in Jerusalem, which makes it the legislative capital and judicial capital of Israel. Palestine also claims Jerusalem as its capital, but the current de facto seat of the internationally recognized Palestinian government is in Ramallah, while the seat of the Hamas-led government is in Gaza City.", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv, established as suburb of Jaffa, received township or local council status in 1921, and city status in 1934.[34][35]", "Tel Aviv Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced that of Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time.[15] Tel Aviv and Jaffa were later merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv's White City, designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003, comprises the world's largest concentration of International Style buildings, including Bauhaus and other related modernist architectural styles.[16][17]", "Tel Aviv On 11 April 1909, 66 Jewish families gathered on a desolate sand dune to parcel out the land by lottery using seashells. This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv. The lottery was organised by Akiva Aryeh Weiss, president of the building society.[28][29] Weiss collected 120 sea shells on the beach, half of them white and half of them grey. The members' names were written on the white shells and the plot numbers on the grey shells. A boy drew names from one box of shells and a girl drew plot numbers from the second box. A photographer, Avraham Soskin, documented the event. The first water well was later dug at this site, located on what is today Rothschild Boulevard, across from Dizengoff House.[30] Within a year, Herzl, Ahad Ha'am, Yehuda Halevi, Lilienblum, and Rothschild streets were built; a water system was installed; and 66Â houses (including some on six subdivided plots) were completed.[23] At the end of Herzl Street, a plot was allocated for a new building for the Herzliya Hebrew High School, founded in Jaffa in 1906.[23] On 21 May 1910, the name Tel Aviv was adopted.[23] The flag and city arms of Tel Aviv (see above) contain under the red Star of David 2 words from the biblical book of Jeremiah: \"I (God) will build You up again and you will be rebuilt.\" (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water for each house, and street lights.[31]", "Israeli Declaration of Independence PLACING OUR TRUST IN THE \"ROCK OF ISRAEL\", WE AFFIX OUR SIGNATURES TO THIS PROCLAMATION AT THIS SESSION OF THE PROVISIONAL COUNCIL OF STATE, ON THE SOIL OF THE HOMELAND, IN THE CITY OF TEL-AVIV, ON THIS SABBATH EVE, THE 5TH DAY OF IYAR, 5708 (14TH MAY,1948).[33]", "Jerusalem Embassy Act The Act recognized Jerusalem as the capital of the State of Israel and called for Jerusalem to remain an undivided city. Its purpose was to set aside funds for the relocation of the Embassy of the United States in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, by May 31, 1999. For this purpose it withheld 50% of the funds appropriated to the State Department specifically for \"Acquisition and Maintenance of Buildings Abroad\" as allocated in fiscal year 1999 until the United States Embassy in Jerusalem had officially opened.[4] Israel's declared capital is Jerusalem, but this is not internationally recognized, pending final status talks in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.", "Tel Aviv The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government in 1948.[51] The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.[51] The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the United Nations Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed.[51] On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the Palestinian neighborhood of Abu Kabir, the Palestinian village of Salama and some of its agricultural land, and the Jewish 'Hatikva' slum.[51] On 25 February 1949, the depopulated Palestinian village of al-Shaykh Muwannis was also annexed to Tel Aviv.[51] On 18 May 1949, Manshiya and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.[51] The government voted on the unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the decision was not implemented until 24 April 1950 due to the opposition of Tel Aviv mayor Israel Rokach.[51] The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.[51]", "Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv In December 2017, President Donald Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and ordered that the US Embassy be moved there.[2] The US Embassy in Israel will reopen at the Armona consular services site of the US Consulate General on May 14, 2018, to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[3][4][5]", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is governed by the Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality, headed by Ron Huldai, and is home to many foreign embassies.[6] It is a global city and is ranked 34th in the Global Financial Centres Index.[7] Tel Aviv has the third-largest economy in the Middle East after Abu Dhabi and Kuwait City.[8][not in citation given] The city has the 31st highest cost of living in the world.[9] Tel Aviv receives over 2.5 million international visitors annually.[10][11] A \"party capital\" in the Middle East, it has a lively nightlife and 24-hour culture.[12][13] Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv University, the largest university in the country with more than 30,000 students.", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv was granted municipal status in 1934.[23] The Jewish population rose dramatically during the Fifth Aliyah after the Nazis came to power in Germany.[23] By 1937 the Jewish population of Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000, compared to Jaffa's mainly Arab 69,000 residents. Within two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine's total Jewish population.[23] Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life. Friction during the 1936–39 Arab revolt led to the opening of a local Jewish port, Tel Aviv Port, independent of Jaffa, in 1938. It closed on 25 October 1965. Lydda Airport (later Ben Gurion Airport) and Sde Dov Airport opened between 1937 and 1938.[27][unreliable source]", "Tel Aviv The city was founded in 1909 by Jews on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa (Hebrew: יָפוֹ‬ Yafo). Its name means Spring Hill, though the hill was mostly sand. The modern city's first neighborhoods had already been established in 1886, the first of which was Neve Tzedek.[14]", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv (Hebrew: תֵּל אָבִיב‬, [tel aˈviv], Arabic: تل أَبيب‎) is the second most populous city in Israel – after Jerusalem – and the most populous city in the conurbation of Gush Dan, Israel's largest metropolitan area. Located on the country's Mediterranean coastline and with a population of 438,818, it is the financial and technological center of the country. Silicon Wadi is another name for Gush Dan, in comparison to Silicon Valley in the U.S. state of California.", "History of Israel A 120-seat parliament, the Knesset, met first in Tel Aviv then moved to Jerusalem after the 1949 ceasefire. In January 1949, Israel held its first elections. The Socialist-Zionist parties Mapai and Mapam won the most seats (46 and 19 respectively). Mapai's leader, David Ben-Gurion, was appointed Prime Minister, he formed a coalition which did not include Mapam who were Stalinist and loyal to the USSR (another Stalinist party, non-Zionist Maki won 4 seats). The Knesset elected Chaim Weizmann as the first (largely ceremonial) President of Israel. Hebrew and Arabic were made the official languages of the new state. All governments have been coalitionsâ€”no party has ever won a majority in the Knesset. From 1948 until 1977 all governments were led by Mapai and the Alignment, predecessors of the Labour Party. In those years Labour Zionists, initially led by David Ben-Gurion, dominated Israeli politics and the economy was run on primarily socialist lines.", "Tel Aviv Ben Gurion House was built in 1930â€“31, part of a new workers' housing development. At the same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theatre and the decision of Habima Theatre to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in 1931.[23]", "Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv There is controversy surrounding the Tel Aviv location of the United States embassy because Israel has identified Jerusalem as its capital. The United States did not recognise Jerusalem as Israel's capital.[9] In late 2017, however, United States President Donald Trump endorsed the recognition of Jerusalem as the capital, and announced the intention to relocate the United States embassy to an as yet undisclosed location with the Jerusalem area.[10]", "Israeli–Palestinian conflict The Israeli government, including the Knesset and Supreme Court, is centered in the \"new city\" of West Jerusalem and has been since Israel's founding in 1948. After Israel captured the Jordanian-controlled East Jerusalem in the Six-Day War, it assumed complete administrative control of East Jerusalem. In 1980, Israel issued a new law stating that \"Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel.\"[99]", "Tel Aviv In the 1960s, some of the older buildings were demolished, making way for the country's first high-rises. The Shalom Meir Tower, which was completed in 1965. was Israel's tallest building until 1999. Tel Aviv's population peaked in the early 1960s at 390,000, representing 16Â percent of the country's total.[53] A long period of steady decline followed, however, and by the late 1980s the city had an aging population of 317,000.[53] High property prices pushed families out and deterred young people from moving in.[53] At this time, gentrification began in the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv, and the old port in the north was renewed.[27] New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided by UNESCO recognition of the Tel Aviv's White City as a world heritage site. In the early 1990s, the decline in population was reversed, partly due to the large wave of immigrants from the former Soviet Union.[53] Tel Aviv also began to emerge as a high-tech center.[27] The construction of many skyscrapers and high-tech office buildings followed. In 1993, Tel Aviv was categorized as a world city.[54] The city is regarded as a strong candidate for global city status.[55]", "History of Israel On 14 May 1948, on the day the last British forces left from Haifa, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum and proclaimed the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.[121]", "Israeli Declaration of Independence The ceremony was held in the Tel Aviv Museum (today known as Independence Hall) but was not widely publicised as it was feared that the British Authorities might attempt to prevent it or that the Arab armies might invade earlier than expected. An invitation was sent out by messenger on the morning of 14 May telling recipients to arrive at 15:30 and to keep the event a secret. The event started at 16:00 (a time chosen so as not to breach the sabbath) and was broadcast live as the first transmission of the new radio station Kol Yisrael.", "History of Jerusalem On 23 January 1950, the Knesset passed a resolution that stated Jerusalem was the capital of Israel.[52] It is also the largest city in the country.", "Jerusalem Embassy Act On December 6, 2017, President Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and ordered the State Department to begin planning for the relocation of the U.S. Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[8] However, following the announcement, Trump signed an embassy waiver again, delaying the move, as mandated by the Act, by at least six months.[10][11] Secretary of State Rex Tillerson stated that the relocation process will begin immediately, but that the relocation itself however could take years to complete.[11] Legally, however, the U.S. embassy can be moved at any time outside of the scope of the Act.", "Jerusalem Embassy Act Although the Senate and House votes preceded visits by then Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Jerusalem Mayor Ehud Olmert to Washington to celebrate the 3000th anniversary of King David's declaration of Jerusalem as the capital of the Jews,[33] little to no progress was achieved in the physical relocation of the U.S. Embassy to Jerusalem until December 2017.", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is the Hebrew title of Theodor Herzl's Altneuland (\"Old New Land\"), translated from German by Nahum Sokolow. Sokolow had adopted the name of a Mesopotamian site near the city of Babylon mentioned in Ezekiel: \"Then I came to them of the captivity at Tel Aviv, that lived by the river Chebar, and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days.\"[18] The name was chosen in 1910 from several suggestions, including \"Herzliya\". It was found fitting as it embraced the idea of a renaissance in the ancient Jewish homeland. Aviv is Hebrew for \"spring\", symbolizing renewal, and tel is a man-made mound accumulating layers of civilization built one over the other and symbolizing the ancient.", "Tel Aviv The Shalom Meir Tower, Israel's first skyscraper, was built in Tel Aviv in 1965 and remained the country's tallest building until 1999. At the time of its construction, the building rivaled Europe's tallest buildings in height, and was the tallest in the Middle East.", "Borders of Israel On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a resolution recommending the adoption and implementation of a plan to partition Palestine into \"Independent Arab and Jewish States\" and a \"Special International Regime for the City of Jerusalem\" administered by the United Nations (Resolution 181 (II)).[12] Britain declared that the Mandate was to end on 15 May 1948. On 14 May 1948, David Ben-Gurion, in a ceremony in Tel-Aviv, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.[13]", "Tel Aviv Although founded in 1909 as a small settlement on the sand dunes North of Jaffa, Tel Aviv was envisaged as a future city from the start. Its founders hoped that in contrast to what they perceived as the squalid and unsanitary conditions of neighbouring Arab towns, Tel Aviv was to be a clean and modern city, inspired by the European cities of Warsaw and Odessa.[19] The marketing pamphlets advocating for its establishment in 1906, wrote:[19]", "Tel Aviv According to the 1947 UN Partition Plan for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv, by then a city of 230,000, was to be included in the proposed Jewish state. Jaffa with, as of 1945, a population of 101,580 people—53,930 Muslims, 30,820 Jews and 16,800 Christians—was designated as part of the Arab state. Civil War broke out in the country and in particular between the neighbouring cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, which had been assigned to the Jewish and Arab states respectively. After several months of siege, on 13 May 1948, Jaffa fell and the Arab population fled en masse.", "Jerusalem From 1949 until 1967, West Jerusalem served as Israel's capital, but was not recognized as such internationally because UN General Assembly Resolution 194 envisaged Jerusalem as an international city. As a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, the whole of Jerusalem came under Israeli control. On 27 June 1967, the government of Levi Eshkol extended Israeli law and jurisdiction to East Jerusalem, but agreed that administration of the Temple Mount compound would be maintained by the Jordanian waqf, under the Jordanian Ministry of Religious Endowments.[231]", "Land of Israel On May 14, 1948, the day the British Mandate over Palestine expired, the Jewish People's Council gathered at the Tel Aviv Museum, and approved a proclamation, in which it declared \"the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.\"[66]", "Jerusalem In July 1980, Israel passed the Jerusalem Law as Basic Law. The law declared Jerusalem the \"complete and united\" capital of Israel.[250] The Jerusalem Law was condemned by the international community, which did not recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 478 on 20 August 1980, which declared that the Jerusalem Law is \"a violation of international law\", is \"null and void and must be rescinded forthwith\". Member states were called upon to withdraw their diplomatic representation from Jerusalem.[251] Following the resolution, 22 of the 24 countries that previously had their embassy in (West) Jerusalem relocated them in Tel Aviv, where many embassies already resided prior to Resolution 478. Costa Rica and El Salvador followed in 2006.[252] Currently, there are no embassies located within the city limits of Jerusalem, although there are two consulates in the city, and two Latin American states maintain embassies in the Jerusalem District town of Mevaseret Zion (Bolivia and Paraguay).[253] There are a number of consulates-general located in Jerusalem, which work primarily either with Israel, or the Palestinian authorities.", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv thus grew to 42 square kilometers (16.2 sq mi). In 1949, a memorial to the 60 founders of Tel Aviv was constructed.[52] Over the past 60 years, Tel Aviv has developed into a secular, liberal-minded center with a vibrant nightlife and café culture.[27]", "Jerusalem Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently annexed it into Jerusalem, together with additional surrounding territory.[note 6] One of Israel's Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister (Beit Aghion) and President (Beit HaNassi), and the Supreme Court. Whilst the international community rejected the annexation as illegal and treats East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory occupied by Israel,[31][32][33][34] Israel has a stronger claim to sovereignty over West Jerusalem.[35][36]", "Jerusalem Embassy Act S.3(a)(2) and (3) also stated that \"Jerusalem should be recognized as the capital of the State of Israel; and the United States Embassy in Israel should be established in Jerusalem no later than May 31, 1999\".", "Tel Aviv During the First Aliyah in the 1880s, when Jewish immigrants began arriving in the region in significant numbers, new neighborhoods were founded outside Jaffa on the current territory of Tel Aviv. The first was Neve Tzedek, founded by Mizrahi Jews due to overcrowding in Jaffa and built on lands owned by Aharon Chelouche.[14] Other neighborhoods were Neve Shalom (1890), Yafa Nof (1896), Achva (1899), Ohel Moshe (1904), Kerem HaTeimanim (1906), and others. Once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa.", "Israeli Declaration of Independence On 12 May 1948, the Minhelet HaAm (Hebrew: מנהלת העם‎, lit. People's Administration) was convened to vote on declaring independence.[11][12] Three of the thirteen members were missing, with Yehuda Leib Maimon and Yitzhak Gruenbaum being blocked in besieged Jerusalem, while Yitzhak-Meir Levin was in the United States.", "Tel Aviv Bauhaus architecture was introduced in the 1920s and 1930s by German Jewish architects who settled in Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv's White City, around the city center, contains more than 5,000Â Modernist-style buildings inspired by the Bauhaus school and Le Corbusier.[16][17] Construction of these buildings, later declared protected landmarks and, collectively, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, continued until the 1950s in the area around Rothschild Boulevard.[17][134] Some 3,000 buildings were created in this style between 1931 and 1939 alone.[133] In the 1960s, this architectural style gave way to office towers and a chain of waterfront hotels and commercial skyscrapers.[27] Some of the city's Modernist buildings were neglected to the point of ruin. Before legislation to preserve this landmark architecture, many of the old buildings were demolished. Efforts are under way to refurbish Bauhaus buildings and restore them to their original condition.[135]", "Israel Israel (/ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: יִשְׂרָאֵל‎; Arabic: إِسْرَائِيل‎), officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. It has land borders with Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan on the east, the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip[8] to the east and west, respectively, and Egypt to the southwest. The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area.[2][9] Israel's economy and technology center is Tel Aviv,[10] while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, although the state's sovereignty over Jerusalem is not recognised internationally.[11][12][13][note 2][14][15] The population of Israel was estimated in 2017 to be 8,787,780 people,[3] of whom 74.7% were Jewish, 20.8% Arab and 4.5% others.[1]", "Tel Aviv All Israeli citizens over the age of 18 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv are eligible to vote in municipal elections. The municipality is responsible for social services, community programs, public infrastructure, urban planning, tourism and other local affairs.[103][104][105] The Tel Aviv City Hall is located at Rabin Square. Ron Huldai has been mayor of Tel Aviv since 1998.[102] Huldai was reelected for a fourth term in the 2013 municipal elections, defeating Nitzan Horowitz who ran at the head of the Meretz list.[106] Huldai's term equals that of the previously longest serving mayor, Shlomo Lahat, who was in office for 19 years. The shortest serving was David Bloch, in office for two years, 1925–27.", "Israel–United States relations After capturing East Jerusalem in the 1967 Six Day War, Israel annexed it and incorporated it into the Jerusalem Municipality, and has built neighborhoods and homes in Arab neighborhoods there, along with government offices. Israel has insisted that Jerusalem is its eternal and indivisible capital. The United States does not agree with this position and believes the permanent status of Jerusalem is still subject to negotiations. This is based on the UN's 1947 Partition plan for Palestine, which called for separate international administration of Jerusalem. This position was accepted at the time by most other countries and the Zionist leadership, but rejected by the Arab countries. Most countries had located their embassies in Tel Aviv before 1967; Jerusalem was also located on the contested border. The Declaration of Principles and subsequent Oslo Accords signed between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization in September 1993 similarly state that it is a subject for permanent status negotiations. US administrations have consistently indicated, by keeping the Embassy of the United States in Israel in Tel Aviv, that Jerusalem's status is unresolved.", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.[40] In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year. The opening ceremony of the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main streets of Tel Aviv.[41]", "Israeli Declaration of Independence The Israeli Declaration of Independence,[note 1] formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708) by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization[2][3] and the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine.[4] It declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, which would come into effect on termination of the British Mandate at midnight that day.[5][6] The event is celebrated annually in Israel with a national holiday Independence Day on 5 Iyar of every year according to the Hebrew calendar.", "Tel Aviv Many German Jewish architects trained at the Bauhaus, the Modernist school of architecture in Germany, and left Germany during the 1930s. Some, like Arieh Sharon, came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus and similar schools to the local conditions there, creating what is recognized as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.[16][27][unreliable source] Tel Aviv's White City emerged in the 1930s, and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.[45] Tel Aviv was hit during the Italian Bombing of Palestine in World War II. On 9 September 1940, 137 were killed in the bombing of Tel Aviv.[46]", "Israel–United States relations Two days later, on 14 May 1948, the United States, under Truman, became the first country to extend any form of recognition. This happened within hours of the Jewish People's Council gathering at the Tel Aviv Museum and David Ben-Gurion declaring \"the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel\". The phrase \"in Eretz-Israel\" is the only place in the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel containing any reference to the location of the new State.[23]", "Jerusalem Embassy Act Advocacy for the Jerusalem Embassy Act reached a zenith during particularly critical times in negotiations for the Oslo Accords of the peace process, despite opposition from both the Israeli and American administrations.[30] The embassy move was, and continued to be, delayed by successive United States government in order to appear neutral on the issue of Jerusalem. However, on December 6, 2017, President Donald Trump announced that the US recognizes Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, and instructed the State Department to begin preparations to move the embassy.[31]", "Israeli Declaration of Independence The draft text was submitted for approval to a meeting of Moetzet HaAm (Hebrew: מועצת העם‎, lit. People's Council) at the JNF building in Tel Aviv on 14 May. The meeting started at 13:50 and ended at 15:00, an hour before the declaration was due to be made, and despite ongoing disagreements, with a unanimous vote in favour of the final text. During the process, there were two major debates, centering on the issues of borders and religion.", "Borders of Israel The purported annexation of East Jerusalem was condemned by the United Nations Security Council as \"a violation of international law\" and declared \"null and void\" in United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 and has not been recognized by the international community; no country has its embassy in Jerusalem. Instead, the embassies are located in Tel Aviv, whilst Jerusalem remains home to many consulates.[40][41]", "History of Jerusalem The status of East Jerusalem remains a highly controversial issue. The international community does not recognize the annexation of the eastern part of the city, and most countries, including the US, maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv. The United States Congress has pledged to move its embassy to Jerusalem, subject to Presidential approval, which has not been forthcoming as the peace process continues. The United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared that the Knesset's 1980 \"Jerusalem Law\" declaring Jerusalem as Israel's \"eternal and indivisible\" capital was \"null and void and must be rescinded forthwith\". This resolution advised member states to withdraw their diplomatic representation from the city as a punitive measure. The council has also condemned Israeli settlement in territories captured in 1967, including East Jerusalem (see UNSCR 452, 465 and 741).", "Bauhaus The White City of Tel Aviv (Hebrew: העיר הלבנה‎, Ha-Ir HaLevana) refers to a collection of over 4,000 Bauhaus or International style buildings built in Tel Aviv from the 1930s by German Jewish architects who emigrated to the British Mandate of Palestine after the rise of the Nazis. Tel Aviv has the largest number of buildings in this style of any city in the world. In 2003, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) proclaimed Tel Aviv's White City a World Cultural Heritage site, as \"an outstanding example of new town planning and architecture in the early 20th century.\"[42]", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv has been ranked as the twenty-fifth most important financial center in the world.[7] It was built on sand dunes in an area unsuitable for farming. Instead, it developed as a hub of business and scientific research.[27][unreliable source] In 1926, the country's first shopping arcade, Passage Pensak, was built there.[148] By 1936, as tens of thousands of middle class immigrants arrived from Europe, Tel Aviv was already the largest city in Palestine. A small port was built at the Yarkon estuary, and many cafes, clubs and cinemas opened. Herzl Street became a commercial thoroughfare at this time.[149]", "Israel In 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem.[24] The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, and rejected by Arab leaders.[25][26][27] The following year, the Jewish Agency declared the independence of the State of Israel, and the subsequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War saw Israel's establishment over most of the former Mandate territory, while the West Bank and Gaza were held by neighboring Arab states.[28] Israel has since fought several wars with Arab countries,[29] and it has since 1967 occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and the Gaza Strip (still considered occupied after 2005 disengagement).[note 3] It extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank.[30][31][32][33] Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories is the world's longest military occupation in modern times.[note 3][35] Efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have been signed.", "Israel Israel's largest municipality, in population and area, is Jerusalem with 882,652 residents in an area of 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi).[295] Israeli government statistics on Jerusalem include the population and area of East Jerusalem, which is widely recognized as part of the Palestinian territories under Israeli occupation.[296] Tel Aviv and Haifa rank as Israel's next most populous cities, with populations of 438,818 and 279,591, respectively.[295]", "Israeli Declaration of Independence WE DECLARE that, with effect from the moment of the termination of the Mandate being tonight, the eve of Sabbath, the 6th Iyar, 5708 (15th May, 1948), until the establishment of the elected, regular authorities of the State in accordance with the Constitution which shall be adopted by the Elected Constituent Assembly not later than the 1st October 1948, the People's Council shall act as a Provisional Council of State, and its executive organ, the People's Administration, shall be the Provisional Government of the Jewish State, to be called \"Israel\".", "Tel Aviv According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Tel Aviv had a population of 15,185 inhabitants, consisting of 15,065 Jews, 78 Muslims and 42 Christians.[36] Increasing in the 1931 census to 46,101, in 12,545 houses.[37] With increasing Jewish immigration during the British administration, friction between Arabs and Jews in Palestine increased. On 1 May 1921, the Jaffa Riots resulted in the deaths of 48 Arabs and 47 Jews and injuries to 146 Jews and 73 Arabs.[38] In the wake of this violence, many Jews left Jaffa for Tel Aviv, increasing the population of Tel Aviv from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000 by 1925.[16][39]", "Presidency of Donald Trump On December 6, 2017, Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and promised to relocate the Israeli U.S. Embassy from Tel Aviv to Jersusalem, a move considered too risky by his predecessors.[537] On May 14, 2018, the embassy was opened in Jerusalem; the move gave rise to clashes on the border of Gaza and Israel, leading to 58 deaths in what was the deadliest day since the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.[538]", "Tel Aviv The highest recorded temperature in Tel Aviv was 46.5 °C (115.7 °F) on 17 May 1916, and the lowest is −1.9 °C (28.6 °F) on 7 February 1950, during a cold wave that brought the only recorded snowfall in Tel Aviv.", "Tel Aviv Jaffa, now a part of Tel Aviv, was an important port city in the region for many centuries. Archaeological evidence shows signs of human settlement there starting in roughly 7,500 BC.[21] Its natural harbor has been used since the Bronze Age. By the time Tel Aviv was founded as a separate city during Ottoman rule of the region, it had been ruled by the Canaanites, Egyptians, Israelites, Philistines, Babylonians, Persians, Phonecians, Seleucids, Hasmonean Jews, Romans, Byzantines, Rashiduns, Crusaders, Ayyubids, and Mamluks before coming under Ottoman rule in 1515. It had been fought over numerous times. The city is mentioned in ancient Egyptian documents, as well as the Hebrew Bible.", "Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv The United States was the first country to \"accord de facto recognition\" to the newly founded state of Israel on 14 May 1948, immediately following Israel's proclamation of independence.[6] U.S. President Harry S. Truman subsequently announced that there would be an exchange of missions:", "Tel Aviv On 4 November 1995, Israel's prime minister, Yitzhak Rabin, was assassinated at a rally in Tel Aviv in support of the Oslo peace accord. The outdoor plaza where this occurred, formerly known as Kikar Malchei Yisrael, was renamed Rabin Square.[27]", "East Jerusalem In 1980, the Knesset adopted the \"Jerusalem Law\" as a Basic Law, declaring Jerusalem \"complete and united\", \"the capital of Israel\". The law applied to both West and East Jerusalem within, among others, the expanded boundaries as defined in June 1967. While the Jerusalem Law has political and symbolic importance, it added nothing to the legal or administrative circumstance of the city.[8] Already on 23 January 1950, the Knesset had proclaimed Jerusalem capital of Israel; it refrained, however, from explicitly including East Jerusalem, which was governed by Jordan, at the time.[57] In response to the Jerusalem Law, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 478 (the U.S. abstained), declaring the law \"null and void\" and a violation of international law.[citation needed]", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is governed by a 31-member city council elected for a five-year term in direct proportional elections.[102]", "Israel Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area.[212] The Basic Law: Jerusalem, Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein.[213] The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity.[214] In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally.[215] Israel's population diversity expanded in the 1980s and 1990s. Several waves of Ethiopian Jews immigrated to Israel since the 1980s, while between 1990 and 1994, immigration from the post-Soviet states increased Israel's population by twelve percent.[216]", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv University, the largest university in Israel, is known internationally for its physics, computer science, chemistry and linguistics departments. Together with Bar-Ilan University in neighboring Ramat Gan, the student population numbers over 50,000, including a sizeable international community.[111][112] Its campus is located in the neighborhood of Ramat Aviv.[113] Tel Aviv also has several colleges.[114] The Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium moved from Jaffa to old Tel Aviv in 1909 and moved to Jabotinsky Street in the early 1960s.[115] Other notable schools in Tel Aviv include Shevah Mofet, the second Hebrew school in the city, Ironi Alef High School for Arts and Alliance.", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is divided into nine districts that have formed naturally over the city's short history. The oldest of these is Jaffa, the ancient port city out of which Tel Aviv grew. This area is traditionally made up demographically of a greater percentage of Arabs, but recent gentrification is replacing them with a young professional and artist population. Similar processes are occurring in nearby Neve Tzedek, the original Jewish neighborhood outside of Jaffa. Ramat Aviv, a district in the northern part of the city that is largely made up of luxury apartments and includes Tel Aviv University, is currently undergoing extensive expansion and is set to absorb the beachfront property of Sde Dov Airport after its decommissioning.[129] The area known as HaKirya is the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) headquarters and a large military base.[92]", "Jerusalem After the establishment of the state of Israel, Jerusalem was declared its capital city.[198] Jordan formally annexed East Jerusalem in 1950, subjecting it to Jordanian law, and in 1953 declared it the \"second capital\" of Jordan.[192][199][200] Only the United Kingdom and Pakistan formally recognized such annexation, which, in regard to Jerusalem, was on a de facto basis.[201] Some scholars argue that the view that Pakistan recognized Jordan's annexation is dubious.[202][203]", "Palestinian territories Immediately after the Six-Day War of June 1967, Israel effectively annexed East Jerusalem, an area comprising the much smaller prior Jordanian municipality of east Jerusalem and a surrounding area of the West Bank, as far as Kalandia to the north and Har Homa to the south. Israeli law, jurisdiction and administration were applied to this area, which was also made part of the Israeli Jerusalem municipality in its entirety. East Jerusalem residents became Israeli residents with blue Israeli ID cards. In 1980, the Knesset elevated the issue of the unity of Jerusalem to constitutional status by enacting Basic Law: Jerusalem the Capital of Israel, an act which was condemned by much of the world community, the few, mainly Latin American, embassies maintained in west Jerusalem promptly moving to Tel Aviv. Israel's annexation of East Jerusalem lacks international recognition by any country. Seven UNSC resolutions, including United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared it \"null and void\" and required that it be rescinded, stating that it was a violation of international law (the Fourth Geneva Convention). The United Nations never explicitly recognized Jerusalem as part of either Israel or Palestine, as Resolution 181 (1947) was never revoked. In Resolution 181, Jerusalem was intended to become a corpus separatum under international regime. Nevertheless, most countries, including the United States, implicitly recognize West Jerusalem as part of Israel, but do not recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital.[61][62][not in citation given]", "Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv On February 23, 2018, it was announced that the US Embassy in Israel would reopen at the Arnona consular services site of the US Consulate General on May 14, 2018, to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence. The Consulate-General would continue operating from its Agron Road site.[3][4][5]", "Tel Aviv The Second Aliyah led to further expansion. In 1906, a group of Jews, among them residents of Jaffa, followed the initiative of Akiva Aryeh Weiss and banded together to form the Ahuzat Bayit (lit. \"homestead\") society. The society's goal was to form a \"Hebrew urban centre in a healthy environment, planned according to the rules of aesthetics and modern hygiene.\"[22] The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the Garden city movement.[23] The first 60 plots were purchased in Kerem Djebali near Jaffa by Jacobus Kann, a Dutch citizen, who registered them in his name to circumvent the Turkish prohibition on Jewish land acquisition.[24] Meir Dizengoff, later Tel Aviv's first mayor, also joined the Ahuzat Bayit society.[25][26] His vision for Tel Aviv involved peaceful co-existence with Arabs.[27][unreliable source]", "Donald Trump Regarding the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Trump has stated the importance of being a neutral party during potential negotiations, while also having stated that he is \"a big fan of Israel\".[585] During the campaign he said he would relocate the U.S. embassy in Israel to Jerusalem from its current location, Tel Aviv.[586] On May 22, 2017, Trump was the first U.S. president to visit the Western Wall in Jerusalem, during his first foreign trip, visiting Israel, Italy, the Vatican, and Belgium.[587] On December 6, 2017, Trump officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, despite objections from Palestinian and world leaders. Trump added that he would initiate the process of establishing a new U.S. embassy in Jerusalem.[588] In an emergency session on December 21, 2017, the United Nations General Assembly condemned the move by adopting a resolution that \"calls upon all States to refrain from the establishment of diplomatic missions in the Holy City of Jerusalem.\"[589][590]", "Jerusalem Many national institutions of Israel are located in Kiryat HaMemshala in Givat Ram in Jerusalem as a part of the Kiryat HaLeom project which is intended to create a large district that will house most government agencies and national cultural institutions. Some government buildings are located in Kiryat Menachem Begin. The city is home to the Knesset,[270] the Supreme Court,[271] the Bank of Israel, the National Headquarters of the Israel Police, the official residences of the President and Prime Minister, the Cabinet, and all ministries except for the Ministry of Defense (which is located in central Tel Aviv's HaKirya district) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (which is located in Rishon LeZion, in the wider Tel Aviv metropolitan area, near Beit Dagan).", "Tel Aviv The city is located 60 kilometers (37 mi) northwest of Jerusalem and 90 kilometers (56 mi) south of the city of Haifa.[90] Neighboring cities and towns include Herzliya to the north, Ramat HaSharon to the northeast, Petah Tikva, Bnei Brak, Ramat Gan and Giv'atayim to the east, Holon to the southeast, and Bat Yam to the south.[91] The city is economically stratified between the north and south. Southern Tel Aviv is considered less affluent than northern Tel Aviv with the exception of Neve Tzedek and northern and north-western Jaffa. Central Tel Aviv is home to Azrieli Center and the important financial and commerce district along Ayalon Highway. The northern side of Tel Aviv is home to Tel Aviv University, Hayarkon Park, and upscale residential neighborhoods such as Ramat Aviv and Afeka.[92]", "Prime Minister of Israel The office of prime minister came into existence on 14 May 1948, the date of the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, when the provisional government was created. David Ben-Gurion, leader of Mapai and head of the Jewish Agency became Israel's first prime minister. The position became permanent on 8 March 1949, when the first government was formed. Ben-Gurion retained his role until late 1953, when he resigned in order to settle in the Kibbutz of Sde Boker. He was replaced by Moshe Sharett. However, Ben-Gurion returned in a little under two years to reclaim his position. He resigned for a second time in 1963, breaking away from Mapai to form Rafi. Levi Eshkol took over as head of Mapai and prime minister. He became the first prime minister to head the country under the banner of two parties when Mapai formed the Alignment with Ahdut HaAvoda in 1965. In 1968 he also became the only party leader to command an absolute majority in the Knesset, after Mapam and Rafi merged into the Alignment, giving it 63 seats in the 120-seat Knesset.", "Jerusalem Embassy Act In March 2011 a new bill, the Jerusalem Embassy and Recognition Act of 2011 (H.R. 1006), was introduced. Cosponsored by fourteen Members of Congress, including House Europe Subcommittee Chairman Dan Burton (R), House Foreign Affairs Committee Chairwoman Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (R) and House Middle East Subcommittee Chairman Steve Chabot (R), the bill would discontinue the Presidential waiver authority included in the 1995 Act, relocate the U.S. Embassy in Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, and affirm the city as the undivided capital of Israel.[48] This bill died at the end of 2011, having failed to clear the House Foreign Affairs Committee.", "History of Israel Between 1904 and 1914, around 40,000 Jews settled in the area now known as Israel (the Second Aliyah). In 1908 the Zionist Organisation set up the Palestine Bureau (also known as the \"Eretz Israel Office\") in Jaffa and began to adopt a systematic Jewish settlement policy. Migrants were mainly from Russia (which then included part of Poland), escaping persecution. The first Kibbutz, Degania, was founded by nine Russian socialists in 1909. In 1909 residents of Jaffa established the first entirely Hebrew-speaking city, Ahuzat Bayit (later renamed Tel Aviv). Hebrew newspapers and books were published, Hebrew schools, Jewish political parties and workers organizations were established.", "History of the State of Palestine On May 14, 1948, at the end of the British Mandate, the Jewish People's Council gathered in Tel Aviv and the chairman of the Jewish Agency for Palestine,[22] declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel.[23] U.S. President Harry Truman recognised the State of Israel de facto the following day. The Arab countries declared war on the newly formed State of Israel heralding the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.", "Jerusalem Embassy Act On February 23, 2018, President Trump announced that the US Embassy in Israel would reopen at the Arnona consular services site of the current US Consulate-General in Jerusalem on May 14, 2018, to coincide with the 70th anniversary of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[12][13]", "Tel Aviv Tel Aviv is located around 32°5′N 34°48′E / 32.083°N 34.800°E / 32.083; 34.800 on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, in central Israel, the historic land bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa. Immediately north of the ancient port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv lies on land that used to be sand dunes and as such has relatively poor soil fertility. The land has been flattened and has no important gradients; its most notable geographical features are bluffs above the Mediterranean coastline and the Yarkon River mouth.[89] Because of the expansion of Tel Aviv and the Gush Dan region, absolute borders between Tel Aviv and Jaffa and between the city's neighborhoods do not exist.", "Naturalization Israel's Declaration of Independence was made on 14 May 1948, the day before the British Mandate was due to expire as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan.[6] The Israeli parliament created two laws regarding immigration, citizenship and naturalization: the Law of Return and the Israeli nationality law.[7] The Law of Return, enacted on July 15, 1950, gives Jews living anywhere in the world the right to immigrate to Israel. This right to immigrate did not and still does not grant citizenship. In fact, for four years after Israel gained independence, there were no Israeli citizens.[7]", "Middle East Tel Aviv - Israel", "Nikki Haley In May 2017 interview, Haley expressed interest in moving the U.S. Embassy to Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.[130] On June 7, Haley charged the U.N. with having \"bullied Israel for a very long time\" and pledged the US would end this treatment while in Jerusalem.[131] Israel occupied the Jordan-controlled East Jerusalem during the Six-Day War in 1967 and formally annexed it in 1980. The Jerusalem Law declared Jerusalem to be Israel's \"undivided capital\".[132]", "Tel Aviv New neighborhoods, such as Park Tzameret, have been constructed to house apartment towers such as YOO Tel Aviv towers, designed by Philippe Starck. Other districts, such as Sarona, have been developed with office towers. Other recent additions to Tel Aviv's skyline include the 1 Rothschild Tower and First International Bank Tower.[137][138] As Tel Aviv celebrated its centennial in 2009,[139] the city attracted a number of architects and developers, including I. M. Pei, Donald Trump, and Richard Meier.[140] American journalist David Kaufman reported in New York magazine that since Tel Aviv \"was named a UNESCO World Heritage site, gorgeous historic buildings from the Ottoman and Bauhaus era have been repurposed as fabulous hotels, eateries, boutiques, and design museums.\"[141] In November 2009, Haaretz reported that Tel Aviv had 59 skyscrapers more than 100 meters tall.[142] Currently, dozens of skyscrapers have been approved or are under construction throughout the city, and many more are planned. The tallest building approved is the Egged Tower, which would become Israel's tallest building upon completion.[143] According to current plans, the tower is planned to have 80 floors, rise to a height of 270 meters, and will have a 50-meter spire.[144]", "Mandatory Palestine By 14 May 1948, the only British forces remaining in Palestine were in the Haifa area and in Jerusalem. On that same day, the British garrison in Jerusalem withdrew, and High Commissioner Alan Cunningham left the city for Haifa, where he was to leave the country by sea. The Jewish Leadership, led by future Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, declared the establishment of a Jewish State in Eretz-Israel, to be known as the State of Israel,[71] on the afternoon of 14 May 1948 (5 Iyar 5708 in the Hebrew calendar), to come into force at midnight of that day.[72][73][74] On the same day, the Provisional Government of Israel asked the US Government for recognition, on the frontiers specified in the UN Plan for Partition.[75] The United States immediately replied, recognizing \"the provisional government as the de facto authority.\"[76]", "Israel–United States relations MY DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: I have the honor to notify you that the state of Israel has been proclaimed as an independent republic within frontiers approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations in its Resolution of 29 November 1947, and that a provisional government has been charged to assume the rights and duties of government for preserving law and order within the boundaries of Israel, for defending the state against external aggression, and for discharging the obligations of Israel to the other nations of the world in accordance with international law. The Act of Independence will become effective at one minute after six o'clock on the evening of 14 May 1948, Washington time.", "Tel Aviv In 2016, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC) at Loughborough University reissued an inventory of world cities based on their level of advanced producer services. Tel Aviv was ranked as a alpha- world city.[158]", "Jerusalem Embassy Act The Act asserted that every country has a right to designate the capital of its choice, and that Israel has designated Jerusalem. The act notes that \"the city of Jerusalem is the seat of Israel's President, Parliament, and Supreme Court, and the site of numerous government ministries and social and cultural institutions.\" Jerusalem is defined as the spiritual center of Judaism. Furthermore, it stipulates that since the reunification of Jerusalem in 1967, religious freedom has been guaranteed to all.", "David Ben-Gurion On 14 May 1948, on the last day of the British Mandate, Ben-Gurion declared the independence of the state of Israel. In the Israeli declaration of independence, he stated that the new nation would \"uphold the full social and political equality of all its citizens, without distinction of religion, race\".", "Tel Aviv In 2010, the Tel Aviv Municipality's Planning and Construction Committee launched a new master plan for the city for 2025. It decided not to allow the construction of any additional skyscrapers in the city center, while at the same time greatly increasing the construction of skyscrapers in the east. The ban extends to an area between the coast and Ibn Gabirol Street, and also between the Yarkon River and Eilat Street. It did not extend to towers already under construction or approved. One final proposed skyscraper project was approved, while dozens of others had to be scrapped. Any new buildings there will usually not be allowed to rise above six and a half stories. However, hotel towers along almost the entire beachfront will be allowed to rise up to 25 stories. According to the plan, large numbers of skyscrapers and high-rise buildings at least 18 stories tall would be built in the entire area between Ibn Gabirol Street and the eastern city limits, as part of the master plan's goal of doubling the city's office space to cement Tel Aviv as the business capital of Israel. Under the plan, \"forests\" of corporate skyscrapers will line both sides of the Ayalon Highway. Further south, skyscrapers rising up to 40 stories will be built along the old Ottoman railway between Neve Tzedek and Florentine, with the first such tower there being the Neve Tzedek Tower. Along nearby Shlavim Street, passing between Jaffa and south Tel Aviv, office buildings up to 25 stories will line both sides of the street, which will be widened to accommodate traffic from the city's southern entrance to the center.[145][146]", "David Ben-Gurion Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, led him to become a major Zionist leader and Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization in 1946.[1] As head of the Jewish Agency from 1935, and later president of the Jewish Agency Executive, he was the de facto leader of the Jewish community in Palestine, and largely led its struggle for an independent Jewish state in Mandatory Palestine. On 14 May 1948, he formally proclaimed the establishment of the State of Israel, and was the first to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence, which he had helped to write. Ben-Gurion led Israel during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and united the various Jewish militias into the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Subsequently, he became known as \"Israel's founding father\".[2]", "Israeli Declaration of Independence The writers also had to decide on the name for the new state. Eretz Israel, Ever (from the name Eber), Judea, and Zion were all suggested, as were Ziona, Ivriya and Herzliya.[13] Judea and Zion were rejected because, according to the partition plan, Jerusalem (Zion) and most of the Judean mountains would be outside the new state.[14] Ben-Gurion put forward \"Israel\" and it passed by a vote of 6–3.[15] Official documents released in April 2013 by the State Archive of Israel show that days before the establishment of the State of Israel in May 1948, officials were still debating about what the new country would be called in Arabic: Palestine (Filastin), Zion (Sayoun) or Israel (Eesra’il). Two assumptions were made: \"That an Arab state was about to be established alongside the Jewish one in keeping with the UN’s partition resolution the year before, and that the Jewish state would include a large Arab minority whose feelings needed to be taken into account\". In the end, the officials rejected the name Palestine because they thought that would be the name of the new Arab state and could cause confusion so they opted for the most straightforward option: Israel.[16]", "Israel Upon independence in 1948, the country formally adopted the name \"State of Israel\" (Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל‎ Medīnat Yisrā'el [mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel]; Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل‎ Dawlat Isrāʼīl [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]) after other proposed historical and religious names including Eretz Israel (\"the Land of Israel\"), Zion, and Judea, were considered but rejected.[43] In the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term \"Israeli\" to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett.[44]", "East Jerusalem In the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)'s Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 1988, Jerusalem is stated to be the capital of the State of Palestine. In 2000, the Palestinian Authority passed a law proclaiming Jerusalem as such, and in 2002, this law was ratified by then chairman Yasser Arafat,[11][12] although Israel does not allow Palestinian government offices in East Jerusalem. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) recognised East Jerusalem as capital of the State of Palestine on 13 December 2017.[13]", "Jerusalem Embassy Act The United States has stated that its policy on Jerusalem refers specifically to the geographic boundaries of the area that were set out for the \"City of Jerusalem\", or Corpus Separatum, in Resolution 181, but since 1950, US diplomats have traveled regularly to Jerusalem from the US Embassy in Tel Aviv to conduct business with Israeli officials.[27] The United States has also stated that Jerusalem was part of Mandate Palestine, and in a de jure sense, has not since become part of any other sovereignty.[28][verification needed]After the capture of the entire city and the adjacent West Bank in the 1967 Six Day War, the United States again reaffirmed the desirability of establishing an international regime for the city of Jerusalem.[29]", "Tel Aviv In 2009, Tel Aviv celebrated its official centennial.[59] In addition to city- and country-wide celebrations, digital collections of historical materials were assembled. These include the History section of the official Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year website;[59] the Ahuzat Bayit collection, which focuses on the founding families of Tel Aviv, and includes photographs and biographies;[60] and Stanford University's Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection,[61] documenting the history of the city.", "Defeat and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire The World Zionist Organization was established in Istanbul; Theodor Herzl had tried to set up debt relief for Sultan Abdul Hamid II in exchange for Palestinian lands. Until the First World War its activities focused on cultural matters, although political aims were never absent.[48] Before the First World War, Herzl's attempts to reach a political agreement with the Ottoman rulers of Palestine were unsuccessful. But on 11 April 1909, Tel Aviv was founded on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa. The World Zionist Organization supported small-scale settlement in Palestine and focused on strengthening Jewish feeling and consciousness and on building a worldwide federation. At the start of World War I most Jews (and Zionists) supported the German Empire in its war against the Russian Empire. The Balfour Declaration (dated 2 November 1917) and Henry McMahon had exchanged letters with Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca in 1915, a shift to another concept (Jewish national home vs. Jewish state) which is explained under Homeland for the Jewish people", "Tel Aviv The Israeli Interior Ministry is planning on eventually annexing the neighboring city of Bat Yam into Tel Aviv. Current plans call for the merger to take place in 2023 after a few years' preparation.[237][238] It has been suggested that if this proves successful, other neighboring cities such as Ramat Gan and Givatayim would then be merged into Tel Aviv. Some officials envision that as part of these mergers, Tel Aviv will become a supercity with several sub-municipalities in the style of Greater London.[239]" ]	[ "Tel Aviv When Israel declared Independence on 14 May 1948, the population of Tel Aviv was over 200,000.[47] Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel until the government moved to Jerusalem in December 1949. Due to the international dispute over the status of Jerusalem, most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.[48] In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the UN's measures responding to Israel's 1980 Jerusalem Law.[49] Today, all national embassies are in Tel Aviv or environs.[50]" ]
test825	how much money did the film titanic make	[ "doc29677", "doc29716" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc29677", "doc29716", "doc271422", "doc271413", "doc29717", "doc29745", "doc29725", "doc197041", "doc197042", "doc271420", "doc29676", "doc197043", "doc271415", "doc469307", "doc283640", "doc1457649", "doc29719", "doc722239", "doc29704", "doc2234156", "doc271411", "doc654606", "doc2581335", "doc2285786", "doc167607", "doc578593", "doc2238884", "doc18415", "doc366461", "doc325165", "doc516822", "doc29724", "doc10182", "doc271414", "doc144744", "doc663010", "doc29675", "doc29736", "doc29735", "doc244019", "doc2576338", "doc1035629", "doc197047", "doc422564", "doc674698", "doc639946", "doc1436734", "doc10189", "doc29705", "doc29733", "doc232979", "doc271446", "doc293129", "doc1472635", "doc1417319", "doc205297", "doc271416", "doc1201530", "doc29718", "doc1643640", "doc956309", "doc271426", "doc220615", "doc1009574", "doc918083", "doc1579432", "doc29727", "doc271431", "doc1018307", "doc464993", "doc271412", "doc1229755", "doc584130", "doc271443", "doc2060789", "doc836978", "doc1980070", "doc990658", "doc872081", "doc863834", "doc271421", "doc844076", "doc2241757", "doc416221", "doc560508", "doc2140411", "doc230823", "doc1109527", "doc682736", "doc366425", "doc271436", "doc217469", "doc271450", "doc2404106", "doc216511", "doc2102531", "doc1418788", "doc2287726", "doc532436", "doc21578" ]	[ "Titanic (1997 film) Upon its release on December 19, 1997, Titanic achieved critical and commercial success. Nominated for 14 Academy Awards, it tied All About Eve (1950) for the most Oscar nominations, and won 11, including the awards for Best Picture and Best Director, tying Ben Hur (1959) for the most Oscars won by a single film. With an initial worldwide gross of over $1.84 billion, Titanic was the first film to reach the billion-dollar mark. It remained the highest-grossing film of all time until Cameron's Avatar surpassed it in 2010. A 3D version of Titanic, released on April 4, 2012 to commemorate the centennial of the sinking, earned it an additional $343.6 million worldwide, pushing the film's worldwide total to $2.18 billion and making it the second film to gross more than $2 billion worldwide (after Avatar). In 2017, the film was re-released for its 20th anniversary and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.", "Titanic (1997 film) Including revenue from the 2012 and 2017 reissues, Titanic earned $659.4 million in North America and $1.528 billion in other countries, for a worldwide total of $2.187 billion.[6] It became the highest-grossing film of all time worldwide in 1998, and remained so for twelve years, until Avatar (2009), also written and directed by Cameron, surpassed it in 2010.[78] On March 1, 1998,[79] it became the first film to earn more than $1 billion worldwide[80] and on the weekend April 13–15, 2012—a century after the original vessel's foundering, Titanic became the second film to cross the $2 billion threshold during its 3D re-release.[81] Box Office Mojo estimates that Titanic is the fifth highest-grossing film of all time in North America when adjusting for ticket price inflation.[82] The site also estimates that the film sold over 128 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[83]", "List of highest-grossing films TThe figure for Titanic is most likely based on the gross from its 1997 theatrical release, and does not incorporate earnings from the 2012 reissue. According to the 2012 edition of Guinness World Records, the adjusted total for Titanic as of 2011 stood at $2,413,800,000,[35] and a re-release in 2012 added a further $343,550,770 to the total.[36] However, the 2015 edition put the adjusted total at $2,516,000,000â€”an increase of just $102,000,000; this is a rise of 4.2% since 2011, an increase shared by the other adjusted totals in the chart.", "List of highest-grossing films With a worldwide box-office gross of over $2.7 billion, Avatar is often proclaimed to be the \"highest-grossing\" film, but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income, which can form a significant portion of a film's earnings. Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful. Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals,[1] in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters. While complete sales data are not available for Avatar, it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu-ray units in North America,[2] and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu-ray units worldwide.[3] After home video income is accounted for, both films have earned over $3 billion. Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film's earnings, with a film often earning as much as 20–25% of its theatrical box-office for a couple of television runs on top of pay-per-view revenues;[4] Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights,[1] equating to about 9% of its North American gross.", "Titanic (1997 film) The film received steady attendance after opening in North America on Friday, December 19, 1997. By the end of that same weekend, theaters were beginning to sell out. The film earned $8,658,814 on its opening day and $28,638,131 over the opening weekend from 2,674 theaters, averaging to about $10,710 per venue, and ranking number one at the box office, ahead of the eighteenth James Bond film, Tomorrow Never Dies. By New Year's Day, Titanic had made over $120Â million, had increased in popularity and theaters continued to sell out. Its highest grossing single day was Saturday, February 14, 1998, on which it earned $13,048,711, more than eight weeks after its North American debut.[84][85] It stayed at number one for 15 consecutive weeks in North America, a record for any film.[86] The film stayed in theaters in North America for almost 10 months before finally closing on Thursday, October 1, 1998 with a final domestic gross of $600,788,188.[87] Outside North America, the film made double its North American gross, generating $1,242,413,080[88] and accumulating a grand total of $1,843,201,268 worldwide from its initial theatrical run.[89]", "Titanic (1997 film) The film grossed an estimated $4.7 million on the first day of its re-release in North America (including midnight preview showings) and went on to make $17.3 million over the weekend, finishing in third place.[172][173] Outside North America it earned $35.2 million finishing second,[174] and improved on its performance the following weekend by topping the box office with $98.9 million.[175] China has proven to be its most successful territory where it earned $11.6 million on its opening day,[176] going on to earn a record-breaking $67 million in its opening week and taking more money in the process than it did in the entirety of its original theatrical run.[175] The reissue ultimately earned $343.4 million worldwide, with $145 million coming from China and $57.8 million from Canada and United States.[177]", "Titanic (1997 film) Titanic held the record for box office gross for twelve years.[104] Cameron's follow-up film, Avatar, was considered the first film with a genuine chance at surpassing its worldwide gross,[105][106] and did so in 2010.[78] Various explanations for why the film was able to successfully challenge Titanic were given. For one, \"Two-thirds of Titanic's haul was earned overseas, and Avatar [tracked] similarly... Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was no. 1 in all of them\" and the markets \"such as Russia, where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998, are white-hot today\" with \"more screens and moviegoers\" than ever before.[107] Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, said that while Avatar may beat Titanic's revenue record, the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance. \"Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s.\"[105] In December 2009, Cameron had stated, \"I don't think it's realistic to try to topple Titanic off its perch. Some pretty good movies have come out in the last few years. Titanic just struck some kind of chord.\"[93] In a January 2010 interview, he gave a different take on the matter once Avatar's performance was easier to predict. \"It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time,\" he said.[106]", "Avatar (2009 film) On January 31, it became the first film to earn over $2 billion worldwide,[185] and it became the first film to gross over $700 million in the U.S. and Canada, on February 27, after 72 days of release.[186] It remained at number one at the domestic box office for seven consecutive weeks – the most consecutive No. 1 weekends since Titanic spent 15 weekends at No.1 in 1997 and 1998[187] – and also spent 11 consecutive weekends at the top of the box office outside the United States and Canada, breaking the record of nine consecutive weekends set by Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest.[188] By the end of its first theatrical release Avatar had grossed $749,766,139 in the U.S. and Canada, and $1,999,298,189 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $2,749,064,328.[5]", "Avatar (2009 film) Including the revenue from a re-release of Avatar featuring extended footage, Avatar grossed $760,507,625 in the U.S. and Canada, and $2,027,457,462 in other countries for a worldwide total of $2,787,965,087[5][6] with 72.7% of its total worldwide gross in international markets.[5][6] Avatar has set a number of box office records during its release: on January 25, 2010, it surpassed Titanic's worldwide gross to become the highest-grossing film of all time worldwide 41 days after its international release,[189][190][191] just two days after taking the foreign box office record.[192] On February 2, 47 days after its domestic release, Avatar surpassed Titanic to become the highest-grossing film of all time in Canada and the United States.[193] It became the highest-grossing film of all time in at least 30 other countries[194][195][196][197][198][199] and is the first film to earn over $2Â billion in foreign box office receipts.[28] IMAX ticket sales account for $243.3 million of its worldwide gross,[200] more than double the previous record.[201]", "List of highest-grossing films Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation, several attempts have been made. Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses,[28] and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations, both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list. Gone with the Wind—first released in 1939—is generally considered to be the most successful film, with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion. Estimates for Gone with the Wind's adjusted gross have varied substantially: its owner, Turner Entertainment, estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007, a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate;[29] other estimates fall either side of this amount, with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010,[30] while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006.[31] Which film is Gone with the Wind's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used: Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion, while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner-up spot with first-run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices. The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels, while other sources from 2010/2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2–2.6 billion.[30][32]", "Titanic (1997 film) Cameron's inspiration for the film came from his fascination with shipwrecks; he felt a love story interspersed with the human loss would be essential to convey the emotional impact of the disaster. Production began in 1995, when Cameron shot footage of the actual Titanic wreck. The modern scenes on the research vessel were shot on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, which Cameron had used as a base when filming the wreck. Scale models, computer-generated imagery, and a reconstruction of the Titanic built at Baja Studios, at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California were used to re-create the sinking. The film was partially funded by Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox. It was the most expensive film ever made at the time, with a production budget of $200Â million.", "Avatar (2009 film) Box Office Mojo estimates that after adjusting for the rise in average ticket prices, Avatar would be the 14th-highest-grossing film of all time in North America.[202] Box Office Mojo also observes that the higher ticket prices for 3D and IMAX screenings have had a significant impact on Avatar's gross; it estimated, on April 21, 2010, that Avatar had sold approximately 75 million tickets in North American theatres, more than any other film since 1999's Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.[203] On a worldwide basis, when Avatar's gross stood at $2 billion just 35 days into its run, The Daily Telegraph estimated its gross was surpassed by only Gone with the Wind ($3.0 billion), Titanic ($2.9 billion) and Star Wars ($2.2 billion) after adjusting for inflation to 2010 prices,[204] with Avatar ultimately winding up with $2.8 billion by the end of its run in 2010.[5] Reuters even placed it ahead of Titanic after adjusting the global total for inflation.[205]", "List of highest-grossing films On this chart, films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value, along with the highest positions they attained. Thirty-four films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide, of which three have grossed over $2 billion, with Avatar ranked in the top position. All of the films have had a theatrical run (including re-releases) in the 21st century, and films that have not played during this period do not appear on the chart because of ticket-price inflation, population size and ticket purchasing trends not being considered.", "Star Wars (film) Following the release of the Special Edition in 1997,[152] Star Wars briefly reclaimed the North American record before losing it again the following year to Titanic.[153] In total, the film has earned $775,398,007 worldwide (including $460,998,007 in North America alone).[6] Adjusted for inflation, it has earned over $2.5 billion worldwide at 2011 prices, making it the most successful franchise film of all time.[154] According to Guinness World Records, the film ranks as the third-highest-grossing film when adjusting for inflation;[155] at the North American box office, it ranks second behind Gone with the Wind on the inflation-adjusted list.[156]", "Pearl Harbor (film) Pearl Harbor grossed $198,542,554 at the domestic box office and $250,678,391 overseas for a worldwide total of $449,220,945, ahead of Shrek. The film was ranked the sixth highest-earning picture of 2001.[2] It is also the third highest-grossing romantic drama film of all time, as of January 2013, behind Titanic and Ghost.[6]", "List of most expensive films Inflation, filming techniques and external market forces have impacted the economics of film production. Costs rose steadily during the silent era with Ben-Hur (1925) setting a record that lasted well into the sound era. Television had a direct impact on rising costs in the 1950s and early 1960s as cinema competed with it for audiences, culminating in 1963 with Cleopatra; despite being the highest earning film of the year, Cleopatra did not earn back its costs on its original release. The 1990s saw two thresholds crossed, with True Lies costing $100 million in 1994 and Titanic costing $200 million in 1997, both directed by James Cameron. Since then it has become normal for a tent-pole feature from a major film studio to cost over $100 million, and an increasing number of films are costing $200 million or more.", "Titanic (1997 film) When the film became a success, with an unprecedented box office performance, it was credited for being a love story that captured its viewers' emotions.[90] The film was playing on 3,200 screens ten weeks after it opened,[91] and out of its fifteen straight weeks on top of the charts, jumped 43% in total sales in its ninth week of release. It earned over $20 million a week for ten weeks,[93] and after 14 weeks was still bringing in more than $1 million a week.[91] 20th Century Fox estimated that seven percent of American teenage girls had seen Titanic twice by its fifth week.[94] Although young women who saw the film several times, and subsequently caused \"Leo-Mania\", were often credited with having primarily propelled the film to its all-time box office record,[95] other reports have attributed the film's success to positive word of mouth and repeat viewership due to the love story combined with the ground-breaking special effects.[93][96]", "Leonardo DiCaprio In 1997, DiCaprio starred in James Cameron's Titanic (1997) as twenty-year-old Jack Dawson, a penniless Wisconsin man who wins two tickets for the third-class on the ill-fated RMS Titanic. DiCaprio initially refused to portray the character but was eventually encouraged to pursue the role by Cameron, who strongly believed in his acting ability.[36] Against expectations, the film went on to become the highest-grossing film to date (it was surpassed in 2010 by Cameron's film Avatar), grossing more than $1.843 billion in box-office receipts worldwide,[37] and transformed DiCaprio into a commercial movie superstar, resulting in fan worship among teenage girls and young women in general that became known as \"Leo-Mania\".[38] In May 1998, for example, his face appeared on the covers of at least four teen magazines, and three books about DiCaprio were among the top six paperbacks on The New York Times Best Seller list.[39] More than 200 fans contacted the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to protest his not being nominated for the 70th Academy Awards.[40] He was nominated for other high-profile awards, including a second Golden Globe nomination. Upon the success of Titanic, DiCaprio stated in 2000: \"I have no connection with me during that whole Titanic phenomenon and what my face became around the world [...] I'll never reach that state of popularity again, and I don't expect to. It's not something I'm going to try to achieve either.\"[41]", "Titanic (1997 film) The costs of filming Titanic eventually began to mount and finally reached $200Â million, [3][4][5] a bit over $1 million per minute of screen time.[63] Fox executives panicked and suggested an hour of specific cuts from the three-hour film. They argued the extended length would mean fewer showings, thus less revenue, even though long epics are more likely to help directors win Oscars. Cameron refused, telling Fox, \"You want to cut my movie? You're going to have to fire me! You want to fire me? You're going to have to kill me!\"[10] The executives did not want to start over, because it would mean the loss of their entire investment, but they also initially rejected Cameron's offer of forfeiting his share of the profits as an empty gesture, as they predicted profits would be unlikely.[10]", "The Terminal The film grossed $77,872,883 in North America and $141,544,372 in other territories, totaling $219,417,255 worldwide.[1]", "List of highest-grossing films Traditionally, war films, musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres, but franchise films have been among the best performers in the 21st century. Six Harry Potter films and five films from Peter Jackson's Middle-earth series are included in the nominal earnings chart, while the Star Wars and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises feature prominently. There is also continued interest in the superhero genre: Batman and Superman from DC Comics and films based on the Marvel Comics brand, such as Spider-Man, X-Men and films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, have generally done well. Although the nominal earnings chart is dominated by films adapted from pre-existing properties and sequels, it is headed by Avatar and Titanic (both directed by James Cameron), which are original works. Animated family films have performed consistently well, with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home-video era. Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen (the highest-grossing animated film), Zootopia and The Lion King, as well as with its Pixar brand, of which the Toy Story and Finding Nemo films have been the best performers. Beyond Disney and Pixar animation, the Shrek, Ice Age and Despicable Me series have met with the most success.", "The Ten Commandments (1956 film) It remains one of the most popular films ever made. Adjusted for inflation, it has earned a box office gross equivalent to $2 billion at 2011 prices, according to Guinness World Records; only Gone with the Wind (1939), Avatar (2009), Star Wars (1977), Titanic (1997), The Sound of Music (1965), and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) have generated higher grosses in constant dollars.[61]", "Indecent Proposal The film was a box office success, earning $106,614,059 in the U.S. and $160,000,000 internationally for a worldwide total of over $266,000,000.[4][5]", "Terminator 2: Judgment Day Terminator 2 was a box-office success, earning $204.8 million in the United States and Canada alone, and $519.8 million worldwide. Its domestic total was 3.9 times its opening weekend; adjusted for inflation, its release is the tenth-highest grossing of all time for an R-rated film, and among summer releases behind only National Lampoon's Animal House. Globally, it was the highest-grossing film of 1991, beating Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves, the third-biggest global grosser ever just behind Star Wars ($530 million prior to the 1997 reissue) and E.T.: the Extra Terrestrial ($619 million before its various reissues) and is TriStar Pictures' highest-grossing film to date.[3][59][60] Moreover, it was the first film to earn more than $300 million overseas, a milestone not repeated until the release of Jurassic Park in 1993.[58] The film is ranked 110 in box office earnings of all time in the U.S. and Canada, and 84 worldwide.[3] The original Terminator grossed only $38 million in the U.S. in its theatrical run,[61] making Terminator 2's 434 percent increase a record for a sequel. The film sold an estimated 48,656,400 tickets in North America.[62]", "Jaws (film) Jaws was the highest-grossing film of all time until Star Wars, which debuted two years later. Star Wars surpassed Jaws for the U.S. record six months after its release and set a new global record in 1978.[133][134] As of June 2013, it is the 127th-highest-grossing film of all time with $470.7 million worldwide,[135] and the 66th highest domestically with a total North American gross of $260 million.[122] Adjusted for inflation, Jaws has earned almost $2 billion worldwide at 2011 prices and is the second most successful franchise film after Star Wars.[136] In North America, it is the seventh-highest-grossing movie of all time, with a total of $1.017 billion at current prices,[137] based on an estimated 128,078,800 tickets sold.[138] In the United Kingdom, it is the seventh-highest-grossing film to be released since 1975, earning the equivalent of over Â£70 million in 2009/10 currency,[139] with admissions estimated at 16.2 million.[140] Jaws has also sold 13 million tickets in Brazil, the second-highest attendance ever in the country behind Titanic.[141]", "The Wedding Singer The film had a budget of $18Â million and received $123,306,987 worldwide[1] in ticket sales. It opened at the #2 spot in the US with $18,865,080[2] in the United States, behind Titanic.", "1990s Dogme 95 becomes an important European artistic motion picture movement by the end of the decade. The first full-length CGI movie, Pixar's Toy Story, is released, revolutionizing animated films. Titanic becomes a cultural phenomenon throughout the world, and eventually becomes the highest-grossing film of all time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide. It would hold this record for over a decade until 2010 when director James Cameron had another one of his films take the title, that being Avatar.[36]", "Remember the Titans Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office, grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks.[10] It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S., and $136,706,684 worldwide.[1]", "Jurassic Park (film) Jurassic Park became the highest-grossing film released worldwide up to that time.[118] Following $3.1 million from midnight screenings on June 10, the film earned $47 million in its first weekend, with the $50.1 million total breaking the opening weekend record set by Batman Returns the year before.[87] By the end of its first week, Jurassic Park had grossed $81.7 million,[119] and stayed at number one for three weeks. It eventually grossed $357 million in the U.S. and Canada.[120] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 86.2 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[121] The film also did very well in international markets, breaking opening records in the United Kingdom, Japan, India, South Korea, Mexico, and Taiwan,[122] ultimately earning $914 million worldwide,[2] with Spielberg reportedly making over $250 million from the film.[123] It surpassed Spielberg's own E.T. the Extraterrestrial as the highest-grossing film ever worldwide, and became second to E.T. in North America earnings.[124] Jurassic Park's record was only surpassed in 1998 by Titanic, the first film to gross over $1 billion.[125]", "Sinking of the RMS Titanic Titanic's sinking has become a cultural phenomenon, commemorated by artists, film-makers, writers, composers, musicians and dancers from the time immediately after the sinking to the present day.[220] On 1 September 1985 a joint US-French expedition led by Robert Ballard found the wreck of Titanic,[221] and the ship's rediscovery led to an explosion of interest in Titanic's story.[222] Numerous expeditions have been launched to film the wreck and, controversially, to salvage objects from the debris field.[219] The first major exhibition of recovered artefacts was held at London's National Maritime Museum in 1994–95.[223] In 1997, James Cameron's eponymous film became the first movie ever to take $1 billion at the box office, and the film's soundtrack became the best selling soundtrack recording of all time.[224]", "Gone with the Wind (film) Across all releases, it is estimated that Gone with the Wind has sold over 200 million tickets in the United States and Canada,[59] generating more theater admissions in that territory than any other film.[72] The film was phenomenally successful in Western Europe too, generating approximately 35 million tickets in the United Kingdom and over 16 million in France, respectively becoming the biggest and sixth-biggest ticket-sellers in those markets.[73][74][75] In total, Gone with the Wind has grossed over $390 million globally at the box office;[76] in 2007 Turner Entertainment estimated the gross to be equivalent to approximately $3.3 billion when adjusted for inflation to current prices,[9] while Guinness World Records arrived at a figure of $3.44 billion in 2014, making it the most successful film in cinema history.[77]", "Titanic (1997 film) Cameron explained the film's success as having significantly benefited from the experience of sharing. \"When people have an experience that's very powerful in the movie theatre, they want to go share it. They want to grab their friend and bring them, so that they can enjoy it,\" he said. \"They want to be the person to bring them the news that this is something worth having in their life. That's how Titanic worked.\"[103] Media Awareness Network stated, \"The normal repeat viewing rate for a blockbuster theatrical film is about 5%. The repeat rate for Titanic was over 20%.\"[11] The box office receipts \"were even more impressive\" when factoring in \"the film's 3-hour-and-14-minute length meant that it could only be shown three times a day compared to a normal movie's four showings\". In response to this, \"[m]any theatres started midnight showings and were rewarded with full houses until almost 3:30 am\".[11]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars: The Force Awakens grossed $936.7 million in the United States and Canada, and $1.132 billion in other countries for a worldwide total of $2.068 billion.[5] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold close to 110 million tickets in North America,[294] the most tickets sold by any film in North America since Titanic in 1997.[295] The Force Awakens earned 8.6% of the total 2015 releases in North America, second only to the 8.8% of the box office earned by Titanic in 1997.[296] The film is the highest-grossing film of 2015, the highest-grossing film in the franchise (surpassing The Phantom Menace), the highest-grossing film released by Walt Disney Studios,[297] the highest-grossing film in North America (dethroning Avatar), and the third-highest-grossing film of all time. It was the 24th film in cinematic history to gross $1 billion worldwide, standing as the fastest film to surpass the mark, doing so in 12 days.[298][299] It was also the third film in history to surpass $2 billion worldwide, doing so on its 53rd day of release.[300] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $780.1 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the most profitable film of 2015 and the most profitable film in the last seven years.[301][302]", "List of highest-grossing films When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property, its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales.[5] The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box-office and home video sales,[6] but this pales in comparison to the $6 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adaptation.[7] Merchandising can be extremely lucrative too: The Lion King also sold $3 billion of merchandise,[8] while Pixar's Cars—which earned $462 million in theatrical revenues and was only a modest hit by comparison to other Pixar films[9]—generated global merchandise sales of over $8 billion in the five years after its 2006 release.[10][11] Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3, which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office.[12]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales $230 million[4][5] or", "Shark Tale Overall, the movie grossed $160,861,908 in North America and $206,413,111 internationally, bringing its worldwide total to $367,275,019.[2]", "Titanic (1997 film) Titanic is a 1997 American epic romance-disaster film directed, written, co-produced and co-edited by James Cameron. A fictionalized account of the sinking of the RMS Titanic, it stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill-fated maiden voyage.", "Titanic (1997 film) Titanic won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song, as well as three Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television.[136][139][140] The film's soundtrack became the best-selling primarily orchestral soundtrack of all time, and became a worldwide success, spending sixteen weeks at number-one in the United States, and was certified diamond for over eleven million copies sold in the United States alone.[141] The soundtrack also became the best-selling album of 1998 in the U.S.[142] \"My Heart Will Go On\" won the Grammy Awards for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television. The film also won Best Male Performance for Leonardo DiCaprio and Best Movie at the MTV Movie Awards, Best Film at the People's Choice Awards, and Favorite Movie at the 1998 Kids' Choice Awards.[136] It won various awards outside the United States, including the Awards of the Japanese Academy as the Best Foreign Film of the Year.[136] Titanic eventually won nearly ninety awards and had an additional forty-seven nominations from various award-giving bodies around the world.[136] Additionally, the book about the making of the film was at the top of The New York Times' bestseller list for several weeks, \"the first time that such a tie-in book had achieved this status\".[11]", "Titanic (1997 film) The film garnered fourteen Academy Award nominations, tying the record set in 1950 by Joseph L. Mankiewicz's All About Eve[137] and won eleven: Best Picture (the second film about the Titanic to win that award, after 1933's Cavalcade), Best Director, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, Best Film Editing, Best Costume Design, Best Sound (Gary Rydstrom, Tom Johnson, Gary Summers, Mark Ulano), Best Sound Effects Editing, Best Original Dramatic Score, Best Original Song.[136][138] Kate Winslet, Gloria Stuart and the make-up artists were the three nominees that did not win. James Cameron's original screenplay and Leonardo DiCaprio were not nominees.[90] It was the second film to receive eleven Academy Awards, after Ben-Hur.[136] The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King would also match this record in 2004.", "70th Academy Awards At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.[35] Titanic was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.[35] The film was followed by As Good as It Gets ($92.6 million), Good Will Hunting ($68.9 million), L.A. Confidential ($39.7 million), and finally The Full Monty ($38.7 million).[35]", "Princess Mononoke Princess Mononoke was the highest-grossing Japanese film of 1997, earning ¥11.3 billion in distribution receipts.[41] It became the highest-grossing film in Japan until it was surpassed by Titanic several months later.[42] The film earned a domestic total of ¥14,518,798,588.39 ($148,000,000.)", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace Despite its mixed critical reception, The Phantom Menace was a financial success, breaking many box office records in its debut. It broke The Lost World: Jurassic Park's records for the largest single-day gross for taking more than $28 million in the opening day and fastest to gross $100 million in five days. It grossed $64.8 million in its opening weekend, the second-ever highest at the time.[160] It also became the quickest film to reach the $200 million and $300 million marks, surpassing Independence Day (1996) and Titanic (1997) respectively.[161] The Phantom Menace was 1999's most successful film, earning $431.1 million in North America and $493.2 million in other territories, taking $924.3 million worldwide.[161] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 84.8 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[162] At that time, the film was the third highest-grossing film in North America behind Titanic and Star Wars (1977), and the second highest-grossing film worldwide behind Titanic without adjusting for inflation of ticket prices. When adjusted for ticket price inflation, it ranked as the 19th-highest-grossing film domestically, making it the fourth Star Wars film to be in the Inflation-Adjusted Top 20. Outside North America, the film grossed over $10 million in Australia ($25.9 million), Brazil ($10.4 million), France and Algeria ($43 million), Germany ($53.9 million), Italy ($12.9 million), Japan ($109.9 million), Mexico ($12 million), Spain ($25 million), and the United Kingdom and Ireland ($81.9 million).[163]", "Avatar (2009 film) After the film's release and unusually strong box office performance over its first two weeks, it was debated as the one film capable of surpassing Titanic's worldwide gross, and its continued strength perplexed box office analysts.[214] Other films in recent years had been cited as contenders for surpassing Titanic, such as 2008's The Dark Knight,[215] but Avatar was considered the first film with a genuine chance to do so, and its numbers being aided by higher ticket prices for 3D screenings[214] did not fully explain its success to box office analysts. \"Most films are considered to be healthy if they manage anything less than a 50% drop from their first weekend to their second. Dipping just 11% from the first to the third is unheard of,\" said Paul Dergarabedian, president of box-office analysis for Hollywood.com. \"This is just unprecedented. I had to do a double take. I thought it was a miscalculation.\"[171] Analysts predicted second place for the film's worldwide gross, but most were uncertain about it surpassing Titanic because \"Today's films flame out much faster than they did when Titanic was released.\"[171] Brandon Gray, president of Box Office Mojo, believed in the film's chances of becoming the highest-grossing film of all time, though he also believed it was too early to surmise because it had only played during the holidays. He said, \"While Avatar may beat Titanic's record, it will be tough, and the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance. Ticket prices were about $3 cheaper in the late 1990s.\"[171] Cameron said he did not think it was realistic to \"try to topple Titanic off its perch\" because it \"just struck some kind of chord\" and there had been other good films in recent years.[216] He changed his prediction by mid-January. \"It's gonna happen. It's just a matter of time,\" he said.[217]", "Con Air The film was a box office hit, grossed $224,012,234 worldwide, of which $101,117,573 was in North America.[18]", "The Day After Tomorrow The film ranked #2 at the box office (behind Shrek 2) over its four-day Memorial Day opening, grossing $85,807,341. led the per-theater average, with a four-day average of $25,053 (compared to Shrek 2's four-day average of $22,633). At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed $186,740,799 domestically and $544,272,402 worldwide. It was the second-highest opening-weekend film not to lead at the box office; Inside Out surpassed it in June 2015.[1]", "Terminator (franchise) All five Terminator films have had very respectable box office gross, though after James Cameron left the series it saw diminishing returns in subsequent films. The Terminator made $78 million worldwide, far surpassing its $6 million budget and becoming a major sleeper hit. Terminator 2: Judgment Day grossed approximately $520 million globally, becoming a major blockbuster and the top-grossing film of 1991. Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines did not fare as well, with $433 million, making it the seventh highest-grossing film of 2003. Terminator Salvation grossed an estimated $371 million worldwide, a figure below industry expectations and the lowest of any of the sequels in the series.[69]", "Kate Winslet Cast as the sensitive, free-spirited seventeen-year-old Rose DeWitt Bukater, a fictional first-class socialite who would survive the 1912 sinking of the RMS Titanic, Winslet's experience was emotionally demanding.[35] \"Titanic was totally different and nothing could have prepared me for it. [...] We were really scared about the whole adventure. [...] Jim [Cameron] is a perfectionist, a real genius at making movies. But there was all this bad press before it came out and that was really upsetting\".[35] Against expectations, the film went on to become the highest-grossing film of all time, grossing more than $2,186,800,000 in box-office receipts worldwide,[36] and transformed Winslet into a commercial movie star.[37] Subsequently, she was nominated for most of the high-profile awards, winning a European Film Award.[18][38]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens On February 5, the fiftieth day of release, The Force Awakens became the first film to earn over $900 million, unadjusted for inflation, in the United States and Canada.[343][344] On the following day, it became the third film in cinematic history to pass $2 billion in ticket sales worldwide (after Titanic and Avatar) and the second in original release (after Avatar).[345] It became the third film to earn over $600 million in Europe.[345] In North America and the United Kingdom and Ireland, it fell outside of the top ten for the first time in its eleventh weekend during the weekend February 26–28, 2016,[346][347] and in the U.S. it did not achieve $1 million in ticket sales for the first time in its fourteenth weekend.[348]", "Titanic (1997 film) Cameron explained forfeiting his share as complex. \"...the short version is that the film cost proportionally much more than T2 and True Lies. Those films went up seven or eight percent from the initial budget. Titanic also had a large budget to begin with, but it went up a lot more,\" he said. \"As the producer and director, I take responsibility for the studio that's writing the checks, so I made it less painful for them. I did that on two different occasions. They didn't force me to do it; they were glad that I did.\"[20]", "Titanic (1997 film) Empire eventually reinstated its original five star rating of the film, commenting, \"It should be no surprise then that it became fashionable to bash James Cameron's Titanic at approximately the same time it became clear that this was the planet's favourite film. Ever.\"[132] In 2017, on the 20th anniversary of its release, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\".[133]", "The Hunt for Red October (film) The film went on to gross $122,012,643 in North America with a worldwide total of $200,512,643.[16]", "List of highest-grossing films The Birth of a Nation, Gone with the Wind, The Godfather, Jaws, Star Wars, E.T. and Avatar all increased their record grosses with re-releases. The grosses from their original theatrical runs are included here along with totals from re-releases up to the point that they lost the record; therefore the total for The Birth of a Nation includes income from its reissues up to 1940; the total for Star Wars includes revenue from the late 1970s and early 1980s reissues but not from the 1997 Special Edition; the total for E.T. incorporates its gross from the 1985 reissue but not from 2002; the total for Avatar—as the current record-holder—includes all its earnings at the present time. Gone with the Wind is represented twice on the chart: the 1940 entry includes earnings from its staggered 1939–1942 release (roadshow/general release/second-run)[80] along with all of its revenue up to the 1961 reissue prior to losing the record to The Sound of Music in 1966; its 1971 entry—after it took back the record—includes income from the 1967 and 1971 reissues but omitting later releases. The Godfather was re-released in 1973 after its success at the 45th Academy Awards, and Jaws was released again in 1976, and their grosses here most likely include earnings from those releases. The Sound of Music, The Godfather, Jaws, Jurassic Park and Titanic increased their earnings with further releases in 1973, 1997, 1979, 2013 and 2012 respectively, but they are not included in the totals here since they had already conceded the record prior to being re-released.", "Lost in Space (film) On its opening weekend, Lost in Space grossed $20,154,919 and debuted at number one at the box office, ending Titanic's 15-week-long hold on the first-place position. It opened in 3,306 theaters and grossed an average of $6,096 per screening. Lost in Space grossed $69,117,629 in the United States, and $67,041,794 outside of America, bringing its worldwide total to $136,159,423,[4] making it a moderate box-office success. Those results were deemed insufficient, however, to justify a planned sequel.", "Maverick (film) The movie was a box office success as it grossed over $183 million worldwide.[14][15]", "Twister (1996 film) The film opened on May 10, 1996 and earned $41,059,405 from 2,414 total theaters, making it the number-one movie at the North American box office. It went on to earn a total of $241,721,524 at the North American box office. As of November 2012, it has earned a worldwide total of $494,471,524. It currently sits at number 76 on the all-time North American box office charts. Worldwide it sits at number 105 on the all-time earners list, not adjusted for inflation.[1] It was the second-highest-grossing film of 1996 after Independence Day.", "Jurassic Park Jurassic Park is regarded as a landmark in the use of computer-generated imagery and received positive reviews from critics, who praised the effects, though reactions to other elements of the picture, such as character development, were mixed. During its release, the film grossed more than $914Â million worldwide, becoming the most successful film released up to that time (surpassing E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and surpassed 4 years later by Titanic), and it is currently the 17th highest grossing feature film (taking inflation into account, it is the 20th-highest-grossing film in North America). It is the most financially successful film for NBCUniversal and Steven Spielberg.", "List of highest-grossing films FBox Office Mojo stopped updating its main total for Frozen in August 2014, while it was still in release. The total listed here incorporates subsequent earnings in Japan, Nigeria, Spain, the United Kingdom and Germany up to the end of 2015 but omits earnings in Turkey, Iceland, Brazil, and Australia (2016) which amount to a few hundred thousand dollars. It was re-released in the United Kingdom in December 2017 with Olaf's Frozen Adventure earning an additional $1,655,398. The total is rounded to $1 million to compensate for the numerical inaccuracy.\nF8In the case of The Fate of the Furious the gross is sourced from BoxOffice rather than the chart's regular source, Box Office Mojo, after irregularities were discovered in the latter's figure. Ongoing weekly drops in the totals for several countries—Argentina being the worst affected—led to a drop in the overall worldwide total.[14] In view of what appears to be an aberration in the source an alternative figure is provided.\nTS3Box Office Mojo revised the grosses for Pixar films in August 2016, resulting in the gross for Toy Story 3 being corrected from $1.063 billion to $1.067 billion.[15][16] This means that it peaked at #4 rather than #5 at the end of its release, as indicated by the source.\nDM2Disney issued an erratum to the gross for The Lion King, correcting its gross from $987.5 million to $968.5 million.[17] This means that Despicable Me 2 finished its run ahead of it and would have ranked one place higher at the end of its release.\nFNFinding Nemo finished one place higher at the end of its original release, after taking corrections into account. Its total now stands at $940.3 million, which would put the first run at $871.0 million after deducting the 3D reissue gross of $69.3 million, and slightly higher than the $864.6 million Box Office Mojo originally had listed. Meanwhile, Box Office Mojo originally had the gross for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring listed at $871.4 million prior to its 2011 re-release, but this was dropped to $870.8 million by 2009.[18] The slightly higher gross of $871.0 million for Finding Nemo would rank above the slightly lower gross of $870.8 million for The Fellowship of the Ring.", "You've Got Mail You've Got Mail debuted No. 1 at the North American box office, earning $18.4 million over its opening weekend.[11] It ultimately grossed $115,821,495 from the domestic market and $135,000,000 from foreign markets for a worldwide total of $250,821,495.[2]", "Titanic (1997 film) Before Titanic's release, various film critics predicted the film would be a significant disappointment at the box office, especially due to it being the most expensive film ever made at the time.[59][90][91][92] When it was shown to the press in autumn of 1997, \"it was with massive forebodings\" since the \"people in charge of the screenings believed they were on the verge of losing their jobs â€“ because of this great albatross of a picture on which, finally, two studios had to combine to share the great load of its making\".[91] Cameron also thought he was \"headed for disaster\" at one point during filming. \"We labored the last six months on Titanic in the absolute knowledge that the studio would lose $100 million. It was a certainty,\" he stated.[59] As the film neared release, \"particular venom was spat at Cameron for what was seen as his hubris and monumental extravagance\". A film critic for the Los Angeles Times wrote that \"Cameron's overweening pride has come close to capsizing this project\" and that the film was \"a hackneyed, completely derivative copy of old Hollywood romances\".[59]", "Scent of a Woman (1992 film) The film earned US$63,095,253 in the US and $71 million internationally, totaling $134,095,253 worldwide.[11][12][13]", "Ocean's Eleven Ocean's Eleven had a budget of about $85 million. On its opening weekend, it grossed an estimate of $38 million and was the top box-office draw for the weekend.[18] The film grossed $183,417,150 in the United States and grossed $267,311,379 overseas, leaving a worldwide gross of $450,728,529.[1]", "List of highest-grossing films Because of release schedules—especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year—and different release patterns across the world, many films can do business in two or more calendar years; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release. Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either, with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release; a film's first-run gross is included in brackets after the total if known. Because of incomplete data it cannot be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it, but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most. In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded, and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record-holder is also retained. At least one film every year has generated $100 million in gross revenue at the box office since 1967,[clarification needed] and from 2008 each year has succeeded in producing a billion dollar grossing film.", "The Godfather The Godfather was a blockbuster, breaking many box office records to become the highest grossing film of 1972. It earned $81.5 million in theatrical rentals in the USA & Canada during its initial release,[133] increasing its earnings to $85.7 million through a reissue in 1973,[134] and including a limited re-release in 1997 it ultimately earned an equivalent exhibition gross of $135 million.[130] It displaced Gone with the Wind to claim the record as the top rentals earner, a position it would retain until the release of Jaws in 1975.[131][135] News articles at the time proclaimed it was the first film to gross $100 million in North America,[131] but such accounts are erroneous since this record in fact belongs to The Sound of Music, released in 1965.[136] The film repeated its native success overseas, earning in total an unprecedented $142 million in worldwide theatrical rentals, to become the highest net earner.[137] Profits were so high for The Godfather that earnings for Gulf & Western Industries, Inc., which owned Paramount, jumped from 77 cents per share to $3.30 a share for the year, according to a Los Angeles Times article, dated December 13, 1972.[131] To date, it has grossed between $245 million and $286 million in worldwide box office receipts,[138] and adjusted for ticket price inflation in North America, ranks among the top 25 highest-grossing films.[139]", "Battleship (film) The film earned $303,025,485, and only $65,422,625 in North America. With a budget of $209 million the film did not meet its expectations.[27]", "A Hard Day's Night (film) By 1971 the film was estimated to have earned $11 million worldwide.[1]", "One Piece Film: Strong World Â¥4.8 billion (Japan)[1]", "Titanic (1997 film) Titanic garnered mainly positive reviews from film critics, and was positively reviewed by audiences and scholars, who commented on the film's cultural, historical and political impacts.[108][109][110] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 178 reviews, with a rating average of 8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"A mostly unqualified triumph for Cameron, who offers a dizzying blend of spectacular visuals and old-fashioned melodrama.\"[96] At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews, the film has a score of 74 based on 34 critics, indicating \"generally favorably reviews\".[111] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A+\" on an A+ to F scale, one of fewer than 60 films in the history of the service to earn the score.[112]", "List of highest-grossing films INNo contemporary sources provide figures for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, although The Numbers provides a figure of $8,000,000 for the North American box office gross.[47] However, it is possible this figure has been mistaken for the gross of the 1954 remake which also earned $8,000,000 in North American rentals.[48]", "Deep Impact (film) Deep Impact debuted at the North American box office with $41,000,000 in ticket sales. The movie grossed $140,000,000 in North America and an additional $209,000,000 worldwide for a total gross of $349,000,000. Despite competition in the summer of 1998 from the similar Armageddon, Deep Impact was still a box office hit and was the higher opener of the two.[17]", "Paramount Pictures During this time period, Paramount Pictures went under the guidance of Jonathan Dolgen, chairman and Sherry Lansing, president.[49][50] During their administration over Paramount, the studio had an extremely successful period of films with two of Paramount's ten highest-grossing films being produced during this period.[51] The most successful of these films, Titanic, a joint partnership with 20th Century Fox, and Lightstorm Entertainment became the highest-grossing film up to that time, grossing over $1.8Â billion worldwide.[52] Also during this time, three Paramount Pictures films won the Academy Award for Best Picture; Titanic, Braveheart, and Forrest Gump.", "List of highest-grossing films While inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s, there are franchises originating from that period that are still active. Besides the Star Wars and Superman franchises, James Bond and Star Trek films are still being released periodically; all four are among the highest-grossing franchises. Some of the older films that held the record of highest-grossing film still have respectable grosses by today's standards, but no longer compete numerically against today's top-earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices. When properly adjusted for inflation, however, on that comparative scale Gone with the Wind—which was the highest-grossing film outright for twenty-five years—is still the highest-grossing film of all time. All grosses on the list are expressed in U.S. dollars at their nominal value, except where stated otherwise.", "As Good as It Gets As Good as It Gets was also a box office hit, opening at number three at the box office (behind Titanic and Tomorrow Never Dies) with $12.6 million,[5] and eventually earning over $148 million domestically and $314 million worldwide.[1] It is Jack Nicholson's second most lucrative film, behind Batman.[6]", "The Help (film) The Help earned $169,708,112 in North America and $46,931,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $216,639,112.[1]", "List of highest-grossing films At least ten films have held the record of 'highest-grossing film' since The Birth of a Nation assumed the top spot in 1915. Both The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind spent twenty-five consecutive years apiece as the highest-grosser, with films directed by Steven Spielberg holding the record on three occasions and James Cameron—the current holder—twice. Spielberg became the first director to break his own record when Jurassic Park overtook E.T., and Cameron emulated the feat when Avatar broke the record set by Titanic.", "American Gigolo $22,743,674(Domestic)[1] (domestic) $30 million (International)[2]", "Gran Torino In the film's opening weekend of wide release in the US, it grossed $29.5Â million; as of December 12 2008, has taken in $269,541,625 worldwide.[4][37]", "2001: A Space Odyssey (film) The film earned $8.5 million in theatrical gross rental from roadshow engagements throughout 1968,[122][134] contributing to North American rentals of $16.4 million and worldwide rentals of $21.9 million during its original release.[135] Reissues have brought its cumulative exhibition gross to $56.9 million in North America,[5] and over $190 million worldwide.[7]", "The Adventures of Tintin (film) The film grossed $77,591,831 in North America and $296,402,120 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $373,993,951.[4]", "Air Force One (film) The film was a major box office success, earning $172,650,002 (54.9%) domestically and $142,200,000 (45.1%) in other countries.[14] It grossed a total of $315,156,409 worldwide in the box office.[15] It was the year's fifth highest-grossing film worldwide.[16]", "Home Alone Home Alone grossed $285.8 million in the United States and Canada and $190.9 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $476.7 million, against a production budget of $18 million.[2]", "List of highest-grossing films InfInflation adjustment is carried out using the International Monetary Fund's global Consumer price index.[34] The index is uniformly applied to the grosses in the chart published by Guinness World Records in 2014, beginning with the 2014 index. The figures in the above chart take into account inflation that occurred in 2014, and in every available year since then, with 2016 the most recent year available.", "Forrest Gump The film took 66 days to surpass $250 million and was the fastest grossing Paramount film to pass $100 million, $200 million, and $300 million in box office receipts (at the time of its release).[49][50][51] The film had gross receipts of $329,694,499 in the U.S. and Canada and $347,693,217 in international markets for a total of $677,387,716 worldwide.[1] Even with such revenue, the film was known as a \"successful failure\"—due to distributors' and exhibitors' high fees, Paramount's \"losses\" clocked in at $62 million, leaving executives realizing the necessity of better deals.[52] This has, however, also been associated with Hollywood accounting, where expenses are inflated in order to minimize profit sharing. It is Robert Zemeckis' highest-grossing film to date.", "Casino (1995 film) The film grossed $42 million in North America and $116 million worldwide[2] on a $40â€“50 million budget.[1]", "Good Will Hunting In the film's opening weekend in limited release, it earned $272,912. In its January 1998 wide-release opening weekend, it earned $10,261,471. It went on to gross $138,433,435 in North America for a total worldwide gross of $225,933,435.[3]", "The Great Gatsby (2013 film) The Great Gatsby grosses $144.8 million in North America, and $208.8 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $353.6 million.[4] Calculating in all expenses, Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $58.6 million.[52]", "Mrs. Doubtfire The film earned $219,195,243 in North America, along with $222,090,952 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $441,286,195,[1] making it the highest grossing cross-dressing film.[17] It became the second-highest-grossing film of 1993, behind only Jurassic Park.[18][19] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 52.6 million tickets in the US.[20]", "Clash of the Titans (2010 film) Clash of the Titans earned $61,235,105 in its opening weekend in 3,777 theaters in the United States and Canada (not including Thursday previews).[1] The movie was #1 for two weeks in a row, edging out Date Night and the previous winner How to Train Your Dragon.[40] Clash of the Titans made $163,214,888 domestically, as of July 22, 2010, and $330,000,000 overseas, as of September 19, 2010, for a worldwide total of $493,214,888. On the all-time worldwide chart it ranks 80th and in North America it is below #100.[41]", "Six Days, Seven Nights The film's revenue exceeded its $70 million production budget in the United States, earning $74,329,966, and with strong international sales totaling an additional $90,509,328; Six Days, Seven Nights ended its theatrical run with a worldwide total of $164,839,294.[1]", "Me, Myself & Irene The film earned $90,570,999 in the United States, and a further $58,700,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $149,270,999.[1]", "Jurassic Park (film) The dinosaurs were created with groundbreaking computer-generated imagery by Industrial Light & Magic and with life-sized animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston's team. To showcase the film's sound design, which included a mixture of various animal noises for the dinosaur roars, Spielberg invested in the creation of DTS, a company specializing in digital surround sound formats. Following an extensive $65 million marketing campaign, which included licensing deals with 100 companies, Jurassic Park grossed over $914 million worldwide in its original theatrical run, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1993 and the highest-grossing film ever at the time, a record held until the release of Titanic (1997). It was well received by critics, who praised its special effects, John Williams' musical score, and Spielberg's direction. Following its 3D re-release in 2013 to celebrate its 20th anniversary, Jurassic Park became the seventeenth film in history to surpass $1 billion in ticket sales.", "List of highest-grossing films GWIt is not absolutely clear how much Gone with the Wind earned from its initial release. Contemporary accounts often list it as earning $32 million in North American rentals and retrospective charts have often duplicated this claim; however, it is likely this was the worldwide rental figure. Trade journals would collate the data by either obtaining it from the distributors themselves, who were keen to promote a successful film, or by surveying theaters and constructing an estimate. Distributors would often report the worldwide rental since the higher figure made the film appear more successful, while estimates were limited to performance in North America; therefore it was not unusual for worldwide and North American rentals to be mixed up. Following the outbreak of World War II, many of the foreign markets were unavailable to Hollywood so it became standard practice to just report on North American box-office performance.[51] In keeping with this new approach, the North American rental for Gone with the Wind was revised to $21 million in 1947 ($11 million lower than the previous figure),[52] and as of 1953—following the 1947 re-release—Variety was reporting earnings of $26 million.[53] Through 1956, MGM reported cumulative North American earnings of $30,015,000 and foreign earnings of $18,964,000, from three releases.[54] Worldwide rentals of $32 million from the initial release is consistent with the revised figures and later reported worldwide figures: they indicate that the film earned $21 million in North America and $11 million overseas from the initial release, and added a further $9 million in North America and $8 million overseas from subsequent re-releases up to 1956.", "The Avengers (2012 film) The Avengers grossed $623.4 million in the United States and Canada and $895.5 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $1.519 billion.[5] It became the third-highest-grossing film worldwide[177] as well as the highest-grossing 2012 film, the highest-grossing comic-book adaptation, the highest-grossing superhero film and the highest-grossing film ever released by Walt Disney Studios, at the time of its release.[178] The film's worldwide opening of $392.5 million was the fourth-largest.[179] The Avengers also became the fifth film distributed by Disney and the twelfth film overall to earn more than $1 billion. It reached this milestone in 19 days, matching the record for speed previously set by Avatar and Deathly Hallows – Part 2.[180][181][182] Its grosses exceeded its estimated $220 million production cost 12 days after its release.[183] It was the first Marvel production to generate $1 billion in ticket sales.[184]", "List of highest-grossing films The films in the cross-franchise Marvel Cinematic Universe have collectively grossed the most, amassing over $16 billion at the box office. The Harry Potter films are the highest-grossing series based on a single property, earning nearly $8 billion at the box office (although the Eon James Bond films have earned over $14 billion in total when adjusted to current prices[100]); Harry Potter has also generated at least $3.5 billion in home video revenue,[101] taking total consumer spending on the films to over $11 billion. If ancillary income from merchandise is included, then Star Wars is the most lucrative property;[102] it holds the Guinness world record for the \"most successful film merchandising franchise\" and was valued at Â£19.51 billion in 2012 (approximately $30 billion).[103][104] Only two franchises have had more than two films gross over $1 billion: the Marvel Cinematic Universe with six, and Star Wars with four. The three Avengers films comprise the only franchise where each installment has grossed over $1 billion. Avengers is also the only franchise to have a series average of over $1 billion per film, although the Star Wars, Pirates of the Caribbean, Jurassic Park and Finding Nemo franchises, Harry Potter films, and Peter Jackson's Middle-earth adaptation all average over $1 billion adjusted for inflation.[32][105]", "World Trade Center (film) On opening weekend, it made approximately $18,730,762 in the U.S. and Canada. In total, the film grossed $70,278,893 at the North American box office, and over $162,970,240 worldwide.[22]", "Far and Away The movie, which cost $60 million to make, earned roughly $13 million in its first weekend at the box office and made a total of $58 million domestically (it also fared solidly abroad, with almost $79 million) and $137 million worldwide.[24][25][26] The film altogether made $166,694,840 from worldwide and home video rentals.", "The First Wives Club The film's Total Lifetime Grosses for the Worldwide box office are $181.5 million. At the Domestic North American box office, the film has a Total Lifetime Gross of $105.5 million. The film has a Foreign Total Lifetime Gross of $76 million.[23]", "The Waterboy The film grossed $185,991,646 worldwide from a $20 million budget.[15]", "Baahubali 2: The Conclusion â‚¹1,796.59 crore", "The Beach (film) The budget of the film was US$50 million. Global takings totaled over US$144 million, of which US$39 million was from the USA.[10]", "Some Like It Hot By 1962, the film had grossed $14 million in the US.[26]" ]	[ "Titanic (1997 film) Upon its release on December 19, 1997, Titanic achieved critical and commercial success. Nominated for 14 Academy Awards, it tied All About Eve (1950) for the most Oscar nominations, and won 11, including the awards for Best Picture and Best Director, tying Ben Hur (1959) for the most Oscars won by a single film. With an initial worldwide gross of over $1.84 billion, Titanic was the first film to reach the billion-dollar mark. It remained the highest-grossing film of all time until Cameron's Avatar surpassed it in 2010. A 3D version of Titanic, released on April 4, 2012 to commemorate the centennial of the sinking, earned it an additional $343.6 million worldwide, pushing the film's worldwide total to $2.18 billion and making it the second film to gross more than $2 billion worldwide (after Avatar). In 2017, the film was re-released for its 20th anniversary and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.", "Titanic (1997 film) Including revenue from the 2012 and 2017 reissues, Titanic earned $659.4 million in North America and $1.528 billion in other countries, for a worldwide total of $2.187 billion.[6] It became the highest-grossing film of all time worldwide in 1998, and remained so for twelve years, until Avatar (2009), also written and directed by Cameron, surpassed it in 2010.[78] On March 1, 1998,[79] it became the first film to earn more than $1 billion worldwide[80] and on the weekend April 13–15, 2012—a century after the original vessel's foundering, Titanic became the second film to cross the $2 billion threshold during its 3D re-release.[81] Box Office Mojo estimates that Titanic is the fifth highest-grossing film of all time in North America when adjusting for ticket price inflation.[82] The site also estimates that the film sold over 128 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[83]" ]
test3111	when did mcgee became a regular on ncis	[ "doc106455" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc106455", "doc296990", "doc106458", "doc106460", "doc106454", "doc106459", "doc106478", "doc62624", "doc106456", "doc106480", "doc106461", "doc229882", "doc296991", "doc296992", "doc106495", "doc106470", "doc1888173", "doc106481", "doc2219794", "doc106471", "doc62621", "doc257993", "doc106469", "doc1888176", "doc297089", "doc106492", "doc229884", "doc2662575", "doc106468", "doc106482", "doc106472", "doc1197678", "doc106483", "doc1729753", "doc297055", "doc1824777", "doc296968", "doc106475", "doc106496", "doc632762", "doc1729709", "doc297088", "doc130911", "doc1707318", "doc106473", "doc229912", "doc229881", "doc130942", "doc529723", "doc62622", "doc106467", "doc106474", "doc1888171", "doc529725", "doc476985", "doc1888174", "doc106465", "doc529727", "doc229911", "doc229913", "doc1888175", "doc229891", "doc297018", "doc229895", "doc130912", "doc2410354", "doc229916", "doc130921", "doc1888118", "doc1888182", "doc1888139", "doc1729757", "doc62623", "doc1888120", "doc1221420", "doc1223629", "doc1179471", "doc1930304", "doc1223597", "doc529726", "doc296966", "doc939172", "doc1442083", "doc130928", "doc2230799", "doc529728", "doc297019", "doc229899", "doc1294880", "doc130927", "doc71405", "doc297112", "doc106486", "doc297051", "doc717441", "doc1729728", "doc2142957", "doc1068017", "doc1783411", "doc1223601" ]	[ "Timothy McGee Murray appeared as a guest star in eight episodes of the first season of NCIS; in season two he joined the main cast and was added to the opening credits.", "List of NCIS characters Timothy \"Tim\" McGee (Sean Murray) first appears in the episode \"Sub Rosa\" as a case agent stationed at Norfolk, and is promoted to field agent and assigned to Agent Gibbs' team at the end of the season two premiere, \"See No Evil\", becoming a regular character. He serves as a field computer consultant and occasionally assists Abby in the lab. McGee clashes with DiNozzo, though after the two became partners (following Ziva's departure from the team at the end of season six), they are frequently shown to form an effective team; however, their relationship has occasionally reverted to its original state upon Ziva's return. McGee's methods are often indecipherable to the other team members, which earns him the pejorative nicknames \"McGeek\", \"McGoo\", and \"Probie\" from DiNozzo (along with other derisive nicknames, usually based on his surname); and \"Elf Lord\", used by multiple characters due to his elf character in an online role playing computer game. He studied biomedical engineering at Johns Hopkins University, and computer forensics at MIT. He graduated top of his class at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center.", "Timothy McGee Special Agent Timothy McGee, commonly referred to by Special Agent Tony DiNozzo as \"Probie\",[11] \"McGeek\", \"McQueen\", \"McGoo\", \"Probie wan kenobi\", or even \"Baldy McBald\" (referring to his less-haired appearance)[10] is part of a major case squad led by Special Agent Gibbs. He gained his field agent status when he was transferred to Washington from Norfolk.", "Timothy McGee During the first few seasons, McGee was portrayed as timid and inexperienced. In the Season 3 episode \"Probie\", he was visibly shaken after killing his first victim, even though it was in self-defense and his teammates backed him in the subsequent investigation; when questioned about McGee's guilt, Gibbs commented that McGee \"doesn't know how to lie\". His character was almost entirely altered by episode 6.12 \"Caged\", evolving into a bolder and more assertive character.[13] Following Gibbs' brief retirement and Tony's subsequent promotion he becomes the senior field agent. He takes on the role very seriously, gaining Tony's respect. Tony later stops calling him \"Probie\" and starts calling him \"Tim\". He is shown to be very protective of his younger sister, Sarah, especially when she shows up after apparently committing a murder; wherein he hides the case from his own team in order to protect her while simultaneously launching an investigation into the case in the episode \"Twisted Sister\" until he was caught when Agent Gibbs answered his sister's cell phone in Abby's lab.", "Timothy McGee Timothy \"Tim\" Farragut McGee[2][3][4][5] (/mæˈɡiː, mə-/) is a fictional character from the CBS television series NCIS. He is portrayed by Sean Murray. McGee specializes in cybersecurity and computer crime, and is a graduate of Johns Hopkins University and MIT.", "Timothy McGee In addition to responding to crime scenes and conducting investigations (along with the rest of the field team), McGee also serves as Gibbs' computer consultant[12] and sometimes assists Abby Sciuto in the forensics lab when necessary. Since Ziva David became an agent, Tony began calling her \"Probie\" or \"Probette\", but still uses variations of Tim's last name, such as \"McGeek\" and other names.[10]", "Timothy McGee Following Gibbs' retirement, McGee is promoted to Senior Field Agent after DiNozzo was promoted to Team Leader, after which Tony displays increased respect for McGee. With Ziva's departure in the episode \"Aliyah\", McGee is promoted to be Tony's partner in the field, and their relationship in the episode \"Truth or Consequences\" is shown to be friendly. For example, Tony used McGee's first name, Tim, more often and hasn't called him 'Probie' since season seven began. However, despite his junior status on the team, it is apparent that, despite teasing, he is on friendly, even familial, terms with every member of the team.", "David McCallum In late April 2012 it was announced that McCallum had reached agreement on a two-year contract extension with CBS-TV. The move meant that he would remain an NCIS regular past his eightieth birthday.[13] In May 2014 he signed another two-year contract.[14]", "Timothy McGee McGee was born in Bethesda, Maryland,[6] on September 13, 1978, to an Irish American family. He spent his childhood in Alameda, California, as his father was a naval officer stationed there.[7] His parents bought him his first car—a 1984 Camaro Z28 5-speed—the day he turned sixteen. However, he crashed into a bus while trying to figure out how to use the windshield wipers. He got a student pass the day he got out of traction.[8] He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in biomedical engineering from Johns Hopkins University and a Master of Science degree in computer forensics from MIT. His college GPA was 3.9, as he failed a fencing class in his sophomore year.[9][10] He worked at the NCIS field office in Norfolk, Virginia, before being transferred to the headquarters in the Washington Navy Yard, a move made permanent at the end of the season two episode \"See No Evil.\"", "Timothy McGee In Season 11, with the transfer of Ellie Bishop from NSA to NCIS, McGee has begun to assert to seniority, now that Tony has stopped calling him \"probie\". He used some of Tony's old pranks on Bishop, such using a trick coin when tossing to see who has to retrieve a corpse from a septic tank.[23]", "Timothy McGee Timothy McGee has green eyes and brownish-blond hair. He was overweight until the end of Season 6; during the seventh season, he was shown to be losing weight. When DiNozzo pesters him about it, McGee replies that he has lost 15 pounds. McGee's weight loss led to speculation that Sean Murray, the actor who portrays McGee, was ill;[14] in October 2010 Murray, via his Twitter account, explained that it was a deliberate weight loss via dieting, consuming only organic food and abstaining from alcohol and sugar.[14] Murray has lost 25 pounds.[14][15]", "NCIS (TV series) NCIS was originally referred to as Navy NCIS during season one; \"Navy\" was later dropped from the title as it was redundant (the \"N\" in \"NCIS\" stands for \"Naval\"). In season six, a two-part episode led to a spin-off series, NCIS: Los Angeles. A two-part episode during the eleventh season led to a second spin-off series, NCIS: New Orleans. While initially slow in the ratings, barely cracking the Top 30 in the first four seasons, by its sixth season, it became a top five hit, and has remained there since. In 2011, NCIS was voted America's favorite television show in an online Harris Poll.[3] The series finished its tenth season as the most-watched television series in the U.S. during the 2012â€“13 TV season.[4] On February 29, 2016, NCIS was renewed for its fourteenth and fifteenth seasons.[5][6] The fifteenth season premiered on Tuesday September 26, 2017.[7] Maria Bello will join the cast as a series regular from episode four,[8] replacing outgoing series regular Jennifer Esposito.[9]", "List of NCIS characters McGee is also a writer, writing mystery crime novels including a national bestseller, Deep Six: The Continuing Adventures of L.J. Tibbs, under the pseudonym Thom E. Gemcity (an anagram of his name), featuring characters based on his fellow co-workers and others from his everyday life. He drives a silver Porsche Boxster as seen in the episode \"Twisted Sister\". He owns a dog, Jethro. Jethro was falsely accused of killing his police handler until Abby proves his innocence, names him and convinces McGee to take him because her landlord won't let her keep the dog herself, despite the dog having attacked him earlier in the episode (\"Dog Tags\"). McGee is transferred to Cybercrimes Division in season five (\"Judgment Day\") and back to the Major Case Response Team in season six (\"Last Man Standing\").[8]", "List of NCIS characters With DiNozzo's departure in the final episode of season thirteen, McGee is permanently promoted to Senior Field Agent.", "Timothy McGee The character's seeming inexperience in the field during early seasons was noted by critics, with Bill Keveney of USA Today describing him as \"a wet-behind-the-ears computer expert\" in 2005.[40] A few months later, Noel Holston from Sun Sentinel styled McGee as the \"newer, nerdier agent\" of the group.[41] In 2007, television historian Tim Brooks described him as \"the earnest, conservative probationary agent with invaluable computer skills who was often the victim of Tony's pranks\".[42]", "Timothy McGee As the junior field agent of the team, McGee is often subject to teasing from DiNozzo and Kate and Ziva,[10] often together (though Kate and Ziva's teasing is not as mean-spirited as DiNozzo's), and, to some extent, Gibbs, though he doesn't come to head-smack him until later, unlike Kate and DiNozzo, who do so simultaneously on the day of his promotion almost immediately after Tim mentioned the word 'hazing'. In one episode, Gibbs walked into the lab, found him lying on the floor on his back while working on the underside of Abby's hotbox, and quipped, \"Special Agent Goodwrench?\"[27] In \"Forced Entry\", he is tricked by Tony and Kate into drinking Gibbs' coffee, which is considered a major taboo. In subsequent episodes, Tony often pulls his seniority card by taking advantage of McGee's naivete and tricking him into performing less desirable tasks such as searching for a gun in a muddy ditch with only a metal detector and bagging bear poo while investigating a bear attack,[28] brushing off McGee's protests with \"because I can\". In \"Singled Out\", a frustrated McGee futilely tells Tony to stop calling him \"probie\"; Gibbs later tells McGee that his former mentor Mike Franks still calls him \"probie\" even though he retired nearly a decade ago. McGee's most notable nicknames come from DiNozzo, either \"Probie\", due to his junior (probational) status on the team, or \"McGeek\", alluding to McGee's intelligence. DiNozzo uses multiple variations on both of these names to make fun of McGee, some of which are clever but not demeaning (McGPS, McProof, The Great McOz), some which are mocking (McLawyer, McGiggle, McGoo, McNerd, McFlowerPower), some of which seem irrelevant (McTim), and some intended to deliberately cause offense (Baldy McBald).[10] When Tony discovers that McGee's online gaming name was \"Elf Lord\", it is often referenced by the team members through jokes and light-hearted teasing; Gibbs has occasionally called him Elf Lord in Season 5.[29]", "Anthony DiNozzo Tony's relationship with Timothy McGee was initially problematic. Initially, before McGee officially joined the team, McGee was extremely respectful and looked up to Tony, often calling him \"sir\" and asking his permission to do things, while Tony largely ignored or degraded his work. After joining the team, Tony began actively hazing McGee, as McGee is the least experienced member of the NCIS team and ranks only as a junior field agent having only worked at NCIS for five or six years. For example, when McGee joined the team as a probationary Special Agent, Tony began calling him \"Probie\" (including variations such as \"Probie-Wan Kenobi\").[28] He largely takes advantage of McGee's naivetÃ© and unfamiliarity with the team's \"customs\", such as tricking him into drinking Gibbs' coffee as shown in the Season 2 episode \"Forced Entry\" and assigning him unwanted and \"dirty\" tasks such as tracking down a gun in a mud pool[55] and digging for evidence. Like Mike Franks did with Gibbs when Gibbs was a probie, Tony also frequently made McGee carry all the gear and equipment to the crime scene.[52][84] In \"Red Cell\", he and Kate pick the lock to McGee's apartment early in the morning several hours before they were due to report for work to \"observe you in your natural environment\", having bet on whether McGee wore boxers or \"tighty whities\".", "Timothy McGee In the Season 13 finale episode, \"Family First\", with DiNozzo having resigned from the team for good, McGee is promoted to Senior Field Agent.", "NCIS (season 6) The sixth season of the police procedural drama NCIS premiered on September 23, 2008. The new NCIS Director Leon Vance (played by Rocky Carroll) became a regular cast character and Agent Gibbs' new team members were introduced: NCIS Agents Michelle Lee from Legal, Daniel Keating from Cybercrime, and Special Agent Brent Langer from the FBI.[1] Langer is killed in the first episode of the season. After the end of the second episode, McGee, Ziva, and Tony return to the team, while Lee and Keating are transferred back to Legal and Cybercrime, respectively.", "Timothy McGee As with most new agents who had experience with Gibbs, McGee finds him difficult to work with due to his unorthodox management style and unpredictable temperament, with Tony constantly giving him tips on how to get along with Gibbs. Initially he is intimidated by Gibbs, especially after incurring his wrath having accidentally drunk or spilled his coffee several times during his earlier seasons. Gibbs himself is shown to gain more respect of McGee over time, as his personality matures and he becomes a more assertive character. Gibbs has also shown substantial trust and faith in his abilities over the course of time. In the episode \"Witness\", Gibbs sent McGee to check out a possible murder of a Navy Petty Officer and let him decide whether to call an investigation. He let McGee accompany him into the interrogation room while still a \"probie\" and allows him interrogate a suspect alone as early as the Season 3 episode \"Deception\". McGee is always shown as a computer consultant to Gibbs.", "David McCallum Since 2003 McCallum has starred in the CBS television series NCIS as Dr. Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard, the team's chief medical examiner and one of the show's most popular characters. In Season 2 Episode 13 \"The Meat Puzzle\", NCIS agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon) is asked, \"What did Ducky look like when he was younger?\" Gibbs replies, \"Illya Kuryakin\".[11]", "List of NCIS: New Orleans characters McGee is a Senior Special Agent assigned to NCIS's Major Case Response Team. He is a crossover character from NCIS.", "Timothy McGee Delilah returns to Washington in season 12 and they resume their relationship.[24] He proposes to her in the episode \"Love Boat\", which she happily accepts.[25] They are married in \"Something Blue\" shortly after finding out that they're expecting.[26]", "Anthony DiNozzo In the beginning of the seventh season, Tony has more frequently called McGee by his first name, Tim, instead of these nicknames.[47] An example of this is when McGee is explaining something to Gibbs and Tony says, \"It's a burn phone, Tim, just say burn phone.\" It has been shown a few other times as well. The relationship between the two agents is on a much more equal footing as the show moves into the seventh season. McGee is very rarely (if at all) referred to as \"Probie\" any more by Tony, especially since Ziva has become a probationary field agent.[47]", "List of NCIS characters Sarah McGee (portrayed by Sean Murray's real-life stepsister Troian Bellisario) is the younger sister of Timothy McGee. She makes two quick cameos in Seasons 2 and 3 before making a full appearance in \"Twisted Sister\".", "Timothy McGee Several members of McGee's family have appeared in the series over the years. His younger sister, Sarah, first mentioned in the Season 2 episode, \"See No Evil\", plays a prominent role in the fourth season episode \"Twisted Sister\". The two seem to differ greatly in personality but are still very close. McGee helps clear Sarah as a potential murder suspect and is willing to risk his NCIS career to do so. Sarah McGee is portrayed by Troian Bellisario, Murray's real-life step-sister, and daughter of series creator and former executive producer Donald P. Bellisario.", "NCIS (TV series) Whenever a crime is committed involving Navy or Marine personnel, the Washington-based Major Case Response Team—an elite arm of the Naval Criminal Investigative Service—spearheads the investigation. The team, led by laconic investigator Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon), has included Caitlin Todd (Sasha Alexander), Anthony DiNozzo (Michael Weatherly), Timothy McGee (Sean Murray), Ziva David (Cote de Pablo), Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham), Alexandra Quinn (Jennifer Esposito), and Nicholas Torres (Wilmer Valderrama). Over the course of the series, they are further assisted by allies both foreign and domestic, including Dr. Donald Mallard (David McCallum), Dr. Jimmy Palmer (Brian Dietzen), forensic specialist Abby Sciuto (Pauley Perrette), British intelligence officer Clayton Reeves (Duane Henry), and successive NCIS Directors Jennifer Shepard (Lauren Holly) and Leon Vance (Rocky Carroll).", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Beginning in 2003, McCallum starred in the CBS television series NCIS as Dr. Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard, M.D., a medical examiner. During the episode \"The Meat Puzzle\" (season 2, episode 13), as an inside joke, NCIS agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon) is asked, \"What did Ducky look like when he was younger?\" Gibbs responds, \"Illya Kuryakin\". The photo supposedly of a younger Ducky is actually a promotional photo from McCallum's Man from U.N.C.L.E. days.", "Timothy McGee In the Season 11 premiere, McGee began dating Delilah Fielding (Margo Harshman), a Department of Defense \"cryptologist in a dark office\"[22] the team meets while investigating a case. In the episode \"Alleged\", Tony claims that McGee has been \"emancipated from coupledom\" but McGee clarifies that Delilah has actually \"[landed] a dream job half-way around the world\". Delilah had been assigned to Dubai and McGee gave her a copy of his house key, which she accepts, reiterating her intent to move in with him after her assignment is over.[23]", "Timothy McGee McGee had an extended relationship with forensics technician Abby Sciuto in season one, but there is no direct reference to their relationship ending. However, despite this, they are still very close and often tease each other about their previous relationship/dates (sexual jokes, suggestive comments, etc.), and in some instances Abby has shown jealousy of attention women have given McGee. In contrast to Tony DiNozzo, McGee has had few relationships, or possible ones, almost all of which have begun and ended in the same episode.", "Timothy McGee Ziva has had a friendly relationship with McGee since her start at NCIS. It resembles one of brother and sister.[30][unreliable source?] While Ziva teases McGee a great deal, often with Tony, they remain on friendly terms (Ziva's teasing is far more playful than Tony's, who takes a much more sadistic approach to the pranks he pulls on McGee). McGee was the first person to point out that Ziva was avoiding Tony at the start of season 7 and that sooner or later she would have to straighten out that relationship. He is much more comfortable and confident around Ziva than her predecessor, Kate Todd.", "NCIS: New Orleans On January 12, 2015, NCIS: New Orleans was renewed for a second season that premiered on September 22, 2015.[13][14] Daryl Mitchell and Shalita Grant, who had been recurring cast members, became series regulars.[15] On March 25, 2016, CBS renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on September 20, 2016.[16] Zoe McLellan, who plays Agent Brody, left the series \"for creative reasons\",[17] and Vanessa Ferlito joined the cast as FBI Special Agent Tammy Gregorio,[18] a series regular.[19] On March 23, 2017, CBS renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on September 26, 2017.[20][21]", "Timothy McGee In \"Sub Rosa\", McGee's first appearance in Season 1, McGee asks Tony about Abby. Tony responds that she is not his type, stating that as he has never had the urge to tattoo his butt, they would have little in common. At the end of the episode, McGee tells Tony that he went to get the word 'Mom' tattooed on his butt to impress Abby.", "Ziva David McGee, Abby, and Ducky all support Ziva as she prepares to become an American citizen in the seventh season, with McGee even quizzing her for the citizenship exam. In the finale, they are all present at her swearing in ceremony.[76] According to de Pablo, Ziva had grown closer to her coworkers at NCIS than to what remained of her blood family by this point in the series.[46]", "List of NCIS characters Delilah Fielding-McGee (Margo Harshman) is a Department of Defense analyst and McGee's girlfriend and later his wife. An agent with the Department of Defense, Delilah first appears in the Season 11 premiere episode \"Whiskey Tango Foxtrot\" and later becomes an ally, assisting the NCIS team in their hunt for terrorist Benham Parsa. In the Season 11 episodes \"Kill Chain\" and \"Double Back\", Delilah is left badly injured in a missile attack at a black-tie event she and McGee are attending. While McGee is not seriously injured, Delilah is left permanently paralyzed due to shrapnel embedded in her spine, and she thereafter uses a wheelchair. She continues to assist the NCIS team. After spending almost a year as a senior intelligence analyst in Dubai, Delilah returns in the episode, \"Status Update\". When she returns as team leader now based in the US, she and McGee move in together. McGee later buys an engagement ring, with the intent of proposing to Delilah. When McGee spontaneously proposes to Delilah in the elevator in the episode \"Love Boat\", she accepts. By the middle of \"Something Blue\", McGee and Delilah have been planning their July wedding when Delilah collapses due to the stress of wedding planning. While she recovers in hospital, she and McGee find out that she is pregnant. This causes them to change their minds about wedding planning and they marry in a private ceremony in their apartment surrounded by the NCIS team. In the episode \"Ready or Not\", Delilah goes into labor and Abby takes her to the hospital. A hostage situation occurs in the hospital and McGee is caught up in it unexpectedly while Delilah gives birth to twins, John (a boy), named after McGee's father Admiral John McGee and Morgan (a girl), named after ER Guard (and former Law Enforcement Officer) Morgan Cade who was fatally shot trying to help McGee arrest an arms dealer. McGee is unharmed and eventually is able to be with Delilah when she gives birth.", "Wilmer Valderrama On June 16, 2016, it was announced that Valderrama is set to join NCIS in its fourteenth season. He will be a series regular as NCIS Special Agent Nicholas Torres.[13]", "List of NCIS characters Gibbs leads a Major Case Response Team (MCRT) consisting of field agents Anthony DiNozzo, Timothy McGee, and Ellie Bishop, supported by forensic scientist Abby Sciuto and medical examiner Dr. Mallard. In the episode \"BÃªte Noire\", Gibbs comes face to face with terrorist Ari Haswari and tries to kill him but fails. Finding Ari later becomes an obsession for Gibbs after Ari shoots and kills original team member Kate Todd in front of Gibbs and DiNozzo in the season two finale, \"Twilight\". Gibbs often shows frustration with his team (particularly DiNozzo for rambling or McGee for getting sucked into technical rambling) by slapping them over the back of the head, an action that is later shared between team members and known as a \"headslap\" or \"Gibbs-slap\".", "Timothy McGee Throughout Season 2, DiNozzo and Todd would sometimes gang up on McGee to tease him, but Todd generally disapproved of DiNozzo's pranks and hazing of McGee.[33][34] After the murder of a witness under McGee's watch, Todd was the first to try to comfort him.[35]", "Timothy McGee The Daily News referred to McGee as \"the requisite tech wizard\" of the show.[43] Alyssa Rosenberg from The Washington Monthly suggested that the characters of McGee, \"an MIT-educated geek who writes thinly veiled novels about the team\", and Abby Sciuto appear as \"liberal stand-ins\" in contrast to more conservative figures on NCIS, such as Gibbs and Tony DiNozzo.[44] None of the characters' political beliefs are specified within the series, and Rosenberg stated that, as a result, the show does not \"demand that the audience take sides in divisive issues\".[44]", "Sean Murray (actor) Sean Harland Murray (born November 15, 1977) is an American actor best known for his role as Special Agent Timothy McGee on the American TV drama NCIS.", "Ziva David On July 10, 2013, CBS television studios announced that Cote de Pablo would be leaving NCIS during season eleven.[13] De Pablo appeared in two episodes as a series regular, and was subsequently replaced by Special Agent Eleanor Bishop (Emily Wickersham).", "List of NCIS characters Admiral John McGee (Jamey Sheridan) is the father of Timothy McGee. He appears in \"Squall\", where it is revealed that he has cancer. In \"House Rules\", ADM McGee passes away.", "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Michael Weatherly was cast for the role of Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo in 2003 and appeared in every episode of the show's first 13 seasons. The character is portrayed as \"complex\": he is a former Baltimore homicide detective with a \"heroic spirit\"[6] as well as a \"total dinosaur in terms of sexual politics\".[7]", "Leroy Jethro Gibbs In 2011, it was reported that the role had made Mark Harmon the fourth most popular actor on primetime television. Several other members of the NCIS cast were also listed in the top ten, including Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto), Cote de Pablo (Ziva David), David McCallum (Ducky Mallard), and Michael Weatherly (Anthony DiNozzo).[44]", "Timothy McGee McGee lives near Ziva, in Silver Spring (a Maryland suburb of DC). When Ziva was in Israel between seasons 5 and 6, she and McGee e-mailed each other once a week. McGee has been to Ziva's house at least once, he was invited to her dinner party in season 3. McGee was also the one to show Ziva some ways to work from the area they live, and in return she gave him an apple â€“ which Tony immediately stole before McGee was aware of the gift. Throughout season 7 as Ziva prepares to become an American citizen McGee supports her, even testing her, and attends her naturalization ceremony.[31][unreliable source?]", "NCIS (TV series) Following the show's official pick-up by CBS, it was confirmed that Louise Lombard had not been signed to continue her role as Special Agent Lara Macy. Linda Hunt and Adam Jamal Craig were confirmed to replace her in starring roles, playing OSP Manager Henrietta Lange and Special Agent Dom Vail respectively. Craig, who left the series in episode 21 of season 1, was replaced by Eric Christian Olsen playing Marty Deeks.[86]", "NCIS (TV series) NCIS is an American action police procedural television series, revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, which investigates crimes involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. The concept and characters were initially introduced in two episodes of the CBS series JAG (season eight episodes 20 and 21: \"Ice Queen\" and \"Meltdown\"). The show, a spin-off from JAG, premiered on September 23, 2003, on CBS. To date it has aired fourteen full seasons and has gone into broadcast syndication on the USA Network. Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill are co-creators and executive producers of the premiere member of the NCIS franchise. It is the second longest-running scripted, non-animated U.S. primetime TV series currently airing, surpassed only by Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999â€“present), and is the 7th longest-running scripted U.S. primetime TV series overall.", "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Ziva resigns from Mossad in the fourth episode of the season, \"Good Cop, Bad Cop\", and applies to become a full-fledged NCIS agent, effectively becoming the \"probie\"[note A] on the team.[13]", "NCIS (season 11) On February 1, 2013, CBS renewed NCIS for this season.[3] The same date Mark Harmon extended his contract on the show with a new \"multiyear deal\" with CBS.[4] It was announced on July 10, 2013 that Cote de Pablo, who plays Ziva David, had chosen not to return for the eleventh season as a regular. She will appear in enough episodes to close out her character's storylines.[2] Because of de Pablo's exit, showrunner Gary Glasberg had to change his planned storyline for season 11. \"Someone asked me if I was planning for this, but I really wasn't, so basically the minute that this became real, I had to throw out a lot of what I was planning to do and start from scratch\".[5] Glasberg has stated that there will be rotating characters coming to fill Ziva's role.", "David McCallum According to the behind-the-scenes feature on the 2006 DVD of NCIS season 1, McCallum became an expert in forensics to play Mallard, including appearing at medical examiner conventions. In the feature, Donald P. Bellisario says that McCallum's knowledge became so vast that at the time of the interview he was considering making him a technical adviser on the show.", "Timothy McGee The characters in McGee's books are actually based on the NCIS team, with Leroy Jethro Gibbs as L.J. Tibbs, Anthony DiNozzo as Tommy, Ziva David as Lisa, Abby Sciuto as Amy Sutton, Jimmy Palmer as Pimmy Jalmer, and himself as McGregor. In the episode \"Smoked\", it is shown that in his novel Deep Six, McGee portrays \"Tommy\" and \"Lisa\" as lovers, \"Pimmy\" as a necrophiliac (a reference to Jimmy's job as Ducky's assistant in the autopsy room) and \"Tibbs\" as in love with a Lt. Col. (mirroring Gibbs' brief relationship with Lt Col Hollis Mann).[21] Unimpressed, Tony and Ziva subject McGee to relentless teasing and tormenting for the rest of the episode. Jimmy especially disliked his portrayal and refuses to give McGee a ride back to NCIS headquarters.", "Timothy McGee When McGee was introduced in \"Sub Rosa\", Todd protested DiNozzo's apparent abuse of authority when he ordered McGee to stay on a crime scene until someone else can come to relieve him.[9] Todd and McGee were partnered for a very short time during the episode \"UnSEALed\",[32] during which he came to her help when she was tied up by a former Navy SEAL.", "Anthony DiNozzo Through flashbacks in the episode \"Baltimore\", it is shown that Tony first met Gibbs sometime in 2001 when he accidentally arrested the latter, who was working undercover and investigating the same suspect in a separate case, as a homicide detective with Baltimore PD. Tony became disillusioned when he realized that his partner was dirty but could not bring himself to expose him. Gibbs took the opportunity to recruit him to NCIS and has been a mentor to him since.", "NCIS (season 11) Colin Hanks returned for the premiere episode as Defense Department investigator Richard Parsons, a character introduced at the end of the tenth season,[7] while Marina Sirtis returned in the second episode as Mossad Director Orli Elbaz. Joe Spano also reprised his role as Senior FBI Agent Tobias C. Fornell in the first two episodes. Muse Watson (as Mike Franks) appeared in the fourth episode. Ralph Waite (as Gibbs' father Jackson Gibbs) and Robert Wagner (as Tony's father Anthony DiNozzo, Sr.) are also confirmed to return.[8] Diane Neal reprises her role CGIS Special Agent Abigail Borin in episode six \"Oil & Water\".", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) On July 10, 2013 ahead of the show's fourth season it was announced that Chi McBride would have a guest spot in the first episode of the season.[56][57] On November 21, 2013 it was announced that McBride would become a series regular beginning with the seasons 10th episode.[58][59] After appearing as a guest star in several season four episodes, Jorge Garcia who plays the character of Jerry Ortega (a conspiracy theorist and high school classmate of Chin's) was promoted to series regular commencing season five. This is the second time Kim and Garcia serve as regulars together with Lost being the first.[60]", "Anthony DiNozzo Some of Tony's other nicknames for McGee are plays on his name, ranging from \"McGeek\" to \"McGoogle\" to \"McProbie.[85] He also refers to McGee's online-gaming persona Elf-Lord. In some cases the names refer to aspects of McGee's character, such as \"McTardy\", a reference to McGee being late, \"McSneaky\", as a reference to his ability to get almost any computer-related document, and \"McCheat\", a reference to McGee supposedly cheating at Scrabble. DiNozzo (at least once) has also asked McGee, \"What are you Mcdoing, McGee?\" Often, he (DiNozzo) and Caitlin Todd (and later Ziva David) are shown teaming up to tease McGee, although it remains friendly.", "Timothy McGee In the episode \"Dead Man Talking\", it is revealed that McGee writes mystery/crime stories,[17] and in the episode \"Twisted Sister\", it is revealed he has published a book entitled Deep Six. It became known in the episode \"Cover Story\" that McGee has been successful as a writer, and garnered a fanbase. It was kept a secret from the NCIS team for a long time. Under his pseudonym \"Thom E. Gemcity\" (an anagram of \"Timothy McGee\"),[18] he has penned at least two novels as part of the Deep Six series, one published and one in progress.[19][20] The title of the first book, Deep Six: The Continuing Adventures of L.J. Tibbs (whose name and character are based on Leroy Jethro Gibbs) suggests[19] there have been previous novels, but these have yet to be named, though the cover of McGee's first revealed book states that it is volume one. The next of McGee's books to be released, and sequel to its predecessor is entitled Deep Six: Rock Hollow. Sean Murray commented, \"As Thom E. Gemcity, he takes many liberties. I don't know if he knew the first book was going to be as successful as it was. But now he's got to run with it. I'm sure success has just increased his level of anxiety.\"[20] In the episode \"Cover Story\", Rock Hollow becomes a focus point in that the NCIS team are investigating two murders (both committed because their killer thought they had robbed a convenience store and killed the clerk, as it was written in the book),[20] when McGee is pressured to, and reveals everything that has taken place has been part of the book he is currently writing. It is then discovered that the story was stolen from the typewriter ribbon McGee threw away, and that Abby could be the next victim.", "NCIS (season 11) On August 13, 2013, \"casting intel\" on a new female character named Bishop was published, with filming scheduled to mid-October.[12] Bishop is described as a \"twentysomething female[;] bright, educated, athletic, attractive, fresh-faced, focused and somewhat socially awkward. She has a mysterious mixture of analytic brilliance, fierce determination and idealism. She's traveled extensively, but only feels comfortable at home.\" Emily Wickersham was cast to play the character, named NSA Analyst Ellie Bishop.[13][14][15] Wickersham was promoted to the main cast, two weeks prior of her debut appearance.[16] Her first appearance is in episode nine, \"Gut Check\".[17]", "NCIS (TV series) In 2009, CBS picked up an NCIS spin-off series with the title NCIS: Los Angeles,[80][81][82][83] with the backdoor pilot, \"Legend\", airing on April 28, 2009 and May 5, 2009.[81] The backdoor pilot introduced Chris O'Donnell as Special Agent G. Callen, LL Cool J as Special Agent Sam Hanna, Louise Lombard as Special Agent Lara Macy, Peter Cambor as Operational Psychologist Nate Getz: and Daniela Ruah as Special Agent Kensi Blye.[84] The crew for the series includes Michael B. Kaplan, Lev L. Spiro, Jerry London, Sheldon Epps, and Mark Saraceni.[85]", "NCIS (TV series) Characters from NCIS have appeared in the spin-off. Rocky Carroll portrayed Leon Vance in a recurring role,[87][88] while Pauley Perrette portrayed Abby Sciuto and appeared in the season 1 episodes \"Killshot\"[87] and \"Random on Purpose\".[88]", "Anthony DiNozzo Contrary to appearances, Tony values his relationship with McGee,[28] as seen in the episode \"Probie\"; Tony goes out of his way to support McGee and makes an effort to cheer him up. Particularly shown when McGee accidentally shoots an undercover police officer, Tony is the first one to try to allay McGee's feelings of guilt. At one point, after McGee has expressed his chagrin at being called \"Probie\", Gibbs tells him that Mike Franks still calls him \"Probie\" and suggests that it is not a sign of distaste or disrespect. During Gibbs' absence, however, McGee becomes the senior field agent as Tony is now team leader. At this time, Tony shows much more respect for McGee and confidence in his abilities. He also covers for McGee several times when the entire team was late to a crime scene – thus incurring Gibbs' wrath – because of him.[85]", "NCIS (TV series) These JAG episodes introduced Mark Harmon as Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Tony, Robyn Lively as Vivian Blackadder, Pauley Perrette as Abby, and David McCallum as Ducky.", "List of NCIS characters While Gibbs and McGee were held prisoner in Paraguay between seasons 14 and 15, Bishop, as the ranking agent, served as Special Agent-in-Charge of the Major Case Response Team; she retained command until Gibbs was medically and psychologically cleared for duty.[23] In the episode \"High Tide\", Bishop and fellow agent Nick Torres go on an undercover mission, which revolves around them both acting like a couple. Both of them find that they enjoy the experience and develop a mutual lingering attraction towards each other.", "NCIS (TV series) Rocky Carroll recurs on NCIS: Los Angeles as his NCIS character Director Leon Vance, while Pauley Perrette has appeared twice as Abby, and Michael Weatherly has appeared once as Anthony DiNozzo. NCIS guest stars reprising roles between series include David Dayan Fisher as CIA Officer Trent Kort, in the season-one finale of NCIS: Los Angeles; Kelly Hu as Lee Wuan Kai in NCIS: Los Angeles and later in an episode of NCIS.", "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David In the second season finale, NCIS series regular Caitlin Todd was killed off after Sasha Alexander, her portrayer, decided to permanently leave the show.[8] Shortly afterwards, series creator Donald P. Bellisario voiced intentions to replace Todd with another female lead, whom he stated would be \"someone foreign who brings a whole new attitude\".[9] He expressed hopes that the new character would be drastically different from Todd,[10] who was \"kind of uptight\".[9]", "Last Man Standing (NCIS) NCIS underwent casting changes, some brief and others permanent, to accommodate the plot; Rocky Carroll was promoted to a series regular to replace Lauren Holly's character as the agency's director.[5][6] Several weeks before \"Last Man Standing\" aired, it was announced that Jonathan Mangum, Liza Lapira and Jonathan LaPaglia would appear as Gibbs' replacement team, playing the roles of NCIS agents Daniel T. Keating, Michelle Lee, and Brent Langer respectively.[7][8] However, it was confirmed that Michael Weatherly, Sean Murray, and Cote de Pablo would still appear.[9] The episode also marks the first appearances of Michael Rivkin (Merik Tadros) and Ziva's father, Eli David (Michael Nouri), both of whom play a pivotal role in the season's finale arc.", "NCIS (TV series) The series stars Scott Bakula as Special Agent Dwayne Cassius Pride, Lucas Black as Special Agent Christopher LaSalle, Zoe McLellan as Special Agent Meredith \"Merri\" Brody, Rob Kerkovich as Sebastian Lund, and C. C. H. Pounder as Dr. Loretta Wade.[97][98][99] Daryl \"Chill\" Mitchell, Shalita Grant and Vanessa Ferlito joined the main cast later, portraying computer specialist Patton Plame, Special Agent Sonja Percy, and Special Agent Tammy Gregorio, respectively.", "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Team leader Gibbs (Mark Harmon) resigns in Hiatus (Part II), the third season finale, and appoints Tony as his replacement.[22][better source needed] During the 2006 summer break, it was reported that Ziva would fall under suspicion of being a spy in the fall premiere,[19] and in the opening episode, \"Shalom\", she is framed by the Iranian government for the murder of a terrorist in FBI custody and the two agents guarding him.[23] When she initially goes to the Israeli embassy to report their deaths, which she witnessed, Mossad Officer Michael Bashan asks her directly, \"Did you or did you not sleep with him?\" In response to her confusion, Bashan tells her that he knows that Tony has been visiting her apartment at least once a week for the past three months and that Mossad officers have been spying on her, evidently on orders from her father, Mossad Director Eli David.[23]", "Anthony DiNozzo Tony is scripted as the senior field agent of the fictional Major Case Response Team (MCRT) led by Gibbs. A former police detective, he is athletic and charismatic—at least, when not being snarky/smarmy—he describes himself as a former jock, and often leads crime scene investigations; when not at work he is a movie buff. Over the course of the show, he carries a few storylines, namely an undercover assignment that carries through Season 4 and into Season 5. In general overview, he is renowned for providing comic relief for an otherwise serious drama show, regularly spouting movie trivia, and, especially in the early seasons, being a womanizer who fears commitment. The death of Sasha Alexander's character, Ex-Secret Service Agent turned NCIS agent Caitlin Todd, in the second season finale and his relationship with Cote de Pablo's character, Mossad officer turned NCIS agent Ziva David, who is introduced in the third season, becomes fundamental to his subtle shift in attitude.", "Anthony DiNozzo Catherine Lawson from The Huffington Post reported in August 2011 that Michael Weatherly was voted as number seven in the list of the top 10 most popular primetime TV stars. Pauley Perrette (Abby Sciuto) and Cote de Pablo (Ziva David) placed first and second respectively. Additionally, Mark Harmon (Jethro Gibbs) and David McCallum (Ducky Mallard) were voted as numbers five and six.[8]", "Anthony DiNozzo Although his immature behavior often gets Tony into trouble, he also demonstrates that he is an insightful agent when the need arises. On more than one occasion he surprises his colleagues when an outwardly immature action on his part actually causes new evidence to be uncovered.[43][50][51] Gibbs once said of him, \"You may not admire his methods but you gotta love the results\" when Tony goes to a gynecologist to track a missing sailor's girlfriend down after the rest of the team hit a dead end, much to Kate's disgust.[52] McGee has described Tony's interrogation style as \"Dirty Harry meets Keystone Cop\" in Season 6.[53] He is generally written as a highly capable agent, and in season four is offered a prized position as a supervisory/senior special agent in charge in Rota, Spain, which he nonetheless turns down.[28] As of Season 10, he is the only one out of Gibbs' field team who has been allowed to head an investigation, as seen in \"Bounce\" when Gibbs swaps places with him as the victim was connected with one of Tony's old cases and even calls him \"boss\". Tony is known to be fluent in Spanish, as is established from his earliest appearance in the JAG-NCIS crossover episodes as well as throughout the NCIS series.[33][54] As Gibbs' most senior field agent, he often pulls rank by ordering the more junior agents around[55] and playing pranks on them.[52] He most notably called McGee \"Probie\", at least until Ziva was made a full-fledged agent. With the addition Ellie Bishop, Tony and McGee begin calling her \"Probie\" and similarly order her around, claiming that \"it's part of the job\".[56]", "Ziva David â€”Cote de Pablo, 2009[55]", "David McCallum McCallum appeared at the 21st Annual James Earl Ash Lecture, held 19 May 2005 at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, an evening for honouring America's service members. His lecture, \"Reel to Real Forensics\", with Cmdr. Craig T. Mallak, U.S. Armed Forces medical examiner, featured a presentation comparing the real-life work of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner staff with that of the fictional naval investigators appearing on NCIS.[12]", "Anthony DiNozzo In January 2016, Weatherly and CBS confirmed that Season 13 would be DiNozzo's last as a series regular.[9] DiNozzo leaves after finding out that he has a daughter with his former partner and Special Agent Ziva David, who died in a mortar attack on her home in Israel.[10] He decides to leave NCIS in order to \"look for some answers\" and to care for their daughter.", "NCIS (season 14) The series was renewed for fourteenth and fifteenth seasons by CBS on Monday, February 29, 2016. Production on this season started in late July. On January 5, 2016, CBS announced Michael Weatherly's departure from the series after thirteen seasons, which occurred in the Season 13 finale, \"Family First\". After Weatherly's exit, two new actors joined the cast as agents: Wilmer Valderrama, on June 16, 2016; and Jennifer Esposito, on July 11. In addition, July 11 also saw Duane Henry, who had appeared in the last two episodes of Season 13 as MI6 Officer Clayton Reeves, promoted to series regular. Sarah Clarke, who had appeared in the last 2 episodes of Season 13 as FBI Special Agent Tess Monroe, with a series regular option for Season 14, was not retained.", "Abby Sciuto Their flirtation became less prominent in later seasons, and TV Guide Senior Critic Matt Roush suggested this was due to the producers' apprehension about using romance within the series to an excess.[28] He reasoned, \"pairing up all four members of Gibbs' team romantically might seem like overkill, and the Tony-Ziva dynamic (even if not exactly acted upon) is so integral to the show's core that I'm not surprised they've kept McGee and Abby on more of a loving-sibling level.\"[28] He further opined that he \"wouldn't expect it to change\".[28]", "Joe Spano Notable episodes of NCIS, featuring Spano in a prime role, include the Episode 1, Season 1 \"Yankee White\", Episode 2 of Season 4 \"Escaped\", as well as episodes titled \"Seadog\", \"Enigma\", \"Reveille\", \"The Boneyard\", \"Conspiracy Theory\", \"Twilight\", \"Kill Ari: Part 2\", \"Under Covers\", \"Frame up\", \"Smoked\", \"Brothers in Arms\" and \"Angel of Death\", all of which are available for searching on the NCIS pages. Spano continued to appear in season 5 of NCIS, starting with \"Identity Crisis\" about an FBI operation gone wrong and \"Internal Affairs\" when NCIS is being investigated for murder. In season 6, he appears in the episodes \"Nine Lives\" and \"Semper Fidelis\". In season 7, he appears in the episodes \"Jack-Knife\" and \"Moonlighting\". He continues to appear in the following seasons as well, in the episodes \"Short Fuse\" and \"Tell-All\" (both season 8), \"Devil's Triangle\", and \"Life Before His Eyes\" (both season 9), \"Extreme Prejudice\", \"Devil's Trifecta\", \"Damned If You Do\" (all season 10), and \"Whiskey Tango Foxtrot\", \"Past, Present, and Future\", \"Devil's Triad\", \"Crescent City (Part I)\", and \"Crescent City (Part II)\" (all season 11), \"Cabin Fever\" (season 12), \"Dead Letter\" and \"Family First\" (season 13), \"Privleged Information\" (season 14), and \"Burden of Proof\", \"Keep Your Friends Close\" (Fornell is no longer with the FBI as of this episode) and \"Keep Your Enemies Closer\" [3] (all season 15).", "Shabbat Shalom (NCIS) NCIS follows a team of government agents who work for the Naval Criminal Investigative Service.[4] The main cast includes Mark Harmon as team leader Leroy Jethro Gibbs, Michael Weatherly as Senior Agent Anthony \"Tony\" DiNozzo, Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer turned NCIS Agent Ziva David, Pauley Perrette as Forensic Specialist Abby Sciuto, Sean Murray as Special Agent Timothy McGee, David McCallum as Autopsy Technician Donald \"Ducky\" Mallard, Rocky Carroll as NCIS Director Leon Vance, and Brian Dietzen as Medical Assistant Jimmy Palmer.", "Abby Sciuto Abigail \"Abby\" Sciuto /ˈʃuːtoʊ/ is a fictional character from the NCIS television series on CBS Television, and is portrayed by Pauley Perrette. In a season 10 episode entitled \"Hit and Run\", a young Abby was played by Brighton Sharbino in flashbacks. Like Jethro Gibbs, Anthony DiNozzo, and Dr. Donald Mallard, Abby was introduced in the episodes \"Ice Queen\" and \"Meltdown\" of the television show JAG (which together served as the backdoor pilot for NCIS), and has appeared in every episode of NCIS, in addition to being featured on the show's spin-offs, NCIS: Los Angeles (two episodes) and NCIS: New Orleans (two episodes). The role has made Perrette one of the most popular actresses on U.S. primetime television in 2011,[3] according to Q Score.", "NCIS (season 11) The second episode includes a character named Sarah Porter, played by Leslie Hope, who is the new Secretary of the Navy,[9] while Margo Harshman has been cast in a potentially recurring role as Timothy McGee's girlfriend, Delilah Fielding.[10] The third episode introduces retiring NCIS Special Agent Vera Strickland (Roma Maffia) who has known Gibbs for many years.[11]", "List of NCIS characters NCIS is an American police procedural television series, revolving around a fictional team of special agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service, which investigates crimes involving the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. The series was created by Donald P. Bellisario and Don McGill as a backdoor pilot with the season eight episodes \"Ice Queen\" and \"Meltdown\" of JAG. The series premiered on September 23, 2003 featuring an ensemble cast which has included Mark Harmon, Sasha Alexander, Michael Weatherly, Pauley Perrette, David McCallum, Sean Murray, Cote de Pablo, Lauren Holly, Rocky Carroll, Brian Dietzen, Emily Wickersham, Wilmer Valderrama, Jennifer Esposito, Duane Henry, and Maria Bello.", "Caitlin Todd A talented sketch artist, she sketches an accurate likeness of a suspect in the episode \"Marine Down\". During the same episode, it was shown that she had drawn caricatures of the team, some of which showed DiNozzo lusting after a pretty girl, and NCIS forensic scientist Abby Sciuto as a bat. She also drew one of Gibbs as well, but managed to take her drawing pad back from DiNozzo before he revealed it. In season three, when Ziva David joined the team full-time and moved into Todd's cubicle, she presented Gibbs with Todd's sketch pad. There were portraits of each cast member in it, including Gibbs.[16] McGee later finds one of Kate's sketches in his desk during season thirteen.", "NCIS (season 15) As to Quinn's departure, Special Agent Torres (Wilmer Valderrama) states in 15:1 (\"House Divided\") that Quinn is now on leave taking care of her mother; this coincides with a running story-arc her character has maintained for some time. The specific turnover point between Quinn & Sloane's characters occurs at the end of 15:4, when Bello's character premieres. In another central casting announcement, TV Line reported on October 4, 2017, that founding NCIS actress Pauley Perrette will be leaving the role of \"Abby Sciuto\" after the conclusion of season fifteen.[6] Perrette's final episode was episode 22, which aired on May 8, 2018.[7] Also, in this episode, Duane Henry (Clayton Reeves) was written off the show.", "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Season 6 focuses more on Ziva and Tony, but leaves their relationship undefined. Gibbs manages to have Ziva and McGee transferred back to the team in the premiere, but Tony is still acting as agent afloat on the USS Seahawk. In the following episode, Ziva accompanies Gibbs onto the Seahawk as part of a murder investigation and notices that Tony has pictures of her in a bikini pinned up in his room.[29] After the investigation is closed, his deployment is ended prematurely and he is allowed to return to the team in the conclusion of the episode.[29]", "NCIS (season 1) The first season of the American police procedural drama NCIS was originally broadcast between September 23, 2003 and May 25, 2004 on CBS. The first season dealt with introducing the characters and their strengths, skills, and weaknesses. Three recurring characters are also introduced: the main foe for the first two seasons, Ari Haswari; Special Agent Timothy McGee and Jimmy Palmer who replaces Gerald Jackson, Ducky's assistant, after he was shot. The season also introduces Sasha Alexander as Special Agent Caitlin Todd who serves as Special Agent Vivian Blackadder's (Robyn Lively) replacement, who was a member of Gibbs' team during the two-part JAG backdoor pilot.", "NCIS (season 11) Scott Bakula was considered for an undisclosed recurring role this season.[18][19] He was later cast as Dwayne Pride in NCIS: New Orleans.", "List of NCIS characters Nicholas \"Nick\" Torres (Wilmer Valderrama) is an undercover agent who first appears in the season 14 premiere, \"Rogue\". Nick has been an NCIS deep cover agent for years, but when his cover is blown and he learns his sister's life could be in danger, he races back to DC in an ill-fated attempt to stop it. His mission crosses over with that of Gibbs' team. However, after working with them to bring down his sister's attackers, he is offered a spot on the team with Alex Quinn. Nick often has trouble readjusting to a normal life and working with a team; he is thus reluctant to wear the NCIS windbreaker or cap when visiting crime scenes. Being undercover for so long has given him a range of skills such as close combat training, but his methods are a bit unpredictable: e.g., such as drawing a gunman's attention by jumping onto a poker table with McGee holding them at gunpoint. Nick is also not afraid to break rules if he needs to, which on occasion has him butting heads with Gibbs. He is very charismatic, has a sense of humor and is very adept in social situations; he once got a suspect to talk by offering her a candy bar. He has a picture of himself on his desk as a reminder of a woman he loved but lost to cancer as a teenager. Torres is superstitious of anything relating to the dead; once forgoing an apartment where the resident had recently died and proclaiming he could never work in a cemetery because of this. He also strikes up a friendly rivalry with Clayton Reeves, and they both try to one-up each other—from undercover tactics to arm-wrestling contests. In the episode \"High Tide\", Torres and Ellie Bishop go on an undercover mission, which revolves around them both acting like a couple. Both of them find that they enjoy the experience and develop a mutual lingering attraction towards each other. In the episode “Death from Above”, it is revealed that Torres has feelings for Bishop.", "NCIS (TV series) Rocky Carroll recurs as Director Leon Vance, while NCIS series regulars Mark Harmon, Michael Weatherly, Pauley Perrette, Sean Murray, Emily Wickersham, Wilmer Valderrama, David McCallum and Brian Dietzen have all appeared as their NCIS characters. NCIS recurring cast members Meredith Eaton, Joe Spano, Diane Neal, and Leslie Hope have all guest-starred on NCIS: New Orleans.", "Jon Cryer Cryer currently appears in the highly popular CBS drama series, NCIS where he currently plays Navy Dr. Cyril Taft who treats NCIS Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs (Mark Harmon). Cryer had expressed a desire to appear in NCIS since it premiered on September 23, 2003.", "Tony DiNozzo and Ziva David Following the fatal shooting of Director Shepard in the fifth season finale, the NCIS team is disbanded by the new Director Vance: McGee is sent to cyber crimes, Ziva is returned to Israel, and Tony is deployed on an aircraft carrier.[28]", "Emily Prentiss Brewster returned for guest appearances in the season 9 episode \"200\" in 2014 and the season 11 episode \"Tribute\" in early 2016 before returning as a regular cast member in the season 12 episode \"Taboo\" later in the year.[18]", "List of NCIS characters While in Marseille, Macy began working on a rape case involving a Petty Officer Second Class before later returning to the United States. In \"Patriot Down\", badly burnt remains were discovered in Annapolis with NCIS Special Agent Timothy McGee confirming that the remains were those of Macy, leaving the NCIS team and agency itself devastated. It was later revealed that Macy had been brutally murdered and her body set alight with her killer being revealed as Jason Paul Dean, a mercenary and former U.S. Army Ranger, as part of a plot to get to Gibbs in relation to the Hernandez case.[52]", "Timothy McGee McGee owns a dog called Jethro, that was accused of murdering a Petty Officer during the Season 5 episode, \"Dog Tags\". Abby looked after him and named him after Gibbs, but because her landlord wouldn't let her have a dog in her apartment, she forced McGee to take him much to his dismay as the dog had attacked McGee at the beginning of \"Dog Tags\", forcing him to shoot it in the side, a through-and-through flesh wound.", "List of NCIS characters Special Agent Ned Dorneget (Matt L. Jones) is a probationary agent first introduced in the Season 9 episode \"Sins of the Father\". Usually known as \"Dorney\" to the rest of the team, he is often assigned to the evidence locker against his wishes and desires to become a full field agent. In \"Need to Know\", Gibbs decides that he is ready and hands him his first field assignment. Like McGee during his days as a probie, Dorneget is often the butt of Tony's hazing pranks in Season 10, most notably in the episode \"Prime Suspect\". The character does not return for Season 11 but is briefly mentioned in the Season 12 episode \"The San Dominick\", when he calls McGee for updates regarding Gibbs and the hostage situation. Two years later, Dorneget returns in the Season 12 episode, \"Troll\" where it is revealed that he has become a fully-fledged NCIS Special Agent and that he also works for NCIS Cyber Operations. In \"The Lost Boys\", Dorneget is killed in Cairo in a terrorist bomb attack after saving dozens of people at a hotel. His mother, CIA officer Joanna Teague (Mimi Rogers) works with NCIS to find the terrorist group responsible for his death.", "Zoe McLellan In 2001, McLellan joined the cast of CBS procedural JAG, in a recurring role as Navy Petty Officer Jennifer Coates. For the final season of the show she was upped to series regular. After the series ended, McLellan was cast as the wife of Peter Krause's character, in the ABC soapy comedy-drama series Dirty Sexy Money. The series was canceled after two seasons in 2009. McLellan later guest-starred on House and The Mentalist, and also had roles in Lifetime TV movies. In 2014 she began playing the female leading role in the CBS procedural drama NCIS: New Orleans.[2][3] In July 2016, it was reported that she would not return for season three.[4] In 2017, McLellan was cast in a series regular role in the second season of Designated Survivor as White House Counsel Kendra Daynes.[5]", "Ziva David In season 7, she becomes a probationary NCIS agent pending US citizenship, becoming a United States citizen in the season finale after successfully passing her exams. Her probationary period officially ends in the season 9 premiere.", "Pauley Perrette In 2001, as a recurring character introduced in season two of Special Unit 2, she played Alice Cramer, the Unit's public relations person. She landed her most prominent role, playing Abby Sciuto, an eccentric forensic scientist, on NCIS, a TV series based on the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. Perrette's initial appearances as the character were on two episodes of JAG aired in spring of 2003 that served as a backdoor pilot and introduced the characters. She has since appeared as Abby in two 2009 episodes of NCIS: Los Angeles, as well as in two episodes of NCIS: New Orleans in 2014 and 2016.", "Amelia Shepherd On June 23, 2014, Scorsone and her character was permanently added to the regular cast for Season 11, which began airing in September 2014.[1]", "Eric Christian Olsen Olsen portrays Detective Marty Deeks on the CBS show NCIS: Los Angeles. His character appeared in two episodes of season one before joining the cast as a series regular in the second season.[8]", "Abby Sciuto Perrette was cast for the role of Abby Sciuto in 2003. On the subject of her character's creation and its purpose, she said \"[NCIS creator] Don Bellisario told me that when he created Magnum, P.I. he wanted to introduce a Vietnam vet who defied the negative stereotype. So with Abby, he wanted to take an alternative-style person with tattoos and make her someone who is happy, totally put together and successful. All the script said about her was: black hair, caffeinated and smart...She's completely unaware that anybody thinks she looks weird. She thinks she looks pretty and never calls herself anything other than happy. And I fight for that.\"[7]" ]	[ "Timothy McGee Murray appeared as a guest star in eight episodes of the first season of NCIS; in season two he joined the main cast and was added to the opening credits." ]
test37	i want to be with you everywhere song	[ "doc1016" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1044093", "doc1621268", "doc1016", "doc1520522", "doc1132959", "doc39232", "doc39233", "doc1114582", "doc1300158", "doc39231", "doc1044095", "doc2494309", "doc1018", "doc39240", "doc1520525", "doc1229311", "doc39234", "doc39212", "doc39206", "doc39214", "doc1520523", "doc667831", "doc1017", "doc2494318", "doc1044098", "doc2494312", "doc39235", "doc1044099", "doc2494320", "doc781977", "doc992825", "doc964315", "doc39213", "doc39229", "doc1300159", "doc1132958", "doc39230", "doc2494307", "doc1742303", "doc1132960", "doc1520524", "doc1742300", "doc39207", "doc1742301", "doc39238", "doc39236", "doc2077892", "doc39209", "doc2494310", "doc367636", "doc1229312", "doc1520526", "doc39208", "doc2494316", "doc39220", "doc39241", "doc760882", "doc2125005", "doc39237", "doc1044096", "doc39228", "doc667827", "doc39227", "doc1734290", "doc39225", "doc1229314", "doc1300163", "doc967618", "doc1044094", "doc1114583", "doc760896", "doc1300161", "doc1044100", "doc1742544", "doc781979", "doc367635", "doc2494308", "doc180540", "doc1245865", "doc340945", "doc2081313", "doc1359031", "doc2494319", "doc2291515", "doc1245835", "doc39242", "doc39211", "doc1129939", "doc1300165", "doc1019", "doc1734293", "doc2494321", "doc1520527", "doc915287", "doc286462", "doc2494317", "doc39239", "doc760892", "doc1151305", "doc2494314" ]	[ "To Be with You \"To Be with You\" is a soft rock ballad[1] by American hard rock band Mr. Big. It was released in late 1991 as the second single from their second album, Lean into It. The song first charted on December 21, 1991, appearing in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.[2] It rose in the charts in over 20 countries, reaching number one in the U.S.[3] It also reached a peak of number three in the UK.[4]", "I Wanna Be with You I Wanna Be with You may refer to:", "Everywhere (Fleetwood Mac song) \"Everywhere\" is a song by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac from their fourteenth studio album Tango in the Night (1987), written by Fleetwood Mac member Christine McVie, who also performs lead vocals on the song. \"Everywhere\" was released as the fourth single from Tango in the Night on November 28, 1987 in the United States, where it reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number-one on the Adult Contemporary chart, remaining there for three weeks.[1] \"Everywhere\" was released in the United Kingdom on 21 March 1988 and reached number four. It also reached number 45 in Australia.", "Be with You (Enrique Iglesias song) \"Be with You\" (\"Sólo me importas tú\" in Spanish countries) is a song performed by Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias. It was co-written by Iglesias and, produced by Mark Taylor and Brian Rawling, the team responsible for Cher's hit song \"Believe\". Iglesias once stated that he initially came up with the lyrics of the song while taking a break from recording in London's Hyde Park. The song was released as the second single from Iglesias' debut English studio album, Enrique, in 2000. The song was successful, particularly in the U.S where it was Iglesias' second number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. The song received a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording.", "I'd Go with You Anywhere Band member Ian Kenny said \"the song is all about our own journey, where we’re going and where we can take things. It’s all about possibility, and I like the idea of the romance that we can go anywhere.\" [4]", "I Only Want to Be with You 1982 Barbara Dickson on her album Here We Go...Barbara Dickson Live on Tour", "I Only Want to Be with You 1983 The Flirts on their album Flirts", "Wanna Be with You \"Wanna Be With You\" is a song by R&B band Earth, Wind & Fire which was written by Maurice White and Wayne Vaughn and produced by Maurice White. Included on the band's 1981 album, Raise! it was released as a single in 1982.", "I Just Want to Be Your Everything \"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\" is a song recorded by Andy Gibb, initially released in 1977. It reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks, starting on the week ending 30 July 1977, and again for the week ending 17 September 1977. It was Gibb's first single released in the United Kingdom and United States. His previous single, \"Words and Music\" was only released in Australia. It is ranked number 26 on Billboard's 55th anniversary All Time Top 100 list.[1] The song became a gold record.", "I Only Want to Be with You 1976 Howard Carpendale as \"Ab Heute Weht Ein Neuer Wind\" (German)", "To Be with You While in Gilbert's apartment at Yucca Street in L.A., he and Martin were laying out their compositions. Martin had a ballad called \"To Be with You\". Gilbert had his psychedelic rock song called \"Green Tinted Sixties Mind\". Both felt the two songs were strong enough to be included in their upcoming album, despite it being purely rock;[5] and true enough, these songs remained throughout the course of their career as a group and as solo artists.", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) The single was released in early 2000 and soon became Moore's highest charting song in the US at number 24, becoming her only top 40 song in the nation. It spent 16 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, and peaked during its 9th week on the chart.[3] As the date, \"I Wanna Be with You\" has sold 32,000 physical copies and 315,000 paid digital downloads according to Nielsen Soundscan.[4] The single was more successful in Australia, spending over 25 weeks in the top 100 and reaching number 11 on the ARIA charts. It also reached number 21 in the UK, becoming her second, and so far, last single to chart there.", "Everywhere (Fleetwood Mac song) After featuring in an advert for UK mobile phone provider 3,[2] \"Everywhere\" re-entered the UK Singles Chart and peaked at number 15 in March 2013. As a result of this newfound success, the song was featured on the compilation album Now That's What I Call Music! 84 in March 2013.[3]", "I Only Want to Be with You 2007 Tina Arena on her album Songs of Love & Loss", "Be with You (Enrique Iglesias song) The group stops at a foot of Vasquez Rocks where Iglesias notices Elizabeth, now wearing more provocative clothes and with a lot more confidence; he and the group follow her to a Nightclub (the now closed Point Night Club in Los Angeles) where Iglesias searches the packed dance floor for his love interest when the music stops and changes to that of the popular Thunderpuss 2000 remix which builds up with shots of break dancers until the music turns back to the album version of the song. Iglesias manage to find Elizabeth who gropes him and leads him out of the club. Outside, the two kiss as fireworks go off. The entire video is intercut with shots of Iglesias singing in front of a tribal background.", "I Wanna Be with You (Raspberries song) \"I Wanna Be with You\" is a hit single by Raspberries, released in November 1972. It was written by band leader Eric Carmen, who also provided the lead vocals. It was their first single release from their second LP, Fresh.[2] It became their second greatest US hit.", "I Only Want to Be with You 1986 Southside Johnny & The Jukes on their album At Least We Got Shoes\n1989 Danny Chan on his album Yat sang ho kau", "I Only Want to Be with You \"Write a Letter\" (North America)", "I Only Want to Be with You \"I Only Want to Be with You\" is a rock and roll song written by Mike Hawker[1] and Ivor Raymonde. The debut solo single released by British singer Dusty Springfield under her long-time producer Johnny Franz, \"I Only Want to Be with You\" peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles chart in January 1964. Three remakes of the song have been UK chart hits, the first two by the Bay City Rollers (1976) and the Tourists (1979) matching the number 4 peak of the Dusty Springfield original, while the 1989 remake by Samantha Fox peaked at number 16. In the US on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, \"I Only Want to Be with You\" has been a Top 40 hit three times, with both the Dusty Springfield original and the Bay City Rollers' remake peaking at number 12 while the Samantha Fox remake peaked at number 31. \"I Only Want to Be with You\" has also been recorded by a wide range of artists, several of whom sing the song with lyrics translated from the original English.", "I Only Want to Be with You Arista (North America)", "Be with You (Enrique Iglesias song) \"Be with You\" became Iglesias' second number-one single in the U.S.. It also topped the Billboard dance charts and also charted in the top ten in Spain. The Spanish version of the song (\"Sólo me importas tú\") reached peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks.", "Weather with You Tim had the lines \"Everywhere you go, always take the weather with you\" and also \"Walking round the room singing 'Stormy Weather'\" and that was the extent of it, really. We just imagined the scenario. That was a classic case of imagining a room that a thing was taking place in, and a guy with a bit of ennui, having lost somebody, you know?\" â€“ Neil Finn talking about \"Weather with You\"[1]", "Everywhere (Fleetwood Mac song) A 12\" single was also issued and featured an extended dance version and dub version. \"Everywhere\" also marked the first CD single release by the band in most territories.[citation needed] All formats included the B-side \"When I See You Again\", a song taken from the Tango in the Night album; the 12\" format featured an extended mix of \"Everywhere\" and the CD single contained bonus tracks \"Rhiannon\" and \"Say You Love Me\" from Fleetwood Mac's tenth studio album Fleetwood Mac (1975).", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) Brazil Maxi CD Single, Promo", "To Be with You 7\" single", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) \"I Wanna Be With You\" is the last song by Moore to chart so far on the Billboard Hot 100. Mandy continued her success in Australia with the following two singles, \"In My Pocket\" and \"Crush\" from her follow-up album of 2001, Mandy Moore.", "I Only Want to Be with You 1991 Maywood on their Walking Back to Happiness album\n1992 Paula Koivuniemi on her album Se kesÃ¤ni mun as \"Haluun", "To Be with You 12\" maxi", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) Mexico CD Single, Promo", "With or Without You \"With or Without You\" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the third track on their fifth studio album, The Joshua Tree (1987), and was released as the album's lead single on 16 March 1987. The song was the group's most successful single at the time, becoming their first number-one hit in both the United States and Canada by topping the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and the RPM national singles chart for one week, with a further three weeks at number two.", "All I Want Is You (U2 song) \"All I Want Is You\" was released in the UK as a single on 12 June 1989.[3] The B-side featured covers of The Righteous Brothers', \"Unchained Melody\", and a cover of Love Affair's \"Everlasting Love\". It reached number 4 in the UK charts and number 2 in Australia, number 12 on the Dutch Top 40, but only reached number 67 and number 83 in the Canadian and American charts, respectively. It appeared on the soundtrack for the 1994 film Reality Bites. The popularity of the song in the film led to a re-release in 1994 where it reached number 38 in the U.S. Top 40 Mainstream charts. The single was rereleased in the Netherlands with \"Everlasting Love\" now being the a-side. \"Everlasting Love\" reached number 10 in the Dutch Charts, in January 1990. In 2004, it was ranked number 9 in Entertainment Weekly's list of \"The 50 Greatest Love Songs.\"[4]", "Every Breath You Take \"Every Breath You Take\" is a song by English rock band The Police from their 1983 album Synchronicity. Written by Sting, the single was the biggest US and UK hit of 1983, topping the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart for eight weeks (the band's only number-one hit on that chart), and the UK Singles Chart for four weeks. It also topped the Billboard Top Tracks chart for nine weeks.", "I Only Want to Be with You August 29, 1976 (US)[6]", "I Only Want to Be with You 1966 Les Surfs as \"Ahora Te Puedes Marchar\" Spanish\n1967 Helena Vondráčková as \"Chytila jsem na pasece motýlka\" Czech\n1969 Elin as \"Det har jeg altid ønsket mig\" Danish", "I Just Want to Be Your Everything \"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\" was written by Barry Gibb in Bermuda as well as \"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water\" with Andy Gibb credited as co-writer on the latter.[2] It was recorded in October 1976; the sessions were produced mainly by Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson and with Barry on this track and \"(Love Is) Thicker than Water\"; Galuten also played keyboards and piano. Eagles guitarist Joe Walsh contributed guitar on this song.[3] The track is a fairly dramatic love song, with the singer declaring his unending passion and stating that without her, he would die.[4]", "I'd Go with You Anywhere \"I'd Go with You Anywhere\" is a song by Australian band, Birds of Tokyo. It was written by the group and released on 25 September 2015[2] as the lead single from their compilation album, Playlist. \"I'd Go with You Anywhere\" debuted at No. 40 on the ARIA singles chart and peaked at No. 18 five weeks later,[3] becoming Birds of Tokyo's third Top 20 hit after \"Plans\" (2010) and \"Lanterns\" (2013).", "I Only Want to Be with You 1975 Chelsia Chan on her debut album Dark Side Of Your Mind", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) \"I Wanna Be With You\" is a song by American pop singer Mandy Moore. It was released as the only single from Moore's second studio album of the same name on April 11, 2000, one day after Moore's 16th birthday. The song received positive reviews from critics, who complimented Moore's mature vocals and the song's arrangement. The song peaked at number 24 in the United States Billboard Hot 100, becoming Moore's first and only top 30 single in the US to date. The song also peaked at number 13 in Australia and was certified Gold by ARIA. It also peaked at number 21 in the UK, 66 in Austria and 70 in Germany. The song was featured on the soundtrack to the 2000 film Center Stage. The music video for the song, directed by Nigel Dick showed Moore singing the song to her love interest in a dance studio.", "Are You with Me In 2014, Belgian DJ and record producer Lost Frequencies took the music and the refrain from the song, speeding up the track and releasing it in October 2014 as a remix. The song reached number one on Belgium's Ultratop Flanders chart and peaked at number two on Belgium's Wallonia francophone chart. In July 2015, the single topped the charts in the United Kingdom. The song also topped the charts in other countries, including Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, Australia and Austria.", "I'd Go with You Anywhere The song's accompanying music video was directed by Josh Logue and released on 8 October 2015 via YouTube.[5] It features band member Kenny strolling across a range of urban and natural Australian landscapes before having dealings with a flock of birds.[6]", "Be with You (Enrique Iglesias song) The official music video for this single was directed by Dave Meyers and starts out with Iglesias and a bunch of friends (played by Iglesias' real life friends including Gerardo Mejía) stopping at a road side store. While messing around in the store Iglesias makes eye contact with the shy girl working the counter, his love interest in the video (played by Shannon Elizabeth). When the group leaves the store, Iglesias drives their jeep while the others perform various stunts including car surfing and interacting with young women in another jeep riding beside them.", "Are You with Me \"Are You with Me\" is a 2012 song by country singer Easton Corbin. The song first appeared on Corbin's second studio album, All Over the Road (2012). It was later included on Corbin's third studio album, About to Get Real (2015). A remix by Belgian DJ Lost Frequencies was released in 2014, and in 2016 Corbin released the version from About to Get Real as a single of his own.", "I Only Want to Be with You According to Jean Ryder, the ex-wife of songwriter Mike Hawker, \"I Only Want to Be With You\" was written soon after she and Hawker married on 1 December 1961, being inspired by Hawker's intense romantic feelings for his new bride. Ryder, who would later be a member of the Breakaways, had been a member of a vocal chorale, the Vernons Girls. Reportedly, she and Hawker had intended that she herself would record \"I Only Want to Be With You\". However, no formal arrangement for this eventuality had apparently been made by the autumn of 1963, when Hawker received a phone call from Philips A&R director Johnny Franz. Ryder paraphrases Franz as saying \"Look we need something which is going to put this girl into the charts, because everybody is knocking her, everybody is saying she'll never make it [solo] - have you got a song that's a guaranteed hit?\" Springfield had already recorded nine solo tracks, none of which was deemed the right vehicle to launch her solo career. With Ryder's permission, Hawker submitted \"I Only Want to Be With You\" to Franz, having made a demo featuring Ryder singing while keeping the beat by tapping on a biscuit tin lid. Franz, and then Springfield, approved the song, which Springfield recorded in a 25 October 1963 session at Olympic Studios, arranged and conducted by Ivor Raymonde, and recorded by engineer Keith Grant. Jean Ryder was included in the vocal chorale on the session. For unknown reasons, a version with (Dusty's) unadulterated vocals was rejected.[2][3][4]", "Are You with Me The song was written on May 4, 2011 at Terry McBride's cabin in Franklin, Tennessee.[1]", "I Only Want to Be with You 1999 Argema (cs) on their album Milion Snů as \"Žába\"Czech", "I Only Want to Be with You 1993 Beatriz Rico (es) on her album Baila Sin Parar as \"Ahora Te Puedes", "I Wanna Be with You (The Isley Brothers song) \"I Wanna Be with You (Part 1)\" was a hit song by R&B/funk group The Isley Brothers. Released from the 1979 double LP, Winner Takes All, it reached number #1 on the U.S. R&B singles chart during the spring of that year. However, the single did not manage to chart on the Billboard Hot 100.[1]", "I Only Want to Be with You Raymonde's arrangement is unmistakable, with its relentless \"ticker-ticker\" beat and cascading drum rolls, full-on choirs and \"Tower of Power\" horn section pitched against soaring rock strings. It set the production standard for Springfield's later hits, such as \"Stay Awhile\" and \"Little by Little\". Springfield also recorded the song with an almost identical arrangement in German, with the title \"Auf dich nur wart' ich immerzu\".", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) Billboard praised the song and said, \"Top 40 programmers and listeners alike will love Moore more with this track...just delightful.\"[5] Allmusic chose the song as a highlight track on the album of the same name.[6]", "I've Been Everywhere The song as originally written listed Australian towns. It was later adapted by Australian singer Rolf Harris with English and Scottish toponyms (1963),[1] and by John Hore (later known as John Grenell) with New Zealand toponyms (1966). In 1962, the song was a number-one US country hit for Hank Snow.[2] The song was also recorded by Lynn Anderson (US 1970), Asleep at the Wheel (US 1973), Johnny Cash (US 1996), Ted Egan, the \"Farrelly Brothers\" from the television series The Aunty Jack Show (Australia 1974, a parody version, on the album Aunty Jack Sings Wollongong),[3] John Grenell (NZ 1966), Mike Ford (Canada, 2005), The Sunny Cowgirls and the Statler Brothers. Harvey Reid also included the song in his Dreamer or Believer album. Also recorded by Kacey Musgraves on her album Movin' On(2003).", "I Wanna Be with You (Raspberries song) The song reached the Top 40 on three principal US charts, including number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100,[3] number 10 on Cash Box,[4] and number 7 on Record World. It was also a number 17 hit in Canada.", "Be with You (Enrique Iglesias song) The video debuted on MTV's Total Request Live in February 2000. It was Iglesias' first video to make it to number one on the popular chart show. Some airing of the video on MTV cut out the section of the video featuring the Thunderpuss 2000 remix. Music stations such as Much Music and various stations throughout Europe aired a version which featured the full album version of the song.", "I Only Want to Be with You Released in November 1963, three weeks after the Springfields' final concert, \"I Only Want to Be With You\" was a global success, reaching number 4 UK, number 12 US, number 6 Australia, and number 21 Canada. In the US, Dusty Springfield was the second artist of the British Invasion, after the Beatles, to have a hit, entering the Billboard chart at number 77 in the last week of January 1964 (the Beatles having \"She Loves You\" at number 69 and \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" at number 3).", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) Center Stage Soundtrack", "I Only Want to Be with You In 1988, Samantha Fox covered the song as \"I Only Wanna Be with You\" for her album I Wanna Have Some Fun. It was released as the second single in the United States and Europe from her third studio album I Wanna Have Some Fun (1988). The song was another hit for Fox, reaching number 16 in the United Kingdom and number 31 in the United States. The music video includes scenes of Fox hunting through trash cans, dancing, fireworks, and the singer in bed with her bespectacled lover.[23]", "I Only Want to Be with You 2008 Shelby Lynne on her Dusty Springfield tribute album Just a Little Lovin'\n2009 Jessica Andersson as \"I Only Wanna Be With You\" on her album Wake Up", "Here, There and Everywhere \"Here, There and Everywhere\" is a song written by Paul McCartney[3][4] (credited to Lennon–McCartney), released on the Beatles' 1966 album Revolver. McCartney includes it among his personal favourites of all the songs he has written.[3] The composition has received similar praise from the Beatles' producer George Martin, and McCartney's former bandmate John Lennon.[4] In 2000, Mojo ranked it 4th in the magazine's list of the greatest songs of all time.[5]", "To Where You Are When released as a single in 2002, the song \"bubbled under\" the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at #116 in September of that year.[1] It was more successful on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, where it entered the chart in April 2002 and eventually spent two weeks atop the listing in August.[2] It remained on this chart for 36 weeks. In November 2008, the song spent a week on the UK Singles Chart at #94.[3]", "I Only Want to Be with You 1997 Ash covered the song for a promotional tour[33]\n1998 * Twiggy & Twiggy on the soundtrack of Dead Man on Campus", "To Be with You \"To Be With You\" is about a man who has his eye on a woman who recently experienced a broken heart from a previous relationship. When Martin was a sophomore in high school, he was friends with his older sister's friend (who was a senior). She would give him rides to school and tell him about all the boy problems she had. Martin had a huge crush on her, but didn't tell her since he knew a senior would never go out with a sophomore. Martin wrote this song about her.", "I Only Want to Be with You 1965 Enrique Guzman on his album Ã‰xitos internacionalesas \"Solo quiero estar", "Weather with You \"Weather with You\" is a song by the rock band Crowded House. It was the third and most successful single released from the group's third studio album Woodface (1991), reaching top fifty charts in six countries with a peak of #7 in the United Kingdom. The song was intended to be part of the Finn Brothers' unreleased 1990 debut, but after Capitol Records found the recordings, they were merged with a Crowded House session to become Woodface.", "I Only Want to Be with You 1964 Les Surfs as \"A PrÃ©sent Tu Peux t'en Aller'\" French also recorded", "I Just Wanna Be with You \"I Just Wanna Be With You\" is a 1997 song recorded by Swedish musician known under the pseudonym of E-Type. The single are produced by E-Type and Kristian Lundin. It is the fourth single from his second album, The Explorer, and was a big hit in Sweden where it reached number 10 and in Finland where it reached number 15. It features backing vocals by Swedish singer Jessica Folcker.", "I Only Want to Be with You Mexican singer Luis Miguel recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Ahora Te Puedes Marchar\" (\"Now You Can Leave\") which was released as the first single from his Grammy-nominated album Soy Como Quiero Ser (1987), the first album recorded by the singer under the WEA record label. It was produced by Juan Carlos Calderón and adapted by Luis Gomez Escolar.[30] This single became very successful, peaking at number-one in the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart for three non-consecutive weeks in 1987, being the first chart topper for the singer on the chart.[31] At the time, Luis Miguel was the youngest to score a number-one hit on the Hot Latin Tracks at the age of 17, ironically replacing veteran Julio Iglesias at the summit. In 2005, Luis Miguel included this song on his compilation album Grandes Éxitos.[32] This version ranked at number 28 in the Hot Latin Tracks Year-End Chart of 1988.", "I Wanna Be with You (Raspberries song) \"I Wanna Be with You\" was included on the Raspberries Pop Art Live CD set from their reunion concert recording, November 26, 2004, at the House of Blues in Cleveland, Ohio, released August 18, 2017.[7]", "I Just Want to Be Your Everything The song spent a cumulative four weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song first reached the top of the chart on July 30 for the first of three consecutive weeks. Then, The Emotions went to No. 1 with \"Best of My Love\" on August 20 for the first of four straight weeks. However, the song maintained strong popularity, remaining in the Top 10 before returning to No. 1 for one final week on September 17. \"Everything\" then fell out of the top spot for good, being replaced once again by \"Best of My Love.\" The song spent a then record sixteen weeks in the top ten of the Billboard chart, a record it would hold until The Bee Gees spent seventeen weeks in the top ten with their song \"How Deep is Your Love\" starting near the end of 1977. \"I Just Want to be Your Everything\" was Gibb's longest-running chart single. It enjoyed one of the longest runs in the Billboard Hot 100 to that time; its 31-week run spanned from the end of April through the end of November.[6] Billboard ranked it as the No. 2 song for 1977.[7] The song also appeared on the Soul Singles chart, peaking at number 19. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male at the 20th Grammy Awards.", "I Love You Always Forever \"I Love You Always Forever\" is a song by Welsh singer Donna Lewis. It was released in the United States in May 1996 as the lead single from her debut album, Now in a Minute. Inspired by the H. E. Bates novel Love for Lydia,[1] it peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart. Outside the United Kingdom, it peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland and the United States. In the U.S., the song peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100,[2] where it remained for nine weeks during the summer of 1996,[2] kept from number one by Los Del Rio's \"Macarena\".[3][4] Despite this, the song was number one on the Hot 100 Airplay chart for thirteen weeks and the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart for eleven weeks, becoming one of the most played songs of the 1990s. The song therefore is drawn for third place among songs with the longest runs at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and drawn at second for the most weeks at the Billboard Top 40 Mainstream chart. In Australia, the single also peaked at number two on the ARIA Singles Chart. In 2016, the song was covered by Australian pop singer Betty Who, peaking at number six on the ARIA Singles Chart.[5]", "To Be with You The song was written and composed by Eric Martin during his teen years, with guitarist Paul Gilbert contributing to its melodic arrangements later on. Writing credit is also given to David Grahame, a songwriter working for the label at the time.", "Wanna Be with You \"Wanna Be With You\" peaked at number 51 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart and number 15 on the Black Singles Chart. Wanna Be With You won a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.[1][2]", "Here, There and Everywhere Unterberger highlights Emmylou Harris among the notable artists who have recorded \"Here, There and Everywhere\". Harris' version became a minor hit in 1976, reaching #65 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #13 on the Adult Contemporary chart in the United States.[14] Other noted performers of the song include Beegie Adair,[25] Clay Aiken, David Benoit, George Benson,[25] Gina Jeffreys on Old Paint, Peter Breinholt, Petula Clark, Perry Como, Count Basie Orchestra,[25] Darren Day, John Denver, Romina Power, Céline Dion (for a George Martin/Beatles tribute album),[25] Arik Einstein, Episode Six, Jose Feliciano (instrumental),[25] The Fourmost, Jerry Garcia and Merl Saunders (instrumental),[26] Bobbie Gentry, Stéphane Grappelli,[25] Ofra Harnoy,[25] The Flying Pickets, Jay and the Americans, The Lettermen, Locksley, Kenny Loggins (on Kenny Loggins Alive),[25] Claudine Longet, John McDermott, Carmen McRae,[25] Olivia Ong, Maaya Sakamoto, George Shearing,[25] The Singers Unlimited, Sissel, Göran Söllscher,[25] Marina Verenikina, Jose Mari Chan, Camilo Sesto, John Williams (instrumental),[27] Andy Williams, David Gilmour, and Umberto Tozzi.", "I Just Want to Be Your Everything \"So, once we discussed it all and got the deal together, me and Barry locked ourselves in a bedroom and Barry just started writing. When Barry writes, it is very hard to collaborate with him, because he is so quick. And before I knew it he was starting to do the chorus of ['I Just Want to Be Your Everything'], and I thought, 'Wow what a hook!'. He's an expert at his craft. Within about 20 minutes, he'd written a number one record; and then we went right into another one, ['(Love Is) Thicker than Water'][5]", "To Be with You The Irish pop band Westlife recorded a cover of the song and made it to their Turnaround album in 2003 and performed it live subsequently.", "I Want You (Janet Jackson song) \"I Want You\" is a pop ballad based on music of the Motown era. It incorporates doo-wop, R&B and hip-hop into its production, providing an \"equally keen senses of retroism and hip-hop currency.\"[13] Its instrumentation consists of guitar, piano, violins, and synthesized drums. It has a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute, with Jackson's vocals ranging from G3 to C5.[14] It contains a brief sample from B. T. Express' 1976 version of The Carpenters' 1970 song \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\", written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David.[15] Jackson described the song as having a \"throwback\" feel, considered a departure from her other works.[2] Michael Paletta of Billboard described its \"opening drum downbeat\" accompanied by \"swirling string crescendos,\" considered \"the perfect backdrop for Jackson's breathy vocals.\"[16] It was analyzed to have a \"chimes-studded texture\" and strings backed by drums, also having \"a triangle thrown in there for good measure.\"[17] Its lyrics focus on longing for an estranged lover and feeling emotionally distraught when apart. Jackson pleads for their affection during its chorus, telling them to \"Have your way with me.\" Tareck Ghoneim of Contactmusic.com stated \"The lyrics are simple. She just wants her man and sheâ€™s telling it straight,\" while Plugged In observed it to convey Jackson's \"insatiable\" desire for intimacy in a \"vulnerable and lovesick\" manner.[18][19]", "With or Without You Critics praised the song upon its release. It is frequently performed on the band's tours, and it has appeared on many of their compilation albums and concert films. \"With or Without You\" is U2's second most frequently covered song.[2] In 2010, Rolling Stone magazine placed the song at number 132 on their list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[3]", "I've Been Everywhere \"I've Been Everywhere\" is a song which was written by Australian country singer Geoff Mack in 1959, and made popular by Lucky Starr in 1962.", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) \"I Wanna Be with You\" is a string-heavy pop song with slight R&B influenced beats. The song is written in the key of E♭ Major and is set in the time signature of common time. It is moderately paced with a tempo of 76 beats per minute. The song also follows the sequence of Ebmaj7–Ab–Eb7–Abmaj7 as its chord progression. Moore's vocals in the song spans from the note of A♭3 to D♭5.[1] The version used in the film has more poppy beats.[2]", "Only Wanna Be with You \"Only Wanna Be with You\" is a song by American rock band Hootie & the Blowfish. It was released in July 1995 as the third single from their breakthrough album, Cracked Rear View. It peaked at number six on the US Billboard Hot 100, number one on the Billboard Pop Songs chart, number three on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, and number two on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It is arguably the band's signature song. Darius Rucker still performs the song solo.", "I Want It That Way \"My Heart Stays with You\"", "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You \"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Bryan Adams. Written by Adams, Michael Kamen and Robert John \"Mutt\" Lange, featured on two albums simultaneously on its release, the soundtrack album from the 1991 film Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves and on Adams' sixth album Waking Up the Neighbours (1991). The song was an enormous chart success internationally, particularly in the United Kingdom, where it spent sixteen consecutive weeks at number one on the UK Singles Chart (the longest in British chart history). It went on to sell more than 15 million copies worldwide, making it Adams' most successful song and one of the best-selling singles of all time.[2] Subsequently, the song has been covered by hundreds of singers and artists around the world.", "Want to Want Me \"Want to Want Me\" is a song recorded by American singer Jason Derulo for his fourth studio album, Everything Is 4 (2015). It was released as the album's lead single on March 9, 2015.[3] The song was written by Derulo, Sam Martin, Lindy Robbins, Mitch Allan, and its producer, Ian Kirkpatrick.[4][5]", "Wherever You Will Go \"Wherever You Will Go\" is the debut single by American band The Calling. The song was released in June 2001 as the first single from their debut album Camino Palmero. It remains their most renowned and their most successful hit, peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and topping the Adult Top 40 for 23 weeks, the second longest running number one in the chart's history, behind \"Smooth\" by Santana and Rob Thomas. It was named the number-one song of the decade of 2000's on the Adult Pop Charts by Billboard magazine. Outside the US, the song experienced similar success, peaking atop the music charts of Italy and New Zealand, reaching number three in the UK, number five in Australia, and peaking within the top 10 of several European countries.", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) UK CD Single", "Stay with Me (Sam Smith song) \"Stay with Me\" is a song by English singer Sam Smith from his debut studio album In the Lonely Hour (2014). It was released in the United States on 14 April 2014 and in the United Kingdom on 18 May 2014. \"Stay with Me\" is a gospel-inspired ballad that details the protagonist pleading with his one-night stand not to leave him.[1] The song was written by Smith, James Napier, and William Phillips, with Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne later receiving co-writer credits due to the song's melodic similarity to Petty's single \"I Won't Back Down\".", "I Want It That Way \"I Want It That Way\" is a song by American boy band the Backstreet Boys. It was released on April 12, 1999, as the lead single from their third studio album, Millennium. It was written by Max Martin and Andreas Carlsson, while Martin and Kristian Lundin produced it. The pop ballad talks about a relationship strained by matters of emotional or physical distance.", "I Only Want to Be with You 2011 Amy Macdonald: recorded 2008 for canceled multi-artist Dusty Springfield", "I Only Want to Be with You The song was re-released in 1988, coinciding with its use in a soft-drink commercial, as a 7\" & 12\" single (see cover in infobox). It peaked at number 83 in the UK.", "All Around the World (Justin Bieber song) It is an Eurodance song,[12] which incorporates heavy synth-pop elements in its instrumentation and is similar to previous works by producer David Guetta.[1][2] Contemporary critics compared the track to Britney Spears' \"Till the World Ends\" (2011) and Chris Brown's \"Beautiful People\" (2011).[13][14] Lyrically, Bieber sings for his love interest and says that \"all around the world, people want to be loved\".[3] The track opens with he singing, \"You're beautiful, beautiful/You should know it/I think it's time, think it's time/That you show it\", lines that were compared to One Direction's \"What Makes You Beautiful\" (2011).[15] As the track follows, Bieber encourages girls to release their inner beauty: \"Light it up, so explosive/Why you acting so shy, holding back/DJ bring that back.\"[16] During the rap section, Ludacris references their previous collaboration on \"Baby\" (2010), saying, \"Once again, the dynamic duo is back at it!/ JB, Ludacris!/ I love everything about you/ You're imperfectly perfect/ Everyone's itching for beauty/But they're just scratching the surface.\"[2]", "I Just Want to Be Your Everything \"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\" peaked at #14 on Billboard Magazine's Hot Country Songs chart in 1978, becoming her last significant hit, as her further hits for Monument Records, such as \"Lovin' You Baby\" and \"They'll Never Be Another for Me,\" peaked in progressively lower positions on the country chart between 1978 and 1979.[23]", "Everywhere (Fleetwood Mac song) The music video of the song is a visual depiction of the poem The Highwayman by Alfred Noyes. There are two versions of the video; one features the story with members of the band appearing throughout, while the other does not feature the band at all.", "I Just Wanna Be with You CD Maxi (Europe)", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) Credits adapted from I Wanna Be with You liner notes.[7]", "Be with You (Enrique Iglesias song) The Spanish version of the video is exactly the same as the English version, with the exception of Iglesias mouthing the words in Spanish in front of the tribal background and when he interacts with Elizabeth.", "I Melt with You Modern English formed in 1979 in Colchester, Essex, England.[2] . He described England at the time of the song's writing to be a bleak place, due to the recession: \"There was no money. There'd be no powerâ€”you'd be at home with candles.\"[4] These conditions and his fears of a nuclear war inspired \"I Melt with You\". The song depicts a couple making love while an atomic bomb is dropped.[5] ].[6] He described the song in an interview as a \"love song\", but more about the \"good and bad in people [...] The last thing we wanted was to write a song where boy meets girl, they go to the cinema and make love, and that's the end of it.\"[7]", "I Think I'm in Love with You \"I Think I'm in Love with You\" is a dance pop song,[3] with a length of three minutes and thirty-five seconds. The song samples the signature opening guitar-based melody line of John Mellencamp's 1982 hit Jack & Diane.[4] The song is written in the key of A major, with a chord progression of A–E/A–A–E, and the song is set in common time with a tempo of 106 beats per minute. The vocal range spans from D4 to F♯5.[5]", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) UK Maxi CD Single", "I Only Want to Be with You 2001 Me First and the Gimme Gimmes on their album Blow in the Wind\n2002 Vonda Shepard on her album Songs from Ally McBeal\n2003 Maleewan Jemina (th) on her 2003 album Me & Moment in Time\n2004 Tommy February6 on her single L・O・V・E・L・Y ～夢見るLOVELY BOY～\n2005 Taiwanese female group 7 Flowers on their eponymous album", "Here, There and Everywhere \"Here, There and Everywhere\" was released in August 1966 as the fifth track on Revolver, sequenced between Harrison's Indian-styled \"Love You To\", and the children's song \"Yellow Submarine\".[23] Writing of its positioning in the running order, music critic Tim Riley says that \"Here, There and Everywhere\" \"domesticates\" the \"eroticisms\" of \"Love You To\", and he praises the composition as \"the most perfect song\" that McCartney had ever written.[24] In his review for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger describes \"Here, There and Everywhere\" as one of its author's \"outstanding contribution[s]\" to the genre of \"love ballads\", and a song with \"the sound of an instant standard\". Unterberger comments on the recording: \"The delicacy of the execution is exquisite, the sensual imagery more explicit, the sense of desire and fulfillment tangible.\"[14] Less impressed, Ian MacDonald admired the \"ingenuity of the music\" but concluded that \"for all its soft-focus charm the song's overall effect is chintzy and rather cloying.\"[19]", "The Tourists \"I Only Want to Be With You\" was also a top 10 hit in Australia[4] and reached numner 83 in the US Billboard Hot 100.[5] Coombes was the band's main songwriter, although later releases saw the first compositions by Lennox and Stewart.", "I Wanna Be with You (Mandy Moore song) Single Pt.1" ]	[ "Everywhere (Fleetwood Mac song) \"Everywhere\" is a song by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac from their fourteenth studio album Tango in the Night (1987), written by Fleetwood Mac member Christine McVie, who also performs lead vocals on the song. \"Everywhere\" was released as the fourth single from Tango in the Night on November 28, 1987 in the United States, where it reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number-one on the Adult Contemporary chart, remaining there for three weeks.[1] \"Everywhere\" was released in the United Kingdom on 21 March 1988 and reached number four. It also reached number 45 in Australia." ]
test2678	where is the battle of britain flight based	[ "doc91742" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc91742", "doc91761", "doc2097427", "doc91758", "doc91744", "doc12507", "doc91751", "doc2097431", "doc12503", "doc91763", "doc91762", "doc91760", "doc12504", "doc2097428", "doc12499", "doc91759", "doc91746", "doc2312616", "doc2389734", "doc12457", "doc2097438", "doc2097430", "doc12508", "doc2097429", "doc2312630", "doc91757", "doc12340", "doc2097421", "doc2244165", "doc2097435", "doc2244161", "doc2312653", "doc2097433", "doc2097434", "doc12406", "doc91748", "doc12439", "doc91745", "doc12452", "doc91741", "doc2312608", "doc2097416", "doc2097426", "doc12384", "doc12506", "doc12441", "doc2312636", "doc2097423", "doc2097440", "doc12509", "doc12462", "doc2097432", "doc2312619", "doc12448", "doc12467", "doc2097404", "doc1443592", "doc12392", "doc12336", "doc2097425", "doc2097424", "doc91755", "doc2312622", "doc2312624", "doc2097460", "doc2312634", "doc12493", "doc12477", "doc12427", "doc2312651", "doc12446", "doc2097422", "doc12432", "doc91749", "doc2312607", "doc2097439", "doc12390", "doc12496", "doc12455", "doc12382", "doc2389730", "doc2389739", "doc12349", "doc2097407", "doc2097459", "doc12422", "doc2389728", "doc12393", "doc12419", "doc91747", "doc12490", "doc12341", "doc2312625", "doc713969", "doc2312621", "doc2097408", "doc2097417", "doc12377", "doc12381", "doc12463" ]	[ "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight The flight is administratively part of No. 1 Group RAF, flying out of RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire.", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Over the years the BBMF have called many RAF bases \"home\". These include: Biggin Hill July 1957–March 1958, North Weald March–May 1958, Martlesham Heath May 1958–November 1961, Horsham St Faith November 1961–April 1963, Coltishall April 1963–March 1976 and RAF Coningsby since March 1976.", "Battle of Britain (film) Filming in England was at Duxford, Debden, North Weald and Hawkinge, all operational stations in 1940 â€“ one surviving First World War \"Belfast\" hangar at Duxford was blown up and demolished for the Eagle Day sequence. Some filming also took place at Bovingdon, a former wartime bomber airfield. The title-sequence scene, showing a review of German bombers on the ground by Fieldmarshal Milch, was filmed at Tablada Airfield in Spain[13] (now San Pablo Airport). Stunt coordinator Wilson Connie Edwards retained a Mark IX Spitfire, six Buchons, and a P-51 Mustang in lieu of payment, which were stored in Texas until sold to collectors in 2014.[16]", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight In the years following World War II it became traditional for a Spitfire and Hurricane to lead the Victory Day flypast over London. From that event there grew the idea to form a historic collection of flyable aircraft, initially to commemorate the RAF's major battle honour, the Battle of Britain, and latterly with broadened scope, to commemorate the RAF's involvement in all the campaigns of World War II. Thus in 1957 the Historic Aircraft Flight was formed at RAF Biggin Hill with one Hurricane (LF363) and three Mk XIX Spitfires (PM631, PS853 and PS915), in what, even then, had become a predominantly jet-powered air force. There is evidence that at least one of the Spifires sometimes flew with a single Hawker Hunter F5 of 41 Sqn (the last operational squadron to operate from RAF Biggin Hill) which co-resided with the Spitfires and Hurricaine at that time. The two aircraft together were referred to in an official Biggin Hill \"At Home\" Day Display programme as the 'Battle of Britain Flight'.", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Individual aircraft have historic heritages; the oldest of the Spitfires, P7350, is a Mk.IIa, which originally flew in the Battle of Britain in 1940, with 266 and 603 Squadrons. In 2011 she was repainted in the 41 Squadron code 'EB-G', which represents the aircraft flown by Pilot Officer Eric Lock on 5 September 1940, when he destroyed three aircraft in a single sortie.[1]", "Battle of Britain Capel-le-Ferne, Kent", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight There are two Hurricanes. LF363 is a Mk IIc and the last Hurricane to have entered service with the RAF. She appeared in the films Angels One Five, Reach for the Sky, The Battle of Britain,[2] and a TV series The War in the Air. PZ865, is a Mk IIc built six months after LF363; she is the last Hurricane ever to have been built. She once wore the inscription \"The last of the Many\" on her port and starboard sides - the original fabric with this inscription is now located in the BBMF Headquarters at RAF Coningsby.", "Battle of Britain (film) Location filming in London was carried out mainly in the St Katharine Docks area where older houses were being demolished for housing estates. Partly demolished buildings represented bombed houses and disused buildings were set on fire. St Katharine Docks was one of the few areas of London's East End to survive The Blitz. Many extras were survivors of the Blitz. Aldwych tube station, used as a wartime air-raid shelter, was also used as a filming location. Almost all the period equipment from the London Fire Brigade Museum was used in the film. The night scenes of wartime Berlin were filmed in Donostia-San Sebastian, Basque Country. The scenes at RAF Fighter Command were filmed at RAF Bentley Priory, the headquarters of Fighter Command. Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding's original office, with the original furniture, was used.", "Battle of Britain There are numerous memorials to the battle. The most important ones are the Battle of Britain Monument in London and the Battle of Britain Memorial at Capel-le-Ferne in Kent. Westminster Abbey and St James's Church, Paddington both have memorial windows to the battle, replacing windows that were destroyed during the campaign. There is also a memorial at the former Croydon Airport, one of the RAF bases during the battle, and a memorial to the pilots at Armadale Castle on the Isle of Skye in Scotland, which is topped by a raven sculpture.", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Visitor Centre is located at RAF Coningsby in Coningsby, Lincolnshire. A partnership between the Royal Air Force and Lincolnshire County Council, the centre allows visitors an up-close guided tour of the aircraft when not in use, as well as exhibits about the aircraft and other temporary exhibits.", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Aircraft currently in the flight have served with the RAF, the United States Army Air Forces, and the Royal Canadian Air Force, as well as having been privately owned; whilst in the RAF, they were flown by Czechoslovakian, Polish, South African, American and Canadian pilots. Some were sold for scrapping and later saved, whilst at least one has been on operational service with the RAF for almost fifty years.", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight BBMF moved to its present home at RAF Coningsby in 1976, since then it has acquired several more aircraft including, the first Chipmunk acquired in 1983, a Dakota was originally acquired in 1995, as a more reliable multi-engine trainer than the De Havilland Devon, that was nicknamed the 'Devon State Two', due to its tendency to return to the ground on an emergency state two; but has since taken a fuller role in BBMFs line up. The Spitfires and Hurricanes in the flight have varied over the years, as new aircraft are acquired and older ones passed to museums or used for parts.", "Battle of Britain There are also two museums to the battle: one at Hawkinge in Kent and one at Stanmore in London, at the former RAF Bentley Priory.[297]", "Battle of Britain (film) The village of Chilham in Kent became the base of operations for the radio controllers in the film. Denton, another Kent village, and its pub, \"The Jackdaw Inn\", features in the film as the location where Christopher Plummer and his on-screen wife argue about her relocating closer to his posting. \"The Jackdaw Inn\" has a room devoted to an extensive collection of RAF Second World War memorabilia.[17]", "Battle of Britain Winston Churchill summed up the effect of the battle and the contribution of RAF Fighter Command, RAF Bomber Command, RAF Coastal Command and the Fleet Air Arm with the words, \"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few\".[292] Pilots who fought in the battle have been known as The Few ever since; at times being specially commemorated on 15 September, \"Battle of Britain Day\". On this day in 1940, the Luftwaffe embarked on their largest bombing attack yet, forcing the engagement of the entirety of the RAF in defence of London and the South East, which resulted in a decisive British victory that proved to mark a turning point in Britain's favour.[293][294]", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Originally the RAF Historic Aircraft Flight, with a small group of Spitfires and Hurricanes operating from RAF Coltishall from 1963, the group became the \"Battle of Britain Memorial Flight\" in 1973, with the acquisition of the Lancaster.", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight The Mk LFIXe Spitfire, MK356, was built in March 1944 with clipped wings optimised for low level flight, and fitted with a Merlin 66 engine. Allocated to the Royal Canadian Air Force 144 wing, based in various locations around southern England, she took part in the Rodeo fighter sweep over occupied France in the weeks leading up to D-Day. After the war she served as a gate guardian at Hawkinge and Locking, and was recovered and refurbished in 1992 for the BBMF. As of 2008, she is displayed in a silver paint scheme used in late 1944 fighter/bomber missions over the Balkans from bases in Southern Italy.", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain No. 10 Squadron RAAF, a flying boat squadron was also based in Britain at the time, as part of Coastal Command.[9]", "Royal Air Force In the Battle of Britain in 1940, the RAF (supplemented by 2 Fleet Air Arm Squadrons, Polish, Czecho-Slovak and other multinational pilots and ground personnel) defended the skies over Britain against the numerically superior German Luftwaffe. In what is perhaps the most prolonged and complicated air campaign in history, the Battle of Britain contributed significantly to the delay and subsequent indefinite postponement of Hitler's plans for an invasion of the United Kingdom (Operation Sealion). In the House of Commons on 20 August, prompted by the ongoing efforts of the RAF, Prime Minister Winston Churchill eloquently made a speech to the nation, where he said \"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few\".[13]", "Battle of Britain From 24 August onwards, the battle was a fight between Kesselring's Luftflotte 2 and Park's 11 Group. The Luftwaffe concentrated all their strength on knocking out Fighter Command and made repeated attacks on the airfields. Of the 33 heavy attacks in the following two weeks, 24 were against airfields. The key sector stations were hit repeatedly: Biggin Hill and Hornchurch four times each; Debden and North Weald twice each. Croydon, Gravesend, Rochford, Hawkinge and Manston were also attacked in strength. Coastal Command's Eastchurch was bombed at least seven times because it was believed to be a Fighter Command aerodrome. At times these raids caused some damage to the sector stations, threatening the integrity of the Dowding system.", "Battle of Britain (film) The film includes a sequence which relates the events of 15 August 1940, in which the Luftwaffe attempted to overwhelm fighter defences by simultaneous attacks on northern and southern England, the Luftwaffe reasoning that \"even a Spitfire can't be in two places at once.\" North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel He 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt Bf 110s, and RAF Driffield was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers Ju. 88s. Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent, 16 bombers and seven fighters were lost. As a result of these casualties, Luftflotte 5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign.[26] [Note 5]", "Battle of Britain (film) Numerous scenes were shot in the preserved operations rooms, illustrating the operation of the Dowding system that controlled the fighter squadrons. Much of this footage takes place in 11 Group's operations room, today preserved as the Battle of Britain Bunker. Other scenes take place in Fighter Command's central \"filter room\" as well as recreations of the squadron ops rooms. One scene shows the hit on Biggin Hill's ops room, and another shows its relocation to a local bakery, although this is a recreation of another squadron's backup room in a local butcher's shop.", "Battle of Britain St James's Church, Paddington", "Battle of Britain (film) Another early scene was the Dunkirk recreation which was shot at the beachfront in Huelva, Spain. [Note 3] To reflect the cloudless skies of summer of 1940, many upward-facing shots were filmed over Spain, while downward-facing shots were almost all below the clouds, over southern England, where farmland is distinctive. However 1940 camouflage made it difficult to see the aircraft against the ground and sky, so a cloud background was used where possible. Only one Spitfire was relocated to Spain to stand in for the RAF defenders. After filming began, the English weather proved too unreliable and filming was moved to Hal Far and Luqa Airfields in Malta to complete the aerial sequences.[9]", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain French volunteers and Free French forces served in 245 and 615 Squadron. 13 are recognised in the Battle of Britain Roll of Honour.[18] In addition a French squadron, No. 346 Squadron RAF, was based at Elvington.[19]", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight For much of the 2014 display season the flight was joined by Canadian built Lancaster B Mk X FM213. This aircraft is owned and operated by the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum and made the 3,000 mile trip to the UK, via Goose Bay and Keflavik arriving at RAF Coningsby on 9 August. FM213 (C-GVRA) is dedicated to the memory of P/O Andrew Mynarski VC and is referred to as the \"Mynarski Memorial Lancaster\". It is painted in the colours of his aircraft KB726 â€“ VR-A, which flew with RCAF No. 419 (Moose) Squadron, and is affectionately known as Vera. She displayed with PA474 in the first Lancaster two-aircraft formation for 50 years, with both Lancasters visiting a large number of air shows and events before Vera's departure back to Canada in mid-September.", "Battle of Britain The Battle of Britain (German: Luftschlacht um England, literally \"The Air Battle for England\") was a military campaign of the Second World War, in which the Royal Air Force (RAF) defended the United Kingdom (UK) against large-scale attacks by Nazi Germany's air force, the Luftwaffe. It has been described as the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces.[17]", "Battle of Britain (film) The film required a large number of period aircraft. In September 1965 producers Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz contacted former RAF Bomber Command Group Captain T.G. 'Hamish' Mahaddie to find the aircraft and arrange their use.[7] Eventually 100 aircraft were employed, called the \"35th largest air force in the world\".[9] With Mahaddie's help, the producers located 109 Spitfires in the UK, of which 27 were available although only 12 could be made flyable. Mahaddie negotiated use of six Hawker Hurricanes, of which three were flying.[10] The film helped preserve these aircraft, including a rare Spitfire Mk II which had been a gate guardian at RAF Colerne.[7]", "Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne The new visitor centre, called The Wing and built in the shape of a Spitfire wing, was opened in 2015, and contains The Scramble Experience. It won 'Project of the Year' at the 2016 Kent Design and Development awards.[1]", "Battle of Britain (film) Both the village of Denton and its pub, The Jackdaw Inn, appear in the film. The airfield appears in the film looking just as it did during World War II.[23]", "Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne The Battle of Britain Memorial is a monument to aircrew who flew in the Battle of Britain. It is sited on the White Cliffs at Capel-le-Ferne, near Folkestone, on the coast of Kent.", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain Southern Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe) was a British self-governing colony in Southern Africa at the time of the Battle of Britain. Three pilots born in Southern Rhodesia took part in the Battle of Britain: Squadron Leader Caesar Hull, Pilot Officer John Chomley, and Flight Lieutenant John Holderness.[38][39] Of these, Hull and Chomley lost their lives. Hull, the highest-scoring RAF ace of the Norwegian Campaign earlier in the year, was killed in a dogfight over south London on 7 September 1940, a week after taking command of No. 43 Squadron RAF.[40] Chomley went missing in action over the Channel on 12 August 1940 and was never found.[41]", "Battle of Britain (film) To recreate airfield scenes in the film, with the limited number of period aircraft available for the film, large scale models were used. The first requirement was for set decoration replicas. Production of full-size wood and fibreglass Hurricanes, Spitfires and Bf 109s commenced in a sort of production line set up at Pinewood Studios. A number of the replicas were fitted with motorcycle engines to enable them to taxi. Although most of these replicas were destroyed during filming, a small number were made available to museums in the UK.[22]", "Battle of Britain (film) The other need was for models in aerial sequences, and art director and model maker John Siddall was asked by the producer to create and head a team specifically for this because of his contacts in the modelling community. [Note 4] A test flight was arranged at Lasham Airfield in the UK and a model was flown down the runway close behind a large American estate car with a cameraman in the rear.[citation needed] This test proved successful, leading to many radio-controlled models being constructed in the band rehearsal room at Pinewood Studios. Over a period of two years, a total of 82 Spitfires, Hurricanes, Messerschmitts and He 111s were built.[21] Radio-controlled Heinkel He 111 models were flown to depict bombers being destroyed over the English Channel. When reviewing the footage of the first crash, the producers noticed a trailing-wire antenna; this was explained by an added cutaway in which the control wires of a Heinkel are seen shot loose.[22]", "Battle of Britain On 16 July 1940, Abteilung V, commanded by Oberstleutnant \"Beppo\" Schmid, produced a report on the RAF and on Britain's defensive capabilities which was adopted by the frontline commanders as a basis for their operational plans. One of the most conspicuous failures of the report was the lack of information on the RAF's RDF network and control systems capabilities; it was assumed that the system was rigid and inflexible, with the RAF fighters being \"tied\" to their home bases.[151][152] An optimistic and, as it turned out, erroneous conclusion reached was:", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight PS915 performed various reconnaissance duties at Wunsdorf in Germany. She returned to the UK in 1954, and was retired to gate guarding duties. In 1987 she was modified with a Griffon 58 engine and refurbished to flying condition by British Aerospace. She currently carries the markings of PS888 of 81 Squadron based at Seletar, Singapore, during the Malayan Emergency which conducted the last operational RAF Spitfire sortie on 1 April 1954, photographing communist guerrilla hideouts over an area of jungle in Johore. The ground crew painted the inscription \"The Last!\" on PS 915's left engine cowling.", "Battle of Britain Bomber, reconnaissance, and antisubmarine patrol operations continued throughout these months with little respite and none of the publicity accorded to Fighter Command. In his famous 20 August speech about \"The Few\", praising Fighter Command, Churchill also made a point of mentioning Bomber Command's contribution, adding that bombers were even then striking back at Germany; this part of the speech is often overlooked, even today.[193][194] The Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey lists in a roll of honour, 718 Bomber Command crew members, and 280 from Coastal Command who were killed between 10 July and 31 October.[195]", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight The Mk Vb Spitfire, AB910, escorted convoys in the Battle of the Atlantic. She then flew escort patrols during bombing raids on the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, then (as part of No. 133 squadron), she fought in the Dieppe Raid. Capping this long career, as part of No. 402 Squadron RCAF, she flew cover patrols over the Normandy beaches on D-Day and in the subsequent weeks â€“ as did another of the flight's Spitfires, with No. 443 Squadron RCAF. AB910 now[when?] wears the 133 squadron codes 'MD-E' which she actually wore during the Dieppe Raid.", "Battle of Britain On the afternoon of 15 August, Hauptmann Walter Rubensdörffer leading Erprobungsgruppe 210 mistakenly bombed Croydon airfield (on the outskirts of London) instead of the intended target, RAF Kenley.[213]", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight (BBMF) is a Royal Air Force flight which provides an aerial display group usually comprising an Avro Lancaster, a Supermarine Spitfire and a Hawker Hurricane. The aircraft are regularly seen at events commemorating the Second World War and upon British State occasions, notably Trooping the Colour, celebrating Queen Elizabeth II's 80th birthday in 2006, as well as the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton in 2011 and at air displays throughout the United Kingdom and Europe.", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain The RAF Roll of Honour recognises 574 pilots, from countries other than the United Kingdom, as flying at least one authorized, operational sortie with an eligible unit during the period between 10 July to 31 October 1940, alongside 2,353 British pilots. The numbers differ slightly from the participants whose names are engraved on the Battle of Britain Monument in London, unveiled on 18 September 2005.", "Battle of Britain (film) The climactic air battle of 15 September 1940 arrives, with Winston Churchill in attendance at 11 Group's operations room. In the underground bunker, British ground control personnel order every squadron into the air to meet the massive attack. Intense combat in the sky over London follows, with both sides taking heavy losses. The outcome is so confused that Dowding refuses to comment on the events.", "Battle of Britain (film) Two Heinkels and the 17 flyable Messerschmitts (including one dual-controlled HA-1112-M4L two-seater, used for conversion training and as a camera ship), were flown to England to complete the shoot.[9] In the scene where the Polish training squadron breaks off to attack, (\"Repeat, please\"), the three most distant Hurricanes were Buchons marked as Hurricanes, as there were not enough flyable Hurricanes. In addition to the combat aircraft, two Spanish-built Junkers Ju 52 transports were used.", "Battle of Britain About 20% of pilots who took part in the battle were from non British countries. The Royal Air Force roll of honour for the Battle of Britain recognises 595 non-British pilots (out of 2,936) as flying at least one authorised operational sortie with an eligible unit of the RAF or Fleet Air Arm between 10 July and 31 October 1940.[10][119] These included 145 Poles, 127 New Zealanders, 112 Canadians, 88 Czechoslovaks, 10 Irish, 32 Australians, 28 Belgians, 25 South Africans, 13 French, 9 Americans, 3 Southern Rhodesians and one each from Jamaica and Mandatory Palestine.[120] \"Altogether in the fighter battles, the bombing raids, and the various patrols flown between 10 July and 31 October 1940 by the Royal Air Force, 1495 aircrew were killed, of whom 449 were fighter pilots, 718 aircrew from Bomber Command, and 280 from Coastal Command. Among those killed were 47 airmen from Canada, 24 from Australia, 17 from South Africa, 35 from Poland, 20 from Czechoslovakia and six from Belgium. Forty-seven New Zealanders lost their lives, including 15 fighter pilots, 24 bomber and eight coastal aircrew. The names of these Allied and Commonwealth airmen are inscribed in a memorial book which rests in the Battle of Britain Chapel in Westminster Abbey. In the chapel is a stained glass window which contains the badges of the fighter squadrons which operated during the battle and the flags of the nations to which the pilots and aircrew belonged.\"[121]", "Battle of Britain Victoria Embankment, London", "Battle of Britain The battle covered a shifting geographical area, and there have been differing opinions on significant dates: when the Air Ministry proposed 8 August as the start, Dowding responded that operations \"merged into one another almost insensibly\", and proposed 10 July as the onset of increased attacks.[198] With the caution that phases drifted into each other and dates are not firm, the Royal Air Force Museum states that five main phases can be identified:[199]", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain The most prominent New Zealander in the Battle was Air Vice Marshal Keith Park, a high scoring air ace in the First World War and a member of the RAF since its creation. He was Commander of No. 11 Group RAF, which was tasked with the defence of London and south-east England.[25][c]", "Battle of Britain (film) A North American B-25 Mitchell N6578D, flown by pilots John \"Jeff\" Hawke and Duane Egli, was the primary filming platform for the aerial sequences. It was fitted with camera positions in what were formerly the aircraft's nose, tail and waist gun positions. An additional camera, on an articulating arm, was mounted in the aircraft's bomb bay and allowed 360-degree shots from below the aircraft. The top gun turret was replaced with a clear dome for the aerial director, who would co-ordinate the other aircraft by radio.[13]", "Battle of Britain (film) The Edward Fox character \"Pilot Officer Archie\", is based on Flight Sergeant Ray Holmes of No. 504 Squadron RAF. On 15 September 1940, now known as \"Battle of Britain Day\", Homes used his Hawker Hurricane to destroy a Dornier Do-17 bomber over London by ramming but at the loss of his own aircraft (and almost his own life) in one of the defining moments of the Battle of Britain. Holmes, making a head-on attack, found his guns inoperative. He flew his plane into the top-side of the German bomber, cutting off the rear tail section with his wing and causing the bomber to dive out of control and crash. Its pilot, Feldwebel Robert Zehbe, bailed out, only to die later of wounds suffered during the attack, while the injured Holmes bailed out of his plane and survived.[27] As the RAF did not practice ramming as an air combat tactic, this was considered an impromptu manoeuvre, and an act of selfless courage. Holmes was feted by the press as a war hero who saved Buckingham Palace. This event became one of the defining moments of the Battle of Britain and elicited a congratulatory note to the RAF from Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands who had witnessed the event.[28] This event is depicted - with considerable artistic licence - in the film.", "Battle of Britain Monument of Polish Pilots, Northolt", "Battle of Britain Retired air marshal Peter Dye, head of the RAF Museum, discussed the logistics of the battle in 2000[224] and 2010,[225] dealing specifically with the single-seat fighters. Dye contends that not only was British aircraft production replacing aircraft, but replacement pilots were keeping pace with losses. The number of pilots in RAF Fighter Command increased during July, August and September. The figures indicate the number of pilots available never decreased: from July, 1,200 were available, and from 1 August, 1,400 were available. Just over that number were in the field by September. In October the figure was nearly 1,600. By 1 November 1,800 were available. Throughout the battle, the RAF had more fighter pilots available than the Luftwaffe.[224][225] Although the RAF's reserves of single seat fighters fell during July, the wastage was made up for by an efficient Civilian Repair Organisation (CRO), which by December had repaired and put back into service some 4,955 aircraft,[226] and by aircraft held at Air Servicing Unit (ASU) airfields.[227]", "Battle of Britain (film) Permission was granted to the producers to use the Royal Air Force Museum's Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive-bomber (one of only two that survive intact).[19] The 1943 aircraft was repainted and slightly modified to resemble a 1940 model Ju 87. The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it, but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was ultimately too costly for the filmmakers.[19] Instead, two Percival Proctor training aircraft were converted into half-scale Stukas, with a cranked wing, as \"Proctukas\"[9] though, in the film, they were not used on-screen.[20] Instead, to duplicate the steep dive of Ju 87 attacks, large models were flown by radio control.[21]", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain As of December 2014, the RAF officially recognizes 30 Belgians as having participated in the Battle of Britain (of whom 18 did not survive the war) although the Battle of Britain monument (constructed in 2005) includes 28.[2][4] At the time of the battle, Belgian pilots were mixed into British units and did not have their own squadrons. By the summer of 1940, Belgians made up around half of No. 609 Squadron RAF, a unit flying Spitfire fighters.[11][10] Nos. 235 and 236 Squadrons of RAF Coastal Command also had disproportionate numbers of Belgian pilots at 8 and 6 respectively.[4] Altogether, Belgium provided the largest contingent of pilots during the Battle of Britain that were not from Eastern Europe or the Commonwealth.", "Battle of Britain Adlertag opened with a series of attacks, led again by Epro 210,[209] on coastal airfields used as forward landing grounds for the RAF fighters, as well as 'satellite airfields'[nb 17] (including Manston and Hawkinge).[209] As the week drew on, the airfield attacks moved further inland, and repeated raids were made on the radar chain. 15 August was \"The Greatest Day\" when the Luftwaffe mounted the largest number of sorties of the campaign. Luftflotte 5 attacked the north of England. Believing Fighter Command strength to be concentrated in the south, raiding forces from Denmark and Norway ran into unexpectedly strong resistance. Inadequately escorted by Bf 110s, bombers were shot down in large numbers. North East England was attacked by 65 Heinkel 111s escorted by 34 Messerschmitt 110s, and RAF Great Driffield was attacked by 50 unescorted Junkers 88s. Out of 115 bombers and 35 fighters sent, 75 planes were destroyed and many others damaged beyond repair. Furthermore, due to early engagement by RAF fighters many of the bombers dropped their payloads ineffectively early.[210] As a result of these casualties, Luftflotte 5 did not appear in strength again in the campaign.", "Battle of Britain On 7 September, a massive series of raids involving nearly four hundred bombers and more than six hundred fighters targeted docks in the East End of London, day and night. The RAF anticipated attacks on airfields and 11 Group rose to meet them, in greater numbers than the Luftwaffe expected. The first official deployment of 12 Group's Leigh-Mallory's Big Wing took twenty minutes to form up, missing its intended target, but encountering another formation of bombers while still climbing. They returned, apologetic about their limited success, and blamed the delay on being scrambled too late.[239][240]", "Battle of Britain (film) Battle of Britain is a 1969 British Second World War film directed by Guy Hamilton, and produced by Harry Saltzman and S. Benjamin Fisz. The film documented the events of the Battle of Britain. The film drew many respected British actors to accept roles as key figures of the battle, including Sir Laurence Olivier as Hugh Dowding and Trevor Howard as Keith Park.[2] It also starred Michael Caine, Christopher Plummer and Robert Shaw as Squadron Leaders.[2] The script by James Kennaway and Wilfred Greatorex was based on the book The Narrow Margin by Derek Wood and Derek Dempster.", "Air warfare of World War II The Luftwaffe used 1300 medium bombers guarded by 900 fighters; they made 1500 sorties a day from bases in France, Belgium and Norway. The Germans realized their Ju-87 Stukas and Heinkel He 111s were too vulnerable to modern British fighters. The RAF had 650 fighters, with more coming out of the factories every day. Three main fighter types were involved in the battle—the German Messerschmitt Bf 109E, and the British Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire. The Hurricane accounted for most of the British kills throughout the battle because it made up the majority of the RAF fighter force—however, its kill-loss ratio was inferior to that of its counterpart the Spitfire. Of the three aircraft, the Hurricane was designed much earlier and was generally considered the least capable. Despite the high numbers of Hurricanes in the RAF at that time, the Spitfire became synonymous with the Battle of Britain and was somewhat of a symbol of resistance in the minds of the British public through the battle. The Bf 109E subtype's short combat radius of 330 km (205 mi)[76] – due to limited fuel capacity as designed — prevented it from adequately \"escorting\" the Kampfgeschwader wings' medium bombers over England, limiting it to only some ten minutes of air combat over the UK before it had to be on its way back to northern France for a safe return — this serious deficiency was not corrected until after the major air battles over England, through September 1940, had concluded.", "Battle of Britain The Luftwaffe was forced to regroup after the Battle of France into three Luftflotten (Air Fleets) on Britain's southern and northern flanks. Luftflotte 2, commanded by Generalfeldmarschall Albert Kesselring, was responsible for the bombing of southeast England and the London area. Luftflotte 3, under Generalfeldmarschall Hugo Sperrle, targeted the West Country, Wales, the Midlands, and northwest England. Luftflotte 5, led by Generaloberst Hans-Jürgen Stumpff from his headquarters in Norway, targeted the north of England and Scotland. As the battle progressed, command responsibility shifted, with Luftflotte 3 taking more responsibility for the night-time Blitz attacks while the main daylight operations fell upon Luftflotte 2's shoulders.", "Battle of Britain 2,550 serviceable aircraft. [nb 6]", "Battle of Britain (film) For the German aircraft, the producers obtained 32 CASA 2.111 twin-engined bombers, a Spanish-built version of the German Heinkel He 111H-16. They also located 27 Hispano Aviación HA-1112 M1L 'Buchon' single-engined fighters, a Spanish version of the German Messerschmitt Bf 109. The Buchons were altered to look more like correct Bf 109Es, adding mock machine guns and cannon, and redundant tailplane struts, and removing the rounded wingtips.[15] The Spanish aircraft were powered by British Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, and thus almost all the aircraft used, British and German alike, were Merlin-powered. [Note 2] After the film, one HA-1112 was donated to the German Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr, and converted to a Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-2 variant, depicting the insignias of German ace Gustav Rödel.", "Battle of Britain (film) N6578D was painted garishly for line-up references[9] and to make it easier for pilots to determine which way it was manoeuvring. When the brightly coloured aircraft arrived at Tablada airbase in Spain in early afternoon of 18 March 1968, the comment from Derek Cracknell, the assistant director, was \"It's a bloody great psychedelic monster!\" The aircraft was henceforth dubbed the Psychedelic Monster.[14]", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight The two Chipmunks (WG486 and WK518), are the last in RAF service, but are not intended for display use; rather, they serve to give pilots experience in flying aircraft with a tailwheel landing gear, a design that has now vanished from the modern RAF fleet. Chipmunk WG486 flew reconnaissance missions over East Germany, as part of the RAF Gatow Station Flight, in co-operation with the British Commander-in-Chief's Mission to the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, commonly known as BRIXMIS.", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain Of these, 26 were in No. 1 Squadron RCAF, flying Hurricanes. The squadron arrived in Britain soon after Dunkirk with 27 officers and 314 ground staff. This squadron would later be re-numbered as No. 401 \"City of Westmount\" Squadron RCAF, in line with Article XV of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (see above). It was the only fighter unit from the Commonwealth air forces to see combat in the Battle of Britain.", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain Other Canadians were spread across RAF squadrons, and on the second day of the Battle, 11 July, Canada suffered its first fighter casualty. In a Luftwaffe attack on the Royal Navy Dockyard naval base at Portland Harbour, Plt Offr D. A. Hewitt of Saint John, New Brunswick, flying a Hurricane with No. 501 Squadron RAF, attacked a Dornier Do-17 bomber and was hit himself. His aircraft plunged into the sea. Another Canadian pilot, Richard Howley, died eight days later.", "Battle of Britain (film) Michael Caine was cast in a spoken cameo role in the film Dunkirk (2017), based on the Dunkirk evacuation, as a Royal Air Force Spitfire pilot, as a nod to his role of RAF fighter pilot Squadron Leader Canfield in Battle of Britain.[48][49]", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain Newfoundland was a separate dominion within the British Empire at the time of the Battle of Britain.[b] Pilot Officer R. A. Howley is recognized as the sole Newfoundlander to serve in the RAF during the period by the Battle of Britain monument. Howley served in No. 141 Squadron RAF, flying Boulton Paul Defiant turret fighters. He was shot down over Dover on 19 July 1940 and posted missing in action.[24]", "Battle of Britain Both sides in the battle made exaggerated claims of numbers of enemy aircraft shot down. In general, claims were two to three times the actual numbers, because of the confusion of fighting in dynamic three-dimensional air battles. Postwar analysis of records has shown that between July and September, the RAF claimed 2,698 kills, while the Luftwaffe fighters claimed 3,198 RAF aircraft downed.[citation needed] Total losses, and start and end dates for recorded losses, vary for both sides. Luftwaffe losses from 10 July to 30 October 1940 total 1,977 aircraft, including 243 twin- and 569 single-engined fighters, 822 bombers and 343 non combat types.[14] In the same period, RAF Fighter Command aircraft losses number 1,087, including 53 twin-engined fighters.[citation needed] To the RAF figure should be added 376 Bomber Command and 148 Coastal Command aircraft lost conducting bombing, mining, and reconnaissance operations in defence of the country.[8]", "Battle of Britain A Junkers Ju 88 returning from a raid on London was shot down in Kent on 27 September resulting in the Battle of Graveney Marsh, the last action between British and foreign military forces on British mainland soil.[256]", "Battle of Britain The weight of the battle fell upon 11 Group. Keith Park's tactics were to dispatch individual squadrons to intercept raids. The intention was to subject incoming bombers to continual attacks by relatively small numbers of fighters and try to break up the tight German formations. Once formations had fallen apart, stragglers could be picked off one by one. Where multiple squadrons reached a raid the procedure was for the slower Hurricanes to tackle the bombers while the more agile Spitfires held up the fighter escort. This ideal was not always achieved, resulting in occasions when Spitfires and Hurricanes reversed roles.[179] Park also issued instructions to his units to engage in frontal attacks against the bombers, which were more vulnerable to such attacks. Again, in the environment of fast moving, three-dimensional air battles, few RAF fighter units were able to attack the bombers from head-on.[179]", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain Other notable pilots included P/O Albert \"Zulu\" Lewis, who opened his account over France in May with No. 85 Squadron, shooting down three Messerschmitt Bf 109s in one action. With No. 85 in August, and then in September with No. 249 Squadron under Squadron Leader (later Air Chief Marshal) Sir John Grandy, at North Weald. Lewis flew three, four and five times a day and 15 September 1940 got a He 111, and shared in the probable destruction of another. On 18 September he got his 12th confirmed enemy aircraft. By 27 September, flying GN-R, Lewis had 18 victories.[37] He was shot down and badly burned on 28 September. Lewis missed the rest of the Battle and his recovery to flying fitness took over three months. Basil Gerald \"Stapme\" Stapleton, with several probables to his credit, survived a crash on 7 September, trying to stop bombers getting through to London. Both men would later command RAF squadrons.", "Battle of Britain The main attack upon the RAF's defences was code-named Adlerangriff (\"Eagle Attack\"). Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated, and raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down.[129] The strategy agreed on 6 August was to destroy RAF Fighter Command across the south of England in four days, then bombing of military and economic targets was to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain, culminating in a major bombing attack on London.[130][208]", "Battle of Britain (film) During the actual aerial conflict, all RAF Spitfires were Spitfire Mk I and Mark II variants. However, only one Mk Ia and one Mk IIa (the latter with a Battle of Britain combat record) could be made airworthy, so the producers had to use seven other different marks, all of them built later in the war. To achieve commonality, the production made some modifications to \"standardise\" the Spitfires, including adding elliptical wingtips, period canopies and other changes. To classic aircraft fans, they became known as \"Mark Haddies\" (a play on Grp. Capt. Mahaddie's name).[7] A pair of two-seat trainer Spitfires were camera platforms to achieve realistic aerial footage inside the battle scenes.[11] A rare Hawker Hurricane XII had been restored by Canadian Bob Diemert, who flew the aircraft in the film. Eight non-flying Spitfires and two Hurricanes were set dressing, with one Hurricane able to taxi.[12]", "Battle of Britain Bomber Command and Coastal Command aircraft flew offensive sorties against targets in Germany and France during the battle.", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight One Mark XIX Spitfire, PS853, was sold in 1994 to defray the costs of rebuilding Hurricane LF363 after her crash-landing on the runway at RAF Wittering due to engine failure in 1991. The BBMF pilot escaped with a broken ankle and minor bruises, whilst LF363 was engulfed and devastated by the resulting fire.", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain The Royal Air Force (RAF) and Fleet Air Arm (FAA) had included personnel from outside the United Kingdom from before the beginning of the Second World War and many served in the Battle of Britain in 1940. Many were volunteers from the British Empire [5]and refugees and exiles from German-occupied Europe.", "Battle of Britain (film) The Robert Shaw character \"Squadron Leader Skipper\" is based loosely on Squadron Leader Sailor Malan, a South African fighter ace and No. 74 Squadron RAF commander during the Battle of Britain. The scene in the operation room in which the British listen to their fighters' wireless transmissions is for dramatic reasons only. In reality, the operations room received information by telephone from the sector airfields. The scenes at the end, where the RAF pilots are seen suddenly idle and left awaiting the return of the Luftwaffe raids, are more licence; the fighting fizzled out through late September, although daylight raids continued for some weeks after the 15 September engagement. 31 October 1940 is regarded as the official end on the British side.", "Battle of Britain At a meeting on 1 August the command reviewed plans produced by each Fliegerkorps with differing proposals for targets including whether to bomb airfields, but failed to focus priorities. Intelligence reports gave Göring the impression that the RAF was almost defeated: the intent was that raids would attract British fighters for the Luftwaffe to shoot down.[129] On 6 August he finalised plans for this \"Operation Eagle Attack\" with Kesselring, Sperle and Stumpff: destruction of RAF Fighter Command across the south of England was to take four days, with lightly escorted small bomber raids leaving the main fighter force free to attack RAF fighters. Bombing of military and economic targets was then to systematically extend up to the Midlands until daylight attacks could proceed unhindered over the whole of Britain.[130][131]", "Battle of Britain The Germans launched some spectacular attacks against important British industries, but they could not destroy the British industrial potential, and made little systematic effort to do so. Hindsight does not disguise the fact the threat to Fighter Command was very real, and for the participants it seemed as if there was a narrow margin between victory and defeat. Nevertheless, even if the German attacks on the 11 Group airfields which guarded southeast England and the approaches to London had continued, the RAF could have withdrawn to the Midlands out of German fighter range and continued the battle from there.[290] The victory was as much psychological as physical. Writes Alfred Price:", "Battle of Britain More night raids were made around London on 24/25 August, when bombs fell on Croydon, Banstead, Lewisham, Uxbridge, Harrow and Hayes. London was on red alert over the night of 28/29 August, with bombs reported in Finchley, St Pancras, Wembley, Wood Green, Southgate, Old Kent Road, Mill Hill, Ilford, Chigwell and Hendon.[131]", "Battle of Britain For these reasons, and the permanent loss of 435 pilots during the Battle of France alone[37] along with many more wounded, and others lost in Norway, the RAF had fewer experienced pilots at the start of the initial defence of their home. It was the lack of trained pilots in the fighting squadrons, rather than the lack of aircraft, that became the greatest concern for Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowding, Commander of Fighter Command. Drawing from regular RAF forces, the Auxiliary Air Force and the Volunteer Reserve, the British were able to muster some 1,103 fighter pilots on 1 July. Replacement pilots, with little flight training and often no gunnery training, suffered high casualty rates, thus exacerbating the problem.[117]", "Royal Air Force Today the Royal Air Force maintains an operational fleet of various types of aircraft,[8] described by the RAF as being \"leading-edge\" in terms of technology.[9] This largely consists of fixed-wing aircraft, including: fighter and strike aircraft, airborne early warning and control aircraft, ISTAR and SIGINT aircraft, aerial refueling aircraft and strategic and tactical transport aircraft. The majority of the RAF's rotary-wing aircraft form part of the tri-service Joint Helicopter Command in support of ground forces. Most of the RAF's aircraft and personnel are based in the UK, with many others serving on operations (principally over Iraq and Syria) or at long-established overseas bases (Ascension Island, Cyprus, Gibraltar, and the Falkland Islands). Although the RAF is the principal British air power arm, the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm and the British Army's Army Air Corps also deliver air power which is integrated into the maritime, littoral and land environments.", "Royal Air Force One of the largest actions undertaken by the RAF during the cold war was the air campaign during the 1982 Falklands War, in which the RAF operated alongside the Fleet Air Arm. During the war, RAF aircraft were deployed in the mid-Atlantic at RAF Ascension Island and a detachment from No. 1 Squadron was deployed with the Royal Navy, operating from the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes.[17][18] RAF pilots also flew missions using the Royal Navy's Sea Harriers in the air-to-air combat role.[19] Following a British victory, the RAF remained in the South Atlantic to provide air defence to the Falkland Islands, based at RAF Mount Pleasant (built 1984).", "Battle of Britain The early stages of World War II saw successful German invasions on the continent aided decisively by the air power of the Luftwaffe, which was able to establish tactical air superiority with great efficiency. The speed with which German forces defeated most of the defending armies in Norway in early 1940 created a significant political crisis in Britain. In early May 1940, the Norway Debate questioned the fitness for office of the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. On 10 May, the same day Winston Churchill became British Prime Minister, the Germans initiated the Battle of France with an aggressive invasion of French territory. RAF Fighter Command was desperately short of trained pilots and aircraft, but despite the objections of its commander Hugh Dowding that the diversion of his forces would leave home defences under-strength, Churchill sent fighter squadrons, the Air Component of the British Expeditionary Force, to support operations in France,[36] where the RAF suffered heavy losses.[37]", "Battle of Britain (film) At the deserted beaches of Dunkirk, the BBC reports British Prime Minister Winston Churchill's declaration that \"what General Weygand called the 'Battle of France' is over, the Battle of Britain is about to begin\". Luftwaffe Inspector-General Field Marshal Milch arrives to inspect a large German airfield in captured France. Hundreds of Heinkel bomber aircraft are stationed under Luftwaffe General Kesselring's command.", "Battle of Britain (film) The formative strategy war-game Empire was notably inspired by the RAF Fighter Command scenes in Battle of Britain in which staff move counters representing friendly and enemy aircraft and ships over the large map of Britain, from which tactical decisions are made by the air commanders.[47]", "Battle of Britain It is unclear how much the British intercepts of the Enigma cipher, used for high-security German radio communications, affected the battle. Ultra, the information obtained from Enigma intercepts, gave the highest echelons of the British command a view of German intentions. According to F. W. Winterbotham, who was the senior Air Staff representative in the Secret Intelligence Service,[167] Ultra helped establish the strength and composition of the Luftwaffe's formations, the aims of the commanders[168] and provided early warning of some raids.[169] In early August it was decided that a small unit would be set up at FCHQ, which would process the flow of information from Bletchley and provide Dowding only with the most essential Ultra material; thus the Air Ministry did not have to send a continual flow of information to FCHQ, preserving secrecy, and Dowding was not inundated with non-essential information. Keith Park and his controllers were also told about Ultra.[170] In a further attempt to camouflage the existence of Ultra, Dowding created a unit named No. 421 (Reconnaissance) Flight RAF. This unit (which later became No. 91 Squadron RAF), was equipped with Hurricanes and Spitfires and sent out aircraft to search for and report Luftwaffe formations approaching England.[171] In addition the radio listening service (known as Y Service), monitoring the patterns of Luftwaffe radio traffic contributed considerably to the early warning of raids.", "Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force. Formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918,[2] it is the oldest independent air force in the world.[3] Following victory over the Central Powers in 1918 the RAF emerged as, at the time, the largest air force in the world.[4] Since its formation, the RAF has taken a significant role in British military history, in particular, playing a large part in the Second World War where it fought its most famous campaign, the Battle of Britain.[5]", "Battle of Britain Initial Luftwaffe estimates were that it would take four days to defeat the RAF Fighter Command in southern England. This would be followed by a four-week offensive during which the bombers and long-range fighters would destroy all military installations throughout the country and wreck the British aircraft industry. The campaign was planned to begin with attacks on airfields near the coast, gradually moving inland to attack the ring of sector airfields defending London. Later reassessments gave the Luftwaffe five weeks, from 8 August to 15 September, to establish temporary air superiority over England.[134] To achieve this goal, Fighter Command had to be destroyed, either on the ground or in the air, yet the Luftwaffe had to be able to preserve its own strength to be able to support the invasion; this meant that the Luftwaffe had to maintain a high \"kill ratio\" over the RAF fighters. The only alternative to the goal of air superiority was a terror bombing campaign aimed at the civilian population, but this was considered a last resort and it was (at this stage of the battle) expressly forbidden by Hitler.[134]", "Battle of Britain Reports from CH radars and the Observer Corps were sent directly to Fighter Command Headquarters (FCHQ) at Bentley Priory where they were \"filtered\" to combine multiple reports of the same formations into single tracks. Telephone operators would then forward only the information of interest to the Group headquarters, where the map would be re-created. This process was repeated to produce another version of the map at the Sector level, covering a much smaller area. Looking over their maps, Group level commanders could select squadrons to attack particular targets. From that point the Sector operators would give commands to the fighters to arrange an interception, as well as return them to base. Sector stations also controlled the anti-aircraft batteries in their area; an army officer sat beside each fighter controller and directed the gun crews when to open and cease fire.[165]", "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight There are also two PRXIX Spitfires, both built in 1945 with Griffon 66 engines. PM631 was too late to see operational services in World War II and carried out civilian duties with the Temperature and Humidity Monitoring (THUM) Flight at RAF Woodvale until 11 July 1957, when she became part of the Historic Aircraft Flight; she is the longest serving aircraft in the BBMF and is currently painted to represent a 541 squadron Spitfire.", "Battle of Britain It is notable that this most impressive of British victories had, in essence, been proclaimed within only five months of the cessation of large-scale daylight air battles, and without reference to Hitler and the OKW's reasoning for not proceeding with Operation Sea Lion. The continuing post-war popularity of the Battle of Britain is in fact directly attributable to the Air Ministry's latter-1940 air communiques, the media in turn broadcasting or publishing RAF aircraft claims. Noted above, this in turn led to the March 1941 pamphlet, which inspired a wide range of cultural responses to the Few, and the Battle of Britain. The Air Ministry built upon this with the development of the Battle of Britain Sunday commemoration, also supported the Battle of Britain clasp for issue to the Few in 1945, and from 1945 Battle of Britain Week. The Battle of Britain window in Westminster Abbey was also encouraged by the Air Ministry, Lords Trenchard and Dowding on its committee. By July 1947 when the window was unveiled, the Battle of Britain had already attained central prominence as Fighter Command's most notable victory, the Few alone credited with preventing invasion in 1940. Although given widespread media coverage in September and October 1940, RAF Bomber and Coastal Command raids against invasion barge concentrations had already been forgotten by war's end.", "Battle of Britain The British officially recognise the battle's duration as being from 10 July until 31 October 1940, which overlaps the period of large-scale night attacks known as the Blitz, that lasted from 7 September 1940 to 11 May 1941.[18] German historians do not accept this subdivision and regard the battle as a single campaign lasting from July 1940 to June 1941, including the Blitz.[19]", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain The dispersed Canadian airmen included one who flew with No. 303 (Polish) Squadron. A total of 12 Canadian pilots in the Royal Air Force including Willie McKnight flew with No. 242 Squadron RAF at various times through the Battle. On 30 August, under the command of Squadron Leader Douglas Bader, nine 242 Squadron aircraft met 100 enemy aircraft over Essex. Attacking from above, the squadron claimed 12 victories for no loss.", "Avro Lancaster Of the 17 surviving and largely intact Lancasters known to exist, two are airworthy; one, PA474, based in Coningsby, the UK, is operated by The Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, and the other, called Vera (coded VR-A, FM213), is in Canada, operated by the Canadian Warplane Heritage Museum in Mount Hope, a suburb of Hamilton, Ontario. Another Lancaster, Just Jane, based in East Kirkby Lincolnshire Aviation Heritage Centre is able to taxi but is not currently airworthy, though there are plans to return her to flight in the future. The fourth Lancaster with working engines and able to taxi is Bazalgette FM159 based at the Bomber Command Museum of Canada in Nanton, Alberta. It has been carefully restored from a vandalised state and is now a main tourist attraction.", "Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain Many Canadians served in the fighter squadrons which repulsed the Luftwaffe in the summer of 1940. In fact, although the RAF only recognises 83 Canadian pilots as flying on fighter operations during the Battle of Britain, the RCAF claims the actual figure was over 100, and that of those 23 who died and 30 more were killed later in the war.[12][13] Much of this confusion can be attributed to the fact that apart from RCAF members flying in RCAF units, there were those RCAF members who were in RAF units as well as Canadians who were members of the RAF, not the RCAF. Another 200 Canadian pilots fought with RAF Bomber Command and RAF Coastal Command during the period and approx 2,000 Canadians served as ground crew.", "Battle of Britain (film) Luftwaffe commanders are stunned when the F端hrer informs them that the British are not their \"natural enemy\" and delays their attack while attempting a diplomatic settlement. In neutral Switzerland, the German ambassador, Baron von Richter (Curd J端rgens) officially proposes new peace terms to his British counterpart, Sir David Kelly (Ralph Richardson), stating that continuing to fight the \"masters\" of Europe is hopeless. Kelly's brave retort, \"Don't threaten or dictate to us until you're marching up Whitehall ... and even then we won't listen\", is followed by a private comment to his wife that von Richter is probably correct. In England, commanders celebrate their good fortune, using the delay to build up their strength and continually train their pilots and ground controllers.", "Battle of Britain (film) The next day the RAF anxiously await a raid that never comes. Likewise the Luftwaffe is disheartened by heavy losses and also await orders that never come to resume raiding. Two German anti-aircraft gunners, who had earlier observed a French port teeming with Kriegsmarine vessels and landing barges, now observe a deserted harbour basin. GÃ¶ring leaves the front, accusing his commanders of betrayal. Dowding looks out over the gardens and up to the sky where the words of Winston Churchill appear onscreen: \"Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.\"[3]", "Battle of Britain Although it had been successful in previous Luftwaffe engagements, the Stuka suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Britain, particularly on 18 August, due to its slow speed and vulnerability to fighter interception after dive bombing a target. As the losses went up along with their limited payload and range, Stuka units were largely removed from operations over England and diverted to concentrate on shipping instead until they were eventually re-deployed to the Eastern Front in 1941. However, for some raids, they were called back, such as on 13 September to attack Tangmere airfield.[104][105][106]", "Battle of Britain By summer 1940, there were about 9,000 pilots in the RAF to man about 5,000 aircraft, most of which were bombers.[citation needed] Fighter Command was never short of pilots, but the problem of finding sufficient numbers of fully trained fighter pilots became acute by mid-August 1940.[114] With aircraft production running at 300 planes each week, only 200 pilots were trained in the same period. In addition, more pilots were allocated to squadrons than there were aircraft, as this allowed squadrons to maintain operational strength despite casualties and still provide for pilot leave.[115] Another factor was that only about 30% of the 9,000 pilots were assigned to operational squadrons; 20% of the pilots were involved in conducting pilot training, and a further 20% were undergoing further instruction, like those offered in Canada and in Southern Rhodesia to the Commonwealth trainees, although already qualified. The rest were assigned to staff positions, since RAF policy dictated that only pilots could make many staff and operational command decisions, even in engineering matters. At the height of fighting, and despite Churchill's insistence, only 30 pilots were released to the front line from administrative duties.[116][nb 12]", "Battle of Britain Richard Overy agrees with Dye and Bungay. Overy asserts only one airfield was temporarily put out of action and \"only\" 103 pilots were lost. British fighter production produced 496 new aircraft in July and 467 in August, and another 467 in September (not counting repaired aircraft), covering the losses of August and September. Overy indicates the number of serviceable and total strength returns reveal an increase in fighters from 3 August to 7 September, 1,061 on strength and 708 serviceable to 1,161 on strength and 746 serviceable.[228] Moreover, Overy points out that the number of RAF fighter pilots grew by one-third between June and August 1940. Personnel records show a constant supply of around 1,400 pilots in the crucial weeks of the battle. In the second half of September it reached 1,500. The shortfall of pilots was never above 10%. The Germans never had more than between 1,100 and 1,200 pilots, a deficiency of up to one-third. \"If Fighter Command were 'the few', the German fighter pilots were fewer\".[229]" ]	[ "Battle of Britain Memorial Flight The flight is administratively part of No. 1 Group RAF, flying out of RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire." ]
test290	who does the voice overs for the arbys commercials	[ "doc10929" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc10929", "doc572329", "doc270938", "doc492724", "doc367463", "doc322753", "doc613228", "doc270949", "doc322754", "doc504141", "doc1109592", "doc1106725", "doc1307921", "doc492735", "doc2101499", "doc641794", "doc2101509", "doc410186", "doc1852771", "doc270947", "doc804982", "doc938628", "doc986011", "doc768823", "doc2076173", "doc1383280", "doc333634", "doc702684", "doc2261040", "doc531800", "doc2043449", "doc1852779", "doc1288766", "doc1119768", "doc2044273", "doc777462", "doc434773", "doc367456", "doc220209", "doc2009216", "doc322768", "doc1951751", "doc818007", "doc1052544", "doc1720628", "doc1091909", "doc2610744", "doc378564", "doc87032", "doc492728", "doc504151", "doc322764", "doc1491188", "doc2078210", "doc304271", "doc1275085", "doc1878395", "doc2383902", "doc2095425", "doc1335544", "doc2091165", "doc492726", "doc1884521", "doc2091171", "doc572295", "doc1997564", "doc2412803", "doc2232860", "doc2190837", "doc322765", "doc1491917", "doc2386888", "doc322770", "doc2024853", "doc938642", "doc751948", "doc1319535", "doc940056", "doc500990", "doc304276", "doc629227", "doc2287173", "doc1497502", "doc513685", "doc492736", "doc444270", "doc486134", "doc333633", "doc1921897", "doc508308", "doc2490925", "doc434785", "doc818009", "doc2088079", "doc2256489", "doc1218205", "doc1109594", "doc150739", "doc322766", "doc209079" ]	[ "Ving Rhames Rhames's deep voice is the center of many recent (2015-present) Arby's commercials, with the catchline 'Arby's, we have the meats!'", "Arby's Ving Rhames is the narrator of Arby's commercials.[99] In the commercials, food items (old and new) are being showcased by a chef, who is only seen from the neck down. Radio ads, that rarely pop up, use the same audio from the commercials (except for the man at the end saying \"At participating locations for a limited time\").", "H. Jon Benjamin Harry Jon Benjamin[1] (born May 23, 1966) is an American actor, voice actor and comedian[2] best known for voicing characters, such as Sterling Archer in the animated sitcom Archer; Bob Belcher in the animated sitcom Bob's Burgers; Ben, the son of Dr. Katz, in Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist; Coach McGuirk and Jason on Home Movies; and a can of mixed vegetables in the film Wet Hot American Summer.", "Patrick Warburton Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American actor and voice artist. In television, he is known for playing David Puddy on Seinfeld,[1] the title role on The Tick, Jeb Denton on Less Than Perfect, Jeff Bingham on Rules of Engagement, and Lemony Snicket on A Series of Unfortunate Events.[2] His voice roles include Kronk in The Emperor's New Groove and its sequels, paraplegic police officer Joe Swanson on Family Guy, Brock Samson on The Venture Bros, Lok in the Tak and the Power of Juju video game series and in the television series, Sheriff Bronson Stone in Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, and Flynn in the Skylanders video games.[3] In advertising he has played a \"control enthusiast\" in a series of commercials for National Car Rental.[4]", "Will Arnett Arnett's distinctive gravelly voice has earned him voice-over work for CBS television promos, film trailers and numerous advertisements, including Lamisil medication. Perhaps most recognizable is Arnett's voice saying, \"It's not more than you need, just more than you're used to\" in ads for GMC trucks.[34] He has also lent his voice to a number of television shows, such as Ghostwriter in the 2005 Nickelodeon's hit series Danny Phantom, Duncan Schiesst for the Comedy Central animated program Freak Show, which was created by and also stars the voice of his Arrested Development co-star, David Cross. Arnett was the announcer for the faux trailer \"Don't\" in the 2007 film Grindhouse. He has also voiced characters in animated films, including Vlad in Horton Hears a Who!,[35] The Missing Link in Monsters vs. Aliens, Horst the German sous-chef in Ratatouille and Mr. Perkins in Despicable Me. He planned to be the voice of the K.I.T.T. in Universal's Knight Rider, a sequel to the popular 1980s television series. The production featured a Ford Mustang as K.I.T.T. Since Arnett had a previous long standing relationship with competitor automaker General Motors as the voice for GMC Trucks commercials, GM asked Arnett to pull out of the project. Arnett opted to withdraw from the project and he was replaced by Val Kilmer.[36] Arnett made a commercial cameo for the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2.[37]", "Don LaFontaine Donald Leroy LaFontaine (August 26, 1940 â€“ September 1, 2008) was an American voice actor who recorded more than 5,000 film trailers and hundreds of thousands of television advertisements, network promotions, and video game trailers.", "T.J. Miller As a commercial actor, he voices a talking ball of mucus in commercials for Mucinex[18] and stars as Greg the Genie in a promotional campaign for Slim Jim meat snacks.[26]", "H. Jon Benjamin Beginning in 2013, Benjamin's voice can be heard as the narrator of a series of TV commercials for Coke Zero, including some with tie-ins to ESPN's College Game Day program.[citation needed]", "Don LaFontaine He became identified with the phrase \"In a world...\", used in so many movie trailers that it became a cliché. Widely known in the film industry, the man whose nicknames included \"Thunder Throat\" and \"The Voice of God\", became known to a wider audience through commercials for GEICO insurance and the Mega Millions lottery game.[1]", "Thurl Ravenscroft Thurl Arthur Ravenscroft (/ˈθɜːrl ˈreɪvənzkrɒft/; February 6, 1914 – May 22, 2005) was an American voice actor and bass singer known as the booming voice behind Tony the Tiger's \"They're grrreat!\" in Kellogg's Frosted Flakes television commercials for more than five decades. He was also the uncredited vocalist for the song \"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\" from the classic Christmas television special, Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas![1]", "Carlos Alazraqui Carlos Jaime Alazraqui (born July 20, 1962) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor, singer, impressionist, producer and screenwriter possibly best known as Deputy James Garcia on Reno 911!. His extensive voice-over work includes the role of Bobbi Fabulous on Phineas and Ferb, the Taco Bell Chihuaua in the Taco Bell commercials, Denzel Crocker and Juandissimo Magnifico on The Fairly OddParents, Rocko and Spunky on Rocko's Modern Life, Lazlo and Clam in Camp Lazlo, Grandpapi Rivera in El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera, and as Mr. Weed in Family Guy. He is a weekly contributor on The Stephanie Miller Show.", "Gilbert Gottfried Gilbert Gottfried[1] (born February 28, 1955) is an American stand-up comedian, actor and voice actor. Gottfried's persona as a comedian features an exaggerated shrill voice and emphasis on crude humor. His numerous roles in film and television include voicing the parrot Iago in Disney's Aladdin, Digit in the children's cartoon/educational math-based show Cyberchase, and Kraang Subprime in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. Gottfried was also the voice of the Aflac Duck until 2011.", "Lori Alan In 2005, she joined Warren Beatty, Rob Reiner, Kurtwood Smith and Jason George to help voice commercials against proposals made by California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.[10]", "Patrick Warburton In the commercial and advertising world, Warburton is the voice in the Carrier Corporation commercials for their air-conditioning and HVAC units, and was the voice of Superman in The Adventures of Seinfeld and Superman for American Express. He is the voice of \"Lewis\" in the \"Clark & Lewis Expedition\" radio commercials for Horizon Air. In August 2009, Warburton played a high-end PC in a \"Get a Mac\" ad for Apple Inc.[15] Warburton also became the spokesman for Japanese automaker Honda's \"Good Reasons\" advertising campaign in September 2011.[16] He is also the voice in NAPA's \"Can of Know How\" commercial. In 2015, Warburton became the star of National Car Rental commercials \"Be the Boss of You\". He also became the voice in the current \"Discover Fresh\" radio ad campaign by Souplantation, a California-based buffet-style restaurant chain (the restaurant is known as \"Sweet Tomatoes\" in other markets).[17]", "Keith David His Emmy Award-winning voice-over career includes work as the narrator of numerous Ken Burns films such as The War. Characters that he has voiced include the Arbiter Thel 'Vadam in Halo 2, Halo 3 and Halo 5, Goliath on the Disney series Gargoyles, Spawn/Al Simmons on Todd McFarlane's Spawn which aired on HBO, David Anderson in the Mass Effect series, the Decepticon Barricade in Transformers: The Game, Julius Little in Saints Row, Saints Row 2, and Saints Row IV (as well as making a major guest appearance in the last game voicing himself), Sgt. Foley in Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, Dr. Facilier in The Princess and the Frog, the Flame King in Adventure Time, the President of the United States in Rick and Morty and Chaos in the English versions of Dissidia Final Fantasy, Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy and Solovar in The Flash.", "Jack Box Dick Sittig was the voice of Jack until 2015. He left TBWA/Chiat/Day in 1997, taking the ad campaign with him to his own agency in Santa Monica, first called \"Kowloon Wholesale Seafood Co.\" and later as Secret Weapon Marketing.[3][4][5] Jack in the Box ended its relationship with Sittig and Secret Weapon in 2015.[6]", "Keith David He provides the voice for the UPS \"What Can Brown Do for You\" commercials. His voice can be heard in the Justice League cartoons. He has done voice work for early Adult Swim commercials for Inuyasha.[10]", "Carl's Jr. In 2018, Carl's Jr. started a campaign featuring the voice of Academy-Award Winner Matthew McConaughey in The Call of Carl's Campaign.", "Paul Frees Frees did the narration for the George Pal documentary The Fantasy Film Worlds of George Pal (1985), wriiten, produced, and directed by Arnold Leibovit. Two years later, Frees provided the voice for Arnie the Dinosaur and the Pillsbury Doughboy in The Puppetoon Movie (1987), also produced and directed by Leibovit.", "H. Jon Benjamin Benjamin was featured in a Super Bowl XLIII Bud Light commercial with Conan O'Brien[7] and was responsible for the McCain Girls[8] videos on YouTube.[9] He voices Sterling Archer, a secret agent in the FX series Archer that first aired January 14, 2010.[10] He has also appeared in several segments of the television show Human Giant and had a cameo in the American Dad! episode \"License to Till\" as a talking head of cabbage.", "Bill Fagerbakke William Mark Fagerbakke (/ˈfeɪɡərbɑːki/; born October 4, 1957)[1] is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for his long-running roles as Patrick Star in the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants and Michael \"Dauber\" Dybinski on the sitcom Coach. He also appeared in 12 episodes of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Marshall Eriksen's father Marvin.", "Tom Kenny Thomas James Kenny (born July 13, 1962) is an American actor and comedian known for his long-running role as the title character in the SpongeBob SquarePants TV series, video games, and films.", "John DiMaggio John DiMaggio (/dɪˈmæʒioʊ/;[1] born September 4, 1968)[2] is an American voice actor and comedian, known for his gruff voice and for his work as Bender from the television series Futurama, Jake the Dog on Adventure Time, and Marcus Fenix in the Xbox video game Gears of War. Other voice-over roles of his include Dr. Drakken and Motor Ed on Kim Possible, Brother Blood on Teen Titans, Aquaman in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Rico in The Penguins of Madagascar, Fu Dog and Ogre In American Dragon: Jake Long, Niblet on Pound Puppies, the Scotsman on Samurai Jack, and Shnitzel on Chowder.", "John Kassir John Kassir (born October 24, 1957) is an American actor and voice actor. He is known as the voice of the Crypt Keeper in HBO's Tales from the Crypt franchise.[1] Kassir is also known for his role as Ralph in the Off-Broadway show Reefer Madness, as well as its film adaptation, as well as his voice over work as Buster Bunny (taking over for Charlie Adler late in the final season of Tiny Toon Adventures), Ray \"Raymundo\" Rocket on Rocket Power, the mischievous raccoon Meeko in Pocahontas and its direct-to-video sequel, Jibolba in the Tak and the Power of Juju video game series, Pete Puma in The Looney Tunes Show, and Deadpool in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse and the Marvel: Ultimate Alliance series. He has also done the voice of Rizzo for the Spyro game, Skylanders: Spyro's Adventure, and voiced Ghost Roaster in Skylanders: Giants, as well as Short Cut in Skylanders: Trap Team and Pit Boss in Skylanders: Imaginators. He is also known for his various roles in season 1 of The Amanda Show. He voiced the Ice King in the original Adventure Time pilot but was replaced by Tom Kenny for the series. He also provided additional voice over work for Sonic the Hedgehog, Eek! The Cat, The Brothers Flub, Dead Rising, Casper's Scare School, Spider-Man 3, Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!, Diablo III, Monsters University, The Prophet, Halo 5: Guardians and The Secret Life of Pets.", "Billy West William Richard \"Billy\" West (born April 16, 1952)[1] is an American voice actor, singer, comedian, musician, songwriter and former radio personality who is known for his voice-over work in a number of television series, films, video games, and commercials. He has done hundreds of voice-overs in his career such as Ren Höek (season 3 to season 5) and Stimpson (Stimpy) J. Cat on The Ren & Stimpy Show; Doug Funnie and Roger Klotz on Doug; and Philip J. Fry, Professor Farnsworth, Dr. Zoidberg, Zapp Brannigan, and a number of others on Futurama. He does voices for commercials and is the current voice of the red M&M and was also the voice of Buzz, the Honey Nut Cheerios Bee until 2004. In addition to his original voices, he has voiced Bugs Bunny, Elmer Fudd, Shaggy Rogers, Popeye, and Woody Woodpecker during later renditions of the respective characters. He was a cast member on The Howard Stern Show, noted for his impersonation of The Three Stooges' Larry Fine.", "Harry Enfield Enfield appeared in some television commercials before becoming famous, including one made in 1987 for Tetley. Enfield's commercials include a series made in 1996 for Dime Bar. One commercial in this series had Enfield as a yokel refusing a Dime bar—smooth on the outside, crunchy on the inside—because he preferred armadillos—smooth on the inside, crunchy on the outside. Later Enfield, with Paul Whitehouse, starred in a series of commercials for Hula Hoops as The Self-Righteous Brothers, characters from Enfield's television show. In 2004 Enfield starred in a series of commercials for Burger King in the Paraguay as Dr. Angus, a character intended to promote the company's newest hamburger. Two more characters from Enfield's TV series, Mr Cholmondley-Warner and Grayson, also appeared in commercials, for Mercury Communications.[10] Also in 2004 Enfield provided the voice of \"The Roaming Gnome\" character used in Travelocity's U.S. advertising campaign. Enfield was also in commercials for Worthington Bitter.", "KFC advertising Beginning in May 2015, Darrell Hammond began playing a live-action Colonel Sanders in KFC commercials.[15][16] Three months later, KFC launched a new campaign with comedian Norm Macdonald portraying Sanders; the first ad of the campaign makes direct reference to the Hammond campaign, with a brief piece of footage of Hammond followed by Macdonald's Colonel declaring his predecessor an impostor.[17] Jim Gaffigan then began playing Sanders in February 2016, with his first ads stating that Macdonald's Colonel was another impostor.[18] George Hamilton began appearing as \"The Extra Crispy Colonel\" in July 2016, with no transition referencing Gaffigan's Colonel.[19] Later, in September 2016, Rob Riggle began appearing as a new Colonel Sanders, the coach of the fictitious \"Kentucky Buckets\" football team, again with no transition.[20] In October 2016, Vincent Kartheiser appeared in another campaign as the Nashville Colonel, a younger 'Heartthrob' take on the character.[21] In January 2017, Billy Zane began appearing as a Gold Colonel Sanders to promote a new Georgia Gold flavor chicken.[22] In April 2017, KFC released a campaign featuring Rob Lowe as astronaut Colonel Sanders giving a JFK speech spoof/homage about launching the Zinger chicken sandwich into space.[23] This commercial also featured Wink Martindale. Lowe released a statement saying that when he was a child, his grandfather took him to meet Harland Sanders.[24]", "Chris Parnell Thomas Christopher \"Chris\" Parnell (born February 5, 1967) is an American actor, voice artist, comedian, and singer. He is best known as a cast member on NBC's Saturday Night Live from 1998 to 2006 and for his role as Dr. Leo Spaceman on NBC's comedy series 30 Rock. In animation, he voices Cyril Figgis on the FX comedy series Archer and Jerry Smith on the Adult Swim sci-fi comedy series Rick and Morty. He is also notable for his voice work on the animated PBS series, Wordgirl, particularly as the narrator. He also voices \"The Progressive Box\" in a multitude of spots featuring the character, particularly the Progressive Corporation insurance advertisements. He is also known for his voice work as Bob Belchers rich friend, Warren Fitsgerald, from Bob's Burgers.", "Trailer (promotion) Voice-over narration is sometimes used to briefly set up the premise of the film and provide explanation when necessary, although this practice has declined in the years after the passing of voice-over artist Don LaFontaine. Since the trailer is a highly condensed format, voice-over is a useful tool to enhance the audience's understanding of the plot. Some of the best-known, modern-day trailer voice-over artists have been the aforementioned LaFontaine, Hal Douglas, Mark Elliott, John Leader, Corey Burton, George DelHoyo, Peter Cullen, Morgan Freeman, Ashton Smith, Jim Cummings, John Garry, Tom Kane, Nick Schatzki, Ben Patrick Johnson, Tony Rodgers, Beau Weaver, and Brian Cummings. Classic voice-over artists in film trailers of the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s included Howard Strickling (for MGM), Lou Marcelle (for Warner Bros.), Art Gilmore, Knox Manning, Reed Hadley, Les Tremayne (for MGM), Fred Foy (for MGM), Karl Weber (for MGM) and Bob Marcato. Hollywood trailers of the classic film era were renowned for clichés such as \"Colossal!\", \"Stupendous!\", etc. Some trailers have used voice over clichés for satirical effect. This can be seen in trailers for films such as Jerry Seinfeld's Comedian and Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny.", "Tom Bodett Thomas Edward Bodett (/boʊˈdɛt/ boh-DET; born February 23, 1955) is an American author, voice actor, and radio host. Since 1986 he has been the spokesman for the hotel chain Motel 6, ending commercials with the phrase, \"I'm Tom Bodett for Motel 6, and we'll leave the light on for you.\"", "Zaxby's In late 2007, the chain began running a series of commercials featuring celebrities eating Zaxby's menu items. The celebrities of 2007/2008 included Laverne and Shirley stars Penny Marshall and Cindy Williams, Bobby Allison, Diana DeGarmo, Herschel Walker, Evander Holyfield, Elijah Kelley, Lorenzo Lamas, Cody Linley, Jerry Rice, John Schneider, Alyson Stoner, Kerri Strug, Richard Thomas, Richard Karn, Reginald VelJohnson, David Garrard, and Spud Webb. In 2009, celebrities included Orange County Choppers Paul Teutul, Sr. and Michael Teutul, Béla Károlyi, Fred Willard, Paul Sorvino, and Mike Ditka. 2010 and 2011 celebrities included Doris Roberts, E! News host Giuliana Rancic Jaime Pressly, Ryan Stiles, and musician Little Richard. In 2012, the chain featured celebrities Rachel Dratch, Chris Kattan, Jill Hennessy, Lee Ann Womack, and National Football League linebacker Clay Matthews in its commercials. Zaxby's 2013 commercials featured David Alan Grier and Waylon Payne, with comedian Wayne Brady and actress Leigh-Allyn Baker.[6]", "Paul Frees In television commercials, he was the voice of the Pillsbury Doughboy, the 7-Up bird Fresh-Up Freddie, Froot Loops spokesbird Toucan Sam (previously voiced by Mel Blanc, later voiced by Maurice LaMarche), Boo-Berry in the series of monster cereal commercials, and The Farmer who helps The Little Green Sprout, (Voiced by Ike Eisenmann) who called out to the Jolly Green Giant, \"So what's new besides ho-ho-ho, Green Giant?\"", "Colonel Sanders A fictionalized Colonel Sanders has repeatedly appeared as a mascot in KFC's advertising and branding. Sanders has been voiced by impressionists in radio ads, and from 1998 to 2001 an animated version of him voiced by Randy Quaid appeared in television commercials.[43] In May 2015, KFC reprised the Colonel Sanders character in new television advertisements, played by comedian Darrell Hammond.[32][44] Some commentators felt the new portrayal was distasteful and disrespectful of the actual man's legacy.[32][45][46][47] In August 2015, KFC launched a new campaign, this time with comedian Norm Macdonald portraying Sanders; the first ad of the campaign makes direct reference to the Hammond campaign, with a brief piece of footage of Hammond followed by Macdonald's Colonel declaring his predecessor an impostor.[48] In February 2016, yet another portrayal was introduced with Jim Gaffigan as the Colonel, shown bolting awake in bed and telling his wife about his recurring nightmare of Macdonald's Colonel \"pretending to be me\".[49] By July 2016, George Hamilton was playing Colonel Sanders, parlaying his famous tan into an advertisement for KFC's \"extra crispy\" chicken.[50] During the airing of the 2016 SummerSlam, a commercial aired of WWE wrestler Dolph Ziggler dressed up as Colonel Sanders beating up a man in a chicken suit (played by fellow wrestler The Miz) in a wrestling ring.[51] In September 2016 comedian Rob Riggle played Sanders in an ad introducing a football team named \"The Kentucky Buckets\".[52] In January 2017, to advertise their \"Georgia Gold Honey Mustard BBQ\" Chicken offerings, actor Billy Zane took over the role as the \"Solid Gold Colonel\".[53] In April 2017, actor Rob Lowe was announced as the newest actor in the role of Colonel Sanders.[54] Lowe said that as a child, he actually got to meet Harland Sanders.[55] WWE would return to using Colonel Sanders during 2017, showing ads of Shawn Michaels and Kurt Angle playing him, as well as announcing that Colonel Sanders would be available as a playable character in WWE 2K18 (accessible through the \"create-a-wrestler\" feature) as part of a product placement deal with KFC.[56] Ray Liotta then portrayed Sanders, and singer Reba McEntire was named as the newest Sanders in January 2018.[57]", "Andy Daly Since 2016, Daly has been the spokesman in commercials for CarMax.[2]", "James Arnold Taylor He has been an active member of the voice acting community since, appearing in numerous roles, including Ratchet in the Ratchet & Clank video game series and Tidus from Final Fantasy X. He also voiced Fred Flintstone in commercials from 2005 up to 2011, following the death of Henry Corden.", "Peter Pan (peanut butter) Past spokesmen for Peter Pan have included actor Sterling Holloway,[3] actor Mark Linn-Baker,[4] comedian Alan Sues,[5] and game-show host Art James.[6]", "Darrell Hammond On September 19, 2014, Hammond was announced as the new announcer of SNL, replacing Don Pardo, who had died the month before.[3] In May 2015, he began portraying Colonel Sanders in television commercials for Kentucky Fried Chicken, although he was replaced by Norm Macdonald, also a former SNL cast member, just three months later.[4]", "Will Arnett William Emerson Arnett (/ɑːrˈnɛt/; born May 4, 1970)[1] is a Canadian-American actor, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as George Oscar \"Gob\" Bluth II in the Fox/Netflix series Arrested Development (2003–2006, 2013-present). He has appeared in films such as Blades of Glory (2007), Hot Rod (2007) and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014). He is a prolific voice actor with film roles including Ratatouille (2007), Monsters vs. Aliens (2009), Despicable Me (2010), The Nut Job (2014) and Batman in the Lego Movie franchise. He also plays the titular character in the Netflix series BoJack Horseman (2014–present).", "Jim Cummings James Jonah Cummings (born November 3, 1952) is an American voice actor and singer, who has appeared in almost 400 roles. He is known for voicing the title character from Darkwing Duck, Dr. Robotnik from Sonic the Hedgehog, and Pete, Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, and the Tasmanian Devil. He has performed in numerous Disney and DreamWorks animations including Aladdin, The Lion King, Balto, Antz, The Road to El Dorado, Shrek, and The Princess and the Frog. He has also provided voice-over work for video games, such as Icewind Dale, Fallout, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Baldur's Gate, Mass Effect 2, Star Wars: The Old Republic, World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria, World of Warcraft: Legion, and Splatterhouse.", "Dee Bradley Baker Dee Bradley Baker (born August 31, 1962)[3][4] is an American voice actor. His major roles, many of which feature his vocalizations of animals, include animated series such as American Dad!, Codename: Kids Next Door, Gravity Falls, Phineas and Ferb, Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Star Wars Rebels, Ben 10, and The 7D, live-action series such as Legends of the Hidden Temple and Shop 'til You Drop, films such as The Boxtrolls and Space Jam and video games such as Halo, Gears of War, Viewtiful Joe, and Spore.", "Don LaFontaine \"The Apprentice Scout\", an episode of Chowder, is dedicated to LaFontaine. The episode dedicated his memory and said \"To Don LaFontaine 1940-2008\". The show Phineas and Ferb from Disney also dedicated the episode \"The Chronicles of Meap\" which he provided the narration for. Fellow voice-over artist and friend John Leader retired from the voice-over business on September 1, 2008 upon learning of LaFontaine's death.", "Paul Winchell Winchell provided the voices of Sam-I-Am and the unnamed character Sam pesters in Green Eggs and Ham from the animated television special Dr. Seuss on the Loose in 1973. He played Fleabag on The Oddball Couple, Fearless Freddy the Shark Hunter on the Pink Panther spin-off Misterjaw in 1976, as well as a number of one-shot characters in The Blue Racer series. In commercials, he voiced the character of Burger Chef for the fast food chain of the same name, the Scrubbing Bubbles for Dow Chemicals and Mr. Owl for Tootsie Roll Pops.", "Stephen Root Stephen Root (born November 17, 1951) is an American actor, voice actor and comedian. He has starred as Jimmy James on the TV sitcom NewsRadio, as Milton Waddams in the film Office Space (1999), and as the voices of Bill Dauterive and Buck Strickland in the animated series King of the Hill.[1] His other roles have included Captain K'Vada in the Star Trek: The Next Generation two-part episode \"Unification\" (1991), Mr. Lund in O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000), Gordon Pibb in DodgeBall (2004), Howard Abendsen in Amazon Studios' series The Man in the High Castle in 8 episodes in both season 2 and season 3 (2016 and 2018), Jim Hudson in Get Out (2017), and supporting roles in a variety of HBO series, including Boardwalk Empire and Barry.", "Brad Garrett Brad Garrett (born Brad H. Gerstenfeld;[1] April 14, 1960) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and professional poker player. He has appeared in numerous television and film roles.", "Jared Fogle Jared Scott Fogle[3] (born August 23, 1977),[1] also known as \"the Subway Guy\", is an American former spokesperson for Subway restaurants. After his significant weight loss attributed to eating Subway sandwiches, Fogle was made a spokesperson for the company's advertising campaigns from 2000 to 2015.", "Archer (TV series) In addition to the main cast, episodes often feature guest voices from a range of professions. Major supporting roles in Archer are played by George Coe (until his death in 2015),[79] Jeffrey Tambor, Christian Slater, Jon Hamm, Allison Tolman, Dave Willis, Ona Grauer, Keegan-Michael Key, Bryan Cranston, and J.K. Simmons, among others.[80][81][82] Some stars appear as themselves, or portray fictionalized caricatures of themselves, such as Slater, Burt Reynolds, Kenny Loggins, and Anthony Bourdain.[80]", "Dave Fennoy In February 1990, the radio station fired Fennoy, so he contacted Gilbert and moved to Los Angeles.[citation needed] Once there, he quickly found himself voicing commercials, television promos and cartoons. One of his first jobs was as the voice of RoboCop in a telephonic RoboCop game.[5] In 1990, he voiced his first character in an animated series, Dick Scott in New Kids on the Block. The following year, he voiced Bo Jackson in ProStars and later did many additional characters on Sonic the Hedgehog. In 2008, Fennoy began doing the five second voice-overs in the beginning of Hulu video clips. (\"The following program is brought to you with limited commercial interruption by...\")[6]", "Holding Out for a Hero The song is heard in another 2017 TV commercial for Arby's, but with Ving Rhames dubbing the word \"gyro\" over the word \"hero\" in the lyrics.", "Sandy Wexler Darius Rucker, Jason Priestley, Gary Dell'Abate, Arsenio Hall, Quincy Jones, Judd Apatow, Janeane Garofalo, Pauly Shore, Kevin Nealon, Lorne Michaels, Dana Carvey, Chris Rock, David Spade, George Wendt, Penn Jillette, Henry Winkler, Tony Orlando, Al B. Sure!, Brian McKnight, Vanilla Ice, Jimmy Kimmel, Conan O'Brien, Jay Leno, Louie Anderson, \"Weird Al\" Yankovic, Kenneth \"Babyface\" Edmonds, Mason \"Ma$e\" Betha, Lisa Loeb, Jon Lovitz, Budd Friedman and his wife Alix Friedman all cameo as themselves. Mike Judge makes a vocal cameo as Beavis and Butt-Head during the end credits. Professional wrestlers Rikishi and David Otunga have brief roles in the film.", "Patrick Warburton He played Nick Sharp in 8 Simple Rules and joined the cast of Less Than Perfect in 2003, as anchorman Jeb Denton. He also played Jeff Bingham in Rules of Engagement, and Rip Riley in the FX series Archer.", "Thurl Ravenscroft For more than 50 years, he was the uncredited voice of Tony the Tiger for Kellogg's Frosted Flakes. His booming bass gave the cereal's tiger mascot a voice with the catchphrase \"They're g-r-r-r-eat!!!!\".[8]", "Don LaFontaine LaFontaine also did other voice work, including as the announcer for the newscasts on WCBS-TV New York, from 2000 to 2001. LaFontaine was a recurring guest narrator for clues on the game show Jeopardy![10] and appeared on NPR's Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! on May 14, 2005, where he played \"Not My Job\" (a game in which famous people have to accurately answer questions totally unrelated to their chosen professions). The prize (for a listener, not the contestant) is \"Carl Kasell's voice on your home answering machine\". LaFontaine did not win the game, and offered to record the listener's answering machine message himself. LaFontaine once claimed that he enjoyed recording messages like these because it allowed him to be creative in writing unique messages, and said that he would do so for anyone who contacted him if he had the time. By 2007, he found the requests to be too numerous for him to take on, and stopped providing the service.[8]", "David Herman David Herman (born February 20, 1967) is an American actor, comedian and voice actor best known as an original cast member of MADtv and for his role as Michael Bolton in Office Space. He is also known for his voice roles on television programs such as Futurama, Brickleberry, Bob's Burgers, and King of the Hill.", "Rory Dodd More recently, Dodd has done voiceover work for commercials. He provided the main voice in the Hungry Hungry Hippos commercial.[10]", "T. J. Jagodowski Thomas James \"T. J.\" Jagodowski[1] (born September 2, 1971) is an American comedian, actor, and improvisational performer who lives in Chicago. He has been a member of The Second City as well as a performer and teacher at iO Theater, formerly known as \"Improv Olympic\". He has appeared in movies such as Stranger Than Fiction, The Ice Harvest, No Sleep Till Madison, Get Hard and the television show, Prison Break. He is most recognizable from the long-running series of improvised Sonic Drive-In commercials featuring himself and Peter Grosz.", "Aisha Tyler Aisha N. Tyler (born September 18, 1970)[1] is an American actress and comedian. She is known for portraying Andrea Marino in the first season of Ghost Whisperer, voicing Lana Kane in Archer, portraying Dr. Tara Lewis in Criminal Minds and portraying Mother Nature in the Santa Clause film series, as well as recurring roles in CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Talk Soup and Friends. She is a former co-host of CBS's The Talk,[2] and the host of Whose Line Is It Anyway? Tyler also hosted Ubisoft's E3 press conferences from 2012 to 2016, and has made various video game appearances including Halo: Reach and Ubisoft's Watch Dogs where her voice and likeness are featured.", "Barry Carl Barry Strauss Carl (born April 20, 1950) is an American voice-over actor and musician best known as the bass of the a cappella vocal band Rockapella while the group was house band on the PBS children's geography game show Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991â€“1996). He was a member of Rockapella from 1988 until he left the group in 2002. Carl is known for his signature deep voice, which he used during his years with Rockapella to create an almost instrumental sounding bass. As a voice-over artist he has done hundreds of television and radio commercials for such companies as Taco Bell, Charmin, Mounds/Almond Joy, Doritos, and Volkswagen; promos for Syfy, Comedy Central, Nickelodeon, The Discovery Channel, and PBS; theatrical trailers; industrial narrations; books on tape; public service announcements; internet commercials; and voices for animated characters in anime, video games, and commercials.[1][2]", "Tony the Tiger A recognizable and distinct voice was needed for the Tony the Tiger character. Initially, he was voiced by Dallas McKennon, but shortly after the initial Sugar Frosted Flakes advertisements aired, McKennon was replaced by Thurl Ravenscroft, who spent the next five decades providing the characteristic deep bass voice associated with the character, notably the familiar \"They're grrrrreat!\" catchphrase. John E. Matthews came up with this phrase while working as copywriter for Leo Burnett. Ravenscroft spoke to an interviewer of injecting his personality into Tony: \"I made Tony a person. For me, Tony was real. I made him become a human being and that affected the animation and everything.\"[4]", "Arin Hanson Arin Joseph Hanson (born January 6, 1987),[1] also known by his Internet pseudonym Egoraptor, is an American Internet personality, animator, cartoonist, comedian, voice actor, rapper and songwriter. He is known for his Internet animations, as well as being the co-founder and co-star of the popular YouTube Let's Play webseries Game Grumps and the video game-based parody musical trio Starbomb.[2]", "David Schwimmer voice/uncredited", "Michael Winslow Michael Leslie Winslow (born September 6, 1958) is an American actor, beatboxer, and comedian billed as the \"Man of 10,000 Sound Effects\"[1] for his ability to make realistic sounds using only his voice. He is best known for his roles in all eight Police Academy films as Larvell Jones. He has also appeared in Spaceballs, Cheech and Chong's Next Movie, The Love Boat, and commercials for Cadbury and GEICO.", "Patrick Warburton Warburton's acting roles often rely on his deep, booming voice and large physique. In the 1990s, he was known for his recurring role as David Puddy on Seinfeld, the on-again, off-again boyfriend of Elaine Benes. He had a small role in the 2002 film Men in Black II as J's new partner, T.", "Jon Lovitz In 2006, he became the spokesman in an advertising campaign for the Subway restaurant chain.[7]", "Michael Winslow He was also featured in a commercial for GEICO Insurance during their \"we hired a celebrity\" ad campaign.[10]", "Arby's Roark Capital Group acquired Arby's Restaurant Group in July 2011 and owns 81.5% of the company, with The Wendy's Company owning the other 18.5%. In addition to its classic Roast Beef and Beef 'n Cheddar sandwiches,[9] Arby's products also include deli-style Market Fresh line of sandwiches, Curly Fries and Jamocha Shakes.[9] Its headquarters are in Sandy Springs, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta which uses Atlanta mailing addresses.[1]", "Daniel Stern (actor) Daniel Jacob Stern (born August 28, 1957) is an American film and television actor, director and screenwriter. He is known for his roles as Marv Merchants in Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, and as the voice of Adult Kevin Arnold on the television series The Wonder Years. He also starred in the horror comedy film Otis.", "Dan Castellaneta Daniel Louis Castellaneta (/ˈdæn ˌkæstələˈnɛtə/; born October 29, 1957) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and screenwriter. Noted for his long-running role as Homer Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons, he also voices many other characters for the show, including Abraham \"Grampa\" Simpson, Barney Gumble, Krusty the Clown, Sideshow Mel, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby and Hans Moleman.", "Steve Schirripa Steven Ralph \"Steve\" Schirripa[2] (/ʃɪˈriːpə/, Italian pronunciation: [skirˈripa]; born August 1, 1958)[1][3] is an American actor, producer, author, and voice artist. He is best known for portraying Bobby Baccalieri on The Sopranos. Schirripa is a producer and host of two Investigation Discovery series Karma's A B*tch! and Nothing Personal. He was a regular cast member of The Secret Life of the American Teenager and the voice of Roberto in the Open Season franchise. Schirripa has also done commercials for Lamisil, Dick's Sporting Goods, and McDonald's.", "Susan Bennett Susan Bennett (born July 31, 1949) is an American voice-over artist. She is best known for being the female American voice of Apple's \"Siri\" since the service was introduced on the iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011 until iOS 11.[3]", "Don LaFontaine In 2006, GEICO began an advertising campaign in which actual customers told their own stories of GEICO experiences, accompanied by a celebrity who helped them make the story interesting. LaFontaine was featured as the celebrity in one of these ads which began airing in August 2006. In the commercial, he was introduced by the voice-over as \"that announcer guy from the movies\", with his name printed on-screen to identify him. He began his telling of the customer's story with his trademark \"In a world...\". LaFontaine credited the spot as life-changing for having exposed his name and face to a significant audience, noting, \"There goes any anonymity I might have had...\"[11]", "Steven Zirnkilton Steven 'Steve' M. Zirnkilton (born Stephen Morgan Zirnkilton; August 18, 1958) is an American voice-over actor and former politician from Maine. Zirnkilton is known for providing the opening narration of all US shows in the Law & Order franchise.[1] He received the job after he was originally hired by series creator Dick Wolf for a small part on Law & Order.[2]", "Vince Offer Offer Shlomi (Hebrew: עוֹפﬧ שלוֹמי; born April 25, 1964), better known as Vince Offer, Vince Shlomi, or \"The ShamWow Guy\", is an Israeli American director, writer, comedian, and infomercial pitchman.[1][2][4] Offer's first major work was the 1999 comedy film The Underground Comedy Movie. Offer owns, produces, and appears in television commercials for his products \"ShamWow!\", an absorbent towel; the \"Slap Chop\", a kitchen utensil; a lint roller called the \"Schticky\"; a liquid cleaner called \"InVinceable\"; and another kitchen utensil called \"Crank Chop\". He has also officially advertised other products that he does not own, such as Quicky Grass.", "Don LaFontaine He was also referenced, with opening clips of his work and several subsequent verbal homages, in the film In a World..., written and directed by Lake Bell. In an episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force voiceover actor George Lowe, playing himself, states that he was hired by aliens because they couldn't get LaFontaine to do the job.", "Jaleel White Jaleel Ahmad White (born November 27, 1976)[1] is an American actor. In 1989, he was cast in the role of Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters.[2] The character, which was originally intended to be a one-time guest appearance, was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member. The series aired for a total of nine seasons, from 1989 to 1997 on ABC, and from 1997 to 1998 on CBS. Aside from this character, White is also known as the voice of Sonic the Hedgehog in the animated series Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic (SatAM) and Sonic Underground. He reprised the voice of Sonic in the 2013 fan film, Sonic.", "Tom Kenny He has also provided voices in television advertisements for Best Buy (as an elf for a Christmas spot).[15] and Experian (as a talking modem alongside DC Douglas)[16]", "GEICO Cavemen Jeff Daniel Phillips and Ben Weber played the two earliest cavemen and continuously reprise their roles. Actor John Lehr appears most frequently as the caveman, while Ben Wilson has also portrayed one of the characters. The makeup effects for the caveman include facial prosthetics, dental veneers, lace hairpieces, and body hair, and were designed and created by Tony Gardner and his special effects company Alterian, Inc. In an online interview with Esquire, Joe Lawson said that one aspect of the ads is a critique of modern political correctness.[4] The cavemen have been honored by the Madison Avenue Advertising Walk of Fame.[5]", "David Cross David Cross (born April 4, 1964)[1] is an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, and writer, known primarily for his stand-up performances, the HBO sketch comedy series Mr. Show, and his role as Tobias Fünke in the sitcom Arrested Development. Cross created, wrote, executive produced, and starred in The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret, developed and had a prominent role in Freak Show, appeared on Modern Family, portrayed Ian Hawke in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise, and voiced Crane in the Kung Fu Panda film franchise.", "Arbiter (Halo) The Arbiter in the video games Halo 2 (2004) and Halo 3 (2007) is voiced by Keith David, a New York actor. David noted that he enjoys voicing complicated characters who have a past. To make an impact with voice acting, he says, is difficultâ€”\"it's either good acting or it's bad acting\".[1] David is not a frequent video game player, but stated that he has become more known for his work as the Arbiter than for his film and other voice roles.[2]", "Clara Peller Clara Peller (August 4, 1902 â€“ August 11, 1987), was a manicurist and American character actress who, at the age of 81, starred in the 1984 \"Where's the beef?\" advertising campaign for the Wendy's fast food restaurant chain, created by the Dancer Fitzgerald Sample advertising agency.[1]", "T. J. Jagodowski Since 2004 T.Â J. has starred as one half of the \"Two Guys\" for the Sonic Drive-In commercials alongside fellow improviser Peter Grosz.[6]", "The Most Interesting Man in the World The advertisements first began appearing in the United States in 2006, with The Most Interesting Man in the World portrayed by American actor Jonathan Goldsmith,[2] and Frontline narrator Will Lyman providing voiceovers. They were produced by the marketing firm Euro RSCG (now Havas Worldwide) for Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery.[3]", "Neil Flynn Neil Richard Flynn (born November 13, 1960) is an American actor, voice actor, and comedian, known for his role as Janitor on the NBC/ABC medical comedy-drama Scrubs. Since 2009, Flynn has portrayed Mike Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle.", "Comedy Central Roast Roasters: Jeff Ross, Pamela Anderson, Lisa Lampanelli, Hulk Hogan, Jerry Springer,[23] Whitney Cummings, Greg Giraldo, George Hamilton,[24] and Gilbert Gottfried, Sharon Osbourne and Piers Morgan made pre-taped appearances, and William Daniels reprised his role as the voice of KITT.", "Jonathan Goldsmith Jonathan Goldsmith (born September 26, 1938) is an American actor. He began his career on the New York stage, then started a career in film and television. He appeared in several TV shows from the 1960s to the 1990s. He is best known for appearing in television commercials for Dos Equis beer, from 2006 to 2016, as the character The Most Interesting Man in the World.", "Patrick Warburton Warburton voices the forest ranger in a \"Smokey Bear\" radio ad campaign sponsored by the U.S. Forest Service and the Ad Council.[18]", "Jim Varney James Albert Varney Jr. (June 15, 1949 – February 10, 2000) was an American actor, comedian, and writer. He is best known for his role as Ernest P. Worrell, who was used in numerous television commercial advertising campaigns and films[1][2][3] and a Daytime Emmy Award. He gained further notability for playing Jed Clampett in the film version of The Beverly Hillbillies (1993) and providing the voice of Slinky Dog in Toy Story (1995) and Toy Story 2 (1999).", "Paul Marcarelli Paul Marcarelli (born May 24, 1970) is an American actor, best known as the spokesperson for Verizon. Previously, he was the ubiquitous \"Test Man\" character in commercials (\"Can you hear me now?\") for Verizon Wireless. He appeared in all of his Verizon commercials wearing a gray Verizon jacket and his own horn-rimmed glasses until 2011.[1][2]", "KFC advertising From May 1998, an animated version of the Colonel, \"boisterously\" voiced by Randy Quaid, was used for television advertisements.[12] KFC chief concept officer Jeff Moody said they \"provide a fresh way to communicate our relevance for today's consumers\".[10] The animated Colonel was dropped in 2001 in the US, and in 2002 in the UK.[13] In 2012, a UK advertisement entitled \"4000 cooks\" featured an actor made up to resemble Sanders.[14]", "Honda In 2009, American Honda released the Dream the Impossible documentary series, a collection of 5- to 8-minute web vignettes that focus on the core philosophies of Honda. Current short films include Failure: The Secret to Success, Kick Out the Ladder and Mobility 2088. They have Honda employees as well as Danica Patrick, Christopher Guest, Ben Bova, Chee Pearlman, Joe Johnston and Orson Scott Card. The film series plays at dreams.honda.com. In the UK, national television ads feature voice-overs from American radio host Garrison Keillor, while in the US the voice of Honda commercials is actor and director Fred Savage.", "John Cena On October 13, 2016, Cena made his debut as the voice of Ernie the Elephant in a new commercial campaign launched by Wonderful Pistachios. He was named to Adweek's \"Creative 100\" and received praise for the performance.[379]", "Carl Brutananadilewski Carl makes a cameo appearance in the video game Grand Theft Auto V, as an angry caller on the in-game radio station FlyLo FM.[20] Carl has appeared in promotional videos for KFC and Carl's Jr..[21][22] Carl has appeared in a Slim Jim commercial.[23]", "Darrell Hammond Beginning in May 2015, Hammond began playing the role of fast-food mascot Colonel Sanders in an ad campaign for KFC, until Norm Macdonald replaced him on August 17, 2015.[10]", "Stephen Root Among his most recognized television roles are eccentric billionaire Jimmy James on the sitcom NewsRadio and as the voice of divorced, down-and-out Army barber Bill Dauterive and Hank Hill's hedonistic boss Buck Strickland on the FOX animated television series King of the Hill (Root originally auditioned for the role of conspiracy theorist and pest control worker Dale Gribble). He had a recurring role on the final two seasons of The West Wing as Republican campaign consultant Bob Mayer. His most recognizable film roles to date are as the mumbling, quirky Milton Waddams in Office Space, as the mild-mannered gymrat Gordon Pibb in Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story, as Suds, a drunk sports writer, in Leatherheads, and as the dimwitted principal in the 2008 Judd Apatow produced comedy Drillbit Taylor.", "Toby Huss Toby Huss (born December 9, 1966)[1] is an American actor known for portraying Artie in the Nickelodeon series The Adventures of Pete & Pete (1993–1996). He is also known for his voice-over work on the long-running animated series King of the Hill (1997–2010) and his role as Felix \"Stumpy\" Dreifuss on HBO's Carnivàle (2003–2005).[2] He played John Bosworth on the AMC original period drama Halt and Catch Fire.[3]", "Howard Morris Morris also voiced the characters Professor Icenstein and Luigi La Bounci in the animated series Galaxy High. He vocied Mayor McCheese and later the Hamburglar (Taking over for Larry Storch in 1986) in McDonald's McDonaldland ad campaign, which Morris also directed. He is also remembered by Filmation and Archie Show fans as the voice of Jughead Jones throughout the life of the franchise. Morris provided the voice of Wade Duck in the U.S. Acres segments of Garfield and Friends, and voiced Webbly in Bobby's World and Flem in Cow & Chicken. Morris supplied the voice of the koala in TV commercials for Qantas from 1967 through 1992 (saying the tagline, \"I hate Qantas\"),[11] and voiced the character of Gopher in the Disney featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree and Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day. Also in 1989 he voiced a French gangster cat named Monte De Zar of Paris, France, (Fat Cat's Cousin) in an episode of Disney's: Chip 'N Dale Rescue Rangers episode \"Le Purrfect Crime\".", "Sam Elliott Elliott has performed voice-over narration for various commercials. He has lent his voice to campaigns for Dodge, IBM, Kinney Drugs, Union Pacific, and, most notably, the American Beef Council, succeeding Robert Mitchum in the latter. Since late 2007, Elliott has done voice-overs for Coors beer, bringing his deep, rich voice and \"western\" appeal to the brand brewed in Colorado. In 2010, Ram Trucks hired Elliott to do the voice-over for their Ram Heavy Duty truck commercial; he has been voicing their commercials since. Starting in 2008, he has voiced Smokey Bear, and shares the mascot's birth date (August 9, 1944). For animated films, Elliott lent his voice to Ben the Cow in Barnyard, Buster (a.k.a. Chupadogra) in Marmaduke, and Butch in The Good Dinosaur. He also narrated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Green Bay Packers team introductions to Super Bowl XLV, played at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas at the conclusion of the 2010 NFL season for NFL on Fox.", "Carlos Alazraqui Alazraqui has since performed several voices for Nickelodeon cartoons, including Rocko on Rocko's Modern Life, as well as Denzel Q. Crocker and Juandissimo Magnifico on The Fairly OddParents, Winslow T. Oddfellow and Lube on CatDog, and Scooter on SpongeBob SquarePants. He also voiced several additional voices for the Cartoon Network shows, Cow and Chicken, KIDSCITY: The Village Dome of Kids and I Am Weasel during their runs in the mid-late 1990s. He also was the original voice of Spyro in the first video game in the Spyro the Dragon series. He was later replaced by Tom Kenny, who voiced Spyro in Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage!, Spyro: Year of the Dragon, and Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly. He also voiced the Taco Bell chihuahua in the Taco Bell commercials,[4] Rikochet in the first two seasons of ¡Mucha Lucha! and Mr. Weed (the head of the \"Happy Go Lucky\" toy factory) on Family Guy. It is mentioned in the DVD commentary track that Alazraqui was reluctant to leave Family Guy. In particular, Seth MacFarlane suggests that the death of Alazraqui's character Mr. Weed took the actor by surprise.", "Beef. It's What's for Dinner The new campaign replaced the slogan \"Beef. Real food for real people\" from the San Francisco firm of Ketchum Advertising. Leo Burnett beat out Ketchum, GSD&M Advertising, and DDB Needham.[1] Mitchum replaced such spokespeople as James Garner who was released after quintuple bypass surgery,[5] Cybill Shepherd, and Larry Bird, who had appeared in recent beef campaigns for The Beef Council. The previous campaigns had featured these stars in front of the camera, but the new one only used voice-over narration and highlighted the prepared beef.[2]", "Don LaFontaine On Friday, August 22, 2008, LaFontaine was at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, with a pulmonary embolism and was reported to be in critical condition the following Tuesday. His family made a public appeal for prayers on Mediabistro.[12] Ten days later, LaFontaine died on September 1, 2008, six days after his 68th birthday, following complications from a pneumothorax.[13] He is buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery. His final television voice over role was for the Phineas and Ferb episode \"The Chronicles of Meap\" in which he said in his final line: \"In a world... There, I said it. Happy?\". The episode also ended with a short tribute to him, although the iTunes, UK, and Spanish versions of the episode omitted the dedication.[14] His final movie trailer voice-over was for Call + Response, a documentary about the global slave trade, for which he donated his talent.[15]", "Regan Burns His work is mainly seen in TV commercials, as he has appeared in various ads for Arby's, Capital One, Volkswagen, Holiday Inn, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Boston Pizza, Ooma, and others. Burns has also played \"Beerman\" in commercials for Coors Light. He appeared in the Back to You episode \"A Gentleman Always Leads,\" which aired October 10, 2007." ]	[ "Ving Rhames Rhames's deep voice is the center of many recent (2015-present) Arby's commercials, with the catchline 'Arby's, we have the meats!'" ]
test1895	when do we find out luke and leia are siblings	[ "doc66535" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1108341", "doc93015", "doc170065", "doc305774", "doc66556", "doc66542", "doc380921", "doc242829", "doc152342", "doc32874", "doc305775", "doc305777", "doc305776", "doc170061", "doc961262", "doc961272", "doc341505", "doc170063", "doc170062", "doc1108344", "doc961256", "doc961271", "doc476221", "doc66535", "doc380914", "doc93018", "doc93013", "doc380922", "doc341524", "doc961264", "doc66581", "doc66561", "doc66558", "doc93016", "doc961263", "doc93010", "doc93017", "doc152355", "doc341506", "doc93019", "doc85225", "doc93045", "doc1108345", "doc380925", "doc1427208", "doc152346", "doc66571", "doc341546", "doc66583", "doc93002", "doc170066", "doc341543", "doc66591", "doc305786", "doc93012", "doc469237", "doc66582", "doc152343", "doc961270", "doc2129696", "doc66540", "doc66587", "doc66572", "doc282376", "doc149124", "doc469251", "doc170058", "doc45766", "doc66539", "doc93009", "doc152348", "doc961253", "doc382813", "doc170057", "doc961254", "doc66553", "doc170059", "doc1522636", "doc476262", "doc93021", "doc1811178", "doc66584", "doc305769", "doc66548", "doc66536", "doc476251", "doc93006", "doc1751833", "doc93025", "doc961250", "doc32873", "doc476220", "doc341544", "doc341523", "doc66562", "doc149130", "doc93020", "doc476244", "doc93014", "doc1108343" ]	[ "It's a Trap! Luke and R2-D2 fly to Dagobah so Luke can finish his training with Yoda (Carl) while the others rejoin the rebel fleet. On Dagobah, Yoda explains the final part of training is to face Vader. In his dying words, Yoda reveals that Luke has a sibling. The spirit of Obi-Wan Kenobi (Herbert) appears to Luke and further explains that his sibling is Princess Leia, \"the only damn woman in the galaxy.\"", "Luke Skywalker During his return trip to Dagobah, Luke learns from a dying Yoda that Vader is his father. Luke then learns from Obi-Wan's spirit that he has a twin sister, whom he immediately realizes is Leia. Obi-Wan tells Luke that he must face Vader again in order to save the galaxy.", "Star Wars A year after Vader's shocking revelation, Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt. Afterward, Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training, only to find the 900-year-old Yoda on his deathbed. In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke's father, Anakin Skywalker, and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training. Moments later, the spirit of Obi-Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister, but Obi-Wan also insists that Luke must face Vader again. As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II, Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice.[42]", "Return of the Jedi Luke Skywalker initiates a plan to rescue Han Solo from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt with the help of Princess Leia, Lando Calrissian, Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2. Leia infiltrates Jabba's palace on Tatooine, disguised as a bounty hunter, with Chewbacca as her prisoner. Leia releases Han from his carbonite prison, but she is captured and enslaved. Luke arrives soon afterward, but is also captured after a tense standoff. After Luke survives his battle with Jabba's Rancor, Jabba sentences him and Han to death by feeding them to the Sarlacc. Luke frees himself and battles Jabba's guards. During the chaos, Leia strangles Jabba to death, and Luke destroys Jabba's sail barge as the group escapes. While the others rendezvous with the Rebel Alliance, Luke returns to Dagobah where he finds that Yoda is dying. Before he dies, Yoda confirms that Darth Vader, once known as Anakin Skywalker, is Luke's father, and that there is \"another Skywalker\". The spirit of Obi-Wan Kenobi confirms that this other Skywalker is Leia, who is Luke's twin sister. Obi-Wan tells Luke that he must fight Vader again to defeat the Empire.", "Princess Leia In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia infiltrates Jabba's palace on Tatooine disguised as the Ubese bounty hunter Boushh, and brings a captive Chewbacca with her as part of the ruse. She frees Han from the carbonite, but they are recaptured by Jabba. Leia is now chained to Jabba as his slave, outfitted in a metal bikini. After Luke arrives and kills Jabba's Rancor, Jabba sentences Luke, Han and Chewbacca to be fed to the Sarlacc. Lando (disguised as a guard) helps them overpower their captors, and Leia seizes the moment to strangle Jabba with her chain. Luke and Leia swing to safety, blowing up Jabba's barge behind them. Later, the heroes go to the forest moon of Endor to prepare for a battle with the Empire. There, Luke reveals to Leia that she is his twin sister and that Vader is their father. Leia joins Han in leading the Rebels in battle with Imperial troops as the Rebel Fleet attacks the second Death Star. Leia is slightly injured, but the Rebels, with help from the Ewoks, defeat the forces of the Empire.", "Princess Leia The second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan tells Luke he has a twin sister. She and their mother were \"sent to the protection of friends in a distant system. The mother died shortly thereafter, and Luke's sister was adopted by Ben's friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife.\"[14] Fisher explained in 1983: \"Leia's real father left her mother when she was pregnant, so her mother married this King Organa. I was adopted and grew up set apart from other people because I was a princess.\"[15]", "Skywalker family Luke Skywalker is the son of Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Senator of Naboo, Padmé Amidala. He is taken in by his uncle and aunt, Owen and Beru Lars, after the death of Padmé and Anakin's fall to the dark side. He is force sensitive and skilled with a lightsaber. In Return of the Jedi, a dying Yoda confirms to Luke, that Darth Vader (previously Anakin Skywalker) is actually his father, despite Luke's belief that Vader's claim to fatherhood in The Empire Strikes Back was a ruse to pull Luke to the dark side. He also finds out from Obi-Wan's force ghost that Princess Leia Organa is his sister. In The Force Awakens, as the last known Jedi, Luke is in hiding after failing to prevent his nephew Ben (now Kylo Ren) from turning to the dark side to join Supreme Leader Snoke.", "Obi-Wan Kenobi In Return of the Jedi, Obi-Wan again appears to Luke after Yoda's death on Dagobah. Obi-Wan acknowledges that Darth Vader is indeed Luke's father, revealed by Vader in the previous film and confirmed by Yoda on his deathbed, and also reveals that Leia is Luke's twin sister. After the second Death Star is destroyed and the Empire defeated, Obi-Wan appears at the celebration in the Ewok village, alongside the spirits of Yoda and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker.[3]", "Solo family Leia first appears in Star Wars: A New Hope, played by Carrie Fisher. She is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and also an agent for the Rebel Alliance. She is later revealed to be the daughter of Darth Vader and twin sister of Luke Skywalker. Over the course of the franchise, Leia becomes a leader among the Alliance and later of the New Republic. She falls in love with and marries Han Solo, with whom she has a son named Ben, known as Kylo Ren when he turned to the dark side.", "Yoda Yoda makes a brief appearance in Return of the Jedi, set a year after The Empire Strikes Back. Yoda, now sick and frail, informs Luke that he has completed his training but will not be a Jedi until he confronts Darth Vader; he also confirms that Vader is Luke's father, something Vader had told Luke in the previous film. Yoda then peacefully dies at the age of 900, his body disappearing as he becomes \"one with the Force\". He leaves Luke with the knowledge that \"there is another Skywalker\". Moments later, Obi-Wan's ghost helps Luke come to the realization that the \"other\" of whom Yoda spoke is Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher), who is his twin sister.", "Return of the Jedi The Rebel Alliance learns that the Empire has been constructing a new Death Star under the supervision of the Emperor himself. As the station is protected by an energy shield, Han leads a strike team to destroy the shield generator on the forest moon of Endor; doing so would allow a squadron of starfighters to destroy the Death Star. The strike team, accompanied by Luke and Leia, travels to Endor in a stolen Imperial shuttle. On Endor, Luke and his companions encounter a tribe of Ewoks and, after an initial conflict, gain their trust. Later, Luke tells Leia that she is his sister, Vader is their father, and that he must go and confront him. Surrendering to Imperial troops, Luke is brought to Vader and unsuccessfully tries to convince him to turn from the dark side of the Force.", "Return of the Jedi As the battle between the Imperial and Alliance fleets continues, the strike team defeats the Imperial forces and destroys the shield generator, allowing the rebel fleet to launch their assault on the Death Star. Lando leads a group of rebel ships into the Death Star's core and destroys the main reactor. As Luke escapes on a shuttle with his father's body, the Falcon flies out of the Death Star's superstructure as the station explodes. On Endor, Leia reveals to Han that Luke is her brother, and they kiss. Luke returns to Endor and cremates Anakin's body on a pyre. As the rebels celebrate their victory over the Empire, Luke smiles as he sees the spirits of Obi-Wan, Yoda, and Anakin watching over them.", "Return of the Jedi Vader takes Luke to the Death Star to meet the Emperor, intent on turning him to the dark side. The Emperor reveals that the Death Star is actually fully operational and the rebel fleet will fall into a trap. On Endor, Han's strike team is captured by Imperial forces, but a surprise counterattack by the Ewoks allows the rebels to battle the Imperials. Meanwhile, Lando leads the rebel fleet to the Death Star in the Millennium Falcon, only to find out that the shield is still active, and the Imperial fleet is waiting for them. The Emperor tempts Luke to give in to his anger, and Luke engages Vader in a lightsaber duel. Vader senses that Luke has a sister, and threatens to turn her to the dark side. Enraged, Luke attacks Vader and severs his prosthetic right hand. The Emperor entreats Luke to kill Vader and take his place, but Luke refuses, declaring himself a Jedi as his father had been. Furious, the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning. Unwilling to let his son die, Vader throws the Emperor down a reactor chute to his death, but Vader is mortally electrocuted in the process. At his last request, Luke removes the redeemed Anakin's mask before he dies peacefully in Luke's arms.", "Star Wars Three years after the destruction of the Death Star, the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire. At the request of the late Obi-Wan's spirit, Luke travels to the swamp-infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training. However, Luke's training is interrupted by Vader, who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City, governed by Han's old friend Lando Calrissian. During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord, Luke learns that Vader is his father.[33]", "The Empire Strikes Back Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him.[21] They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back. The treatment is similar to the final film, except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Luke's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke.[23]", "The Empire Strikes Back Like the rest of the crew, Prowse—who spoke all of Vader's lines during filming—was given a false page that contained dialogue with the revelatory line being \"Obi-Wan killed your father.\"[21][37][38] Hamill was informed just moments before cameras rolled on his close-up,[39] and did not tell anyone, including his wife; according to Hamill, Ford did not learn the truth until he watched the film.[40]", "Darth Vader After the success of the original Star Wars (1977), series creator George Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write the sequel with him. They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment. The treatment is similar to the final film, except that Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father. In the first draft that Brackett would write from this, Luke's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke.[14] Lucas was disappointed with the script, but Brackett died of cancer before he could discuss it with her.[15] With no writer available, Lucas had to write the next draft himself. In this draft, he made use of a new plot twist: Vader claiming to be Luke's father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the year-long struggles writing the first film.[16]", "Star Wars Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978; in it, Luke's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke.[34] Lucas has said he was disappointed with it, but before he could discuss it with her, she died of cancer.[35] With no writer available, Lucas had to write his next draft himself. It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the \"Episode\" numbering for the films; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II.[36] As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars, the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story.[37] He made use of a new plot twist: Darth Vader claims to be Luke's father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film, and quickly wrote two more drafts,[38] both in April 1978. This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke's father had drastic effects on the series.[39] After writing these two drafts, Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker, Kenobi, and the Emperor.[40]", "Star Wars After the success of the original film, Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him. They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back. It was similar to the final film, except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father.[citation needed]", "It's a Trap! Luke, Han, Chewie and the droids fall into an Ewok trap while searching for Leia. They are captured and brought to the village where Leia is being housed. The Ewoks believe C-3PO is a god and begin to worship him. Luke tells Princess Leia they are siblings, but Leia claims to have already known that. She then introduces a Conway Twitty cutaway.", "The Empire Strikes Back Vader intends to hold Luke in suspended animation via carbon freezing, and selects Han to be frozen as a test subject. Han survives the process and is given to Fett, who intends to deliver Han to Jabba the Hutt. Lando initiates an escape and frees Leia and the others, but they are too late to stop Fett from departing with Han. They fight their way back to the Falcon and flee Cloud City. Meanwhile, Luke arrives at Cloud City and engages with Vader in a lightsaber duel that leads them over the city's central air shaft. Vader severs Luke's right hand, disarming him; when Luke refuses to join Vader against the Emperor, accusing him of murdering his father, Vader reveals that he, in fact, is his father. Horrified by the truth, Luke intentionally falls into the air shaft and is ejected beneath the floating city, where he grabs onto an antenna. He makes a telepathic plea to Leia, who senses it and persuades Lando to return for him in the Falcon. After Luke is brought on board, they are chased by TIE fighters but R2-D2 reactivates the Falcon's hyperdrive, allowing them to escape.", "The Empire Strikes Back During production, great secrecy surrounded the fact that Darth Vader was Luke's father. The film includes a brief image of Vader with his mask off, facing away from the camera. For the original viewers of the film, this scene made it clear that Vader is not a droid.[36]", "Padmé Amidala Film historian Laurent Bouzereau reports that the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan Kenobi explains to Luke that he has a twin sister. She and their mother were \"sent to the protection of friends in a distant system. The mother died shortly thereafter, and Luke's sister was adopted by Ben's friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife.\"[5] Lucas is quoted in Star Wars: The Annotated Scripts (1997) as saying:", "Princess Leia Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan (also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance. She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of Naboo, who dies after childbirth. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan. In The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017), Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order. She and Han have a son named Ben, who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force.", "Skywalker family In Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins, Luke and Leia. Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine. While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan.", "Luke Skywalker In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005), Luke and his twin sister Leia are born to Senator Padmé Amidala. Following Padmé's death on Polis Massa and his father's turn to the dark side of the Force, Luke is taken by Obi-Wan Kenobi to the desert planet Tatooine, where Luke is adopted by his father's stepbrother, Owen Lars, and Owen's wife, Beru.", "Luke Skywalker During his training, Luke sees a vision of his friends in danger. Against both Obi-Wan and Yoda's advice, he travels to Bespin to save them, only to be lured into a trap, where he engages in a lightsaber duel with Darth Vader. As his mentors warned, Luke proves to be no match for Vader; the Sith Lord overpowers Luke and severs his right hand. Vader then reveals that he is Luke's father and offers him the chance to turn to the dark side of the Force, and rule the galaxy at his side. Horrified, Luke refuses, and throws himself into a deep reactor chasm. He survives, but is pulled into a garbage chute to the underside of Cloud City, and left hanging onto a weather vane. Leia, flying away from Cloud City in the Millennium Falcon, senses Luke's peril, and turns the ship around to save him. Aboard the ship, he hears Vader telepathically, telling him that it is his destiny to join the dark side. Luke's severed hand is replaced with a bio-mechanical one.", "Skywalker family The daughter of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala, Leia Organa was adopted by Bail and Breha Organa of Alderaan. At age 19 she is the Princess of Alderaan, and is captured by Darth Vader while in the Tantive IV blockade runner on a so-called \"diplomatic mission\". Leia is shown to be force sensitive. In The Empire Strikes Back, Leia professes her love for Han Solo when he is put into carbonite stasis, although it is originally Han and Luke who compete for her affections. In Return of the Jedi, planning to feed Luke, Han, and Chewbacca to the flesh eating Sarlacc, Jabba the Hutt is instead strangled to death by Leia by a chain he has on her. She later becomes involved in the Battle of Endor. In the years that follow, she becomes General Organa, the leader of the Resistance, a military organization unofficially backed by the New Republic to counter the First Order. She married Han Solo and had a son named Ben Solo, later Kylo Ren, whose turning to the dark side separated the couple before the events of The Force Awakens. Leia has been on a search to find her missing brother Luke[2] and save her son from the dark side.", "Darth Vader In Return of the Jedi, Vader and the Emperor are supervising the second Death Star's construction. Unknown to Vader, the Emperor intends to replace him with Luke as his apprentice.[60] Thinking that there is still good in his father, Luke surrenders to Vader in hopes that he can be redeemed. Vader brings Luke to the Emperor on board the Death Star. While there, the Emperor tempts Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedi's fear for his friends, which leads to Vader dueling with Luke once again.[60] Realizing that Leia is Luke's twin sister, Vader threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit. Furious, Luke overpowers Vader and severs his father's robotic hand. The Emperor orders Luke to kill Vader and take his place. Luke refuses, however, and the Emperor tortures him with Force lightning. Moved by Luke's pleas for help, Vader throws the Emperor down a air shaft to his death; he is mortally wounded by the Emperor's lightning in the process.[60][61] After asking Luke to remove his mask, the redeemed Anakin Skywalker tells his son that there was good in him after all before he dies.[61] Luke escapes the Death Star with his father's remains, and ceremonially burns them in a pyre. Anakin's spirit reunites with those of Obi-Wan and Yoda to watch over Luke and his friends as the Rebels celebrate the Death Star's destruction and the fall of the Empire.[61]", "The Empire Strikes Back This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke's father had drastic effects on the series. Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived before 1978, and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was separate from Luke's father;[29] there is not a single reference to this plot point before 1978. After writing the second and third drafts of Empire Strikes Back in which the point was introduced, Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created: Anakin Skywalker was Ben Kenobi's brilliant student and had a child named Luke, but was swayed to the dark side by The Emperor (who was really a Sith Lord and not simply just a politician). Anakin battled Ben Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was wounded, but then resurrected as Darth Vader. Meanwhile, Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Republic became the Empire and Vader systematically hunted down the Jedi.[30]", "Princess Leia The bestselling Thrawn trilogy (1991–93) by Timothy Zahn begins five years after the events of Return of the Jedi.[59] In Heir to the Empire (1991), Leia is married to Han and three months pregnant with twins. Noghri commandos repeatedly attempt to kidnap her as part of Grand Admiral Thrawn's plan to restore the Empire and crush the New Republic.[60] In Dark Force Rising (1992), Leia realizes that Darth Vader and the Empire deceived the Noghri to secure their allegiance, and by revealing the truth she turns the alien race to the side of the New Republic.[61] In The Last Command (1993), Leia gives birth to the twins Jaina and Jacen on Coruscant during Thrawn's siege.[62] Leia, now the Chief of State of the New Republic, is a minor character in the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson, set after the Thrawn trilogy. Next in the timeline is the Callista trilogy: Children of the Jedi (1995) by Barbara Hambly, Darksaber (1995) by Anderson and Planet of Twilight (1997) by Hambly. In The Crystal Star (1994) by Vonda McIntyre, young Jacen, Jaina and their three-year-old brother Anakin are kidnapped in a plot to restore the Empire, but are rescued by Leia and Chewbacca. Leia struggles with the responsibilities of her position in The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy (1996) by Michael P. Kube-McDowell. In The New Rebellion (1996) by Kristine Kathryn Rusch, she avoids an assassination attempt and then aids in the defeat of the Dark Jedi Kueller, whom she shoots to death. The Corellian trilogy (1995) by Roger MacBride Allen finds Han and Leia swept up in a civil war while visiting his homeworld of Corellia with their children. In the two Hand of Thrawn novels by Timothy Zahn (1997's Specter of the Past and 1998's Vision of the Future), Leia tries to hold the New Republic together as Moff Disra conspires for its volatile factions to destroy each other. Leia appears periodically in the Young Jedi Knights series (1995–98) by Kevin J. Anderson and Rebecca Moesta. The 14-volume young adult fiction series covers the Jedi training of Jacen and Jaina.[63][64][65][66]", "Princess Leia In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005), Padmé Amidala is pregnant with Anakin Skywalker's twins near the end of the Clone Wars. After Anakin turns to the dark side of the Force and becomes Darth Vader, Padmé gives birth to Luke and Leia on Polis Massa and then dies. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail Organa and his wife Queen Breha of Alderaan.", "Princess Leia And we know those two crazy kids are locked for life in Return of the Jedi when it turns out that Han has accepted a Generalship in the Rebellion, keeping it a secret from Leia. In A New Hope, Leia was grumbling about the quality of Han as a rescuer ... But when she finds out what Han’s done, accepting a rank he once found insulting and a mission she knows to be dangerous, Leia is the first person to volunteer to join his strike team. In Star Wars, that’s what love looks like: trusting your partner’s commitment to the cause and respecting his strategic and technical judgement.[18]", "Luke Skywalker Arriving on Endor as part of a Rebel commando squad, Luke surrenders to Vader in an attempt to bring his father back from the dark side of the Force. Vader brings Luke to the second Death Star orbiting around Endor, where his master, Emperor Palpatine, tries to tempt Luke to the dark side. Luke momentarily lashes out with his lightsaber, but Vader blocks his strike, with father and son going at it again. Luke keeps his emotions under control until Vader senses that Luke has a sister, and threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit. Luke snaps and backs Vader into a corner until severing his mechanical right hand. The Emperor orders Luke to kill Vader and take his place. Luke glances at his own bionic hand and realizes that he is on the verge of suffering his father's fate. He casts his lightsaber aside, declaring his allegiance to be a Jedi.", "The Empire Strikes Back Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978; Lucas has said he was disappointed with it, but before he could discuss it with her, she died of cancer.[24] With no writer available, Lucas had to write his next draft himself. It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the \"Episode\" numbering for the films; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II.[25] As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars, the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story.[26] He made use of a new plot twist: Darth Vader claims to be Luke's father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film, and quickly wrote two more drafts,[27] both in April 1978. He also took the script to a darker extreme by having Han Solo encased in carbonite and left in limbo.[28]", "Luke Skywalker Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find out that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt and uncle. He and Obi-Wan then travel to Mos Eisley, where they meet smugglers Han Solo and Chewbacca at the Cantina. They team up and travel on the Millennium Falcon to Alderaan, only to find out that it has been destroyed by the Death Star. They board the Death Star and rescue Princess Leia. Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam, and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader, so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape.", "Luke Skywalker Furious, the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning. In agony, Luke calls out to his father for help; unwilling to let his son die, Vader grabs his former master, and throws him down a reactor shaft to his death. Vader is mortally wounded by the Emperor's lightning in the process. As Rebel fighters head toward the Death Star's main reactor, Luke removes Vader's mask and looks upon his father's face for the first and only time. The redeemed Anakin Skywalker assures Luke that there was good in him after all, and dies shortly thereafter. On Endor, Luke cremates his father's body on a funeral pyre. During the Rebels' victory celebrations on Endor, Luke sees his father's spirit alongside those of Obi-Wan and Yoda.", "Solo family Anakin appears as an infant and toddler in many Star Wars novels such as the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994). Anakin and his siblings play central roles in other novels such as The Crystal Star (1994), the Corellian trilogy (1995) and The New Rebellion (1996). Anakin's birth is featured in Tom Veitch's Dark Empire II comic book miniseries (May 1995). He is first referred to as Han Solo, Jr. by his father, but Leia corrects him, having named the baby after her biological father, Anakin Skywalker, as a reminder of hope. However, Anakin still fears the name and his grandfather's legacy.[19]", "Darth Vader The new plot element of Luke's parentage had drastic effects on the series. Author Michael Kaminski claims and argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived of before 1978, and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was a separate character from Luke's father.[17] After writing the second and third drafts in which the plot point was introduced, Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created: Anakin had been Obi-Wan Kenobi's brilliant student and had a child named Luke, but was swayed to the dark side by Palpatine. Anakin battled Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was badly wounded, but was then reborn as Vader. Meanwhile, Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Galactic Republic became the tyrannical Galactic Empire and Vader systematically hunted down and killed the Jedi.[18] This change in character would provide a springboard to the \"Tragedy of Darth Vader\" storyline that underlies the prequel trilogy.[19]", "Luke Skywalker In the first installment of the sequel trilogy, The Force Awakens (2015), the opening crawl reveals that Luke Skywalker had mysteriously vanished some time in the 30 years following the events of Return of the Jedi. Luke went into hiding after his nephew and apprentice, Ben Solo, turned to the dark side and was later dubbed Kylo Ren. When Ren killed all of his fellow apprentices and ushered in the despotic reign of the First Order, Luke felt responsible, and disappeared. At the end of the film, the Resistance manage to reconstruct a map, which traces the location of the temple from the Empire's archives to his location, and he is subsequently found on the planet Ahch-To by the young scavenger, Rey, who presents him with the lightsaber previously wielded by both Luke and his father.", "Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker The death of Obi-Wan Kenobi is also different in the book, in that Darth Vader succeeds in defeating him during their lightsaber duel, while in the film Obi-Wan allows Vader to strike him down, in order to provide Luke and the others a diversion to escape the Death Star. The novel also refers to Darth Vader as a Sith Lord. Although he was referenced as such in various merchandising tie-ins at the time of the original film, he is not referred to as a Sith Lord in the movie. In fact, the term Sith Lord is not mentioned in the films until 1999's Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace.[11] However, in recently uncovered deleted scenes, General Tagge describes Darth Vader as a Sith Lord during the Death Star meeting.[12]", "Luke Skywalker Asked by fans if Luke could be gay, Hamill said in 2016 that the character's sexual orientation \"is meant to be interpreted by the viewer\". He added, â€œif you think Luke is gay, of course he is. You should not be ashamed of it. Judge Luke by his character, not by who he loves.\"[47] Ryan Britt of Inverse noted that leaving interpretations aside, in all media Luke has only been portrayed as straight. In the original film, Star Wars, he is attracted to Leia before discovering she is his biological sister. Deleted scenes from the film show Luke attracted to a female character from Tatooine named Camie, and the novelization of The Last Jedi features Luke's fantasy of having married her. The novel Heir to the Jedi shows Luke attracted to a female named Nakari Kelen in the time before The Empire Strikes Back. Most notably, Luke marries Mara Jade in the Legends line of novels, though these have since been separated from official Star Wars continuity.[48][49]", "It's a Trap! Following Yoda's advice, Luke surrenders to Vader in order to confront him. Vader tries to convince Luke to turn to the dark side. Luke refuses, but is delighted to find out that it is taco night. The two meet with the Emperor, who reveals that Luke's friends are walking into a trap on the forest moon. When this revelation fails to anger Luke, the Emperor begins to mock actor Seth Green (who voices Chris). Luke defends Green saying that he's been in successful projects, only to have The Emperor saying the negative side of Green's roles. Luke becomes enraged and begins dueling with Vader.", "Skywalker family In the Star Wars expanded universe, Luke, following his sister's marriage to Han Solo and the birth of the Solo children (Anakin, Jacen, and Jaina), marries Mara Jade, who has a son named Ben. A further complication in this continuity is the fact that the Return of the Jedi novelization includes a detail about Owen Lars being Obi-Wan Kenobi's estranged brother.[7] To explain subsequent references,[8] Star Wars: Lone Wolf: A Tale of Obi-Wan and Luke[9] introduces \"Owen Kenobi\", a personification of the bond Kenobi feels toward Owen Lars.", "Anagnorisis Anagnorisis, however, is not limited to classical or Elizabethan sources. Author and lecturer Ivan Pintor Iranzo points out that contemporary auteur M. Night Shyamalan uses similar revelations in The Sixth Sense, in which child psychologist Malcolm Crowe successfully treats a child who is having visions of dead people, only to realize at the close of the film that Crowe himself is dead, as well as in Unbreakable, in which the character of David realizes that he survived a train crash that killed the other passengers, due to a supernatural power.[7] Another well known example of anagnorisis from popular culture is the revelation[dubious â€“ discuss] that Darth Vader is the father of Luke Skywalker in The Empire Strikes Back. An extensive account of the history and application of anagnorisis is provided by Terence Cave in his book Recognitions.[8]", "Solo family Following the events of the original film trilogy, Han is a hero of the Rebel Alliance, and marries Rebel leader Princess Leia in The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton.[6] Han and Leia have a twin son and daughter in Timothy Zahn's The Last Command (1993).[7][8] Leia becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic by the time of the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson, and during this period has another son with Han. All three of the Solo children become Jedi Knights under the tutelage of their maternal uncle Luke Skywalker. The Solo children were ranked as the 16th top Star Wars heroes, according to IGN in 2008.[9]", "Princess Leia Leia makes her first literary appearance in Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars, which was released six months before the film in November 1976. Credited to Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster, the novel was based on Lucas' screenplay.[40] Leia later appeared in the novelizations The Empire Strikes Back (1980) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi (1983) by James Kahn. She is also a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Foster.[41]", "Darth Vader In The Dark Nest trilogy (2005), Luke and Leia uncover old recordings of their parents in R2-D2's memory drive; for the first time, they see their own birth and their mother's death, as well as their father's corruption to the dark side. In Bloodlines (2006), Han and Leia's son Jacen – who has himself turned to the dark side – uses the Force to \"watch\" Darth Vader slaughter the children at the Jedi Temple.", "Princess Leia In The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton, set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy, Leia is presented with an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes. A jealous Han abducts Leia and takes her to the planet Dathomir; Luke and Isolder follow, and there they all find the hidden forces of the Imperial warlord Zsinj.[67] Defeating him, Han and Leia marry.[68] The 2003 novels A Forest Apart and Tatooine Ghost by Troy Denning are set immediately after The Courtship of Princess Leia. The newly married Leia fears that any children she has may succumb to the dark side like her father. During an adventure on Tatooine in Tatooine Ghost, she discovers the diary of her grandmother Shmi Skywalker and meets some of young Anakin's childhood friends. When she learns of Anakin's childhood as a slave and the traumatic death of his mother, Leia learns to forgive her father.", "Luke Skywalker Luke Skywalker is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the original film trilogy of the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. The character, portrayed by Mark Hamill, is an important figure in the Rebel Alliance's struggle against the Galactic Empire. He is the twin brother of Rebellion leader Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan, a friend and brother-in-law of smuggler Han Solo, an apprentice to Jedi Masters Obi-Wan \"Ben\" Kenobi and Yoda, the son of fallen Jedi Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) and Queen of Naboo/Republic Senator Padmé Amidala and maternal uncle of Kylo Ren/Ben Solo. The now non-canon Star Wars expanded universe depicts him as a powerful Jedi Master, husband of Mara Jade, the father of Ben Skywalker and maternal uncle of Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.", "Star Wars By the time Lucas began writing Episode VI in 1981 (then titled Revenge of the Jedi), much had changed. Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly, and Lucas' personal life was disintegrating. Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films, he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine. Lucas' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Lukeâ€”and in the second script, the \"revised rough draft\", Vader became a sympathetic character. Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and, in these final drafts, Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked. This change in character would provide a springboard to the \"Tragedy of Darth Vader\" storyline that underlies the prequels.[43]", "Darth Vader Vader is featured prominently in novels set in the Star Wars universe. In the 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye by Alan Dean Foster, Vader meets Luke Skywalker for the first time and engages him in a lightsaber duel that ends with Luke cutting off Vader's arm and Vader falling into a deep pit.[12] (In 1999's Vader's Quest, however, Vader encounters Luke for the first time after hiring a bounty hunter to find the pilot who destroyed the Death Star.) Shadows of the Empire (1996) reveals that Vader is conflicted about trying to turn his son to the dark side of the Force, and knows deep down that there is still some good in him.", "Princess Leia During the events of the comic series Dark Empire (1991–92), Palpatine has been resurrected in a young clone body and seduces Luke to the dark side of the Force as part of his plan to restore the Empire. A captive Leia, resisting Palpatine's attempts to turn her as well, escapes with an artifact he needs to secure his power, the Jedi Holocron. Luke pursues her, and Leia manages to turn him back. Brother and sister then fight Palpatine with the light side of the Force, turning his own Force-generated storm against him and destroying Palpatine and his Star Destroyer. In Dark Empire II (1994–95), Leia gives birth to a third child by Han, whom she names Anakin. Palpatine is reborn in an inferior, rapidly deteriorating clone body in Empire's End (1995), and seeks to possess the body of the infant Anakin.", "Return of the Jedi Yoda was originally not meant to appear in the film, but Marquand strongly felt that returning to Dagobah was essential to resolve the dilemma raised by the previous film.[21] The inclusion led Lucas to insert a scene in which Yoda confirms that Darth Vader is Luke's father because, after a discussion with a children's psychologist, he did not want younger moviegoers to dismiss Vader's claim as a lie.[19] Many ideas from the original script were left out or changed. For instance, the Ewoks were going to be Wookiees,[24] the Millennium Falcon would be used in the arrival at the forest moon of Endor, and Obi-Wan Kenobi would return to life from his spectral existence in the Force.[25]", "Luke Skywalker In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), set three years after the previous installment, Luke is now a lieutenant commander in the Rebel Alliance. While on a mission on the ice planet Hoth, he is captured by a Wampa, but manages to escape. In the frozen wasteland, he sees Obi-Wan's spirit, telling him to travel to the planet Dagobah and complete his training with the Jedi Master Yoda, before he is rescued by Han. When the Empire discovers the Rebel base on Hoth, Luke leads his squadron to battle a swarm of AT-AT Walkers, but the situation turns out to be serious enough, that he and the others participating in the Battle of Hoth have to retreat. Escaping in his X-wing, he travels to Dagobah, and meets Yoda. He undergoes rigorous Jedi training, quickly increasing his power in the Force.", "Star Wars (film) The droids are captured by Jawa traders, who sell them to moisture farmers Owen and Beru Lars and their nephew Luke Skywalker. While cleaning R2-D2, Luke accidentally triggers part of Leia's message, in which she requests help from Obi-Wan Kenobi. The next morning, Luke finds R2-D2 searching for Obi-Wan, and meets Ben Kenobi, an old hermit who lives in the hills and reveals himself to be Obi-Wan. Obi-Wan tells Luke of his days as one of the Jedi Knights, former Galactic Republic peacekeepers with supernatural powers derived from an energy called The Force, who were all but wiped out by the Empire. Contrary to his uncle's statements, Luke learns that his father fought alongside Obi-Wan as a Jedi Knight. Obi-Wan tells Luke that Vader was his former pupil who turned to the dark side of the Force and killed Luke's father. Obi-Wan then presents to Luke his father's weapon â€“ a lightsaber.", "Princess Leia In The Truce at Bakura (1993) by Kathy Tyers, set one day after the ending of Return of the Jedi, Leia establishes New Alderaan, a sanctuary for the destroyed planet's surviving inhabitants. The spirit of Anakin Skywalker appears to Leia and pleads for her forgiveness, but she angrily banishes him. The six-volume Jedi Prince series (1992–93) by Paul Davids and Hollace Davids, later contradicted by other novels, is set within a year after Return of the Jedi. In The Glove of Darth Vader (1992), the self-proclaimed son of the defeated Emperor Palpatine, Trioculus, seeks the titular glove to cement himself as the new Emperor. Entranced by Leia's beauty in The Lost City of the Jedi (1992), Trioculus vows to make her his queen. He captures her in Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (1992), but Jabba the Hutt's vengeful father, Zorba, offers to trade his own prisoner Ken—Palpatine's real grandson whom Trioculus has been seeking—for Leia, his son's killer. But Leia and Ken are rescued and Trioculus is frozen in carbonate by Zorba. Mission from Mount Yoda (1993) finds Ken's father Triclops alive and willing to join the Rebels against the Empire. Leia, now engaged to Han, is captured by Zorba in Queen of the Empire (1993). Trioculus is revived and seizes Leia before Zorba can kill her. Leia is rescued and replaced with a lookalike droid decoy, which kills Trioculus. In Prophets of the Dark Side (1993), Leia looks forward to her wedding to Han and has a vision of their two children. Matthew Stover's 2008 standalone novel Luke Skywalker and the Shadows of Mindor picks up the story soon after, as Luke, Leia and the Rebels fight the Sith Lord Shadowspawn.", "Solo family Following the events of Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia and Han have a son, Ben Solo.[1][2] He is taught the ways of the Force by his uncle, Luke Skywalker, but is corrupted and turned to the dark side by Supreme Leader Snoke of the First Order. Taking up the name \"Kylo Ren\", he sets out to destroy the First Order's enemy and his mother's militant force, the Resistance, as well as kill his former master, Luke.", "The Empire Strikes Back One memorable exchange of dialogue was partially ad-libbed. Originally a scene in which Princess Leia professed her love to Han Solo, with Han replying \"I love you too.\" Harrison Ford felt the characterization was not being used effectively, and Kershner agreed. After several takes, the director told the actor to improvise on the spot, and Ford changed Solo's line to \"I know.\"[21]", "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side Han and the others go to Cloud City on the planet Bespin to obtain help from Han's friend Lando Calrissian (Mort), \"the only black guy in the galaxy\", only to be turned over to Darth Vader. Han willingly reveals the location of Luke and the Rebel base but is tortured by being forced to listen to Paula Cole's \"Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?\", as punishment for clogging a toilet on the 16th floor of Cloud City, which forced Vader to use the \"little pig people's\" bathroom. Han is used to test a carbon freezing chamber Vader intends to use on Luke to take him to the Emperor. Leia professes her love to Han, but Han tells her to \"fuck off\" and is then frozen in carbonite for posterity. Lando later double-crosses the Empire, freeing Leia, Chewbacca and C-3PO, motivating the guards with a pizza party. Despite R2-D2 having sex with the combination lock, and subsequently being discovered by her husband, to get the door open, they are too late to stop Boba Fett from flying off with Han. Luke arrives at Cloud City and, after being briefly interrupted by Ryan Seacrest on American Idol, engages Vader in a lightsaber duel. Vader cuts off Luke's right hand. With Luke cornered and defenseless, Vader goads Luke to join the dark side, revealing that he is his father. Luke casts himself into an air shaft and, after discovering that a worker has shoved his severed hand down his pants, ends up hanging on an antenna beneath the city, calling out to Ben, Leia, and Tom Selleck. Leia senses Luke's call from within the Millennium Falcon and has him rescued. On board a Nebulon-B frigate, Luke is fitted with an artificial hand, but told to practice masturbating with a hot dog first. Lando, dressed in Han's clothes, sets off with Chewbacca on the Millennium Falcon to rescue Han. Luke angrily protests the story's ambiguous ending, but then he receives a letter from Doc Brown, a reference to the ending of Back to the Future Part II.", "Princess Leia Film historian Laurent Bouzereau notes in his 1997 book Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays that in the rough draft of Star Wars, Leia is the spoiled teenage daughter of King Kayos and Queen Breha of Aquilae, with two brothers, Biggs and Windy; Biggs returned to the fourth draft as a childhood friend of Luke.[4] According to Skywalking: The Life and Films of George Lucas (1999), Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and Leia was \"the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke's cousinâ€“together they visit the grave of his mother, who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star.\"[5] J. W. Rinzler explains in The Making of Star Wars: The Definitive Story Behind the Original Film (2007) that a later story synopsis establishes Leia as \"Leia Antilles\", the daughter of Bail Antilles from the peaceful world of Organa Major. In the fourth draft it was established that \"Leia Organa\" came instead from Alderaan.[6]", "Princess Leia In Denning's The Dark Nest trilogy (2005), Leia, Han and several Jedi become involved in an escalating border dispute between the Chiss and the insidious insectoid Killiks, and Leia makes a bitter enemy in the Twi'lek warrior Alema Rar. In The Joiner King (2005), Leia asks Saba Sebatyne to train her as a Jedi Knight. R2-D2 malfunctions in The Unseen Queen (2005) and shows Luke a holoclip of his father Anakin and a pregnant woman, whom Luke learns is his and Leia's biological mother, Padmé Amidala. Anakin and Padmé are discussing a dream of Anakin's in which Padmé dies in childbirth; later, Luke and Leia watch a clip in which Padmé is talking to Obi-Wan Kenobi about Anakin. Tenel Ka, Queen Mother of the Hapes Consortium, has a daughter, Allana, secretly fathered by Jacen. In The Swarm War (2005), Luke and Leia view holoclips of their mother's death, and Leia is promoted to Jedi Knight.", "Princess Leia Foster's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low-budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful.[42] In the story, Luke and Leia seek a crystal on a swampy planet and eventually face Vader in combat.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy Lucas seemingly had planned for the conclusion of Luke's story to happen in Episode VII instead of Episode VIII, with Luke dying at the end of the film; this element was also incorporated into Johnson's film.[41] Conversely, some months later, Mark Hamill contradicted this statement, saying that George Lucas' original vision for the ending of Episode IX was to have Luke dying there instead of a simple cameo, leaving his sister Leia as a Jedi.[42] No plot points such as the Whills or microbiotic worlds have appeared so far.", "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith On the asteroid Polis Massa, Obi-Wan regroups with Yoda and Padmé gives birth to twins named Luke and Leia before dying shortly thereafter. A funeral procession is held for Padmé on Naboo, who is buried with the necklace Anakin made her years earlier. On Mustafar, Palpatine finds a severely burnt Vader still alive. After returning to Coruscant, Vader's mutilated body is treated and covered in a black armored suit. Palpatine explains to Vader that he killed Padmé in his anger. Meanwhile, Obi-Wan and Yoda decide to conceal the twins from the Sith, as they are the galaxy's only hope for freedom. Yoda exiles himself to the planet Dagobah, while Vader and the Emperor oversee the construction of a superstation, the Death Star. Bail Organa adopts Leia as his own daughter and takes her to Alderaan, while Obi-Wan delivers Luke to his step-family Owen and Beru Lars on Tatooine, where Obi-Wan intends to watch over Luke until the time is right to challenge the Empire.", "Star Wars (film) Lucas completed a second draft of The Star Wars in January 1975, making heavy simplifications and introducing the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller. Annikin became Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. \"The Force\" was also introduced as a mystical energy field.[45] This second draft still had some differences from the final version in the characters and relationships. For example, Luke had several brothers, as well as his father, who appears in a minor role at the end of the film. The script became more of a fairy tale quest as opposed to the action-adventure of the previous versions. This version ended with another text crawl, previewing the next story in the series. This draft was also the first to introduce the concept of a Jedi turning to the dark side: the draft included a historical Jedi who became the first to ever fall to the dark side, and then trained the Sith to use it. Impressed with his works, Lucas hired conceptual artist Ralph McQuarrie to create paintings of certain scenes around this time. When Lucas delivered his screenplay to the studio, he included several of McQuarrie's paintings.[46]", "Star Wars Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine, a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire. Aboard, the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa, a secret member of the rebellion. Before her capture, Leia makes sure the astromech R2-D2, along with the protocol droid C-3PO, escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi, who has been living in exile on Tatooine. The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker, an orphan farm boy raised by his step-uncle and aunt. Luke helps the droids locate Obi-Wan, now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi, who reveals himself as a friend of Luke's absent father, the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker. Obi-Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was \"betrayed and murdered\" by Vader (who was Obi-Wan's former Jedi apprentice) years ago, and he gives Luke his father's former lightsaber to keep.[25] After viewing Leia's message, they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to, aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon, help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire's planet-destroying space station: the Death Star.[14]", "Palpatine In 1983's Return of the Jedi, the Emperor appears in person to oversee the last stages of the second Death Star's construction. He assures Darth Vader that they will together turn Luke, now revealed to be Vader's son, to the dark side. Unknown to Vader, the Emperor plans to replace his apprentice with Luke. When Vader brings Luke before his master, the Emperor tempts Luke to join the dark side by appealing to the young Jedi's fear for his friends, whom he has lured into a trap. This leads to a lightsaber duel in which Luke defeats and nearly kills Vader. The Emperor tells Luke to kill Vader and take his place, but Luke refuses and declares himself a Jedi. Enraged, the Emperor attacks Luke with Force lightning. Moved by his son's cries for help, Vader throws the Emperor into the Death Star's reactor shaft, killing him.[8]", "Princess Leia The first [version] talked about a princess and an old general. The second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter; the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamill's character. There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad.[3]", "Luke Skywalker Luke Skywalker lives on a moisture farm on Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he purchases the droids C-3PO and R2-D2. While examining R2-D2, he sees a message from Leia. When R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to search for the droid, but is knocked out by Tusken Raiders in the process. He then encounters Obi-Wan Kenobi, an old hermit. Luke and Obi-Wan seek shelter, and R2-D2 plays the full message for Obi-Wan from Leia, beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire. Obi-Wan says that he and Luke's father were once Jedi Knights, and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader. Obi-Wan presents Luke with his father's lightsaber and offers to take him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force, but Luke rejects his offer.", "Solo family Jaina, named after Han's mother, is born five minutes before her brother Jacen in the Thrawn trilogy (1991â€“93). The twins, and eventually their younger brother, live at various safe havens for their first few years under the protection of Leia's handmaiden Winter. The twins play a small role in Kevin J. Anderson's Jedi Academy trilogy (1994).[11] In Champions of the Force (1994), Jaina helps her brother defend their unconscious uncle from the spirit of Sith Lord Exar Kun. In Vonda McIntyre's The Crystal Star (1994), Jaina is kidnapped and used in a plot, along with her siblings, to take advantage of their Force powers.[11] In the Corellian trilogy (1994), Jaina is again kidnapped but escapes. Jaina becomes a major character in Young Jedi Knights (1995) as Jaina and Jacen begin their Jedi training.[11]", "The Empire Strikes Back Three years after the destruction of the Death Star, the Rebel Alliance has been driven from their former base on Yavin IV by the Galactic Empire. The rebels, led by Princess Leia, have set up a new base on the ice planet Hoth. The Imperial fleet, led by Darth Vader, continues to hunt for the Rebels' new base by dispatching probe droids across the galaxy. Luke Skywalker is captured by a wampa while investigating one such probe, but he manages to escape from the wampa's cave with his lightsaber. Before Luke succumbs to the freezing temperatures, the spirit of his late mentor, Obi-Wan Kenobi, instructs him to go to the Dagobah system to train under Jedi Master Yoda. Luke is found by Han Solo, and the duo are eventually rescued by a search party.", "Boba Fett In the Star Wars comic, Boba Fett discovers the identity of the pilot who destroyed the Death Star, and tells Darth Vader, who after hearing the name, realizes Luke Skywalker is none other than his own son.[7]", "Star Wars The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as \"Episode V\" and \"Episode VI\" respectively, though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles. Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars, with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV: A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel, and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga.[24] The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire, as well as on Luke Skywalker's quest to become a Jedi.", "The Empire Strikes Back Meanwhile, the probe alerts the Imperial fleet to the rebels' location. The Empire launches a large-scale attack, using AT-AT Walkers to capture the base, which forces the rebels to retreat. Han and Leia escape on the Millennium Falcon with C-3PO and Chewbacca, but the ship's hyperdrive malfunctions. They hide in an asteroid field, where Han and Leia grow closer and eventually kiss. Vader summons bounty hunters to assist in finding the Falcon. Luke, meanwhile, escapes with R2-D2 in his X-wing fighter and crash-lands on the swamp planet Dagobah. He meets a diminutive creature who reveals himself to be Yoda; after conferring with Obi-Wan's spirit, Yoda reluctantly accepts Luke as his student.", "Princess Leia In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia is at the Rebel base on Hoth. She leads its evacuation during an Imperial attack, and then flees with Han, Chewbacca and C-3PO on Han's ship, the Millennium Falcon. They dodge pursuing Imperial TIE fighters by flying into an asteroid field when the Falcon's hyperdrive breaks down, with Leia piloting the ship at one point. Romance blossoms between Leia and Han during their flight from the Empire; while hiding in the stomach of a space slug, they finally share a kiss. With his ship needing repairs, Han seeks out his old friend Lando Calrissian in Cloud City, the floating city over Bespin. Though he welcomes them graciously, Lando soon turns them over to a newly arrived Darth Vader, who hopes to use them as bait to capture Luke. Leia confesses her love for Han as he is frozen in carbonite and then handed over to bounty hunter Boba Fett, who is charged with bringing him to gangster Jabba the Hutt. Lando helps Leia, Chewbacca and the two droids escape. Leia senses that Luke is in trouble, and goes back to save him after he is nearly killed during a lightsaber duel with Vader.", "Star Wars For The Star Wars second draft, Lucas made heavy simplifications. It added a mystical energy field known as \"The Force\" and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller. Annikin became Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. The third draft killed the father Annikin, replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi. Later, Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence, but a film in the second trilogy in the saga. The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about \"The Princess of Ondos\", and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels. Not long after, Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster, to write two sequels as novels.[26] In 1976, a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography. The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller, as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars. During production, Lucas changed Luke's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars.[27] At that point, Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels. The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded \"the Princess of Ondos\" sub-plot, to become a self-contained film, that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star. However, Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series. The intention was that if Star Wars was successful, Lucas could adapt Dean Foster's novels into low-budget sequels.[28] By that point, Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process.[29]", "Blue Harvest The droids are sold to a family of moisture farmers, whose nephew Luke Skywalker (Chris) wishes to join the Rebellion and fight the Empire. While cleaning the droids, Luke stumbles upon Leia's message inside R2, who later decides to leave the farm. Luke and C-3PO pursue him but are attacked by Sand People. Luke is knocked out by one of them (Opie) and is found by Obi-Wan Kenobi (Herbert), who takes them to his hut. Leia's message explains that R2 contains the plans to the Death Star, which must be sent to her father on her home planet of Alderaan and asks Obi-Wan to help. Obi-Wan tells Luke that he must learn the ways of The Force and accompany him to Alderaan, and gives him his own lightsaber. Realizing that the Empire must be looking for the droids, Luke returns home to discover that his home has been destroyed and his aunt and uncle killed.", "Padmé Amidala Padmé appears in novels and comics set after the events of the original trilogy as holograms and flashbacks. In Troy Denning's The Joiner King (2005), the first book in the \"Dark Nest Trilogy\" set 35 years after the events of A New Hope, Luke Skywalker discovers a hologram recorded by R2-D2 of Anakin Skywalker informing Padmé of his vision of her death in childbirth. This is the first time Luke sees his mother.[63] Another hologram discovered in R2-D2 chronicles a conversation between Padmé and Obi-Wan. In this hologram, Luke and Leia hear their mother's name for the first time.[64] In the final novel of the trilogy, The Swarm War, Luke and Leia see their mother's death and their own births.[65]", "Luke Skywalker At the end of the Star Wars Rebels episode \"Twin Suns\", a silhouette of Luke Skywalker is seen from afar by Obi-Wan Kenobi.[18]", "Star Wars expanded universe Credited to George Lucas but ghostwritten by Alan Dean Foster, the novelization of the original 1977 film Star Wars—called Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker—was based on Lucas' screenplay and released six months before the film in November 1976.[1] Foster's 1978 novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye was commissioned by Lucas as the basis for a potential low-budget sequel to Star Wars should the film prove unsuccessful.[2] The film novelizations The Empire Strikes Back (1980) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi (1983) by James Kahn followed, as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy (1979–1980) by Brian Daley,[3] and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian (1983) trilogy by L. Neil Smith.[4][5]", "Princess Leia In Shadows of the Empire (1996) by Steve Perry, the only Star Wars novel set between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, Leia is searching for Boba Fett to find a captive Han. She is bewitched by the crime lord Prince Xizor using pheromones, but Chewbacca helps her elude the seduction.[69]", "Return of the Jedi Return of the Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VI â€“ Return of the Jedi) is a 1983 American epic space opera film directed by Richard Marquand. The screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas was from a story by Lucas, who was also the executive producer. It is the third installment in the original Star Wars trilogy and the first film to use THX technology. The film is set one year after The Empire Strikes Back[10] and was produced by Howard Kazanjian for Lucasfilm Ltd. The film stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams, Anthony Daniels, David Prowse, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew and Frank Oz.", "Princess Leia Introduced in the original 1977 film Star Wars, Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan is a member of the Imperial Senate. She is captured by Darth Vader on board the ship Tantive IV, where she is acting as a spy for the Rebel Alliance. Leia has secretly hidden the plans for the Death Star, the Empire's moon-sized battle station, inside the astromech droid R2-D2 and has sent it to find one of the last remaining Jedi, Obi-Wan Kenobi, on the nearby planet of Tatooine. Vader arrests Leia and has her tortured, but she resists revealing anything. Death Star commander Grand Moff Tarkin threatens to destroy her home planet Alderaan with the Death Star unless she reveals the location of the hidden Rebel base. She provides the location of an old, abandoned base, but Tarkin orders Alderaan to be destroyed anyway. Leia is rescued by Obi-Wan, Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, the Wookiee Chewbacca and the two droids R2-D2 and C-3PO, and they escape aboard Han's ship, the Millennium Falcon. After analyzing the Death Star's plans, the Rebels find a tiny weakness in the battle station, which Luke uses to destroy it in his X-wing fighter. The battle won, Leia bestows medals on its heroes at the hidden Rebel base on Yavin 4.", "Princess Leia In the original Star Wars expanded universe (1977â€“2014) of novels, comics and video games, which are set in an alternate continuity, Leia continues her adventures with Han and Luke after Return of the Jedi, fighting Imperial resurgences and new threats to the galaxy. She becomes the Chief of State of the New Republic and a Jedi Master, and is the mother to three children by Han: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.", "Padmé Amidala After Obi-Wan defeats Vader in a lightsaber duel, he brings Padmé to the secret asteroid base Polis Massa. Despite efforts of medical droids, Padmé dies after delivering twins, Luke and Leia. Just prior to her death, Padmé insists to Obi-Wan that she knows \"there is still good\" in Anakin. After Padmé's body is altered to appear still pregnant and given an elaborate funeral ceremony on Naboo, her twins are separated to be hidden from Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine: Leia is adopted by Senator Organa and his wife Queen Organa on Alderaan to be raised as a princess, while Luke is brought to Tatooine to be raised by his step-grandfather's family, Owen and Beru Lars.", "Luke Skywalker During the filming of the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas informed Hamill that he would be needed to reprise the role when he was middle aged. Lucas further explained that his role as Luke would be handing \"Excalibur to the next generation\". Hamill had no reaction at the time, as he thought of making Star Wars films decades in the future as an abstract concept. Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars celebration during lunch where Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray The Trickster in The Flash, then letting it grow back for the filming of his scenes.[11]", "Dagobah In The Empire Strikes Back, Luke Skywalker is directed by the Force ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi, to seek Yoda on Dagobah. After training with Yoda, Skywalker leaves Dagobah early to rescue his friends Han Solo, Princess Leia, and Chewbacca, whom he senses are in danger on the planet Bespin. Skywalker also briefly returns to Dagobah in Return of the Jedi, in which he has a final conversation with Yoda before Yoda's death. Luke then speaks to Obi-Wan Kenobi's ghost about the conflicting stories of Luke's parentage.", "Luke Skywalker In the novel The Truce at Bakura, set one day after the battle of Endor, Luke and his friend Wedge Antilles recover a message droid from the titular planet, which was being invaded by the Ssi-Ruuk. Luke commands a task force, turning back the enemy army. He also meets Dev Sibwarra, a Force-sensitive human who had been captured by the Ssi-Ruuk, who is killed in the battle after turning against his captors.", "The Empire Strikes Back The film is set three years after Star Wars. The Galactic Empire, under the leadership of the villainous Darth Vader and the Emperor, is in pursuit of Luke Skywalker and the rest of the Rebel Alliance. While Vader relentlessly pursues the small band of Luke's friends—Han Solo, Princess Leia Organa, and others—across the galaxy, Luke studies the Force under Jedi Master Yoda. When Vader captures Luke's friends, Luke must decide whether to complete his training and become a full Jedi Knight or to confront Vader and save them.", "Yoda Yoda does not initially identify himself to Luke and instead tests his patience by presenting himself as a comical and senile backwater individual, deliberately provoking both Luke and R2-D2 (Kenny Baker). Luke is shocked when he finally realizes that this small, elderly creature is the powerful Jedi Master he was seeking. Finding that Luke has the same anger and recklessness which caused his father's downfall, Yoda is reluctant to teach him in the ways of the Force, and agrees only at Obi-Wan's behest. Before finishing his training, however, Luke chooses to leave Dagobah in order to confront Darth Vader and save his friends at Bespin. Yoda and Obi-Wan warn him that he is not ready to face Vader and is being lured into a trap, but Luke leaves anyway, promising to return. When Obi-Wan laments that Luke is their \"last hope,\" Yoda reminds him that \"there is another\".", "Padmé Amidala The first [version] talked about a princess and an old general. The second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter; the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamill's character. There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad.[4]", "Darth Vader Anakin Skywalker's redeemed spirit appears in The Truce at Bakura (1993), set a few days after the end of Return of the Jedi. He appears to Leia, imploring her forgiveness. Leia condemns him for his crimes and exiles him from her life. He promises that he will be there for her when she needs him, and disappears. In Tatooine Ghost (2003), Leia learns to forgive her father after learning about his childhood as a slave and his mother's traumatic death. In The Unifying Force (2003), Anakin tells his grandson Jacen Solo to \"stand firm\" in his battle with the Supreme Overlord of the Yuuzhan Vong.", "Darth Vader In The Empire Strikes Back, Vader becomes obsessed with finding Luke[60] and leads the Imperial attack on the Rebel base on Hoth, but the Rebels escape. While conversing with the Emperor, Vader convinces him that Luke would be valuable to the Empire if he could be turned to the dark side of the Force. Vader hires a group of bounty hunters to follow Luke and his friends, and negotiates with Bespin administrator Lando Calrissian to set a trap for them so that Luke will follow them.[60] After Han, Leia, Chewbacca, and C-3PO arrive, Vader tortures Han, freezes him in carbonite and gives him to bounty hunter Boba Fett.[60] When Luke arrives, Vader defeats Luke in a lightsaber duel, severing his opponent's hand. Vader then tells Luke that he is his father[60] and asks Luke to help him overthrow the Emperor so they can rule the galaxy together. Horrified, Luke escapes through an air shaft. Vader telepathically tells Luke that it is his destiny to join the dark side.", "Princess Leia Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, \"As we watch Anakin nearly melt in the lava, only to be put together, Frankenstein style, in a lab while Lucas intercuts scenes of Padme giving birth to the twins Luke and Leia, a link to genuine feeling is established at last.\"[21]", "Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith Lucas had originally planned to include even more ties to the original trilogy, and wrote early drafts of the script in which a 10-year-old Han Solo appeared on Kashyyyk, but the role was not cast or shot. He also wrote a scene in which Palpatine reveals to Anakin that he created him from midichlorians, and is thus his \"father\", a clear parallel to Vader's revelation to Luke in The Empire Strikes Back, but Lucas ejected this scene as well. Another planned scene by Lucas that was written during the early development of the film was a conversation between Master Yoda and the ghostly Qui Gon-Jinn, with Liam Neeson reprising his role as Jinn (he also hinted his possible appearance in the film).[19] However, the scene was never filmed and Neeson was never recorded, although the scene was present in the film's novelization. Also, Neeson finally reprised the role in an episode of Star Wars: The Clone Wars in 2011.[20]", "Luke Skywalker In The Last Jedi (2017), Luke is initially reluctant to train Rey, telling her that it is time for the Jedi Order to end. After some persuasion from R2-D2, Luke starts training Rey, but grows increasingly afraid of her power. Luke tells Rey that he had briefly considered killing the sleeping Ben after seeing a vision of the destruction he could cause, but relented; Ben woke to see Luke with his lightsaber drawn, and turned to the dark side because he felt betrayed. Rey urges Luke to help her turn Ren back to the good side, but he refuses. When Rey leaves, Luke is visited by the spirit of Yoda, who assures Luke that he still has a purpose. Luke appears on the planet Crait, as the Resistance are staging a standoff against the First Order, and he apologizes to Leia for his part in allowing Ben to fall to the dark side. Luke steps in front of the First Order's Heavy Assault Walkers, and unexpectedly survives an onslaught of blaster fire ordered by Ren. Ren charges at Luke in hand-to-hand combat, seemingly bisecting him with his lightsaber, but Luke remains unscathed; still on Ahch-To, Luke has sent a projection of himself to Crait, using the Force. This distraction allows the Resistance to escape the planet. With his mission complete, Luke states that the Rebellion has been reborn, the war has only just begun, and that he will not be the last Jedi, before his projection vanishes. On Ahch-To, a weakened and exhausted Luke collapses, then looks off in the horizon to see the planet's two suns setting before he disappears, indicating that he has died peacefully, and become one with the Force.", "Padmé Amidala Return of the Jedi, the final film in the original trilogy, alludes to the character. While in the Ewok village on the forest moon of Endor, Luke Skywalker asks if Leia Organa remembers their \"real mother\". Leia answers that \"she died when I was very young\" and also says that \"she was very beautiful... kind... but sad\", while Luke confesses to have no memories of their mother. An extended scene of Return of the Jedi expands on the fate of Luke and Leia's (then-unnamed) mother. It differs from the prequels in that Luke and Leia's mother sneaked away as Bail Organa's handmaiden after Anakin Skywalker turned to the dark side of the Force, and was with Leia until the Princess turned four, making the line Leia says to Luke about remembering their mother more believable.[49]", "Luke Skywalker In Return of the Jedi (1983), Luke is now a Jedi Knight, and has constructed his own lightsaber. He returns to Tatooine to help Leia, the droids, and Lando Calrissian save Han from the vile gangster, Jabba the Hutt. Luke offers to negotiate with Jabba, but instead, Luke falls into a trap, battling against a Rancor. When Luke kills the Rancor, he is sentenced to death in the Sarlacc Pit. Luke escapes with R2-D2's help, saving his friends and destroying Jabba's sail barge.", "It's a Trap! In order to land on the forest moon of Endor, Han uses a stolen Imperial ship and old access code to sneak past the Empire's blockade. Vader allows them passage on to the moon, knowing Luke is aboard the ship. When they reach the moon's surface, the rebels are spotted by Imperial soldiers. The soldiers attempt to retreat to warn others of the rebel attack, but Luke and Leia stop them in an elaborate bicycle chase sequence. Separated from the others, Leia is befriended by Wicket the Ewok (Tim from The Cleveland Show)." ]	[ "Princess Leia Princess Leia Organa of Alderaan (also Senator Leia Organa or General Leia Organa) is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, portrayed in films by Carrie Fisher. Introduced in the original Star Wars film in 1977, Leia is princess of the planet Alderaan, a member of the Imperial Senate and an agent of the Rebel Alliance. She thwarts the sinister Sith Lord Darth Vader and helps bring about the destruction of the Empire's cataclysmic superweapon, the Death Star. In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Leia commands a Rebel base and evades Vader as she falls in love with the smuggler, Han Solo. In Return of the Jedi (1983), Leia leads the operation to rescue Han from the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, and is revealed to be Vader's daughter and the twin sister of Luke Skywalker. The prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005) establishes that the twins' mother is Senator (and former queen) Padmé Amidala of Naboo, who dies after childbirth. Leia is adopted by Senator Bail and Queen Breha Organa of Alderaan. In The Force Awakens (2015) and The Last Jedi (2017), Leia is the founder and General of the Resistance against the First Order. She and Han have a son named Ben, who adopted the name Kylo Ren after turning to the dark side of the Force." ]
test1891	who was the actor that played ben stone on law and order	[ "doc66420" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc88901", "doc66426", "doc88912", "doc66420", "doc1130843", "doc88903", "doc1130848", "doc88902", "doc88906", "doc88909", "doc1391132", "doc88910", "doc88905", "doc88908", "doc485597", "doc88911", "doc930719", "doc2157728", "doc673499", "doc1130842", "doc1905878", "doc1731576", "doc1130849", "doc1130845", "doc88907", "doc1383211", "doc1452118", "doc1500102", "doc66427", "doc2127315", "doc2274560", "doc1130844", "doc2003819", "doc793833", "doc66423", "doc66431", "doc2157732", "doc423940", "doc720748", "doc88904", "doc66421", "doc793825", "doc1423431", "doc2593424", "doc970870", "doc1391142", "doc1614277", "doc1761445", "doc793834", "doc319694", "doc1383196", "doc970876", "doc1731577", "doc2011577", "doc1466965", "doc544654", "doc2241296", "doc1731578", "doc1505517", "doc1383209", "doc1406827", "doc1210730", "doc485602", "doc1716306", "doc746377", "doc66424", "doc2594327", "doc930724", "doc528456", "doc1505522", "doc1505509", "doc1130832", "doc1761447", "doc1391137", "doc1505529", "doc2157730", "doc808361", "doc1130853", "doc1370283", "doc1759505", "doc2482971", "doc1679489", "doc1383210", "doc673502", "doc2138570", "doc1130856", "doc1968576", "doc2647475", "doc1505511", "doc1716309", "doc2157731", "doc1130895", "doc1905877", "doc1903153", "doc2431929", "doc1505516", "doc1855489", "doc2078274", "doc2269279", "doc963076" ]	[ "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Benjamin \"Ben\" Stone is a fictional character portrayed by Michael Moriarty in the TV drama Law & Order. He was the Executive Assistant District Attorney for New York County until his resignation at the end of season four. He appeared in 88 episodes.", "Michael Moriarty From 1990 to 1994, Moriarty starred as Ben Stone on Law & Order. He left the show in 1994, alleging that his departure was a result of his threatening a lawsuit against then-Attorney General Janet Reno, who had cited Law & Order as offensively violent. Moriarty criticized Reno's comment, and claimed that not only did she want to censor shows like Law & Order but also such fare as Murder, She Wrote. He later accused Law & Order executive producer Dick Wolf of not taking his concerns seriously, and claimed that Wolf and other network executives were \"caving in\" to Reno's \"demands\" on the issue of TV violence. On September 20, 1994 on The Howard Stern Show, he made an offer to NBC, claiming that he would return to his role on the show if Dick Wolf was fired. Moriarty published a full-page advertisement in a Hollywood trade magazine, calling upon fellow artists to stand up with him against attempts to censor TV show content. He subsequently wrote and published The Gift of Stern Angels, his account of this time in his life. The character of Ben Stone has yet to reappear on the franchise.[6] The February 7, 2018, episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit opens with Sam Waterston's character of Jack McCoy delivering a eulogy at Ben Stone's funeral.[7]", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Stone's departure from the series stemmed from actor Michael Moriarty's dispute with the network and U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno, who in 1993 began promoting legislation to limit portrayals of violence on television. Moriarty, who was outspoken against Reno and what he felt was government censorship, was scheduled to appear on NBC shows Today and Now with Tom Brokaw and Katie Couric, but both ended up canceled. Moriarty had already taped his segment for Now; for his Today show appearance, during which he was scheduled to debate Senator Kent Conrad, he was replaced by FCC chairman Reed Hundt. Both appearances were scheduled to air on January 26, 1994. Moriarty submitted his resignation to producer Dick Wolf on January 25, 1994, and his departure was written into the series.[13][14]", "Michael Moriarty Michael Moriarty (born April 5, 1941) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician. He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust, and he played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons (1990â€“1994) on the television show Law & Order. Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly, Who'll Stop the Rain, Q: The Winged Serpent, The Stuff, Pale Rider, Troll, Courage Under Fire, and Shiloh.", "Law & Order On the prosecutor's side, Michael Moriarty was Dick Wolf's choice to play Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin \"Ben\" Stone. The network, however, preferred James Naughton, but, in the end, Wolf's choice would prevail, and Moriarty received the role.[27] As his ADA, Richard Brooks and Eriq La Salle were being considered for the role of Paul Robinette. The network favored La Salle but, once again, the producers' choice prevailed, and Brooks received the role.[30] As their boss, Roy Thinnes was cast as District Attorney Alfred Wentworth.[27]", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Stone's prosecutorial methods are portrayed as being grounded in moral principles stemming from his Catholic faith. He is shown to be pro-life[5] and opposed to the death penalty.[6] He also is a strong advocate of social justice, having marched in the civil rights movement.[7] It is implied that Stone, like actor Moriarty, is a Dartmouth College alumnus, with references to \"fraternity row\" and New Hampshire.", "Law & Order Meanwhile, Moriarty's behavior both on and off the set became problematic for Wolf. After a public statement in which Moriarty called Attorney General Janet Reno a \"psychopathic Nazi\" for her efforts to censor television violence, Moriarty engaged in a verbal confrontation with Reno at a dinner in Washington, D.C. Wolf asked Moriarty to tone down his comments, and Moriarty responded by quitting the show the next week. The final storyline for Ben Stone involved him resigning over guilt after a woman he compelled to testify against a Russian mobster was murdered by his cohorts. To replace Moriarty, Sam Waterston was Wolf's first choice for the role of Executive Assistant District Attorney John J. \"Jack\" McCoy Jr.; Waterston's character was markedly different from Moriarty's in that Jack McCoy was conceived as more emotionally stable and having more sex appeal.[43]", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Stone works in the Manhattan District Attorney's office under Alfred Wentworth (in the pilot episode) and Adam Schiff. He was raised in an Irish Catholic family. He was raised mostly by his Irish grandmother,[1] his father having been an alcoholic.[2] Stone is divorced and has a son, Peter Stone, who was the Deputy Chief of the Special Prosecutions Bureau in Chicago and is now the Chief ADA of the Sex Crimes Bureau in New York,[3] and a daughter, Pamela.[4]", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Stone makes his last appearance in the show in the episode \"Old Friends,\" the final episode of season four. The episode portrays a racketeering case in which the main witness (portrayed by Allison Janney), whose testimony Stone had secured by threatening to send her to prison, is murdered by the Russian Mafia. He feels responsible for her death and resigns from the DA's office.[10] He is succeeded by Jack McCoy as Executive ADA.", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) The opening scene of the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode \"The Undiscovered Country\" (aired in 2018) reveals that Ben has passed away from something unknown. The episode shows Ben's successor as Manhattan DA, Jack McCoy, giving the eulogy at the funeral.", "Sam Waterston Samuel Atkinson Waterston (born November 15, 1940) is an American actor, producer, and director. Among other roles, he is noted for his portrayal of Sydney Schanberg in The Killing Fields (1984), for which he received an Academy Award nomination, and his starring role as Jack McCoy on the long-running NBC television series Law & Order (1994â€“2010), which brought him Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Awards. He has been nominated for multiple Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, BAFTA and Emmy awards, having starred in over eighty film and television productions during his fifty-year career.[1] He has also starred in numerous stage productions. AllMovie historian Hal Erickson characterized Waterston as having \"cultivated a loyal following with his quietly charismatic, unfailingly solid performances.\"[2]", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Stone's son is Peter Stone, a Cook County Assistant State's Attorney and lead character on Chicago Justice.[11] Peter first appears on the Chicago P.D. episode \"Justice\", which is the backdoor pilot for Chicago Justice. After the latter's cancellation, Peter will also star in season 19 of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.[12]", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) A strict, unyielding boss, Stone can be very difficult to work with; in the pilot episode, Sergeant Max Greevey and Detective Mike Logan, intimate that Stone \"eats ADAs for lunch.\"[9] Nevertheless, Stone is usually rather soft-spoken, and is fond of using harmless words like \"sir\" to convey his contempt for the people he prosecutes.", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Twenty-one years later, his son Peter is introduced in the Chicago Justice episode \"Uncertainty Principle\". He has followed in his fatherâ€™s footsteps as an ADA. In the 19th season of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Peter succeeds Rafael Barba as ADA for the titular sex crimes bureau.", "Chris Noth Christopher David \"Chris\" Noth (/ˈnoʊθ/ NOHTH; born November 13, 1954) is an American actor.[1] He is known for his television roles as Detective Mike Logan on Law & Order (1990–95), Big on Sex and the City (1998–2004), and Governor Peter Florrick on The Good Wife (2009–16). He reprised his role of Mike Logan on Law & Order: Criminal Intent (2005–08), and reprised his role of Big in the films, Sex and the City (2008) and Sex and the City 2 (2010). He was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television for Sex and the City in 1999 and for The Good Wife in 2010. Chris Noth also studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City.", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Stone also had a daughter, Pamela, who appears in the nineteenth-season episode \"Send in the Clowns\" of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Pamela is schizophrenic, living in a psychiatric hospital in upstate New York. According to Peter, Ben would visit Pamela once a week, and Peter has continued the visits since their father's death.", "Christopher Meloni Christopher Peter Meloni (born April 2, 1961)[1][2] is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as NYPD Detective Elliot Stabler on the NBC police drama Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and as inmate Chris Keller on the HBO prison drama Oz. In June 2012, he returned to HBO, as the vampire Roman on the main cast of True Blood for the series' fifth season. Meloni is also star and executive producer of Happy!, based on the comic book series created by writer Grant Morrison and artist Darick Robertson. The series premiered on Syfy on December 6, 2017.", "Dann Florek Dann Florek (born May 1, 1950) is an American actor and director. He is best known for his role as New York City Police Captain Donald Cragen on NBC's Law & Order and its spinoff Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.", "Ben Linus Actor Michael Emerson, who plays Ben[30]", "Law & Order For the 1988 pilot, George Dzundza and Chris Noth were cast as the original detectives, Sergeant Max Greevey and Detective Mike Logan.[27] The producers felt that Dzundza would be a perfect senior police officer as he was someone the producers felt they could see themselves riding along with in a police cruiser.[28] Noth and Michael Madsen were candidates for the role of Logan. Madsen initially was considered the perfect choice for the role, but, in a final reading, it was felt that Madsen's acting mannerisms were repetitive, and Noth received the role instead.[29] Rounding out the police cast, Dann Florek was cast as Captain Donald Cragen.[27]", "Paul Robinette Robinette is introduced as having been raised in Harlem and worked his way through law school. He had the chance to work on Wall Street, but turned it down in favor of the Manhattan District Attorney's office, where he felt he could make a difference.[1] He works under Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty). He was mentored as a teenager by Deputy Police Commander William Jefferson, who inspired him to become a lawyer. In the pilot episode, \"Everybody's Favorite Bagman\", however, he and Stone discover that Jefferson is corrupt, and that he conspired to murder a city councilman.[2]", "Jack McCoy John James McCoy is a fictional character in the television drama Law & Order. He was created by Michael S. Chernuchin and portrayed by Sam Waterston from 1994 until the end of the series in 2010. He is the second-longest tenured character on the show (16 seasons), after Lt. Anita Van Buren (17 seasons; portrayed by S. Epatha Merkerson). He appeared in 368 episodes of Law & Order, four episodes of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, two episodes of Law & Order: Trial by Jury, two episodes of Homicide: Life on the Street, and the made-for-TV movie Exiled.", "Law & Order Wolf dismissed Noth when his contract expired at the end of Season 5, because he felt that Lennie Briscoe and Mike Logan had become too similar to each other and the writers were having difficulty in writing their dialogue together. Furthermore, Noth had been disgruntled with the show since the dismissals of Florek and Brooks, and remained embittered against Wolf, who he felt was not a friend to his actors. The final story line for Detective Logan involved him being banished to work on Staten Island in a domestic violence crimes unit as punishment for punching a city council member who had orchestrated the murder of a gay colleague and had managed to get acquitted of the charges. (The made-for-television film Exiled: A \"Law & Order\" Movie, in which Noth starred, centered around Logan attempting to get back into the department's good graces.) Noth was replaced by Benjamin Bratt as Detective Reynaldo \"Rey\" Curtis, who was hired in an attempt to find an actor even sexier than Noth to join the cast.[44]", "Law & Order Dzundza was disappointed when he realized that the show would be more of an ensemble show rather than a show starring him. Though the cast liked his performance, they increasingly felt uncomfortable around Dzundza, who was also under stress due to the constant commute between New York City and his home in Los Angeles. Dzundza quit after only one season on the show, and Sergeant Greevey was written off as being killed in the line of duty.[32] He was replaced by Paul Sorvino as Sergeant Phil Cerreta, who was considered more even tempered than either Max Greevey or Mike Logan. Sorvino was initially excited about the role, but would leave midway through the next season, citing the exhausting schedule demanded by the filming of the show, a need to broaden his horizons, and the desire to preserve his vocal cords for singing opera as reasons for leaving the show. Sergeant Cerreta was written off as having been shot in the line of duty and transferring to a desk job at another precinct.[33] To replace Sorvino on the series, Wolf cast Jerry Orbach (who had previously guest starred as a defense attorney in the Season 2 episode \"The Wages of Love\") in the role of Detective Leonard W. \"Lennie\" Briscoe.[34] Orbach's characterization of the world-weary, wisecracking Detective Briscoe was based on a similar NYPD character he portrayed in the 1981 film Prince Of The City, which Wolf had personally requested Orbach to replicate for the show.[35]", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Stone is mentioned in the 1996 episode \"Custody\" as a possible witness against a judge. When his former assistant Paul Robinette, now a defense attorney, wants a judge to recuse himself for past comments showing bias against drug addicts and support for forced sterilization, Robinette threatens to subpoena Stone to testify about the comments, which both he and Stone heard the judge make. Upon hearing of the threat, Schiff informs McCoy that Stone \"is travelling in Europe, not available to testify at any hearing.\" However, the judge by this time has already declared himself \"unavailable\" to hear the case.", "Steven Hill At the time of his departure from Law & Order, Hill was the longest-serving member of the original cast (his tenure was twice that of runner up Chris Noth); by the time the series was cancelled in 2010, Hill was the fourth-longest serving cast member altogether (behind S. Epatha Merkerson at 17 seasons, Sam Waterston at 16, and Jerry Orbach at 11 and a half).[citation needed] Hill also appeared in commercials for TD Waterhouse, an investment brokerage firm, and was eventually replaced by fellow Law & Order castmate Sam Waterston.[citation needed]", "Michael Emerson Michael Emerson (born September 7, 1954)[3] is an American film and television actor who is best known for his roles as serial killer William Hinks on The Practice, Benjamin Linus on Lost, Zep Hindle in the first Saw film, and Harold Finch on the CBS series Person of Interest. Emerson has also worked extensively in theater and narration. He has won two Primetime Emmy Awards and been nominated for three others, as well as receiving other awards and nominations.", "List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit characters Stone, the son of the late Ben Stone, spent most of his adult life in Chicago, primarily as prosecutor with the State's Attorney's office in Cook County. He was appointed by District Attorney Jack McCoy as special counsel prosecuting Rafael Barba in the death of a terminally ill child in the episode \"The Undiscovered Country\". After Barba resigned, Stone took over as ADA overseeing the Manhattan SVU. Off to a rocky start, he is beginning to grow into the job.", "Michael Moriarty Wolf and others working on Law & Order tell a different story, however. On November 18, 1993, Moriarty and Wolf, along with other television executives, met with Reno to dissuade her from supporting any law that would censor the show. Wolf said that Moriarty overreacted to any effect the law was likely to have on the show. Law & Order producers claim they were forced to remove Moriarty from the series because of \"erratic behavior\", an example of which reportedly happened during the filming of the episode \"Breeder\" when, according to the episode's director, Arthur Forney, Moriarty was unable to deliver his lines with a straight face. Series and network officials deny any connection between his departure and Janet Reno. Wolf also denies that the show has become less violent, graphic or controversial since 1994.[8]", "Claire Kincaid During her first season on the show, she is paired with Executive ADA Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty). During the prosecution of a rape case, he threatens to fire her after she fails to share key information she learned while interviewing a witness, which subsequently comes out in trial, jeopardizing the case. Stone eventually relents and refuses to accept her resignation, relating to her because of a key mistake he made early in his career.[6] In another case, Kincaid temporarily resigns after it is revealed she and a judge that the DA's office is prosecuting were once lovers, possibly jeopardizing the case against him.[7]", "Freddy Rodriguez (actor) Since 2016, Rodriguez has starred as attorney and former New York City prosecutor Benny ColÃ³n in the CBS courtroom drama Bull.", "Law & Order Nearly two years passed between the pilot and production of the series. The producers held options on Dzundza, Noth, Moriarty and Brooks. Each was paid holding money for the additional year and brought back. Florek also returned. Thinnes, however, was starring in Dark Shadows and declined to return. In his place, the producers tapped Steven Hill to play District Attorney Adam Schiff,[30] a character loosely based on real-life New York County District Attorney Robert Morgenthau. Hill brought prestige and experience to the show and, as such, the producers allowed Hill to give insight on the direction he thought the character should go.[31]", "Ben Foster Benjamin A. Foster (born October 29, 1980)[1] is an American actor. He has had roles in films including The Punisher (2004), X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Alpha Dog (2006), The Messenger (2009), Pandorum (2009),[2] The Mechanic (2011), Contraband (2012), Kill Your Darlings (2013), Lone Survivor (2013), The Program (2015), and Leave No Trace (2018). He was nominated for a Saturn Award and a Satellite Award for his role in 3:10 to Yuma (2007)[3] and won an Independent Spirit Award for portraying Tanner Howard in Hell or High Water (2016).[4]", "Jesse L. Martin While still shooting Ally McBeal, Martin heard rumors that actor Benjamin Bratt planned to leave the cast of Law & Order. Martin had tried out for the show years before and won the minor role of a car-radio thief named Earl the Hamster, but decided to wait for a bigger part. With the opportunity presenting itself, Martin approached Law & Order producer Dick Wolf regarding the opening. Wolf hoped to cast him, and upon hearing that CBS and Fox both offered Martin development deals, he gave the actor the part without an audition.[5][6]", "Michael Moriarty Before gaining fame in films, Moriarty worked for several years as an actor at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis.[4] In 1973, Moriarty was cast as the egocentric Henry Wiggen in Bang the Drum Slowly, a film about the unlikely friendship between two baseball teammates â€“ the second being Robert De Niro, a slow-thinking catcher who becomes terminally ill. In the same year, Moriarty starred in a TV movie adaptation of Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie with Katharine Hepburn. Coincidentally, the film also featured Sam Waterston, who later replaced Moriarty as the Executive Assistant District Attorney on Law & Order. Moriarty's role in The Glass Menagerie (as \"Jim,\" the Gentleman Caller; Waterston played the son \"Tom\") won him an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor of the Year.[5] In 1974, Moriarty starred as rookie detective Bo Lockley in the acclaimed gritty police drama Report to the Commissioner.", "Michael Moriarty Moriarty announced his intention to run for the presidency in 2008 in an interview in the November 2005 issue of Northwest Jazz Profile, but he never formally declared his candidacy.[11] He later endorsed fellow former Law & Order actor Fred Thompson for the presidency during the 2008 Republican primaries,[12] as well as Carly Fiorina during the 2016 primary election cycle.[13] He has been a frequent contributor of numerous political columns to the ESR (Enter Stage Right) online Journal of Conservatism.", "Dann Florek Starting in 1990, Florek co-starred in the NBC police procedural and legal drama television series Law & Order as Capt. Don Cragen.[2]", "Olivia Benson Casting for the lead characters on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999. Dick Wolf, along with officials from NBC and Studios USA, were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center. The last round had been narrowed down to six finalists. For the female lead –Benson– Samantha Mathis, Reiko Aylesworth, and Hargitay were being considered. For the male role – Stabler – the finalists were Tim Matheson, John Slattery, and Christopher Meloni. Meloni and Hargitay had auditioned in the final round together and after the actors left, there was a moment of dead silence, after which Wolf blurted out, \"Oh well. There's no doubt who we should choose – Hargitay and Meloni.\" The duo, who Wolf believed had the perfect chemistry from the first time he saw them together, were his first choice. Garth Ancier, then head of NBC Entertainment, agreed, and the rest of the panel assembled voiced their assent.[48] Hargitay trained as a rape crisis advocate to prepare for the role of Benson.[49]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester will recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone, his character from Chicago P.D. and Chicago Justice, who is the son of Benjamin Stone, the ADA on the original Law & Order show.[53] It was later also announced that Brooke Shields was enlisted to assume a major recurring role starting in Season 19 of the long-running dramatic series.[54]", "Benjamin Stone (Law & Order character) Stone became Executive Assistant DA in 1985 after convicting con artist and murderer Philip Swann, who years later enters a civil suit against Stone when the validity of the conviction is called into question. (Swann is ultimately found guilty, however, and sent back to prison.)[8] Stone's assistants have been Paul Robinette and Claire Kincaid.", "Michael Moriarty Michael Moriarty was born in Detroit, Michigan on April 5, 1941.[1] He is the son of Elinor (nÃ©e Paul) and George Moriarty,[2] a surgeon. His grandfather George Moriarty was a third baseman, umpire, and manager in the major leagues for nearly 40 years.", "Jesse L. Martin Jesse L. Martin (born Jesse Lamont Watkins; January 18, 1969) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for originating the role of Tom Collins on Broadway in the musical Rent and his television roles as NYPD Detective Ed Green on Law & Order and Detective Joe West on The Flash.", "Ben Vereen Ben Vereen (born October 10, 1946) is an American actor, dancer, and singer who has appeared in numerous Broadway theatre shows. Vereen graduated from Manhattan's High School of Performing Arts.", "Richard Beymer George Richard Beymer, Jr.[1] (born February 20, 1938) is an American actor, filmmaker and artist who is best known for playing the roles of Tony in the film version of West Side Story (1961), Peter in The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) and Ben Horne on the television series Twin Peaks (1990â€“1991, 2017).", "Mike Logan (Law & Order) Michael Logan is a fictional character in the police procedural and legal drama television series Law & Order franchise, played by Chris Noth. He appears in 148 episodes of the franchise (111 episodes of Law & Order, 1 episode of Homicide: Life on the Street, and 36 episodes of Law & Order: Criminal Intent). He also appeared in Exiled: A Law & Order Movie.", "Sam Waterston In 1994, Waterston debuted as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy in the fifth season of the television series Law & Order. He played the role of McCoy, who would eventually become District Attorney, through the series finale in 2010, and has reprised the role throughout the Law and Order franchise. Upon the show's cancellation, Waterston was the second longest-serving cast member (behind S. Epatha Merkerson), having reprised his role through 16 seasons.[7][8] Due to the success of the New Yorkâ€“based TV series, Waterston and his fellow longtime Law & Order castmate Jerry Orbach were declared \"Living Landmarks\" by the New York Landmarks Conservancy.[9]", "Muse Watson Muse Watson (born July 20, 1948) is an American stage and screen actor.[1][2] He is best known for his roles as Ben Willis, the primary antagonist in the I Know What You Did Last Summer franchise, Charles Westmoreland on the Fox television series Prison Break and as Mike Franks in CBS television series NCIS.", "John Benjamin Hickey John Benjamin Hickey (born June 25, 1963) is an American actor with a career in stage, film and television. He won the 2011 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for his performance as Felix Turner in The Normal Heart.", "Jesse L. Martin From 1999 to 2008, he played Detective Edward \"Ed\" Green on Law & Order. Altogether, he was the fifth-longest serving cast member behind S. Epatha Merkerson, Sam Waterston, Jerry Orbach, and Steven Hill. He had a brief hiatus at the end of the 2004â€“2005 season while he was filming the movie adaptation of Rent in which he reprised the role of Tom Collins. Martin's final episode of Law & Order aired April 23, 2008, as he was replaced by Anthony Anderson. Martin returned to NBC a year later as the co-star of The Philanthropist.", "Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 4) Stars Vincent D'Onofrio, Kathryn Erbe, Jamey Sheridan, and Courtney B. Vance returned for the fourth season. Around mid-season, star Vincent D'Onofrio fainted twice from exhaustion, once on set and again at his home.[1] Writers René Balcer and Elizabeth Benjamin won an Edgar Award in the category Best Episode in a Television Series Teleplay, for the episode \"Want\".[2] Almost three months before the fourth season finale, it was announced Chris Noth would join the show in the fifth season, alternating episodes with D'Onofrio, due to his health issues at the time.[3]", "Steven Hill Steven Hill (born Solomon Krakovsky; February 24, 1922 – August 23, 2016) was an American actor. His two better-known roles are district attorney Adam Schiff on the NBC television drama series Law & Order, whom he portrayed for 10 seasons (1990–2000), and Dan Briggs, the original team leader of the Impossible Missions Force on the CBS television series Mission: Impossible, whom he portrayed in the initial season of the show (1966–1967).", "Mike Logan (Law & Order) When Noth was fired from the show in 1995 over a salary dispute, the Logan character was written out; in the Law & Order universe, Logan is transferred from Manhattan Homicide to the Staten Island Domestic Disputes squad in 1995 for publicly punching a homophobic politician who had been tried for the murder of a gay man (based on the Dan White case).[16] The transfer is considered a punishment and a career dead end for Logan; Briscoe refers to Logan's new assignment as \"doing 5 to 10 in Staten Island\". He is replaced by Det. Rey Curtis (Benjamin Bratt).", "Jack McCoy Waterston's performance as McCoy on the New York-based series was so popular that it resulted in him being declared a \"Living Landmark\" by the New York Landmarks Conservancy, along with fellow longtime series cast member Jerry Orbach (who portrayed the popular police detective Lennie Briscoe for 12 years).[1]", "Ben Powers Powers was born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in Providence, Rhode Island. He attended the Rhode Island School of Design.[2] Powers got his first break in the 1970s with Adrian Hall, director at Trinity Repertory Theater in Providence, Rhode Island, his hometown. In addition to stage acting, Powers did stand-up comedy, amazing impressions, and sang standards as well as original music he wrote. He was discovered by a Hollywood agent in Providence, signed on to do movies, and entertained at the Playboy clubs in Las Vegas, New York & Boston. After Good Times, Powers guest starred on a number of popular TV dramas and sitcom shows of the 1980s including Gimme a Break!, Flamingo Road, The Greatest American Hero, The New Odd Couple and Laverne & Shirley. Powers was also a regular on the CBS-TV hit detective drama show Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer in 1984-85, until the star, Stacy Keach, was arrested in London for cocaine smuggling and the show was canceled while Keach did time in England. Powers left the Hollywood scene at the end of 1985, before the detective series was picked up again. In the early 1980s, Powers appeared in a handful of big-screen films which included Cheech & Chong's Next Movie, Things Are Tough All Over and The Man Who Loved Women as well as a number of made-for-TV movies, mostly in smaller supporting roles.", "Ben Daniels Ben Daniels (born David T Daniels on 10 June 1964)[1] is an English actor. Initially a celebrated stage actor, Daniels was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor for Never the Sinner (1991), the Evening Standard Award for Best Actor for 900 Oneonta (1994), Best Actor in the M.E.N. Theatre Awards for Martin Yesterday (1998), and won the 2001 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the Arthur Miller play All My Sons.", "List of Law & Order characters The American television police procedural and legal drama Law & Order (1990–2010) follows the cases of a group of police detectives and prosecutors who represent the public interest in the criminal justice system. Known for its revolving cast, most of the original stars had left the show within the first five seasons;[1] though Dann Florek reprised his role of Capt. Donald Cragen on the spin-off series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit from 1999 to 2014, and Chris Noth reprised his role of Det. Mike Logan on Law & Order: Criminal Intent from 2005 to 2008. The longest-serving main cast members of the original series include Steven Hill as D.A. Adam Schiff (1990–2000), Jerry Orbach as Det. Lennie Briscoe (1992–2004),[2][3] S. Epatha Merkerson as Lt. Anita Van Buren (1993–2010),[4] Sam Waterston as EADA/DA Jack McCoy (1994–2010) and Jesse L. Martin as Det. Ed Green (1999–2008). Long-running recurring cast members on the series include John Fiore as Det. Tony Profaci (1990–1998), Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet (1991–2009), Leslie Hendrix as Dr. Elizabeth Rodgers (1992–2010) and J. K. Simmons as Dr. Emil Skoda (1997–2010).", "Greg Germann Gregory Andrew Germann (/ˈɡɜːrmən/ GUR-mən;[1] born February 26, 1958)[2] is an American actor. He is well known for playing Richard Fish on the television series Ally McBeal, which earned him a Screen Actors Guild award. He also is known for his role as Eric \"Rico\" Morrow on the sitcom Ned & Stacey and as Tom Krane on the 10-episode special of Law & Order.", "Jack McCoy Jack McCoy brings 24 years of experience with him as he is appointed executive assistant district attorney by Adam Schiff (Steven Hill) in the season five premiere episode \"Second Opinion\". He quickly establishes himself as a more unconventional, ruthless litigator than his predecessor, Ben Stone (Michael Moriarty). He often bends—and sometimes breaks—trial rules to get convictions, finds tenuous rationales for charging defendants with crimes when the original charges fail to stick, and charges innocent people to frighten them into testifying against others. McCoy is found in contempt of court 80 times for such behavior, and his tactics occasionally incur negative publicity for the DA's office. His underlying motivation, however, is not, he maintains, corruption, but a sincere desire to see justice done. To that end, McCoy has gone after defendants accused of perverting the justice system to arrange wrongful convictions with just as much determination as his more mundane cases. Such aggressive actions in the courts have earned him the nickname \"Hang 'em High McCoy\".[2] He has subsequently developed a reputation with both colleagues and rival attorneys, once being referred to as \"the top of the legal food chain\" by a rival attorney during a trial.[3]", "Jerry Orbach Orbach was married in 1958 to Marta Curro, with whom he had two sons, Anthony Nicholas and Christopher Benjamin; they divorced in 1975. Elder son Tony is a crossword puzzle constructor for The New York Times and also guest starred on the Law & Order episode \"Doubles\" as a reporter. Younger son Chris Orbach, who is an actor and singer, played Lennie Briscoe's nephew Ken Briscoe during the first season of Special Victims Unit. In 1979, Jerry Orbach married Broadway dancer Elaine Cancilla, whom he met while starring in Chicago.", "Steven Hill Hill returned to work in the 1980s and 1990s, playing parental and authority-figure roles in such films as Yentl (1983), Garbo Talks (1984), Neil Simon's Brighton Beach Memoirs, Heartburn (1986), Running on Empty (1988), Billy Bathgate (1991), and The Firm (1993). Hill also appeared as a mob kingpin in Raw Deal (1986), an action vehicle for Arnold Schwarzenegger. Hill played New York District Attorney Bower in the 1986 comedy-drama Legal Eagles, foreshadowing his appearance as Adam Schiff in Law & Order.[17]", "Ben Affleck Benjamin Geza Affleck-Boldt (born August 15, 1972) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, and producer. His accolades include two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards, two BAFTA Awards and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. He began his career as a child and starred in the PBS educational series The Voyage of the Mimi in 1984, before a second run in 1988. He later appeared in the independent coming-of-age comedy Dazed and Confused (1993) and various Kevin Smith films including Chasing Amy (1997) and Dogma (1999). Affleck gained wider recognition when he and childhood friend Matt Damon won the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for Good Will Hunting (1997). He then established himself as a leading man in studio films including the disaster drama Armageddon (1998), the romantic comedy Forces of Nature (1999), the war drama Pearl Harbor (2001) and the thriller Changing Lanes (2002).", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14) Eion Bailey guest starred in the episode, \"Traumatic Wound\" (May 1, 2013), as former Military veteran, who might hold the key to why as a young girl who was attacked at a concert. Jeffrey Tambor reprised his role as attorney, Ben Cohen, in this episode.[45]", "Chris Noth In 1998 Noth returned to prime-time television when he took the role of Carrie Bradshaw's enigmatic on-again, off-again boyfriend \"Big\" on HBO's Sex and the City.[7] He played the role for six years, during which he also appeared in a small role as Helen Hunt's husband in the hit film Cast Away (2000), and starred in a Broadway revival of The Best Man. In 2001 he played an FBI agent on a three-episode arc of Crossing Jordan, re-uniting him with Law & Order co-star, Jill Hennessy. Noth returned to the role of Mike Logan on Law & Order: Criminal Intent in 2005, joining the show in its fifth season following a guest appearance on a fourth-season episode.[7] On this spin-off of the original Law & Order, Noth's detective team alternated episodes with Vincent D'Onofrio and Kathryn Erbe's characters. On June 26, 2008, it was announced that Noth was leaving the series, and that Jeff Goldblum would be joining the cast.[9]", "Ben Savage Bennett Joseph Savage (born September 13, 1980) is an American actor. He played the lead role of Cory Matthews on the ABC sitcom Boy Meets World (1993–2000) and its Disney Channel sequel series Girl Meets World (2014–2017).", "Craig Montgomery Bryce is often considered to be the most well known actor in the role and was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series in 1986 and 1987, as well as for two Soap Opera Digest Awards in 1986 and 1988. Following his final appearance on the show, Bryce appeared on ABC's One Life to Live as Dr. Crosby in 2006 and eventually co-created and executive produced the web series Steamboat with Michael O'Leary of Guiding Light. The series was intended to become a cable television show until it was broadcast on the Internet.[2][3] Block is also known for his daytime roles including Ben Warren on CBS' Guiding Light, Lee Ramsey on One Life to Live and Guy Donohue on All My Children. Following his exit, he also appeared in the 2010 feature film Salt, which starred Angelina Jolie and Liev Schreiber.[4][5] Meek has had a career all throughout television including The WB series Charmed and also appeared on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow.[6]", "Michael Moriarty Moriarty won a Tony Award in 1974 for his performance in the play Find Your Way Home. His career on the screen was slow to develop, while his theatre career was flourishing. He starred as a German SS officer in the television miniseries Holocaust, which earned him another Emmy. Through the 1980s, Moriarty starred in such Larry Cohen movies as Q, The Stuff, It's Alive III: Island of the Alive, and A Return to Salem's Lot (much later, he appeared in Cohen's Masters of Horror episode \"Pick Me Up\"), as well as Clint Eastwood's Pale Rider and The Hanoi Hilton. In 1986, he starred in the fantasy science fiction movie Troll, playing the role of Harry Potter Sr. (unrelated to the 2001 Harry Potter series.)", "Maurice Benard Maurice Benard (born March 1, 1963) is an American actor. He is known primarily for his portrayal of Michael \"Sonny\" Corinthos Jr. on ABC soap opera, General Hospital, a role he has portrayed since 1993.", "Christopher Meloni Law & Order producer Dick Wolf signed Meloni to play Elliot Stabler on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit in 1999. Meloni appeared on both Oz and Law & Order: SVU simultaneously, until Oz went off the air in 2003. Meloni was nominated for an Emmy Award in 2006,[11] in the category of Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series, for his role as Elliot Stabler.", "Mariska Hargitay Casting for the lead characters of NBC police procedural television drama series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999. Dick Wolf, along with officials from NBC and Studios USA, were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center. The last round had been narrowed down to six finalists. For the female lead – Detective Olivia Benson – Samantha Mathis, Reiko Aylesworth, and Hargitay were being considered. For the male role – Detective Elliot Stabler – the finalists were Tim Matheson, John Slattery, and Christopher Meloni. Meloni and Hargitay had auditioned in the final round together and after the actors left, there was a moment of dead silence, after which Wolf blurted out, \"Oh well. There's no doubt who we should choose – Hargitay and Meloni.\" The duo, who Wolf believed had the perfect chemistry from the first time he saw them together, were his first choice. Garth Ancier, then head of NBC Entertainment, agreed, and the rest of the panel assembled voiced their assent.[17] Hargitay trained as a rape crisis advocate to prepare for the role of Benson.[18]", "Jerry Orbach In addition to his Tony Award and nominations, Jerry Orbach is also a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame, having been inducted in 1999.[23] In 2002, Orbach was named a \"Living Landmark\" by the New York Landmarks Conservancy, along with his Law & Order co-star Sam Waterston.[24] Orbach quipped that the honor meant \"that they can't tear me down.\"[9]", "Jerry Orbach Jerome Bernard Orbach (October 20, 1935 â€“ December 28, 2004) was an American actor and singer, described at the time of his death as \"one of the last bona fide leading men of the Broadway musical and global celebrity on television\"[1] and a \"versatile stage and film actor\".[2]", "Law & Order The show has been noted for its revolving cast over the years. Among the longest-running main cast members were Steven Hill as District Attorney Adam Schiff (seasons 1–10), Jerry Orbach as Detective Lennie Briscoe (seasons 3–14), S. Epatha Merkerson as Lieutenant Anita Van Buren (seasons 4–20), Sam Waterston as Executive Assistant District Attorney Jack McCoy (seasons 5–20; later District Attorney) and Jesse L. Martin as Detective Ed Green (seasons 10–18).", "John Benjamin Hickey On Broadway, he originated the role of Arthur in Terrence McNally's play Love! Valour! Compassion! in 1995, [4] a role he recreated for the 1997 film version.[5]", "Sam Waterston Waterston made his film debut in 1965's The Plastic Dome of Norma Jean and came to prominence in Fitzwilly in 1967. He starred as Tom in a 1973 television film adaptation of Tennessee Williams' The Glass Menagerie, alongside Katharine Hepburn. The film also featured Michael Moriarty (as the Gentleman Caller), whom Waterston later replaced as the executive assistant district attorney on Law & Order. One of his breakout roles was opposite Jeff Bridges in the western comedy Rancho Deluxe in 1975.", "Jerry Orbach Whether singing \"Try to Remember\" as the dashing narrator of \"The Fantasticks\" in 1960 or trading barbs with fellow detectives and reluctant witnesses on television in recent years, Mr. Orbach exuded a wry, ragged masculinity that was all his own. As a star of musicals, he created a new kind of hero who was leagues away from suave, swaggering Adonises like John Raitt, Howard Keel, and Alfred Drake... And he flourished at a time when the Broadway musical hero was fast becoming an endangered species... His rough-edged individuality may account for his endurance on the Broadway stage in an era when other promising musical actors - including Larry Kert, Robert Goulet, and Robert Morse - proved unable to follow through on their breakthrough successes. Mr. Orbach may have been the last of a breed: no male star since has matched the breadth and continuity of his career in musicals... It wasn't until the 1990s, when he started appearing as Lennie Briscoe in \"Law & Order,\" that Mr. Orbach became a familiar name throughout the country. The rough edge that distinguished him on Broadway eased his transition to character roles like Briscoe, the recovered alcoholic who seemed to greet the discovery of each episode's crime with a world-weary shrug.[1]", "Dann Florek Florek worked his way into supporting roles in such diverse 1980s films as Sweet Liberty, Moon Over Parador and Angel Heart. He also played Mr. Slate in the live-action film version of The Flintstones.", "Matt McGorry Matthew David \"Matt\" McGorry (born April 12, 1986) is an American actor and activist. He is best known for his roles as John Bennett in the Netflix comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black and Asher Millstone on ABC's How to Get Away with Murder.", "Law & Order After 12 years on Law & Order, Orbach announced in March 2004 that he was leaving the show at the end of Season 14 for the spin-off Law & Order: Trial by Jury. Lennie Briscoe was written off as retiring from the NYPD and later taking a position as an investigator for the DA's office. He was replaced at the 27th Precinct by Detective Joe Fontana, played by Dennis Farina.[53] At the time, Orbach would not state the reason for his departure,[53] but it was eventually revealed that he had been battling prostate cancer (for over 10 years) and that his role on Trial by Jury was designed to be less taxing on him than his role on the original series was. However, Orbach died from his cancer on December 28, 2004 and was featured in only the first two episodes of Trial by Jury. (His character was subsequently written off as having also died off-screen, though this was not revealed on the original series until the Season 18 episode \"Burn Card.\")[54]", "Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 â€“ December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and the comical monster in Mel Brooks' film spoof Young Frankenstein (1974). Boyle, who won an Emmy Award in 1996 for a guest-starring role on the science-fiction drama The X-Files, won praise in both comedic and dramatic parts following his breakthrough performance in the 1970 film Joe.[1]", "James Remar William James Remar (born December 31, 1953), is an American actor and voice actor. He played Richard, the on-off tycoon boyfriend of Kim Cattrall's character in Sex and the City, Ajax in The Warriors (1979),[1] homicidal maniac Albert Ganz in the thriller 48 Hrs. (1982), gangster Dutch Schultz in The Cotton Club (1984), Lord Raiden in Mortal Kombat: Annihilation (1997), Giuseppe Salvatore in The CW TV series The Vampire Diaries, Jack Duff in Miracle on 34th Street (1994), and Harry Morgan in the Showtime TV series Dexter. Since 2009, he has done voiceover work in ads for Lexus luxury cars.[2] James Remar also studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City.", "Ben Mendelsohn Paul Benjamin Mendelsohn (born 3 April 1969) is an Australian actor, who first rose to prominence in Australia for his role in The Year My Voice Broke (1987) and internationally for his role in the crime drama Animal Kingdom (2010).", "J. K. Simmons Jonathan Kimble Simmons (born January 9, 1955) is an American character actor and voice actor. In television, he is known for playing Dr. Emil Skoda on the NBC series Law & Order, neo-Nazi Vernon Schillinger on the HBO prison-drama Oz, and Assistant Police Chief Will Pope on TNT's The Closer. Since 2017, he has executive produced and starred as Howard Silk in the Starz series Counterpart.", "Steven Hill Hill became best known, and to an even greater degree than from his role in Mission: Impossible, as Adam Schiff in the NBC TV drama series Law & Order, a part that he played for 10 seasons, from 1990 to 2000. Hill's character was loosely modeled on the real former district attorney of New York, Robert Morgenthau,[22] and Morgenthau reportedly was a fan of the character.[23][24] Hill admitted that he found the character of Adam Schiff the hardest role he ever had, because of all the legal jargon he had to learn.[6] \"It's like acting in a second language,\" said Hill.[6] Hill added that he agreed with the show's philosophy, saying that \"there's a certain positive statement in this show. So much is negative today. The positive must be stated to rescue us from pandemonium. To me it lies in that principle: law and order.\"[6] Hill earned another Emmy nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Dramatic Series in 1997.[citation needed]", "Ben Linus In 2001, Michael Emerson won a Primetime Emmy Award for his guest appearance as serial killer William Hinks on The Practice.[34] The Lost producers liked his work on The Practice, so they were keen to cast Emerson in the role of Ben, then known as \"Henry Gale\", as they thought he would fit the character well.[38] He was originally contracted to appear in just three episodes of Lost,[39][40] making his first appearance midway through the second season, in episode \"One of Them\". The producers were so impressed by him that they contracted him for a further five episodes, citing the scene at the end of \"The Whole Truth\" where Ben asks for milk as the moment they knew he was a \"keeper\".[34] He was then made a part of the regular cast from the third season.[41] Had Emerson not worked out during his initial appearances a different actor would have been cast for the leader of the Others, but it was always intended the survivors would have the leader right under their noses and not realize it.[39] During one episode of the Official Lost Podcast, the producers state they always knew Ben would be the \"Big Bad\".[42] Emerson had no idea of his character's importance during his second season recurring role. He was told nothing about Ben's backstory and would only receive scripts at the last minute.[43] He enjoyed how the ambiguity of Ben's motives allowed him to \"paint it the way [he] please[s]\".[32] Sterling Beaumon was cast to play Ben in the flashbacks of episode \"The Man Behind the Curtain\".[3] Emerson's wife Carrie Preston was cast as Ben's mother following Emerson telling people at parties she was desperate for a part on the show.[43]", "Ron Carver As has often taken place in the Law & Order franchise, Vance first appeared on the original Law & Order series in a 1990 episode, \"By Hooker, By Crook\" as an unnamed Mayor's Aide. He also appeared in the season 5 episode, \"Rage\". In that episode, he portrayed Benjamin Greer, a suspect interviewed and arrested by Detective Mike Logan.", "Law & Order However, Govich proved to be even more unpopular with fans than her predecessor was, and she left the show after one season, with the explanation being that Detective Cassady's assignment to the precinct had been temporary and had been transferred out. She was replaced by Jeremy Sisto, who had previously guest starred as a defense attorney in the Season 17 episode \"The Family Hour,\" as Detective Cyrus Lupo.[59] Around the same time, Thompson announced he would leave the show to seek the 2008 Republican presidential nomination. (No explanation was given within the show regarding Arthur Branch's off-screen departure.) Waterston's character was promoted to Interim District Attorney (later made full District Attorney in Season 20) and his former position was filled in by Executive Assistant District Attorney Michael Cutter, played by Linus Roache.[60][61]", "Jeremy Sisto Jeremy Merton Sisto (born October 6, 1974) is an American actor, producer, and writer. Sisto has had recurring roles as Billy Chenowith in the HBO series Six Feet Under and NYPD Detective Cyrus Lupo in the NBC series Law & Order. He also starred in the comedy Clueless (1995), the biblical miniseries Jesus (1999), the drama Thirteen (2003), and the horror film Wrong Turn (2003). In 2004, he starred as bigoted baseball player Shane Mungitt in Take Me Out, for which he was nominated for a Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award for Featured Performance in a Play. In 2006, he starred in the play Festen on Broadway.", "Dan Lauria Lauria is best known for his portrayal of Jack Arnold, the money-conscious father on the TV series The Wonder Years, that ran from 1988 to 1993. He also played James Webb in the 1998 TV miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and Commanding Officer, USA in 1996's Independence Day. More recently he has appeared in a War Veterans public service announcement and as Police Commissioner Eustace Dolan in The Spirit. He appeared as Coach Hamstrung in The Three Stooges N.Y.U.K. on AMC in 2000. Lauria appeared on stage in New York in the summer of 2006 in an Off Broadway production of \"A Stone Carver\" by William Mastrosimone with Jim Iorio and Elizabeth Rossa. Lauria also had a small role in a Season two episode of Army Wives, as well as a season one episode of The Mentalist. In 2009, Dan has appeared as General Lee Whitworth, M.D. on T.V. series Criminal Minds Season 4. He has also appeared in an episode of Boy Meets World, starring Ben Savage, the younger brother of The Wonder Years's Fred Savage. In late 2009, Lauria returned to the Off Broadway stage, appearing as Jimmy Hoffa in Brian Lee Franklin's Good Bobby, a fictionalized account of Robert Kennedy's rise.", "Jerry Orbach Later in his career, Orbach played supporting roles in films such as Prince of the City (1981), Dirty Dancing (1987), Crimes and Misdemeanors (1989) and Disney's Beauty and the Beast (1991).[3] He also made frequent guest appearances on television; including a recurring role on Murder, She Wrote (1985–1991) as private detective Harry McGraw. However, he gained worldwide fame for his starring role as NYPD Detective Lennie Briscoe on the long-running NBC crime drama Law & Order (1992–2004).[5]", "Ben Savage His first major speaking role on network television was playing the recurring role of Matthew, son of the Judd Hirsch character, on the comedy series Dear John (1988). Then he was one of a family of orphans who con Robert Mitchum into being their guardian in A Family For Joe (NBC, 1990).", "Dann Florek Florek played Dave Meyer, the husband of Susan Ruttan's character, Roxanne Melman, on 22 episodes of NBC's hit drama L.A. Law beginning in 1988. Florek also had a recurring role in the WB sitcom Smart Guy as the high school gym coach. He also appeared in several episodes of Roseanne.", "Law & Order Law & Order has been nominated for numerous awards in the television industry over the span of its run. Among its wins are the 1997 Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Male Actor in a Drama Series for Sam Waterston in 1999 and Jerry Orbach in 2005 (awarded after his death), and numerous Edgar Awards for Best Episode in a Television Series Teleplay.", "Paul Robinette Paul Robinette, played by Richard Brooks, is a fictional character who appeared in the TV drama series Law & Order from the pilot episode in 1990 until the final episode of the third season, \"Benevolence,\" in 1993. He is the first of the seven Assistant District Attorneys who have been featured on Law & Order, and the only male. He appeared in 69 episodes.", "Law & Order (season 15) Martin was replaced by Michael Imperioli who portrayed Detective Nick Falco starting with the episode \"Publish and Perish\" until the season finale episode. Imperioli said about his character, Falco, \"The character I'm playing on Law & Order, has a real passion for making the world safe and making the city safe for people. He wants to make sure that the bad guys go to jail and that justice wins out and I think he grew up with that reverence and lives with it.\"[5][6]", "Benicio del Toro Benicio Monserrate Rafael del Toro Sánchez (born February 19, 1967) is a Puerto Rican actor. He won an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for his portrayal of the jaded but morally upright police officer Javier Rodriguez in the film Traffic (2000). Del Toro's performance as ex-con turned religious fanatic in despair, Jack Jordan, in Alejandro González Iñárritu's 21 Grams (2003) earned him a second Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor, as well as a second Screen Actors Guild Awards nomination and a BAFTA Awards nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role.", "Jerry Orbach Orbach starred on Law & Order for 12 years, ultimately becoming the third longest-serving main cast member (behind S. Epatha Merkerson and Sam Waterston) in the show's 20-year-run history, as well as one of its most popular.[18] During Orbach's tenure on Law & Order, the series won the 1997 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series among other accolades, made multiple crossover episodes with fellow NBC series Homicide: Life on the Street, and spawned a franchise that included the TV film Exiled: A Law & Order Movie, the spin-off series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Law & Order: Criminal Intent (both of which featured Orbach in guest appearances), and three video games. Orbach himself was nominated for a 2000 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series (losing to James Gandolfini for The Sopranos). TV Guide named Lennie Briscoe one of their top-25 greatest television detectives of all time.[19] Also during his time on Law & Order, Orbach co-starred with Al Pacino in the independent film Chinese Coffee, which was filmed in the summer of 1997 and released three years later.[3]", "Donal Logue Donal Francis Logue (born February 27, 1966)[2][3] or (born February 27, 1966)[4] (sources vary) is a Canadian-born Irish-American[5] film and television actor, producer and writer. His notable roles include starring in the film The Tao of Steve, Sons of Anarchy, Vikings, the sitcom Grounded for Life, the television series Copper and the detective series Terriers. He stars as detective Harvey Bullock in Fox's Gotham and had a recurring role in NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit as Lt. Declan Murphy.", "Purgatory (Law & Order: Criminal Intent) Dean Winters as Mike Stoat\nLauren Vélez as Officer Lois Melago\nSeth Gilliam as Detective Daniels\nDanny Mastrogiorgio as John Testarossa\nHolt McCallany as Patrick Copa", "Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 1) Law & Order: Criminal Intent is not an ensemble series,[14] and therefore differs from Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit which respectively featured six and eight actors receiving star billing during the same broadcast season.[15][16] Movie actor Vincent D'Onofrio was offered the lead role of Detective Robert Goren, a hyper-intuitive contemporary Sherlock Holmes-type investigator who used to work for the US Military Police.[17] Other than a 1998 guest role on Homicide: Life on the Street that earned him an Emmy nomination, this was D'Onofrio's first major television role.[18][19] Goren's partner, former vice squad detective Alexandra Eames,[17] was played by Kathryn Erbe who had just completed a role on Oz as convicted murderer Shirley Bellinger.[20] Balcer stated Eames was cast because \"she just looked like a real cop.\"[21] Courtney B. Vance plays Assistant District Attorney Ron Carver, a graduate of John Jay College of Criminal Justice.[17][22] Jamey Sheridan was the last actor to be cast in a main role, taking the part of James Deakins, a \"seasoned\" NYPD Captain.[7][17] In a recurring role, Leslie Hendrix appeared as Assistant Chief Medical Examiner Elizabeth Rodgers, the same character she had played in the other two series.[23] Steve Zirnkilton provides a voice-over at the beginning of each episode's opening credits, saying \"In New York City's war on crime, the worst criminal offenders are pursued by the detectives of the Major Case Squad. These are their stories.\"[24][25]", "Richard Belzer Richard Jay Belzer (born August 4, 1944)[1] is an American stand-up comedian, author,[2] and actor. He is best known for his role as John Munch,[3] whom he has portrayed as a regular cast member on the NBC police drama series Homicide: Life on the Street[4] and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit,[3] as well as in guest appearances on a number of other series. He portrayed the character for 23 years from 1993 to 2016." ]	[ "Michael Moriarty Michael Moriarty (born April 5, 1941) is an American-Canadian stage and screen actor and jazz musician. He received an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for his first acting role on American television as a Nazi SS officer in the 1978 mini-series Holocaust, and he played Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone for the first four seasons (1990â€“1994) on the television show Law & Order. Moriarty is also known for his roles in films such as Bang the Drum Slowly, Who'll Stop the Rain, Q: The Winged Serpent, The Stuff, Pale Rider, Troll, Courage Under Fire, and Shiloh." ]
test3145	the japanese pagoda was influenced by the indian stupa	[ "doc107394" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc107398", "doc107394", "doc107421", "doc2627763", "doc107410", "doc1608557", "doc107415", "doc107413", "doc1424767", "doc107405", "doc107408", "doc515527", "doc2143689", "doc107424", "doc2149469", "doc2387601", "doc107412", "doc107418", "doc107399", "doc2143697", "doc107400", "doc107402", "doc1440666", "doc2143688", "doc107403", "doc107414", "doc107417", "doc172433", "doc2143676", "doc107423", "doc2387603", "doc1287523", "doc2143702", "doc2143684", "doc2143698", "doc107409", "doc1261963", "doc1408813", "doc107397", "doc107406", "doc1408799", "doc107419", "doc107430", "doc2141491", "doc107428", "doc1918121", "doc107401", "doc2627778", "doc1440668", "doc107429", "doc107422", "doc2143687", "doc107411", "doc1918120", "doc1408802", "doc1408794", "doc1261972", "doc2143685", "doc107396", "doc1440625", "doc951105", "doc107426", "doc107427", "doc1918115", "doc107420", "doc2143666", "doc1440621", "doc2143686", "doc2569978", "doc107407", "doc2143663", "doc2570005", "doc1825983", "doc1608550", "doc1408850", "doc2570061", "doc667177", "doc2143677", "doc1440665", "doc2143678", "doc2143717", "doc1440647", "doc2143693", "doc1440653", "doc2330004", "doc951106", "doc667081", "doc107395", "doc1608551", "doc1797890", "doc2569988", "doc2570041", "doc1440659", "doc107425", "doc2570058", "doc1440670", "doc1171352", "doc1440657", "doc2569974", "doc2569975" ]	[ "Japanese pagoda The stupa was originally a simple mound containing the Buddha's ashes which in time became more elaborate, while its finial grew proportionally larger.[2] After reaching China, the stupa met the Chinese watchtower and evolved into the pagoda, a tower with an odd number of storeys.[note 1] Its use then spread to Korea and, from there, to Japan. Following its arrival in Japan together with Buddhism in the 6th century, the pagoda became one of the focal points of the early Japanese garan.[note 2] In Japan it evolved in shape, size and function, finally losing its original role as a reliquary.[5] It also became extremely common, while on the Asian continent it is rare.[6]", "Japanese pagoda Pagodas in Japan are called tō (塔, lit. pagoda), sometimes buttō (仏塔, lit. Buddhist pagoda) or tōba (塔婆, lit. pagoda) and historically derive from the Chinese pagoda, itself an interpretation of the Indian stupa.[1] Like the stupa, pagodas were originally used as reliquaries but in many cases they ended up losing this function.[2] Pagodas are quintessentially Buddhist and an important component of Japanese Buddhist temple compounds but, because until the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868, a Shinto shrine was normally also a Buddhist temple and vice versa, they are not rare at shrines either. The famous Itsukushima Shrine, for example, has one.[3]", "Japanese pagoda Because its kind does not exist either in Korea or in China, it is believed to have been invented in Japan during the Heian period (794 - 1185). The tahōtō was important enough to be considered one of the seven indispensable buildings (the so-called shichidō garan) of a Shingon temple.[15] Kūkai himself is responsible for the construction of the tahōto at Mount Kōya's Kongōbu-ji.", "Buddhist architecture The Pagoda is an evolution of the Indian stupa.", "Japanese pagoda The gorintō (五輪塔, lit. five ring tower) is a pagoda found almost only in Japan and believed to have been first adopted by the Shingon and Tendai sects during the mid Heian period.[11] It is used as a tomb marker or as a cenotaph, and is therefore a common sight in Buddhist temples and cemeteries. It is also called gorinsotōba (五輪卒塔婆) (\"five-ringed stupa\") or goringedatsu (五輪解脱), where the term sotoba is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word stupa.[1]", "Japanese art Early Heian art: In reaction to the growing wealth and power of organized Buddhism in Nara, the priest Kūkai (best known by his posthumous title Kōbō Daishi, 774–835) journeyed to China to study Shingon, a form of Vajrayana Buddhism, which he introduced into Japan in 806. At the core of Shingon worship are mandalas, diagrams of the spiritual universe, which then began to influence temple design. Japanese Buddhist architecture also adopted the stupa, originally an Indian architectural form, in its Chinese-style pagoda.", "Japanese pagoda A kasatōba (笠塔婆, umbrella stupa) (see photo in the gallery below) is simply a square stone post placed over a square base and covered by a pyramidal roof. Over the roof stand a bowl-shaped stone and a lotus-shaped stone. The shaft can be carved with Sanskrit words or low-relief images of Buddhist gods. Within the shaft there can be stone wheels which allow the faithful to turn the stupa around while praying as with a prayer wheel.[14]", "Japanese pagoda The hōkyōintō tradition in Japan is believed to have begun during the Asuka period (550–710 CE).[12] They used to be made of wood and started to be made in stone only during the Kamakura period.[12] It is also during this period that they started to be used as tombstones and cenotaphs.[12] The hōkyōintō started to be made in its present form during the Kamakura period.[1] Like a gorintō, it is divided in five main sections representing the five elements of Japanese cosmology.[5] The sūtra it sometimes hides contain all the pious deeds of a Tathagata Buddha, and the faithful believe that, by praying in front of the hōkyōintō, their sins will be canceled, during their lives they will be protected from disasters and after death they will go to heaven.[12]", "Stupa The stupa was elaborated as Buddhism spread to other Asian countries, becoming, for example, the chÃ¶rten of Tibet[5] and the pagoda in East Asia.[6] The pagoda has varied forms that also include bell-shaped and pyramidal styles. In the Western context, there is no clear distinction between a stupa and a pagoda. In general, however, \"stupa\" is the term used for a Buddhist structure in India or Southeast Asia while \"pagoda\" refers to a building in East Asia which can be entered and which may be secular in purpose.", "Japanese pagoda Because of the relics they contained, wooden pagodas used to be the centerpiece of the garan, the seven edifices considered indispensable for a temple.[7] They gradually lost importance and were replaced by the kondō (golden hall), because of the magic powers believed to lie within the images the building housed. This loss of status was so complete that Zen schools, which arrived late in Japan from China, normally do not have any pagoda in their garan. The layout of four early temples clearly illustrates this trend: they are in chronological order Asuka-dera, Shitennō-ji, Hōryū-ji, and Yakushi-ji.[7] In the first, the pagoda was at the very center of the garan surrounded by three small kondō (see the reconstruction of the temple's original layout). In the second, a single kondō is at the center of the temple and the pagoda lies in front of it. At Hōryū-ji, they are one next to the other. Yakushi-ji has a single, large kondō at the center with two pagodas on the sides. The same evolution can be observed in Buddhist temples in China.", "Japanese pagoda A hōtō (宝塔, lit. jewel stupa) is a pagoda consisting of four parts: a low foundation stone, a cylindrical body with a rounded top, a four-sided roof and a finial.[10] Unlike the similar tahōtō (see section below) it has no enclosed pent roof (mokoshi) around its circular core.[5] Like the tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai. The hōtō was born during the early Heian period, when the Tendai and Shingon sects first arrived in Japan. Indeed, because it does not exist on the Asian continent, it is believed to have been invented in Japan.[5]", "Culture of India Indian architecture has influenced eastern and southeastern Asia, due to the spread of Buddhism. A number of Indian architectural features such as the temple mound or stupa, temple spire or shikhara, temple tower or pagoda and temple gate or torana, have become famous symbols of Asian culture, used extensively in East Asia and South East Asia. The central spire is also sometimes called a vimanam. The southern temple gate, or gopuram is noted for its intricacy and majesty.", "Japanese architecture Pagoda at Yakushi-ji, Nara, Nara\nOriginally built in 730", "Japanese pagoda Often offertory strips of wood with five subdivisions and covered with elaborate inscriptions called sotōba (卒塔婆) can be found at tombs in Japanese cemeteries (see photo in the gallery below).[5] The inscriptions contain sūtra and the posthumous name of the dead person. Their name derives from the Sanskrit stūpa, and they can be also considered pagodas.", "China–India relations Indian architecture has an influence on Chinese architecture.Chinese pagoda had its origin in India.[96][97] The earliest Pagoda in Konan Province, built in the second century, is shown as an example of Indian influence on Chinese architecture.[98] Chinese pagoda was influenced by Indian architecture.Giant Wild Goose Pagoda clearly reflects Indian influence.[99]", "Bagan A stupa, also called a pagoda, is a massive structure, typically with a relic chamber inside. The Bagan stupas or pagodas evolved from earlier Pyu designs, which in turn were based on the stupa designs of the Andhra region, particularly Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda in present-day south-eastern India, and to a smaller extent to Ceylon.[20] The Bagan-era stupas in turn were the prototypes for later Burmese stupas in terms of symbolism, form and design, building techniques and even materials.[21]", "Japanese pagoda The hōkyōintō (宝篋印塔) is a large stone pagoda so called because it originally contained the Hōkyōin (宝篋印) dharani (陀羅尼) sūtra.[1] It was originally used as a cenotaph for the King of Wuyue - Qian Liu in China.[1]", "Japanese pagoda A wooden hōtō is a rare type of pagoda consisting of four parts: a low foundation stone, a cylindrical body with a rounded top, a pyramidal roof and a finial.[10] Unlike the similar tahōtō (see section below) it has no square enclosed pent roof (mokoshi) around its cylindrical core.[5] Like the tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai. The hōtō was born during the early Heian period, when the Tendai and Shingon Buddhist sects first arrived in Japan.", "Japanese pagoda With the birth of new sects in later centuries, the pagoda lost importance and was consequently relegated to the margins of the garan. Temples of the Jōdo sects rarely have a pagoda.[2] During the Kamakura period the Zen sect arrived in Japan and their temples do not normally include a pagoda.", "Japanese architecture The priest Kūkai (best known by the posthumous title Kōbō Daishi, 774–835) journeyed to China to study Shingon, a form of Vajrayana Buddhism, which he introduced into Japan in 806. At the core of Shingon worship are the various mandalas, diagrams of the spiritual universe that influenced temple design.[3] The temples erected for this new sect were built in the mountains, far away from the court and the laity in the capital. The irregular topography of these sites forced their designers to rethink the problems of temple construction, and in so doing to choose more indigenous elements of design.[14]", "Japanese pagoda Pagodas originally were reliquaries and did not contain sacred images, but in Japan many, for example Hōryū-ji's five-storied pagoda, enshrine statues of various deities.[5] To allow the opening of a room at the ground floor and therefore create some usable space, the pagoda's central shaft, which originally reached the ground, was shortened to the upper stories, where it rested on supporting beams.[5] In that room are enshrined statues of the temple's main objects of worship. Inside Shingon pagodas there can be paintings of deities called Shingon Hasso (真言八祖); on the ceiling and on the central shaft there can be decorations and paintings.[5]", "Japanese pagoda From the structural point of view, old pagodas had a stone base (心礎, shinso) over which stood the main pillar (心柱, shinbashira). Around it would be erected the first story's supporting pillars, then the beams supporting the eaves and so on. The other stories would be built over the completed one, and on top of the main pillar would at last be inserted the finial.[5] In later eras, all of the supporting structures would be erected at once, and later to them were fixed parts of more cosmetic function.[5]", "Korean influence on Japanese culture One of the most notable examples of Korean influence on Japanese sculpture is the Buddha statue in the Koryu-ji Temple, sometimes referred to as the \"Crown-Coiffed Maitreya\".[106] This statue was directly copied from a Korean prototype around the seventh century.[104][106] Likewise, the Great Buddha sculpture of Todai-ji Temple,[60][64][107] as well as both the Baekje Kannon and the Guze Kannon sculptures of Japan's Horyu-ji Temple, are believed to have been sculpted by Koreans.[64][108][109] The Guze Kannon was described as \"the greatest perfect monument of Corean art\" by Ernest Fenollosa.[108]", "Japanese architecture Pagoda at Hokki-ji, Ikaruga, Nara\nBuilt in 706", "Japanese pagoda Early pagodas had a central pillar that penetrated deep into the ground. With the evolution of architectural techniques, it was first put to rest on a base stone at ground level, then it was shortened and put to rest on beams at the second story to allow the opening of a room.[2][5]", "Japanese pagoda The muhōtō (無縫塔, lit. no stitch tower) or rantō (卵塔, lit. egg tower) is a pagoda which usually marks the gravesite of a Buddhist priest. It was originally used by just the Zen schools, but it was later adopted by the others too.[13] Its characteristic egg-shaped upper portion is supposed to be a phallic symbol.", "Japanese pagoda Wooden tasōtō are pagodas with an odd number of stories. Some may appear to have an even number because of the presence between stories of purely decorative enclosed pent roofs called mokoshi[note 3] A famous example is Yakushi-ji's eastern pagoda (see photo to the left), which seems to have six stories but has in fact only three. Another is the tahōtō (see below), which has a single story, plus a mokoshi under its roof, and seems therefore to have two stories.[note 4] There existed specimen with seven or nine stories, but all extant ones have either three (and are therefore called sanjū-no-tō (三重塔, lit. three-storied pagoda)) or five (and are called gojū-no-tō (五重塔, lit. five-storied pagoda).[5]（Tanzan Jinja in Sakurai, Nara, has a pagoda having thirteen, which however for structural reasons is classified separately, and is not considered a tasōtō.)[5] The oldest three-storied pagoda stands at Nara's Hokki-ji and was built between 685 and 706.[5] The oldest extant five-storied pagoda belongs to Hōryū-ji and was built some time during the Asuka period (538 -710). The tallest wooden tasōtō belongs to Tō-ji, Kyoto. It has five stories and is 54 m tall.", "Architecture of India The Buddhist stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used in India as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.[5] The stupa architecture was adopted in Southeast and East Asia, where it became prominent as a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics.[5] Fortified cities with stūpas, viharas, and temples were constructed during the Maurya empire (c. 321–185 BCE).[6] Wooden architecture was popular and rock cut architecture became solidified.[6] Guard rails—consisting of posts, crossbars, and a coping—became a feature of safety surrounding a stupa.[6] Temples—build on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans—were constructed using brick and timber.[6] The Indian gateway arches, the torana, reached East Asia with the spread of Buddhism.[7] Some scholars hold that torii derives from the torana gates at the Buddhist historic site of Sanchi (3rd century BCE – 11th century CE).[8]", "Japanese architecture During the Yayoi period the Japanese people began to interact with the Chinese Han dynasty, whose knowledge and technical skills began to influence them.[3] The Japanese began to build raised-floor storehouses as granaries which were constructed using metal tools like saws and chisels that began to appear at this time. A reconstruction in Toro, Shizuoka is a wooden box made of thick boards joined in the corners in a log cabin style and supported on eight pillars. The roof is thatched but, unlike the typically hipped roof of the pit dwellings, it is a simple V-shaped gable.[4]", "Japanese pagoda Larger, 5x5 ken tahōtō however exist and are called daitō (大塔, lit. large pagoda) because of their dimensions. This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a wall separating the corridor (mokoshi) from the core of the structure. This type of pagoda used to be common but, of all daitō ever built, only three are still extant. One is at Wakayama prefecture's Negoro-ji, another at Kongōbu-ji, again in Wakayama, and the last at Kirihata-dera, Tokushima prefecture.[15] The daitō at Kongōbu-ji was founded by Shingon sect's Kūkai. The specimen found at Negoro-ji (see photo above) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure.", "Bagan The original Indic design was gradually modified first by the Pyu, and then by Burmans at Bagan where the stupa gradually developed a longer, cylindrical form. The earliest Bagan stupas such as the Bupaya (c. 9th century) were the direct descendants of the Pyu style at Sri Ksetra. By the 11th century, the stupa had developed into a more bell-shaped form in which the parasols morphed into a series of increasingly smaller rings placed on one top of the other, rising to a point. On top the rings, the new design replaced the harmika with a lotus bud. The lotus bud design then evolved into the \"banana bud\", which forms the extended apex of most Burmese pagodas. Three or four rectangular terraces served as the base for a pagoda, often with a gallery of terra-cotta tiles depicting Buddhist jataka stories. The Shwezigon Pagoda and the Shwesandaw Pagoda are the earliest examples of this type.[22] Examples of the trend toward a more bell-shaped design gradually gained primacy as seen in the Dhammayazika Pagoda (late 12th century) and the Mingalazedi Pagoda (late 13th century).[24]", "Japanese folktales Some stories of ancient India were influential in shaping Japanese stories by providing them with materials. Indian materials were greatly modified and adapted in such a way as would appeal to the sensibilities of common people of Japan in general, transmitted through China and Korea.[11][12]", "Japanese architecture Pagoda of Ichijō-ji, Kasai, Hyōgo\nBuilt in 1171", "Japanese architecture The most significant contributor to architectural changes during the Asuka period was the introduction of Buddhism. New temples became centers of worship with tomb burial practices quickly became outlawed.[3] Also, Buddhism brought to Japan and kami worship the idea of permanent shrines and gave to Shinto architecture much of its present vocabulary.", "Japanese architecture At this time the architectural style of Buddhist temples began to influence that of the Shintō shrines. For example, like their Buddhist counterparts the Shintō shrines began to paint the normally unfinished timbers with the characteristic red cinnabar colour.[14]", "Japanese pagoda There used to exist full-size hōtō, but almost only miniature ones survive, normally made of stone and/or metal.[10]", "Hōryū-ji The reconstructed buildings embrace significant cultural influences from the Three Kingdoms of Korea, particularly those of Baekje, as well as from Eastern Han to Northern Wei of China.[8] The Chinese influence comes via Baekje, since Baekje had permanent trading relation with China.", "Buddhist temples in Japan The arrangement of the major buildings (garan haichi (伽藍配置)) changed over time. An early pattern had a gate, tower, kondō and kodō in a straight line from south to north. Corridors extended east and west from the flanks of the gate, then turned north, and finally joined north of the kōdo, forming a cloister around the pagoda and the major halls. This pattern, typified by Shitennō-ji in Osaka, came from China via Baekje; the Chinese style of Buddhist temples, though altered somewhat by China via Korean peninsula, ultimately was based on that of Chinese palaces, and this is evident in many of the basic design features which remain today in the temples of all three countries.", "Japanese pagoda A pagoda's size is measured in ken, where a ken is the interval between two pillars of a traditional-style building. A tahōtō for example can be either 5x5 ken or 3x3 ken.[4] The word is usually translated in English as \"bay\" and is better understood as an indication of proportions than as a unit of measurement.", "Japanese pagoda Stone pagodas (sekitō) are usually made of materials like apatite or granite, are much smaller than wooden ones and are finely carved.[5] Often they bear sanskrit inscriptions, Buddhist figurines and Japanese lunar calendar dates nengō. Like wooden ones, they are mostly classifiable on the basis of the number of stories as tasōtō or hōtō, but there are however some styles hardly ever seen in wood, namely the gorintō, the muhōtō, the hōkyōintō and the kasatōba.[8]", "Buddhist temples in Japan As a consequence, for centuries shrines and temples had a symbiotic relationship where each influenced the other. Shrines took from Buddhism its gates (Mon), the use of a hall for lay worshipers, the use of vermilion-colored wood and more, while Chinese Buddhist architecture was adapted to Japanese tastes with more asymmetrical layouts, greater use of natural materials, and an adaptation of the monastery to the pre-existing natural environment.[6]", "Japanese pagoda There used to be many full-size hōtō, but almost only miniature ones survive, normally made of stone and/or metal. A good example of full-size hōtō can be seen at Ikegami Honmon-ji in Nishi-magome, Tokyo. The pagoda is 17.4 meter tall and 5.7 meter wide.[10]", "Japanese pagoda A", "Torii They may, for example, have originated in India from the torana gates in the monastery of Sanchi in central India.[1] According to this theory, the torana was adopted by Shingon Buddhism founder Kūkai, who used it to demarcate the sacred space used for the homa ceremony.[9] The hypothesis arose in the 19th and 20th centuries due to similarities in structure and name between the two gates. Linguistic and historical objections have now emerged, but no conclusion has yet been reached.[5]", "Japanese pagoda Murō-ji's gojū-no-tō (five storied pagoda). It was built in 800.", "Buddhist art From 711, numerous temples and monasteries were built in the capital city of Nara, including a five-story pagoda, the Golden Hall of the Horyuji, and the Kōfuku-ji temple. Countless paintings and sculptures were made, often under governmental sponsorship. Indian, Hellenistic, Chinese and Korean artistic influences blended into an original style characterized by realism and gracefulness. The creation of Japanese Buddhist art was especially rich between the 8th and 13th centuries during the periods of Nara, Heian and Kamakura. Japan developed an extremely rich figurative art for the pantheon of Buddhist deities, sometimes combined with Hindu and Shinto influences. This art can be very varied, creative and bold.", "Japanese pagoda The edge of a pagoda's eaves forms a straight line, with each following edge being shorter than the other. The more difference in length (a parameter called teigen (逓減, gradual diminution) in Japanese) between stories, the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be. Both teigen and the finial are greater in older pagodas, giving them a sense of solidity.[5] Vice versa, recent pagodas tend to be steeper and have shorter finials, creating svelter silhouettes.", "Buddhist architecture Pagoda of Kofukuji, Nara", "Korean influence on Japanese culture William Wayne Farris has noted that \"Architecture was one art that changed forever with the importation of Buddhism\" from Korea.[113] In 587 the Buddhist Soga clan took control of the Japanese government,[84] and the very next year in 588 the kingdom of Baekje sent Japan two architects, one carpenter, four roof tilers, and one painter who were assigned the task of constructing Japan's first full-fledged Buddhist temple.[114][115] This temple was Asuka Temple, completed in 596, and it was only the first of many such temples put together on the Baekje model. According to the historian Jonathan W. Best \"virtually all of the numerous complete temples built in Japan between the last decade of the sixth and the middle of the seventh centuries\" were designed off Korean models.[85] Among such early Japanese temples designed and built with Korean aid are Shitennō-ji Temple and Hōryū-ji Temple.[113]", "Japanese pagoda A pagoda at a Shinto shrine, Itsukushima Shrine", "Japanese pagoda Usually the base of a tahōtō is 3-ken across with four main, supporting pillars called shitenbashira (四天柱) at the corners (see drawing).[5] The room the shitenbashira form houses a sanctuary where the main objects of worship (the gohonzon) are enshrined.", "Japanese architecture Kon-dō and pagoda at Hōryū-ji, Ikaruga, Nara\nBuilt in 7th century", "Japanese pagoda In all its variations, the", "Buddhist art The cultural exchange between India and Japan was not direct, as Japan received Buddhism through Korea, China, Central Asia and eventually India. The Japanese discovered Buddhism in the 6th century when missionary monks travelled to the islands together with numerous scriptures and works of art. The cultural contact between Indian Dharmic civilization and Japan through the adoption of Buddhist ideas and aesthetic has contributed to the development of a national cultural order in the subsequent century.[26] The Buddhist religion was adopted by the state in the following century. Being geographically at the end of the Silk Road, Japan was able to preserve many aspects of Buddhism at the very time it was disappearing in India, and being suppressed in Central Asia and China.", "Buddhist temples in Japan Buddhist architecture in Japan is not native, but was imported from China and other Asian cultures over the centuries with such constancy that the building styles of all Six Dynasties are represented. Its history is as a consequence dominated by Chinese and other Asian techniques and styles (present even in Ise Shrine, held to be the quintessence of Japanese architecture) on one side, and by Japanese original variations on those themes on the other.[9]", "Buddhist temples in Japan In Japan, Buddhist temples co-exist with Shinto shrines, and both share the basic features of Japanese traditional architecture.[1] Not only can torii, the gates usually associated only with Shinto, be found at both, but the entrance to a shrine can be marked by a rōmon, a gate which is Buddhist in origin and can therefore very often be found also at temples. Some shrines, for example Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū, have a Buddhist-style main gate called sōmon. Many temples have a temizuya and komainu, like a shrine. Conversely, some shrines make use of incense or have a shōrō belltower. Others – for example, Tanzan Jinja in Nara – may even have a pagoda.[2]", "Hōryū-ji The treasures of the temple are considered to be a time capsule of Buddhist art from the sixth and seventh century. Much of the frescoes, statues, and other pieces of art within the temple, as well as the architecture of the temple's buildings themselves show the strong cultural influence from China, Korea and India and demonstrated the international connection of the countries of East Asia.[17][18]", "Japanese architecture Some of the earliest structures still extant in Japan are Buddhist temples established at this time. The oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are found at Hōryū-ji, northeast of Nara. First built in the early 7th century as the private temple of Crown Prince Shōtoku, it consists of 41 independent buildings; the most important ones, the main worship hall, or Kon-dō (金堂, Golden Hall), and the five-story pagoda), stand in the centre of an open area surrounded by a roofed cloister (kairō). The Kon-dō, in the style of Chinese worship halls, is a two-story structure of post-and-beam construction, capped by an irimoya, or hipped-gabled, roof of ceramic tiles.[6][7]", "Japanese pagoda Of the Japanese pagoda's many forms, some are built in wood and are collectively known as mokutō (木塔, lit. wood pagoda), but most are carved out of stone (sekitō (石塔, lit. stone pagoda). Wood pagodas are large buildings with either two stories (like the tahōtō (多宝塔, lit. Tahō pagoda), see photo below) or an odd number of stories. Extant wood pagodas with more than two storeys have almost always either three storeys (and are therefore called sanjū-no-tō (三重塔, lit. three-storeyed pagoda)) or five (and are called gojū-no-tō (五重塔, lit. five-storeyed pagoda). Stone pagodas are nearly always small, usually well below 3 metres, and as a rule offer no usable space. If they have more than one storey, pagodas are called tasōtō (多層塔, lit. multi-storied pagoda) or tajūtō (多重塔, lit. multi-storied pagoda).", "Korean influence on Japanese culture According to Japanese historian Tadashi Nishitani, the Yoshinogari site, an archeological site in Kyushu dating from the late Yayoi period, appears virtually identical to villages in the Korean peninsula of the same period.[8] By contrast, the burial mounds at Yoshinogari show signs of influence from the Chinese Lelang Commandery.[9] During this period Japan imported great numbers of peninsular mirrors and daggers, which were the symbols of power in Korea. Combined with the curved jewel known as the magatama, Korea's \"three treasures\" soon became as prized by Japan's elites as Korea's, and in Japan they later became the Imperial Regalia.[8]", "Chinese architecture There are many miniature pagodas in Northeast China. They were built when the Buddhists came from India to spread Buddhism during the Liao dynasty (907-1125), and the empire supported the practice of Buddhism. They developed some new types of Buddhist architecture building with bricks. So, we can find many high-rise pagodas from Hebei Province to Beijing and Inner Mongolia. [36]", "Japanese pagoda Two", "Japanese pagoda Ichijō-ji's sanjū-no-tō (three storied pagoda). It was built in 1171.", "Buddhist art While Goguryeo Buddhist art exhibited vitality and mobility akin with Northern Wei prototypes, the Baekje Kingdom was also in close contact with the Southern Dynasties of China and this close diplomatic contact is exemplified in the gentle and proportional sculpture of the Baekje, epitomized by Baekje sculpture exhibiting the fathomless smile known to art historians as the Baekje smile.[21] The Silla Kingdom also developed a distinctive Buddhist art tradition epitomized by the Bangasayusang, a half-seated contemplative maitreya whose Korean-made twin, the Miroku Bosatsu, was sent to Japan as a proselytizing gift and now resides in the Koryu-ji Temple in Japan.[22] Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms period stimulated massive temple-building projects, such as the Mireuksa Temple in the Baekje Kingdom and the Hwangnyongsa Temple in Silla. Baekje architects were famed for their skill and were instrumental in building the massive nine-story pagoda at Hwangnyongsa and early Buddhist temples in Yamato Japan such as Hōkō-ji (Asuka-dera) and Hōryū-ji.[23] 6th century Korean Buddhist art exhibited the cultural influences of China and India but began to show distinctive indigenous characteristics.[24] These indigenous characteristics can be seen in early Buddhist art in Japan and some early Japanese Buddhist sculpture is now believed to have originated in Korea, particularly from Baekje, or Korean artisans who immigrated to Yamato Japan. Particularly, the semi-seated Maitreya form was adapted into a highly developed Korean style which was transmitted to Japan as evidenced by the Koryu-ji Miroku Bosatsu and the Chugu-ji Siddhartha statues. Although many historians portray Korea as a mere transmitter of Buddhism, the Three Kingdoms, and particularly Baekje, were instrumental as active agents in the introduction and formation of a Buddhist tradition in Japan in 538 or 552.[25]", "Japanese pagoda The tahōtō is a type of wooden pagoda unique for having an even number of stories (two), the first square with a rounded core, the second circular. This style of tō was created surrounding the cylindrical base of a hōtō (see above) with a square, roofed corridor called mokoshi.[note 5][5] The core of the pagoda has just one story with its ceiling below the circular second story, which is inaccessible. Like the tasōtō and the rōmon, in spite of its appearance it therefore offers usable space only at the ground floor.[5]", "Japanese architecture Much in the traditional architecture of Japan is not native, but was imported from China and other Asian cultures over the centuries. Japanese traditional architecture and its history are as a consequence dominated by Chinese and Asian techniques and styles (present even in Ise Shrine, held to be the quintessence of Japanese architecture) on one side, and by Japanese original variations on those themes on the other.[2]", "Korean influence on Japanese culture Notable examples of Korean influence on Japanese culture include the prehistoric migration of Korean peninsular peoples to Japan near the end of Japan's Jōmon period and the introduction of Buddhism to Japan via the Kingdom of Baekje in 538 AD. From the mid-fifth to the late-seventh centuries, Japan benefited from the immigration of people from Baekje and Gaya who brought with them their knowledge of iron metallurgy, stoneware pottery, law, and Chinese writing. The modulation of continental styles of art in Korea has also been discerned in Japanese painting and architecture, ranging from the design of Buddhist temples to smaller objects such as statues, textiles and ceramics. Late in the sixteenth century, the Japanese invasions of Korea produced considerable cross-cultural contact. Korean craftsmen who came to Japan at this time were responsible for a revolution in Japanese pottery making.", "Japanese architecture Heijō-kyō, modern day Nara, was founded in 708 as the first permanent capital of the state of Japan. The layout of its checkerboard streets and buildings were modeled after the Chinese capital of Chang'an. The city soon became an important centre of Buddhist worship in Japan.[8] The most grandiose of these temples was Tōdai-ji, built to rival temples of the Chinese T'ang and Sui Dynasties.[9] Appropriately, the 16.2-m (53-ft) Buddha or Daibutsu (completed in 752) enshrined in the main hall is a Rushana Buddha, the figure that represents the essence of Buddhahood, just as Tōdai-ji represented the centre for imperially sponsored Buddhism and its dissemination throughout Japan. Only a few fragments of the original statue survive, and the present hall and central Buddha are reconstructions from the Edo period. Clustered around the main hall (the Daibutsuden) on a gently sloping hillside are a number of secondary halls: the Hokke-dō (Lotus Sutra Hall),[3] and the storehouse, called the Shōsō-in, and the adjoining Kōfuku-ji. This last structure is of great importance as an art-historical cache, because in it are stored the utensils that were used in the temple's dedication ceremony in 752, as well as government documents and many secular objects owned by the Imperial family.[10]", "Buddhist art in Japan This sculpture also demonstrates the roots of Japanese art in the 1st-3rd century CE Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, characterized by flowing dress patterns and realistic rendering,[5] on which Chinese and Korean artistic traits were superimposed. After the Chinese Northern Wei buddhist art had infiltrated a Korean peninsula, Buddhist icons was brought Japan by Korean immigrants.[6] Particularly, the semi-seated Maitreya form was adapted into a highly developed Ancient Greek art style which was transmitted to Japan as evidenced by the Kōryū-ji Miroku Bosatsu and the Chūgū-ji Siddhartha statues.[7] The Three Kingdoms of Korea, and particularly Baekje, were instrumental as active agents in the introduction and formation of a Buddhist tradition in Japan in 538 or 552.[8]\nThey illustrate the terminal point of the Silk Road transmission of art during the first few centuries of our era. Other examples can be found in the development of the iconography of the Japanese Fūjin Wind God,[9] the Niō guardians,[10] and the near-Classical floral patterns in temple decorations.[11]", "Japanese pagoda With a few very rare exceptions, tasōtō (also called tajūtō) have an odd number of stories, normally comprised between three and thirteen.[9] They are usually less than three meters tall, but they can occasionally be much taller. The tallest still extant is a 13-story pagoda at Hannya-ji in Nara, which is 14.12 m. They are often dedicated to Buddha and offer no usable room, but some have a small space inside which holds a sacred image.[8] In the oldest extant specimen, while the edge of each story are parallel to the ground, each successive story is smaller than the next, resulting in a strongly slanted curve. More modern tasōtō tend to have a less pronounced curve.", "Japanese architecture The introduction of Buddhism in Japan during the sixth century was a catalyst for large-scale temple building using complicated techniques in wood. Influence from the Chinese Tang and Sui Dynasties led to the foundation of the first permanent capital in Nara. Its checkerboard street layout used the Chinese capital of Chang'an as a template for its design. A gradual increase in the size of buildings led to standard units of measurement as well as refinements in layout and garden design. The introduction of the tea ceremony emphasised simplicity and modest design as a counterpoint to the excesses of the aristocracy.", "Buddhist art in Japan Pagoda of Ichijō-ji. It was built in 1171.", "Culture of Japan Japanese architecture has as long of a history as any other aspect of Japanese culture. Originally heavily influenced by Chinese architecture, it has developed many differences and aspects which are indigenous to Japan. Examples of traditional architecture are seen at temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. Some of these buildings are constructed with traditional gardens, which are influenced from Zen ideas.", "Japanese art The earliest Japanese sculptures of the Buddha are dated to the 6th and 7th century.[1] They ultimately derive from the 1st- to 3rd-century AD Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, characterized by flowing dress patterns and realistic rendering,[2] on which Chinese and Korean artistic traits were superimposed. After the Chinese Northern Wei buddhist art had infiltrated a Korean peninsula, Buddhist icons were brought to Japan by Various immigrant groups.[3] Particularly, the semi-seated Maitreya form was adapted into a highly developed Ancient Greek art style which was transmitted to Japan as evidenced by the Kōryū-ji Miroku Bosatsu and the Chūgū-ji Siddhartha statues.[4] Many historians portray Korea as a mere transmitter of Buddhism.[5] The Three Kingdoms, and particularly Baekje, were instrumental as active agents in the introduction and formation of a Buddhist tradition in Japan in 538 or 552.[6]\nThey illustrate the terminal point of the Silk Road transmission of art during the first few centuries of our era. Other examples can be found in the development of the iconography of the Japanese Fūjin Wind God,[7] the Niō guardians,[8] and the near-Classical floral patterns in temple decorations.[9]", "Buddhist temples in Japan (East) Pagoda at Yakushi-ji in Nara", "Buddhist art in Japan Pagoda of Kirihata-ji in Awa. It was built in 1607.", "Japan The introduction of Buddhism during the sixth century was a catalyst for large-scale temple building using complicated techniques in wood. Influence from the Chinese Tang and Sui dynasties led to the foundation of the first permanent capital in Nara. Its checkerboard street layout used the Chinese capital of Chang'an as a template for its design. A gradual increase in the size of buildings led to standard units of measurement as well as refinements in layout and garden design. The introduction of the tea ceremony emphasised simplicity and modest design as a counterpoint to the excesses of the aristocracy.", "Japanese architecture The Kofun period marked the appearance of many-chambered burial mounds or tumuli (kofun literally means \"old mounds\"). similar mounds in Korean Peninsula are thought to have been influenced by Japan.[5] Early in the period the tombs, known as \"keyhole kofun\" or zenpō-kōen fun (ja:前方後円墳, lit. square in front, circular in back tomb-mound), often made use of the existing topography, shaping it and adding man-made moats to form a distinctive keyhole shape, i.e. that of a circle interconnected with a triangle. Access was via a vertical shaft that was sealed off once the burial was completed. There was room inside the chamber for a coffin and grave goods. The mounds were often decorated with terracotta figures called haniwa. Later in the period mounds began to be located on flat ground and their scale greatly increased. Among many examples in Nara and Osaka, the most notable is the Daisen-kofun, designated as the tomb of Emperor Nintoku. The tomb covers 32 hectares (79 acres) and it is thought to have been decorated with 20,000 haniwa figures.[3]", "Korean influence on Japanese culture Along with Buddhism, the art of Buddhist sculpture also spread to Japan from Korea. At first almost all Japanese Buddhist sculptures were imported from Korea, and these imports demonstrate an artistic style which would dominate Japanese sculpture during the Asuka period (538â€“710).[104] In the years 577 and 588 the Korean state of Baekje dispatched to Japan expert statue sculptors.[105]", "Japanese architecture Towards the end of the Kofun period, tomb burials faded out as Buddhist cremation ceremonies gained popularity.[3]", "Japanese architecture Pagoda of Negoro-ji in Iwade, Wakayama\nBuilt in 1547.", "Korean influence on Japanese culture Ancient Koreans were commercially active throughout East Asia, and their mastery of navigation allowed them to pursue trade interests as far away as the East Indies.[70] In 526, a Baekje Korean monk Gyeomik traveled to India via the southern sea route and mastered Sanskrit, specializing in Vinaya studies. He came back with a collection of Vinaya texts to Baekje, accompanied by the Indian monk Paedalta(Vedatta).[71]", "Japanese architecture Although the network of Buddhist temples across the country acted as a catalyst for an exploration of architecture and culture, this also led to the clergy gaining increased power and influence. Emperor Kanmu decided to escape this influence by moving his capital first to Nagaoka-kyō and then to Heian-kyō, known today as Kyōto. Although the layout of the city was similar to Nara's and inspired by Chinese precedents, the palaces, temples and dwellings began to show examples of local Japanese taste.[11]", "Korean influence on Japanese culture A great many Buddhist writings published during Korea's Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) were also highly influential upon their arrival in Japan.[86] Such Korean ideas would play an important role in the development of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism. The Japanese monk Shinran was among those known to be influenced by Korean Buddhism, particularly by the Sillan monk Gyeongheung. Robert Buswell notes that the form of Buddhism Korea was propagating throughout its history was \"a vibrant cultural tradition in its own right\" and that Korea did not serve simply as a \"bridge\" between China and Japan.[83]", "Step pyramid The step pyramid is the basic design of 8th century Borobudur Buddhist monument in Central Java.[9] However the later temples built in Java were influenced by Indian Hindu architecture, as displayed by the towering spires of Prambanan temple. In the 15th century Java during the late Majapahit period saw the revival of Austronesian indigenous elements as displayed by Sukuh temple that somewhat resembles a Mesoamerican pyramid, and also stepped pyramids of Mount Penanggungan.[10]", "Chinese architecture Chinese architecture has been influential in varying degrees in the development of the architecture of many neighboring Asian countries. After the Tang dynasty, the era when much Chinese culture was imported en masse by neighboring nations, Chinese architecture has had a major influence on the architectural styles of Korea, Vietnam, and Japan, where the East Asian hip-and-gable roof design is ubiquitous.[37] [24]In Sri Lanka, Chinese architecture has played a significant role in shaping Sri Lankan architecture, alongside influences from Indian and Southeast Asian architecture.[38][39] The Kandyan roof style, for example bears many similarities to the East Asian hip-and-gable roof technique which has its origins in China.[40] In Thailand, certain Chinese techniques were adopted by Thai artisans after trade commenced with the Yuan and Ming dynasty. Certain temple and palace roof tops were also built in Chinese-style and Chinese-style buildings can be found in Ayutthaya a nod towards the large numbers of Chinese shipbuilders, sailors and traders who came to the country.[41] In Indonesia, mosques bearing Chinese influence can be found in certain parts of the country. This influence is recent in comparison to other parts of Asia and is largely due to the sizable Chinese Indonesian community.[42]", "Japan Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han.[43] According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku. Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje, Korea and was promoted by Prince Shōtoku, but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China.[44] Despite early resistance, Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period (592–710).[45]", "Japanese pagoda After the Meiji Restoration the word tō, once used exclusively in a religious context, came to mean also \"tower\" in the western sense, as for example in Eiffel tower (エッフェル塔, Efferu-tō).", "Japanese art The earliest Buddhist structures still extant in Japan, and the oldest wooden buildings in the Far East are found at the Hōryū-ji to the southwest of Nara. First built in the early 7th century as the private temple of Crown Prince Shōtoku, it consists of 41 independent buildings. The most important ones, the main worship hall, or Kondō (Golden Hall), and Gojū-no-tō (Five-story Pagoda), stand in the center of an open area surrounded by a roofed cloister. The Kondō, in the style of Chinese worship halls, is a two-story structure of post-and-beam construction, capped by an irimoya, or hipped-gabled roof of ceramic tiles.", "Pyramid The step pyramid is the basic design of 8th century Borobudur Buddhist monument in Central Java.[33] However the later temples built in Java were influenced by Indian Hindu architecture, as displayed by the towering spires of Prambanan temple. In the 15th century Java during late Majapahit period saw the revival of Austronesian indigenous elements as displayed by Sukuh temple that somewhat resemble Mesoamerican pyramid, and also stepped pyramids of Mount Penanggungan.[34]", "Buddhist art in Japan Five-storied Pagoda of Hōryū-ji", "Buddhist art in Japan Pagoda of Myōō-in in Fukuyama. It was built in 1348.", "Korean influence on Japanese culture Then during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, as a result of the Joseon missions to Japan, the Japanese artists who were developing nanga painting came into close contact with Korean artists. Though Japanese nanga received inspiration from many sources, the historian Burglind Jungmann concludes that Korean namjonghwa painting \"may well have been the most important for creating the Nanga style\". It was the Korean brush and ink techniques in particular which are known to have had a significant impact on such Japanese painters as Ike no Taiga, Gion Nankai, and Sakaki Hyakusen.[96]", "Japanese pagoda A stone tasōtō", "Buddhist art in Japan Pagoda of Shoman-in in Osaka. It was rebuilt in 1597.", "Korean influence on Japanese culture In addition to temples, starting from the sixth century advanced stonecutting technology entered Japan from Korea and as a result Japanese tomb construction also began to change in favor of Korean models.[116] Around this time the horizontal tomb chambers prevalent in Baekje began to be constructed in Japan.[117]", "Buddhism in Japan The artistic inspiration from Greek floral scrolls is found quite literally in the decoration of Japanese roof tiles, one of the only remaining element of wooden architecture throughout centuries. The clearest ones are from the 7th century Nara temple building tiles, some of them exactly depicting vines and grapes. These motifs have evolved towards more symbolic representations, but essentially remain to this day in many Japanese traditional buildings.[e]", "Korean influence on Japanese culture The immigration of Korean and Chinese painters to Japan during the Asuka period transformed Japanese art.[90] For instance, in the year 610 Damjing, a Buddhist monk from Goguryeo, brought paints, brushes, and paper to Japan.[90] Damjing is credited with introducing the arts of papermaking and of preparing pigments to Japan for the first time,[90][91][92][93] and he is also regarded as the artist behind the wall painting in the main hall of Japan's Horyu-ji Temple which was later burned down in a fire.[94]", "Buddhist art in Japan Buddhist art was introduced to Japan along with the Buddhist religion in the mid-sixth century, when according to tradition, Seong of Baekje sent a statue of the Buddha along with some sutras to the Emperor Kinmei. The Asuka period (552–645) saw the gradual growth of Chinese and Korean artistic and religious influences on Japanese culture. Chinese influence grew in the Nara Period (645–784) as the Japanese court began to model itself in a Chinese form, and Buddhism continued to spread throughout Japan, while integrating within it the Japanese religion of Shinto. \n[1]", "Buddhist art in Japan The sculpture of this period shows, as do most all subsequent sculpture, the influence of continental art. Tori Busshi a descendant of a Chinese immigrant followed the style of Northern Wei sculpture and established what has come to be known as the Tori school of sculpture. Notable examples of Tori works are the Sakyamuni Triad (or Shaka triad) which are the main icons of the Golden Hall of Hōryū-ji temple and the kannon Boddhisatva of Yumedono Hall of the same temple, also known as Guze Kannon. First built in the early 7th century as the private temple of Crown Prince Shōtoku, Hōryū-ji consists of 41 independent buildings. The most important ones, the main worship hall, or Kondō (Golden Hall), and Gojū-no-tō (Five-story Pagoda), stand in the center of an open area surrounded by a roofed cloister. Inside the Kondō, on a large rectangular platform, are some of the most important sculptures of the period including the Sakyamuni triad." ]	[ "Japanese pagoda Pagodas in Japan are called tō (塔, lit. pagoda), sometimes buttō (仏塔, lit. Buddhist pagoda) or tōba (塔婆, lit. pagoda) and historically derive from the Chinese pagoda, itself an interpretation of the Indian stupa.[1] Like the stupa, pagodas were originally used as reliquaries but in many cases they ended up losing this function.[2] Pagodas are quintessentially Buddhist and an important component of Japanese Buddhist temple compounds but, because until the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868, a Shinto shrine was normally also a Buddhist temple and vice versa, they are not rare at shrines either. The famous Itsukushima Shrine, for example, has one.[3]" ]
test2868	who plays spock in the new star trek movies	[ "doc98116" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc98120", "doc2188183", "doc98116", "doc2188156", "doc2188170", "doc2188204", "doc98121", "doc2298734", "doc799803", "doc2298708", "doc98122", "doc2188200", "doc98130", "doc2188172", "doc2298759", "doc2188173", "doc2188175", "doc817466", "doc624089", "doc1080673", "doc799813", "doc2415486", "doc1945494", "doc2188157", "doc2298787", "doc2188205", "doc2298710", "doc624097", "doc2188177", "doc129534", "doc817517", "doc1248908", "doc1465957", "doc990477", "doc2298729", "doc129533", "doc817521", "doc2298762", "doc129538", "doc2298790", "doc2512716", "doc817522", "doc98117", "doc817477", "doc129512", "doc817476", "doc817470", "doc2188171", "doc1635605", "doc205660", "doc2415498", "doc2188167", "doc98127", "doc799814", "doc799835", "doc799819", "doc2188181", "doc725434", "doc1465944", "doc98118", "doc732267", "doc817479", "doc2415496", "doc98126", "doc129537", "doc2298764", "doc1080690", "doc2298786", "doc817472", "doc1080683", "doc567597", "doc1248915", "doc129511", "doc1101026", "doc799847", "doc817520", "doc2188195", "doc1635602", "doc1248935", "doc1198124", "doc2415493", "doc2188158", "doc799820", "doc129521", "doc1571917", "doc2188160", "doc732261", "doc2298768", "doc2512706", "doc2298730", "doc1465943", "doc817475", "doc1080685", "doc799846", "doc2188161", "doc129535", "doc1465951", "doc817516", "doc799831", "doc2602268" ]	[ "Zachary Quinto His casting as a young Spock in the J.J. Abrams-directed reboot of the Star Trek film franchise was officially announced at the 2007 Comic-Con.[13][14]", "Spock When recasting the role for 2009's Star Trek, Nimoy was asked his opinion. He highlighted the work of Zachary Quinto, as he felt he looked similar and could sufficiently portray the inner thought process of the character.[60] Quinto became the first actor to be cast for the film,[68] and Nimoy agreed to return as the version of the character from the \"Prime\" universe.[69] Nimoy said that he returned because of the enthusiasm from director J.J. Abrams and the writers, and because it made him feel appreciated.[68] Nimoy made a final appearance as Spock in Star Trek Into Darkness as a favor to Abrams. At the time, he did not rule out returning again,[70] but he died prior to the following film.[71] In Star Trek Beyond, Quinto's Spock mourns the loss of Spock Prime, as played by Nimoy.[72]", "Zachary Quinto Zachary John Quinto (/ˈkwɪntoʊ/; born June 2, 1977) is an American actor and film producer. He is best known for his roles as Sylar on the science fiction drama series Heroes (2006–2010), Spock in the reboot Star Trek (2009) and its sequels Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016), as well as his Emmy nominated performance in American Horror Story: Asylum. He also appeared in smaller roles on television series such as So NoTORIous, The Slap, and 24.", "Spock Spock is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. Spock was first portrayed by Leonard Nimoy in the original Star Trek series, and also appears in the animated Star Trek series, a two-part episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, eight of the Star Trek feature films, and numerous Star Trek novels, comics, and video games.[1][2] In addition, numerous actors portrayed the various stages of Spock's rapid growth, due to the effects of the Genesis Planet, in the 1984 Star Trek film Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. In the 2009 film Star Trek, Nimoy reprised his role with Zachary Quinto, who depicted a younger version of the character, existing within an alternate timeline. Both reprised their roles in the 2013 sequel Star Trek Into Darkness and Quinto reprised his role again in 2016's Star Trek Beyond.[2]", "Spock Spock's next appearance in the live action Star Trek franchise is the 2009 Star Trek film. Nimoy was given approval rights over Spock's casting and supported Quinto's casting.[citation needed]", "Spock The fan series Star Trek: Phase II has featured three actors in the role of Spock. Spock was portrayed by Jeffrey Quinn for the pilot and first three episodes, by Ben Tolpin in episodes 4 and 5, and by Brandon Stacy in episodes 6 through 11. Stacy also served as a stand-in for Zachary Quinto in the 2009 Star Trek film.[108]", "Zachary Quinto Speaking alongside Leonard Nimoy at a press conference to promote the new Star Trek film, Quinto revealed that Nimoy had been given casting approval over who would play the role of the young Spock. \"For me Leonard's involvement was only liberating, frankly,\"[15] says Quinto. \"I knew that he had approval over the actor that would play young Spock, so when I got the role I knew from the beginning it was with his blessing.\"", "Leonard Nimoy He went on to reprise the Spock character in Star Trek: The Animated Series and two episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation. When a new Star Trek series was planned in the late 1970s, Nimoy was to be in only two out of eleven episodes, but when the show was elevated to a feature film, he agreed to reprise his role. The first six Star Trek movies feature the original Star Trek cast including Nimoy, who also directed two of the films. He played the elder Spock in the 2009 Star Trek movie and reprised the role in a brief appearance in the 2013 sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness, both directed by J. J. Abrams.", "Star Trek Into Darkness Star Trek Into Darkness is a 2013 American science fiction adventure film directed by J. J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci, Alex Kurtzman, and Damon Lindelof.[4] It is the twelfth installment in the Star Trek film franchise and the sequel to the 2009 film Star Trek, as the second in a rebooted film series. The film features Chris Pine reprising his role as Captain James T. Kirk, with Zachary Quinto, Simon Pegg, Karl Urban, Zoe Saldana, John Cho, Anton Yelchin, Bruce Greenwood, and Leonard Nimoy reprising their roles from the previous film. Benedict Cumberbatch, Alice Eve and Peter Weller are also credited in the film's principal cast. It was the last time Nimoy would portray the character of Spock before his death in 2015. Set in the 23rd century, Kirk and the crew of USS Enterprise are sent to the Klingon homeworld seeking former Starfleet member-turned terrorist John Harrison.", "Leonard Nimoy Leonard Simon Nimoy (/ˈniːmɔɪ/; March 26, 1931 – February 27, 2015) was an American actor, film director, photographer, author, singer and songwriter. He was best known for his role as Spock of the Star Trek franchise, a character he portrayed in television and film from a pilot episode shot in late 1964 to his final film performance in 2013.[1]", "Zachary Quinto In a September 2008 interview, Abrams said of Quinto's performance as Spock: \"Zachary brought a gravity and an incredible sense of humor, which is a wonderful combination because Spock's character is deceivingly complicated. The revelation for me watching the movie, when I finally got to watch the whole thing after working on sequences, was that he is extraordinary. He was doing things I didn't even realize while we were shooting â€“ these amazing things to track his story.\"[16] Quinto also made references to Star Trek's historical record for diversity and inclusiveness in its casting and storylines, and said that he hoped the looming election of Barack Obama would build that dynamic towards the film's May 2009 release date.", "Spock Ty Burr of The Boston Globe described Quinto's performance in the 2009 film as \"something special\", and stated that Nimoy's appearance \"carries much more emotion than you'd expect\".[27] Slate said Quinto played Spock \"with a few degrees more chill\" than Nimoy brought to the original character.[97] Entertainment Weekly said that Quinto \"... invests Spock with a new layer of chilly-smoldering sex appeal, [and] Quinto does a fantastic job of maintaining Spock's calm, no-sweat surface but getting quietly hot and bothered underneath.\"[98]", "Zachary Quinto Movie-wise, Quinto reprised his role of Spock in Star Trek Into Darkness in 2013 and in Star Trek Beyond, released in 2016. In addition, he played John Smith in Hitman: Agent 47 in 2015. At the other end of the spectrum from the action-oriented Agent 47, Quinto appeared opposite James Franco in the drama I Am Michael (2015), a film that premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. In 2016, he portrayed journalist Glenn Greenwald in the Edward Snowden biopic Snowden,[30] narrated, as space scientist Pascal Lee, in the documentary film Passage to Mars,[31] and appeared as himself in the documentary film For the Love of Spock.[32]", "Spock In the film's opening act, Nero's ship emerges in the year 2233, and through its interaction with the inhabitants, inadvertently creates an \"alternate, parallel 'Star Trek' universe\".[27][28] Twenty-five years later in the new reality, Spock's ship emerges, and Nero captures him and the red matter. Stranded in the alternate past, the prime version of Spock helps the alternate, younger version of himself and Kirk (Zachary Quinto and Chris Pine, respectively) thwart Nero's attempt to destroy the Federation.", "Leonard Nimoy In the May 9, 2009, episode of Saturday Night Live, Nimoy appeared as a surprise guest in the \"Weekend Update\" segment with Zachary Quinto and Chris Pine, who play the young Spock and Kirk in the Star Trek that had just premiered days earlier. In the sketch, the three actors attempt to appease long-time Trekkers by assuring them that the new film would be true to the original Star Trek.[61]", "Spock The film also features Jacob Kogan in several scenes depicting Spock's childhood, including his abuse at the hands of other Vulcan children due to his half-Human heritage, and his relationship with his parents (Ben Cross and Winona Ryder). The film also depicts Kirk and Spock's initial clashes at Starfleet Academy, and the gradual development of their friendship based on shared mutual respect,[27] what the elder Spock calls \"... a friendship that will define them both in ways they cannot yet realize.\"[29] A major change in characterization from the primary timeline is alternate Spock's involvement with alternate Uhura (Zoe Saldana), his former student. At the end of the film, the young Spock opts to remain in Starfleet while his older self stays in the altered universe to aid the few surviving Vulcan refugees, as Nero had destroyed Vulcan, Spock's home planet.", "Spock Into Darkness would be Nimoy's final appearance as Spock Prime, as well as the last role of his career. He died in 2015, shortly before production began on Star Trek Beyond.", "Star Trek (film) Star Trek is a 2009 American space opera film directed by J. J. Abrams and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. It is the eleventh film in the Star Trek film franchise, and is also a reboot that features the main characters of the original Star Trek television series portrayed by a new cast, as the first in the rebooted film series. The film follows James T. Kirk (Chris Pine) and Spock (Zachary Quinto) aboard USS Enterprise as they combat Nero (Eric Bana), a Romulan from their future who threatens the United Federation of Planets. The story takes place in an alternate reality[3][4] because of time travel by both Nero and the original Spock (Leonard Nimoy). The alternate timeline was created in an attempt to free the film and the franchise from established continuity constraints while simultaneously preserving original story elements.", "Chris Pine Christopher Whitelaw Pine[1] (born August 26, 1980)[2][3] is an American actor. He is known for playing James T. Kirk in the Star Trek reboot film series (2009â€“2016), Will Colson in Unstoppable (2010), Cinderella's Prince in Into the Woods (2014), Toby Howard in Hell or High Water (2016) and Steve Trevor in Wonder Woman (2017).", "Anton Yelchin Anton Viktorovich Yelchin[a] (11 March 1989 â€“ 19 June 2016) was an American actor. He played Pavel Chekov in three Star Trek films: Star Trek (2009), Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and the posthumously-released Star Trek Beyond (2016).", "Star Trek Into Darkness In June 2008, it was reported that Paramount Pictures was interested in signing producers of the 2009 Star Trek J. J. Abrams, Bryan Burk, Damon Lindelof, Alex Kurtzman, and Roberto Orci for a sequel.[16] In March 2009, it was reported that these five producers had agreed to produce the film, with a script again written by Orci and Kurtzman (with the addition of Lindelof). A preliminary script was said to be completed by Christmas 2009 for a 2011 release.[17][18] Kurtzman and Orci began writing the script in June 2009, originally intending to split the film into two parts.[19] Leonard Nimoy, the original Spock who plays an older version of the character in the 2009 film, said he would not appear in the film.[20] Abrams was reportedly considering William Shatner for the sequel.[21]", "Sarek Actor Jonathan Simpson played a younger Sarek in a brief scene in Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, with voice-over provided by Lenard. Ben Cross portrayed Sarek in the 2009 motion picture Star Trek. James Frain plays Sarek in the new TV series Star Trek: Discovery.", "Pavel Chekov Anton Yelchin portrayed the character in the 2009 Star Trek reboot film and two sequels, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond.", "Spock Spock serves aboard the starship Enterprise, as science officer and first officer, and later as commanding officer of two iterations of the vessel. Spock's mixed human-Vulcan heritage serves as an important plot element in many of the character's appearances. Along with Captain James T. Kirk and Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, he is one of the three central characters in the original Star Trek series and its films. After retiring from Starfleet, Spock serves as a Federation ambassador, contributing toward the easing of the strained relationship between the Federation and the Klingon Empire. In his later years, he serves as Federation Ambassador-at-Large to the Romulan Star Empire and becomes involved in the ill-fated attempt to save Romulus from a supernova,[3] leading him to live out the rest of his life in the parallel timeline introduced in Star Trek (2009).", "Leonard Nimoy Cast members of Star Trek who had worked alongside Nimoy gave personal tributes after his death. William Shatner wrote of Nimoy, \"I loved him like a brother. ... We will all miss his humor, his talent, and his capacity to love.\"[102] George Takei called him an \"extraordinarily talented man\" and a \"very decent human being\".[103] Walter Koenig said that after working with Nimoy, he discovered Nimoy's \"compassion, his intelligence and his humanity.\"[104] Nichelle Nichols noted that Nimoy's integrity, passion and devotion as an actor \"helped transport Star Trek into television history.\"[105] Quinto, who portrayed Spock as a young man in Star Trek and Star Trek Into Darkness, wrote, \"My heart is broken. I love you profoundly, my dear friend. And I will miss you every day.\"[106]", "Spock The independent online fan series \"Star Trek Continues\" has featured Todd Haberkorn as Spock since its inception in 2012 with three vignettes, seven full episodes and at least two more planned to shoot.", "Leonard Nimoy In December 1964, he made his first appearance in the rejected Star Trek pilot \"The Cage\", and went on to play the character of Spock until the end of the production run in early 1969, followed by eight feature films and guest slots in the various spin-off series. The character has had a significant cultural impact and garnered Nimoy three Emmy Award nominations; TV Guide named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters.[3][4] After the original Star Trek series, Nimoy starred in Mission: Impossible for two seasons, hosted the documentary series In Search of..., narrated Civilization IV, and made several well-received stage appearances. He also had a recurring role in the science fiction series Fringe.", "Chris Pine In 2007, Pine turned down a role in a film adaptation of White Jazz,[21][22] to accept the part of James T. Kirk in the 2009 Star Trek film, which was released to critical and viewer acclaim in May of that year.[23] That same month, he made a brief appearance promoting the film on Saturday Night Live, with co-stars Zachary Quinto and Leonard Nimoy.[24] During the rest of summer 2009, he appeared in the Los Angeles production of the Beau Willimon play Farragut North.[25]", "Spock The earliest known mention of Spock was in a conversation between Star Trek's creator Gene Roddenberry and actor Gary Lockwood, in which Lockwood suggested Leonard Nimoy for the role. The trio had previously worked together on Roddenberry's The Lieutenant in the episode \"In the Highest Tradition\".[30][31] Roddenberry agreed to the idea, but was required to audition other actors for the part.[30] At the time, Roddenberry sought DeForest Kelley to play the doctor character in the pilot, \"The Cage\", but both NBC executives and director Robert Butler wanted him to play Spock. Roddenberry offered the part to both Kelley and Martin Landau, but they both turned him down.[32] When offered, Nimoy accepted the part but was apprehensive about the make-up which had not been determined at that point.[33]", "Star Trek (film series) This film acts as a reboot to the existing franchise by taking place in an \"alternate reality\" using the plot device of time travel to depict an altered timeline, featuring younger versions of the original series' cast. It is the first production to feature an entirely different cast of actors playing roles previously established by other actors, with the exception of an aged Spock played by Leonard Nimoy. It was directed by J. J. Abrams (who produced it with Damon Lindelof) and written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman. According to Lindelof, this production was designed to attract a wider audience.[30] It received positive reviews[31] and a number of awards, including the film franchise's only Academy Award, for \"makeup and hairstyling\".", "Star Trek (film) The chemistry between Pine and Quinto was well received by critics. Gleiberman felt that as the film progressed to the conclusion, Pine and Quinto emulated the same connection as Kirk and Spock.[155] Tim Robey of The Telegraph echoed similar attitudes; \"The movie charts their relationship [...] in a nicely oblique way.\" Robey resumed: \"It's the main event, dramatically speaking, but there's always something more thumpingly urgent to command their attention, whether it's a Vulcan distress signal or the continuing rampages of those pesky Romulans.\"[160] Burr opined that Abrams had an accurate understanding of the relationship between Kirk and Spock, and wrote, \"Pine makes a fine, brash boy Kirk, but Quinto's Spock is something special â€“ an eerily calm figure freighted with a heavier sadness than Roddenberry's original. The two ground each other and point toward all the stories yet to come.\"[154] Similarly, The Guardian writer Peter Bradshaw expressed: \"The story of Kirk and Spock is brought thrillingly back to life by a new first generation: Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto, who give inspired, utterly unselfconscious and lovable performances, with power, passion and some cracking comic timing.\"[161]", "Star Trek Beyond Star Trek Beyond is a 2016 American science fiction adventure film directed by Justin Lin and written by Simon Pegg and Doug Jung, based on the series Star Trek created by Gene Roddenberry. It is the thirteenth film in the Star Trek film franchise and the third installment in the reboot series, following Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013). Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto reprise their respective roles as Captain James T. Kirk and Commander Spock, with Pegg, Karl Urban, Zoe Saldana, John Cho, and Anton Yelchin reprising their roles from the previous films. This was also one of Yelchin's last films before his death in June 2016. Idris Elba, Sofia Boutella, Joe Taslim, and Lydia Wilson also appear.", "James T. Kirk In Star Trek (2009), screenwriters Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci focused their story on Kirk and Spock in the movie's alternative timeline while attempting to preserve key character traits from the previous depictions.[46] Kurtzman said casting someone whose portrayal of Kirk would show that the character \"is being honored and protected\" was \"tricky\", but that the \"spirit of Kirk is very much alive and well\" in Pine's depiction.[47] Due to his belief that he could not take himself seriously as a leader, Pine recalled having difficulty with his audition, which required him \"to bark 'Trek jargon'\", but his charisma impressed director J. J. Abrams.[48] Pine's chemistry with Zachary Quinto, playing Spock, led Abrams to offer Pine the role.[48] Jimmy Bennett played Kirk in scenes depicting the character's childhood.[49] The writers turned to material from the novel Best Destiny for inspiration as to Kirk's childhood.[50]", "Star Trek: Discovery (season 2) After the first season concluded with the Discovery receiving a distress call from the USS Enterprise, specifically from Captain Christopher Pike, Harberts expressed interest in exploring that character in the second season, feeling that he had not been seen much in Star Trek previously and so \"there’s an interesting opportunity that we might have to delve into and flesh out a character who I think is a pretty darn heroic and selfless captain.\" Spock is also a crew member of the Enterprise, but Harberts felt that he was less of an interesting character for the series to explore given his many appearances throughout previous iterations of Star Trek,[36] and was reluctant to have an actor other than Leonard Nimoy or Zachary Quinto portray the character.[37] In April 2018, Anson Mount was cast as Pike, which was described as a \"key role\" for the season,[10] and a young Spock was confirmed to be appearing in flashbacks;[3] Kurtzman noted that casting for Spock took into consideration a balance between Vulcan logic and revealing \"emotion in the eyes and in the small gestures\".[34] Mount revealed in July that he would star for the full season,[38] and that Rebecca Romijn would portray the original series character Number One.[2] In August, Ethan Peck was announced as portraying Spock in the season. Kurtzman compared the actor to both Nimoy and Quinto and stated that he believed Peck \"would, like them, effortlessly embody Spock’s greatest qualities, beyond obvious logic: empathy, intuition, compassion, confusion, and yearning.\"[16]", "Leonard Nimoy Nimoy was best known for his portrayal of Spock, the half-human, half-Vulcan character he played on Star Trek from the first 1966 TV episode to the film, Star Trek Into Darkness, in 2013.[1][37] Biographer Dennis Fischer states that it was Nimoy's \"most important role,\"[19]:482 and Nimoy was later credited by others for bringing \"dignity and intelligence to one of the most revered characters in science fiction.\"[38]", "Star Trek (film series) When Vulcan is destroyed by Romulans from the future, Starfleet cadet Kirk (Chris Pine) and instructor Spock (Zachary Quinto) must set aside their differences to keep Earth from suffering the same fate.", "Star Trek (film) The film's major cast members signed on for two sequels as part of their original deals.[177] Abrams and Bryan Burk signed to produce and Abrams signed to direct the first sequel.[178][179] The sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness,[180] starring Benedict Cumberbatch as Khan Noonien Singh, was released on May 16, 2013.[181]", "Leonard Nimoy In April 2010, Leonard Nimoy announced that he was retiring from playing Spock, citing both his advanced age and the desire to give Zachary Quinto the opportunity to enjoy full media attention with the Spock character.[66] Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep was to be his final performance; however, in February 2011, he announced his intent to return to Fringe and reprise his role as William Bell.[67] Nimoy continued voice acting despite his retirement; his appearance in the third season of Fringe included his voice (his character appeared only in animated scenes), and he provided the voice of Sentinel Prime in Transformers: Dark of the Moon.[68]", "Star Trek (film series) Pine and Quinto have signed contracts to return as Kirk and Spock for a fourth film.[41] In July 2016, Abrams confirmed plans for a fourth film, and stated that Chris Hemsworth would return as Kirk's father, George, whom he played in the prologue of the first film.[42][43] Later that month, Paramount confirmed the return of Hemsworth as well as most of the Beyond cast, producers Abrams and Lindsey Weber, and writers J. D. Payne and Patrick McKay.[44] That same month, Abrams had said that Chekov would not be recast, after Anton Yelchin died in a motor vehicle accident.[45]", "Leonard Nimoy As part of a campaign for the 2016 feature film Star Trek Beyond, aimed at benefiting several charities, Zachary Quinto and other cast members posted a video tribute to Nimoy,[110] and the feature film itself also paid tribute to Nimoy. Its director, Justin Lin, explained: \"It's something you'll see in the film. It obviously affected everybody, because he's been a big part of our lives. There's an attempt to acknowledge that in some way.\"[111]", "Leonard McCoy For the 2009 film Star Trek, writers Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman saw McCoy as an \"arbiter\" in Kirk and Spock's relationship.[24] While Spock represented \"extreme logic, extreme science\" and Kirk symbolized \"extreme emotion and intuition\", McCoy's role as \"a very colorful doctor, essentially a very humanistic scientist\" represented the \"two extremes that often served as the glue that held the trio together.\"[24] They chose to reveal that McCoy befriended Kirk first, explaining the \"bias\" in their friendship and why he would often be a \"little dismissive\" of Spock.[24] Urban said the script was \"very faithful\" to the original character, including the \"great compassion for humanity and that sense of irascibility\" with which Kelley imbued the character.[25] New Zealand-born Urban trained with a dialect coach to create McCoy's accent [25] and reprised the role in its sequels Star Trek Into Darkness[26] and Star Trek Beyond.", "Star Trek (film) A third film, Star Trek Beyond, directed by Justin Lin and starring Idris Elba as the main antagonist,[182] was released on July 22, 2016, to positive reviews. In July 2016, Abrams confirmed plans for a fourth film, and stated that Chris Hemsworth would return as Kirk's father. Most of the cast and producers of Beyond have also agreed to return; however, Abrams stated Anton Yelchin's role would not be recast following his death.[183]", "Zachary Quinto Quinto was born in Pittsburgh, and grew up in the suburb of Green Tree, Pennsylvania. He attended Saints Simon and Jude Catholic School (closed 2010). His mother, Margaret J. \"Margo\" (nÃ©e McArdle), worked at an investment firm and later at a magistrate's office. His father, Joseph John \"Joe\" Quinto, a barber, died of cancer when Quinto was seven years old.[1][2] Quinto and his brother, Joe, were subsequently raised by their mother.[3][4] He grew up Catholic.[5] His father was of Italian descent, while his mother is of Irish ancestry.[6][7] Quinto graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1995, where he participated in its musicals and won the Gene Kelly Award for Best Supporting Actor, and then attended Carnegie Mellon University's School of Drama, from which he graduated in 1999.[8][9]", "Star Trek (film) Additional minor roles include Rachel Nichols as Gaila, an Orion Starfleet cadet; Deep Roy as Scotty's alien (Royla) assistant Keenser; and Paul McGillion as a Starfleet barracks leader.[43] Chris Doohan, the son of the original Scotty, James Doohan, makes a cameo appearance in the transporter room as Lt. Kyle.[44] Some characters had their scenes substantially or entirely cut from the film, including Brad William Henke as Kirk's stepfather (the character's lines in the film were provided by Greg Grunberg).[43][45] Spencer Daniels originally played Kirk's older brother, George Samuel \"Sam\" Kirk, Jr., but the majority of his scenes were cut and the opening car chase scene where Kirk can be heard calling out to him was overdubbed.[46] Victor Garber plays a Klingon interrogator who tortures Nero during his time on Rura Penthe.", "Star Trek (film series) This revival of the franchise is often considered to be, and referred to as, a \"reboot\", but it is technically a continuation of the franchise (Nimoy reprises his role of Spock from the previous films) that establishes an alternate reality from the previous films. This route was taken, over a traditional reboot, to free the new films from the restrictions of established continuity without completely discarding it, which the writers felt would have been \"disrespectful\". This new reality was informally referred to by several names, including the \"Abramsverse\", \"JJ Trek\", and \"NuTrek\", before it was named the \"Kelvin Timeline\" (versus the \"Prime Timeline\" of the original series and films) by Michael and Denise Okuda for use in official Star Trek reference guides and encyclopedias. The name Kelvin comes from the USS Kelvin, a starship involved in the event that creates the new reality in Star Trek (2009). Abrams named the starship after his grandfather Henry Kelvin, whom he also pays tribute to in Into Darkness with the Kelvin Memorial Archive.[19][20]", "Star Trek (film) Chris Hemsworth plays George Kirk, James Tiberius Kirk's father, who dies aboard USS Kelvin while battling Nero. Mark Wahlberg was also approached for the role.[41] Faran Tahir plays Kelvin captain Richard Robau. Winona Kirk, Kirk's mother, is played by Jennifer Morrison. Greg Ellis plays Chief Engineer Olson, the redshirt who is killed during the space jump.[42]", "Star Trek (film) Seventeen years later on the planet Vulcan, a young Spock is accepted to join the Vulcan Science Academy. Realizing that the Academy views his human mother Amanda as a \"disadvantage\", he joins Starfleet instead. On Earth, Kirk becomes a reckless but intelligent young adult. Following a bar fight with Starfleet cadets accompanying Nyota Uhura, Kirk meets Captain Christopher Pike, who encourages him to enlist in Starfleet Academy, where Kirk meets and befriends doctor Leonard McCoy.", "Spock In the film's flashback (set 19 years after the events of \"Unification\", and as depicted in the comic miniseries Star Trek: Countdown[3]), Ambassador Spock (Nimoy) promises the Romulans he will use Vulcan technology to save them from a rogue supernova that threatens to destroy their Empire. He pilots an advanced starship equipped with red matter, a powerful substance able to create artificial black holes. The mission is only partially successful, and in the aftermath Spock is pursued into the past by Nero (Eric Bana), a Romulan driven mad by the loss of his homeworld and family, setting into motion the events of the film.", "Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Nimoy had admired Christopher Lloyd's work in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Taxi, and was impressed by his ability to play powerful villains. Lloyd was given the part of Kruge, a Klingon interested in securing the powerful secrets of Genesis for use as a weapon. Nimoy said that Lloyd brought a welcome element of theatricality to the role.[11] Mark Lenard plays Sarek, Spock's father and a Vulcan ambassador. Lenard had previously played the role in the Star Trek: The Original Series episode \"Journey to Babel\" and the Star Trek: The Animated Series episode \"Yesteryear\". Merritt Butrick reprises his role as David Marcus, Kirk's son and a scientist who had helped develop the Genesis Device, from The Wrath of Khan.", "Khan Noonien Singh Following the box office success of J. J. Abrams' Star Trek reboot and the announcement that actors Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto had tentatively agreed to appear in two sequels, Internet rumors began circulating about the plot of the second film. Abrams hinted that because of the alternate timeline created in the first film, reintroducing Khan into Star Trek lore remained a possibility. Abrams told MTV, \"[Khan and Kirk] existâ€”and while their history may not be exactly as people are familiar with, I would argue that a person's character is what it is,\" Abrams said of the notion that his Khan could be just as evil, even if Kirk never stranded him on Ceti Alpha V. \"Certain people are destined to cross paths and come together, and Khan is out there... even if he doesn't have the same issues.\"[24] Writer Damon Lindelof declared that Khan's \"intense gravity,\" particularly regarding the character's delivery of monologues, made him an obligatory character to use, even if its iconic status made the crew afraid of the fan reaction. Lindelof jokingly stated that \"it was never really a 'Should we or shouldn't we?' as much as it was 'We really have to do this but if we don't get it right people are going to kill us.'\"[25]", "Sarek On January 18, 2017 it was announced that actor James Frain will assume the role of Sarek for the new Trek series Star Trek: Discovery.[3] Mia Kirshner appeared as his wife Amanda in episode 6.", "Spock At the beginning of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979), Spock is no longer in Starfleet, having resigned and returned home to pursue the Vulcan discipline of Kolinahr. Spock is unable to complete the Kolinahr ritual after he senses the coming of V'ger, and rejoins Starfleet to aid the Enterprise crew in their mission.[1] Spock, promoted to captain, is commanding officer of the Enterprise at the beginning of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1982).[1] At the film's end, he transfers his \"katra\" – the sum of his memories and experience – to McCoy, and then sacrifices himself to save the ship and its crew from Khan Noonien Singh (Ricardo Montalbán).[1] The sequel, Star Trek III: The Search for Spock (1984), focuses on his crewmates' quest to recover Spock's body, learning upon arrival that he has been resurrected by the Genesis matrix after landing on the planet at the end of the previous film. At the film's conclusion, Spock's revived body is reunited with his katra.[1] Spock is next seen in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986), which depicts his recovery from the after-effects of his resurrection. In the film's final scene, he joins the crew of the newly commissioned USS Enterprise-A under Kirk's command.[1] In Star Trek V: The Final Frontier (1989), Spock and the Enterprise crew confront the renegade Sybok, Spock's half-brother.[1] Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country (1991) reunites the Enterprise crew on a mission to prevent war from erupting between the Federation and Klingon Empire. Spock serves as a special envoy to broker peace with the Klingons after a natural disaster devastates their homeworld.", "Zachary Quinto In 2013, Quinto played the role of Tom Wingfield in the American Repertory Theatre's production of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams.[25] He was also in the Broadway reprisal of the production, in 2014.[26] In February 2016, Zachary will appear in the New York premiere of MCC Theaterâ€™s Smokefall.[27]", "Star Trek Into Darkness By 2010, a release date of June 29, 2012, was set,[22] with Lindelof announcing he had begun working on the script with Kurtzman and Orci.[23] Pre-production was set for January 2011, although Burk said actual filming would probably begin during the spring or summer.[24] Actor Zachary Quinto later said that these reports were untrue.[25] Lindelof compared the sequel to The Dark Knight.[26]", "Star Trek Into Darkness The cast (except for Anton Yelchin, Bruce Greenwood, and Peter Weller) participated in May 2013 press junkets. On May 7, Pegg appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live!. On May 8, Quinto was interviewed on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.[93] He was followed on May 10 by Cumberbatch (who told Fallon that his fans are called \"Cumberbitches\"; Fallon countered that his are called \"FalPals\")[94] and on May 17 by Saldana. Saldana said that she lobbied Abrams for four years: \"If we make a sequel, Uhura needs to kick ass\".[95] On May 9, Cumberbatch appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman.[96]", "Star Trek Into Darkness Actor Benicio del Toro had reportedly been sought as the villain, and had met with Abrams to discuss the role;[47] however, he later bowed out. In 2011, Alice Eve and Peter Weller agreed to their roles.[48][49] Doctor Who actor Noel Clarke agreed to an unknown role, reported to be \"a family man with a wife and young daughter\".[50] Demián Bichir auditioned for the villain role, but as reported by Variety on January 4, 2012, Benedict Cumberbatch was cast.[51]", "Spock Nimoy agreed to return to Spock during one of the early 1970s attempts to create a Star Trek film, entitled Star Trek: The God Thing, but dropped out after his likeness as Spock was used without permission to advertise Heineken beer.[53] He was persuaded to return when production turned to the film Star Trek: Planet of the Titans as directed by Philip Kaufman.[54] However, this was dropped in favor of a new television series, Star Trek: Phase II. After being offered only a recurring part by Roddenberry, Nimoy refused to appear at all.[55] When the work moved on again, to Star Trek: The Motion Picture, director Robert Wise persuaded Nimoy to return as the character.[56] During the course of the production, Nimoy presented traits of method acting and would not break character.[57]", "The Trouble with Tribbles Tribbles have been further seen in other Star Trek episodes and films, including Star Trek III: The Search for Spock and the JJ Abrams-helmed films Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013).[77][102] While on a visit to the set of Star Trek, Gerrold was told by Abrams that the tribble had been deliberately \"snuck in\" to the scene.[97] It appears in the scene where Kirk (Chris Pine) and Spock Prime (Leonard Nimoy) meet Scott (Simon Pegg) on the Vulcan moon.[103] \"The Trouble with Tribbles\" was also re-imagined in that timeline's comic book series by IDW Publishing and entitled \"The Truth About Tribbles\".[68][104]", "James T. Kirk Kirk, played by William Shatner, first appears in the broadcast pilot episode, \"The Man Trap\", originally broadcast on September 8, 1966. Shatner continued in the role for the show's three seasons, and later provided the voice of the animated version of Kirk in Star Trek: The Animated Series (1973â€“74). Shatner returned to the role for Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) and in six subsequent films. Chris Pine portrays an alternate young version of the character in the 2009 Star Trek film, with Jimmy Bennett playing Kirk as a child. Pine reprised his role in Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and in Star Trek Beyond (2016). Other actors have played the character in fan-created media, and the character has been the subject of multiple spoofs and satires. Kirk has been praised for his leadership traits and criticized for his relationships with women.", "Zachary Quinto Quinto first appeared on television in the short-lived television series The Others, and appeared as a guest star on shows including CSI, Touched by an Angel, Charmed, Six Feet Under, Lizzie McGuire, and L.A. Dragnet. In 2003, during the theatrical run of Endgame by Samuel Beckett, directed by Kristina Lloyd[10] at the Odyssey Theatre in Los Angeles playing the role of Clov,[11] he landed a recurring role as computer expert Adam Kaufman on the Fox series 24; Quinto appeared in 23 episodes of the third season.", "Karl Urban In 2009, he played Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy, a role famously originated by DeForest Kelley, in the eleventh Star Trek film.[6][7][8][9] A fan of the Star Trek franchise since childhood, Urban actively pursued a role in the film.[10] His performance was widely embraced by the Star Trek fan community for its faithfulness to the spirit of Kelley's McCoy.[11] In 2009, he also appeared as himself in the documentary film Reclaiming the Blade, discussing his sword-wielding experience in films such as The Lord of the Rings.[12]", "Star Trek (film) Orci and Kurtzman wrote a scene for Shatner, in which old Spock gives his younger self a recorded message by Kirk from the previous timeline. \"It was basically a Happy Birthday wish knowing that Spock was going to go off to Romulus, and Kirk would probably be dead by the time,\" and it would have shifted into Shatner reciting \"Where no man has gone before\".[50] However, Shatner wanted to share Nimoy's major role, and did not want a cameo,[51] despite his character's death in Star Trek Generations. He suggested the film canonize his novels where Kirk is resurrected, but Abrams decided if his character was accompanying Nimoy's, it would have become a film about the resurrection of Kirk, and not about introducing the new versions of the characters.[52] Nimoy disliked the character's death in Generations, but also felt resurrecting Kirk would be detrimental to this film,[22] and his friendship with Shatner caused them to avoid discussing the film.[23]", "Sarek Sarek, played by Ben Cross, appears in the 2009 Star Trek. Though respectful of Spock's ability to make his own choices, Sarek clearly encourages him to maintain his logical Vulcan nature. Sarek maintains that he married Amanda because it was logical to do so, since as the Vulcan ambassador, it would of course fall upon Sarek to observe human behavior. Later, Sarek is on the board of the Vulcan Science Academy, and is disappointed to learn that his son has turned down admission in favor of joining Starfleet.", "Zachary Quinto Quinto has also kept up his theatre experience, which includes roles in a variety of productions, including classics such as Samuel Beckett's Endgame at the Los Angeles Odyssey Theatres in 2003,[20] Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing at the Los Angeles Shakespeare Festival and Intelligent Design of Jenny Chow at the Old Globe Theatre.[21] From October 2010 to February 2011, Quinto played the lead role of Louis Ironson in an Off-Broadway revival of Tony Kushner's Angels in America at the Signature Theatre, New York City.[22][23] For this role, Quinto received the Theatreworld Outstanding Debut Performance award.[24]", "Star Trek (film series) Star Trek Beyond was released on July 22, 2016, in time for the franchise's 50th anniversary celebrations. Roberto Orci had stated that Star Trek Beyond will feel more like the original series than its predecessors in the reboot series while still trying something new with the established material.[32] In December 2014, Justin Lin was confirmed as the director for the upcoming sequel,[33] marking the first reboot film not to be directed by J. J. Abrams, whose commitments to Star Wars: The Force Awakens restricted his role on the Star Trek film to that of producer.[34] In January 2015, it was confirmed that the film would be co-written by Doug Jung and Simon Pegg,[35] who revealed the film's title that May.[36] Idris Elba was cast as the villain Krall,[37][38] while Sofia Boutella was cast as Jaylah.[39] Filming began on June 25, 2015.[40] This is the last film of Anton Yelchin (Chekov), who died in an automobile accident on June 19, 2016.", "Leonard Nimoy Nimoy provided the voice of Spock as a guest star in a Season 5 episode of the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory titled \"The Transporter Malfunction\", which aired on March 29, 2012.[70] Also in 2012, Nimoy reprised his role of William Bell in Fringe for the fourth season episodes \"Letters of Transit\" and \"Brave New World\" parts 1 & 2.[71] Nimoy reprised his role as Master Xehanort in the 2012 video game Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance.[72] On August 30, 2012, Nimoy narrated a satirical segment about Mitt Romney's life on Comedy Central's The Daily Show with Jon Stewart.[73] In 2013, Nimoy reprised his role as Ambassador Spock in a cameo appearance in Star Trek Into Darkness, and is the only actor from the original series to appear in Abrams' Star Trek films.[74]", "Anton Yelchin Following Yelchin's death, the producers of Star Trek stated that the role of Chekhov would not be recast and that the character would be written out of any subsequent Star Trek films. Star Trek Beyond was dedicated to Yelchin and to Leonard Nimoy, who had died between the release of Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond.", "Leonard Nimoy Nimoy was buried in Los Angeles on March 1, 2015.[100] The service was attended by nearly 300 family members, friends and former colleagues, as well as Zachary Quinto, Chris Pine, and J. J. Abrams. Though Shatner could not attend, he was represented by his daughters.[101]", "Star Trek (film) Enterprise arrives to find the fleet destroyed and Narada drilling into Vulcan's core. Narada attacks Enterprise and Pike surrenders, delegating command of the ship to Spock and promoting Kirk to first officer. Kirk, Hikaru Sulu and Chief Engineer Olson perform a space jump[5][6] onto the drilling platform. Olson is killed but Kirk and Sulu disable the drill. Despite their efforts, Nero launches \"red matter\" into Vulcan's core, forming an artificial black hole that destroys Vulcan. Spock rescues the high council and his father Sarek, but his mother Amanda dies.", "Anton Yelchin Yelchin played supporting roles in two blockbuster films released in May 2009: Star Trek, in which he portrayed teenage navigator Pavel Chekov, and Terminator Salvation, in which he portrayed a young Kyle Reese.[19][20]", "Star Trek Paramount Pictures has produced thirteen Star Trek feature films, the most recent being released in July 2016.[75] The first six films continue the adventures of the cast of The Original Series; the seventh film, Generations was designed as a transition from that cast to The Next Generation television series; the next three films, 8â€“10, focused completely on the Next Generation cast.[Note 6] Starting with the eleventh film, the movies take place in an alternate timeline with a new cast playing the original series characters. Leonard Nimoy portrays an elderly Spock in these films, providing a physical link to the original timeline. This alternate timeline has been named by CBS, for the computer game Star Trek Online, the Kelvin Timeline.", "Star Trek Beyond Additionally, Shohreh Aghdashloo appears as Starfleet's Commodore Paris, commanding officer of Starbase Yorktown.[7]Greg Grunberg appears as Commander Finnegan, USS Yorktown first officer.[8]Melissa Roxburgh appears as Ensign Syl, an alien Enterprise crew member. Kim Kold appears as Zavanko. Doug Jung appears as Ben. Dan Payne appears as Wadjet. Shea Whigham appears as the voice of the Teenaxi Leader. Amazon.com founder and CEO Jeff Bezos cameos as an alien member of Starfleet.[9] The complete original cast appears in a photo shown in Ambassador Spock's keepsake box. The photo itself is from promotional material for Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, the penultimate project featuring them.[10]", "Star Trek (film series) After the poor reception of Star Trek: Nemesis and the cancellation of the television series Star Trek: Enterprise, the franchise's executive producer Rick Berman and screenwriter Erik Jendresen began developing a new film,[13] entitled Star Trek: The Beginning, which would take place after Enterprise but before The Original Series.[14] J. J. Abrams, the producer of Cloverfield and creator of Lost, was a Star Wars fan as a child and confessed that the Star Trek franchise felt \"disconnected\" for him.[15] In February 2007, Abrams accepted Paramount's offer to direct the new Star Trek film, having been previously attached as producer.[16] Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman wrote a script that impressed Abrams, featuring new actors portraying younger versions of the original series' cast. The Enterprise, its interior, and the original uniforms were redesigned. While the film was ready for a December 2008 release, Paramount chose to move the film's opening to May 8, 2009.[17] The film earned over $350 million worldwide (from a solid $75.2 million opening weekend, higher than Star Trek: First Contact (1996)), and surpassed Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home as the highest-grossing film in the franchise. A sequel, Star Trek Into Darkness, was greenlighted even before the first one opened, and Paramount released the film on May 17, 2013.[18] A third film, Star Trek Beyond, was directed by Justin Lin and produced by Abrams. It was released on July 22, 2016, also to critical acclaim.", "Trekkie In the 1991 TV show Star Trek: 25th Anniversary Special, Leonard Nimoy attempted to settle the issue by stating that \"Trekker\" is the preferred term. During an appearance on Saturday Night Live to promote the 2009 Star Trek film, Nimoy – seeking to assure Chris Pine and Zachary Quinto, the \"new\" Kirk and Spock, that most fans would embrace them – initially referred to \"Trekkies\" before correcting himself and saying \"Trekkers,\" emphasizing the second syllable, with a deadpan delivery throughout that left ambiguous whether this ostensible misstep and correction were indeed accidental or instead intentional and for comic effect.[58] In the documentary Trekkies, Kate Mulgrew stated that Trekkers are the ones \"walking with us\" while the Trekkies are the ones content to simply sit and watch Star Trek.", "Star Trek Into Darkness Despite an acclaimed performance from Cumberbatch, Christian Blauvelt of Hollywood.com criticized the casting of the actor as Khan Noonien Singh, saying that the character had been \"whitewashed into oblivion\", since Khan is an explicitly non-white character Star Trek canon (introduced as a Sikh and former ruler of much of eastern Eurasia).[128] There have been similar accusations of whitewashing by fans[129] and American Sikhs,[130] with Star Trek: Voyager actor Garrett Wang tweeting \"The casting of Cumberbatch was a mistake on the part of the producers. I am not being critical of the actor or his talent, just the casting\".[131] George Takei, the original Hikaru Sulu, was also disappointed with the casting, as he thought it would have been better to cast Cumberbatch not as an established villain like Khan but as a new character.[127] On Trekmovie.com, co-producer and co-screenwriter Bob Orci addressed Khan's casting: \"Basically, as we went through the casting process and we began honing in on the themes of the movie, it became uncomfortable for me to support demonizing anyone of color, particularly any one of Middle Eastern descent or anyone evoking that. One of the points of the movie is that we must be careful about the villain within US, not some other race\".[132] An in-canon comic book has subsequently been created to retcon Khan's hitherto unexplained change in ethnicity in the film.[133]", "Star Trek (film) Star Trek received several nominations. The film was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, but was beaten out by Up, also composed by Michael Giacchino.[171][172] At the 36th People's Choice Awards, the film received four nominations: the film was a contender for Favorite Movie, Zoe Saldana was nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actress, and both Pine and Quinto were nominated for Favorite Breakout Movie Actor.[173] On June 15, 2009, the film was nominated for five Teen Choice Awards.[174] In addition, Star Trek was nominated for five Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards and was named one of the top-ten films of 2009 by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.[175][176]", "Spock In 2004, Spock was ranked number 21 in Bravo's list of The 100 Greatest TV Characters.[88] In 2008, UGO named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters.[89] According to Shatner, much of Star Trek's acting praise and media interest went to Nimoy.[90]", "Star Trek III: The Search for Spock Nimoy, in addition to his directing duties, appears towards the end of the film as Spock, but only appears in the opening credits as the director. Nimoy found the most difficult scene to direct was one in which Leonard McCoy talks to the unconscious Spock in sickbay, en route to Vulcan. Nimoy recalled that not only was he in the scene, but his eyes are closed, making it difficult to judge the quality of the shot or the actor's performance: \"It drove DeForest Kelley crazy. He swears that I was trying to direct him with the movement and flutter of my eyelids.\" Nimoy was thankful the story required him to appear in a minimal number of scenes.[4] The rapidly aging Spock, at the ages of 9, 13, 17, and 25, was portrayed successively by Carl Steven, Vadia Potenza, Stephen Manley and Joe W. Davis. Frank Welker provided Spock's screams, and Steve Blalock doubled for Nimoy, so that a total of seven actors contributed to the role.[7]", "Star Trek Beyond Pine and Quinto have signed contracts to return as Kirk and Spock for a fourth film should one be made.[121] In July 2016, Abrams confirmed plans for a fourth film and stated that Chris Hemsworth would return as Kirk's father, George, whom he played in the prologue of the first film.[122][123] Later that month, Paramount confirmed the return of Hemsworth, as well as most of the Beyond cast, producers Abrams and Lindsey Weber, and writers J. D. Payne and Patrick McKay.[124] That same month, Abrams had said that Chekov would not be recast, after Anton Yelchin died in an accident outside his residence in California.[125]", "James Doohan His sons Montgomery and Christopher appeared in Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979). Christopher also appeared in the J. J. Abrams reboot Star Trek (2009). Simon Pegg, who played Scotty in the film, invited Chris and his family to the premiere.[37] For Star Trek Into Darkness in 2012, fans campaigned for Christopher Doohan[38] gaining him a credited cameo in the transporter room.[39] Chris Doohan currently plays Scotty in the award-winning web series Star Trek Continues.[37]", "Sarek Actor Jonathan Simpson briefly played a younger Sarek during Star Trek V: The Final Frontier, with a voice-over provided by Lenard. The scene is in reference to Spock's birth and Sarek remarking he is \"so human.\"", "Spock Spock's backstory has been explained during the course of several episodes of Star Trek: The Original Series, the 2009 film Star Trek and the episode \"Yesteryear\" of Star Trek: The Animated Series. Born to the Vulcan Sarek and the human Amanda Grayson, Spock has a troubled childhood due to his mixed heritage. On his homeworld, he was repeatedly bullied and tormented by full-blooded Vulcan children, who wished to incite the emotions of his human nature.[4][5] For a time, he grew up alongside his older half-brother Sybok, until the older brother was cast out for rejecting logic.[6] In the episode \"Amok Time\", it is revealed that Spock became betrothed to T'Pring (Arlene Martel) during his childhood.[7]", "Star Trek Into Darkness Into Darkness began principal photography on January 12, 2012, with a scheduled release date of May 16, 2013. Cinematographer Dan Mindel shot the film using a combination of anamorphic 35mm film and 15 perforation IMAX cameras.[52][53] About 30 minutes of the film is shot in the IMAX format,[54] while some other scenes were also shot on 8 perforation 65mm.[52] Into Darkness was released in 3D. On February 24, 2012, images from the set surfaced of Benedict Cumberbatch's character in a fight with Spock.[55][56] Edgar Wright directed one shot in the film.[57]\nProduction ended in May 2012.[58]", "Star Trek (film series) The second through fourth films loosely form a trilogy, with the later plots building on elements of the earlier ones. The third film picks up within several days of the conclusion of the second, the fourth three months after the third. (The fifth film takes place a month after the fourth, but is not directly connected to the plots of the preceding three films.) The third and fourth films were both directed by Leonard Nimoy (also co-writer of the fourth), best known as the actor playing Spock.", "List of Star Trek: Discovery characters Sarek (portrayed by James Frain) is a Vulcan astrophysicist, the father of Spock, and the surrogate father of Michael Burnham.[41][4] Frain appears as a younger version of the character who was first portrayed by Mark Lenard in the original Star Trek series.[41][42]", "Spock Spock appeared as the science officer on the USS Enterprise in the first pilot for the series, \"The Cage\". This was not shown on television at the time, but the events of the episode were shown in the two-part episode \"The Menagerie\" of the first season, and Spock's previous 11 years of service on the Enterprise were described.[9] Spock was one of the members of the away team who joined Captain Christopher Pike (Jeffrey Hunter) on a mission to Talos IV in order to investigate a distress call.[10] Spock did appear in the second pilot, \"Where No Man Has Gone Before\", but this was broadcast initially as the third episode.[11] During the events of that pilot, Spock became concerned at the risk to the ship posed by Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell (Gary Lockwood) and suggested possible solutions to Captain James T. Kirk (William Shatner).[12]", "Karl Urban Karl-Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Julius Caesar and Cupid in Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Éomer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in second and third installments of the Riddick film series, Dr. Leonard \"Bones\" McCoy in Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness and Star Trek Beyond, and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue. He also played the main character John Kennex in the short-lived television series Almost Human. He will play Skurge in the Marvel Studios film Thor: Ragnarok set for a November 3, 2017 release.", "Leonard Nimoy I went through a definite identity crisis. The question was whether to embrace Mr. Spock or to fight the onslaught of public interest. I realize now that I really had no choice in the matter. Spock and Star Trek were very much alive and there wasn't anything that I could do to change that.[76]", "Leonard McCoy Dr. Leonard H. \"Bones\" McCoy is a character in the American science fiction franchise Star Trek.[1] First portrayed by DeForest Kelley in the original Star Trek series, McCoy also appears in the animated Star Trek series, six Star Trek films, the pilot episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation, and in numerous books, comics, and video games.[2] Karl Urban assumed the role of the character in the 2009 film Star Trek,[3] and its sequels, 2013's Star Trek Into Darkness and 2016's Star Trek Beyond.", "Leonard Nimoy The character was to become iconic, considered one of the most popular alien characters ever portrayed on television. Viewers admired Spock's \"coolness, his intelligence,\" and his ability to successfully take on any task, adds Fischer. As a result, Nimoy's character \"took the public by storm,\" nearly eclipsing the star of the show, William Shatner's Captain Kirk.[19]:482 President Obama, who said he loved Spock, similarly described Nimoy's character as \"cool, logical, big-eared and level-headed, the center of Star Trek's optimistic, inclusive vision of humanity's future.\"[37]", "James T. Kirk James Tiberius \"Jim\" Kirk is a fictional character in the Star Trek franchise. Kirk first appears in Star Trek: The Original Series and has been portrayed in numerous films, books, comics, webisodes, and video games. As the captain of the starship USS Enterprise, Kirk leads his crew as they explore \"new worlds, where no man has gone before\". Often, the characters of Spock and Leonard McCoy act as his logical and emotional sounding boards, respectively.", "Star Trek (film) Kirk is promoted to Captain and given command of Enterprise while Pike is promoted to Rear Admiral. Spock encounters his older self, who persuades his younger self to continue serving in Starfleet, encouraging him to do, for once, what feels right instead of what is logical. Spock remains in Starfleet, becoming first officer under Kirk's command. Enterprise goes to warp as the elder Spock speaks the \"where no one has gone before\" monologue.", "Anton Yelchin Yelchin again played the role of Chekhov in the 2013 film Star Trek Into Darkness. He also played the lead in the thriller Odd Thomas (2013)[26] and the horror comedy Burying the Ex (2014). In 2015, Yelchin starred in the independent horror film Green Room, which premiered at the Cannes film festival that year and received limited theatrical release in May 2016.", "Star Trek Into Darkness â€”George Takei, who originated the role of Hikaru Sulu and appeared in Star Trek films and TV episodes[127]", "Spock The earliest appearance of Spock in the series as broadcast was \"The Man Trap\", the first such episode.[13] When he needs to knock out an evil version of Kirk in \"The Enemy Within\", he uses a Vulcan nerve pinch. Together with Chief Engineer Montgomery \"Scotty\" Scott (James Doohan) work together to rejoin the good and evil versions of the Captain, which had been split following a transporter accident.[14] During \"Miri\", he finds himself to be the only member of the landing party to be immune to the physical effects of the disease affecting human adults on the planet. However, he realises that he is probably a carrier and could infect the Enterprise if he were to return. Doctor Leonard McCoy (DeForest Kelley) manages to devise a cure, allowing the team to return to the ship.[15]", "Star Trek (film series) A Starfleet special agent (Benedict Cumberbatch) coerces an officer into blowing up a secret installation in London, shoots up a subsequent meeting of Starfleet brass in San Francisco, and then flees to Qo'noS. The crew of the Enterprise attempt to bring him to justice without provoking war with the Klingon Empire, but find there is much more to the agent's mission, and the man himself, than what the Fleet Admiral (Peter Weller) has told them.", "James T. Kirk The 2009 film Star Trek introduces an alternative timeline that reveals different origins for Kirk, the formation of his association with Spock, and how they came to serve together on the Enterprise.[15][16] The point of divergence between The Original Series and the film occurs on January 4, 2233, which becomes the day of Kirk's birth. Although the film treats specific details from Star Trek as mutable, characterizations are meant to \"remain the same\".[17] In the film, George and Winona Kirk name their son James Riberius after his maternal and paternal grandfathers, respectively.[18] He is born on a shuttle escaping the starship USS Kelvin, on which his father is killed.[15] The character begins as \"a reckless, bar-fighting rebel\"[19] who eventually matures.[20] According to Pine, the character is \"a 25-year-old [who acts like a] 15-year-old\" and who is \"angry at the world\".[21] Kirk and Spock clash at Starfleet Academy, but, over the course of the film, Kirk focuses his \"passion and obstinance and the spectrum of emotions\" and becomes captain of the Enterprise.[15][21] The alternate timeline continues in the 2013 sequel Star Trek Into Darkness, and the 2016 sequel Star Trek Beyond, in which Pine reprises his role.", "Star Trek (film) Ty Burr of the Boston Globe gave the film a perfect four star rating, describing it as \"ridiculously satisfying\", and the \"best prequel ever\".[154] Burr praised the character development in the film, opining that \"emotionally, Star Trek hits every one of its marks, functioning as a family reunion that extends across decades, entertainment mediums, even blurring the line between audience and show.\"[154] He continued: \"Trading on affections sustained over 40 years of popular culture, Star Trek does what a franchise reboot rarely does. It reminds us why we loved these characters in the first place.\"[154] Owen Gleiberman from Entertainment Weekly gave the film an 'A-' grade, commenting that director Abrams \"crafts an origin story that avoids any hint of the origin doldrums.\"[155] Similar sentiments were expressed by Rolling Stone journalist Peter Travers, who gave the film a 3.5 out of 4 stars. He felt that the acting from the cast was the highlight of the filming, asserting that the performance of Pine radiated star quality.[156] Likewise, Travers called Quinto's performance \"sharp\" and \"intuitive\", and felt that Quinto \"gave the film a soul\".[156] Manohla Dargis of the New York Times wrote, \"Star Trek [...] isn’t just a pleasurable rethink of your geek uncle's favorite science-fiction series. It's also a testament to television's power as mythmaker, as a source for some of the fundamental stories we tell about ourselves, who we are and where we came from.[157] Slate's Dana Stevens felt that the film was \"a gift to those of us who loved the original series, that brainy, wonky, idealistic body of work that aired to almost no commercial success between 1966–69 and has since become a science fiction archetype and object of cult adoration.\"[158] Time Out London's Tom Huddleston praised the aesthetic qualities of the film, such as the design of Enterprise, and praised the performances of the cast.[159] He wrote, \"The cast are equally strong: Quinto brings wry charm to an otherwise calculating character, while Pine powers through his performance in bullish, if not quite Shatner-esque, fashion.\"[159]", "Star Trek Into Darkness As part of a contest Abrams designed after the release of Super 8 (2011), the prize for answering a series of questions would be walk-on roles for two people in Into Darkness.[78] He debuted three frames of the film on Conan on October 4, 2012, showing what he described as Spock \"in a volcano, in this crazy suit\".[79] The official poster for the film was released two months later on December 3, 2012, showing a mysterious figure (thought to be Benedict Cumberbatch's villain) standing on a pile of burning rubble looking over what appears to be a damaged London;[80][81] he is standing in a hole in the shape of the Starfleet insignia, blown out of the side of a building.[82]", "Michael Burnham Sonequa Martin-Green first met with Discovery co-creator Bryan Fuller at New York Comic-Con in October 2016. Fuller talked to her about Burnham, a human orphan raised on planet Vulcan alongside Spock (Leonard Nimoy) from the original series, leading to a conflict with her two cultural identities. Knowing that her character Sasha would be killed off The Walking Dead, she shot a video audition. However, AMC refused to release her from her contract, leading CBS to look elsewhere.[16] Fuller revealed that he had long set his sights on Martin-Green to star in Discovery, but CBS pushed back because AMC would not release her from her contract until Sasha's death was shown on-screen.[17] CBS' second premiere date delay from May to September was due to the restrictions of Martin-Green's contract, though the first delay opened the door for her to land the role. She auditioned in person in December, and then began shooting in January. On getting the part, she expressed nervousness and excitement saying, \"When I first got started, I had my freak-out phase. I had my almost catatonic moment where I thought, ‘What is happening?’ And I knew very quickly that I couldn’t live there and that I couldn’t create there. I owed it to the story and I owed it to the legacy to get it together. And I had to focus myself in gratitude. I had to focus myself on the passion for the vision for the story that we’re doing.”[16]" ]	[ "Zachary Quinto Zachary John Quinto (/ˈkwɪntoʊ/; born June 2, 1977) is an American actor and film producer. He is best known for his roles as Sylar on the science fiction drama series Heroes (2006–2010), Spock in the reboot Star Trek (2009) and its sequels Star Trek Into Darkness (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016), as well as his Emmy nominated performance in American Horror Story: Asylum. He also appeared in smaller roles on television series such as So NoTORIous, The Slap, and 24." ]
test3082	meaning of the poem where the sidewalk ends	[ "doc105381" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc105380", "doc105382", "doc105385", "doc105383", "doc105386", "doc105381", "doc105384", "doc105387", "doc1711642", "doc1852653", "doc372865", "doc372863", "doc520924", "doc719392", "doc520927", "doc2043145", "doc1148028", "doc1704068", "doc691694", "doc307462", "doc2086597", "doc2474215", "doc736314", "doc2525990", "doc1558826", "doc1087636", "doc1711613", "doc1439381", "doc2462482", "doc2007993", "doc148042", "doc733544", "doc2177022", "doc2043147", "doc1404025", "doc520925", "doc2269805", "doc665457", "doc2129152", "doc2007985", "doc717981", "doc115338", "doc660088", "doc650", "doc2043144", "doc215463", "doc336150", "doc307451", "doc2450968", "doc1657161", "doc1177663", "doc2043146", "doc1957775", "doc1286991", "doc1407932", "doc2269808", "doc520926", "doc1278656", "doc2129148", "doc691704", "doc1087640", "doc1711622", "doc733536", "doc1445094", "doc976543", "doc1278645", "doc2450969", "doc717975", "doc1407935", "doc148053", "doc657", "doc2521047", "doc2450971", "doc1405585", "doc925213", "doc830404", "doc691703", "doc643964", "doc733535", "doc1852672", "doc336140", "doc2177027", "doc520928", "doc1404030", "doc2007987", "doc372867", "doc307464", "doc1015179", "doc2184643", "doc691712", "doc2667223", "doc2221326", "doc2430832", "doc1880725", "doc1087638", "doc2480619", "doc1278657", "doc714059", "doc1852655", "doc1546731" ]	[ "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) Where the Sidewalk Ends is a 1974 poem by Shel Silverstein, and the title poem of the collection of the same name. Both the poem and the book gained instant fame and were deemed classics of children's literature.", "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) Silverstein begins the poem by describing the place where the sidewalk ends. This place that is only encountered by the imagination.[1] As he mentions the grass growing \"soft and white\" and also the \"cooling of the peppermint wind,\" we know that this is a mental state, how someone views the world. Finding the place where the sidewalk ends may not as much be about finding an actual place rather than reaching a certain mental state.", "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) Looking more in depth at this poem makes clear what Shel Silverstein is saying. Do what the children do. They know the place where the sidewalk ends. And in doing so, you will find the joy and passion for life that they have. When he says to follow the markings of the children and you will find the place where the sidewalk ends, it is not a literal command to physically follow them. Rather he is saying put on the mindset of a child and you will, in turn, find the imagination and joy and innocence that children have. Children do not have to work at finding the place where the sidewalk ends, they know. They know because they know nothing else, the joyful, imaginative mindset they have is purely natural. While adults minds have been influenced by the hardships of the world, and in turn have to work at finding the place where the sidewalk ends. Adults must leave behind the black smoke and look beyond the dark streets that come with adulthood in order to truly find the place where the sidewalk ends.", "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) As Silverstein writes in the second stanza, saying \" Let us leave this place where the smoke blows black And the dark street winds and bends\" He is referencing the world that adults live in, the one that is far from what he described as the place where the sidewalk ends. Yes, this could be taken literally, as adults live and work in urban settings. But just as he has done previously, this description is referring to a state of mind. One that sees the world for everything bad that it possibly possesses, a mindset that is totally lacking in any sort of imagination.[1] There is a transition in the middle of this stanza though, a transition from despair to hope, hope of achieving the child like imagination that is found where the sidewalk ends. He says \"and watch where the chalk-white arrows go To the place where the sidewalk ends\" Meaning that if you are alert and aware, the hopeless mindset adult can find a way to get to the place where the sidewalk ends.", "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) Shel Silverstein's influence on poetry has been said to have the ability to “Convince children that poetry is neither difficult nor threatening,” he was also able to “understand common childhood thoughts and anxieties.” and his poem, Where the Sidewalk Ends, is no different. Its easy to read, silly vocabulary in combination with the underlying idea that children in fact have the secret to \"where the sidewalk ends\" makes it fun for children to read. Also, Silverstein had a special insight into the mind of a child, and understood the children's way of thinking relaying that into \"Where the Sidewalk Ends.\" Where the Sidewalk Ends has become a children's poetry launch point, and its lighthearted, engaging style has propelled children to dive into more of Silverstein's poetry and in some cases more poetry in general. Where the Sidewalk Ends, is now a children's poetry classic, and has shaped much of the modern children's poetry that is published today.", "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) There have been several analyses and interpretations of Silverstein's Where the Sidewalk Ends, but among them all, a general conclusion has been drawn. Silverstein is famous for being a children's poet, yet many of the ideas tucked in the corner of Where the Sidewalk Ends are made for adults. Silverstein argues that adults live in a world that is dreary, and that children live in a world full of life and joy. Silverstein is saying that adults need to go to the place that children know; essentially telling adults to take a step back and to take on the point of view of a child to find the life and joy that they have.", "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) The final stanza is simple. \"Yes we'll walk with a walk that is measured and slow, And we'll go where the chalk-white arrows go, For the children, they mark, and the children, they know The place where the sidewalk ends.\" Silverstein is saying yes, we'll follow the arrows and we'll go. Yes, we will open our minds and look for the signs to find the place where the sidewalk ends. \"The children, they mark, and the children, they know\" Silverstein is coming forward and saying simply, the children mark the way. Follow the children because they know the place where the sidewalk ends.", "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) Silverstein has written several books, including Don't Bump the Glump, and arguably his most famous, The Giving Tree.[2] Silverstein has also written several collections of poetry similar to the book, Where the Sidewalk Ends. Those include A Light in the Attic, Falling Up and The Missing Piece. Whatif, Hug O War, Bear in There, and Ticklish Tom are among Silverstein's other most famous poems. Poets similar to Silverstein include Dr. Seuss, Eloise Greenfield and Robert Louis Stevenson.", "Shel Silverstein Together with longtime friend and producer Ron Haffkine they released \"Where the Sidewalk Ends\" on cassette in 1983, as an LP phonograph record in 1984, winning the 1984 Grammy Award for Best Recording For Children.", "And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street And that is a story that no one can beat\nAnd to think that I saw it on Mulberry Street.", "Oh, the Places You'll Go! The story begins with the narrator, relating the decision of the unnamed protagonist (who represents the reader) to leave town. The protagonist travels through several geometrical and polychromatic landscapes and places, eventually encountering a place simply called \"The Waiting Place\", which is ominously addressed as being a place where everyone is always waiting for something to happen. As the protagonist continues to explore, spurred on by the thoughts of places he will visit and things he will discover, the book cheerfully concludes with an open end.", "Oh, the Places You'll Go! Oh, the Places You'll Go! is a book written and illustrated by children's author Dr. Seuss. It was first published by Random House on January 22, 1990, making it his last book published in his lifetime. The book concerns the journey of life and its challenges.", "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\" is a poem written in 1922 by Robert Frost, and published in 1923 in his New Hampshire volume. Imagery, personification, and repetition are prominent in the work. In a letter to Louis Untermeyer, Frost called it \"my best bid for remembrance\".[1]", "I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew The book is a first-person narrative told by a young narrator who experiences troubles in his life (mostly aggressive small animals that bite and sting) and wishes to escape them. He sets out for the city of Solla Sollew (\"where they never have troubles / at least very few\") and learns that he must face his problems instead of running away from them. He then goes back home to deal with his \"troubles\", arming himself with a big bat and resolving that \"Now my troubles are going to have troubles with me!\"", "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The text of the poem describes the thoughts of a lone rider (the speaker), pausing at night in his travel to watch snow falling in the woods. It ends with him reminding himself that, despite the loveliness of the view, \"I have promises to keep, / And miles to go before I sleep.\"", "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking The poem features a young boy walking on the beach who finds two mockingbirds nesting and watches them. The female bird fails to appear one day, and the male bird cries out for her. The bird's cries create an awakening in the boy who translates what the male is saying in the rest of the poem. As this happens, the boy recognizes the impact of nature on the human soul and his own burgeoning consciousness.[1]", "Fog (poem) The fog comes\non little cat feet.\n\nIt sits looking\nover harbor and city\non silent haunches\nand then moves on.", "The Echoing Green Till the little ones weary\nNo more can be merry\nThe sun does descend,\nAnd our sports have an end;\nRound the laps of their mothers,\nMany sisters and brothers,\nLike birds in their nest,\nAre ready for rest;\nAnd sport no more seen,\nOn the darkening Green.", "Jabberwocky \"Jabberwocky\" is a nonsense poem written by Lewis Carroll about the killing of a creature named \"the Jabberwock\". It was included in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There, the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The book tells of Alice's adventures within the back-to-front world of Looking-Glass Land.", "Limerick (poetry) The limerick form was popularized by Edward Lear in his first Book of Nonsense (1846) and a later work, More Nonsense, Pictures, Rhymes, Botany, etc. (1872). Lear wrote 212 limericks, mostly considered nonsense literature. It was customary at the time for limericks to accompany an absurd illustration of the same subject, and for the final line of the limerick to be a variant of the first line ending in the same word, but with slight differences that create a nonsensical, circular effect. The humour is not in the \"punch line\" ending but rather in the tension between meaning and its lack.[14]", "Alice Liddell A boat beneath a sunny sky,\nLingering onward dreamily\nIn an evening of July—\n\nChildren three that nestle near,\nEager eye and willing ear,\nPleased a simple tale to hear—\n\nLong has paled that sunny sky:\nEchoes fade and memories die.\nAutumn frosts have slain July.\n\nStill she haunts me, phantomwise,\nAlice moving under skies\nNever seen by waking eyes.\n\nChildren yet, the tale to hear,\nEager eye and willing ear,\nLovingly shall nestle near.\n\nIn a Wonderland they lie,\nDreaming as the days go by,\nDreaming as the summers die:\n\nEver drifting down the stream—\nLingering in the golden gleam—\nLife, what is it but a dream?", "J. B. S. Haldane The poem ends:", "The Giving Tree The photograph of Silverstein on the back cover of the book has attracted attention.[1][27] One writer described the photograph as showing the author's \"jagged menacing teeth\" and \"evil, glaring eyes.\"[28] Another writer compared the photograph to the one on the back of Where the Sidewalk Ends in which Silverstein resembles \"the Satanist Anton LaVey.\"[29] In the book Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw, the father threatens the protagonist with the photograph to make sure that he does not leave his room at night.[1][30]", "Hope Hope is the thing with feathers that perches in the soul and sings the tune without the words and never stops at all.", "Acrostic A boat, beneath a sunny sky\nLingering onward dreamily\nIn an evening of July -\n\nChildren three that nestle near,\nEager eye and willing ear,\nPleased a simple tale to hear -\n\nLong has paled that sunny sky:\nEchoes fade and memories die:\nAutumn frosts have slain July.\n\nStill she haunts me, phantomwise,\nAlice moving under skies\nNever seen by waking eyes.\n\nChildren yet, the tale to hear,\nEager eye and willing ear,\nLovingly shall nestle near.\n\nIn a Wonderland they lie,\nDreaming as the days go by,\nDreaming as the summers die:\n\nEver drifting down the stream -\nLingering in the golden gleam -\nLife, what is it but a dream?", "The Road Not Taken \"The Road Not Taken\" is a poem by Robert Frost, published in 1916 as the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval. Frost said that this poem was \"tricky\" and often misinterpreted. While many readers take it to refer to the importance of not following the crowd, Frost said that it referred instead to the tendency to regret past decisions, even inconsequential ones.", "Shel Silverstein Sheldon Allan \"Shel\" Silverstein (/ˈsɪlvərstiːn/;[1] September 25, 1930 – May 10, 1999)[2][3] was an American writer known for his cartoons, songs, and children's books.[2] He styled himself as Uncle Shelby in some works. Translated into more than 30 languages, his books have sold over 20 million copies.[3] He was the recipient of two Grammy Awards, as well as a Golden Globe and Academy Award nomination.", "Poetry Light poetry, or light verse, is poetry that attempts to be humorous. Poems considered \"light\" are usually brief, and can be on a frivolous or serious subject, and often feature word play, including puns, adventurous rhyme and heavy alliteration. Although a few free verse poets have excelled at light verse outside the formal verse tradition, light verse in English is usually formal. Common forms include the limerick, the clerihew, and the double dactyl.", "We Are Seven The poem ends with a divide between the child and the narrator:", "Footprints (poem) Mary Stevenson is also a purported author of the poem circa 1936.[4] [5]", "If— \"Ifâ€”\" is a poem by English Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling, written circa 1895[1] as a tribute to Leander Starr Jameson. It is a literary example of Victorian-era stoicism.[2] The poem, first published in Rewards and Fairies (1910), is written in the form of paternal advice to the poet's son, John.[3]", "Antigonish (poem) Last night I saw upon the stair\nA tallish man who wasn't there\nHe wasn't there again today\nOh, how I wish he'd go away!", "Eldorado (poem) Gaily bedight,\nA gallant knight,\nIn sunshine and in shadow,\nHad journeyed long,\nSinging a song,\nIn search of Eldorado.\n\nBut he grew old—\nThis knight so bold—\nAnd o'er his heart a shadow\nFell as he found\nNo spot of ground\nThat looked like Eldorado.\n\nAnd, as his strength\nFailed him at length,\nHe met a pilgrim shadow—\n\"Shadow,\" said he,\n\"Where can it be—\nThis land of Eldorado?\"\n\n\"Over the Mountains\nOf the Moon,\nDown the Valley of the Shadow,\nRide, boldly ride,\"\nThe shade replied—\n\"If you seek for Eldorado!\"", "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking The poem was later included in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass[4] under the title \"A Word Out of the Sea\" (and occasionally erroneously referred to, even by Whitman himself, as \"A Voice Out of the Sea\").[5] \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\" is found in the title section, Sea-Drift. Several of Whitman's individuals poems, including \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\", focus on the seashore; his first was \"A Sketch\".[6]", "Where the Wild Things Are This story of only 338 words focuses on a young boy named Max who, after dressing in his wolf costume, wreaks such havoc through his household that he is sent to bed without his supper. Max's bedroom undergoes a mysterious transformation into a jungle environment, and he winds up sailing to an island inhabited by malicious beasts known as the \"Wild Things.\" After successfully intimidating the creatures, Max is hailed as the king of the Wild Things and enjoys a playful romp with his subjects. However, he starts to feel lonely and decides to return home, to the Wild Things' dismay. Upon returning to his bedroom, Max discovers a hot supper waiting for him.", "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Frost wrote the poem in June 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury, Vermont. He had been up the entire night writing the long poem \"New Hampshire\" and had finally finished when he realized morning had come. He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\".[1] He wrote the new poem \"about the snowy evening and the little horse as if I'd had a hallucination\" in just \"a few minutes without strain\".[2]", "A Child's Garden of Verses A Child's Garden of Verses is a collection of poetry for children about childhood, illness, play and solitude by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson. The collection first appeared in 1885 under the title Penny Whistles, but has been reprinted many times, often in illustrated versions. It contains about 65 poems including the cherished classics \"Foreign Children,\" \"The Lamplighter,\" \"The Land of Counterpane,\" \"Bed in Summer,\" \"My Shadow\" and \"The Swing.\"", "Hello, I Love You \"Sidewalk crouches at her feet\nLike a dog that begs for something sweet.\nDo you hope to make her see you, fool?\nDo you hope to pluck this dusky jewel?\"", "Fern Hill By the end, the poet's older voice has taken over, mourning his lost youth with echoes of the opening:", "Footprints (poem) \"Footprints\", also known as \"Footprints in the Sand\", is a popular allegorical text written in prose.", "Endymion (poem) A thing of beauty is a joy for ever:\nIts loveliness increases; it will never\nPass into nothingness; but still will keep\nA bower quiet for us, and a sleep\nFull of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.\nTherefore, on every morrow, are we wreathing\nA flowery band to bind us to the earth,\nSpite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth\nOf noble natures, of the gloomy days,\nOf all the unhealthy and o'er-darkened ways\nMade for our searching: yes, in spite of all,\nSome shape of beauty moves away the pall\nFrom our dark spirits. Such the sun, the moon,\nTrees old and young, sprouting a shady boon\nFor simple sheep; and such are daffodils\nWith the green world they live in; and clear rills\nThat for themselves a cooling covert make\nAgainst the hot season; the mid forest brake,\nRich with a sprinkling of fair musk-rose blooms:\nAnd such too is the grandeur of the dooms\nWe have imagined for the mighty dead;\nAll lovely tales that we have heard or read:\nAn endless fountain of immortal drink,\nPouring unto us from the heaven's brink.", "Because I could not stop for Death The poem was published posthumously in 1890 in Poems: Series 1, a collection of Dickinson's poems assembled and edited by her friends Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The poem was published under the title \"The Chariot\". It is composed in six quatrains with the meter alternating between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Stanzas 1, 2, 4, and 6 employ end rhyme in their second and fourth lines, but some of these are only close rhyme or eye rhyme. In the third stanza, there is no end rhyme, but \"ring\" in line 2 rhymes with \"gazing\" and \"setting\" in lines 3 and 4 respectively. Internal rhyme is scattered throughout. Figures of speech include alliteration, anaphora, paradox, and personification. The poem personifies Death as a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the poet to her grave. She also personifies immortality.[1] The volta (turn) happens in the fourth quatrain. Structurally, the syllables shift from its constant 8-6-8-6 scheme to 6-8-8-6. This parallels with the undertones of the sixth quatrain. The personification of death changes from one of pleasantry to one of ambiguity and morbidity: \"Or rather--He passed Us-- / The Dews drew quivering and chill--\" (13-14). The imagery changes from its original nostalgic form of children playing and setting suns to Death's real concern of taking the speaker to afterlife.", "The Hollow Men This is the way the world ends\nThis is the way the world ends\nThis is the way the world ends\nNot with a bang but a whimper.", "Crossing the Bar \"Crossing the Bar\" is an 1889 poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson. It is considered that Tennyson wrote it in elegy; the poem has a tone of finality and the narrator uses an extended metaphor to compare death with crossing the \"sandbar\" between river of life, with its outgoing \"flood\", and the ocean that lies beyond [death], the \"boundless deep\", to which we return.", "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking \"Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking\" is a poem by Walt Whitman. It is one of Whitman's complex and successfully integrated poems. Whitman used several new techniques in the poem. One is the use of images like bird, boy, sea. The influence of music is also seen in opera form. Some critics have taken the poem to be an elegy mourning the death of someone dear to him. The basic theme of the poem is the relationship between suffering and art. It shows how a boy matures into a poet through his experience of love and death. Art is a sublimation of frustrations and death is a release from the stress and strains caused by such frustrations. The language is similar to \"There Was a Child Went Forth\".", "O Captain! My Captain! \"O Captain! My Captain!\" is an extended metaphor poem written in 1865 by Walt Whitman, about the death of American president Abraham Lincoln. The poem was first published in the pamphlet Sequel to Drum-Taps which assembled 18 poems regarding the American Civil War, including another Lincoln elegy, \"When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd\". It was included in Whitman's comprehensive collection Leaves of Grass beginning with its fourth edition published in 1867. The poem emphasizes or shows grief and sorrow.", "Ogden Nash Nash's poetry was often a playful twist of an old saying or poem. For one example, he expressed this playfulness in what is perhaps his most famous rhyme, a twist on Joyce Kilmer's poem \"Trees\" (1913): \"I think that I shall never see / a poem lovely as a tree,\" which drops \"billboard\" in place of poem and adds, \"Indeed, unless the billboards fall / I'll never see a tree at all.\"[14] That same playfulness produced a number of often quoted quips, including \"Progress might have been all right once, but it has gone on too long\" and \"People who work sitting down get paid more than people who work standing up.\"", "Limerick (poetry) A limerick is a form of verse, often humorous and sometimes obscene, in five-line, predominantly anapestic[1] meter with a strict rhyme scheme of AABBA, in which the first, second and fifth line rhyme, while the third and fourth lines are shorter and share a different rhyme.[2] The following example is a limerick of unknown origin:", "I like to see it lap the Miles I like to see it lap the Miles —\nAnd lick the Valleys up —\nAnd stop to feed itself at Tanks —\nAnd then — prodigious step\n\nAround a Pile of Mountains —\nAnd supercilious peer\nIn Shanties — by the sides of Roads —\nAnd then a Quarry pare\n\nTo fit it's sides\nAnd crawl between\nComplaining all the while\nIn horrid - hooting stanza —\nThen chase itself down Hill —\n\nAnd neigh like Boanerges —\nThen — prompter than a Star\nStop — docile and omnipotent\nAt it's own stable door —", "W. H. Auden A Certain World: A Commonplace Book (1970) was a kind of self-portrait made up of favourite quotations with commentary, arranged in alphabetical order by subject.[57] His last prose book was a selection of essays and reviews, Forewords and Afterwords (1973).[9] His last books of verse, Epistle to a Godson (1972) and the unfinished Thank You, Fog (published posthumously, 1974) include reflective poems about language (\"Natural Linguistics\") and about his own ageing (\"A New Year Greeting\", \"Talking to Myself\", \"A Lullaby\" [\"The din of work is subdued\"]). His last completed poem was \"Archaeology\", about ritual and timelessness, two recurring themes in his later years.[34]", "Thinking (poem) Later sources gave this poem, which originally carried the title \"Thinking\", the title \"The Man Who Thinks He Can\" and \"It's All In The State Of Mind\". In recent years the title \"The Man Who Thinks He Can\" has been adapted as the (wrongfully) assumed correct and original title. [1]", "Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking Originally titled \"A Child's Remembrance\", the poem was first published in the Saturday Press on December 24, 1859.[2] The newspaper included this introduction: \"Our readers may, if they choose, consider as our Christmas or New Year's present to them, the curious warble by Walt Whitman\".[3]", "If I Ran the Zoo The book is written in anapestic tetrameter, Seuss's usual verse type[citation needed], and illustrated in Seuss's trademark pen and ink style. The book is likely a tribute to a child's imagination[citation needed], because it ends with a reminder that all of the extraordinary creatures exist only in McGrew's head.", "Edna St. Vincent Millay My candle burns at both ends;\nIt will not last the night;\nBut ah, my foes, and oh, my friendsâ€”\nIt gives a lovely light!", "This Be The Verse It is one of Larkin's best-known poems; the opening lines (\"They fuck you up, your mum and dad\") are among his most frequently quoted. Larkin himself compared it with W. B. Yeats's \"Lake Isle of Innisfree\" and said he expected to hear it recited in his honour by a thousand Girl Guides before he died. It is frequently parodied. Television viewers in the United Kingdom voted it one of the \"Nation's Top 100 Poems\".[1]", "A Child's Garden of Verses The Child Alone", "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The poem is written in iambic tetrameter in the Rubaiyat stanza created by Edward Fitzgerald. Each verse (save the last) follows an a-a-b-a rhyming scheme, with the following verse's a's rhyming with that verse's b, which is a chain rhyme (another example is the terza rima used in Dante's Inferno.) Overall, the rhyme scheme is AABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDD.[3]", "Trees (poem) I think that I shall never see\nA poem lovely as a tree.\n\nA tree whose hungry mouth is prest\nAgainst the earth's sweet flowing breast;\n\nA tree that looks at God all day,\nAnd lifts her leafy arms to pray;\n\nA tree that may in Summer wear\nA nest of robins in her hair;\n\nUpon whose bosom snow has lain;\nWho intimately lives with rain.\n\nPoems are made by fools like me,\nBut only God can make a tree.[2][3][19][n. 2]", "Fern Hill Fern Hill (1945) is a poem by Dylan Thomas, first published in the October, 1945, Horizon magazine, with its first book publication as the last poem in Deaths and Entrances.", "Jabberwocky Many of the words in the poem are playful nonce words of Carroll's own invention, without intended explicit meaning. When Alice has finished reading the poem she gives her impressions:", "The Road Not Taken While a case could be made for the sigh being one of satisfaction, the critical \"regret\" analysis supports the interpretation that this poem is about the human tendency to look back and attribute blame to minor events in one's life, or to attribute more meaning to things than they may deserve.[6] In 1961, Frost commented that \"The Road Not Taken\" is \"a tricky poem, very tricky\", implying that people generally misinterpret this poem as evidence of the benefit of free thinking and not following the crowd, while Frost's intention was to comment about indecision and people finding meaning in inconsequential decisions.[2][3] A New York Times Sunday book review on Brian Hall's 2008 biography Fall of Frost states: \"Whichever way they go, they're sure to miss something good on the other path.\"[7]", "Shel Silverstein Silverstein's editor at Harper & Row, Ursula Nordstrom, encouraged Silverstein to write children's poetry. Silverstein said that he had never studied the poetry of others and had therefore developed his own quirky style, laid back and conversational, occasionally employing profanity and slang. In a 1975 Publishers Weekly interview, he was asked how he came to do children's books:", "Antigonish (poem) \"As I was going up the stair\nI met a man who wasn't there!\nHe wasn't there again today,\nOh how I wish he'd go away!\" [5][6][7]\n\nWhen I came home last night at three,\nThe man was waiting there for me\nBut when I looked around the hall,\nI couldn't see him there at all!\nGo away, go away, don't you come back any more!\nGo away, go away, and please don't slam the door...\n\nLast night I saw upon the stair,\nA little man who wasn't there,\nHe wasn't there again today\nOh, how I wish he'd go away...", "The End (The Doors song) Every time I hear that song, it means something else to me. It started out as a simple good-bye song... Probably just to a girl, but I see how it could be a goodbye to a kind of childhood. I really don't know. I think it's sufficiently complex and universal in its imagery that it could be almost anything you want it to be.[9]", "Thomas Hood I remember, I remember The house where I was born, The little window where the sun Came peeping in at morn; He never came a wink too soon Nor brought too long a day; But now, I often wish the night Had borne my breath away.", "Trees (poem) \"Trees\" is a lyric poem by American poet Joyce Kilmer. Written in February 1913, it was first published in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse that August and included in Kilmer's 1914 collection Trees and Other Poems.[1][2][3] The poem, in twelve lines of rhyming couplets of iambic tetrameter verse, describes what Kilmer perceives as the inability of art created by humankind to replicate the beauty achieved by nature.", "I like to see it lap the Miles THE RAILWAY TRAIN\n\nI like to see it lap the miles,\nAnd lick the valleys up,\nAnd stop to feed itself at tanks;\nAnd then, prodigious, step\n\nAround a pile of Mountains,\nAnd, supercilious, peer\nIn shanties by the sides of roads;\nAnd then a quarry pare\n\n\nTo fit its sides, and crawl between,\nComplaining all the while\nIn horrid, hooting stanza;\nThen chase itself down hill\n\nAnd neigh like Boanerges;\nThen, punctual as a star,\nStop — docile and omnipotent —\nAt its own stable door.", "Endymion (poem) Endymion is a poem by John Keats first published in 1818. It begins with the line \"A thing of beauty is a joy for ever\". Endymion is written in rhyming couplets in iambic pentameter (also known as heroic couplets). Keats based the poem on the Greek myth of Endymion, the shepherd beloved by the moon goddess Selene. The poem elaborates on the original story and renames Selene \"Cynthia\" (an alternative name for Artemis).", "This Be The Verse The title of the poem is an allusion to Robert Louis Stevenson's Requiem. Stevenson's thought of a happy homecoming in death is given an ironic turn.", "If— The cab driver character Alex (Judd Hirsch) begins the poem and it's finished by the unlikely character Jim (Christopher Lloyd) in season 2 episode 22 of the television show TAXI", "Crossing the Bar Sunset and evening star,\nAnd one clear call for me!\nAnd may there be no moaning of the bar,\nWhen I put out to sea,\n\nBut such a tide as moving seems asleep,\nToo full for sound and foam,\nWhen that which drew from out the boundless deep\nTurns again home.\n\nTwilight and evening bell,\nAnd after that the dark!\nAnd may there be no sadness of farewell,\nWhen I embark;\n\nFor tho' from out our bourne of Time and Place\nThe flood may bear me far,\nI hope to see my Pilot face to face\nWhen I have crost the bar.", "The Monster at the End of This Book: Starring Lovable, Furry Old Grover Originally written to introduce young children to the concept of reading a book from beginning to end, The Monster at the End of This Book is the best-selling Sesame Street book title of all time. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\".[1] In 2012 it was ranked number ten among the \"Top 100 Picture Books\" in a survey published by School Library Journal.[2]", "I like to see it lap the Miles Criticism of the poem is varied, Vendler observes. Children love this poem, but critics find it \"coy\" and \"lightweight\". The 'peering into shanties' metaphor is thought \"snobbish\". The exact animal employed as a metaphor for the railroad initially proves a puzzle, but at poem's end it is decidedly a horse which neighs and stops (like the Christmas Star) at a \"stable door\". The \"horrid - hooting stanza\" is the train's whistle but, at the same time, as Vendler believes, a self-criticism Dickinson makes of herself as a \"bad poet\".[3]", "A Psalm of Life The poem, written in an ABAB pattern, is meant to inspire its readers to live actively, and neither to lament the past nor to take the future for granted.[1] The didactic message is underscored by a vigorous trochaic meter and frequent exclamation.[8] Answering a reader's question about the poem in 1879, Longfellow himself summarized that the poem was \"a transcript of my thoughts and feelings at the time I wrote, and of the conviction therein expressed, that Life is something more than an idle dream.\"[12] Richard Henry Stoddard referred to the theme of the poem as a \"lesson of endurance\".[13]", "Enjambment In poetry, enjambment (/ɛnˈdʒæmbmənt/ or /ɛnˈdʒæmmənt/; from the French enjambement)[1] is incomplete syntax at the end of a line;[2] the meaning runs over from one poetic line to the next, without terminal punctuation. Lines without enjambment are end-stopped.", "Here's Where the Story Ends \"Here's Where the Story Ends\" is a song by English alternative rock band The Sundays, released as the second single from their debut album Reading, Writing and Arithmetic. It has been categorized as jangle pop.[1]", "Jabberwocky \"Jabberwocky\"\n\n’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves\nDid gyre and gimble in the wabe;\nAll mimsy were the borogoves,\nAnd the mome raths outgrabe.\n\n“Beware the Jabberwock, my son!\nThe jaws that bite, the claws that catch!\nBeware the Jubjub bird, and shun\nThe frumious Bandersnatch!”\n\nHe took his vorpal sword in hand:\nLong time the manxome foe he sought—\nSo rested he by the Tumtum tree,\nAnd stood awhile in thought.\n\nAnd as in uffish thought he stood,\nThe Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,\nCame whiffling through the tulgey wood,\nAnd burbled as it came!\n\nOne, two! One, two! And through and through\nThe vorpal blade went snicker-snack!\nHe left it dead, and with its head\nHe went galumphing back.\n\n“And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?\nCome to my arms, my beamish boy!\nO frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!”\nHe chortled in his joy.\n\n’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves\nDid gyre and gimble in the wabe;\nAll mimsy were the borogoves,\nAnd the mome raths outgrabe.", "Leisure (poem) \"Leisure\" is a poem by Welsh poet W. H. Davies, appearing originally in his Songs Of Joy and Others, published in 1911 by A. C. Fifield and then in Davies' first anthology Collected Poems, by the same publisher in 1916", "Antigonish (poem) Inspired by reports of a ghost of a man roaming the stairs of a haunted house, in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada,[1] the poem was originally part of a play called The Psyco-ed, which Mearns had written for an English class at Harvard University, circa 1899.[2] In 1910, Mearns staged the play with the Plays and Players, an amateur theatrical group, and on 27 March 1922, newspaper columnist FPA printed the poem in \"The Conning Tower\", his column in the New York World.[2][3] Mearns subsequently wrote many parodies of this poem, giving them the general title of, Later Antigonishes.[4]", "And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street Some analyses have examined the relationship between Marco and his father. Alison Lurie asserts that Marco's factual reply to his father at the end of the story suggests to the book's young readers that \"it is sometimes, perhaps always, best to conceal one's inner imaginative life from adults\",[27] a message that appears again in The Cat in the Hat.[27] To Matthew Pierlot, \"The father serves as an external check on the boy's tendency to abandon the truth\",[28] a Socrates-like figure who insists on intellectual integrity and thwarts Marco's desire to mold mundane reality into something more exciting than it is.[29] To Patrick Shannon, \"Marco escapes into his imagination to combat the insipid character and conformity of the adult world\".[30] In this sense the book follows an individualist, child-centered trend in children's literature beginning in the mid-20th century, also seen in the works of Maurice Sendak and William Steig; this is in contrast to the norm in earlier children's books where the author tried to impart outside values on the child reader.[30]", "Ogden Nash Among his most popular writings were a series of animal verses, many of which featured his off-kilter rhyming devices. Examples include \"If called by a panther / Don't anther\"; \"Who wants my jellyfish? / I'm not sellyfish!\"; \"The one-L lama, he's a priest. The two-L llama, he's a beast. And I will bet a silk pajama: there isn't any three-L lllama!\". Nash later appended the footnote \" *The author's attention has been called to a type of conflagration known as a three-alarmer. Pooh.\"[11]", "Eldorado (poem) \"Eldorado\" was one of Poe's last poems. As Poe scholar Scott Peeples wrote, the poem is \"a fitting close to a discussion of Poe's career.\"[3] Like the subject of the poem, Poe was on a quest for success or happiness and, despite spending his life searching for it, he eventually loses his strength and faces death.[3]", "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening In the early morning of November 23, 1963, Sid Davis of Westinghouse Broadcasting reported the arrival of President John F. Kennedy's casket to the White House. As Frost was one of the President's favorite poets, Davis concluded his report with a passage from this poem but was overcome with emotion as he signed off.[4][5]", "Where the Wild Things Are Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children\".[16] Five years later School Library Journal sponsored a survey of readers which identified Where the Wild Things Are as top picture book.[4] Elizabeth Bird, the NYPL librarian who conducted the survey, observed that there was little doubt it would be voted number one and highlighted its designation by one reader as a watershed, \"ushering in the modern age of picture books\". Another called it \"perfectly crafted, perfectly illustrated ... simply the epitome of a picture book\" and noted that Sendak \"rises above the rest in part because he is subversive\". President Barack Obama has read it aloud for children attending the White House Easter Egg Roll in multiple years.[17]", "Footprints (poem) The original authorship of the poem is disputed, with dozens of people claiming to have penned it. Rachel Aviv in a Poetry Foundation article[1] discusses the various claims and suggests that the source of this poem is the opening paragraph of Charles Haddon Spurgeon's 1880 sermon \"The Education of the Sons of God\".[2]", "Oh, the Places You'll Go! In the United States and Canada, Oh, the Places You'll Go! is a popular gift for students graduating from high school and college, spiking in sales every spring.[1] It reached number one on USA Today's Best Selling Book list in 1997, and reached #2 in 2015 and 2017.[2] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children.\"[3]", "Limerick (poetry) There was a Young Person of Smyrna\nWhose grandmother threatened to burn her.\nBut she seized on the cat,\nand said 'Granny, burn that!\nYou incongruous old woman of Smyrna!'", "All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace \"All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace\" is a poem by Richard Brautigan first published in his 1967 collection of the same name, his fifth book of poetry. It is an enthusiastic description of a technological utopia in which machines improve and protect the lives of humans. It is Brautigan's most frequently reprinted poem.", "Mending Wall Despite its simple, almost folksy language, \"Mending Wall\" is a complex poem with several themes, beginning with human fellowship, which Frost first dealt with in his poem \"A Tuft of Flowers\" in his first collection of poems, A Boy's Will.[4] Unlike the earlier poem which explores the bond between men, \"Mending Wall\" deals with the distances and tensions between men.[5] The poem explores the contradictions in life and humanity, including the contradictions within each person, as man \"makes boundaries and he breaks boundaries\".[6][7] The poem also explores the role of boundaries in human society as mending the wall serves both to separate and to join the two neighbors, another contradiction.[8] \"Mending Wall\" also plays with the theme of seasons as recurring cycles in life, and contrasts those cycles with both physical and language parallelism as the men walk along the wall, each to a side, and their language stays each to a side.[9] Then, in \"Mending Wall\", Frost meditates on the role of language as a kind of wall that both joins and separates people.[10][11] Finally, Frost explores the theme of mischief and humor in \"Mending Wall\", as the narrator says halfway through the poem, \"Spring is the mischief in me, and I wonder/If I could put a notion in his head\" (28,29). Mending the wall is a game for the narrator, though in contrast, the neighbor seems quite serious about the work. The narrator notes how the neighbor seems to be walking not only in the thick shade of woods and trees, but in actual \"darkness\", implying ignorance and/or inhospitable sentiments.[12][13][14]", "Jabberwocky Marnie Parsons describes the work as a \"semiotic catastrophe\", arguing that the words create a discernible narrative within the structure of the poem, though the reader cannot know what they symbolise. She argues that Humpty tries, after the recitation, to \"ground\" the unruly multiplicities of meaning with definitions, but cannot succeed as both the book and the poem are playgrounds for the \"carnivalised aspect of language\". Parsons suggests that this is mirrored in the prosody of the poem: in the tussle between the tetrameter in the first three lines of each stanza and trimeter in the last lines, such that one undercuts the other and we are left off balance, like the poem's hero.[17]", "Meeting at Night The poem is written in two stanzas of six lines each. The first stanza describes the excitement of a secret journey by a boat on the sea. The second stanza describes the joy of the meeting of the two lovers.", "Desiderata \"Desiderata\" (Latin: \"desired things\") is a 1927 prose poem by American writer Max Ehrmann. Largely unknown in the author's lifetime, the text became widely known after its use in devotional and spoken-word recordings in 1971 and 1972.", "Mary Ann Hoberman Hoberman co-founded a children’s theatre group called “The Pocket People”, as well as a group that performed dramatized poetry readings called “Women’s Voice” before she published her first book, All My Shoes Come in Twos, in 1957.[2] Many of Hoberman's books have been reviewed in multiple Academic Journals,[3] Magazines,[4] and Trade Publications.[5] From elementary to college level, Hoberman has visited schools and libraries throughout the country to teach literature and writing. One of Hoberman’s main concerns is literacy, which she furthers not only through her volunteer work with Literacy Volunteers of America,[2] but also through her You Read to Me, I’ll Read to You series. In 2003, Hoberman was named the second US Children’s Poet Laureate by the Poetry Foundation, where she served from 2008 to 2011.[6] Hoberman currently lives in Greenwich, Connecticut and has four children and five grandchildren with her husband Norman.[2]", "Birches (poem) When I see birches bend to left and right\nAcross the lines of straighter darker trees,\nI like to think some boy's been swinging them.\nBut swinging doesn't bend them down to stay\nAs ice-storms do. Often you must have seen them\nLoaded with ice a sunny winter morning\nAfter a rain. They click upon themselves\nAs the breeze rises, and turn many-colored\nAs the stir cracks and crazes their enamel.\nSoon the sun's warmth makes them shed crystal shells\nShattering and avalanching on the snow-crust—\nSuch heaps of broken glass to sweep away\nYou'd think the inner dome of heaven had fallen.\nThey are dragged to the withered bracken by the load,\nAnd they seem not to break; though once they are bowed\nSo low for long, they never right themselves:\nYou may see their trunks arching in the woods\nYears afterwards, trailing their leaves on the ground\nLike girls on hands and knees that throw their hair\nBefore them over their heads to dry in the sun.\nBut I was going to say when Truth broke in\nWith all her matter-of-fact about the ice-storm\nI should prefer to have some boy bend them\nAs he went out and in to fetch the cows—\nSome boy too far from town to learn baseball,\nWhose only play was what he found himself,\nSummer or winter, and could play alone.\nOne by one he subdued his father's trees\nBy riding them down over and over again\nUntil he took the stiffness out of them,\nAnd not one but hung limp, not one was left\nFor him to conquer. He learned all there was\nTo learn about not launching out too soon\nAnd so not carrying the tree away\nClear to the ground. He always kept his poise\nTo the top branches, climbing carefully\nWith the same pains you use to fill a cup\nUp to the brim, and even above the brim.\nThen he flung outward, feet first, with a swish,\nKicking his way down through the air to the ground.\nSo was I once myself a swinger of birches.\nAnd so I dream of going back to be.\nIt's when I'm weary of considerations,\nAnd life is too much like a pathless wood\nWhere your face burns and tickles with the cobwebs\nBroken across it, and one eye is weeping\nFrom a twig's having lashed across it open.\nI'd like to get away from earth awhile\nAnd then come back to it and begin over.\nMay no fate willfully misunderstand me\nAnd half grant what I wish and snatch me away\nNot to return. Earth's the right place for love:\nI don't know where it's likely to go better.\nI'd like to go by climbing a birch tree,\nAnd climb black branches up a snow-white trunk\nToward heaven, till the tree could bear no more,\nBut dipped its top and set me down again.\nThat would be good both going and coming back.\nOne could do worse than be a swinger of birches.", "The Road Not Taken \"The Road Not Taken\" is a narrative poem consisting of four stanzas of 5 lines each in iambic tetrameter (though it is hypermetric by one beat – there are nine syllables per line instead of the strict eight required for tetrameter) and is one of Frost's most popular works. Besides being among the best known poems, some claim that it is one of the most misunderstood.[2][3]", "Poetry analysis In lines 1–4, the speaker compares his time of life to autumn. In lines 5–8, the comparison is to twilight; in lines 9–12, the comparison is to the last moments of a dying fire. Each quatrain presents a shorter unit of time, creating a sense of time accelerating toward an inevitable end, the death implied in the final couplet.[citation needed]", "Trees (poem) \"Trees\" is a poem of twelve lines in strict iambic tetrameter. All but one of the lines has the full eight syllables of iambic tetrameter. The eleventh, or penultimate, line begins on the stressed syllable of the iambic foot and drops the unstressed syllable—an acephalous (or \"headless\") catalectic line—that results in a truncated seven-syllable iambic tetrameter line. Making the meter of a line catalectic can change the feeling of the poem, and is often used to achieve a certain effect as a way of changing tone or announcing a conclusion.[20][21] The poem's rhyme scheme is rhyming couplets rendered aa bb cc dd ee aa.[22]", "A Walking Song The road in A Walking Song has been seen as a metaphor for destiny and experience for both Bilbo and Frodo that begins at their home Bag End. According to Tom Shippey, the name Bag End is a direct translation of French cul-de-sac meaning a dead end or a road with only one outlet. The journeys of Bilbo and Frodo has been interpreted as such a confined road as they both start and end their respective adventures in Bag End. According to Don D. Elgin, A Walking Song is \"a song about the roads that go ever on until they return to at last to the familiar things they have always known.\"[6]", "And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The story begins as a boy named Marco walks home from school, thinking of his father's advice: \"Marco, keep your eyelids up/ And see what you can see.\" However, the only thing Marco has seen on his walk is a horse pulling a wagon on Mulberry Street. To make his story more interesting, Marco imagines progressively more elaborate scenes based around the horse and wagon. He imagines the horse is first a zebra, then a reindeer, then an elephant, and finally an elephant helped by two giraffes. The wagon changes to a chariot, then a sled, then a cart holding a brass band.", "There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe She whipp'd all their bums, and sent them to bed.[2]" ]	[ "Where the Sidewalk Ends (poem) There have been several analyses and interpretations of Silverstein's Where the Sidewalk Ends, but among them all, a general conclusion has been drawn. Silverstein is famous for being a children's poet, yet many of the ideas tucked in the corner of Where the Sidewalk Ends are made for adults. Silverstein argues that adults live in a world that is dreary, and that children live in a world full of life and joy. Silverstein is saying that adults need to go to the place that children know; essentially telling adults to take a step back and to take on the point of view of a child to find the life and joy that they have." ]
test1663	where is the north pole on the world map	[ "doc58830" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc58830", "doc58829", "doc774152", "doc58828", "doc1407715", "doc490082", "doc58831", "doc1407736", "doc24902", "doc58888", "doc58832", "doc490065", "doc1407714", "doc1407731", "doc1407728", "doc1024623", "doc58880", "doc2665338", "doc1519863", "doc1407735", "doc2627895", "doc1407716", "doc1005812", "doc1407725", "doc58891", "doc1407718", "doc58866", "doc58848", "doc490066", "doc58847", "doc58855", "doc1407717", "doc1407730", "doc58890", "doc58893", "doc1407721", "doc1883550", "doc68549", "doc1407724", "doc23398", "doc1769907", "doc68553", "doc58868", "doc58837", "doc58856", "doc58833", "doc58882", "doc1204959", "doc58835", "doc1407726", "doc1519882", "doc808884", "doc1407732", "doc222570", "doc68550", "doc58885", "doc58865", "doc58889", "doc68552", "doc1883558", "doc58857", "doc58854", "doc996941", "doc1061232", "doc58892", "doc222565", "doc490085", "doc58883", "doc58862", "doc2469288", "doc58836", "doc79357", "doc58863", "doc774153", "doc1233244", "doc658829", "doc58877", "doc58861", "doc1519865", "doc195557", "doc58860", "doc58876", "doc56731", "doc1407727", "doc1407720", "doc643039", "doc261226", "doc58850", "doc131878", "doc643007", "doc58840", "doc2550249", "doc1024624", "doc73728", "doc23413", "doc56729", "doc58881", "doc58879", "doc1769885", "doc58853" ]	[ "North Pole The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude 90Â° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere.", "North Pole The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is (subject to the caveats explained below) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface.", "Northern Hemisphere Coordinates: 90°0′0″N 0°0′0″E / 90.00000°N 0.00000°E / 90.00000; 0.00000", "North Pole Coordinates: 90°N 0°W / 90°N -0°E / 90; -0", "North Magnetic Pole The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth's core.[1] In 2001, it was determined by the Geological Survey of Canada to lie west of Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at 81°18′N 110°48′W / 81.3°N 110.8°W / 81.3; -110.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2001). It was situated at 83°06′N 117°48′W / 83.1°N 117.8°W / 83.1; -117.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2005 est) in 2005. In 2009, while still situated within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim at 84°54′N 131°00′W / 84.9°N 131.0°W / 84.9; -131.0 (Magnetic North Pole 2009),[2] it was moving toward Russia at between 55 and 60 kilometres (34 and 37 mi) per year.[3] As of 2017, the pole is projected to have moved beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to 86°30′N 172°36′W / 86.5°N 172.6°W / 86.5; -172.6 (Magnetic North Pole 2017 est).[2]", "North Pole, Alaska North Pole is located at 64°45′04″N 147°21′07″W / 64.75111°N 147.35194°W / 64.75111; -147.35194 (64.751048, -147.351969).[3] It is situated 13 miles (21 km) to the southeast of Fairbanks on the Richardson Highway. The city is about 1,700 mi (2,700 km) south of Earth's geographic North Pole.", "North Pole While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass, the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice. This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole (unlike the South Pole). However, the Soviet Union, and later Russia, constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937, some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole. Since 2002, the Russians have also annually established a base, Barneo, close to the Pole. This operates for a few weeks during early spring. Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice-free because of Arctic ice shrinkage, with timescales varying from 2016[1][2] to the late 21st century or later.", "North Magnetic Pole Like the North Magnetic Pole, the North Geomagnetic Pole attracts the north pole of a bar magnet and so is in a physical sense actually a magnetic south pole. It is the centre of the region of the magnetosphere in which the Aurora Borealis can be seen. As of 2005 it was located at approximately 79°44′N 71°47′W / 79.74°N 71.78°W / 79.74; -71.78 (Geomagnetic North Pole 2005 est), off the northwest coast of Greenland,[17] but it is now drifting away from North America and toward Siberia.", "Earth's rotation The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface. This point is distinct from Earth's North Magnetic Pole. The South Pole is the other point where Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface, in Antarctica.", "North Pole Currently, under international law, no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The five surrounding Arctic countries, Russian Federation, Canada, Norway, Denmark (via Greenland), and the United States (via Alaska), are limited to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone off their coasts, and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority.", "North Pole The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m (13,980 ft) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007[3] and at 4,087 m (13,410 ft) by USS Nautilus in 1958.[4][5] The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island, off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km (430 mi) away, though some perhaps semi permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer. The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada, which is located 817 km (508 mi) from the Pole.", "North Pole, Alaska North Pole is a small city in the Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States. It is part of the Fairbanks, Alaska metropolitan statistical area. As of the 2016 United States Census, the city had a population of 2,232,[3] up from 1,570 in 2000.", "North Magnetic Pole The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the surface of Earth's Northern Hemisphere at which the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards (in other words, if a magnetic compass needle is allowed to rotate about a horizontal axis, it will point straight down). There is only one location where this occurs, near (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole and the Geomagnetic North Pole.", "North Magnetic Pole The biennial Polar Race takes place between Resolute Bay in northern Canada and the 1996-certified location of the North Magnetic Pole at 78°35.7′N 104°11.9′W / 78.5950°N 104.1983°W / 78.5950; -104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996).[citation needed] On 25 July 2007, the Top Gear Polar Challenge Special was broadcast on BBC Two in the United Kingdom, in which Jeremy Clarkson and James May (and their support and camera team) became the first people in history to reach this location in a car.[16]", "North Magnetic Pole The Canadian government has made several measurements since, which show that the North Magnetic Pole is moving continually northwestward. In 2001, an expedition located the pole at 81°18′N 110°48′W / 81.3°N 110.8°W / 81.3; -110.8 (Magnetic North Pole 2001 location). In 2007, the latest survey found the pole at 83°57′N 120°43′W / 83.95°N 120.72°W / 83.95; -120.72 (Magnetic North Pole 2007 location).[11] During the 20th century it moved 1100 km, and since 1970 its rate of motion has accelerated from 9 km/year to approximately 52 km/year (2001–2007 average; see also Polar drift). Members of the 2007 expedition to locate the magnetic north pole wrote that such expeditions have become logistically difficult, as the pole moves farther away from inhabited locations. They expect that in the future, the magnetic pole position will be obtained from satellite data instead of ground surveys.[11]", "North The direction north is often associated with colder climates because most of the world's land at high latitudes is located in the Northern Hemisphere. The Arctic Circle passes through the Arctic Ocean, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia, the United States (Alaska), Canada (Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut), Denmark (Greenland) and Iceland (where it passes through the small offshore island of Grímsey).", "North Pole In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned. Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient, such as Greenwich Mean Time, or the time zone of the country from which they departed[citation needed].", "Position angle The North Pole is at", "Arctic The Arctic (/ˈɑːrktɪk/ or /ˈɑːrtɪk/)[1][Note 1] is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. The Arctic consists of the Arctic Ocean, adjacent seas, and parts of Alaska (United States), Northern Canada (Canada), Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. Land within the Arctic region has seasonally varying snow and ice cover, with predominantly treeless permafrost-containing tundra. Arctic seas contain seasonal sea ice in many places.", "North Magnetic Pole As a first-order approximation, the Earth's magnetic field can be modelled as a simple dipole (like a bar magnet), tilted about 10Â° with respect to the Earth's rotation axis (which defines the Geographic North and Geographic South Poles) and centred at the Earth's centre. The North and South Geomagnetic Poles are the antipodal points where the axis of this theoretical dipole intersects the Earth's surface. If the Earth's magnetic field were a perfect dipole then the field lines would be vertical at the Geomagnetic Poles, and they would coincide with the Magnetic Poles. However, the approximation is imperfect, and so the Magnetic and Geomagnetic Poles lie some distance apart.[17]", "List of research stations in the Arctic 89°34′N 17°08′W / 89.567°N 17.133°W / 89.567; -17.133 (North Pole-2015 (start))", "North Magnetic Pole Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since the Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, the North and South Magnetic Poles are not antipodal, meaning that a straight line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth.", "Polar regions of Earth The Arctic has various definitions, including the region north of the Arctic Circle (currently Epoch 2010 at 66°33'44\" N), or the region north of 60° north latitude, or the region from the North Pole south to the timberline. The Antarctic is usually defined as south of 60° south latitude, or the continent of Antarctica. The 1959 Antarctic Treaty uses the former definition.", "North Magnetic Pole Klein called the two foci local poles, for their importance to navigation in emergencies when using a \"homing\" procedure.[clarification needed] About 3 months after Klein's findings were officially reported, a Canadian ground expedition was sent into the Archipelago to locate the position of the magnetic pole. R. Glenn Madill, Chief of Terrestrial Magnetism, Department of Mines and Resources, Canada, wrote to Lt. Klein on 21 July 1948:", "North Pole In some children's Western cultures, the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus' workshop and residence,[79][80] although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole.[citation needed] Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole (referring to Santa's traditional exclamation of \"Ho ho ho!\").[81]", "North Magnetic Pole All magnets have two poles, where the lines of magnetic flux enter and emerge. By analogy with the Earth's magnetic field, these are called the magnet's \"north\" and \"south\" poles. The convention in early compasses was to call the end of the needle pointing to the Earth's North Magnetic Pole the \"north pole\" (or \"north-seeking pole\") and the other end the \"south pole\" (the names are often abbreviated to \"N\" and \"S\"). Because opposite poles attract, this definition means that the Earth's North Magnetic Pole is actually a magnetic south pole and the Earth's South Magnetic Pole is a magnetic north pole.[5][6]", "North Pole On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel Polarstern and the Swedish icebreaker Oden reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels.[41] Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe. Polarstern again reached the pole exactly 10 years later[42] with the Healy.", "North Pole In May 1937 the world's first North Pole ice station, North Pole-1, was established by Soviet scientists by air 20 kilometres (13 mi) from the North Pole. The expedition members: oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov, meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radio operator Ernst Krenkel, and the leader Ivan Papanin[16] conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months. By 19 February 1938, when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman, their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland.[17][18]", "North Pole, Alaska The name \"North Pole\" is often applied to the entire area covered by its zip code, 99705. This area stretches between Fort Wainwright and Eielson Air Force Base, and between the Chena River and the Tanana River, including subdivisions off of Badger Road, a loop road connecting the eastern edge of Fairbanks city limits with North Pole city limits, and in the nearby census-designated place of Moose Creek. Despite the name, the city is about 1,700 miles (2,700 km) south of Earth's geographic North Pole and 125 miles (200 km) south of the Arctic Circle.", "North Pole The first consistent, verified, and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926, by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge.[15] Norge, though Norwegian-owned, was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile. The flight started from Svalbard in Norway, and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska. Nobile, with several scientists and crew from the Norge, overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928, in the airship Italia. The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole, with the loss of half the crew.", "North Pole On 6 April 1969 Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill, Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans-Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot (albeit with the aid of dog teams and airdrops). They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean – and by its longest axis, Barrow, Alaska to Svalbard – a feat that has never been repeated.[32][33] Because of suggestions (later proven false) of Plaisted's use of air transport, some sources classify Herbert's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means.[33][34] In the 1980s Plaisted's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided.[35] It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility.[36]", "North Magnetic Pole The Earth's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles, with reference to the vertical \"dip\" of the magnetic field lines at those points.[4]", "North Magnetic Pole The first team of novices to reach the Magnetic North Pole did so in 1996, led by David Hempleman-Adams. It included the first British woman Sue Stockdale and first Swedish woman to reach the Pole. The team also successfully tracked the location of the Magnetic North Pole on behalf of the University of Ottawa, and certified its location by magnetometer and theodolite at 78°35.7′N 104°11.9′W / 78.5950°N 104.1983°W / 78.5950; -104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996).[15]", "North Pole In 1907 Canada invoked a \"sector principle\" to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole. This claim has not been relinquished, but was not consistently pressed until 2013.[77][78]", "North Pole As Henry Corbin has documented, the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism. \"The Orient sought by the mystic, the Orient that cannot be located on our maps, is in the direction of the north, beyond the north.\"[84]", "North Magnetic Pole The first expedition to reach the North Magnetic Pole was led by James Clark Ross, who found it at Cape Adelaide on the Boothia Peninsula on June 1, 1831. Roald Amundsen found the North Magnetic Pole in a slightly different location in 1903. The third observation was by Canadian government scientists Paul Serson and Jack Clark, of the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, who found the pole at Allen Lake on Prince of Wales Island in 1947.[8]", "Pole star Pole star or polar star is a name of Polaris in the constellation Ursa Minor, after its property of being the naked-eye star closest to the Earth's north celestial pole. Indeed, the name Polaris, introduced in the 18th century, is shortened from New Latin stella polaris, meaning \"pole star\". Polaris is also known as Lodestar, Guiding Star, or North Star from its property of remaining in a fixed position throughout the course of the night and its use in celestial navigation. It is a dependable, though inexact, indicator of the direction toward the geographic north pole; it is virtually fixed, and its angle of elevation can also be used to determine latitude. The south celestial pole lacks a bright star like Polaris to mark its position. At present, the naked-eye star nearest to the celestial south pole is the faint Sigma Octantis, sometimes called the South Star.", "South Pole The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole.", "North Magnetic Pole The centre of the north magnetic dip pole was on Prince of Wales Island some 400 kilometres (250 mi) NNW of the positions determined by Amundsen and Ross, and the dip pole occupied a larger elliptical area,[clarification needed] with foci about 400 km (250 mi) apart on Boothia Peninsula and Bathurst Island.", "Polaris Polaris, designated Alpha Ursae Minoris (α Ursae Minoris, abbreviated Alpha UMi, α UMi), commonly the North Star or Pole Star, is the brightest star in the constellation of Ursa Minor. It is very close to the north celestial pole, making it the current northern pole star. The revised Hipparcos parallax gives a distance to Polaris of about 433 light-years (133 parsecs), while calculations by other methods derive distances around 30% closer.", "Barrow, Alaska Utqiaġvik is the only U.S. city on the continent of North America with an antipodal point on uninhabited dry land (in Antarctica, at 71°17′44″S 23°14′1″E / 71.29556°S 23.23361°E / -71.29556; 23.23361 (Barrow (antip))).[citation needed] Utqiaġvik is roughly 1,300 miles (2,100 km) south of the North Pole. Only 2.6% of the Earth's surface lies as far and farther from the equator as Utqiaġvik.[25]", "South Pole The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.[2]", "North Pole Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole. For example, the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89Â° N, though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait. In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air (landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine, and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies. Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years. The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002, and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties. Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter.", "North Pole In April 1895 the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen's icebound ship Fram. The pair reached latitude 86°14′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards, eventually reaching Franz Josef Land.", "North Pole On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear-powered icebreaker Arktika completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole.", "North Pole The Earth's axis of rotation – and hence the position of the North Pole – was commonly believed to be fixed (relative to the surface of the Earth) until, in the 18th century, the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might \"wobble\" slightly. Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent \"variation of latitude,\" as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars. Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth's surface, by a range of a few metres. The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component. The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight-month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer. The exact point of intersection of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface, at any given moment, is called the \"instantaneous pole\", but because of the \"wobble\" this cannot be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole (or South Pole) when metre-scale precision is required.", "North Pole Winter temperatures at the North Pole can range from about −50 to −13 °C (−58 to 9 °F), averaging around −31 °C (−24 °F).A However, a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 °C (33 °F) for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy, located at 87.45°N, on December 30, 2015. It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 °F (−1 and 2 °C) during the storm.[55] Summer temperatures (June, July, and August) average around the freezing point (0 °C (32 °F)). The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 °C (55 °F),[56] much warmer than the South Pole's record high of only −12.3 °C (9.9 °F).[57] A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15, 2016 when temperatures hit freezing.[58] Yet again, February of 2018 featured a storm so powerful that temperatures at Cape Morris Jesup, the world northermost weather station in Greenland, reached 6.1 °C (43 °F) and spent 24 straight hours above freezing.[59] Meanwhile, the pole itself was estimated to reach a high temperature of 1.6 °C (35 °F). This same temperature of 1.6 °C (35 °F) was also recorded at the Hollywood Burbank Airport in Los Angeles at the very same time.[60]", "Magnet The north pole of a magnet is defined as the pole that, when the magnet is freely suspended, points towards the Earth's North Magnetic Pole in the Arctic (the magnetic and geographic poles do not coincide, see magnetic declination). Since opposite poles (north and south) attract, the North Magnetic Pole is actually the south pole of the Earth's magnetic field.[15][16][17][18] As a practical matter, to tell which pole of a magnet is north and which is south, it is not necessary to use the Earth's magnetic field at all. For example, one method would be to compare it to an electromagnet, whose poles can be identified by the right-hand rule. The magnetic field lines of a magnet are considered by convention to emerge from the magnet's north pole and reenter at the south pole.[18]", "North Pole As early as the 16th century, many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea, which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea.[6] It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year. Several expeditions set out to find the way, generally with whaling ships, already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes.", "North Magnetic Pole … we agree on one point and that is the presence of what we can call the main magnetic pole on northwestern Prince of Wales Island. I have accepted as a purely preliminary value the position latitude 73°N and longitude 100°W. Your value of 73°15'N and 99°45’W is in excellent agreement, and I suggest that you use your value by all means.", "Arctic No country owns the geographic North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it. The surrounding six Arctic states that border the Arctic Ocean—Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Russia, and the United States—are limited to a 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) off their coasts. Two Arctic states (Finland and Sweden) do not have direct access to the Arctic Ocean.", "Navigation Roughly, the latitude of a place on Earth is its angular distance north or south of the equator.[8] Latitude is usually expressed in degrees (marked with °) ranging from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the North and South poles.[8] The latitude of the North Pole is 90° N, and the latitude of the South Pole is 90° S.[8] Mariners calculated latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by sighting the North Star Polaris with a sextant and using sight reduction tables to correct for height of eye and atmospheric refraction. The height of Polaris in degrees above the horizon is the latitude of the observer, within a degree or so.", "North Magnetic Pole The direction in which a compass needle points is known as magnetic north. In general, this is not exactly the direction of the North Magnetic Pole (or of any other consistent location). Instead, the compass aligns itself to the local geomagnetic field, which varies in a complex manner over the Earth's surface, as well as over time. The local angular difference between magnetic north and true north is called the magnetic declination. Most map coordinate systems are based on true north, and magnetic declination is often shown on map legends so that the direction of true north can be determined from north as indicated by a compass.", "Celestial pole The north celestial pole currently is within a degree of the bright star Polaris (named from the Latin stella polaris, meaning \"pole star\"). This makes Polaris useful for navigation in the northern hemisphere: not only is it always above the north point of the horizon, but its altitude angle is always (nearly) equal to the observer's geographic latitude. Polaris can, of course, only be seen from locations in the northern hemisphere.", "South Pole Situated on the continent of Antarctica, it is the site of the United States Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole is distinct from the South Magnetic Pole, the position of which is defined based on the Earth's magnetic field. The South Pole is at the center of the Southern Hemisphere.", "North Pole Polar bears are believed rarely to travel beyond about 82° North owing to the scarcity of food, though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole, and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi (1.6 km) from the Pole.[67][68] The ringed seal has also been seen at the Pole, and Arctic foxes have been observed less than 60 km (37 mi) away at 89°40′ N.[69][70]", "North Pole On 4 May 1990 Børge Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported, after a 58-day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada, a distance of 800 km.[40]", "North Pole Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200-mile exclusive economic zone. If validated, such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone.[73] Norway (ratified the convention in 1996[74]), Russia (ratified in 1997[74]), Canada (ratified in 2003[74]) and Denmark (ratified in 2004[74]) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation.[75][76]", "South Pole The geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as 0°. At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to \"grid north\", which points northwards along the prime meridian.[1] Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the North Pole.", "Pole star As of October 2012, Polaris had the declination +89°19′8″ (at epoch J2000 it was +89°15′51.2″). Therefore, it always appears due north in the sky to a precision better than one degree, and the angle it makes with respect to the true horizon (after correcting for refraction and other factors) is equal to the latitude of the observer to better than one degree. The celestial pole will be nearest Polaris in 2100 and will thereafter become more distant.[7]", "North Pole In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season. They departed from Cape Crozier, Ellesmere Island, on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982. They travelled on foot and snowmobile. From the Pole, they travelled towards Svalbard but, due to the unstable nature of the ice, ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days. They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship MV Benjamin Bowring and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80:31N 00:59W. As a result of this journey, which formed a section of the three-year Transglobe Expedition 1979â€“1982, Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles, by surface travel alone. This achievement remains unchallenged to this day.", "North Pole Setting aside Peary's claim, the first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted, Walt Pederson, Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier, who traveled over the ice by snowmobile and arrived on 19 April 1968. The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position.", "North Cape (Norway) North Cape (Norwegian: Nordkapp; Northern Sami: Davvenjárga) is a cape on the northern coast of the island of Magerøya in Northern Norway. The cape is in Nordkapp Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The European route E69 highway has its northern terminus at North Cape. The plateau is a popular tourist attraction. The cape includes a 307-metre-high cliff (1,007 ft) with a large flat plateau on top, where visitors, weather permitting, can watch the midnight sun and views of the Barents Sea to the north. A visitor centre was built in 1988 on the plateau, including a café, restaurant, post office, souvenir shop, a small museum and a \"super video cinema\".[1]", "Arctic exploration On 2 May 2007, BBC's Top Gear got to the 1996 position of the magnetic north pole (78°35.7′N 104°11.9′W / 78.5950°N 104.1983°W / 78.5950; -104.1983 (Magnetic North Pole 1996)) in modified Toyota Hilux.", "North Pole This association reflects an age-old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole, the otherworldly world-axis, as the abode of God and superhuman beings.[82] The popular figure of the pole-dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence.[83]", "Celestial pole The north and south celestial poles are the two imaginary points in the sky where the Earth's axis of rotation, indefinitely extended, intersects the celestial sphere. The north and south celestial poles appear permanently directly overhead to an observer at the Earth's North Pole and South Pole, respectively. As the Earth spins on its axis, the two celestial poles remain fixed in the sky, and all other points appear to rotate around them, completing one circuit per day (strictly, per sidereal day).", "North Pole, Alaska North Pole first appeared on the 1960 U.S. Census as a city, 7 years after it formally incorporated in 1953. The census of 1960 reported a figure of 615.[15] However, the 1970 census reported the 1960 figure as 358.[16]", "North Pole The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) thick,[61] although ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can very rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate.[62] Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years.[63] It is likely that global warming has contributed to this, but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic.[64] Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer.[65] This may have significant commercial implications; see \"Territorial Claims,\" below.", "North Pole On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle.[38][39]", "Polar route The American Federal Aviation Administration now defines the North Polar area of operations as the area north of 78 deg north latitude,[15] which is north of Alaska and most of Siberia.", "North Pole One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry, who in 1827 reached latitude 82°45′ North. In 1871 the Polaris expedition, a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall, ended in disaster. Another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole, part of the British Arctic Expedition, by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then-record 83°20'26\" North in May 1876 before turning back. An 1879–1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship, the USS Jeanette, was crushed by ice. Over half the crew, including DeLong, were lost.", "Earth It is estimated that one-eighth of Earth's surface is suitable for humans to live on – three-quarters of Earth's surface is covered by oceans, leaving one-quarter as land. Half of that land area is desert (14%),[207] high mountains (27%),[208] or other unsuitable terrains. The northernmost permanent settlement in the world is Alert, on Ellesmere Island in Nunavut, Canada.[209] (82°28′N) The southernmost is the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, in Antarctica, almost exactly at the South Pole. (90°S)", "North Pole On 18 May 1987 USS Billfish (SSN 676), USS Sea Devil (SSN 664) and HMS Superb (S 109) surfaced at the North Pole, the first international surfacing at the North Pole.", "Northern Hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's North pole.[1]", "Cardinal direction The Northern Celestial pole is currently (but not permanently) within a fraction of 1 degree of the bright star Polaris. The exact position of the pole changes over thousands of years because of the precession of the equinoxes. Polaris is also known as the North Star, and is generically called a pole star or lodestar. Polaris is only visible during fair weather at night to inhabitants of the Northern Hemisphere.\nThe asterism \"Big Dipper\" may be used to find Polaris. The 2 corner stars of the \"pan\" (those opposite from the handle) point above the top of the \"pan\" to Polaris.", "Polar ice cap Earth's North Pole is covered by floating pack ice (sea ice) over the Arctic Ocean. Portions of the ice that do not melt seasonally can get very thick, up to 3–4 meters thick over large areas, with ridges up to 20 meters thick. One-year ice is usually about 1 meter thick. The area covered by sea ice ranges between 9 and 12 million km². In addition, the Greenland ice sheet covers about 1.71 million km² and contains about 2.6 million km³ of ice. When the ice breaks off (calves) it forms icebergs scattered around the northern Atlantic.[2]", "North Pole The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter. Sunrise is just before the March equinox (around 20 March); the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 23½° elevation at the summer solstice (around 21 June), after which time it begins to sink, reaching sunset just after the September equinox (around 23 September). When the sun is visible in the polar sky, it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon. This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation (in degrees) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox. Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth.", "North Pole On 6 May 1986 USS Archerfish (SSN 678), USS Ray (SSN 653) and USS Hawkbill (SSN-666) surfaced at the North Pole, the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole.", "Arctic The word Arctic comes from the Greek word ἀρκτικός (arktikos), \"near the Bear, northern\"[6] and that from the word ἄρκτος (arktos), meaning bear.[7] The name refers either to the constellation Ursa Major, the \"Great Bear\", which is prominent in the northern portion of the celestial sphere, or to the constellation Ursa Minor, the \"Little Bear\", which contains Polaris, the Pole star, also known as the North Star.[8]", "Arctic Ocean Early cartographers were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land (as in Johannes Ruysch's map of 1507, or Gerardus Mercator's map of 1595) or water (as with Martin Waldseemüller's world map of 1507). The fervent desire of European merchants for a northern passage, the Northern Sea Route or the Northwest Passage, to \"Cathay\" (China) caused water to win out, and by 1723 mapmakers such as Johann Homann featured an extensive \"Oceanus Septentrionalis\" at the northern edge of their charts.", "North Pole USS Gurnard (SSN-662) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships, the attack submarine USS Pintado (SSN-672). On 12 November 1984 Gurnard and Pintado became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole. In March 1990, “Gurnard” deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex '90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas. “Gurnard” surfaced at the North Pole on April 18, in the company of the USS Sea Horse (SSN-669).", "North Pole On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live-Ice Automobile Expedition (MLAE 2013) with Vasily Elagin as a leader, and a team of Afanasy Makovnev, Vladimir Obikhod, Alexey Shkrabkin, Andrey Vankov, Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom-built 6 x 6 low-pressure-tire ATVs — Yemelya-3 and Yemelya-4,— started from Golomyanny Island (the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean. The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast. The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 (83°08N, 075°59W Ward Hant Island), and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in Resolute Bay, NU. The way between the Russian borderland (Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, 80°15N, 097°27E) and the Canadian coast (Ward Hant Island, 83°08N, 075°59W) took 55 days; it was ~2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total. The expedition was totally self-dependent and used no external supplies. The expedition was supported by the Russian Geographical Society.[54]", "Earth's magnetic field The positions of the magnetic poles can be defined in at least two ways: locally or globally.[21] The local definition is the point where the magnetic field is vertical.[22] This can be determined by measuring the inclination. The inclination of the Earth's field is 90° (downwards) at the North Magnetic Pole and -90° (upwards) at the South Magnetic Pole. The two poles wander independently of each other and are not directly opposite each other on the globe. They can migrate rapidly: movements of up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) per year have been observed for the North Magnetic Pole. Over the last 180 years, the North Magnetic Pole has been migrating northwestward, from Cape Adelaide in the Boothia Peninsula in 1831 to 600 kilometres (370 mi) from Resolute Bay in 2001.[23] The magnetic equator is the line where the inclination is zero (the magnetic field is horizontal).", "North Magnetic Pole (The positions were less than 30 km (20 mi) apart.)", "North Magnetic Pole Early European navigators believed that compass needles were attracted to a \"magnetic island\" somewhere in the far north (see Rupes Nigra), or to the Pole Star.[7] The idea that the Earth itself acts as a giant magnet was first proposed in 1600 by the English physician and natural philosopher William Gilbert. He was also the first to define the North Magnetic Pole as the point where the Earth's magnetic field points vertically downwards. This is the definition used nowadays, though it would be a few hundred years before the nature of the Earth's magnetic field was understood properly.[7]", "North America The United States Geographical Survey (USGS) states that the geographic center of North America is \"6 miles [10 km] west of Balta, Pierce County, North Dakota\" at about 48°10′N 100°10′W / 48.167°N 100.167°W / 48.167; -100.167, about 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Rugby, North Dakota. The USGS further states that \"No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States, the conterminous United States, or the North American continent.\" Nonetheless, there is a 4.6-metre (15 ft) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km (1,030 mi) from the nearest coastline, between Allen and Kyle, South Dakota at 43°22′N 101°58′W / 43.36°N 101.97°W / 43.36; -101.97 (Pole of Inaccessibility North America).[60]", "Geography of Canada Situated in northern North America (constituting 41% of the continent's area), Canada spans a vast, diverse territory between the North Pacific Ocean to the west and the North Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Arctic Ocean to the north (hence the country's motto \"From sea to sea\"), with the United States to the south (contiguous United States) and northwest (Alaska). Greenland is to the northeast; off the southern coast of Newfoundland lies Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, an overseas collectivity of France. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and 141°W longitude to the North Pole; however, this claim is contested.[1] While the magnetic North Pole lies within the Canadian Arctic territorial claim as of 2011, recent measurements indicate it is moving towards Siberia.[2]", "North Pole Discounting Peary's disputed claim, the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party[20] including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko, oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko,[21] and other scientists and flight crew (24 people in total)[22] of Aleksandr Kuznetsov's Sever-2 expedition (Marchâ€“May 1948).[23] It was organized by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route.[24] The party flew on three planes (pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy, Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov) from Kotelny Island to the North Pole and landed there at 4:44pm (Moscow Time, UTC+04:00) on 23 April 1948.[25] They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations. On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent.", "Territorial claims in the Arctic In 1925, based upon the Sector Principle, Canada became the first country to extend its maritime boundaries northward to the North Pole, at least on paper, between 60°W and 141°W longitude, a claim that is not universally recognized (there are 415 nmi (769 km; 478 mi) of ocean between the Pole and Canada's northernmost land point).[6] On April 15 the following year, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR declared the territory between two lines (32°04′35″E to 168°49′30″W[7]) drawn from west of Murmansk to the North Pole and from the eastern Chukchi Peninsula to the North Pole to be Soviet territory.[8] Norway (5°E to 35°E) made similar sector claims, as did the United States (170°W to 141°W), but that sector contained only a few islands, so the claim was not pressed. Denmark's sovereignty over all of Greenland was recognized by the United States in 1916 and by an international court in 1933. Denmark could also conceivably claim an Arctic sector (60°W to 10°W).[6]", "North America North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas.[2][3] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea.", "North Pole The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men, Ahwelah and Etukishook, but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted.[8]", "South Magnetic Pole The Earth's geomagnetic field can be approximated by a tilted dipole (like a bar magnet) placed at the center of the Earth. The South Geomagnetic Pole is the point where the axis of this best-fitting tilted dipole intersects the Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere. As of 2005 it was calculated to be located at 79°44′S 108°13′E / 79.74°S 108.22°E / -79.74; 108.22,[12] near the Vostok Station. Because the field is not an exact dipole, the South Geomagnetic Pole does not coincide with the South Magnetic Pole. Furthermore, the South Geomagnetic Pole is wandering for the same reason its northern magnetic counterpart wanders.", "North By convention, the top side of a map is often north.", "Arctic Circle The position of the Arctic Circle is not fixed; as of 9 January 2018, it runs 66°33′47.0″ north of the Equator.[1] Its latitude depends on the Earth's axial tilt, which fluctuates within a margin of 2° over a 40,000-year period, due to tidal forces resulting from the orbit of the Moon.[2] Consequently, the Arctic Circle is currently drifting northwards at a speed of about 15 metres (49 feet) per year.", "Polaris In Inuit astronomy, Polaris is known as Niqirtsuituq. It is depicted on the flag and coat of arms of the Canadian Inuit territory of Nunavut, as well as on the flag of the U.S. state of Alaska.", "Earth's magnetic field Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth.[13] The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet, with its south pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North Pole.[16] This may seem surprising, but the north pole of a magnet is so defined because, if allowed to rotate freely, it points roughly northward (in the geographic sense). Since the north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and repels the north poles, it must be attracted to the south pole of Earth's magnet. The dipolar field accounts for 80–90% of the field in most locations.[12]", "North Pole The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean (which acts as a reservoir of heat), rather than at altitude on a continental land mass. Despite being an ice cap, it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate (ETf) due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing.", "North Pole These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun. The direction of the Earth's axial tilt, as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth's orbit around the sun, remains very nearly constant over the course of a year (both change very slowly over long time periods). At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent. As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun, the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent. A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole, with a six-month time difference.", "Barrow, Alaska Utqiaġvik (Inupiaq: [ut.qe.ɑʁ.βik] uut-kee-YAH-vik),[a][6] commonly known by its former name Barrow (/ˈbɛəroʊ/), is the largest city and the borough seat of the North Slope Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska and is located north of the Arctic Circle.[7][8] It is the 11th northernmost public community in the world and is the northernmost city in the United States. Nearby Point Barrow is the country's northernmost point. Utqiaġvik's population was 4,683 at the 2000 census and 4,212 at the 2010 census.", "North Pole The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958. On 17 March 1959 USS Skate (SSN-578) surfaced at the Pole, breaking through the ice above it, becoming the first naval vessel to do so.[31]" ]	[ "North Pole The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth, lying diametrically opposite the South Pole. It defines geodetic latitude 90Â° North, as well as the direction of true north. At the North Pole all directions point south; all lines of longitude converge there, so its longitude can be defined as any degree value. Along tight latitude circles, counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west. The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere." ]
test630	who founded amazon where is the headquarters of amazon	[ "doc22458" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc22458", "doc2095065", "doc22461", "doc2095064", "doc2095072", "doc997231", "doc1264241", "doc1036345", "doc636379", "doc22464", "doc1264242", "doc1264243", "doc997232", "doc22466", "doc997233", "doc22462", "doc2095096", "doc2095073", "doc1469074", "doc22463", "doc2095068", "doc1036344", "doc2095067", "doc22473", "doc22516", "doc930796", "doc2095066", "doc22460", "doc22465", "doc1264247", "doc22469", "doc1264244", "doc2064870", "doc1036360", "doc2095092", "doc700725", "doc997234", "doc2095077", "doc2095102", "doc22459", "doc997237", "doc2095070", "doc2095089", "doc2095071", "doc2095075", "doc22474", "doc22484", "doc2095083", "doc930819", "doc2095088", "doc2095091", "doc22521", "doc22518", "doc22467", "doc22528", "doc22468", "doc22470", "doc22471", "doc2095095", "doc1036351", "doc2095087", "doc22530", "doc2095076", "doc22527", "doc1401252", "doc1401242", "doc1829226", "doc930849", "doc2095082", "doc66458", "doc1401184", "doc1401172", "doc22514", "doc2095074", "doc2095099", "doc1036356", "doc22472", "doc22499", "doc1036352", "doc270201", "doc22498", "doc66509", "doc2095069", "doc2095094", "doc270200", "doc22529", "doc270207", "doc2457935", "doc22475", "doc1469075", "doc22476", "doc22490", "doc590672", "doc22525", "doc2095093", "doc40595", "doc1036358", "doc22522", "doc2095090", "doc590711" ]	[ "Amazon (company) Amazon.com, Inc., doing business as Amazon (/ˈæməˌzɒn/), is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company based in Seattle, Washington that was founded by Jeff Bezos on July 5, 1994. The tech giant is the largest Internet retailer in the world as measured by revenue and market capitalization, and second largest after Alibaba Group in terms of total sales.[5] The amazon.com website started as an online bookstore and later diversified to sell video downloads/streaming, MP3 downloads/streaming, audiobook downloads/streaming, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. The company also produces consumer electronics—Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo—and is the world's largest provider of cloud infrastructure services (IaaS and PaaS).[6] Amazon also sells certain low-end products under its in-house brand AmazonBasics.", "Jeff Bezos Bezos was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico and raised in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Princeton University in 1986 with degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. He worked on Wall Street in a variety of related fields from 1986 to early 1994. He founded Amazon in late 1994 on a cross-country road trip from New York City to Seattle. The company began as an online bookstore and has expanded to a variety of products and services, including video and audio streaming. It is currently the world's largest Internet sales online company, as well as the world's largest provider of cloud infrastructure services via its Amazon Web Services arm.", "Amazon (company) The company was founded as a result of what Jeff Bezos called his \"regret minimization framework,\" which described his efforts to fend off any regrets for not participating sooner in the Internet business boom during that time.[15] In 1994, Bezos left his employment as vice-president of D. E. Shaw & Co., a Wall Street firm, and moved to Seattle, Washington. He began to work on a business plan[16] for what would eventually become Amazon.com.", "Jeff Bezos Jeffrey Preston Bezos (/ˈbeɪzoʊs/;[a] born Jorgensen; January 12, 1964) is an American technology entrepreneur, investor, and philanthropist, who is best known as the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Amazon, the world's largest online shopping retailer.", "Jeff Bezos In late 1993, Bezos decided to start an online bookstore.[29] He left his job at D.Â E. Shaw and founded Amazon in his garage on July 5, 1994, after writing up its business plan on a trip from New York to Seattle.[30][31] Bezos named his new company \"Amazon\" after the Amazon River in South America, in part because the name begins with the letter \"A,\" which is at the beginning of the alphabet.[32] He accepted an estimated $300,000 from his parents and invested in Amazon.[31] He warned many early investors that there was a 70% chance that Amazon would fail or go bankrupt.[33] Although Amazon was originally an online bookstore, Bezos had always planned to expand to other products.[28][32] Three years after Bezos founded Amazon, he moved to take it public with an initial public offering (IPO).[34] In response to critical reports from Fortune and Barron's, Bezos maintained that the growth of the Internet would overtake market competition from larger book retailers such as Borders and Barnes & Noble.[32]", "List of Amazon locations Amazon's global headquarters are in 14 buildings in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood, developed primarily by Vulcan, Inc. from 2008 onward. The first 11 buildings were acquired from Vulcan in 2012 at a cost of $1.16 billion.[1][2] The company was previously headquartered in rented space within the Pacific Medical Center, located in the city's Beacon Hill neighborhood, from 1998 to 2011.[3][4]", "List of Amazon.com locations Amazon's global headquarters are in 14 buildings in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood, developed primarily by Vulcan, Inc. from 2008 onward. The first 11 buildings were acquired from Vulcan in 2012 at a cost of $1.16 billion.[1][2] The company was previously headquartered in rented space within the Pacific Medical Center, located in the city's Beacon Hill neighborhood, from 1998 to 2011.[3][4]", "Amazon HQ2 Amazon.com was founded in 1994 in Bellevue, Washington, and moved to leased space in the SoDo neighborhood of Seattle. As the company grew, it went through a series of office moves around Downtown Seattle, until announcing a move to a purpose-built headquarters campus in the South Lake Union neighborhood, then a light industrial enclave undergoing urban renewal.[4] As of 2017[update], Amazon occupies 8.1 million square feet (750,000 m2) of office space in 33 buildings, employing 40,000 white collar workers.[5]", "Timeline of Amazon.com This is a timeline of Amazon.com, American electronic commerce and cloud computing company with headquarters in Seattle, Washington.", "Amazon (company) After reading a report about the future of the Internet that projected annual Web commerce growth at 2,300%, Bezos created a list of 20 products that could be marketed online. He narrowed the list to what he felt were the five most promising products, which included: compact discs, computer hardware, computer software, videos, and books. Bezos finally decided that his new business would sell books online, due to the large worldwide demand for literature, the low price points for books, along with the huge number of titles available in print.[23] Amazon was founded in the garage of Bezos' home in Bellevue, Washington.[24]", "List of Amazon.com locations Amazon is currently building a new three-tower complex in Seattle's Denny Triangle neighborhood to serve as its new headquarters. The plan, designed by NBBJ and named \"Rufus 2.0\" after a dog who was part of the company in its early days,[5][6] was approved by the city of Seattle in 2012 and construction began the year after.[7][8] The first of the towers, nicknamed Doppler, opened on December 14, 2015.[9][10]", "List of Amazon.com locations The European headquarters are in Luxembourg's capital, Luxembourg City.[11]", "List of Amazon locations Amazon is currently building a new three-tower complex in Seattle's Denny Triangle neighborhood to serve as its new headquarters. The plan, designed by NBBJ and named \"Rufus 2.0\" after a dog who was part of the company in its early days,[5][6] was approved by the city of Seattle in 2012 and construction began the year after.[7][8] The first of the towers, nicknamed Doppler, opened on December 14, 2015.[9][10]", "Amazon (company) Amazon was incorporated in 1994 in Washington State. In July 1995, the company began service and sold its first book on Amazon.com: Douglas Hofstadter's Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies: Computer Models of the Fundamental Mechanisms of Thought.[27] In October 1995, the company announced itself to the public.[28] In 1996, it was reincorporated in Delaware. Amazon issued its initial public offering of stock on May 15, 1997, trading under the NASDAQ stock exchange symbol AMZN, at a price of US$18.00 per share ($1.50 after three stock splits in the late 1990s).[citation needed]", "List of Amazon locations The European headquarters are in Luxembourg's capital, Luxembourg City.[11]", "Amazon (company) On July 5, 1994, Bezos initially incorporated the company with the name Cadabra, Inc.[17] Bezos changed the name to Amazon.com, Inc. a few months later, after a lawyer misheard its original name as \"cadaver\".[18] In September 1994, Bezos purchased the URL Relentless.com and briefly considered naming his online store Relentless, but friends told him the name sounded a bit sinister. The domain is still owned by Bezos and still redirects to the retailer.[19][20] The company went online as Amazon.com in 1995.[21]", "Jeff Bezos In 1992, Bezos was working for D. E. Shaw in Manhattan when he met novelist MacKenzie Tuttle. MacKenzie was a research associate at the firm and they married a year later.[28][164] In 1994, they moved across the country to Seattle, Washington, where Bezos founded Amazon.[165] He and his wife are the parents of four children: three sons, and one daughter adopted from China.[58][166]", "Jeff Bezos In 1998, Bezos advocated for enterprise diversification when he initiated the online sale of music and video; by the end of the year, he had also expanded the company's products to include a variety of consumer goods.[32] Bezos used the $54 million raised during the company's equity offering to finance aggressive acquisition of smaller or competing firms.[32] In 2002, Bezos led Amazon to launch Amazon Web Services, which compiled data from weather channels and website traffic.[32] During late 2002, rapid spending from Amazon caused it financial distress after revenues stagnated.[35] Bezos borrowed $2 billion from select banks with only $350 million in holdings.[36] After the company nearly went bankrupt, he closed distribution centers and laid off 14% of the Amazon workforce.[36] In 2003, Amazon rebounded from financial instability and turned a profit of $400 million.[37] In November 2007, Bezos launched the Amazon Kindle.[38] According to a 2008 Time profile, Bezos wished to create the same flow state found in video game simulations in books; he wished readers would fully engage with books.[39] In 2013, Bezos secured a $600 million dollar contract with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on behalf of Amazon Web Services.[40] In October that year, Amazon was named as the largest online shopping retailer in the world.[41]", "First-mover advantage In 1994, Jeff Bezos founded Amazon.com as an online bookstore, and launched the site in 1995. The product lines were quickly expanded to VHS, DVD, CDs, computer software, video games, furniture, toys, and many other items.", "Amazon (company) Bezos selected the name Amazon by looking through the dictionary; he settled on \"Amazon\" because it was a place that was \"exotic and different\", just as he had envisioned for his Internet enterprise. The Amazon River, he noted, was the biggest river in the world, and he planned to make his store the biggest bookstore in the world.[21] Bezos placed a premium on his head start in building a brand and told a reporter, \"There's nothing about our model that can't be copied over time. But you know, McDonald's got copied. And it still built a huge, multibillion-dollar company. A lot of it comes down to the brand name. Brand names are more important online than they are in the physical world.\"[22] Additionally, a name that began with \"A\" was preferential due to the probability it would occur at the top of any list that was alphabetized.[citation needed]", "Jeff Bezos Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen was born on January 12, 1964, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to a teenage mother, Jacklyn Gise Jorgensen, and father Ted Jorgensen, a bike shop owner and Chicago native.[5] At the time of her son's birth, Jacklyn was a seventeen-year-old high school student.[6] After Jacklyn divorced Ted, she married Miguel \"Mike\" Bezos, a Cuban immigrant, in April 1968.[7] Shortly after the wedding, Mike Bezos adopted four-year-old Jorgensen, whose surname was then changed to Bezos.[8] The family moved to Houston, where Mike worked as an engineer for Exxon after he received a degree from the University of New Mexico.[9] Bezos attended River Oaks Elementary School in Houston from fourth to sixth grade.[10]", "Amazon HQ2 Amazon HQ2 is a proposed new corporate headquarters for online retailer and tech company Amazon in North America, to supplement the existing Seattle headquarters. Amazon announced the initiative, along with a request for proposals from governments and economic development organizations, in September 2017, attracting attention from more than 200 cities in Canada, the United States and Mexico.[1] Amazon intends to have 50,000 workers at HQ2 and is planning to invest $5 billion in new construction.[2] A shortlist of 20 finalists was announced January 18, 2018.[3]", "Jeff Bezos On July 27, 2017, he became the world's wealthiest person when his estimated net worth increased to just over $90 billion. His wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24 after Amazon's share price increased by more than 2.5%. On March 6, 2018, Forbes formally designated Bezos the wealthiest person in the world with a net worth of $112 billion, making him the first centi-billionaire on the wealth index.[3][4]", "Amazon (company) In September 2017, Amazon announced plans to locate a second headquarters in a metropolitan area with at least a million people.[43] Cities needed to submit their presentations by October 19, 2017 for the project called HQ2.[44] The $5 billion second headquarters, starting with 500,000 square feet and eventually expanding to as much as 8 million square feet, may have as many as 50,000 employees.[45]", "Amazon (company) In November 2015, Amazon opened its first physical bookstore location. It is named Amazon Books and is located in University Village in Seattle. The store is 5,500 square feet and prices for all products match those on its website.[125] Amazon will open its tenth physical book store in 2017;[126] media speculation suggests Amazon plans to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.[125] Amazon plans to open brick and mortar bookstores in Germany. [127]", "Seattle Logging was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century, the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. Growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, with companies like Microsoft becoming established in the region. Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle in 1994. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000.", "Jeff Bezos Bezos added to his business interests when he founded aerospace company Blue Origin in 2000. Blue Origin started test flights to space in 2015 and has plans to begin commercial suborbital human spaceflight in 2018. He purchased The Washington Post in 2013 for US$250Â million in cash. Bezos manages other business investments through his venture capital fund, Bezos Expeditions.", "Amazon (company) In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the United States by market capitalization.[11] Amazon is the fourth most valuable public company in the world, the largest Internet company by revenue in the world, and the eighth largest employer in the United States.[12] In 2017, Amazon acquired Whole Foods Market for $13.4 billion, which vastly increased Amazon's presence as a brick-and-mortar retailer.[13] The acquisition was interpreted by some as a direct attempt to challenge Walmart's traditional retail stores.[14]", "Amazon (company) The company began as an online bookstore, which was an idea spurred off with a discussion with John Ingram of Ingram Book (now called Ingram Content Group), along with Keyur Patel who still holds a stake in Amazon.[25] Amazon was able to access books at wholesale from Ingram. In the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and over 45 countries. Within two months, Amazon's sales were up to $20,000/week.[26] While the largest brick and mortar bookstores and mail order catalogs might offer 200,000 titles, an online bookstore could \"carry\" several times more, since it would have a practically unlimited virtual warehouse: those of the actual product makers/suppliers.[citation needed]", "List of Amazon.com locations These US distribution centers have been closed: SDC Seattle Distribution Center, located in Georgetown, just south of downtown Seattle; Red Rock, Nevada; Chambersburg, Pennsylvania; Munster, Indiana; and McDonough, Georgia.[46][47][48] From 2000[49] until February 2001, there was an Amazon customer service based in The Hague, Netherlands.[50][51]", "Amazon (company) Amazon's initial business plan was unusual; it did not expect to make a profit for four to five years. This \"slow\" growth caused stockholders to complain that the company was not reaching profitability fast enough to justify their investment or even survive in the long-term. The dot-com bubble burst at the start of the 21st century and destroyed many e-companies in the process, but Amazon survived and moved forward beyond the tech crash to become a huge player in online sales. The company finally turned its first profit in the fourth quarter of 2001: $5 million (i.e., 1Â¢ per share), on revenues of more than $1 billion. This profit margin, though extremely modest, proved to skeptics that Bezos' unconventional business model could succeed.[31] In 1999, Time magazine named Bezos the Person of the Year when it recognized the company's success in popularizing online shopping.[citation needed]", "List of Amazon.com locations While much of Amazon's software development occurs in Seattle, the company employs software developers in centers across the globe. Some of these sites are run by an Amazon subsidiary called A2Z Development.[12]", "Amazon Kindle In 2004, founder and CEO of Amazon.com Jeff Bezos tasked his employees to build the world's best e-reader before Amazon's competitors could. Amazon originally used the codename Fiona for this e-reader.[7]", "Amazon HQ2 The announcement came as a surprise in Seattle, where Amazon is actively expanding their South Lake Union campus and has 40,000 workers occupying almost 20 percent of the city's office space.[25] Former Seattle Mayor Ed Murray announced that he would begin conversations with Amazon about their long-term plans for the city, while the Seattle Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce characterized the announcement as a \"wake-up call\" to improve the city's business climate.[26] Comparisons were made to Boeing's decision to move their corporate headquarters from Seattle to Chicago in 2001, which came as a surprise to the city but ultimately only affected a few hundred corporate jobs.[27]", "Jeff Bezos After a rumor broke out that Amazon was developing a smartphone, Bezos's net worth rose to $30.5 billon in 2014.[144][145] A year later, Bezos entered the top ten when he increased his net worth to a total of $50.3 billion.[146] Bezos rose to be the 5th richest person in the world hours before market close; he gained $7 billon in one hour.[146] By the time the Forbes list was calculated in March 2016, his net worth was registered at $45.2 billion.[147] However, just months later in October 2016, his wealth increased by $16.2 billion to $66.5 billion unofficially ranking him the third richest person in the world behind Warren Buffett.[148] After sporadic jumps in Amazon's share price, in July 2017 he briefly unseated Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates as the wealthiest person in the world.[149]", "Washington (state) Among Washington's resident billionaires are, as of December 2017[update], both the first and the second wealthiest people in the world: Jeff Bezos of Amazon, with a net worth of US$99.6 billion, and Bill Gates of Microsoft, at of $91.3 billion.[97] As of AprilÂ 2014[update], other Washington state billionaires included Microsoft's Paul Allen, Steve Ballmer, and Charles Simonyi, and Craig McCaw of McCaw Cellular Communications, James Jannard of Oakley, and Howard Schultz of Starbucks.[98]", "List of Amazon locations While much of Amazon's software development occurs in Seattle, the company employs software developers in centers across the globe. Some of these sites are run by an Amazon subsidiary called A2Z Development.[12]", "Jeff Bezos In September 2000, Bezos founded Blue Origin, a human spaceflight startup company.[56] Bezos has long expressed an interest in space travel and the development of human life in the solar system.[21] He was the valedictorian when he graduated from high school in 1982. His speech was followed up with a Miami Herald interview in which he expressed an interest to build and develop hotels, amusement parks, and colonies for human beings who were in orbit.[57] The 18-year-old Bezos stated that he wanted to preserve Earth from overuse through resource depletion.[58]", "Jeff Bezos Bezos supports his philanthropic efforts through direct donations, non-profit projects funded by Bezos Expeditions, and other charitable organizations.[178] Through Bezos Expeditions, he has funded the Bezos Center for Innovation at the Seattle Museum of History and Industry for $10 million and Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics at Princeton Neuroscience Institute for $15 million.[179][180] He personally donated $10 million in 2009 and $20 million in 2010 to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.[181] He also donated $800,000 to Worldreader, a non-profit, founded by a former Amazon employee.[182]", "Amazon (company) Amazon has separate retail websites for the United States, the United Kingdom and Ireland, France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Japan, China, India, and Mexico. In 2016, Dutch, Polish, and Turkish language versions of the German Amazon website were also launched.[7][8][9] Amazon also offers international shipping to certain other countries for some of its products.[10]", "List of Amazon locations These US distribution centers have been closed: SDC Seattle Distribution Center, located in Georgetown, just south of downtown Seattle; Red Rock, Nevada; Chambersburg, Pennsylvania; Munster, Indiana; and McDonough, Georgia.[54][55][56] From 2000[57] until February 2001, there was an Amazon customer service based in The Hague, Netherlands.[58][59]", "Jeff Bezos Bezos often displayed scientific interests and technological proficiency; he once rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger siblings out of his room.[15][16] The family moved to Miami, Florida, where he attended Miami Palmetto High School.[17][18] While Bezos was in high school, he worked at McDonald's as a short-order line cook during the breakfast shift.[19] He attended the Student Science Training Program at the University of Florida where he received a Silver Knight Award in 1982.[20] He was high school valedictorian and a National Merit Scholar.[20][21] In 1986, he graduated from Princeton University with a 4.2 grade point average and Bachelor of Science degrees in electrical engineering and computer science and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa.[22][23] While at Princeton, he was also elected to Tau Beta Pi and was the president of the Princeton chapter of the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space.[24][25]", "Jeff Bezos In 1999, Bezos received his first major award when Time named him Person of the Year.[121] In 2008, he was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of America's best leaders.[122] Bezos was awarded an honorary doctorate in science and technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 2008.[123] In 2011, The Economist gave Bezos and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the Amazon Kindle.[124] In 2012, Bezos was named Businessperson of the Year by Fortune.[125] He is also a member of the Bilderberg Group and attended the 2011 Bilderberg conference in St. Moritz, Switzerland,[126] and the 2013 conference in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. He was a member of the Executive Committee of The Business Council for 2011 and 2012.[127] In 2014, he was ranked the best-performing CEO in the world by Harvard Business Review.[128]", "Jeff Bezos After Bezos graduated from Princeton in 1987, he was offered jobs at Intel, Bell Labs, and Andersen Consulting, among others.[26] He first worked at Fitel, a financial telecommunications start-up, where he was tasked with building a network for international trade.[27] Bezos was promoted to head of development and director of customer service thereafter.[28] He transitioned into the banking industry when he was hired months later as a product manager at Bankers Trust; he worked there from 1988 to 1990.[28] He worked at D. E. Shaw & Co, a newly founded hedge fund, from 1990 to 1994, where he eventually served as its fourth senior vice president at the age of 30.[28][26]", "Jeff Bezos On August 4, 2016, Bezos sold another million of his shares at a value of $756.7 million.[46] A year later, Bezos took on 130,000 new employess when he initiated widespread hiring sprees across company distribution centers.[47] On January 19, 2018, his holdings in Amazon stock appreciated to slightly over $109 billion; months later he began to sell stock to raise cash for other enterprises, in particular, Blue Origin.[48] On January 29, 2018, he was featured in Amazon's Super Bowl commercial.[49] On February 1, 2018, Amazon reported its highest ever profit with quarterly earnings of $2 billion.[50] Due to the proliferation of Alibaba in China, Bezos has continuously expressed interest in expanding Amazon across India.[51]", "Amazon (company) In 2020, Amazon will build a new downtown Seattle building with space for Mary's Place, a local charity.[46]", "Amazon (company) Amazon.com's product lines available at its website include several media (books, DVDs, music CDs, videotapes and software), apparel, baby products, consumer electronics, beauty products, gourmet food, groceries, health and personal-care items, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, jewelry, watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, sporting goods, tools, automotive items and toys & games.[citation needed]", "Jeff Bezos Journalist Nellie Bowles of The New York Times has described the public persona and personality of Bezos as that of \"a brilliant but mysterious and coldblooded corporate titan\".[86] During the 1990s, Bezos earned a reputation for relentlessly pushing Amazon forward, often at the expense of public charity and social welfare.[86][87] His business practices projected a public image of prudence and parsimony with his own wealth and that of Amazon's. Bezos was a multi-billionaire who hung his clothes on a rack in his Amazon headquarters office and drove a 1996 Honda Accord.[88] Throughout the early 2000s, he was perceived to be geeky or nerdy, often wearing ill-fitting clothing and making a variety of social missteps.[89][90][91]", "Seattle Another boom began as the city emerged from the Great Recession which commenced when Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union. This initiated a historic construction boom which resulted in the completion of twice as many apartments in Seattle in 2017, which is more than any other year in the cityâ€™s history.[65] For the next five years beginning in 2010, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city,[66] as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent.[67] The city has found itself \"bursting at the seams\", with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless, and with the country's sixth-worst rush hour traffic.[67]", "Jeff Bezos Bezos uses the term \"work–life harmony\" instead of the more standard work–life balance because he believes balance implies that you can have one and not the other.[113] He believes that work and home life are interconnected, informing and calibrating each other.[113] Journalist Walt Mossberg dubbed the idea that someone who cannot tolerate criticism or critique shouldn't do anything new or interesting, \"The Bezos Principle\".[114] Bezos does not schedule early morning meetings and enforces a two pizza rule–a preference for meetings to be small enough to where two pizzas can feed everyone in the board room.[115] He meets with Amazon investors for a total of only six hours a year.[115] Instead of using PowerPoints, Bezos requires high-level employees to present information with six-page narratives.[116] Starting in 1998, Bezos publishes an annual letter for Amazon shareholders wherein he frequently refers to five principles: focus on customers not competitors, take risks for market leadership, facilitate staff morality, build a company culture, and empower people.[117][118] Bezos maintains the email address \"[email protected]\" as an outlet for customers to reach out to him and the company.[119] Although he does not respond to the emails, he forwards some of them with a question mark in the subject line to executives who attempt to address the issues.[119] Bezos has cited Warren Buffet (of Berkshire Hathaway), Jamie Dimon (of JPMorgan Chase), and Bob Iger (of Walt Disney) as major influences on his leadership style.[120]", "Jeff Bezos Bezos first became a millionaire in 1997 after raising $54 million through Amazon's initial public offering (IPO).[134] He was first included on Forbes The World's Billionaires list in 1999 with a registered net worth of $10.1 billion.[135] His net worth decreased to $6.1 billion a year later, a 40.5% drop.[136] His wealth plummeted even more the following year, dropping 66.6% to $2.0 billion.[137] He lost $500 million the following year, which brought his net worth down to $1.5 billion.[138] The following year, his net worth increased by 104% to $2.5 billion.[139] From 2005 to 2007, he quadrupled his net worth to $8.7 billion.[140] After the financial crisis and succeeding economic recession, his net worth would erode $6.8 billion—a 17.7% drop.[141][142] His wealth rose by 85.2% in 2010, leaving him with $12.6 billion. This percentage increase ascended him to the 43rd spot on the ranking from 68th.[141][143]", "Amazon (company) Many U.S. states in the 21st century have passed online shopping sales tax laws designed to compel Amazon.com and other e-commerce retailers to collect state and local sales taxes from its customers. Amazon.com originally collected sales tax only from five states as of 2011, but as of April 2017, Amazon collects sales taxes from customers in all 45 states that have a state sales tax and in Washington, D.C.[140]", "Amazon (company) Since its founding, the company has attracted criticism and controversy from multiple sources over its actions. These include: luring customers away from the site's brick and mortar competitors,[129] poor warehouse conditions for workers; anti-unionization efforts; Amazon Kindle remote content removal; taking public subsidies; its \"1-Click patent\" claims; anti-competitive actions;[130] price discrimination; various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the WikiLeaks website; LGBT book sales rank;[131][132] and works containing libel, facilitating dogfight, cockfight, or pedophile activities. In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[133] Companies like Groupon, eBay and Taap.it countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.[134][135] The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to Brad Stone, \"that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle.\"[101] In July 2014, the Federal Trade Commission launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[136][137]", "Amazon (company) Barnes & Noble sued Amazon on May 12, 1997, alleging that Amazon's claim to be \"the world's largest bookstore\" was false because it \"...isn't a bookstore at all. It's a book broker.\" The suit was later settled out of court and Amazon continued to make the same claim.[29] Walmart sued Amazon on October 16, 1998, alleging that Amazon had stolen Walmart's trade secrets by hiring former Walmart executives. Although this suit was also settled out of court, it caused Amazon to implement internal restrictions and the reassignment of the former Walmart executives.[29]", "Amazon (company) Amazon.com was a corporate member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.[155]", "Amazon (company) Since June 19, 2000, Amazon's logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile.[30]", "Amazon (company) In 2011, Amazon had 30,000 full-time employees in the USA, and by the end of 2016, it had 180,000 employees. The company employs 306,800 people worldwide in full and part-time jobs.[32]", "Amazon (company) On October 11, 2016, Amazon announced plans to build convenience stores and develop curbside pickup locations for food.[33] In December 2016, the Amazon Go store was opened to Amazon employees in Seattle.[34] The store uses a variety of sensors and automatically charges a shopper's Amazon account as they walk out of the store, eliminating the need for checkout lines.[35][36] The store is planned to open for the general public in early 2017.[37][38][needs update]", "Jeff Bezos His wealth, in 2017â€“18 terms, equaled that of 2.7 million Americans.[160] Bezos's net worth increased by $33.6 billion from January 2017 to January 2018. This increase outstripped the economic development (in GDP terms) of more than 96 countries around the world.[161] During March 9, Bezos earned $230,000 every 60-seconds.[162] The Motley Fool estimated that if Bezos had not sold any of his shares from its original public offering in 1997, his net worth would sit at $181 billion in 2018.[163]", "Amazon HQ2 The city of Stonecrest, Georgia, a suburb of Atlanta, voted to de-annex 345 acres (140Â ha) of land for Amazon to establish its own city named Amazon around its headquarters.[16]", "Jeff Bezos Bezos used what he called a \"regret-minimization framework\" while he worked at D.Â E. Shaw and again during the early years of Amazon.[111] He described this life philosophy by stating: \"When I'm 80, am I going to regret leaving Wall Street? No. Will I regret missing the beginning of the Internet? Yes.\"[111] During the 1990s and early 2000s at Amazon, he was characterized as trying to quantify all aspects of running the company, often listing employees on spreadsheets and basing executive decisions on data.[112] To push Amazon forward, Bezos developed the mantra \"Get Big Fast\", which spoke to the company's need to scale its operations and establish market dominance.[32] He favored diverting Amazon profits back into the company in lieu of allocating it amongst shareholders in the form of dividends.[89]", "Amazon (company) A number of companies have been started and founded by former Amazon employees.[158]", "Jeff Bezos In March 2018, Bezos dispatched Amit Agarwal, Amazon's point person, to the country, with $5.5 billion to localize operations throughout their supply chain routes.[52] Later in the month, U.S. President Donald Trump accused Amazon–and Bezos in particular–of sales tax avoidance, misusing postal routes, and anti-competitive business practices.[53] Amazon's share price fell by 9% in response to the president's negative comments; this reduced Bezos's personal wealth by $10.7 billion.[54] Weeks later, Bezos recuperated his losses when academic reports out of Stanford University indicated that Trump could do little to meaningfully regulate Amazon in the near-to-long term future.[55]", "Amazon (company) Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and data protection and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the United States Congress, the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Reserve. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5 million, $5 million and $9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.[154]", "Amazon tax In 2008, Amazon began collecting sales tax in Washington, their home state, after a state law was passed requiring in-state online retailers to collect sales tax.[1] On January 1, 2018, Amazon began enforcing and collecting tax on third-party merchant sales to Washington state customers, as required by a new state law. Washington was the first to have this policy enforced, with plans to bring merchant order taxes to other states in the future. [126]", "Amazon tax In 2010, Texas sent a demand letter for $269 million in sales taxes that the state argues should have been collected and remitted for sales to Texas customers. This dollar amount covers uncollected taxes from December 2005 to December 2009 and also includes penalties and interest. Texas authorities began an investigation of Amazon's tax status after a May 2008 report by The Dallas Morning News questioned why Amazon does not collect sales tax from Texas customers despite maintaining a distribution center in Irving near the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Amazon argues that this distribution center, owned by Amazon.com KYDC LLC, located at the same address as Amazon's corporate headquarters in Seattle, is a legally separate entity and thus does not establish a physical presence in Texas that would require Amazon to collect sales taxes.[108] Amazon has decided to close the Irving distribution center in order to avoid future attempts by Texas to force the collection of sales taxes.[109]", "Wayfair Entrepreneurs Niraj Shah and Steve Conine founded Wayfair in August 2002, as a two-person company with a makeshift headquarters in Conine's nursery, in Boston, Massachusetts.[4] Both Shah and Conine hold Bachelor of Science degrees from Cornell University. The pair had run two previous companies—Simplify Mobile and iXL, a global consulting firm—before starting Wayfair.[5]", "Seattle Still, very large companies dominate the business landscape. Five companies on the 2013 Fortune 500 list of the United States' largest companies, based on total revenue, are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer Amazon.com (#49), coffee chain Starbucks (#208), department store Nordstrom (#227), and freight forwarder Expeditors International of Washington (#428), and Weyerhaeuser, the forest products company (#363).[137] Other Fortune 500 companies popularly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain Costco (#22), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in Issaquah. Microsoft (#35) is located in Redmond. Finally, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer Paccar (#168).[137] Other major companies in the area include Nintendo of America in Redmond, T-Mobile US in Bellevue, Expedia Inc. in Bellevue and Providence Health & Services — the state's largest health care system and fifth largest employer — in Renton. The city has a reputation for heavy coffee consumption;[138] coffee companies founded or based in Seattle include Starbucks,[139] Seattle's Best Coffee,[140] and Tully's.[141] There are also many successful independent artisanal espresso roasters and cafés.[138]", "Jeff Bezos Bezos makes personal investments through his venture capital vehicle, Bezos Expeditions.[79] He was one of the first shareholders in Google, when he invested $250,000 in 1998. That $250,000 investment resulted in 3.3 million shares of Google stock, worth about $3.1 billion in 2017.[80][81] He also invested in Unity Biotechnology, a life-extension research firm hoping to slow or stop the process of aging.[82] Bezos is involved in the healthcare sector, which includes investments in Unity Biotechnology, Grail, Juno Therapeutics, and ZocDoc.[83] In January 2018, an announcement was made concerning Bezos's role within a new, unnamed healthcare company. This venture is expected to be a partnership between Amazon, JPMorgan, and Berkshire Hathaway.[84][85]", "Amazon River The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon’s most distant source, until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru.[10] The Mantaro and Apurímac join, and with other tributaries form the Ucayali River, which in turn meets the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos, Peru, to form what countries other than Brazil consider to be the main stem of the Amazon. Brazilians call this section the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro[11] to form what Brazilians call the Amazon at the Meeting of Waters (Portuguese: Encontro das Águas) at Manaus, the river's largest city.", "Amazon tax In July 2011, Amazon made good on its promises to terminate California affiliates. According to the Performance Marketing Association, there were 25,000 Amazon affiliates based in California.[23] However, on Amazon's website, under \"United States Subsidiaries,\" listed are four California locations for A2Z Development Center Inc. - \"an innovative customer-centric software development company\" - including in San Francisco and Cupertino, where the Kindle was designed; a search engine company called A9.com in Palo Alto; and, in San Francisco, Alexa Internet, another Amazon search company.[24]", "Amazon tax Many U.S. states have passed online shopping sales tax laws designed to compel Amazon.com and other e-commerce retailers to collect state and local sales taxes from its customers. Amazon.com originally collected sales tax only from five states as of 2011, but as of April 2017 collects sales taxes from customers in all 45 states that have a state sales tax and in Washington, D.C.[1] Amazon does not collect sales taxes from Alaska, Delaware, Montana, New Hampshire, and Oregon, since those states do not have state sales taxes. Additionally, approximately half of all Amazon.com purchases are sold on the Amazon Marketplace through 3rd-party vendors, and these purchases remain free of tax except for in Washington state, where these purchases (starting in 2018) are now taxed.[2][3]", "Amazon (company) Amazon employs a multi-level e-commerce strategy. Amazon started by focusing on business-to-consumer relationships between itself and its customers and business-to-business relationships between itself and its suppliers and then moved to facilitate customer-to-customer with the Amazon marketplace which acts as an intermediary to facilitate transactions. The company lets anyone sell nearly anything using its platform. In addition to an affiliate program that lets anyone post-Amazon links and earn a commission on click-through sales, there is now a program which lets those affiliates build entire websites based on Amazon's platform.[123]", "Jeff Bezos On Saturday, August 15, 2015, The New York Times published an article that described Amazon's business practices.[42] Bezos responded to his employees with a Sunday memo,[43] in which he rebutted the article's inferences that the company was an emotionally destitute workplace. Bezos said that anyone who believed that the story was true should contact him directly.[44] In May 2016, Bezos sold slightly more than one million shares of his holdings in the company for $671 million, making it the largest amount of money he had ever raised in a sale of his Amazon holdings.[45]", "Jeff Bezos According to public campaign finance records, Bezos supported the electoral campaigns of Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell, two Democratic U.S. Senators from Washington. He has also supported U.S. representative John Conyers, as well as Patrick Leahy and Spencer Abraham, U.S. Senators serving on committees dealing with Internet-related issues.[169] He is an advocate of the LGBTQ movement and supported the legalization of same-sex marriage.[170] Bezos donated $100,000 towards a movement against a higher Washington state income tax in 2010.[169] In 2012, he donated to Amazon's political action committee (PAC),[169] which has given $56,000 and $74,500 to Democrats and Republicans, respectively.[171]", "Amazon HQ2 For one of Canada's many bids, messages hoping to persuade Amazon to move to Calgary were sprayed onto sidewalks in Seattle's South Lake Union neighborhood.[17] During an Ottawa Senators hockey game, fans were encouraged to \"make noise\" for the city of Ottawa's Amazon bid.[8]", "Amazon (company) In June 2017, Amazon announced that it would acquire Whole Foods, a high-end supermarket chain with over 400 stores, for $13.4 billion.[13][39] The acquisition was seen by media experts as a move to strengthen its physical holdings and challenge Walmart's supremacy as a brick and mortar retailer. This sentiment was heightened by the fact that the announcement coincided with Walmart's purchase of men's apparel company Bonobos.[40] On August 23, 2017, Whole Foods shareholders, as well as the Federal Trade Commission, approved the deal.[41][42]", "Amazon (company) The domain amazon.com attracted at least 615 million visitors annually by 2008.[98] Amazon attracts over 130 million customers to its US website per month by the start of 2016.[99] The company has also invested heavily on a massive amount of server capacity for its website, especially to handle the excessive traffic during the December Christmas holiday season.[100]", "Amazon HQ2 Sly James, mayor of Kansas City, Missouri, purchased 1,000 products from Amazon, which he donated to charity. James wrote 5-star reviews for each one of them, in which every review mentioned positive attributes of Kansas City.[17]", "Amazon Web Services Amazon Web Services was officially re-launched on March 14, 2006,[5] combining the three initial service offerings of Amazon S3 cloud storage, SQS, and EC2. The AWS platform finally provided an integrated suite of core online services, as Chris Pinkham and Benjamin Black had proposed back in 2003,[11] as a service offered to other developers, web sites, client-side applications, and companies.[4] Andy Jassy, AWS founder and vice president in 2006, said at the time that Amazon S3 (one of the first and most scalable elements of AWS) \"helps free developers from worrying about where they are going to store data, whether it will be safe and secure, if it will be available when they need it, the costs associated with server maintenance, or whether they have enough storage available. Amazon S3 enables developers to focus on innovating with data, rather than figuring out how to store it.\".[5] In 2016 Jassy was promoted to CEO of the division.[14] Reflecting the success of AWS, his annual compensation in 2017 hit nearly $36 million.[15]", "Amazon (company) On August 23, 2017, it was reported that the Federal Trade Commission approved the merger between Amazon.com and Whole Foods Market.[94] The following day it was announced that the deal would be closed on August 28, 2017.[95]", "Amazon River The Amazon basin, the largest in the world, covers about 40% of South America, an area of approximately 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,722,020 sq mi). It drains from west to east, from Iquitos in Peru, across Brazil to the Atlantic. It gathers its waters from 5 degrees north latitude to 20 degrees south latitude. Its most remote sources are found on the inter-Andean plateau, just a short distance from the Pacific Ocean.[43] The locals often refer to it as \"El Jefe Negro\", referring to an ancient god of fertility.[citation needed]", "Jeff Bezos Bezos was the maternal grandson of Lawrence Preston Gise, a regional director of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in Albuquerque.[11] Gise retired early to his family's ranch near Cotulla, Texas, where Bezos would spend many summers in his youth.[9] Bezos would later purchase this ranch, and grow it from 25,000 acres (101 km2 or 39 miles2) to 300,000 acres (1,214 km2 or 468 miles2).[12][13] His maternal grandmother was Mattie Louise Gise (née Strait), through whom he is a cousin of country singer George Strait.[14]", "Jeff Bezos On March 6, 2018, Bezos was officially designated the wealthiest person in the world with a registered net worth of $112 billion.[3] He unseated Bill Gates ($90 billion) who was $6 billion ahead of Warren Buffett ($84 billion), ranked third.[154] He is considered the first registered centi-billionaire (not adjusted for inflation).[c]", "Amazon Web Services The AWS platform was launched in July 2002, [5] in the beginning, the platform consisted of only a few disparate tools and services. Then in late 2003, the AWS concept was publicly reformulated when Chris Pinkham and Benjamin Black presented a paper describing a vision for Amazon's retail computing infrastructure that was completely standardized, completely automated, and would rely extensively on web services for services such as storage and would draw on internal work already underway. Near the end of their paper, they mentioned the possibility of selling access to virtual servers as a service, proposing the company could generate revenue from the new infrastructure investment.[11] In November 2004, the first AWS service launched for public usage: Simple Queue Service (SQS).[12] Thereafter Pinkham and lead developer Christopher Brown developed the Amazon EC2 service, with a team in Cape Town, South Africa.[13]", "Amazon (company) In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the Federal Aviation Administration to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld lobbying firm in June.[156] Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.[157]", "Amazon Web Services In April 2015, Amazon.com reported AWS was profitable, with sales of $1.57 billion in the first quarter of the year and $265 million of operating income. Founder Jeff Bezos described it as a fast-growing $5 billion business; analysts described it as \"surprisingly more profitable than forecast\".[23] In October 2015, Amazon.com said in its Q3 earnings report that AWS's operating income was $521 million, with operating margins at 25 percent. AWS's 2015 Q3 revenue was $2.1 billion, a 78% increase from 2014's Q3 revenue of $1.17 billion.[24] 2015 Q4 revenue for the AWS segment increased 69.5% y/y to $2.4 billion with 28.5% operating margin, giving AWS a $9.6 billion run rate. In 2015, Gartner estimated that AWS customers are deploying 10x more infrastructure on AWS than the combined adoption of the next 14 providers.[25]", "United Parcel Service On August 28, 1907, James Casey founded the American Messenger Company with Claude Ryan[5] in Seattle, Washington,[6] capitalized with $100 in debt.[7] Most deliveries at this time were made on foot and bicycles were used for longer trips.", "Amazon (company) Amazon owns over 40 subsidiaries, including Zappos, Shopbop, Diapers.com, Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics), Audible, Goodreads, Teachstreet and IMDb.[61]", "First-mover advantage Unbeknownst to many, is that Book Stacks Unlimited or books.com, was founded in 1991, and launched online in 1992. Founded by Charles M. Stack, it is considered to be the very first online bookstore. It has been stated that Bezos, who had worked on Wall Street for eight years, found that web usage was increasing 2000% each year. This inspired him to search for a web-based business. Once Bezos decided to launch the largest online bookstore, he began advertising on over 28,000 other internet sites and has since dominated the business.[citation needed]", "Amazon (company) As of February 2016[update], the board of directors is:[62]", "Amazon (company) Brilliance Audio is an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in Grand Haven, Michigan.[78] The company produced its first 8 audio titles in 1985.[78] The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.[79][80] At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12â€“15 new titles a month.[80] It operates as an independent company within Amazon.", "The Washington Post In 2013, its longtime controlling family, the Graham family, sold the newspaper to billionaire entrepreneur and Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos for $250 million in cash.[1][2][11] The newspaper is owned by Nash Holdings LLC, a holding company Bezos created for the acquisition.[12]", "Amazon (company) A substantial New York Times article published on August 16, 2015, described evidence of an intimidating and confrontational working culture for the company's office workers.[11]", "Jeff Bezos Bezos would continue to sporadically surpass Gates throughout the month of October 2017 after Amazon's share price fluctuated.[150] His net worth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, after Amazon's share price increased by more than 2.5%.[151] When the 2017 list was issued, Bezos's net worth was registered at $72.8 billion, adding $27.6 billion from the previous year.[152] Bezos was officially ranked as the third wealthiest person in the world up from the 5th spot in 2016.[152] His wealth's rapid growth from 2016 to 2017 sparked a variety of assessments about how much money Bezos earned on a controlled, reduced time scale. On October 10, 2017, he made an estimated $6.24 billion in 5 minutes, slightly less than the entire economic output of Kyrgyzstan.[153]", "Starbucks The company's headquarters is located in Seattle, Washington, United States, where 3,501 people worked as of January 2015.[95] The main building in the Starbucks complex was previously a Sears distribution center.", "Amazon HQ2 On January 18, 2018, Amazon announced its shortlist of 20 finalists for the HQ2 bidding process. The list focuses mainly on the East Coast and Midwest, with Los Angeles as the sole West Coast finalist.[3][20] Toronto was the only finalist outside of the United States.[21]", "Amazon (company) Amazon has attracted widespread criticism for poor working conditions by both current employees, which refer to themselves as Amazonians,[141] and former employees,[142][143] as well as the media and politicians. In 2011 it was publicized that at the Breinigsville, Pennsylvania warehouse, workers had to carry out work in 100 °F (38 °C) heat, resulting in employees becoming extremely uncomfortable and suffering from dehydration and collapse. Loading-bay doors were not opened to allow in fresh air as \"managers were worried about theft\". Amazon's initial response was to pay for an ambulance to sit outside on call to cart away overheated employees.[citation needed]", "Jeff Bezos He has also figured in Fortune's list of 50 great leaders of the world for three straight years, topping the list in 2015.[129] In September 2016, Bezos received a $250,000 prize for winning the Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization, which he donated to the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space.[130] In February 2018, Bezos was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for \"leadership and innovation in space exploration, autonomous systems, and building a commercial pathway for human space flight\".[131] In March 2018, he was awarded the Buzz Aldrin Space Exploration Award in recognition of his work with Blue Origin.[104] He received Germany's 2018 Axel Springer Award 2018 for Business Innovation and Social Responsibility.[132] Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in their 2018 listing.[133]", "The Washington Post Jeff Bezos, the owner of the Post, is Amazon's chief executive and biggest shareholder. Amazon has secured a 600 million dollar contract with the CIA, which poses a potential conflict. Kate Martin, director of the Center for National Security Studies, said, \"It's a serious potential conflict of interest for a major newspaper like The Washington Post to have a contractual relationship with the government and the most secret part of the government.\"[78]" ]	[ "Amazon (company) Amazon.com, Inc., doing business as Amazon (/ˈæməˌzɒn/), is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company based in Seattle, Washington that was founded by Jeff Bezos on July 5, 1994. The tech giant is the largest Internet retailer in the world as measured by revenue and market capitalization, and second largest after Alibaba Group in terms of total sales.[5] The amazon.com website started as an online bookstore and later diversified to sell video downloads/streaming, MP3 downloads/streaming, audiobook downloads/streaming, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. The company also produces consumer electronics—Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo—and is the world's largest provider of cloud infrastructure services (IaaS and PaaS).[6] Amazon also sells certain low-end products under its in-house brand AmazonBasics." ]
test3334	where is apennines mountains located on a map	[ "doc113962" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc113962", "doc113965", "doc113966", "doc113986", "doc1804735", "doc113989", "doc113987", "doc114016", "doc113985", "doc114002", "doc114005", "doc1576390", "doc113974", "doc114001", "doc113967", "doc113988", "doc113984", "doc114011", "doc113963", "doc1576392", "doc114000", "doc1804733", "doc1576391", "doc114014", "doc113993", "doc114012", "doc113982", "doc113978", "doc113979", "doc113968", "doc113990", "doc113964", "doc113998", "doc324186", "doc1576389", "doc113996", "doc114003", "doc114015", "doc114009", "doc1221720", "doc1804754", "doc113969", "doc113983", "doc113981", "doc113991", "doc113994", "doc114004", "doc113999", "doc620349", "doc113995", "doc113997", "doc2377926", "doc1804691", "doc114010", "doc113971", "doc114007", "doc672597", "doc113976", "doc959473", "doc113972", "doc114013", "doc113973", "doc620342", "doc113977", "doc113975", "doc113992", "doc1083310", "doc113980", "doc1216158", "doc2329650", "doc269507", "doc1859867", "doc408481", "doc22531", "doc1804689", "doc1709190", "doc1200290", "doc269504", "doc1804736", "doc937313", "doc1101258", "doc313410", "doc772494", "doc1804699", "doc114008", "doc1216161", "doc1216156", "doc1804796", "doc772498", "doc114006", "doc1804734", "doc1576393", "doc653663", "doc324187", "doc269506", "doc2516102", "doc269505", "doc1804757", "doc113970", "doc1200289" ]	[ "Apennine Mountains The Apennines[1] or Apennine Mountains (/ˈæpənaɪn/; Greek: Ἀπέννινα ὄρη;[2] Latin: Appenninus or Apenninus Mons—a singular used in the plural;[note 1] Italian: Appennini [appenˈniːni])[3] are a mountain range consisting of parallel smaller chains extending c. 1,200 km (750 mi) along the length of peninsular Italy. In the northwest they join with the Ligurian Alps at Altare. In the southwest they end at Reggio di Calabria, the coastal city at the tip of the peninsula. Since the year 2000 the Environment Ministry of Italy, following the recommendations of the Apennines Park of Europe Project, has been defining the Apennines System to include the mountains of north Sicily, for a total distance of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi).[4] The system forms an arc enclosing the east side of the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas.", "Apennine Mountains The mountains lend their name to the Apennine peninsula, which forms the major part of Italy.[5] They are mostly verdant, although one side of the highest peak, Corno Grande is partially covered by Calderone glacier, the only glacier in the Apennines. It has been receding since 1794.[7] The eastern slopes down to the Adriatic Sea are steep, while the western slopes form foothills on which most of peninsular Italy's cities are located. The mountains tend to be named from the province or provinces in which they are located; for example, the Ligurian Apennines are in Liguria. As the provincial borders have not always been stable, this practice has resulted in some confusion about exactly where the montane borders are. Often but not always a geographical feature can be found that lends itself to being a border.", "Apennine Mountains The Apennines are divided into three sectors: northern (Italian: Appennino settentrionale), central (Appennino centrale), and southern (Appennino meridionale).[8]", "Apennine Mountains Based on rock type and orogenic incidents, the northern segment of the arc is divided into the Outer Northern Apennines (ONA) and the Inner Northern Apennines (INA).[14] The inner are located in Tuscany and Umbria and correspond well with the geography, comprising the Apuan Alps and Umbrian Apennines. The outer comprise the outer Ligurian, Tuscan–Emilian and half the Central Apennines, which are the eastern half of the divide marked by the Umbria–Marches border. The Central Apennines, also called the High Apennines, are therefore divided into the Umbrian–Marchean (Appennino umbro-marchigiano) or Roman Apennines in the north and the Abruzzi Apennines (Appennino abruzzese) in the south.[9]", "Italy The Apennine Mountains form the peninsula's backbone and the Alps form most of its northern boundary, where Italy's highest point is located on Monte Bianco (4,810 m or 15,780 ft).[note 2] The Po, Italy's longest river (652 kilometres or 405 miles), flows from the Alps on the western border with France and crosses the Padan plain on its way to the Adriatic Sea. The five largest lakes are, in order of diminishing size:[86] Garda (367.94 km2 or 142 sq mi), Maggiore (212.51 km2 or 82 sq mi, shared with Switzerland), Como (145.9 km2 or 56 sq mi), Trasimeno (124.29 km2 or 48 sq mi) and Bolsena (113.55 km2 or 44 sq mi).", "Apennine Mountains The Abruzzi Apennines, located in Abruzzo, Molise (formerly part of Abruzzo) and southeastern Lazio, contain the highest peaks and most rugged terrain of the Apennines. They are known in history as the territory of the Italic peoples first defeated by the city of Rome. Coincidentally they exist in three parallel folds or chains surviving from the orogeny.[9] These extend in a northwest-southeast direction from the River Tronto to the River Sangro, which drain into the Adriatic. The coastal hills of the east extend between San Benedetto del Tronto in the north and Torino di Sangro in the south.", "Apennine Mountains A natural border exists between the Northern Apennines and the Central Apennines: a klippen zone, or band of isolated Liguride rocks, follows the Val Marecchia (\"Valley of the Marecchia River\") to the Marchesâ€“Tuscany border and passes through the Monti Rognosi and Arezzo in Tuscany.[14] If extended the line would touch the northern tip of Corsica, but it is only relevant on the east slopes of the Apennines, where it is located just south of the border between Marches and Emilia-Romagna. The west border of the Umbrian-Marchean Apennines (or \"Umbro-Marchean\") runs through Cagli. They extend south to the Tronto River, the south border of the ONA.", "Apennine Mountains The Apennines include 21 peaks over 1,900 m (6,200 ft), the approximate tree line. Most of these peaks are located in the Central Apennines.[18]", "Apennine Mountains The Apennine System forms an irregular arc with centers of curvature located in the Tyrrhenian Sea. The northern and southern segments comprise parallel chains that can be viewed as single overall mountain ridges, such as the Ligurian Mountains. The center, being thicker and more complex, is geologically divided into an inner and an outer arc with regard to the centers of curvature. The geologic definition, however, is not the same as the geographic.", "Apennine Mountains Both the Alps and the Apennines contain primarily sedimentary rock resulting from sedimentation of the ancient Tethys Sea in the Mesozoic.[citation needed] The northward movement of the African Plate and its collision with the European Plate then caused the Alpine Orogeny, beginning in the late Mesozoic. The band of mountains created extends from Spain to Turkey in a roughly east-west direction and includes the Alps. The Apennines are much younger, extend from northwest to southeast, and are not a displacement of the Alpine chain.", "Apennine Mountains The RETREAT Project[note 5] have this specific feature as one of their focus points [21] In essence the east side of Italy features a fold and thrust belt raised by compressional forces acting under the Adriatic Sea. This side has been called the \"Apennine-Adriatic Compressional Zone\" or the \"Apennines Convergence Zone.\" On the west side of Italy fault-block mountains prevail, created by a spreading or extension of the crust under the Tyrrhenian Sea. This side is called the \"Tyrrhenian Extensional Zone.\" The mountains of Italy are of paradoxical provenience, having to derive from both compression and extension:", "Italian Peninsula The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Italian: Penisola italiana, Penisola appenninica) extends 1,000 km (620 mi) from the Po Valley in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south. The peninsula's shape gives it the nickname lo Stivale (the Boot). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria (the \"toe\"), Salento (the \"heel\") and Gargano (the \"spur\").", "Apennine Mountains Starting at Cisa Pass, the mountain chains turn further to the southeast to cross the peninsula along the border between the Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany regions. They are also named the Tuscan–Emilian Apennines west of the Futa pass and the Tuscan–Romagnol Apennines east of it, or just the Tuscan Apennines.[9] They extend to the upper Tiber River. The highest point is Monte Cimone at 2,165 m (7,103 ft).", "Apennine Mountains The Apennines were created in the Apennine orogeny beginning in the early Neogene (about 20 mya, the middle Miocene) and continuing today.[19] Geographically they are partially or appear to be continuous with the Alpine system. Prior to the explosion of data on the topic from about the year 2000 many authors took the approach that the Apennines had the same origin as the Alps. Even today some authors use the term Alpine-Apennine system. They are not, however, the same system and did not have the same origin. The Alps were millions of years old before the Apennines rose from the sea.", "Apennine Mountains A number of long hiking trails wind through the Apennines. Of note is European walking route E1 coming from northern Europe and traversing the lengths of the northern and central Apennines. The Grand Italian Trail begins in Trieste and after winding through the Alpine arc traverses the entire Apennine system, Sicily and Sardinia.", "Apennine Mountains In the northeast of the range, the Republic of San Marino is located on the slopes of Monte Titano. The highest peak, Monte Vettore, at 2,478 m (8,130 ft), is part of the Monti Sibillini, incorporated into Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini. Further inland is Parco Sasso Simone e Simoncello[15] and further south Parco naturale regionale Gola della Rossa di Frasassi, in which are the Gola della Rossa (\"Canyon of the Red\") and Frasassi Caves. The Italian Park Service calls it the \"green heart\" of Italy. The region is heavily forested, such as the Riserva Naturale Statale Gola del Furlo, where Furlo Pass on the Via Flaminia is located. Both the Etruscans and the Romans constructed tunnels here.", "Apennine Mountains The region specified by the dictionary includes Monte Nerone, 1,526 m (5,007 ft), which is actually in Marches. South of the pass the same chain is in Umbria and includes a number of parklands considered by the Italians to be in the northern Apennines. The LOTO Project (Landscape Opportunities for Territorial Organization), a recent pilot study for regional landscape planning undertaken by the European Institute of Cultural Routes, an agency of the European Union,[12] simply calls it \"the Apennine Ridge\" of \"the Umbria Region,\" which it locates in \"the central and northern mountains of the Apennines.\"[13] The western part of this range is considered by some to be the Umbrian Apennines; it includes Parco del Monte Cucco, 1,566 m (5,138 ft), which includes the pass, the road and the Umbrian side of the ridge south to Fossato di Vico. Further south are Parco del Monte Subasio around Assisi and Parco di Colfiorito on the border with Marches.", "Apennine Mountains The strike of the Apennine subduction zone forms a long, irregular arc with centers of curvature in the Tyrrhenian Sea following the hanging wall over which the mountains have been raised; i.e., the eastern wall of the mountains. It runs from near the base of the Ligurian Apennines in the Po Valley along the margin of the mountains to the Adriatic, along the coastal deeps of the Adriatic shore, strikes inland at Monte Gargano cutting off Apulia, out to sea again through the Gulf of Taranto, widely around the rest of Italy and Sicily and across inland north Africa.[26] The upper mantle above 250 km (160 mi) deep is broken into the \"Northern Apennines Arc\" and the \"Calabrian Arc\", with compressional forces acting in different directions radially toward the arcs' centers of curvature. The overall plate tectonics of these events has been modeled in different ways but decisive data is still missing. The tectonics, however, are not the same as those which created the Alps.[citation needed]", "Apennine Mountains The etymology most frequently repeated, because of its semantic appropriateness, is that it derives from the Celtic Penn, \"mountain, summit\":[3] A-penn-inus, which could have been assigned during the Celtic domination of north Italy in the 4th century BC or before. The name originally applied to the north Apennines. However, historical linguists have never found a derivation with which they are universally comfortable.[5] Wilhelm Deecke said:[6][note 2] \"...its etymology is doubtful but some derive it from the Ligurian-Celtish Pen or Ben, which means mountain peak.\"", "Italian Peninsula The peninsula lies between the Tyrrhenian Sea on the west, the Ionian Sea on the south, and the Adriatic Sea on the east. The backbone of the Italian peninsula consists of the Apennine Mountains, from which it takes one of its names. Most of its coast is lined with cliffs.", "Apennine Mountains The tree line ecotone is mainly grasslands of the Montane grasslands and shrublands biome; with Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, and Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub below it. The tree line in the Apennines can be found in the range 1,600 m (5,200 ft) to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[18] About 5% of the map area covered by the Apennines is at or above the tree line—or in the treeline ecotone. The snow line is at about 3,200 m (10,500 ft), leaving the Apennines below it, except for the one remaining glacier. Snow may fall from October to May. Rainfall increases with latitude.[7] The range's climates, depending on elevation and latitude, are the Oceanic climate and Mediterranean climate.", "Italy Italy is located in Southern Europe, between latitudes 35째 and 47째 N, and longitudes 6째 and 19째 E. To the north, Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia, and is roughly delimited by the Alpine watershed, enclosing the Po Valley and the Venetian Plain. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula and the two Mediterranean islands of Sicily and Sardinia, in addition to many smaller islands. The sovereign states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland.", "Italian Peninsula Geographically, the Italian peninsula consists of the land south of a line extending from the Magra to the Rubicon rivers, north of the Tuscan–Emilian Apennines. It excludes the Po Valley and the southern slopes of the Alps.[1][2] All of the peninsula lies within the territory of the Italian Republic except for the microstates of San Marino and Vatican City. Additionally, Sicily, Elba and other smaller islands, such as Palagruža (Italian: Pelagosa), (which belongs to Croatia) are usually considered as islands off the peninsula and in this sense geographically grouped along with it.", "Apennine Mountains Italy as a whole has a LI of 6.8, a LIMH of 9.1 and a density of 160. Lombardia (LI of 13.9), Emilia-Romagna (11.4), Marches (19.4), Molise (14.0), Valle d'Aosta (16.0) and Piemonte (9.1) are significantly higher.[27] The most unstable terrain in the Apennines when the landslide sites are plotted on the map are in order from most unstable the eastern flanks of the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines, the Central Apennines and the eastern flank of the southern Apennines. Instability there is comparable to the Alps bordering the Po Valley. The most stable terrain is on the western side: Liguria, Tuscany, Umbria and Lazio. The Apennines are slumping away to the northeast into the Po Valley and the Adriatic foredeep; that is, the zone where the Adriatic floor is being subducted under Italy. Slides with large translational or rotational surface movements are most common; e.g., a whole slope slumps into its valley, placing the population there at risk.", "Apennine Mountains The southern Apennines can be divided into four major regions: (1) Samnite Apennines, (2) Campanian Apennines, (3) Lucan Apennines and (4) Calabrian Apennines including the Sicilian Apennines.", "Apennine Mountains The west side of Italy is given to a fault-block system, where the crust, extended by the lengthening mantle below, thinned, broke along roughly parallel fault lines, and the blocks alternatively sank into grabens or were raised by isostasy into horsts. This system prevails from Corsica eastward to the valley of the Tiber River, the last rift valley in that direction. It runs approximately across the direction of extension. In the fault-block system the ridges are lower and are more steep-sided, since the walls are formed by faults. Geographically they are not considered part of the Apennines proper but are termed \"sub-apennine\" or \"anti-apennine.\" These mountains are found mainly in Tuscany, Lazio and Campania.", "Apennine Mountains South of Monte Fumaiolo the Tevere enters Tuscany. It crosses the Umbrian border in the vicinity of San Giustino and remains in it, becoming part of the border between Umbria and Lazio in the south, entering Lazio unequivocally in the vicinity of Castello delle Formiche. Over the centuries these borders have varied, mainly at the expense of Tuscany. Consequently, there has been considerable imprecision in locating the Umbrian Apennines, and therefore the highest peak in them. The major difficulty is discriminating the Umbrian of the Northern Apennines from the Umbrian-Marchean of the Central Apennines. The mountains of Umbria and Marches are so wide and so tangled, rather than parallel, that the borders are difficult to place and vary according to author. Many do not make the distinction, but one is still recognized, however uncertainly, by the Italian park service. In general, the Umbrian Apennines are located mainly in Umbria, while the great mass of mountains in Marches are considered Central Apennine.", "Apennine Mountains Inside the Tuscanâ€“Romagnol Apennines are in the southern part also the Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park.", "Apennine Mountains Geographically the southernmost sharp limit of the Tuscanâ€“Romagnol Apennines is the Bocca Serriola pass that is politically between northern Umbria and northern Marche.", "Apennine Mountains The northern Apennines consist of three sub-chains: the Ligurian (Appennino ligure), Tuscan-Emilian (Appennino toscano-emiliano), and Umbrian Apennines (Appennino umbro).[9]", "Apennine Mountains The eastern chain consists mainly of the southern part of the Monti Sibillini, the Monti della Laga, the Gran Sasso d'Italia Massif and the Majella Massif. Among them are two national parks: Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park and Majella National Park; and the Regional Park of the Monti Simbruini. Gran Sasso contains Corno Grande, the highest peak of the Apennines.", "Apennine Mountains The Apennines also conserve some intact ecosystems, which have survived to the human intervention. In here there are some of the best preserved forests and montane grasslands in the whole continent, now protected by national parks and, within them, a high diversity of flora and fauna. These mountains are, in fact, one of the last refuges for the big European predators such as the Italian wolf and the marsican brown bear, now extinct in other countries of central Europe.", "Apennine Mountains The first group extends as far as the isthmus formed by the gulfs of South Eufemia and Squillace; it is known as the Sila, and the highest point reached is 1,930 metres (6,330 ft) (the Botte Donato). The forests which covered it in ancient times supplied the Greeks and Sicilians with timber for shipbuilding. The railway from South Eufemia to Catanzaro and Catanzaro Marina crosses the isthmus, and an ancient road may have run from Squillace to Monteleone. The second group extends to the south end of the Italian Peninsula, culminating in the Aspromonte (1,960 metres (6,420 ft)) to the east of Reggio di Calabria. In both groups the rivers are quite unimportant.[16] Finally, the Calabrian southern Apennine Mountains extend along the northern coast of Sicily (the Sicilian Apennines, Italian Appennino siculo)—Pizzo Carbonara (6,493 feet (1,979 m)) being the highest peak.", "Prehistoric Italy The Apennine culture is a cultural complex of central and southern Italy that, in its broadest sense (including the preceding Protoapennine B and following Subapennine facies), spans the Bronze Age. In the narrower sense more commonly used today, it refers only to the later phase of the Middle Bronze Age in the 15th and 14th centuries BCE.[19]", "Italian Peninsula 42°N 14°E / 42°N 14°E / 42; 14", "Apennine Mountains The valley of the Ofanto, which runs into the Adriatic close to Barletta, marks the northern termination of the first range of the Lucanian Apennines (now Basilicata), which runs from east to west, while south of the valleys of the Sele (on the west) and Basento (on the east)—which form the line followed by the railway from Battipaglia via Potenza to Metaponto—the second range begins to run due north and south as far as the plain of Sibari. The highest point is the Monte Pollino 2,233 metres (7,325 ft). The chief rivers are the Sele—joined by the Negro and Calore—on the west, and the Bradano, Basento, Agri, Sinni on the east, which flow into the gulf of Taranto; to the south of the last-named river there are only unimportant streams flowing into the sea east and west, inasmuch as here the width of the peninsula diminishes to some 64 kilometres (40 mi).[16]", "Apennine Mountains The key evidence of the difference is the geologic behavior of the Po Valley in northern Italy. Compressional forces have been acting from north to south in the Alps and from south to north in the Apennines, but instead of being squeezed into mountains the valley has been subsiding at 1 to 4 mm (0.16 in) per year since about 25 mya, before the Apennines existed.[20] It is now known to be not an erosional feature but is a filled portion of the Adriatic Trench, called the Adriatic foredeep after its function as a subduction zone was discovered. The Alps and the Apennines were always separated by this trench and were never part of the same system.[citation needed]", "Apennine Mountains Glaciers no longer exist in the Apennines outside the Gran Sasso d'Italia massif. However, post-Pliocene moraines have been observed in Basilicata.", "Apennine Mountains The gradual subsidence of the Po Valley (including that of Venice) and the folding of the mountains of eastern Italy have been investigated using seismic wave analysis of the \"Apennine Subduction System.\"[21] Along the Adriatic side of Italy the floor of the Adriatic Sea, referred to as the \"Adriatic lithosphere\" or the \"Adriatic plate,\" terms whose precise meaning is the subject of ongoing research, is dipping under the slab on which the Apennines have been folded by compressional forces.", "Pennines Various etymologies have been proposed treating \"Pennine\" as though it were a native Brittonic/Modern Welsh name related to pen- (\"head\") .[13] In fact, it did not become a common name until the 18th century and almost certainly derives from modern comparisons with the Apennine Mountains, which run down the middle of Italy in a similar fashion.[12]", "Italy Italy has the highest level of faunal biodiversity in Europe, with over 57,000 species recorded, representing more than a third of all European fauna.[103] The Italian peninsula is in the centre of the Mediterranean Sea, forming a corridor between central Europe and North Africa, and has 8,000Â km of coastline. Italy also receives species from the Balkans, Eurasia, the Middle East. Italy's varied geological structure, including the Alps and the Apennines, Central Italian woodlands, and Southern Italian Garigue and Maquis shrubland, also contribute to high climate and habitat diversity.", "Apennine Mountains The Ligurian Apennines border the Ligurian Sea in the Gulf of Genoa, from about Savona below the upper Bormida River valley to about La Spezia (La Cisa pass) below the upper Magra River valley. The range follows the Gulf of Genoa separating it from the upper Po Valley. The northwestern border follows the line of the Bormida River to Acqui Terme. There the river continues northeast to Alessandria in the Po Valley, but the mountains bend away to the southeast.", "Apennine Mountains Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary defines the Umbrian Apennines to extend from the \"sources of the Tiber\" to Scheggia Pass, bounded on the east by the border between Umbria and Marches, which runs along the divide. Similarly the Alto Tevere begins near the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. The pass is the point where the Roman Via Flaminia crosses the divide, at 575 metres (1,886Â ft). Starting from Rimini on the Adriatic coast the old road follows the coast south to Fano, then turns inland and goes up the Fiume Metauro to Ponti di Traiano, then up the Fiume Candigliano to Acqualagna, and by the Fiume Burano to Cagli (ancient Cales). Here the Via Flaminia turns south, approximated today by highway SP3, which climbing the flanks of Monte Fiume arrives at last at the pass. This is the southernmost limit of the Umbrian Apennines, according to the dictionary.[9] The pass goes down to Gualdo Tadino (Tadinium). Gubbio is east of the Val Tevere.", "Apennine Mountains The Val Tevere is marked on the map by Highway A1, the Autostrada del Sole, which enters it in the vicinity of Monte Rotondo north of Rome and follows the course of the river to the point where the latter flows from Lago di Corbara in the vicinity of Baschi and then goes up the valley of the Fiume Paglia. North of the lake the course of the Fiume Tevere is marked by Highway E45 almost to where the Tevere begins at Falera on the slopes of Monte Fumaiolo. That location is in Emilia-Romagna. For that entire distance the eastern slopes of the Apennines are in Marches.[note 4]", "Apennine Mountains Other features between the western and central ranges are the plain of Rieti, the valley of the Salto, and the Lago Fucino; while between the central and eastern ranges are the valleys of Aquila and Sulmona. The chief rivers on the west are the Nera, with its tributaries the Velino and Salto, and the Aniene, both of which fall into the Tiber. On the east there is at first a succession of small rivers which flow into the Adriatic, from which the highest points of the chain are some 20Â km distant, such as the Tronto, Tordino, Vomano and others. The Pescara, which receives the Aterno from the north-west and the Gizio from the south-east, is more important; and so is the Sangro.", "Apennine Mountains In the southern Apennines, to the south of the Sangro valley, the three parallel chains are broken up into smaller groups; among them may be named the Matese, the highest point of which is the Monte Miletto 2,050 metres (6,725Â ft). The chief rivers on the south-west are the Liri or Garigliano with its tributary the Sacco, the Volturno, Sebeto, Sarno, on the north the Trigno, Biferno and Fortore.[16]", "Apennine Mountains The Apennine orogeny is a type of mountain-building in which two simpler types are combined in an apparently paradoxical configuration. Sometimes this is referred to as \"syn-orogenic extension\", but the term implies that the two processes occur simultaneously during time. Some scientists imagine that this is relatively rare but not unique in mountain building, whereas others imagine that this is fairly common in all mountain belts.", "Apennine Mountains The number of vascular plant species in the Apennines has been estimated at 5,599. Of these, 728 (23.6%) are in the treeline ecotone. Hemicryptophytes predominate in the entire Apennine chain.[17]", "Alps The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in a 800 km (500 mi) arc from east to west and is 200 km (120 mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5 km (1.6 mi).[10] The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, and stretching eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues onward toward Vienna, Austria, and east to the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia.[11][12][13] To the south it dips into northern Italy and to the north extends to the southern border of Bavaria in Germany.[13] In areas like Chiasso, Switzerland, and Allgäu, Bavaria, the demarcation between the mountain range and the flatlands are clear; in other places such as Geneva, the demarcation is less clear. The countries with the greatest alpine territory are Switzerland, France (21.4%), Austria (28.7% of the total area) and Italy (27.2%).", "Apennine Mountains The promontory of Monte Gargano, on the east, is completely isolated, and so are the Campanian volcanic arc near Naples. The district is traversed from north-west to south-east by the railway from Sulmona to Benevento and on to Avellino, and from south-west to northeast by the railways from Caianello via Isernia to Campobasso and Termoli, from Caserta to Benevento and Foggia, and from Nocera Inferiore and Avellino to Rocchetta S. Antonio, the junction for Foggia, Spinazzola (for Barletta, Bari, and Taranto) and Potenza. Roman roads followed the same lines as the railways: the Via Appia ran from Capua to Benevento, whence the older road went to Venosa and Taranto and so to Brindisi, while the Via Traiana ran nearly to Foggia and thence to Bari.[16]", "Apennine Mountains The railway running south from Sicignano to Lagonegro, ascending the valley of the Negro, is planned to extend to Cosenza, along the line followed by the ancient Via Popilia, which beyond Cosenza reached the west coast at Terina and thence followed it to Reggio. The Via Herculia, a branch of the Via Traiana, ran from Aequum Tuticum to the ancient Nerulum. At the narrowest point the plain of Sibari, through which the rivers Coscile and Crati flow to the sea, occurs on the east coast, extending halfway across the peninsula. Here the limestone Apennines proper cease and the granite mountains of Calabria begin.[16]", "August 2016 Central Italy earthquake The central Apennines is one of the most seismically active areas in Italy. The Apennines mountain belt were formed in the Miocene to Pliocene as a result of the ongoing subduction of the Adriatic Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate, forming a fold and thrust belt. During the Quaternary, thrust tectonics gave way to extensional tectonics, with the development of a zone of normal faulting running along the crest of the mountain range. The extension is a result of either subduction rollback or the opening of the Tyrrhenian Sea.[1] In the Central Apennines the zone of extension is about 30Â km wide, closely matching the zone of observed extensional strain as shown by GPS measurements. Recent large earthquakes in this area have been caused by movement on SW-dipping normal faults.[7]", "Italy Italy (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja] ( listen)), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana [reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna]),[9][10][11][12] is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe.[note 1] Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants it is the fourth most populous EU member state.", "Apennine Mountains Subduction occurs along a fault, along which a hanging wall, or overriding slab is thrust over an overridden slab, also called the subducting slab. The fault that acts as the subduction interface is at the bottom of the Apennine wedge, characterized by a deep groove in the surface, typically filled with sediment, as sedimentation here occurs at a much faster rate than subduction.[citation needed] In north Italy the dip of this interface is 30° to 40° at a depth of 80–90 km.[26]", "Apennine Mountains At Carcare, the main roads connect with the upper Bormida valley (Bormida di Millare) before turning west. The Scrivia, the Trebbia and the Taro, tributaries of the Po River, drain the northeast slopes. The range contains dozens of peaks. Toward the southern end the Aveto Natural Regional Park includes Monte Penna. Nearby is the highest point of Ligurian Apennines, Monte Maggiorasca at 1,780 m (5,840 ft).[9]", "Apennine Mountains Both the folded and the fault-block systems include parallel mountain chains. In the folded system anticlines erode into the highest and longest massifs of the Apennines.", "Mediterranean Basin Europe lies to the north, and three large Southern European peninsulas, the Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula, and the Balkan Peninsula, extend into the Mediterranean-climate zone. A system of folded mountains, including the Pyrenees dividing Spain from France, the Alps dividing Italy from Central Europe, the Dinaric Alps along the eastern Adriatic, and the Balkan and Rhodope mountains of the Balkan Peninsula divide the Mediterranean from the temperate climate regions of Western and Central Europe.", "Apennine Mountains As the Tuscan Apennines divide the peninsula between the Po Valley and the plains and hills of Tuscany and Lazio, transportation over them is essential to political and economic unity. Historically the Romans used the Via Flaminia between Rome and Rimini. The montane distance between Florence in Tuscany and Bologna in Emilia-Romagna is shorter, but exploitation of it required the conquest of more rugged terrain, which was not feasible for the ancients. Railway lines were constructed over the mountains in the early 19th century but they were of low capacity and unimprovable.", "Balkans The abstract term \"The Balkans\", unlike the geographical borders of the Peninsula, is defined by the political borders of the states composing it. The term is used to describe areas beyond the Balkan Peninsula, or inversely[clarification needed] in the case of the part of Italy in the Peninsula, which is always excluded from the Balkans and as a totality is generally accepted as part of Western Europe and the Apennines.", "Apennine Mountains The main and only feasible overland route connecting the coastal plain of Liguria to the north Italian plain runs through Bocchetta di Altare. It has always been of strategic importance. Defenders of north Italy have had to control it since ancient times, as the various fortifications placed there testify. Trenitalia, the state railway system, highly developed on the coastal plain, now traverses the mountains routinely through a number of railway tunnels, such as the one at Giovi Pass.", "Apennine Mountains The terrain of the Apennines (as well as that of the Alps) is to a large degree unstable due to various types of landslides, including falls and slides of rocks and debris, flows of earth and mud, and sink holes. The Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale), a government agency founded in 2008 by combining three older agencies, published in that year a special report, Landslides in Italy, summarizing the results of the IFFI Project (Il Progetto IFFI), the Italian Landslide Inventory (Inventario dei Fenomeni Franosi in Italia), an extensive survey of historical landslides in Italy undertaken by the government starting in 1997. On December 31, 2007, it had studied and mapped 482,272 landslides over 20,500 km2 (7,900 sq mi). Its major statistics are the Landslide Index (LI here), the ratio of the landslide area to the total area of a region, the Landslide Index in Mountainous-Hilly Areas (here LIMH) and the Density of Landslides, which is the number per 100 km2 (39 sq mi).", "Apennine Mountains The southeastern border of the Ligurian Apennines is the Fiume Magra, which projects into the Tyrrhenian Sea south of La Spezia, and the Fiume Taro, which runs in the opposite direction to join the Po River. The divide between the two upper river valleys is the Passo della Cisa (Cisa Pass). Under it (two tunnels) runs the Autostrada della Cisa between Spezia and Parma.", "Alps The Alps (/ælps/; French: Alpes [alp]; German: Alpen [ˈalpn̩]; Italian: Alpi [ˈalpi]; Romansh: Alps; Slovene: Alpe [ˈáːlpɛ]) are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe,[2][note 1] stretching approximately 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia.[3] The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at 4,810 m (15,781 ft) is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains about a hundred peaks higher than 4,000 metres (13,000 ft).", "Apennine Mountains Since 1856 a series of tunnels have been constructed to conduct \"the Bologna-Florence rail line\", which is neither a single line nor a single tunnel. The Porrettana Line went into service in 1864, the Direttissima in 1934 and the High Speed in 1996.[10] A few dozen tunnels support the three of them, the longest on the High-Speed Line being the Voglia Tunnel at 16.757 km (10.412 mi).[11] The longest is on the Direttissima, the Great Apennine Tunnel, which at 18.5 kilometres (11.5 miles) is the longest entirely within Italy, although the Simplon Tunnel, which connects Italy and Switzerland, is longer.[note 3] Automobile traffic is carried by the Autostrada del Sole, Route A1, which goes through numerous shorter tunnels, bypassing an old road, originally Roman, through Futa Pass. In December 2015, a new Route A1 called Variante di Valico was opened after many years of construction consisting of major tunnels (the longest being the new 8.6-kilometre (5.3-mile) 'Tunel Base') and new overpasses notably shortening the traveling time between Florence and Bologna by road.", "Apennine Mountains A separate branch, the Apuan Alps, goes to the southwest bordering the coast south of La Spezia. Whether they are to be considered part of the Apennines is a matter of opinion; certainly, they are part of the Apennine System. Topographically only the valley of the River Serchio, which running parallel to the coast turns and exits into the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Pisa, separates the Apuan Alps from the Apennines; geologically the rock is of a slightly different composition: marble. The Roman marble industry was centered at Luna, and is now active in Carrara.", "Apennine Mountains The central Apennines are crossed by the railway from Rome to Pescara via Avezzano and Sulmona: the railway from Orte to Terni (and thence to Foligno) follows the Nera valley; while from Terni a line ascends to the plain of Rieti, and thence crosses the central chain to Aquila, whence it follows the valley of the Aterno to Sulmona. In ancient times the Via Salaria, Via Caecilia and Via Valeria-Claudia all ran from Rome to the Adriatic coast. The volcanic mountains of the province of Rome are separated from the Apennines by the Tiber valley, and the Monti Lepini, part of the Volscian chain, by the valleys of the Sacco and Liri.", "Appalachia Appalachia (/ˌæpəˈlætʃə, -ˈleɪtʃə/) is a cultural region in the Eastern United States that stretches from the Southern Tier of New York to northern Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia.[1] While the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Belle Isle in Canada to Cheaha Mountain in Alabama, the cultural region of Appalachia typically refers only to the central and southern portions of the range. As of the 2010 United States Census, the region was home to approximately 25 million people.[2]", "Apennine Mountains The Tiber River at Rome flows from northeast to southwest, projecting into the Tyrrhenian Sea at right angles to the shore. The upper Tiber, however, flows from northwest to southeast, gradually turning through one right angle clockwise. In the north Val Tevere (\"Valley of the Tiber\") is a deep valley separating the Umbrian Apennines on the left bank from a lesser range, the Tuscan Anti- or Sub-Apennines on its right. They and some of Val Tevere are part of Tuscany, which used to be enclosed by the Arno River, the Tiber River and the coast, but has lost ground around the Tiber to Lazio and Umbria. Lazio extends a little way up the Tiber. Val Tevere, however, is mainly in Umbria. In the Apennines also and on the east coast is Marche.", "Geography of Europe In terms of shape, Europe is a collection of connected peninsulas and nearby islands. The two largest peninsulas are mainland Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. Three smaller peninsulas—Iberia, Italy and the Balkans—emerge from the southern margin of the mainland. The Balkan peninsula is separated from Asia by the Black and Aegean Seas. Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from Africa. Eastward, mainland Europe widens much like the mouth of a funnel, until the boundary with Asia is reached at the Ural Mountains and Ural River, the Caspian Sea and Caucasus Mountains.", "Italian Campaign (World War II) As the Allies advanced, they encountered increasingly difficult terrain: the Apennine Mountains form a spine along the Italian peninsula offset somewhat to the east. In the most mountainous areas of Abruzzo, more than half the width of the peninsula comprises crests and peaks over 3,000 feet (910Â m) that are relatively easy to defend; and the spurs and re-entrants to the spine confronted the Allies with a succession of ridges and rivers across their line of advance. The rivers were subject to sudden and unexpected flooding, which constantly thwarted the Allied commanders' plans.[34]", "Appalachian Mountains The term Appalachian refers to several different regions associated with the mountain range. Most broadly, it refers to the entire mountain range with its surrounding hills and the dissected plateau region. The term is often used more restrictively to refer to regions in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, usually including areas in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, and North Carolina, as well as sometimes extending as far south as northern Alabama, Georgia and western South Carolina, and as far north as Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, and parts of southern upstate New York.", "Dinaric Alps The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides is a mountain chain which spans from Italy in the northwest, over Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, to Albania in the southeast.[1][2]", "Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulasâ€”the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west, and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees mountains are situated along the northeast edge of the peninsula, where it adjoins the rest of Europe. Its southern tip is very close to the northwest coast of Africa, separated from it by the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediterranean Sea.", "Mount Etna Mount Etna (or Etna; /ˈɛtnə/; Italian: Etna [ˈɛtna] or Mongibello [mondʒiˈbɛllo], Sicilian: Mungibeddu [mʊndʒɪbˈbɛɖɖʊ] or â Muntagna, Latin: Aetna) is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina and Catania. It lies above the convergent plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. It is the highest active volcano in Europe outside the Caucasus.[3] It is currently 3,329 m (10,922 ft) high, though this varies with summit eruptions. It is the highest peak in Italy south of the Alps. Etna covers an area of 1,190 km2 (459 sq mi) with a basal circumference of 140 km. This makes it by far the largest of the three active volcanoes in Italy, being about two and a half times the height of the next largest, Mount Vesuvius. Only Mount Teide in Tenerife (owned by Spain) surpasses it in the whole of the European–North-African region west of the Black Sea.[4] In Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under this mountain by Zeus, the god of the sky and thunder and king of gods, and the forges of Hephaestus were said to also be located underneath it.[5]", "Italy Coordinates: 43°N 12°E / 43°N 12°E / 43; 12", "Southern Europe Geographically, Southern Europe is the southern half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, although largely based in history, culture, climate, and flora which is shared across the region. It includes southwestern Europe: the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain) and southern France, including the minor territories of Andorra, Gibraltar, and Monaco. It also includes Italy in South-Central and the micro-states of San Marino and the Vatican City. It includes mostly just Greece in Southeastern Europe. However, Albania, Montenegro, the coast of Croatia and the southern tips of Bosnia and Herzegovina and East Thrace in European Turkey can be considered part of southern Europe according to some authors.[2][3][4]", "Southern Italy Southern Italy forms the lower part of the Italian \"boot\", containing the ankle (Campania), the toe (Calabria), the arch (Basilicata), and the heel (Apulia), Molise (north of Apulia) and Abruzzo (north of Molise) along with the island of Sicily. Separating the \"heel\" and the \"boot\" is the Gulf of Taranto, named after the city of Taranto, which is at an angle between the heel and the boot itself. It is an arm of the Ionian Sea. The island of Sardinia, right below the French island of Corsica, might also be included.", "Appalachian Mountains The Appalachian Mountains[a] (French: les Appalaches), often called the Appalachians, are a system of mountains in eastern North America. The Appalachians first formed roughly 480 million years ago during the Ordovician Period. They once reached elevations similar to those of the Alps and the Rocky Mountains before experiencing natural erosion.[4][5] The Appalachian chain is a barrier to east-west travel, as it forms a series of alternating ridgelines and valleys oriented in opposition to most highways and railroads running east-west.", "Italy Although the country includes the Italian peninsula, adjacent islands and most of the southern Alpine basin, some of Italy's territory extends beyond the Alpine basin and some islands are located outside the Eurasian continental shelf. These territories are the comuni of: Livigno, Sexten, Innichen, Toblach (in part), Chiusaforte, Tarvisio, Graun im Vinschgau (in part), which are all part of the Danube's drainage basin, while the Val di Lei constitutes part of the Rhine's basin and the islands of Lampedusa and Lampione are on the African continental shelf.", "Albania Albania lies in the southwestern portion of the Balkan Peninsula bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo[a] to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south and southeast. Most of the country is mountainous, including the Albanian Alps in the north, the Korab Mountains in the east, the Ceraunian Mountains in the south and the Skanderbeg Mountains in the center. The country's coast touches the Adriatic Sea to the northwest and the Ionian Sea to the southwest including the Albanian Riviera. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy across the Strait of Otranto that connects the Adriatic to the Ionian.", "Romance languages Probably a more accurate description, however, would be to say that there was a focal point of innovation located in central France, from which a series of innovations spread out as areal changes. The La Spezia–Rimini Line represents the farthest point to the southeast that these innovations reached, corresponding to the northern chain of the Apennine Mountains, which cuts straight across northern Italy and forms a major geographic barrier to further language spread.", "Sicily Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula, from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina. Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna, the tallest active volcano in Europe,[4] and one of the most active in the world, currently 3,329 m (10,922 ft) high. The island has a typical Mediterranean climate.", "Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea /ˌeɪdriˈætɪk/ is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan peninsula and the Apennine Mountains from the Dinaric Alps and adjacent ranges. The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea, extending from the Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea) to the northwest and the Po Valley. The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Italy, Montenegro and Slovenia. The Adriatic contains over 1,300 islands, mostly located along its eastern, Croatian coast. It is divided into three basins, the northern being the shallowest and the southern being the deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The Otranto Sill, an underwater ridge, is located at the border between the Adriatic and Ionian Seas. The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto, along the eastern coast and back to the strait along the western (Italian) coast. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes are known to occur occasionally. The Adriatic's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean's because the Adriatic collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean, acting as a dilution basin. The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 °C (86 °F) in summer to 12 °C (54 °F) in winter, significantly moderating the Adriatic Basin's climate.", "Italy The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy, according to Antiochus of Syracuse, the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula (modern Calabria: province of Reggio, and part of the provinces of Catanzaro and Vibo Valentia). But by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name \"Italia\" to a larger region, but it was during the reign of Emperor Augustus (end of the 1st century BC) that the term was expanded to cover the entire peninsula until the Alps.[32]", "Apennine Mountains According to the older theories (originating from the 1930s to 1970s) of Dutch geologists, including Van Bemmelen, compression and extension can and should occur simultaneously at different depths in a mountain belt. In these theories, these different levels are called Stockwerke. More recent work in geotectonics and geodynamics of the same school of geoscientists (Utrecht and Amsterdam University) by Vlaar, Wortel, and Cloetingh, and their disciples, extended these concepts even further into a temporal realm. They demonstrated that internal and external forces acting upon the mountain belt (e.g., slab pull and intra-plate stress field modulations due to large scale reorganisations of the tectonic plates) result in both longer episodes and shorter phases of general extension and compression acting both upon and inside mountain belts and tectonic arches (See e.g. for extensive reviews, bibliography and discussions on the literature: Van Dijk (1992),[22] Van Dijk and Okkes (1991),[23] Van Dijk & Scheepers (1995),[24] and Van Dijk et al. (2000a)[25]).", "Geography of Europe Europe is sometimes called a \"peninsula of peninsulas\", to draw attention to the fact that Europe is a relatively small, elongated appendage to Asia, and that a large part of Europe is made up of peninsulas.[1]", "Geography of Europe Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents. Physiographically, it is the northwestern peninsula of the larger landmass known as Eurasia (or the larger Afro-Eurasia); Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass and all share a common continental shelf. Europe's eastern frontier is delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia. The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined, but the modern definition is generally the Ural River or, less commonly, the Emba River. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains (or, less commonly, the Kura River in the Caucasus), and on to the Black Sea. The Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean. Iceland, though on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and nearer to Greenland (North America) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe for cultural reasons and because it is over twice as close to mainland Europe than to mainland North America. There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe falls.", "Italy At the end of 2013, Italy had 60,782,668 inhabitants.[187] The resulting population density, at 202 inhabitants per square kilometre (520/sqÂ mi), is higher than that of most Western European countries. However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven. The most densely populated areas are the Po Valley (that accounts for almost a half of the national population) and the metropolitan areas of Rome and Naples, while vast regions such as the Alps and Apennines highlands, the plateaus of Basilicata and the island of Sardinia are very sparsely populated.", "Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea,[2] bordered in the southwest by the Apennine or Italian Peninsula, in the northwest by the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and in the northeast by Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania—the Balkan peninsula. In the southeast, the Adriatic Sea connects to the Ionian Sea at the 72-kilometre (45 mi) wide Strait of Otranto.[3] The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the boundary between the Adriatic and the Ionian seas as a line running from the Butrinto River's mouth (latitude 39°44'N) in Albania to the Karagol Cape in Corfu, through this island to the Kephali Cape (these two capes are in latitude 39°45'N), and on to the Santa Maria di Leuca Cape (latitude 39°48'N).[4] It extends 800 kilometres (500 mi) from the northwest to the southeast and is 200 kilometres (120 mi) wide. It covers 138,600 square kilometres (53,500 sq mi) and has a volume of 35,000 cubic kilometres (8,400 cu mi). The Adriatic extends northwest from 40° to 45°47' north, representing the Mediterranean's northernmost portion.[3] The sea is geographically divided into the Northern Adriatic, Central (or Middle) Adriatic, and Southern Adriatic.[5] The Adriatic Sea drainage basin encompasses 235,000 square kilometres (91,000 sq mi), yielding a land–sea ratio of 1.8. The drainage basin's mean elevation is 782 metres (2,566 ft) above sea level, with a mean slope of 12.1°.[6] Major rivers discharging into the Adriatic include the Po, Soča, Krka, Neretva, Drin, Bojana, and Vjosë.[7][8] In the late 19th century, Austria-Hungary established a geodetic network with an elevation benchmark using the average Adriatic Sea level at the Sartorio pier in Trieste, Italy. The benchmark was subsequently retained by Austria, adopted by Yugoslavia, and retained by the states that emerged after its dissolution.[9][10] In 2016, Slovenia adopted a new elevation benchmark referring to the upgraded tide gauge station in the coastal town of Koper.[11]", "Apennine Mountains \"The paradox of how contraction and extension can occur simultaneously in convergent mountain belts remains a fundamental and largely unresolved problem in continental dynamics.\"", "Italy The country's total area is 301,230 square kilometres (116,306 sq mi), of which 294,020 km2 (113,522 sq mi) is land and 7,210 km2 (2,784 sq mi) is water. Including the islands, Italy has a coastline and border of 7,600 kilometres (4,722 miles) on the Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian seas (740 km (460 mi)), and borders shared with France (488 km (303 mi)), Austria (430 km (267 mi)), Slovenia (232 km (144 mi)) and Switzerland (740 km (460 mi)). San Marino (39 km (24 mi)) and Vatican City (3.2 km (2.0 mi)), both enclaves, account for the remainder.", "Italian Peninsula The peninsula has mainly a Mediterranean climate, though in the mountainous parts the climate is much cooler. Its natural vegetation includes macchia along the coasts and deciduous and mixed deciduous coniferous forests in the interior.", "San Marino San Marino is an enclave (landlocked) surrounded by Italy in Southern Europe, on the border between the regioni of Emilia Romagna and Marche and about 10 km (6.21 mi) from the Adriatic coast at Rimini. Its hilly topography, with no flat ground, is part of the Apennine mountain range. The highest point in the country, the summit of Monte Titano, is 749 m (2,457 ft) above sea level. There are no bodies of water of any significant size. San Marino is the third smallest country in Europe, with only Vatican City and Monaco being smaller. It is also the fifth smallest country in the world.[23]", "Prehistoric Italy The people of the Apennine culture were, at least in part, cattle herdsmen grazing their ungulates over the meadows and groves of mountainous central Italy, including on the Capitoline Hill at Rome, as shown by the presence of their pottery in the earliest layers of occupation. The primary picture is of a population that lived in small hamlets located in defensible places. There is evidence that herdsmen, when traveling between summer pastures, built temporary camps or lived in caves and rock shelters. However, their range was not confined to the hills, nor was their culture confined to herding cattle, as shown by sites like Coppa Nevigata, a well-defended and somewhat sizeable coastal site where a variety of subsistence strategies were practiced alongside advanced industries such as dye production.", "Appalachian Mountains The range is mostly in the United States (U.S.) but it extends into southeastern Canada, forming a zone from 100 to 300 mi (160 to 480 km) wide, running from the island of Newfoundland 1,500 mi (2,400 km) southwestward to Central Alabama in the United States.[discuss] The range covers parts of the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which comprise an overseas territory of France. The system is divided into a series of ranges, with the individual mountains averaging around 3,000 ft (910 m). The highest of the group is Mount Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), which is the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River.", "List of peninsulas Europe is sometimes considered to be a large peninsula extending off Eurasia.[7] As such, it is one of the largest peninsulas in the world and the only one to have the status as a full continent, largely as a matter of convention rather than science. It is composed of many smaller peninsulas, the four main component peninsulas being the Iberian, Scandinavian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas.", "Appalachian Mountains Definitions vary on the precise boundaries of the Appalachians. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) defines the Appalachian Highlands physiographic division as consisting of thirteen provinces: the Atlantic Coast Uplands, Eastern Newfoundland Atlantic, Maritime Acadian Highlands, Maritime Plain, Notre Dame and Mégantic Mountains, Western Newfoundland Mountains, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, Saint Lawrence Valley, Appalachian Plateaus, New England province, and the Adirondack areas.[6][7] A common variant definition does not include the Adirondack Mountains, which geologically belong to the Grenville Orogeny and have a different geological history from the rest of the Appalachians.[8][9][10]", "Italy Thanks to the great longitudinal extension of the peninsula and the mostly mountainous internal conformation, the climate of Italy is highly diverse. In most of the inland northern and central regions, the climate ranges from humid subtropical to humid continental and oceanic. In particular, the climate of the Po valley geographical region is mostly continental, with harsh winters and hot summers.[106][107]", "Apennine Mountains The upper Bormida can be reached by a number of roads proceeding inland at a right angle to the coast southwest of Savona, the chief one being the Autostrada Torino-Savona. They ascend to the Bocchetta di Altare, sometimes called Colle di Cadibona, 436 m (1,430 ft), the border between the Ligurian Alps along the coast to the west and the Ligurian Apennines. A bronze plaque fixed to a stone marks the top of the pass. In the vicinity are fragments of the old road and three ruins of former fortifications.", "Southern Italy Southern Italy is generally thought to comprise the administrative regions of Abruzzo, Apulia, Basilicata, Campania, Calabria, Molise, Sicily, and usually Sardinia.[6][7][8] Some also include the southernmost and easternmost parts of Lazio (the Sora, Cassino, Gaeta, Cittaducale, Formia, and Amatrice districts) within the Mezzogiorno, since they were once part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and southern Italian lects are spoken. The island of Sardinia, although for cultural, linguistic and historical reasons having less in common with the aforementioned regions, is frequently included as Southern Italy or Mezzogiorno, often for statistical and economical purposes.[8][9]" ]	[ "Apennine Mountains The Apennines[1] or Apennine Mountains (/ˈæpənaɪn/; Greek: Ἀπέννινα ὄρη;[2] Latin: Appenninus or Apenninus Mons—a singular used in the plural;[note 1] Italian: Appennini [appenˈniːni])[3] are a mountain range consisting of parallel smaller chains extending c. 1,200 km (750 mi) along the length of peninsular Italy. In the northwest they join with the Ligurian Alps at Altare. In the southwest they end at Reggio di Calabria, the coastal city at the tip of the peninsula. Since the year 2000 the Environment Ministry of Italy, following the recommendations of the Apennines Park of Europe Project, has been defining the Apennines System to include the mountains of north Sicily, for a total distance of 1,500 kilometres (930 mi).[4] The system forms an arc enclosing the east side of the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian Seas." ]
test2732	when does elena turn into a vampire in the tv series	[ "doc93722", "doc93734" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc93728", "doc1715535", "doc93722", "doc93729", "doc93733", "doc122694", "doc291095", "doc93732", "doc93731", "doc1715534", "doc20229", "doc315181", "doc2523", "doc2511", "doc2510", "doc93727", "doc2512", "doc77567", "doc77568", "doc93739", "doc93721", "doc954168", "doc2509", "doc1877013", "doc93734", "doc425833", "doc93736", "doc93726", "doc93730", "doc291096", "doc291084", "doc93724", "doc1040923", "doc77566", "doc122696", "doc2546", "doc315192", "doc425838", "doc2519", "doc291091", "doc1652803", "doc2556", "doc425837", "doc315180", "doc77563", "doc77559", "doc93723", "doc122699", "doc2522", "doc272149", "doc291089", "doc77562", "doc2532", "doc1032620", "doc122693", "doc291093", "doc291094", "doc77569", "doc77573", "doc1040916", "doc277615", "doc1171361", "doc291086", "doc315206", "doc1715537", "doc315205", "doc954174", "doc2524", "doc1040920", "doc20234", "doc20225", "doc93735", "doc20228", "doc77561", "doc2518", "doc16744", "doc1040929", "doc315183", "doc1040913", "doc315199", "doc315207", "doc1877012", "doc954172", "doc2516", "doc93725", "doc77572", "doc2533244", "doc1032619", "doc2514", "doc1877011", "doc2092586", "doc122686", "doc1715532", "doc1040922", "doc1040910", "doc122683", "doc1715531", "doc312209", "doc2533254", "doc1163269" ]	[ "Elena Gilbert Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series, Elena was turned into a vampire too early, which was around page 200 of The Awakening.[16] Elena's transition into a vampire was planned for two years. Plec said: \"That felt obviously too soon, and rushed, and we didnâ€™t want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire. But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually\".[16] At the second season's conclusion, Elena was nearly turned into a vampire.[1] Dobrev was happy that she wasn't, because she felt \"it would have been too soon\", and also didn't think it was something Elena or she wanted.[1]", "The Departed (The Vampire Diaries) The episode marks a pivotal point in the series; where Elena begins transition marks a change in the series' dynamic. The plot to turn Elena had been in the works since the series began, where executive producers Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec had signed on to the project and agreed that at some point, she would be turned.[3] Initially, this plot was to be used by the end of the second season.[3]", "Elena Gilbert Much of Elena's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother, Damon. It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger, which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor, Katherine Pierce (née Katerina Petrova). This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature. Dobrev portrayed the \"conniving\" Katherine as well, who is opposite of Elena. The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two, and enjoys playing them both. In the television series's fourth season, Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change. She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season. In the finale of the sixth season, Kai linked Elena to Bonnie's life by magic. Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years. She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb, which was changed in the seventh season, and was relocated in Brooklyn, New York. In late 2016, when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season, Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode. After much speculation. Dobrev's return was confirmed on January 26, 2017, via an Instagram post. Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce.", "Elena Gilbert In the show's third season, Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion, and begins to die.[17] In what was described by the International Business Times as \"the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for\", Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to. At the time, Klaus was killed, meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die, which includes Damon and Stefan. She picks to say goodbye to Stefan.[17] However, all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies. To save her, Doctor Merideth Fell (Torrey DeVitto) fed Elena Damon's blood. Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge, unaware of the vampire blood in her system. She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season.[17] The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec, and described her transition as \"monumental changes\" which would have Elena in for a \"wild ride\". Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is \"an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes\", and \"she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly\".[18] While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone, Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to \"rip the band-aid off\".[18] Plec felt that \"She’s, unfortunately, not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world. It’s going to make it more difficult for her\",[18] while describing the situation as \"a whole new Elena and it’s a whole new day. It’s a different dynamic between the three of them especially\".[18]", "Elena Gilbert In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back, which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two. Meanwhile, she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus, eventually even sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition.", "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries) Continuing his quest to release his werewolf abilities, Klaus compels Isobel Saltzman to locate the latest Petrova doppelganger, Elena Gilbert, her own daughter. Klaus is then able to perform the ritual. He sacrifices Tyler Lockwood's werewolf friend, Jules, and turns Jenna Sommers into a vampire before killing her. Finally, Klaus drains Elena of blood (though she lives thanks to a ritualistic sacrifice made by her biological father, John Gilbert) and thus completes the ritual, becoming a fully functional vampire-werewolf hybrid.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 2) Elena realizes that the real curse is on Klaus, who therefore wants to kill her. But Elijah says he has an elixir that can save Elena from dying. Elena believes Elijah, but Damon says that there is another way to save her life and feeds her his blood. Stefan tries to stop him, but he stabs in the chest with the wooden dagger. Elena then cries that she will be a vampire against her will. Maddox kidnaps Tyler and Caroline. Damon frees them and is bitten. Then he goes to Klaus to tell him that he does not have a werewolf and witch, as he killed Maddox. Klaus says that he has backups. Klaus takes Elena from Stefan. Elena sees Jenna, who thinks she is dead, but Greta tells her she is transitioning. Damon asks Katherine about the vampire, and she says that Jenna is the backup vampire. He then checks his arm and sees that Tyler has bitten him.", "Elena Gilbert In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgÃ¤nger, having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce, which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later happens, but Elena is saved, because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie. However, her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite, she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon's last day, however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus' blood.", "Elena Gilbert Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953. It is later revealed that he is a 162-year-old vampire. Damon also begins falling for Elena. After she and Stefan slept together, Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her. Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago, and the person who turned them into vampires. He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death. At the end of season one, Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda weren't her biological parents, and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John, who she grew up hating, were.", "The Departed (The Vampire Diaries) Matt forces Elena to leave Mystic Falls with him to keep her away from the vampire attacks that have recently put her in harm's way. On the way, Elena realizes she loves Stefan and between her love for him and for Damon, she chooses Stefan, claiming that perhaps if she had met Damon first, things would be different (however, in a flashback it is revealed she did meet Damon first although he compelled her to forget the encounter). Rebekah, enraged and desolate, decides to kill Alaric by killing Elena and causes them to drive off a bridge. Alaric dies in Damon's arms after Elena drowns, but appears to Jeremy as a ghost to say goodbye. Damon realizes Alaric's death means Elena must have died and rushes to the hospital where Meredith Fell (Torrey DeVitto) reveals that when Elena was in the hospital earlier in the day, she had suffered from cerebral hemorrhaging so Meredith had given Elena vampire blood to heal and save her. The consequences of the vampire blood treatment and Elena's drowning are then revealed as Elena opens her eyes in the hospital, in transition to becoming a vampire.", "The Vampire Diaries The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century. It follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), a teenage girl who has just lost both parents in a car accident, as she falls in love with a 162-year-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) returns, with a plan to bring back their past lover Katherine Pierce, a vampire who looks exactly like Elena. Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire, he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena, creating a love triangle among the three. Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and threats to their town, including Katherine. The brothers' history and the town's mythology are revealed through flashbacks as the series goes on.", "Damon Salvatore In the third season, Damon helps Elena in bringing his brother, Stefan, back to Mystic Falls after Stefan becomes Klaus' henchman. The arrangement transpired after a bargain for his blood that would cure Damon of the werewolf bite he had received from Tyler. At first, he is reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts, employing Alaric Saltzman, Elena's guardian, instead as Klaus does not know that Elena is alive after the sacrifice which frees Klaus' hybrid side. However, Elena involves herself, desperate to find Stefan. Damon, though hesitant at first, is unable to refuse her because of his love for her. He also points out to her that she once turned back from finding Stefan since she knew Damon would be in danger, clearly showing that she also has feelings for him. He tells her that \"when (he) drag(s) (his) brother from the edge to deliver him back to (her), (he) wants her to remember the things (she) felt while he was gone.\" When Stefan finally returns to Mystic Falls, his attitude is different from that of the first and second seasons. This causes a rift between Elena and Stefan whereas the relationship between Damon and Elena becomes closer and more intimate. A still loyal Elena, however, refuses to admit her feelings for Damon. In 'Dangerous Liaisons', Elena, frustrated with her feelings for him, tells Damon that his love for her may be a problem, and that this could be causing all their troubles. This incenses Damon, causing him to revert to the uncaring and reckless Damon seen in the previous seasons. The rocky relationship between the two continues until the sexual tension hits the fan and in a moment of heated passion, Elena – for the first time in the three seasons – kisses Damon of her own accord. This kiss finally causes Elena to admit that she loves both brothers and realize that she must ultimately make her choice as her own ancestress, Katherine Pierce, who turned the brothers, once did. In assessment of her feelings for Damon, she states this: \"Damon just sort of snuck up on me. He got under my skin and no matter what I do, I can't shake him.\" In the season finale, a trip designed to get her to safety forces Elena to make her choice: to go to Damon and possibly see him one last time; or to go to Stefan and her friends and see them one last time. She chooses the latter when she calls Damon to tell him her decision. Damon, who is trying to stop Alaric, accepts what she says and she tells him that maybe if she had met Damon before she had met Stefan, her choice may have been different. This statement causes Damon to remember the first night he did meet Elena which was, in fact, the night her parents died - before she had met Stefan. Not wanting anyone to know he was in town and after giving her some advice about life and love, Damon compels her to forget. He remembers this as he fights Alaric and seems accepting of his death when Alaric, whose life line is tied to Elena's, suddenly collapses in his arms. Damon is grief-stricken, knowing that this means that Elena has also died and yells, \"No! You are not dead!\" A heartbroken Damon then goes to the hospital demanding to see Elena when the doctor, Meredith Fell, tells him that she gave Elena vampire blood. The last shot of the season finale episode shows Elena in transition.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he reveals to her that he is a vampire. However, Damon returns to Mystic Falls and also falls in love with Elena. As the series progresses, Damon and Stefan rebuild their brotherly bonds. Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series, which left him weaker than other vampires. In season two, Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength. When Katherine returns, it is discovered that she has always been in love with Stefan and not Damon; however, Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine. Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire. After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite, Klaus turns Stefan into a Ripper again.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan regain his humanity, which he switched off to satisfy, and tolerate, Klaus. She grows closer to Damon while working together to save Stefan and try to defeat Klaus, eventually sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well, but that she never stopped loving Stefan. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parents' death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system; she then awakens as a vampire in transition.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In season two, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgÃ¤nger, exactly resembling Katherine Pierce, which means that she can be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. The sacrifice later takes place, but Elena is saved because John sacrificed himself for her after Bonnie magically enchants him. However, her Aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and, as part of the sacrifice, is killed by Klaus, leaving Elena without a guardian. In the season two finale, while Damon is dying from a werewolf bite, she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him. Damon is cured by drinking Klaus' blood. However, in order to convince Klaus to give his blood to Damon, Stefan had to turn into his \"Ripper\" self and accompany Klaus.", "Elena Gilbert After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena \"really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real\", and the couple \"wants to be together and realizes that they shouldnâ€™t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?\"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully. In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon. Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In season four, Elena must decide whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. After realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, Elena completes her transition. She claims that choosing Stefan was the best choice she'd ever made. However, their relationship ends due to her heightened feelings for Damon. Damon later realizes there is a sire bond between them, complicating the truth behind their relationship. Damon makes Elena turn off her humanity to avoid her grief when Jeremy is killed searching for a cure for vampirism. Elena becomes ruthless without her emotions. When she turns on her emotions again, her sire bond to Damon has been broken, though she remains in love with him. During a confrontation with Katherine, Elena shoves the cure down Katherine's throat, forcing her to become human again.", "Stefan Salvatore Stefan and Elena begin a relationship and he revealed to her that he is a vampire. However, Damon returns to Mystic Falls, too, and also falls in love with Elena. Further on in the series, Damon and Stefan start to bond as brothers again and it becomes apparent that they do love each other. Because of his addiction to human blood, Stefan only drank animal blood in the beginning of the series, which made him weaker than other vampires. In season two, Stefan starts to take small amounts of Elena's blood each day to mitigate its effect on him and to increase his strength. When Katherine returns it is discovered that she had always loved Stefan and not Damon; however, Stefan is in love with Elena and not interested in Katherine. Stefan starts to build a friendship with Caroline Forbes after she is turned into a vampire. After Klaus gives Stefan his blood to save Damon from a werewolf bite, he turns Stefan into a Ripper again.", "Stefan Salvatore Stefan starts working for him as he agreed to do to save Damon, and hopes it might also protect Elena by making sure Klaus never returns to Mystic Falls, since he believes her to be dead. Klaus later finds out and compels Stefan to kill her, but when he is able to resist the compulsion, Klaus makes him turn his humanity and emotions off. However, he is later able to get his humanity back, which is seen when he saves Klaus's life to protect Damon, but yet he pretends not to care about Elena anymore. He then takes it upon himself to kill Klaus. He steals Klaus's family as retaliation, and uses them as blackmail, when that fails (the witches give Klaus the coffins when he threatens to end the Bennett line), Stefan threatens to drive Elena off Wickery Bridge with vampire blood in her system if Klaus doesn't get his hybrids out of town, Klaus agrees at the last minute. He and Elena get into a fight. In the season three finale, he kisses Elena. In the end, Elena chooses Stefan over Damon, but when Rebekah causes Matt's truck to drive off Wickery Bridge, she is trapped underwater. Stefan barely gets there in time, but Elena makes him save Matt first and she drowns. It is later revealed Dr. Fell gave Elena vampire blood, meaning she died with vampire blood in her system. Then she became a vampire.", "Elena Gilbert Elena has received mainly positive reviews. Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise, Twilight, and its protagonist Bella Swan. West said \"Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella, she has two immortal vampires fighting over her\".[2] After she transitioned into a vampire, Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the \"fierce\" and \"ripper\" side of Elena would emerge when \"someone messes with the people she loves\".[19] McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire, \"their strongest personality traits are heightened\", and hoped that wouldn't see Elena's \"compassion and selflessness\" double into \"helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health\".[19] Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena \"has had a taste for blood\", she would lose control. Prior to her becoming a vampire, Ross thought she was less fun and \"slightly boring\", and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and \"stop protecting everyone's feelings\".[20]", "Elena Gilbert Elena Gilbert is a fictional character and protagonist in the novel series The Vampire Diaries. In The Vampire Diaries, set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, she is portrayed by Nina Dobrev. In the books, Elena was blonde, popular, selfish and a \"mean girl\". However the show's producers, Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson, felt that it wasn't the direction they wanted to go with their heroine in The Vampire Diaries television series. Instead, she became a nicer, relatable and more of \"the girl next door\" type, until her life gets flipped upside down when she meets the Salvatores. In April 2015, Nina Dobrev announced that she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale.", "The Sun Also Rises (The Vampire Diaries) Caroline (Candice Accola) and Matt (Zach Roerig) are still trapped while Tyler (Michael Trevino) tries to kill them. Matt shoots him with the wooden bullets so he and Caroline can escape while Elena (Nina Dobrev) tries to explain Jenna (Sara Canning) what is happening and that she is in transition to become a vampire. Greta (Lisa Tucker) comes to complete the transition offering Jenna her blood and Jenna cannot resist and she drinks it.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In season one, surviving a car accident which killed her parents, Elena reluctantly returns to school for her junior year and begins dating a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. It is later revealed that he is a 162-year-old vampire. Stefan's brother, Damon, also begins falling for Elena. After Stefan and Elena sleep together, she finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her. Stefan reveals that this woman caused the brothers to feud 145 years ago, and turned them into vampires. He says that she was adopted and is actually a descendant of Katherine, and that he saved her the night of her parents' deaths. At the end of season one, Elena meets her birth mother, Isobel, who is now a vampire, and discovers that her uncle John, who she grew up hating, is her natural father.", "Katherine Pierce During Katherine's five centuries of life she became one of the most ruthless, notorious and infamous vampires in history. Katherine promises John Gilbert that she will help protect her descendant Elena Gilbert, even though the younger doppelgÃ¤nger is her competition for the Salvatores' affections. She is initially portrayed as the main antagonist, but upon the arrival of Elijah, one of the Original vampires, Katherine is clearly terrified by the prospect of finally being caught by Klaus. Once she escapes at the end of the second season, she flees Mystic Falls almost immediately. Later returning to Mystic Falls in season 4; killing Elena's brother Jeremy Gilbert, to acquire a cure for vampirism while trying to negotiate a deal with Klaus for her freedom. This however; backfires on her, when Elena shoves the cure into her mouth during a fight, turning her human. Over the next season Katherine finds her long lost daughter, Nadia Petrova. Katherine's body is over 500 years and can't hold up to her being human. So, together Katherine and Nadia decide to plant Katherine's soul into Elena's body, but once Elena's friends discover this, she is stabbed to be extracted from Elena's body and she dies beside her daughter who dies just moments earlier from a hybrid bite.", "Elena Gilbert In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 1) The series focuses on the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, that is charged with supernatural history. It follows Elena Gilbert portrayed by Nina Dobrev as she begins to get over her parents' death and two vampire brothers, Stefan and Damon Salvatore, portrayed by Paul Wesley and Ian Somerhalder, respectively. Kayla Ewell portrayed Vicki Donovan for the first seven episodes until her character was killed off. Matt Davis was later cast as a history teacher in a recurring role to fill the void. He was later upgraded to series regular status.[4] The season concluded on May 13, 2010, comprising 22 episodes.[5]", "Elena Gilbert In season six, Elena starts back at Whitmore, and is unable to set foot in her hometown. She is also unable to recover from Damon's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians, drink their blood, then compel them to forget, but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims, Sarah, comes to town. Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, which Alaric is able to do, due to him being an Enhanced Original, with the ability to compel other vampires. She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done. After a number of failed attempts, Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon. She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon, should she ever need them again. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but decides to stay the way she is, as she doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again. She starts to date her classmate, Liam. Once Damon comes back to life, Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion, a decision she is reluctant to make. She eventually decides to have him undo it, but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls, causing him to lose his vampire status (he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed), meaning he will not be able to do so. She is then left to finally come face-to-face with Damon and see if she'll still feel the same way about him. They eventually rekindle their relationship,Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon. At Alaric's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena, linking her life to Bonnie's. She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn. She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon, Stefan and Caroline again one day.", "Elena Gilbert Before The Vampire Diaries, Elena dated Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig), who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break-up.[11] Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley), and later discovered he was a vampire.[12] As the episodes progressed, she developed a connection with Stefan's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder), who consumes human blood, unlike Stefan, who has an animal blood diet.[13] Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena, Dobrev said they have \"different qualities that are very appealing\", which combined make \"the perfect man\". She said \"Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving, and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting\".[5]", "Elena Gilbert Elena Gilbert is born on June 22, 1992 in Mystic Falls, Virginia to John Gilbert (David Anders) and Isobel Flemming (Mia Kirshner) while they were still in highschool. With the help of John's brother Grayson, Isobel and John flee town days later, leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own. A doctor, Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda. The next year, Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own, Jeremy Gilbert. Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan, who was her first love. On 23 May 2009, Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party. The three of them later end up in a car accident, with their car driving off a bridge. Stefan Salvatore finds them, and saves Elena, but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda, who died. It remained unknown for months who saved Elena, and it was considered a miracle that she lived. Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 2) In the season's finale, Klaus is working on the ritual out in the woods and is near completion when he is about to kill Elena, but Stefan tries to work a deal with him. Klaus agrees to have Stefan work for him in exchange for Damon's protection. Elena is \"killed\" in the ritual but is shown to have survived. Regardless, Klaus's werewolf side is unleashed and he becomes the first hybrid, half vampire half werewolf. Bonnie arrives and subdues Klaus with her powers, giving Elijah the opportunity to strike, but Klaus talks him down offering to help find their siblings. Elena's survival is revealed as John had Bonnie cast a spell that had him die in Elena's place. The next morning John succumbs and dies. At his funeral, Elena reads a note from John saying he will always love her and she will always be his daughter, even if she becomes a vampire. Damon also shows where he was bitten and walks away.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 2) The Vampire Diaries, an American supernatural drama, was officially renewed by The CW for a full 22-episode season on February 16, 2010.[1] The first episode premiered on September 9, 2010, at 8 p.m. ET.[2] The season picks up immediately after the events of the season one finale. All the series regulars returned.[3] Season two focuses on the return of Elena Gilbert's (Nina Dobrev) doppelgänger, Katherine Pierce, the introduction of werewolves, the sun and moon curse, and the arrival of the original vampires. Tyler Lockwood's (Michael Trevino) uncle, Mason Lockwood (Taylor Kinney), arrives in town searching for the moonstone, a family heirloom. Tyler later learns of his family's werewolf curse. Meanwhile, Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola) is killed by Katherine while having Damon Salvatore's (Ian Somerhalder) blood in her system, turning her into a vampire. The arrival of the original vampires, Elijah (Daniel Gillies) and Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan), also bring about complications. Klaus is a vampire-werewolf hybrid, but his werewolf side had been forced into dormancy by witches, as nature would not stand for such an imbalance in power. Therefore, Klaus arrives in town with plans to break the curse and unleash his werewolf side by channelling the power of the full moon into the moonstone, sacrificing a vampire and a werewolf, and drinking the blood of the doppelgänger. The season is currently on air in Urdu on filmax channel in Pakistan. It became available on DVD and Blu-ray on August 30, 2011.[4]", "Elena Gilbert Dobrev said that after reading the script, she was drawn to Elena because she was \"this average girl who was damaged in many ways\".[5] Initially, she believed that she would be playing the \"bad girl\" Elena from the books, but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character.[4] After researching, Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena's 534-year-old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the \"complete opposite\".[5] Dobrev described this as \"one of the rarest, coolest opportunities in television, to play two people on the same medium\". She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena.[5] Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger, Katherine; \"Changing my hair helps me transform,\" she told Glamour.[6] Additionally, she said \"I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show — I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it\".[4] Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena, and found it \"interesting\" to create a whole new character.[1] In the novels, Katherine originated from Germany. However, in the television series, she is Bulgarian, as is Dobrev, who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said, \"The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day. One thing led to the other and voila\".[7]", "The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries) The episode ends with Elena driving back home in tears when suddenly a figure appears in front of her. She tries to avoid him but she hits him and her car flips over trapping her in the driver's seat. She turns her head and watches that the figure reanimates itself, gets up and starts walking towards her.", "Stefan Salvatore Stefan Salvatore was born on November 1, 1847 and raised in Mystic Falls, Virginia to Giuseppe Salvatore and Lily Salvatore. Stefan is the younger brother of Damon. When Stefan and Damon were human, they were very close and were best friends in life. Damon always confided and trusted in Stefan and they always defended each other, especially to their father, and was fiercely loyal to him. However, this all seemed to change when Stefan and Damon fell in love with the same girl, Katherine Pierce, who turned out to be a vampire. Stefan fell deeply in love with Katherine before finding out she was a vampire. Katherine, however, compelled Stefan to not be afraid, also to keep her secret and go on as they were. It was also revealed that Katherine compelled Stefan to drink her vampire blood against his will. Damon, on the other hand, drank Katherine's blood willingly, wanting and desiring the immortal life in order to spend an eternity with Katherine. In 1864, Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father, Giuseppe, along with his brother, Damon with Katherine's blood in his system, before accidentally killing his father during a visit to tell him that he was going to let himself die. Damon, who turned into a vampire as well, promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan. A newborn vampire with uncontrollable blood lust, Stefan was unable to resist the temptations of human blood and became severely out of control and addicted (later on known as the Ripper) to the blood, killing many people because of his lack of control and extreme bloodlust. However, Stefan learned to change his ways when he was taught to control it by a vampire named Alexia \"Lexi\" Branson, who later on became Stefan's best friend and companion. In 1942, Stefan enlisted in the Army to fight in World War II (4x08 \"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street\"). After decades of absence from the town he called home, Stefan returned to Mystic Falls to visit his home and Zach. On May 23, 2009, Stefan heard the Gilbert's car accident at Wickery Bridge. It was then and there that Stefan fatefully encountered Elena Gilbert for the first time. After only being able to save Elena, Stefan noticed that she looked exactly like Katherine.", "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries) At one point, Klaus blackmails Stefan into helping him create more hybrids, by threatening to kill his brother Damon. Klaus forces Stefan to return to his old, deadly ways, and returns Stefan to the Salvatores' former sociopathic persona, known as \"The Ripper\".[9] When Klaus discovers that he needs Elena's blood to create his hybrid army, he sends Stefan back to Mystic Falls to keep an eye on her, but also forces Stefan to turn off his emotions (an ability that all vampires have). Tyler Lockwood ends up becoming Klaus' first successful hybridized victim.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In season two, John Gilbert begins to cause trouble between Jenna and Alaric, and Jenna suspects that Alaric is not completely honest with her. When Isobel Flemming, Alaric's supposed dead wife, shows up at Jenna's door, Jenna becomes angry with Elena and Alaric â€“ who then tell her everything about vampires. Jenna was later turned into a vampire by Klaus, to be used in the sacrifice to release his werewolf side. She attempts to kill Greta Martin, Klaus' witch, to stop the sacrifice and saves Elena, at which point Klaus stakes her to death.", "Damon Salvatore In the season finale 'Graduation', he tries to give the cure to Elena, but Elena refuses, which tells him that there is no more sire bond. He gets shot by Vaughn with a bullet laced with werewolf venom, and almost dies, but Klaus comes back to Mystic Falls and saves him. At the end of the episode, Elena proclaims her love for him stating that of all the decisions she has made choosing him will prove to be the worse one.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 1) Jeremy falls in love with Vicki Donovan, Matt's sister, who uses drugs like him, but she was dating Tyler and starts a rivalry between the boys. Vicki breaks up with Tyler for Jeremy. She is later turned into a vampire by Damon, but her bloodlust was out of control and she is killed by Stefan. Jeremy witnesses this and Elena asks Damon to make Jeremy forget this to spare him the pain. Matt on the other hand is devastated.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters During season five Katherine struggles with being human again. She learns that her long-lost daughter, Nadia, is a vampire in Mystic Falls. Silas drains Katherine of all of her blood, to get the cure, and Katherine returns to life. However, she rapidly descends into old age from the 500 years of her existence. She uses her Traveler heritage to transfer her consciousness into Elena's body as hers dies, eventually taking control of Elena's body and masquerading as Elena to win Stefan's affection. Stefan and Caroline learn her identity and Stefan stabs her with the Traveler's Knife, releasing Katherine's soul from Elena's body. However, Katherine had injected Elena's body with Dr. Wes Maxfield's experimental \"Ripper Serum\", to turn Elena into a vampire who feeds from other vampires along with werewolf venom. An unknown force denies Katherine access to the Other Side and she was left in a dark void.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 2) Klaus, one of the original vampires, arrives and is now hunting Elena. His brother Elijah has made a deal with Elena to protect her loved ones, because he wants to use her as bait to lure Klaus and kill him. Jules, a friend of Mason, tells the Lockwoods that Mason never came back to Florida and is missing. Alaric is suspicious of Jules and calls Damon to the Grill (local town hangout). Jules reveals that she is a werewolf. Damon tells Jules she won't find Mason and to leave town. Jules breaks into the Salvatore mansion in wolf form and attacks Damon, but Rose pushes him out of the way, getting bitten on the shoulder instead (werewolf bites are lethal to vampires). As Rose succumbs to the effects of the bite, Damon stakes her in a glorious dream they share, giving her a peaceful death.", "The Rager Matt comes over to Elena's so she can feed but her rage over the day mixed with her thirst for blood causes her to feed more than normal and almost kills him before Damon stops her and saves him. He compels Matt to forget it and tells Elena that he will show her the \"right\" way of being a vampire... which is his way. In the last scene you see that Klaus actually saved the hunter and tells him that he is \"The most well protected vampire hunter in town.\"", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In season two, Caroline was fed Damon's blood to heal her injuries; however, Katherine kills her and Caroline feeds on a bag of human blood at the hospital, turning into a vampire. Stefan helps Caroline control her bloodlust and they build a friendship. Caroline also becomes closer to Elena. She discovers that she is not able to control her bloodlust when she is around Matt, and tricks him into breaking up with her in order to protect him. When Tyler Lockwood starts his werewolf transformations, Caroline helps him and he starts to develop romantic feelings for her. However, Caroline is in love with Matt and they get back together as soon as Tyler leaves town. Matt later finds out that Caroline is a vampire; feeling alienated and betrayed, he tells her mother. At first they don't accept her, but when they realize that Caroline has retained her humanity, they soften. However, Matt breaks up with her, due to his aversion of the supernatural since the vampire death of his sister, Vicki. When Tyler returns to Mystic Falls, he and Caroline become closer and in the season three premiere, they sleep together. However, Carol Lockwood finds out Caroline is a vampire and contacts her father, Bill Forbes. He thinks Caroline is a monster and tries to \"fix\" her through torture, but she is saved by her mother and Tyler. Bill and Caroline eventually make amends, and she is devastated when he is killed during season three. Klaus Mikaelson takes a liking to Caroline during this season and she refuses to be wooed by him, staying loyal to her friends despite her attraction to him.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 1) Another supernatural revelation occurs when Elena's friend Bonnie Bennett discovers she is born into a line of witches and is a witch herself. She gets help from her grandmother to use her powers. Elena's friends and acquaintances also become involved such as Tyler Lockwood, son of the mayor, and Matt Donovan, Elena's ex-boyfriend and Caroline Forbes, daughter of the sheriff. It also turns out that Elena is the doppelganger of Katherine Pierce, a woman who, centuries ago, seduced the Salvatore brothers and turned them into vampires, turning their vampire hunting father against them, though Stefan ends up killing him. Katherine was presumably trapped in a tomb beneath the church and Damon is planning on releasing her. Lexi, a friend of Stefan's shows up and befriends Elena, but is killed by Damon, driving a wedge between brothers.", "Damon Salvatore In season two, Katherine tells Damon that she never loved him and that it was always Stefan. Elena says something similar later, leaving Damon heartbroken. As an expression of his anger, pain, and hopelessness, he snaps Jeremy Gilbert's neck, not realizing he is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures or forces. Jeremy survives because of the ring, but Damon's action incurs Elena's wrath and pain. When Bonnie also discovers it was his blood that enabled Caroline Forbes to become a vampire, the two declare their hatred for him, leaving angrier than ever.[7] After saving Elena with Stefan in episode 8 of season 2, Damon shows up in Elena's room with the vervain necklace that was ripped from her neck earlier in the episode. Before he gives it back, he tells Elena that he is in love with her, and because he is in love with her, he cannot be selfish with her. He also states that he doesn't deserve her, but that his brother does. He kisses her forehead and says he wishes she could remember this, but she can't. As the camera shows a close up of Damon's eye as he is compelling Elena to forget, a tear slips. Elena blinks and her vervain necklace is back around her neck, Damon is gone and her window is open with the curtains blowing. She had no recollection as to how the necklace was returned to her. In one episode, Damon joins Rose to find out why the originals are after Elena; after some time and clever banter, the two have sex, stating that they could rid themselves of emotion. However, when Rose, Damon's old friend who turned Katerina, suffers from a werewolf bite, he gives her the memory of her life prior to becoming a vampire, and helps her remember how good it felt to be able to wall and feel the sunlight, without it burning her. During this meaningful moment, Damon mercifully kills her, leaving him to mourn the death of his one of very few friends. Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences, and Elena gives him an affectionate hug to help comfort him after Rose's death. Damon begins showing another side of himself in small acts that help build what once was an impossible friendship between Elena and himself, after she clearly stated that he has lost her forever. After he spares Caroline's mother, Elena says how that was the person she was once friends with. And it's hard for Damon to accept that he has to change to have her in his life, which he explains to Andy Star, his compelled girlfriend a few more episodes in. Damon is bitten by Tyler the werewolf at the end of the season. Elena takes care of him, and right before he is cured by the blood of Klaus, the original hybrid, she gives him a \"goodbye\" kiss, because she was sure he was going to die. She even forgives him, telling him that she cares for him through grief-stricken tears.", "Stefan Salvatore When the original vampire Klaus Mikaelson (Joseph Morgan) is feared dead, it is revealed that everyone in his bloodline will die, including Stefan and Damon. In what International Business Times called \"the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for\", Elena had to pick to say goodbye to Stefan or Damon. She ended up choosing Stefan.[9] When Elena became a vampire, her feelings for Damon heightened, and it was later revealed that she had a sired bond to him.[10] Elena and Stefan broke up, and she began a romance with Damon. Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[11] Wesley urged fans of Stefan and Elena not to lose hope, stating: \"The fans should definitely maintain some hope. The thing to remember is that Stefan and Elena have this love that is so strong, and it was sort of the core of Season 1 — you can’t entirely disregard that\".[12] The show's head writer, Julie Plec, said \"They love each other as deeply as two people can love each other, but that doesn’t mean that their relationship is infallible\".[13]", "Stefan Salvatore Stefan Salvatore is a fictional character from L. J. Smith's novel series The Vampire Diaries. He is portrayed by Paul Wesley in the television series of the same name. Born on November 5, 1846, Stefan was turned into a vampire in 1864, at the age of 17, by Katherine Pierce, with his brother Damon Salvatore.", "Elena Gilbert On March 9, 2009, it was announced that Bulgarian-born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev, known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi: The Next Generation, had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena.[2] She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen, who plays Elena's brother Jeremy Gilbert.[3] Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town.\".[2] Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu, which he described as the \"worst audition ever\", and they \"didn't even look at her a second time\". Dobrev went back home to Canada, yet, still wanting the part, she submitted a videotape audition, which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert.[4]", "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries) In the season three episode, \"Before Sunset\", Klaus is temporarily \"killed\" by the Salvatores and Tyler Lockwood.[10] He tries to kill Elena by draining her of all her blood in order to kill two birds with one stone; (1) have a supply of her blood with which to create a hybrid army, (2) kill the vampire form of the vampire-hating Alaric Saltzman, who desires to kill Klaus, all other vampires and whose life is tied to Elena's by the witch Esther. Subsequently, Elena's friends neutralize Klaus in order to protect her. Instead of staking him, which could potentially kill them all (see \"Mythology\" section), the Salavatore brothers use Bonnie's magic and a dark spell to stop Klaus' heart, which \"desiccates\"[10] him and leaves him immobile and starved of blood, and thus in a seemingly \"dead\" state. A similar spell was performed on Klaus's step-father, Mikael, by Bonnie's mother, Abby Bennett.[10] In the season three finale episode \"The Departed\", Klaus is staked in his coffin by the vampire form of Alaric Saltzman and subsequently, his body burns to ashes, (see \"Mythology\" section). However, Klaus lives on by switching bodies with Tyler Lockwood, through a spell which Bonnie Bennett performs.[11]", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In 1864, Stefan was turned into a vampire after being shot by his father, with Katherine's blood in his system, and accidentally killed his father. Damon, who turned into a vampire as well, promised Stefan an eternity of misery as he was angry that Stefan had forced him to turn and jealous that Katherine had also turned Stefan. A newborn vampire with uncontrollable bloodlust, Stefan became severely out of control (later known as the Ripper) and addicted to the blood, killing many people. However, Stefan was taught by a vampire named Alexia \"Lexi\" Branson, who later became Stefan's best friend or companion. After decades of absence from Mystic Falls, Stefan returned to visit his home and Zach. Stefan heard the Gilbert's car accident at Wickery Bridge and saved Elena, who he noticed looked exactly like Katherine.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 3) Season three begins in the aftermath of Jenna's death and the ceremony which lead the creation of Klaus being the first hybrid this has heavily affected Alaric, Elena, and Jeremy. Stefan is on a ripper binge where he can not control his urges for human blood and continues to become a darker character. In trying to help Stefan, Elena and Damon spend time together and they begin to realize that they have feelings for each other. The both feel guilt over this and do not speak about it out loud but it is a silent truth between the two of them.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 2) The second season focuses mainly on the arrival of Elena's doppelgänger Katherine Pierce and on her reasons for returning to Mystic Falls. It also introduces werewolves. Tyler's werewolf uncle, Mason Lockwood, arrives after the death of Tyler's father and tells Tyler about the so-called \"Lockwood curse\" in their family. To activate the werewolf gene, the person must kill someone. Katherine turns Caroline into a vampire, so as to have a spy against Stefan and Elena. Katherine's main reason for returning to Mystic Falls is to find the moonstone, with the help of Mason, who is killed by Damon. Katherine calls in a favor from a witch named Lucy to get the stone. Lucy casts a spell so that when Katherine is hurt, it also affects Elena.", "Stefan Salvatore Stefan has a love-hate relationship with his brother, Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder). Wesley \"adores\" Somerhalder, who he said he has \"natural chemistry\" with. Wesley stated: \"The dynamic of the characters is so interesting because they love each other, but they hate each other [...] There's always this thing in Stefan's head where he hopes that one day Damon can just be as normal and functioning as possible\".[2] However, he also described their relationship as \"beautiful\" in their flashbacks from the past, because they \"loved each other so much back then\".[2] Stefan begins a romance with Elena on the show's first episode, without telling her he was a vampire.[6] She was later shocked to find out that he was a vampire, and briefly ended their relationship before getting back together.[7] As the show progressed, Elena began developing feelings for Damon as well. Wesley described Damon and Stefan as having a \"silent understanding of the fact that they both are in love with the same girl\", and \"that was Stefan's girl, and now Damon is suddenly a real factor, he's really in the picture\".[8] Wesley's favorite episode of The Vampire Diaries is \"The Turning Point\" because it was \"really beautiful\" for Stefan and Elena as a couple.[2] In the episode, Stefan turns around \"because he's ashamed of his face\" with blood rushing through his eyes and his veins popping out. Wesley said \"he's terrified, and he hates himself for it. He runs from that part of himself, but she turns him around and tells him not to be afraid. She touches his face, and she thinks he's beautiful. It's so intimate, that moment, because she accepts the darkest part of him.\"[2]", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In season two, Katherine tells Damon that she loved Stefan and never loved him. Elena later says something similar, leaving Damon heartbroken. He snaps Jeremy's neck (though Jeremy is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures), incurring Elena's wrath. Bonnie declares hatred for Damon when she learns his blood turned Caroline Forbes into a vampire. After saving Elena and Stefan, Damon confesses his love for Elena but then compels her to forget his selfish words. Damon joins Rose to find out why the Originals are after Elena; they have sex, and Damon comforts Rose when she suffers a fatal werewolf bite. Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences, and Elena cares for Damon when he is bitten by Tyler at the end of the season. Expecting he will die, Elena gives him a kiss, but Damon is later cured by the blood of Klaus, the original hybrid.", "Klaus (The Vampire Diaries) Elena tries to calm Jenna down and tells her the whole truth. Then, she goes back to Elijah, asking him to tell her about the curse. Elijah tells her that his mother was unfaithful to his father and Klaus is a brother from another father, a werewolf, something that makes Klaus both a vampire and a werewolf. Klaus wants to break the curse that is upon him so he can reawaken his werewolf side and create an army of hybrids. Since Klaus is both a vampire and a werewolf, Elijah explains Elena that the dagger cannot kill him, and they have to try to do it using a witch when Klaus is on transition, a moment that makes him weak. Elena tells him that she knows a witch that can channel the power they need, and Elijah tells her that the curse needs to be broken during a full moon.", "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries) When Esther turned the family into vampires, Klaus's blood-lust became particularly strong and he transitioned into a hybrid after his first kill, due to his werewolf gene. Esther later bound his werewolf powers to the moonstone, due to her believing that his hybrid status made him an abomination. In order to obtain his werewolf abilities, Klaus had to perform a ritual in which a werewolf, a vampire and a Petrova doppelganger had to be sacrificed. Klaus first hunted Katerina Petrova, later known as Katherine Pierce, who was from the line of supernatural Petrova doppelgangers. In order to avoid being sacrificed by Klaus and allowing him to gain his werewolf powers, Katerina drinks the blood of a vampire and then kills herself in order to transition into a vampire. She then becomes useless to Klaus because his ritual requires a human doppelganger. Katherine subsequently spends centuries on the run from Klaus, who is enraged at her actions. As a result, Klaus kills her entire family and continues to hunt her obsessively.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 2) Elena finds out that if a vampire uses the dagger, that vampire will die. Stefan warns Damon and Alaric stabs Elijah, but he pulls the dagger out and tells Elena their deal is off. Elena stabs herself in the stomach, and Elijah begs her to let him heal her. She stabs him with the dagger and leaves it in him. Elijah's death means that Katherine is no longer compelled to stay in the tomb. She helps kill the Martin witches. When Isobel returns to town, Katherine double-crosses the Salvatores by kidnapping Elena and stealing the moonstone for Klaus in exchange for her freedom. But it is revealed that Klaus wanted Katherine and compelled Isobel to get her and the moonstone.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 2) Klaus enters Alaric's body and compels Katherine to stay in Alaric's house. Bonnie and Jeremy find the site of the a witch massacre and Bonnie channels all the power. Alaric/Klaus blends with Stefan, Damon, and Elena and finds out that Bonnie has her powers. Damon tells Bonnie to put on a protection spell and make Alaric/Klaus believe that she is dead. Elena does not want Bonnie to die, so she pulls the dagger out of Elijah's heart. After Elijah comes to life, Elena learns the full history of Klaus. The Aztec curse is fake and there is a curse on Klaus, as he is a vampire born in a werewolf bloodline. There is a ritual that involves killing a vampire and a werewolf and a Petrova doppelganger, that will unearth the werewolf side of Klaus making him a hybrid.", "Stefan Salvatore In the season four premiere, Stefan tries to get Bonnie to save her from becoming a full vampire, however, she along with several other vampires are captured by the Founder's Council. As Elena begins to die and out of desperation to keep Elena alive, Stefan kills a guard and uses his blood to allow Elena to feed and to complete her transition into a vampire. Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring, which was made by Bonnie, in order to protect Elena from the sun. Stefan tries to assure Elena that everything will be okay and that they'll take Elena's newborn vampirism one day at a time. During the second episode of season 4, Stefan tries to help Elena cope with her hunger for human blood. After his \"bunny diet\" disagrees with Elena stomach she seeks help from Damon to find an alternative blood source. When blood bags and Damon's own blood fails too, she ends up feeding on Matt under extreme circumstances. Stefan then discovers from Klaus and Rebekah that there is a possible cure for vampirism. Stefan \"teams\" up with Klaus in order to find the possible cure, so that Stefan can give Elena the choice of becoming human again.", "Stefan Salvatore That night Elena comes to stay at the Salvatore house, and Stefan leaves to crash at Caroline's. While there, he and Caroline realize that Elena is sired to Damon. When Stefan informs Damon of this, they go to New Orleans to find the witch that broke a sire bond years ago that Damon had. Stefan and Damon find that in order to break the bond, Damon has to convince Elena not to care about him, and leave her, which Damon agrees to do for Stefan. Post Jeremy's death, Damon convinces Elena to switch off her humanity leading to her becoming brutal and ruthless. Stefan and Damon try constantly to make her feel something again. Later after Elena's humanity comes back, she chooses Damon, leaving Stefan heartbroken. Then Stefan tries to dump Silas body in the river only to find that Silas is still alive. Silas then reveals that Stefan is his doppelganger. Silas was the one who created the immortality spell 2000 years ago however, as nature creates a balance for everything, it created a version of Silas that could be killed, a shadow-self which ends up being Stefan. Silas then locks Stefan into a vault and drowns him in the river. This incident tempts Stefan to turn his humanity off in order to escape. Stefan happens to be in the safe for 3 months where he keeps on hallucinating.", "The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries) Elena catches up with Matt asking him about Caroline and telling him about Stefan. Matt says that he and Caroline are only friends while Caroline watches the two of them talking from a distance. Stefan interrupts them and he tries to update Elena about the new vampire when Jenna comes and tells them that Logan is at the school. Stefan, who knows that Logan was supposed to be dead, realizes that he is the new vampire and leaves to find him. Elena asks what is going on and Stefan asks her to take Jenna and go. Elena understands his tone and leaves, telling Jenna not to talk again to Logan. Meanwhile, Logan asks Stefan how he can walk in the sunlight and he threatens to expose him if he will not tell him. Stefan stands up to him and he leaves.", "As I Lay Dying (The Vampire Diaries) Elena (Nina Dobrev) tries to deal with Jennaâ€™s (Sara Canning) death while Damon (Ian Somerhalder) asks for her forgiveness for feeding her his blood. He admits that he was wrong for doing this but Elena tells him that she needs her time. Damon returns to the Salvatore house and tries to kill himself but Stefan (Paul Wesley) stops him and locks him at the basement telling him that they will find a cure for the werewolf bite.", "Nina Dobrev Dobrev subsequently left Degrassi in 2009 to star in The CW's supernatural drama series The Vampire Diaries, a television adaptation of the book series of the same name, playing the lead role of Elena Gilbert.[5][13] Dobrev also played a series of dopplegangers of Elena on the series, most prominently 500-year old vampire Katherine Pierce.[14] She crossed over to The Vampire Diaries spinoff The Originals, as doppleganger character Tatia, in an episode in 2014.[15] In April 2015, Dobrev announced via Instagram that she would be leaving The Vampire Diaries after portraying Elena for six seasons.[16] In January 2017, it was announced that Dobrev would return as Elena in The Vampire Diaries series finale.[17]", "The Vampire Diaries (season 2) On July 9, 2010, Entertainment Weekly announced Taylor Kinney would join the cast in a recurring role as Tyler's uncle Mason, a werewolf who comes to town after his brother dies. Katherine sends Mason to Mystic Falls to get the moonstone for her. He succeeds, but Damon and Stefan find out that he works with Katherine, and Damon kills him. Mason has been described as a \"cool\" uncle, sexy and athletic.[28] Lauren Cohan joined the cast as Rose, a 500-year-old vampire and possible love interest for Damon. She kidnaps Elena to hand her over to Elijah, but Elena is saved by Stefan and Damon. She then becomes their ally and even starts a small romantic relationship with Damon. She dies after being bitten by werewolf Jules.[29]", "Damon Salvatore Damon and Elena spend the next few months together, having the summer of their lives. When Elena has to leave for college, Damon stays behind in Mystic Falls and they have a functional long distance relationship. However, in the episode \"Original Sin\", Tessa, who is revealed to be Qetsiyah, tells Damon that the doppelgangers are fated to fall in love and that he is only a bump in the road that makes their story interesting. Damon refuses to believe in this and assures Elena that he will fight for her and their future together as she is his life. It is later revealed that there is nothing fated about Stefan and Elena, but that they were merely drawn together by a spell. After a tumultuous, back and forth relationship, Damon and Elena get back together at the end of the season, and they choose to sacrifice themselves together to save Stefan and Alaric and their other friends on the Other Side. When Elena makes it back but Damon is trapped on the collapsing Other Side, Elena is devastated. Damon says his last goodbye to Elena, telling her that she is by far the best thing that has ever happened to him, and that being loved by her is \"the epitome of a fulfilled life\", as Elena sobs inconsolably. In season 6, Elena is unable to move on from Damon's death months later. She pretends to be happy, but she is secretly taking witch herbs to hallucinate Damon. When the herbs make her dangerous to humans, Elena decides to have Alaric compel away her memories of Damon, because she will never be able to move on otherwise. When Damon returns, he attempts to help her remember their love story, but the compulsion will not break. Not remembering any of the good things about Damon, Elena still decides to give him another chance. She slowly falls in love with him again, ultimately declaring that no matter whether she has memories of him or not, she always finds her way back to him. When Bonnie returns from the prison world, she gifts Damon with the cure for vampirism, knowing that he wanted to give it to Elena. However, Damon is afraid that this will mean losing Elena. They discuss what a human life together would be like. Elena initially rejects the cure, but Damon decides to take it with her so that they can have a human life together, including children. Damon always wanted Elena to have the human life she always dreamed of. Elena takes the cure, which breaks the compulsion, and her memories of Damon return to her. She recalls a memory from season 4, where Damon declares that there would be nothing more miserable than becoming human again. Elena is afraid that Damon would regret taking the cure, so she challenges him to think it through carefully. Stefan attempts to convince Damon that becoming human would be a bad decision, but Damon ultimately realizes that one lifetime with Elena is infinitely better than an immortal one without her, and confidently believes her to be his soulmate. Damon and Elena excitedly anticipate the beginning of their human future together, until Kai puts Elena under a sleeping spell, tied to Bonnie's life.", "The Departed (The Vampire Diaries) Several reviewers also addressed the dynamic of the show may change now with the character of Elena being transitioned. Keshaunta Moton of Poptimal refers to the upcoming changes as \"huge\" and notes the change as something that'll affect her relationship with other characters.[6] Other reviewers, like Matt Roush of SeattlePi and Ben Lee of Digital Spy, refer to the finale as a \"game-changer\" and one to set up a completely new storyline for the fourth season.[7][8]", "Damon Salvatore After learning of Katherine's deceit, Damon starts to fall for, Elena. In general, Damon is fiercely protective of Elena and always puts her safety ahead of all else. Damon comes to Elena's rescue at the Miss Mystic Falls pageant when Elena is left stranded without a partner, and the two dance. In the episode \"Rose\", Damon confesses his love for her only to compel her to forget about it because he doesn't believe he is worthy of her. Throughout the third season his relationship with Elena grows; she learns to fully trust him, and they begin to rely on each other as a team. They share two passionate kisses, but Elena remains in denial about her feelings for him. After a long struggle, Elena still chooses Stefan much to Damon's dismay. In the following season, however, Elena realizes that her feelings for Damon cannot be denied any longer. She and Stefan break up, and in the following episode Damon and Elena finally get together and have sex. Damon and Elena then both individually discover that Elena is sired to Damon, making Elena's feelings unfortunately known; however, Elena insists that her love for Damon is the most real thing that she's ever felt in her entire life. Damon remains doubtful, so in \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\" he sets her \"free\". In an interview before the season finale, Julie Plec stated that \"This year, she's had a very traumatic roller coaster of life experience and it's changed her irrevocablyâ€”and at the center of it all was the diehard belief that she loved Damon, that she loved him more than she'd ever loved anyone.\" [14] In \"Graduation\", after the sire bond is broken and there remains no doubt about Elena's feelings, she reveals that she is in love with Damon.", "The Sun Also Rises (The Vampire Diaries) Damon brings Elena back to where Alaric, Jeremy and John are and a little bit later she wakes up as human while John dies in her place because of the spell Bonnie has cast. Jeremy gives Elena a letter from John where he tells her that he loves her no matter if she is now still a human or a vampire. After Jenna and John's funeral, Damon reveals to Stefan that Tyler bit him and that he is going to die soon that is why they need to find a way to kill Klaus fast.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters As an arrangement to save Damon, Stefan works for Klaus while trying to protect Elena by keeping Klaus away from Mystic Falls. Klaus later finds out Elena is alive and compels Stefan to kill her, making Stefan turn off his humanity when he resists. Stefan is later able to get his humanity back – seen when he saves Klaus' life to protect Damon – but pretends not to care about Elena. He later takes it upon himself to kill Klaus. He steals Klaus' family and tries using them as blackmail. When that fails Stefan threatens to turn Elena into a vampire if Klaus does not get his hybrids out of town; Klaus agrees at the last minute. Stefan and Elena get into a fight, but Elena chooses Stefan over Damon. Later, Elena and Matt are trapped underwater; Elena makes Stefan save Matt first and she drowns with vampire blood in her system.", "The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries) After taking Caroline home, Stefan gets back to school to find Elena. He tells her that they cannot be together and she offers to drive him home. Elena tries to convince him that he is not responsible for what is happening in her life since her life was painful way before his arrival. Stefan is not convinced though and he walks away. Elena shouts at him that she loves him. Stefan, hearing that, gets back to her and kisses her. The two of them get into the house and sleep together for the first time.", "The Vampire Diaries The series was given a full 22-episode order on October 21, 2009, after strong ratings for the first half of the season. Now there is a spin-off called The Originals, that goes into depth about the original vampire family from The Vampire Diaries.[29] On February 16, 2010, The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a second season,[30] which premiered on September 9, 2010.[31] On April 26, 2011, The CW renewed the show for a third season.[32] The third season premiered on September 15, 2011.[33] The fourth season premiered October 11, 2012. The CW renewed the show for a fifth season on February 11, 2013.[34] On February 13, 2014, The CW renewed the series for a sixth season.[35] On January 11, 2015, the CW renewed the series for a seventh season.", "The Vampire Diaries The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec, based on the popular book series of the same name written by L. J. Smith. The series premiered on The CW on September 10, 2009, and concluded on March 10, 2017, airing 171 episodes over eight seasons.", "Elena Gilbert In season five, Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon. There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning. She and Damon then find the safe, only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again. However, Qyetsiyah had fried Stefan's brain causing him to suffer amnesia. While trying to bring him back, they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him. Qyetsiyah soon brings back Stefan's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgÃ¤ngers of Silas and Amara. This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship. Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield, and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires. Later, when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system, Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena, a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce. But once they did, they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape. Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger, but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie, shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side, that she had injected Dr. Maxfield's enhanced ripper/werewolf virus into Elena's body, infecting Elena. The gang is eventually able to find an antidote. She unfortunately loses trust in Damon, partly because he killed her friend Aaron, so they break up, but realise they cannot survive being apart and get back together. Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls, setting an anti-magic barrier around the town, the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time, overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now-collapsing Other Side. Elena and Damon drive into the gas-filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it, blowing it up and killing most of the people in it, including Elena and Damon. She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body, sending her to Bonnie, where she passes to the Other Side, and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards. But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through, and as Bonnie is the anchor, she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it. This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale.", "The Vampire Diaries On April 6, 2015, lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed via Instagram that she and co-star Michael Trevino (who plays Tyler Lockwood) would be leaving the show after its sixth season. Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh-season finale.[4] Trevino appeared as a guest star in season seven and returned for season 8.[5][6] On March 11, 2016, The CW renewed the series for an eighth season,[7] but on July 23, 2016, announced that the eighth season, which would have 16 episodes, would be the show's last.[8] The final season began airing on October 21, 2016.", "Stefan Salvatore Stefan was described as a \"beautiful young man\" who turns out to be a Vampire 162 years old, who develops a \"strong connection\" with \"tragic heroine\" Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev).[1] Wesley described the young Stefan as \"naive and willing to ride whatever wave life threw\" him, because he was \"easily manipulated\" and \"innocent\" with a \"beautiful young soul\". However, Stefan at the age of 160 years has more wisdom in him.[2] Stefan consumes animal blood, refusing to kill humans due to the guilt that he killed his own father. However, Damon on the other hand, does feed on humans.[5]", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters Katherine returns in season four, allowing Jeremy to be killed by Silas so she can steal the cure. It is revealed that during her time away from Mystic Falls, she had begun a relationship with Elijah Mikaelson, having real feelings for him. She decides to give him the cure to prove that her love is real, though he eventually leaves her to be with his family in New Orleans. During a physical confrontation with Elena, Katherine is forced by Elena to drink the cure, leaving her human for the first time in 500 years.", "The Vampire Diaries (season 8) On January 26, 2017, it was announced that Nina Dobrev would return as Elena Gilbert in the series finale.[41] At the end of the episode, \"It's Been a Hell of a Ride\" on February 24, 2017, it was revealed that Dobrev would reprise her role of Katherine Pierce as well.", "The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries) Josie Kafka from Doux Reviews rated the episode with 3.5/4 saying that it was the one who made her a convert when she first watched the show. \"Looking back, I think the past five episodes have been pretty darn awesome. I also realize the comedy inherent in being turned by an episode called \"The Turning Point.\"\"[5]", "Damon Salvatore Later in part of a plan with the Sheriff and Meredith Fell, Damon uses Matt as bait to draw out the deputies and Pastor Young. After dispatching the deputies, Damon decides to take out some aggression on Matt and is about to snap his neck when stopped by the new vampire Elena. After Elena and Stefan go hunting on animals the next morning and Elena has her first feed on a deer she pukes the blood out. Meanwhile, it seems a new vampire hunter is in town. Elena goes to Damon for help, he pulls her with him to the bathroom and makes her drink his blood because he says \"You need warm blood from the vein, so maybe this'll do the trick.\" He says it's personal and Elena wonders why but no answer was given. She drinks his blood but pukes hours later. When Stefan finds out Damon has feed Elena his blood he's very angry and hits Damon who just got in a fight with the vampire hunter.", "The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries) Caroline (Candice Accola) and Matt (Zach Roerig) get closer. Everyone notices including Tyler (Michael Trevino), who grills Matt about it. Bonnie (Kat Graham) is still a little freaked out about being attacked by Damon but she is grateful to Stefan who saved her life. Stefan shows up at school to inform Elena (Nina Dobrev) about the new vampire and to be careful till they find out who it is.", "Damon Salvatore Elena takes the cure and, unexpectedly, her memories return and she remembers when she'd traveled to Nova Scotia with Damon in search of the cure the first time, he'd told her that he used to miss being human, but, now, he couldn't imagine anything more miserable. She tells him he needs to think about it before making that decision and enlists Stefan to try to make sure Damon is certain of his choice to become human. Damon almost decides he'd rather stay a vampire until he witnesses an interaction between an older couple. Before Jo and Ric's wedding, he tells Elena he'd made his choice to live one lifetime with her. During the wedding, Kai shows up and stabs Jo before causing an explosion. The second to last episode ends with Elena lying unconscious on the ground.", "Damon Salvatore Damon spends the next two seasons devoted to Elena, waiting for her to wake up. He repeatedly states that he is miserable without her, and will spend the next 60 or so years unhappily until Bonnie dies. However, Damon is committed to staying true to Elena, and doing right by her. Elena is shown to be Damon's moral compass, and his guiding force throughout the two seasons. When Damon is in the Phoenix Stone's version of hell, a vision of Stefan asks Damon \"What would Elena do?\" and this prompts Damon to forgive his mother, freeing him from hell. The phoenix stone's influence remains, and Damon accidentally lights Elena's coffin on fire (or so he thinks). Believing that he has unwittingly killed the love of his life, Damon becomes suicidal. When confronted with the hunter Rayna, Damon commands her to kill him because he is already in hell in a world without Elena. Enzo then reveals to Damon that Elena is still alive, renewing Damon's hope. When Damon realizes that he is a potential danger to his friends and family because he does not believe he is good without Elena, he decides to desiccate himself next to her. He write to Alaric that before Elena, he didn't know what it was like to be happy, fulfilled or complete, and that he doesn't want to continue living without that feeling. After Stefan wakes Damon from his desiccation, Damon continues to be devoted to his future with Elena. At the end of season 7, he is lured into a trap by a siren, hearing Elena's voice calling out to him. When the siren takes control of Damon's mind in season 8, Damon spends a significant amount of time sleeping, seeking refuge in dreams of his memories of Elena. When Sybil erases Elena from Damon's consciousness only to insert herself into their memories, Damon fights back, instinctively drawn back to Elena. His love for her prevails, and he breaks the siren's mind control, regaining his memories of Elena. Julie Plec stated that \"I think the only hope that he's holding on to is the idea of the two of them living in Tribeca in their brownstone and raising kids and having a life together as humans when this is all said and done.\" [15] After Stefan gives Damon the cure to vampirism, turning him into a human, and Bonnie unbreaks the spell on Elena, Damon and Elena finally reunite. They begin their life together, getting married while Elena goes to medical school and becomes a doctor. Eventually they return to Mystic Falls to grow old together, where they died together of old age. We last see them walking hand in hand in the afterlife before reuniting with their respective families.", "Katherine Pierce Behind her sweet-nature facade, a much more calculating side of Katherine is revealed through flashbacks in which she escaped certain death with the help of George Lockwood, (at the expense of all the other vampires in town) in 1864. After 145 years, Katherine returns to Mystic Falls, toying with the Salvatores again and has a hidden agenda. Katherine earns no love after she turns Caroline Forbes into a vampire and uses a werewolf, Mason Lockwood, to retrieve a mysterious moonstone. Eventually she is exposed as a doppelgÃ¤nger who has spent her immortal life fleeing from an Original vampire/werewolf hybrid, named Klaus aka (Niklaus Mikaelson).", "The Sun Also Rises (The Vampire Diaries) Damon gets mad when he learns about Stefan's decision and along with Jeremy, Bonnie and John (David Anders) try to find a way to safe Jenna and Elena from becoming a vampire. Stefan arrives at the place where the ritual takes place and talks with Klaus about his offer. Jenna tries to use her vampire power to hear what Stefan and Klaus are talking about and she hears that Stefan wants to take her place. Klaus though does not accept Stefan's offer and Greta continues with the ritual. Jenna tries to kill Greta but Klaus stops her and kills her.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters Katherine Pierce, born Katerina Petrova (based on Katherine von Swartzschild from the novels), was part of a \"Traveler\" (or Gypsy) family, and was banished to England after bearing an illegitimate child. Upon meeting Klaus and Elijah, two of the original vampires, she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger – which means that she can be sacrificed to release Klaus' werewolf side. She tricked other vampires into turning her, thereby making her useless to Klaus, then spent 500 years running and hiding to escape his wrath. She arrives in Mystic Falls, where both Stefan and Damon Salvatore fall in love with her. She escapes the burning of vampires in the town, and gives the brothers her blood so that they both turn into vampires after being shot. Damon spends 145 years trying to free Katherine from a tomb, though she is not there when he opens it. In the last episode of season one, Katherine returns to Mystic Falls.", "Elena Gilbert In the books, Elena is considered \"one of the popular girls\" at her high school and always gets \"anything she wants\".[8] Executive producer of the television show, Julie Plec, said the Elena from the books was \"really kind of selfish\". In The Vampire Diaries, Elena's \"selfishness\" in the books as a human was never explored, because it \"didn't ever feel like a characteristic\" the show wanted for their heroine.[9] Plec said \"We kind of abandoned that queen-bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books\", while feeling that Elena's actual flaw is her \"deep, deep connection to other people\".[9] In the books, Elena had blonde hair, but has brown hair in the television show.[10] Describing Elena from the books, Dobrev said she is \"one of those mean girls that gets what she wants, popular . . . and she's blonde and blue eyed\". Williamson told her that \"the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable, nice, girl next door, who the audience roots for\".[4] Katherine, on the other hand, is penned as a \"conniving, narcissistic, bitch\".[4] Describing Elena years later, Dobrev said she evolved from a \"younger, naive, sad, young girl\" to a \"strong woman\".[1]", "Stefan Salvatore Later then, Stefan breaks up with Elena because of her feelings for Damon. Stefan goes to Caroline for support since she loathes Damon, and they become closer. During the Miss Mystic Falls Pageant, Stefan Turns a criminal in the hospital and convinces Jeremy to kill him to make the hunter's mark on his arm grow. Afterward, Jeremy becomes anti-vampire and attempts to kill Elena. Stefan is there and saves her, but has to apologize for making him crazy. Elena tries to tell him that she doesn't need the cure if it means it hurts Jeremy.", "Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries) Elena (Nina Dobrev) is trapped in her car while a mysterious figure approaches. She screams and suddenly the stranger runs away as Damon (Ian Somerhalder) appears and gets her free. Damon asks her if she is fine. Elena says: \"I look like her\" and faints. Damon picks her up and goes to his car.", "Klaus (The Vampire Diaries) Elijah continues to tell Elena the story of his family, and he reveals her that the curse of the sun and the moon is fake. Klaus and Elijah made that curse up, but there is another curse that is worse and it is on Klaus. That is the curse Klaus wants to break. At the same time, Alaric/Klaus tells Jenna about vampires but Jenna does not believe him. When she attempts to leave, Klaus tries to stop her, and Stefan attacks Klaus, giving Jenna the opportunity to escape. Stefan calls Elena to let her know that Jenna knows the truth, and Elena leaves Elijah to go to Jenna. In a flashback, we see that Elijah was in love with Katherine back in 1492.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters In season six, Elena begins medical school, unable to set foot in her hometown. She is unable to recover from Damon's death and lurks at the edges of Mystic Falls â€“ preying on people, drinking their blood, and compelling them to forget. As spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk. Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, and he eventually succeeds. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again, and starts dating classmate Liam. After Damon comes back to life, Elena eventually decides to have the compulsion undone, but Alaric crosses into Mystic Falls and becomes human again. Elena is then left to face Damon and see if her feelings will return. Bonnie returns from the prison world with the cure to immortality which Elena takes, hoping to have family with Damon. However, in the season finale, Kai links Bonnie's life to Elena's, putting her in a magical sleep until Bonnie's dies.", "Katherine Pierce Born June 5, 1473,[1] Katherine is the ultimate doppelgÃ¤nger, descended from Amara and Tatia. She is an ex-vampire and the ex-lover to both Salvatore brothers, Damon and Stefan. She first appears as Katherine Pierce in recurring flashbacks to 1864, which feature her romantic entanglements with the Salvatore brothers. She managed to turn them both into vampires, but she was consequently captured by the townspeople of Mystic Falls to be killed in Fells Church where they planned to lock the vampires in before setting it alight. She later appears in present day.", "Katerina (The Vampire Diaries) Katerina wakes up a little later and Rose and Trevor realize that she used both of them to achieve her goal; become a vampire. Rose tries to stake her but Katerina gets away. Back on the present, Elena is shocked that Katherine killed herself and ruined Rose and Trevor's lives but Katherine says that everything she did was to protect herself, something she will always do. Elena guesses that Katherine's return was to hand her over to Klaus something that Katherine does not deny. Elena asks what else is needed to break the curse and Katherine says: a doppelganger (Elena), a vampire (Caroline), a werewolf (Mason but since Damon killed him, she turned Tyler), a witch (Bonnie) and the moonstone.", "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries) The witch is able to locate her, so he goes to Mystic Falls to confront her, where he ends up saving her from a group of vampires who also wanted to take Elena. It is revealed that those vampires wanted to hand her over to Klaus. When Elijah discovers this, he makes peace with Elena and her friends, because he wants to use Elena as bait to draw out Klaus and kill him. He thus makes a deal with Elena that if she helps him kill Klaus, he will leave her family and her friends alone and keep them safe. However, he intends for Elena to be successfully sacrificed, as once Klaus breaks the curse and starts transforming, he will be left vulnerable enough to be killed. During a series of events, Elijah is temporarily \"killed\" when Elena stabs him with a mystical dagger that can kill an Original when dipped in ash from the White Oak Tree.", "The Departed (The Vampire Diaries) In the third season finale, Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev) recovers in the hospital from her fall in the previous episode. Jeremy brings her back home, where Caroline Forbes (Candice Accola), Bonnie Bennett (Kat Graham), Jeremy Gilbert (Steven R. McQueen), Matt Donovan (Zach Roerig) and Tyler Lockwood (Michael Trevino) take care of her. In the harsh reality of the present situation, Elena longs for simpler times when her parents, Grayson (Jason MacDonald) and Miranda Gilbert (Erin Beute), and aunt Jenna Sommers (Sara Canning) were still alive, and her biggest concern was her relationship with Matt. In a conversation with Matt, Elena tells him that Stefan was there at a time in her life when she had nothing, but that when she is with Damon, she feels a passion for him that consumes her.", "The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries) Back at Stefan's bedroom, Stefan leaves the room to bring Elena something to drink, leaving her alone. Elena starts walking around the room checking on Stefan's things when she sees Katherine's picture. She is in shock seeing how much she looks like her and she immediately leaves. Stefan comes back looking for her but he cannot find her. He sees the necklace he gave her on Katherine's picture and understands that Elena saw it.", "The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries) The episode starts where the previous one ended, with Logan (Chris Johnson) asking Jenna (Sara Canning) to invite him in the house. Jenna slams the door in his face and an upset Logan attacks, bites and kills a woman who passes by at the moment.", "Original Vampires (The Vampire Diaries) Elijah first appears in episode eight of season two, entitled \"Rose\". Elijah is brought into the circle by two vampires named Rose and Trevor. They make a deal to be allowed immunity from Elijah and the Originals if they hand over Elena Gilbert, the new Petrova doppelgÃ¤nger. It is later revealed that Rose and Trevor were the vampires who failed to keep Katerina Petrova (Katherine Pierce) alive for Klaus to sacrifice in the ritual required to become a vampire/werewolf Hybrid. They were subsequently hunted by Klaus and Elijah for centuries.", "The Departed (The Vampire Diaries) \"The Departed\" is the twenty-second and final episode of The Vampire Diaries's third season, premiering May 10, 2012 on The CW.[1] During the episode, Elena remembers when life was simpler while the rest of her friends attempt to stay away from Alaric. In the episode's initial airing, it garnered 2.53Â million viewers.[2]", "The Vampire Diaries (novel series) The series was originally published in 1991-1992 and it revolves around Stefan Salvatore and Elena Gilbert as the two main protagonists. The first three novels in the original series (The Awakening, The Struggle, and The Fury) all feature Stefan and Elena as the narrators of the series, while the last book in the original series, Dark Reunion, is from Bonnie McCullough's viewpoint.", "Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries) Elena and Damon are back to Mystic Falls and Elena finally talks to Stefan asking him the truth and if he was with her because of her resemblance to Katherine. Stefan explains that she is nothing like Katherine and he noticed that before they even met. He reveals to her that he was there the night she had the accident with her parents and that he was the one who saved her. He tried to save her parents as well but it was too late. Since then he began watching her to be sure that she was not Katherine and he figured out how different she was from her.", "Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries) Anna (Malese Jow) is still at Jeremy's (Steven R. McQueen) room where Jeremy tries to convince her to turn him but she does not agree with it. Elena (Nina Dobrev) knocks the door to ask Jeremy's help on checking all the windows due to the storm and Anna disappears before she opens the door." ]	[ "Elena Gilbert Much of Elena's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother, Damon. It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger, which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor, Katherine Pierce (née Katerina Petrova). This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature. Dobrev portrayed the \"conniving\" Katherine as well, who is opposite of Elena. The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two, and enjoys playing them both. In the television series's fourth season, Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change. She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season. In the finale of the sixth season, Kai linked Elena to Bonnie's life by magic. Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years. She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb, which was changed in the seventh season, and was relocated in Brooklyn, New York. In late 2016, when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season, Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode. After much speculation. Dobrev's return was confirmed on January 26, 2017, via an Instagram post. Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce.", "Elena Gilbert In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved." ]
test448	what is the meaning of lord shiva lingam	[ "doc16675", "doc16678", "doc16682" ]	[ 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "doc16675", "doc16678", "doc2679895", "doc2679896", "doc1255898", "doc16682", "doc16676", "doc16685", "doc2679899", "doc16681", "doc16686", "doc16680", "doc1255900", "doc16689", "doc16673", "doc2538088", "doc1255899", "doc2421879", "doc16684", "doc16677", "doc791299", "doc1255838", "doc16683", "doc16688", "doc16690", "doc16687", "doc16679", "doc1860732", "doc1599267", "doc2124946", "doc2679897", "doc1255835", "doc2653969", "doc1255896", "doc1255873", "doc1255907", "doc475539", "doc2372028", "doc1255837", "doc1255839", "doc1255847", "doc2372020", "doc1255866", "doc574228", "doc2141709", "doc475540", "doc1255910", "doc1563240", "doc1255844", "doc1255836", "doc2679887", "doc485552", "doc2438420", "doc1255872", "doc2203569", "doc1255870", "doc1896960", "doc2372030", "doc1255842", "doc2064619", "doc1166215", "doc1896969", "doc1255840", "doc471326", "doc1255884", "doc2679883", "doc1255852", "doc471328", "doc1166212", "doc1255843", "doc2124947", "doc2124951", "doc1255878", "doc1255881", "doc2064620", "doc1121145", "doc791308", "doc1896957", "doc2203574", "doc1196117", "doc361104", "doc2679885", "doc2107117", "doc2137172", "doc361140", "doc1255841", "doc2497768", "doc686557", "doc1255846", "doc1255894", "doc2372018", "doc1255895", "doc1896962", "doc2421868", "doc334881", "doc475538", "doc1255892", "doc1639129", "doc999938", "doc2203572" ]	[ "Lingam Lingam (Sanskrit: लिंगम्, IAST: liṅgaṃ, lit. \"sign, symbol or mark\"; also linga, Shiva linga), is an abstract or aniconic representation of the Hindu deity Shiva, used for worship in temples, smaller shrines, or as self-manifested natural objects.[1][2] In traditional Indian society, the linga is seen as a symbol of the energy and potential of Shiva himself.[3][4]", "Lingam The lingam is a column-like or oval (egg-shaped) symbol of Shiva, the Formless All-pervasive Reality, made of stone, metal, or clay. The Shiva Linga is a symbol of Lord Shiva – a mark that reminds of the Omnipotent Lord, which is formless.[7] In Shaivite Hindu temples, the linga is a smooth cylindrical mass symbolising Shiva. It is found at the centre of the temple, often resting in the middle of a rimmed, disc-shaped structure, a representation of Shakti.[3]", "Hindu iconography The Shiva Lingam represents the divine being Shiva, and is used as a symbol of the power of fertility and strength[citation needed]. Shivalinga (Sivalinga) is the most important and a popular symbolic representation of Lord Shiva (Siva) in Hinduism. It represents God Himself in His all the three aspects â€“ Creator, Sustainer or Protector and Destroyer (Dissolutor).[2]", "Hindu iconography The word ‘Shivalinga’ is a combination of the words ‘Shiva’ (auspiciousness) and linga (sign or symbol). Thus ‘Shivalinga’ is a representation of God in His all-auspicious aspect. Again ‘Shiva’ also means ‘One in Whom all creation sleeps after dissolution’. ‘Linga’ also means the place of dissolution of the disintegrated universe.[2]\nThe Shiva linga represents the supreme creator, the cause behind the creation, protection, and destruction of everything visible and invisible and the god shiva.", "Shiva Apart from anthropomorphic images of Shiva, he is also represented in aniconic form of a lingam.[296][297][298] These are depicted in various designs. One common form is the shape of a vertical rounded column in the centre of a lipped, disk-shaped object, the yoni, symbolism for the goddess Shakti.[299] In Shiva temples, the linga is typically present in its sanctum sanctorum and is the focus of votary offerings such as milk, water, flower petals, fruit, fresh leaves, and rice.[299] According to Monier Williams and Yudit Greenberg, linga literally means \"mark, sign or emblem\", and also refers to a \"mark or sign from which the existence of something else can be reliably inferred\". It implies the regenerative divine energy innate in nature, symbolized by Shiva.[300][301] Some scholars, such as Wendy Doniger, view linga merely as an erotic phallic symbol,[302] although this interpretation is disputed by others, including Swami Vivekananda,[303] Sivananda Saraswati,[304] and S. N. Balagangadhara.[305] According to Moriz Winternitz, the linga in the Shiva tradition is \"only a symbol of the productive and creative principle of nature as embodied in Shiva\", and it has no historical trace in any obscene phallic cult.[306]", "Lingam The Hindu scripture Shiva Purana describes the origin of the lingam, known as Shiva-linga, as the beginning-less and endless cosmic pillar (Stambha) of fire, the cause of all causes.[15] Lord Shiva is pictured as emerging from the Lingam – the cosmic pillar of fire – proving his superiority over the gods Brahma and Vishnu.[8] This is known as Lingodbhava. The Linga Purana also supports this interpretation of lingam as a cosmic pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[8][13][14][16] According to the Linga Purana, the lingam is a complete symbolic representation of the formless Universe Bearer – the oval-shaped stone is the symbol of the Universe, and the bottom base represents the Supreme Power that holds the entire Universe in it.[17] A similar interpretation is also found in the Skanda Purana: \"The endless sky (that great void which contains the entire universe) is the Linga, the Earth is its base. At the end of time the entire universe and all the Gods finally merge in the Linga itself.\" [18] In yogic lore, the linga is considered the first form to arise when creation occurs, and also the last form before the dissolution of creation. It is therefore seen as an access to Shiva or that which lies beyond physical creation.[19] In the Mahabharata, at the end of Dwaraka Yuga, Lord Shiva says to his disciples that in the coming Kali Yuga, He would not appear in any particular form, but instead as the formless and omnipresent.", "Lingam The lingam is often represented as resting on yoni (Sanskrit word, lit. \"origin\" or \"source\"[5], \"vulva\"[6]), a symbol of Goddess Durga in Hinduism.", "Lingam The lingam is the considered to be the primordial representation of pure form devoid of energy.", "Hindu iconography The sacred texts describe many types of shiva linga based on variations in the proportions. The following is the description of sarvatobhadra shiva lingam preferably constructed in black spotless hard stone which can be worshiped by every living being.\nThese Shivlingas are installed in temples and are fixed to ground or a base. They are usually made of stones or metals.\nThe sacred texts suggest that the shiva linga must have three parts. A bottom most 1/3rd part that is in the earth - Brahma bhaagam (represents Brahma, the Creator of the World) it is rectangular in cross section.[3] \nA middle 1/3rd part is called Vishnu Bhaagam or Vishnu Bhaga (it represents Vishnu, the Protector and sustainer of the world ); it is octagonal in cross section. Both the Brahma bhaagam and Vishnu Bhaagam are embedded in peetham (the ornamental pedestal).[4] \nA visible 1/3rd Shiva Pooja bhaagam or Pooja bhaga( also known as Rudra bhaagam or Rudra bhaga) which is top most part which is worshiped. It is circular in cross section and cylindrical in shape. It represents Rudra (Shiva), the Dissoluter or Destroyer of the World. It is known as Pooja bhaagam because this part is worshipped.[4]\nBrahmasutras:\nThese are certain essential lines present on the Rudra bhaagam (Rudra bhaga). Without them a Shivlinga is unfit to be worshipped.[4] \nThe Shiva linga is at the level of ground and easily accessible to the worshipers irrespective of their caste, social or economic status.", "Lingam There is a hymn in the Atharvaveda that praises a pillar (Sanskrit: stambha), and this is one possible origin of linga worship.[12] Some associate Shiva-Linga with this Yupa-Stambha, the sacrificial post. In the hymn, a description is found of the beginning-less and endless Stambha or Skambha, and it is shown that the said Skambha is put in place of the eternal Brahman. The Yupa-Skambha gave place in time to the Shiva-Linga.[13][14] In the Linga Purana the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the supreme nature of MahÃ¢deva (the Great God, Shiva).[14]", "Lingam The Saiva Agamas says \"one can worship this Great God Shiva in the form of a Lingam made of mud or sand, of cow dung or wood, of bronze or black granite stone. But the purest and most sought-after form is the quartz crystal (Sphatika), a natural stone not carved by man but made by nature, gathered molecule by molecule over hundreds, thousands or millions of years, grown as a living body grows, but infinitely more slowly. Such a creation of nature is itself a miracle worthy of worship.\"[23][24] Hindu scripture rates crystal as the highest form of Siva Lingam[25].", "Lingam Anthropologist Christopher John Fuller wrote that although most sculpted images (murtis) are anthropomorphic, the aniconic Shiva Linga is an important exception.[11] Some believe that linga-worship was a feature of indigenous Indian religion.[12]", "Shiva The oldest known archaeological linga as an anicon of Shiva is the Gudimallam lingam from 3rd-century BCE.[299] In Shaivism pilgrimage tradition, twelve major temples of Shiva are called Jyotirlinga, which means \"linga of light\", and these are located across India.[309]", "Lingam Shivling, 6,543 metres (21,467Â ft), is a mountain in Uttarakhand (the Garhwal region of Himalayas). It arises as a sheer pyramid above the snout of the Gangotri Glacier. The mountain resembles a Shiva lingam when viewed from certain angles, especially when travelling or trekking from Gangotri to Gomukh as part of a traditional Hindu pilgrimage.", "Lingam Shiva - Shakti", "Third gender In Hinduism, Shiva is still worshipped as an Ardhnarishwara, i.e. half-male and half-female form.[210] Shiva's symbol, which is today known as Shivalinga, actually comprises a combination of a 'Yoni' (vagina) and a 'Ling' (phallus). The third genders have been ascribed spiritual powers by most indigenous societies.[211][212]", "Shiva The worship of the lingam originated from the famous hymn in the Atharva-Veda SamhitÃ¢ sung in praise of the Yupa-Stambha, the sacrificial post. In that hymn, a description is found of the beginningless and endless Stambha or Skambha, and it is shown that the said Skambha is put in place of the eternal Brahman. Just as the Yajna (sacrificial) fire, its smoke, ashes, and flames, the Soma plant, and the ox that used to carry on its back the wood for the Vedic sacrifice gave place to the conceptions of the brightness of Shiva's body, his tawny matted hair, his blue throat, and the riding on the bull of the Shiva, the Yupa-Skambha gave place in time to the Shiva-Linga.[307][308] In the text Linga Purana, the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories, meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the superiority of Shiva as Mahadeva.[308]", "Murti Beyond anthropomorphic forms of religious murtis, some traditions of Hinduism cherish aniconism, where alternate symbols are shaped into a Murti, such as the linga for Shiva, yoni for Devi, and the saligrama for Vishnu.[8][20][21]", "Lingam The oldest example of a lingam that is still used for worship is in Gudimallam. It dates to the 2nd century BC.[21] A figure of Shiva is carved into the front of the lingam.[22]", "Lingam Other aconistic representations are yoni (of Shakti) and Shaligram (of Vishnu).", "Khmer architecture The linga is a phallic post or cylinder symbolic of the god Shiva and of creative power.[41] As a religious symbol, the function of the linga is primarily that of worship and ritual, and only secondarily that of decoration. In the Khmer empire, certain lingas were erected as symbols of the king himself, and were housed in royal temples in order to express the king's consubstantiality with Siva.[42] The lingas that survive from the Angkorean period are generally made of polished stone.", "Shiva The iconographical attributes of Shiva are the serpent around his neck, the adorning crescent moon, the holy river Ganga flowing from his matted hair, the third eye on his forehead, the trishula as his weapon and the damaru. He is usually worshipped in the aniconic form of Lingam.[2] Shiva is a pan-Hindu deity, revered widely by Hindus, in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.[25][26]", "Lingam According to Shaiva Siddhanta, which was for many centuries the dominant school of Shaiva theology and liturgy across the Indian subcontinent (and beyond it in Cambodia), the linga is the ideal substrate in which the worshipper should install and worship the five-faced and ten-armed Sadāśiva, the form of Shiva who is the focal divinity of that school of Shaivism.[20]", "Lingam In Kadavul Temple, a 700-pound, 3-foot-tall, naturally formed Spatika(quartz) Lingam is installed. In future this crystal lingam will be housed in the Iraivan Temple. it is claimed as among the largest known sphatika(Quartz) self formed lingams. [27] [28]Hindu scripture rates crystal as the highest form of Siva Lingam[29].", "Lingam A lingam is also the basis for the formation legend (and name) of the Borra Caves in Andhra Pradesh.[30]", "Lingam An ice lingam at Amarnath in the western Himalayas forms every winter from ice dripping on the floor of a cave and freezing like a stalagmite. It is very popular with pilgrims.[26].", "Lingam Terracotta Shiva Linga figurines found in excavations at Indus Valley Civilization site of Kalibangan and other sites provide evidence of early Shiva Linga worship from circa 3500 BCE to 2300 BCE.[9][10]", "Idolatry In Vaishnavism, the building of a temple for the murti is considered an act of devotion, but non-Murti symbolism is also common wherein the aromatic Tulsi plant or Saligrama is an aniconic reminder of the spiritualism in Vishnu.[129] In the Shaivism tradition of Hinduism, Shiva may be represented as a masculine idol, or half man half woman ardhanarishvara form, in an anicon Linga-Yoni form. The worship rituals associated with the Murti, correspond to ancient cultural practices for a beloved guest, and the Murti is welcomed, taken care of, and then requested to retire.[131][132]", "Indian religions Lingayatism is a distinct Shaivite tradition in India, established in the 12th century by the philosopher and social reformer Basavanna.\nThe adherents of this tradition are known as Lingayats. The term is derived from Lingavantha in Kannada, meaning 'one who wears Ishtalinga on their body' (Ishtalinga is the representation of the God). In Lingayat theology, Ishtalinga is an oval-shaped emblem symbolising Parasiva, the absolute reality. Contemporary Lingayatism follows a progressive reformâ€“based theology propounded, which has great influence in South India, especially in the state of Karnataka.[159]", "Bhikshatana As told in the Kurma Purana, Bhikshatana-Shiva wanted to reveal the ignorance of the sages, who were engrossed in Dharma (righteousness) and extreme austerities but had forgotten the Samkhya (Supreme Knowledge). The naked, handsome, ithyphallic (with an erect phallus, urdhvalinga) beggar Shiva entered the forest, begging for alms from the sages' wives. They were so enamoured of him that while granting alms, they allowed their clothes to fall off and followed him, dancing and singing, love-sick. Bhikshatana was accompanied by Mohini—Vishnu disguised as Bhikshatana's enchanting wife, who maddens the sages' sons in love. The sages, unable to recognise Shiva, abused and cursed him, even assaulting him. They cursed that his Linga (phallus) should fall off. Shiva allowed it to be so and the Linga became an infinite fiery pillar of light. Anusuya, the wife of sage Atri, enlightened the sages that the couple was none other than Shiva and Vishnu. The sages thereafter worshipped the Linga. Pleased, Shiva returned to the forest as a beggar in an ugly form with his wife Parvati. Eventually, he revealed his supreme form to the sages and exalted the Pashupata vow – by which a man restrains his passion, becomes celibate, and roams naked smeared with ash – declaring that such a lifestyle would lead to moksha (salvation).[12][13]", "Hindu iconography Based on the mobility of the object of worship, Shivalingas are broadly divided into two categories – ‘Cala’ and ‘Acala’[3]", "Shiva Shiva (/ˈʃivə/; Sanskrit: शिव, IAST: Śiva, lit. the auspicious one) is one of the principal deities of Hinduism. He is the Supreme Being within Shaivism, one of the major traditions within contemporary Hinduism.[12][13]", "Amarnath Temple Inside the 40 m (130 ft) high Amarnath cave, the stalagmite is formed due to freezing of water drops that fall from the roof of the cave on to the floor and grows up vertically from the cave floor.[4] It is considered to be a Shiva Linga by Hindus. It is mentioned in the ancient Hindu texts of Mahabharata and Puranas that Lingam represents Lord Shiva.[5] The Cave waxes during May to August, as snow melts in the Himalayas above the cave and the resultant water seeps into the rocks that form the cave and gradually wanes thereafter.[1] As per religious beliefs, it has been claimed that the lingam grows and shrinks with the phases of the moon reaching its height during the summer festival, although there is no scientific evidence for this belief.[6]", "Shiva An iconographic representation of Shiva called Ardhanarishvara (Ardhanārīśvara) shows him with one half of the body as male and the other half as female. According to Ellen Goldberg, the traditional Sanskrit name for this form is best translated as \"the lord who is half woman\", not as \"half-man, half-woman\".[293]", "Shiva The Shaivism theology is broadly grouped into two: the popular theology influenced by Shiva-Rudra in the Vedas, Epics and the Puranas; and the esoteric theology influenced by the Shiva and Shakti-related Tantra texts.[152] The Vedic-Brahmanic Shiva theology includes both monist (advaita) and devotional traditions (dvaita) such as Tamil Shaiva Siddhanta and Lingayatism with temples featuring items such as linga, Shiva-Parvati iconography, bull Nandi within the premises, relief artwork showing mythologies and aspects of Shiva.[153][154]", "Shiva Puranic scriptures contain occasional references to \"ansh\" â€“ literally portion, or avatars of Shiva, but the idea of Shiva avatars is not universally accepted in Saivism.[319] The Linga Purana mentions twenty-eight forms of Shiva which are sometimes seen as avatars", "Gender While the stone images may seem to represent a half-male and half-female God, the true symbolic representation is of a being the whole of which is Shiva and the whole of which is Shakti at the same time. It is a 3-D representation of only shakti from one angle and only Shiva from the other. Shiva and Shakti are hence the same being representing a collective of Jnana (knowledge) and Kriya (activity).", "Lingaraja Temple Bhubaneswar is called the Ekamra Kshetra as the deity of Lingaraja was originally under a mango tree (Ekamra). Ekamra Purana, a Sanskrit treatise of the 13th century mentions that the presiding deity was not seen as lingam (an aniconic form of Shiva) during the Satya and Treta yugas and only during the Dwapara and Kali Yuga yugas, it emerged as a lingam. The lingam in the temple is a natural unshaped stone that rests on a Sakti. Such a lingam is called Krutibasa or Swayambhu and is found in 64 places in different parts of India. With the advent of the Ganga dynasty in the early 12th century, who had Vaishnavaite orientation, a new movement started resulting in the synthesis of Saivism and Vaishnavism. The Ekamra was associated with Vaishanavite gods Krishna and Balaram during the period.[18]", "Shiva According to the Shaivism sect, the highest form of Shiva is formless, limitless, transcendent and unchanging absolute Brahman,[19] and the primal Atman (soul, self) of the universe.[20][21][15] Shiva has many benevolent and fearsome depictions. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient Yogi who lives an ascetic life on Mount Kailash[1] as well as a householder with wife Parvati and his two children, Ganesha and Kartikeya. In his fierce aspects, he is often depicted slaying demons. Shiva is also known as Adiyogi Shiva, regarded as the patron god of yoga, meditation and arts.[22][23][24]", "Shiva The Sanskrit word \"Śiva\" (Devanagari: शिव, transliterated as Shiva or Siva) means, states Monier Monier-Williams, \"auspicious, propitious, gracious, benign, kind, benevolent, friendly\".[27] The roots of Śiva in folk etymology is \"śī\" which means \"in whom all things lie, pervasiveness\" and va which means \"embodiment of grace\".[27][28]", "Shiva Of several Indus valley seals that show animals, one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure, either horned or wearing a horned headdress and possibly ithyphallic,[62][63][64] seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position, surrounded by animals. This figure was named by early excavators of Mohenjo-daro as Pashupati (Lord of Animals, Sanskrit paÅ›upati),[65] an epithet of the later Hindu deities Shiva and Rudra.[66][67][68]", "Lingaraja Temple Lingaraja, literally means the king of Lingam, the iconic form or Shiva. Shiva was originally worshipped as Kirtivasa and later as Harihara and is commonly referred as Tribhuvaneshwara (also called Bhubaneswar), the master of three worlds, namely, heaven, earth and netherworld. His consort is called Bhuvaneshvari.", "Shiva The Shaiva Puranas, particularly the Shiva Purana and the Linga Purana, present the various aspects of Shiva, mythologies, cosmology and pilgrimage (Tirtha) associated with him.[133][134] The Shiva-related Tantra literature, composed between the 8th and 11th centuries, are regarded in devotional dualistic Shaivism as Sruti. Dualistic Shaiva Agamas which consider soul within each living being and Shiva as two separate realities (dualism, dvaita), are the foundational texts for Shaiva Siddhanta.[135] Other Shaiva Agamas teach that these are one reality (monism, advaita), and that Shiva is the soul, the perfection and truth within each living being.[136][137] In Shiva related sub-traditions, there are ten dualistic Agama texts, eighteen qualified monism-cum-dualism Agama texts and sixty four monism Agama texts.[138][139][140]", "Kashi Vishwanath Temple As per Shiva Purana, once Brahma (the Hindu God of creation) and Vishnu (the Hindu God of Harmony) had an argument in terms of supremacy of creation.[11] To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as a huge endless pillar of light, the jyotirlinga. Vishnu and Brahma split their ways to downwards and upwards respectively to find the end of the light in either directions. Brahma lied that he found out the end, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshiped till the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyothirlinga shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light.[12][13] There are 64 forms of Shiva, not to be confused with Jyotirlingas. Each of the twelve jyothirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva.[14] At all these sites, the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[14][15][16] The twelve jyothirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas, Bhimashankar in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra, Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga, Deogarh in Deoghar, Jharkhand, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharashtra.[11][17]", "Hindu mythological wars Mahadeva literally means \"Highest of all gods\". He is the Supreme God in Shaivism sect of Hinduism. He is the Supreme God without any starting or end. Shiva is also known as Maheshvar, \"the great Lord\", Mahadeva, the great God, Shambhu, Hara, Pinakadhrik, \"bearer of the Pinaka\" and Mrityunjaya, \"conqueror of death\". He is the spouse of Shakti. He also is represented by Mahakala and Bhairava. Shiva is often pictured holding the damaru, an hourglass-shaped drum, along with his trishula, a trident-staff. His usual mantra is Om Namah Shivaya.[25] Lord Shiva is also considered as the God Of Gods. The existence which represents infinity itself. He is the supreme masculine divinity in this universe and is lord of the three worlds (Vishwanath) and is second to none in wrath and power.", "Gender Adi Shankaracharya, the founder of non-dualistic philosophy (Advaita–\"not two\") in Hindu thought says in his \"Saundaryalahari\"—Shivah Shaktayaa yukto yadi bhavati shaktah prabhavitum na che devum devona khalu kushalah spanditam api \" i.e., It is only when Shiva is united with Shakti that He acquires the capability of becoming the Lord of the Universe. In the absence of Shakti, He is not even able to stir. In fact, the term \"Shiva\" originated from \"Shva,\" which implies a dead body. It is only through his inherent shakti that Shiva realizes his true nature.", "Shiva Maha Shivaratri is a major Hindu festival, but one that is solemn and theologically marks a remembrance of \"overcoming darkness and ignorance\" in life and the world,[332] and meditation about the polarities of existence, of Shiva and a devotion to humankind.[331] It is observed by reciting Shiva-related poems, chanting prayers, remembering Shiva, fasting, doing Yoga and meditating on ethics and virtues such as self-restraint, honesty, noninjury to others, forgiveness, introspection, self-repentance and the discovery of Shiva.[332][333] The ardent devotees keep awake all night. Others visit one of the Shiva temples or go on pilgrimage to Jyotirlingam shrines. Those who visit temples, offer milk, fruits, flowers, fresh leaves and sweets to the lingam.[4] Some communities organize special dance events, to mark Shiva as the lord of dance, with individual and group performances.[334] According to Jones and Ryan, Maha Sivaratri is an ancient Hindu festival which probably originated around the 5th-century.[332]", "Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga As per the Shiva Purana, Lord Brahma and Lord Vishnu once had an argument over who was supreme in the creation.[1] To test them, Shiva pierced the three worlds as an endless pillar of light, the jyotirlinga. Lord Vishnu and Lord Brahma decide to travel along the pillar downwards and upwards respectively, to find the end of the light. Brahma lied that he had found the end, while Vishnu conceded his defeat. Shiva appeared as a second pillar of light and cursed Brahma that he would have no place in ceremonies while Vishnu would be worshipped till the end of eternity. The jyotirlinga is the supreme partless reality, out of which Shiva partly appears. The jyotirlinga shrines, thus are places where Shiva appeared as a fiery column of light.[2][3] There are 64 forms of Shiva, not to be confused with Jyotirlingas. Each of the twelve jyotirlinga sites take the name of the presiding deity - each considered different manifestation of Shiva.[4] At all these sites, the primary image is lingam representing the beginningless and endless Stambha pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[4][5][6] The twelve jyotirlinga are Somnath in Gujarat, Mallikarjuna at Srisailam in Andhra Pradesh, Mahakaleswar at Ujjain in Madhya Pradesh, Omkareshwar in Madhya Pradesh, Kedarnath in Himalayas in Uttrakhand State, Bhimashankar in Maharashtra, Viswanath at Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, Triambakeshwar in Maharashtra, Vaidyanath at Deogarh in Jharkhand or at Baijnath in Himachal Pradesh, Nageswar at Dwarka in Gujarat, Rameshwar at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu and Grishneshwar at Aurangabad in Maharashtra.[1][7]", "Shiva Shiva is known by many names such Viswanatha (lord of the universe), Mahadeva, Mahandeo,[40] Mahasu,[41] Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra (chief of the gods), Neelakanta, Subhankara, Trilokinatha (lord of the three realms),[42][43][44] and Ghrneshwar (lord of compassion).[45] The highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets Mahādeva (\"Great god\"; mahā \"Great\" and deva \"god\"),[46][47] Maheśvara (\"Great Lord\"; mahā \"great\" and īśvara \"lord\"),[48][49] and Parameśvara (\"Supreme Lord\").[50]", "Shiva Shiva is the \"destroyer of evil and the transformer\" within the Trimurti, the Hindu trinity that includes Brahma and Vishnu.[1][14] In Shaivism tradition, Shiva is the Supreme being who creates, protects and transforms the universe.[15][16][17] In the goddess tradition of Hinduism called Shaktism, the goddess is described as supreme, yet Shiva is revered along with Vishnu and Brahma. A goddess is stated to be the energy and creative power (Shakti) of each, with Parvati the equal complementary partner of Shiva.[11][18] He is one of the five equivalent deities in Panchayatana puja of the Smarta tradition of Hinduism.[12]", "Hindu iconography Om (or Aum, ॐ) is the sacred sound symbol that represents Universe; the ultimate reality (Brahman). It is prefixed and sometimes suffixed to all Vedic mantras and prayers. Aum is often said to represent God in the three aspects of Brahman (A), Vishnu (U) and Shiva (M). As the Divine primordial vibration, it represents the one ultimate reality, underlying and encompassing all of nature and all of existence. The written syllable ॐ called omkara serves as a deeply significant and distinctly recognizable symbol for Hindu dharma. The pronunciation of Aum moves through all possible human linguistic vowel sounds and is different from the pronunciation of Om. Both are often symbolically equated, although they are sonically distinct.", "Narmada River Legends also say that for Lord Shiva, the Hindu God, the river is especially sacred on account of its origin, and it is often called Shankari, i.e., daughter of Shankar (Lord Shiva) and Goddess Ganga. All the pebbles rolling on its bed are said to take the shape of his emblem with the saying, \"Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar\" (a popular saying in the Hindi belt of India), which means that 'pebble stones of Narmada get a personified form of Shiva'. These lingam shaped stones (cryptocrytalline quartz), called Banalinga also called (Banashivalingas) are much sought after for daily worship by the Hindus.[20] The Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, constructed by Rajaraja Chola, has one of the biggest Banalingas. Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada on the banks of the river Narmada.", "Hindu denominations Shaivas or Shaivites are those who primarily worship Shiva as the supreme god, both immanent and transcendent. Shaivism embraces at the same time monism (specifically nondualism) and dualism. To Shaivites, Shiva is both with and without form; he is the Supreme Dancer, Nataraja; and is linga, without beginning or end. Shiva is sometimes depicted as the fierce god Bhairava. Saivists are more attracted to asceticism than adherents of other Hindu sects, and may be found wandering India with ashen faces performing self-purification rituals.[19] They worship in the temple and practice yoga, striving to be one with Siva within.[20]", "Shiva Shaivism is one of the four major sects of Hinduism, the others being Vaishnavism, Shaktism and the Smarta Tradition. Followers of Shaivism, called \"Shaivas\", revere Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer, revealer and concealer of all that is.[16][15] He is not only the creator in Shaivism, he is the creation that results from him, he is everything and everywhere. Shiva is the primal soul, the pure consciousness and Absolute Reality in the Shaiva traditions.[15]", "Pashupati seal It is purported to be one of the earliest depictions of the Hindu god Shiva (\"Pashupati\", meaning \"lord of animals\", is one of Shiva's epithets) or Rudra, who is associated with asceticism, yoga, and linga; regarded as a lord of animals; and often depicted as having three heads. The figure has often been connected with the widespread motif of the Master of Animals found in ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean art, and the many other traditions of horned deities.[1]", "Shiva An example of assimilation took place in Maharashtra, where a regional deity named Khandoba is a patron deity of farming and herding castes.[147] The foremost center of worship of Khandoba in Maharashtra is in Jejuri.[148] Khandoba has been assimilated as a form of Shiva himself,[149] in which case he is worshipped in the form of a lingam.[147][150] Khandoba's varied associations also include an identification with Surya[147] and Karttikeya.[151]", "Basava While Basava rejected rituals, he encouraged icons and symbols such as the wearing of Istalinga (necklace with personal linga, symbol of Shiva), of Rudraksha seeds or beads on parts of one body, and apply Vibhuti (sacred ash on forehead) as a constant reminder of one's devotion and principles of faith.[22] Another aid to faith, he encouraged was the six-syllable mantra, Shivaya Namah, or the shadhakshara mantra which is Om Namah Shivaya.[22]", "Lingaraja Temple As per Hindu legend, an underground river originating from the Lingaraja temple fills the Bindusagar Tank (meaning ocean drop) and the water is believed to heal physical and spiritual illness. The water from the tank is thus treated sacred and pilgrims take a holy dip during festive occasions.[16][19] The central deity of the temple, Lingaraja, is worshipped both as Shiva and Vishnu. The harmony between the two sects of Hinduism, Shaivism and Vaishanvism, is seen in this temple where the deity is worshipped as Harihara, a combined form of Vishnu and Shiva.[5]", "Shiva The Sanskrit word Å›aiva means \"relating to the god Shiva\", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect.[34] It is used as an adjective to characterize certain beliefs and practices, such as Shaivism.[35]", "Somnath temple According to tradition, the Shivalinga in Somnath is one of the twelve jyotirlingas in India, where Shiva is believed to have appeared as a fiery column of light. The jyotirlingas are taken as the supreme, undivided reality out of which Shiva partly appears.[5][6]", "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur The temple is dedicated to Shiva in the form of linga, his abstract aniconic representation. It is 8.7 m (29 ft) high, occupying two storeys of the sanctum.[3][8] It is one of the largest monolithic linga sculptures in India.[31]", "Basava Basava advocated the wearing of Ishtalinga, a necklace with pendant that contains a small Shiva linga.[28] He was driven by his realisation; in one of his Vachanas he says Arive Guru, which means one's own awareness is his/her teacher. Many contemporary Vachanakaras (people who have scripted Vachanas) have described him as Swayankrita Sahaja, which means \"self-made\".", "Shiva The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the Rig Veda (approximately 1700-1100BC), as an epithet for several Rigvedic deities, including Rudra.[29] The term Shiva also connotes \"liberation, final emancipation\" and \"the auspicious one\", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature.[27][30] The term evolved from the Vedic Rudra-Shiva to the noun Shiva in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the \"creator, reproducer and dissolver\".[27][31]", "Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh On attaining this incomparable boon, Ravana also requested Lord Shiva to accompany him to Lanka. Shiva consented to the request of Ravana and converted himself into Shivling. Then Lord Shiva asked him to carry the Shivling and warned him that he should not place the Shivling down on the ground on his way. Ravana started moving south towards Lanka and reached Baijnath where he felt the need to answer the natureâ€™s call. Lord Ganesh had requested Lord wind( Vayu ) to make Ravana to do so. On seeing a shepherd, Ravana handed over the Shivling to him and went away to get himself relieved. The Shepherd was actually Lord Ganesh in a form of a Shepherd. Lord Ganesh proposaly put the linga on the ground and thus the Shivling got established there and the same is in the form of Ardhnarishwar (God in form of Half Male & Half Female).", "Shiva Shiva is considered the Great Yogi who is totally absorbed in himself â€“ the transcendental reality. He is the Lord of Yogis, and the teacher of Yoga to sages.[188] As Shiva Dakshinamurthi, states Stella Kramrisch, he is the supreme guru who \"teaches in silence the oneness of one's innermost self (atman) with the ultimate reality (brahman).\"[189]", "Hindu iconography Vibhuti is the holy ash obtained from sacred puja rites involving fire. Also a variant called Basma used as Vibhuti is prepared from the purified ashes of cow dung. Ash as the product of fire is considered intrinsically pure[citation needed]. It is used on the forehead, normally as three horizontal lines representing Shiva. Some Hindus meld both the three horizontal vibhuti lines of Shiva and the 'U' shape thilaka of Vishnu in an amalgam marker signifying Hari-Hara (Vishnu-Shiva). In addition, sacred ash signifies that the body's origin is from dust and ash and to dust and ash it shall return. The ash is a marker of impermanence. Everything in the interim is but an illusion (maya).", "Shiva The similarities between the iconography and theologies of Shiva with Greek and European deities have led to proposals for an Indo-European link for Shiva,[81][82] or lateral exchanges with ancient central Asian cultures.[83][84] His contrasting aspects such as being terrifying or blissful depending on the situation, are similar to those of the Greek god Dionysus,[85] as are their iconic associations with bull, snakes, anger, bravery, dancing and carefree life.[86][87] The ancient Greek texts of the time of Alexander the Great call Shiva as \"Indian Dionysus\", or alternatively call Dionysus as \"god of the Orient\".[86] Similarly, the use of phallic symbol as an icon for Shiva is also found for Irish, Nordic, Greek (Dionysus[88]) and Roman deities, as was the idea of this aniconic column linking heaven and earth among early Indo-Aryans, states Roger Woodward.[81] Others contest such proposals, and suggest Shiva to have emerged from indigenous pre-Aryan tribal origins.[89]", "Baijnath, Himachal Pradesh Another version also suggests that while Ravana was descending from the Himalayas with the Shivling Lord Shiva had awarded him after years of worship which was supposed to be established at Lanka, now Sri Lanka, which would have blessed him (Ravana) with undefeatable powers even to the Gods which was not to be placed anywhere during the course of travel, even during resting, Ravana was tricked by one of the Devas (Gods), who posed as a beggar and wanted help from Ravana and promised to hold the Shivling for him while he (Ravana) could fetch some food for the beggar. The Deva posing as beggar placed the Shivling on ground, in absence of Ravana. The Shiva idol or the Shivling at Baijnath temple is the same Shivling which was placed by the Deva after tricking Ravana.", "Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur The sanctum is at the center of the western square. It is surrounded by massive walls that are divided into levels by sharply cut sculptures and pilasters providing deep bays and recesses. Each side of the sanctuary has a bay with iconography.[32][25] The interior of the sanctum sanctorum hosts an image of the primary deity, Shiva, in the form of a huge stone linga. It is called Karuvarai, a Tamil word that means \"womb chamber\". This space is called garbha griha in other parts of India. Only priests are allowed to enter this inner-most chamber.[33]", "Shiva Some authors associate the name with the Tamil word śivappu meaning \"red\", noting that Shiva is linked to the Sun (śivan, \"the Red one\", in Tamil) and that Rudra is also called Babhru (brown, or red) in the Rigveda.[36][37] The Vishnu sahasranama interprets Shiva to have multiple meanings: \"The Pure One\", and \"the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas)\".[38][39]", "Bhikshatana Other scriptures describe other visits by Shiva to Deodar Forest in his Bhikshatana form. The Vamana Purana mentions Shiva entering the Deodar Forest twice as a beggar. Maddened by the death of his first wife Sati but chased by the love-god Kamadeva, Shiva escapes to the Deodar Forest and lives as a mendicant. The sages' wives who come to grant him food become sexually excited at the mere sight of him. The sages curse his Linga to fall off and it becomes the infinite pillar. Brahma and Vishnu propitiate him and Shiva reabsorbs the Linga into his body. In another instance, while passing the Deodar Forest, Parvati notices sages who worship Shiva and have emaciated their bodies with fasts and severe vows. Parvati requests Shiva to save them from further pain, but Shiva declares that the sages are simply foolish and have not restrained their passion and anger. He enters the forest as a handsome man, wearing only a garland of sylvan flowers. He entices the sages' wives, who give him alms. As before, the Linga of the cursed Shiva falls off, but eventually the sages realise their folly and worship the Linga.[2][14] Similar accounts of Bhikshatana-Shiva's visit to the Deodar Forest to humble and enlighten the false sages, Bhikshatana-Shiva's emasculation and establishment of Linga worship also appear in the Mahabharata, the Shiva Purana, and the Bhagavata Purana.[15]", "Bhikshatana Though Shiva is often described as a naked ascetic Yogi, iconographically he is rarely portrayed as nude except in his form as Bhikshatana.[16] Often the seductive nature of the naked Bhikshatana is emphasised in his torso and buttocks. Though his manhood is fully visible, Bhikshatana is never displayed as ithyphallic in South Indian iconography.[2][29] In contrast to textual descriptions, Orissan images of Bhikshatana depict him clothed with tiger skin and other body ornaments, but displaying an erect phallus. He is two-armed, holding the begging bowl kapala in his left hand and the trishula (trident) in his right hand.[30]", "Shiva The goddess-oriented Shakti tradition of Hinduism is based on the premise that the Supreme Principle and the Ultimate Reality called Brahman is female (Devi),[168][169][170] but it treats the male as her equal and complementary partner.[11][18] This partner is Shiva.[171][172]", "Shiva The Devi Upanishad in its explanation of the theology of Shaktism, mentions and praises Shiva such as in its verse 19.[176][177] Shiva, along with Vishnu, is a revered god in the Devi Mahatmya, a text of Shaktism considered by the tradition to be as important as the Bhagavad Gita.[178][179] The Ardhanarisvara concept co-mingles god Shiva and goddess Shakti by presenting an icon that is half man and half woman, a representation and theme of union found in many Hindu texts and temples.[180][181]", "Somnath temple Each of the twelve jyotirlinga sites take the name of a different manifestation of Shiva.[7] At all these sites, the primary image is a lingam representing the beginning-less and endless stambha (pillar), symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[7][8][9] In addition to the one at Somnath, the others are at Varanasi, Rameswaram, Dwarka, etc.[10][11]", "Hoysala architecture The Shaiva temples have a Shiva linga, symbol of fertility and the universal symbol of Shiva, in the shrine. The names of Shiva temples can end with the suffix eshwara meaning \"Lord of\". The name \"Hoysaleswara\", for instance, means \"Lord of Hoysala\". The temple can also be named after the devotee who commissioned the construction of the temple, an example being the Bucesvara temple at Koravangala, named after the devotee Buci.[14] The most striking sculptural decorations are the horizontal rows of mouldings with detailed relief, and intricately carved images of gods, goddesses and their attendants on the outer temple wall panels.[15]", "Khmer architecture Most temples at Angkor are dedicated to Shiva. In general, the Angkorian Khmer represented and worshipped Shiva in the form of a lingam, though they also fashioned anthropomorphic statues of the god. Anthropomorphic representations are also found in Angkorian bas reliefs. A famous tympanum from Banteay Srei depicts Shiva sitting on Mount Kailasa with his consort, while the demon king Ravana shakes the mountain from below. At Angkor Wat and Bayon, Shiva is depicted as a bearded ascetic. His attributes include the mystical eye in the middle of his forehead, the trident, and the rosary. His vahana or mount is the bull Nandi.", "Basava Basava emphasized constant personal spiritual development as the path to profound enlightenment. He championed the use of vernacular language, Kannada, in all spiritual discussions so that translation and interpretation by the elite is unnecessary, and everyone can understand the spiritual ideas.[5] Basava approach is akin to the protestant movement, states Ramanuja.[19] His philosophy revolves around treating one's own body and soul as a temple; instead of making a temple, he suggests being the temple.[19] His trinity consisted of guru (teacher), linga (personal symbol of Shiva) and jangama (constantly moving and learning).", "Pashupati seal Later, in 1931, he expanded his reasons to include the fact that Shiva is associated with the phallus in the form of linga, and that in medieval art he is shown with deer or ibexes, as are seen below the throne on the seal.[7][8] Marshall's analysis of the Indus Valley religion, and the Pashupati seal in particular, was very influential and widely accepted for at least the next two generations. For instance, Herbert Sullivan, wrote in 1964 that Marshall's analysis \"has been accepted almost universally and has greatly influenced scholarly understanding of the historical development of Hinduism\".[9] Writing in 1976, Doris Srinivasan introduced an article otherwise critical of Marshall's interpretation by observing that \"no matter what position is taken regarding the seal's iconography, it is always prefaced by Marshall's interpretation. On balance the proto-Åšiva character of the seal has been accepted.\"[10] And Alf Hiltebeitel noted that, following Marshall's analysis, \"nearly all efforts at interpreting the [Indus Valley] religion have centered discussion around [the Pashupati seal] figure\".[11]", "Cloud Gate Kapoor often relies on tenets of Hinduism in his art and says that \"The experience of opposites allows for the expression of wholeness.\"[18] Primal dualities that are one, such as the lingam and yoni, are important to Indian culture, and Cloud Gate represents both the male and female in one entity by symbolizing both the vagina and testicles.[18] Thus, it represents the tension between the masculine and the feminine.", "Om In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual symbols.[7][8] It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge).[9][10][11] The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.[11] It is a sacred spiritual incantation made before and during the recitation of spiritual texts, during puja and private prayers, in ceremonies of rites of passages (sanskara) such as weddings, and sometimes during meditative and spiritual activities such as Yoga.[12][13]", "Hindu iconography Rudraksha are seeds of the rudraksha tree that, in Hinduism, represent the tears of Lord Shiva (also known as, Rudra). They are often threaded into a necklace and used as a rosary to accompany prayer and meditation.", "Thiruvathira The cosmic dance of Lord Shiva represents five activities â€“ Creation, Protection, Destruction, Embodiment and Release. In essence, it represents the continuous cycle of creation and destruction. This cosmic dance[16] takes place in every particle and is the source of all energy. Arudra Darshan[17] celebrates this ecstatic dance of Lord Shiva.[18]", "Śūnyatā In a series of Kannada language texts of Lingayatism, a Shaivism tradition, shunya is equated to the concept of the Supreme. In particular, the Shunya Sampadane texts present the ideas of Allama Prabhu in a form of dialogue, where shunya is that void and distinctions which a spiritual journey seeks to fill and eliminate. It is the described as a state of union of one's soul with the infinite Shiva, the state of blissful moksha.[113][114]", "Om The Shiva Purana highlights the relation between deity Shiva and the Pranava or Om. Shiva is declared to be Om, and that Om is Shiva.[86]", "Shiva Sharma presents another etymology with the Sanskrit root Å›arv-, which means \"to injure\" or \"to kill\",[32] interprets the name to connote \"one who can kill the forces of darkness\".[33]", "Hindu deities A Murti of a Hindu deity is typically made by carving stone, wood working, metal casting or through pottery. Medieval era texts describing their proper proportions, positions and gestures include the Puranas, Agamas and Samhitas particularly the Shilpa Shastras.[21] The expressions in a Murti vary in diverse Hindu traditions, ranging from Ugra symbolism to express destruction, fear and violence (Durga, Kali), as well as Saumya symbolism to express joy, knowledge and harmony (Saraswati, Lakshmi). Saumya images are most common in Hindu temples.[125] Other Murti forms found in Hinduism include the Linga.[126]", "Hindu temple architecture The Paisachika padas, Manusha padas and Devika padas surround Brahma padas, which signifies creative energy and serves as the location for templeâ€™s primary idol for darsana. Finally at the very center of Brahma padas is Garbhagruha(Garbha- Centre, gruha- house; literally the center of the house) (Purusa Space), signifying Universal Principle present in everything and everyone.[2] The spire of a Hindu temple, called Shikhara in north India and Vimana in south India, is perfectly aligned above the Brahma pada(s).", "Shiva The Shiva-related tradition is a major part of Hinduism, found all over India, Nepal, Sri Lanka,[25][26] and Bali (Indonesia).[56] Its historical roots are unclear and contested. Some scholars such Yashodhar Mathpal and Ali Javid have interpreted early prehistoric paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters, carbon dated to be from pre-10,000 BCE period,[57] as Shiva dancing, Shiva's trident, and his mount Nandi.[3][58][59] However, Howard Morphy states that these prehistoric rock paintings of India, when seen in their context, are likely those of hunting party with animals, and that the figures in a group dance can be interpreted in many different ways.[60] Rock paintings from Bhimbetka, depicting a figure with a trishul, have been described as Nataraja by Erwin Neumayer, who dates them to the mesolithic.[61]", "Shiva The depiction of Shiva as Nataraja (Sanskrit: naṭarāja, \"Lord of Dance\") is popular.[277][278] The names Nartaka (\"dancer\") and Nityanarta (\"eternal dancer\") appear in the Shiva Sahasranama.[279] His association with dance and also with music is prominent in the Puranic period.[280] In addition to the specific iconographic form known as Nataraja, various other types of dancing forms (Sanskrit: nṛtyamūrti) are found in all parts of India, with many well-defined varieties in Tamil Nadu in particular.[281] The two most common forms of the dance are the Tandava, which later came to denote the powerful and masculine dance as Kala-Mahakala associated with the destruction of the world. When it requires the world or universe to be destroyed, Shiva does it by the Tandava,[282][283] and Lasya, which is graceful and delicate and expresses emotions on a gentle level and is considered the feminine dance attributed to the goddess Parvati.[284][285] Lasya is regarded as the female counterpart of Tandava.[285] The Tandava-Lasya dances are associated with the destruction-creation of the world.[286][287][288]", "Lingaraja Temple Bhubaneswar is called the Ekamra Kshetra as the deity of Lingaraja was originally under a mango tree (Ekamra) as noted in Ekamra Purana, a 13th-century Sanskrit treatise. The temple is active in worship practises, unlike most other temples in Bhubaneswar and Shiva is worshipped as Harihara, a combined form of Vishnu and Shiva. The temple has images of Vishnu, possibly because of the rising prominence of Jagannath sect emanating from the Ganga rulers who built the Jagannath Temple in Puri in the 12th century.", "Shiva Dakshinamurthy (Dakṣiṇāmūrti)[289] literally describes a form (mūrti) of Shiva facing south (dakṣiṇa). This form represents Shiva in his aspect as a teacher of yoga, music, and wisdom and giving exposition on the shastras.[290] This iconographic form for depicting Shiva in Indian art is mostly from Tamil Nadu.[291] Elements of this motif can include Shiva seated upon a deer-throne and surrounded by sages who are receiving his instruction.[292]", "Basava According to Velcheru Rao and Gene Roghair,[24] Basava calls the path of devotion as \"beyond six systems of philosophy. Sruti has commended it as the all-seeing. Its subtle form is beyond praise. Its eternally blissful form is the beginning of the beginning. The form of that divine linga is the true God. The guru [teacher] of the creed is an embodiment of kindness and compassion. He places God in your soul, and he also places God in your hand. The six-syllabled mantra,[25] the supreme mantra, is its mantra. The dress – locks of hair, ashes and rudrashaka beads – place a man beyond the cycle of birth and death. It follows the path of liberation. (...) This path offers nothing less than liberation in this lifetime.\"[24]", "Murti A Murti is typically made by carving stone, wood working, metal casting or through pottery. Ancient era texts describing their proper proportions, positions and gestures include the Puranas, Agamas and Samhitas.[6] The expressions in a Murti vary in diverse Hindu traditions, ranging from Ugra symbolism to express destruction, fear and violence (Durga, Kali), as well as Saumya symbolism to express joy, knowledge and harmony (Saraswati, Lakshmi). Saumya images are most common in Hindu temples.[7] Other Murti forms found in Hinduism include the Linga.[8]", "Brihadeeswarar Temple The Presiding deity of the temple is [20] Shiva in the form of Lingam (an iconic representation) is 8.7 m (29 ft) high, making it one of the largest.[13] All deities, particularly those placed in the niches of the outer wall (Koshta Moorthigal) like Dakshinamurthy, Surya, Chandra are of huge size. The temple is one of the rare temples which has idols for \"Ashta-dikpaalakas\" (Guardians of the directions) – Indra, Agni, Yama, Nirṛti, Varuṇa, Vāyu, Kubera, Īśāna – each of whom was originally represented by a life-sized statue, approximately 6 feet tall, enshrined in a separate temple located in the respective direction. (Only Agni, Varuṇa, Vāyu and Īśāna are preserved in situ.)", "Gender One of the several forms of the Hindu God Shiva, is Ardhanarishwar (literally half-female God). Here Shiva manifests himself so that the left half is Female and the right half is Male. The left represents Shakti (energy, power) in the form of Goddess Parvati (otherwise his consort) and the right half Shiva. Whereas Parvati is the cause of arousal of Kama (desires), Shiva is the killer. Shiva is pervaded by the power of Parvati and Parvati is pervaded by the power of Shiva.", "Shiva As a family man and householder, he has a wife, Parvati and two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya. His epithet Umāpati (\"The husband of Umā\") refers to this idea, and Sharma notes that two other variants of this name that mean the same thing, Umākānta and Umādhava, also appear in the sahasranama.[266] Umā in epic literature is known by many names, including the benign Pārvatī.[267][268] She is identified with Devi, the Divine Mother; Shakti (divine energy) as well as goddesses like Tripura Sundari, Durga, Kali, Kamakshi and Minakshi. The consorts of Shiva are the source of his creative energy. They represent the dynamic extension of Shiva onto this universe.[269] His son Ganesha is worshipped throughout India and Nepal as the Remover of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings and Lord of Obstacles. Kartikeya is worshipped in South India (especially in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka) by the names Subrahmanya, Subrahmanyan, Shanmughan, Swaminathan and Murugan, and in Northern India by the names Skanda, Kumara, or Karttikeya.[270]", "Elephanta Caves The central shrine is a free-standing square cell, with entrances on each of its sides. Each door is flanked by two dvarapalas (gate keepers). The Linga, the symbol of Shiva in union with the Yoni, and the symbol of Parvati together symbolise the supreme unity that is deified by the shrine. The Linga is set on a raised platform above the floor of the shrine by 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in). Six steps lead to this level from the floor level. The height of the eight dvarapalas varies from 4.521–4.623 m (14.83–15.17 ft). All are in a damaged condition except those at the southern door to the shrine. The southern gate statue has many unusual features – unusual headgear; a large skull above the forehead; lips parted with protruding teeth; statues adorned with a single bead necklace, earrings, plain twisted armlets and thick wristlets; a stooped right shoulder; a globe held at navel level; the robe is held at the right thigh by the left hand, and the legs are shapeless.[1][3][5][7]", "Hindu temple A Hindu temple is a symbolic house, seat and body of god. It is a structure designed to bring human beings and gods together, using symbolism to express the ideas and beliefs of Hinduism.[1][2] The symbolism and structure of a Hindu temple are rooted in Vedic traditions, deploying circles and squares.[3] A temple incorporates all elements of Hindu cosmos—presenting the good, the evil and the human, as well as the elements of Hindu sense of cyclic time and the essence of life—symbolically presenting dharma, kama, artha, moksa, and karma.[4][5][6]", "Pashupati seal An early description and analysis of the seal's iconography was provided by archaeologist John Marshall who had served as the Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India and led the excavations of the Indus Valley sites. In addition to the general features of the seal described above, he also saw the central figure as a male deity; as three-faced, with a possible fourth face towards the back; and, as ithyphallic, while conceding that what appeared to be the exposed phallus could instead be a tassel hanging from the waistband. Most significantly he identified the seal as an early prototype of the Hindu god Shiva (or, his Vedic predecessor, Rudra), who also was known by the title Pashupati ('lord or father of all the animals') in historic times.[7] In a 1928â€“29 publication, Marshall summarized his reasons for the identification as follows:" ]	[ "Lingam Lingam (Sanskrit: लिंगम्, IAST: liṅgaṃ, lit. \"sign, symbol or mark\"; also linga, Shiva linga), is an abstract or aniconic representation of the Hindu deity Shiva, used for worship in temples, smaller shrines, or as self-manifested natural objects.[1][2] In traditional Indian society, the linga is seen as a symbol of the energy and potential of Shiva himself.[3][4]", "Lingam The lingam is a column-like or oval (egg-shaped) symbol of Shiva, the Formless All-pervasive Reality, made of stone, metal, or clay. The Shiva Linga is a symbol of Lord Shiva – a mark that reminds of the Omnipotent Lord, which is formless.[7] In Shaivite Hindu temples, the linga is a smooth cylindrical mass symbolising Shiva. It is found at the centre of the temple, often resting in the middle of a rimmed, disc-shaped structure, a representation of Shakti.[3]", "Lingam The Hindu scripture Shiva Purana describes the origin of the lingam, known as Shiva-linga, as the beginning-less and endless cosmic pillar (Stambha) of fire, the cause of all causes.[15] Lord Shiva is pictured as emerging from the Lingam – the cosmic pillar of fire – proving his superiority over the gods Brahma and Vishnu.[8] This is known as Lingodbhava. The Linga Purana also supports this interpretation of lingam as a cosmic pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[8][13][14][16] According to the Linga Purana, the lingam is a complete symbolic representation of the formless Universe Bearer – the oval-shaped stone is the symbol of the Universe, and the bottom base represents the Supreme Power that holds the entire Universe in it.[17] A similar interpretation is also found in the Skanda Purana: \"The endless sky (that great void which contains the entire universe) is the Linga, the Earth is its base. At the end of time the entire universe and all the Gods finally merge in the Linga itself.\" [18] In yogic lore, the linga is considered the first form to arise when creation occurs, and also the last form before the dissolution of creation. It is therefore seen as an access to Shiva or that which lies beyond physical creation.[19] In the Mahabharata, at the end of Dwaraka Yuga, Lord Shiva says to his disciples that in the coming Kali Yuga, He would not appear in any particular form, but instead as the formless and omnipresent." ]
test1713	who sings tie a yellow ribbon around the old oak tree	[ "doc60822" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc60822", "doc60832", "doc60824", "doc60823", "doc60830", "doc60831", "doc2094515", "doc60834", "doc60825", "doc60828", "doc60827", "doc60826", "doc60829", "doc60833", "doc194998", "doc1423001", "doc1812502", "doc275655", "doc2094516", "doc1223690", "doc275663", "doc275659", "doc75826", "doc968236", "doc1270306", "doc66941", "doc151102", "doc1880696", "doc370224", "doc1147276", "doc275665", "doc1719902", "doc1856299", "doc2012199", "doc2012202", "doc2237618", "doc760896", "doc493927", "doc453437", "doc1856289", "doc968226", "doc275662", "doc432419", "doc1750744", "doc494024", "doc494027", "doc275658", "doc1897818", "doc421805", "doc1223685", "doc2213891", "doc594781", "doc1147278", "doc275666", "doc1223686", "doc2012200", "doc1282399", "doc961633", "doc20057", "doc1791795", "doc370228", "doc722628", "doc1594978", "doc1812506", "doc628630", "doc1720507", "doc2012197", "doc1702942", "doc1708582", "doc453438", "doc1751886", "doc1405263", "doc191920", "doc736161", "doc494554", "doc75829", "doc2098142", "doc2517445", "doc249446", "doc298880", "doc1270308", "doc1751887", "doc2536995", "doc2304962", "doc2671911", "doc648046", "doc270482", "doc1969527", "doc943594", "doc2533697", "doc1306008", "doc1270322", "doc450749", "doc63837", "doc456047", "doc1756625", "doc2533689", "doc745324", "doc498447", "doc913135" ]	[ "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\" is a song by Tony Orlando and Dawn. It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell, with Motown/Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins, Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals.[1] It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973.", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree In April 1973, the recording by Dawn featuring Tony Orlando reached No. 1 in the Billboard Hot 100 (chart date 21 April 1973) in the US, and stayed at No. 1 for four weeks.[1] \"Tie A Yellow Ribbon\" sold 3 million records in the US in three weeks. It also reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and BMI calculated that radio stations had played it 3 million times from seventeen continuous years of airplay. Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1973.[4] It also reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia, and has sold 1 million copies in the UK.[5] In New Zealand, the song spent 10 weeks at number one.[6]", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree In 2008, Billboard ranked the song as the 37th biggest song of all time in its issue celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Hot 100.[1]", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree The single reached the top 10 in ten countries, in eight of which it topped the charts. It reached number one on both the US and UK charts for four weeks in April 1973, number one on the Australian charts for seven weeks from May to July 1973 and number one on the New Zealand charts for ten weeks from June to August 1973. It was the top-selling single in 1973 in both the US and UK.", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree In October 1971, newspaper columnist Pete Hamill wrote a piece for the New York Post called \"Going Home\". In it, he told a variant of the story, in which college students on a bus trip to the beaches of Fort Lauderdale make friends with an ex-convict who is watching for a yellow handkerchief on a roadside oak in Brunswick, Georgia. Hamill claimed to have heard this story in oral tradition. In June 1972, nine months later, Reader's Digest reprinted \"Going Home\". Also in June 1972, ABC-TV aired a dramatized version of it in which James Earl Jones played the role of the returning ex-con. According to L. Russell Brown, he read Hamill's story in the Reader's Digest, and suggested to his songwriting partner Irwin Levine that they write a song based on it.[3] Levine and Brown then registered for copyright the song which they called \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'Round the Ole Oak Tree\". At the time, the writers said they heard the story while serving in the military. Pete Hamill was not convinced and filed suit for infringement. Hamill dropped his suit after folklorists working for Levine and Brown turned up archival versions of the story that had been collected before \"Going Home\" had been written.[2]", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree Levine and Brown first offered the song to Ringo Starr, but Al Steckler of Apple Records told them that they should be ashamed of the song and described it as \"ridiculous\".[3]", "Connie Francis In 1973, Francis returned to the recording studio, cutting \"(Should I) Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree?\", b/w \"Paint the Rain\" on GSF Records. This answer song to \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree\" by Tony Orlando & Dawn bubbled under the charts. The project of recording a German version, though, remained unfinished.[7][12][13] Another 1971 single, \"I Don't Want to Walk Without You\", b/w \"Don't Turn Around\", on Ivanhoe Records, failed to chart.", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree During the 2014 Hong Kong Protests the song was routinely performed by pro-democracy protestors and sympathetic street musicians as a reference to the yellow ribbons that had become a popular symbol of the movement on site (tied to street railings) and on social media.[26] Journalists covering the event described use of the tune as a protest song.[27]", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree The song is told from the point of view of someone who has \"done his time\" but is uncertain if he will be welcomed home.", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree This is NOT the story of a convict who had told his love to tie a ribbon book to a tree outside of town. I know because I wrote the song one morning in 15 minutes with the late lyrical genius Irwin Levine. The genesis of this idea came from the age old folk tale about a Union prisoner of war--who sent a letter to his girl that he was coming home from a confederate POW camp in Georgia.... Anything about a criminal is pure fantasy....", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree To his amazement, the entire bus cheers the response â€“ there are 100 yellow ribbons around the tree, a sign he is very much welcome.", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree He writes to his love, asking her to tie a yellow ribbon around the \"ole oak tree\" in front of the house (which the bus will pass by) if she wants him to return to her life; if he does not see such a ribbon, he will remain on the bus (taking that to mean he is unwelcome) and understand her reasons (\"put the blame on me\"). He asks the bus driver to check, fearful of not seeing anything.", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree The origin of the idea of a yellow ribbon as remembrance may have been the 19th-century practice that some women allegedly had of wearing a yellow ribbon in their hair to signify their devotion to a husband or sweetheart serving in the U.S. Cavalry. The song \"'Round Her Neck She Wears a Yeller Ribbon\", which later inspired the John Wayne movie She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, is a reference to this. The symbol of a yellow ribbon became widely known in civilian life in the 1970s as a reminder that an absent loved one, either in the military or in jail, would be welcomed home on their return.", "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree In the Philippines, the song was best known for its use in the return of exiled politician Benigno Aquino, Jr. to the country in 1983, during which Aquino supporters tied yellow ribbons on trees in anticipation of his arrival. However, Aquino was assassinated upon arrival, sparking the rise of People Power three years later that led to the demise of Ferdinand Marcos' presidency and subsequent inauguration of Aquino's widow Corazon Aquino as president. Yellow was also the campaign symbol of Aquino's son who eventually became President Benigno Aquino III in 2010.[25]", "The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia Released as a single in June 1972, the song would ultimately become a number-one success for Lawrence, topping the Hot 100 chart in early 1973. Lawrence was, at the time, a regular performer on the ensemble variety comedy television show The Carol Burnett Show; on the final episode of the sixth season (March 24, 1973), Burnett surprised Lawrence by presenting her with an RIAA gold record for over a million copies sold. The song also scored number six on the Easy Listening chart,[4] and it peaked at number 36 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart.[5] It was number one for two weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, and was finally topped by Tony Orlando and Dawn's \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\". Billboard ranked it as the No. 11 song for 1973.", "Let's Get It On (song) The song became the biggest selling Motown release in the United States at the time, selling over two-million copies within the first six weeks of following its release. \"Let's Get It On\" also became the second best-selling single of 1973, only surpassed in sales by Tony Orlando & Dawn's \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\". At the time, the single was Motown's largest-selling recording ever, selling over three-million copies between 1973 and 1975.[7] The single has gone on to sell over 1Â million copies, and, on June 25, 2007, was certified platinum in sales by the RIAA.[8]", "Knock Three Times \"Knock Three Times\" is a popular song credited to Tony Orlando and Dawn. The actual singers were Tony Orlando, Toni Wine, and Linda November, prior to the creation of \"Dawn\" with Telma Hopkins and Joyce Vincent Wilson.[citation needed] The song was released as a single in November 1970, paired with Orlando's other hit song, \"Candida\" (also written by Toni Wine). The single hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in January 1971 and eventually sold six million copies, also claiming the number-one spot on the UK Singles Chart.[1][2] The song registered well at Adult Contemporary stations, reaching #2 on Billboard's \"Easy Listening\" survey.", "Delta Dawn \"Delta Dawn\" is a song written by former child rockabilly star Larry Collins and songwriter Alex Harvey,[a] best known as a 1972 top ten country hit for Tanya Tucker[1] and a number one hit for Helen Reddy in 1973.", "Connie Francis After her modest success with \"(Should I) Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree?\" Francis began performing regularly again. While appearing at the Westbury Music Fair in New York, on November 8, 1974, Francis was raped at the Jericho Turnpike Howard Johnson's Lodge in Jericho, New York, and nearly suffocated under the weight of a heavy mattress the culprit had thrown upon her.[2] She subsequently sued the motel chain for failing to provide adequate security and reportedly won a $2.5 million judgment,[14] at the time one of the largest such judgments in history, leading to a reform in hotel security. Her rapist was never found.[15] During the years after the incident, Francis went into depression, taking as many as 50 Darvon pills a day and rarely leaving her home in Essex Fells, New Jersey.[16]", "One Tin Soldier Singer Jinx Dawson of the band Coven performed the song at a 1971 session with the film's orchestra as part of the soundtrack for the Warner Bros. film Billy Jack. Dawson asked that her band, Coven, be listed on the recording and film, not her name as a solo artist. This Warner release, titled as \"One Tin Soldier (The Legend of Billy Jack)\", reached #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the fall of 1971.[1][2]", "Delta Dawn Before Midler’s recording, Nashville-based producer Billy Sherrill heard her sing \"Delta Dawn\" on The Tonight Show and wanted to sign Midler to Epic Records and have her record the song. Upon finding that Midler was already signed to Atlantic Records, Sherrill cut the song with Tanya Tucker, who was newly signed to Epic, and Tucker's version was released in April 1972; it reached Number 6 C&W that spring.[3]", "Delta Dawn Dianne Davidson sang backup for Harvey's recording. She was the first singer after Harvey to record the song and chart in 1971â€“1972.[citation needed]", "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town \"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town\" is a song written by Mel Tillis about a paralyzed veteran of a \"crazy Asian war\" (given the time of its release, widely assumed—but never explicitly stated—to be the Vietnam War) who either lies helplessly in bed or sits helplessly in his wheelchair as his wife \"paints [herself] up\" to go out for the evening without him; he believes she is going in search of a lover, and as he hears the door slam behind her, he pleads for her to reconsider. The song was made famous by Kenny Rogers and The First Edition in 1969. \"Ruby\" was originally recorded in 1967 by Johnny Darrell, who scored a number nine country hit with it that year.[1]", "The Tremeloes as The Tremeloes[3]", "The Yellow Rose of Texas (song) \"The Yellow Rose of Texas\" is a traditional American folk song. Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time.[1] Several versions of the song have been recorded, including by Elvis Presley, Willie Nelson[2] and Mitch Miller.", "Put Your Hand in the Hand Evangelist Garner Ted Armstrong covered the song in a January 1976 episode of Hee Haw. Country singers Sandy Posey, Lynn Anderson and Loretta Lynn, and The Oak Ridge Boys also recorded the song.", "America the Beautiful Three different renditions of the song have entered the Hot Country Songs charts. The first was by Charlie Rich, which went to number 22 in 1976.[14] A second, by Mickey Newbury, peaked at number 82 in 1980.[15] An all-star version of \"America the Beautiful\" performed by country singers Trace Adkins, Sherrié Austin, Billy Dean, Vince Gill, Carolyn Dawn Johnson, Toby Keith, Brenda Lee, Lonestar, Lyle Lovett, Lila McCann, Lorrie Morgan, Jamie O'Neal, The Oak Ridge Boys, Collin Raye, Kenny Rogers, Keith Urban and Phil Vassar reached number 58 in July 2001. The song re-entered the chart following the September 11 attacks.[16]", "Tulsa Time \"Tulsa Time\" is a song written by Danny Flowers and recorded by American country music artist Don Williams. It was released in October 1978 as the first single from the album Expressions. It was Williams' eighth number one on the country chart, spending a single week at number one and eleven weeks in the top 40.[1] It was also recorded by Eric Clapton for his 1978 album Backless and a live version by Clapton from his album Just One Night became a #30 Billboard hit in 1980.", "Three Dog Night Three Dog Night is an American rock band. They formed in 1967 with a line-up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, and Chuck Negron. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits (with three hitting number one) between 1969 and 1975. It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters, including Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\", \"Never Been to Spain\"), Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\"), Harry Nilsson (\"One\"), Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), and Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\").[4]", "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport \"Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport\" is a song written by Australian singer Rolf Harris in 1957 which became a hit across the world in the 1960s in two recordings (1960 in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom for the original, and 1963 with a re-recording of his song in the United States). Inspired by Harry Belafonte's calypsos, it is about an Australian stockman on his deathbed. The song is one of the best-known and most successful Australian songs.", "Delta Dawn Reddy's version, with upward modulation added to the mimicking of Tucker's cold intro and nonstop vocals throughout, entered the Top Ten hit on 18 August 1973 on its way to its lone frame at number 1, on 15 September 1973. Reddy's Hot 100 #1 hits, in order, were 1972's \"I Am Woman\", then \"Delta Dawn\", then 1974's \"Angie Baby\". \"Delta Dawn\" also became the first of Reddy's six consecutive – and eight overall – Number 1 hits on the Easy Listening chart in Billboard.[5]", "Release Me (1949 song) \"Release Me\" (sometimes rendered as \"Release Me (and Let Me Love Again)\"), is a popular song written by Eddie \"Piano\" Miller and Robert Yount in 1949. Four years later it was recorded by Jimmy Heap & the Melody Masters (in 1953), and with even better success by Patti Page (1954), Ray Price (1954), and Kitty Wells (1954). Subsequently, Jivin' Gene [Bourgeois] & the Jokers recorded the tune in 1960, and that version served as an inspiration for Little Esther Phillips, who reached number one on the R&B chart and number eight on the pop chart with her big-selling cover.[1] The Everly Brothers followed in 1963, along with Jerry Wallace (1966), Dean Martin (1967), Engelbert Humperdinck (1967) who was number one on the UK Singles Chart [2] and many others in the years after.", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree The following artists have each recorded the song:\n1968 • Bill Haley & His Comets, for the U.S. label United Artists Records (not released commercially at the time)\n1970 • Lynn Anderson, for her album The Christmas Album\n1971 • The Partridge Family, for their album A Partridge Family Christmas Card\n1983 • Lou Ann Barton, for the compilation album An Austin Rhythm and Blues Christmas\n1986 • Mickey Gilley, for the compilation album The Nashville Christmas Album\n1992 • Amy Grant, for her album Home for Christmas\n123456 • Ronnie Spector and Darlene Love, for the charity compilation album A Very Special Christmas 2\n1993 • Dion DiMucci, for his album Rock n' Roll Christmas\n1995 • Gary Hoey, for his album Ho! Ho! Hoey II\n1997 • Hanson, for their album Snowed In\n1998 • Cyndi Lauper, for her album Merry Christmas... Have a Nice Life\n123456 • Dion, from the various artists Christmas compilation album Cruising Christmas\n1999 • Alabama, for their album Christmas Vol. II (this cover version peaked at No. 64 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart)[9]\n1999 • Element, for the compilation album Happy Christmas Vol. 2\n2000 • Green Day, posted for their fans on their website greenday.com 123456 • Jessica Simpson with Rosie O'Donnell, for O'Donnell's album Another Rosie Christmas\n123456 • Mek Pek, for his rockabilly-project Mek and the X-Mas Peks\n2004 • LeAnn Rimes, for her album What a Wonderful World (this cover version peaked at No. 3 on Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, No. 48 on Billboard Country Singles chart, and No. 30 on Billboard's Holiday Songs chart)[10]\n2006 • Rhonda Vincent, for her album Beautiful Star: A Christmas Collection\n2007 • Hannah Montana for the Disney Channel Holiday soundtrack\n123456 • Toby Keith, for his album A Classic Christmas\n123456 • 1910 Fruitgum Company, for their album Bubblegum Christmas\n123456 • Helena Vondráčková on her album Vanoce S Helenou - To Nej as \"Vanoce Jak Hrom\" Czech\n2008 • Davie Allan & the Arrows, for their album Fuzz for the Holidays\n123456 • Joe Lynn Turner and others, for the album We Wish You a Metal Xmas and a Headbanging New Year\n2009 • Lotta Engberg (titled \"Julen Är Här\"), for the album Jul hos mig\n2011 • Vanessa Neigert, for her album \"Ich geb 'ne Party\"\n2011 • Chicago, for their album Chicago XXXIII: O Christmas Three\n123456 • She & Him, for their album A Very She & Him Christmas\n123456 • 3 Voices & Beatur, for their album It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas\n2012 • Victoria Justice, for the compilation album Merry Nickmas\n123456 • Bella Thorne, for the compilation album Disney Channel Holiday Playlist\n123456 • Mike Cannistraro, for the compilation album Boston's Best Holiday Hits\n123456 • JOE-BOY, for debut download single release\n2013 • The fictional New Directions glee club, for the Glee episode \"Previously Unaired Christmas\" and album Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album Volume 4\n123456 • Il Volo for their album Buon Natale: The Christmas Album [11]\n2015 • The Brian Setzer Orchestra, for their album Rockin' Rudolph\n2015 • Jann Arden on her album A Jann Arden Christmas\n123456 • Kaitlyn Baker, for single release.[12]", "Bill Danoff Starland Vocal Band", "Bill Danoff Starland Vocal Band", "Rest Your Love on Me The Osmonds, themselves beginning a transition from a pop/rock band to country music, recorded the song under Maurice Gibb's direction shortly before the Bee Gees released their version, but not released until afterward. In January 1979, Andy Gibb and Olivia Newton-John would perform it at the Music for UNICEF show, the first time most people heard it.", "Here, There and Everywhere Unterberger highlights Emmylou Harris among the notable artists who have recorded \"Here, There and Everywhere\". Harris' version became a minor hit in 1976, reaching #65 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #13 on the Adult Contemporary chart in the United States.[14] Other noted performers of the song include Beegie Adair,[25] Clay Aiken, David Benoit, George Benson,[25] Gina Jeffreys on Old Paint, Peter Breinholt, Petula Clark, Perry Como, Count Basie Orchestra,[25] Darren Day, John Denver, Romina Power, Céline Dion (for a George Martin/Beatles tribute album),[25] Arik Einstein, Episode Six, Jose Feliciano (instrumental),[25] The Fourmost, Jerry Garcia and Merl Saunders (instrumental),[26] Bobbie Gentry, Stéphane Grappelli,[25] Ofra Harnoy,[25] The Flying Pickets, Jay and the Americans, The Lettermen, Locksley, Kenny Loggins (on Kenny Loggins Alive),[25] Claudine Longet, John McDermott, Carmen McRae,[25] Olivia Ong, Maaya Sakamoto, George Shearing,[25] The Singers Unlimited, Sissel, Göran Söllscher,[25] Marina Verenikina, Jose Mari Chan, Camilo Sesto, John Williams (instrumental),[27] Andy Williams, David Gilmour, and Umberto Tozzi.", "Take Me Home, Country Roads \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\", also known as \"Country Roads, Take Me Home\" or \"Country Roads\", is a song written by Bill Danoff, Taffy Nivert, and John Denver. It was released as a single performed by Denver on April 12, 1971, peaking at number 2 on Billboard's US Hot 100 singles for the week ending August 28, 1971. The song was a success on its initial release and was certified Gold by the RIAA on August 18, 1971, and Platinum on April 10, 2017.[2] The song became one of John Denver's most popular and beloved songs. It has continued to sell, with over a million digital copies sold in the United States.[3] It is considered to be Denver's signature song.[4]", "The Yellow Rose (song) \"The Yellow Rose\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singers Johnny Lee and Lane Brody, set to the tune of the folk song \"The Yellow Rose of Texas.\" It was recorded as the theme song to the NBC television series The Yellow Rose starring Cybill Shepherd, and was included on Lee's 1984 studio album â€˜Til the Bars Burn Down. Released as a single in early 1984, \"The Yellow Rose\" was a Number One country hit in both the United States and Canada, and gave Brody her only Number One country hit and Lee his fourth.", "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree \"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree\" is a Christmas song written by Johnny Marks and recorded by Brenda Lee in 1958; it has since been recorded by numerous other music artists. By the song's 50th anniversary in 2008, Lee's original version had sold over 25 million copies with the 4th most digital downloads sold of any Christmas single.", "The Tremeloes Their cover version of Jeff Christie's song \"Yellow River\" (sung by Dave Munden) was shelved at the time, but Christie's lead vocal set to their backing became a UK chart hit for Christie in 1970. The Tremeloes versions sung in both English and Spanish later were released on compact disc compilations.", "Delta Dawn During the time Tanya Tucker’s and Helen Reddy’s recordings of the song were being produced (see below), Bette Midler recorded \"Delta Dawn\" for her The Divine Miss M debut album, for which her bluesy version was planned as the lead single. Reddy's single was released June 1973, two days before Midler's. The preemption required a marketing change to Midler's single, so the original B-side \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\" was shopped to radio, itself becoming a Top Ten hit.", "Big Yellow Taxi \"Big Yellow Taxi\" is a song written, composed, and originally recorded by Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell in 1970, and originally released on her album Ladies of the Canyon. It was a hit in her native Canada (No. 14) as well as Australia (No. 6) and the UK (No. 11). It only reached No. 67 in the US in 1970, but was later a bigger hit there for her in a live version released in 1974,[3][4] which peaked at No. 24. Charting versions have also been recorded by The Neighborhood (who had the original top US 40 hit with the track in 1970, peaking at No. 29), Maire Brennan, Amy Grant and Counting Crows.", "The Ballad of Davy Crockett The first released version was recorded by Bill Hayes, quickly followed by versions by Fess Parker[1] and Tennessee Ernie Ford (recorded on February 7, 1955). All three versions made the Billboard magazine charts in 1955: Hayes' version made #1 on the weekly chart (from March 26 through April 23) and #7 for the year, Parker's reached #6 on the weekly charts and #31 for the year, while Ford's peaked at #4 on the weekly country chart and #5 on the weekly pop chart and charted at #37 for the year. A fourth version, by bluegrass singer Mac Wiseman, reached #10 on the radio charts in May 1955.[2] The song also reached #1 on the Cash Box charts, from March 26 through May 14, 1955. A contemporary version also exists by Western singing group the Sons of the Pioneers. Over ten million copies of the song were sold.[3]", "Terri Gibbs Gibbs was born in Miami, Florida, but raised in the Augusta, Georgia, suburb of Grovetown.[1] Although born with eyesight, she lost it as a newborn due to an incubator accident.[2] Despite her blindness, she learned to play piano at age three.[1] As a child, she sang in the church choir and at talent contests, and at age seventeen, she opened for Bill Anderson.[3] Her parents wanted her to be treated no differently from sighted people and she was sent to public school, graduating from Butler High School in Augusta in 1972.[4] She performed in and around the Augusta area and eventually, she met Chet Atkins, who advised her to move to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue a country music career, which she did at age eighteen.[1] After failing to find a record deal, she returned to Miami and joined a band called Sound Dimension.[1] She continued to perform locally, later forming a band called the Terri Gibbs Trio, which performed at a Steak and Ale in Augusta, Georgia.[3] Gibbs then sent a demo tape to record producer Ed Penney of MCA Records, signing to the label in 1980.[1] Penney was a former Boston disc jockey and a long-time songwriter. He liked her voice on her demo, but felt she needed stronger material. He co-wrote \"Somebody's Knockin'\" for her and also produced the song.[5]", "Terri Gibbs Gibbs switched to Warner Bros. Records for her fifth album, 1985's Old Friends.[10] All three of this album's singles — \"A Few Good Men\" (which featured Kathy Mattea on backing vocals[8]) \"Rockin' in a Brand New Cradle\" and \"Someone Must Be Missing You Tonight\" — missed the country Top 40.[8]", "Delta Dawn The first recording of \"Delta Dawn\" was made by Harvey for his eponymous album released in November 1971. Harvey had performed as the opening act for Helen Reddy in January 1972, at the Troubadour, but at that time Reddy (who also was signed with the Capitol Records label) made no evident connection with any of Harvey's compositions.[2]", "Chattanooga Choo Choo The song has been recorded by numerous artists, including Beegie Adair, the Andrews Sisters, Ray Anthony, Asleep at the Wheel, BBC Big Band, George Benson, John Bunch, Caravelli, Regina Carter, Ray Charles, Harry Connick, Jr., Ray Conniff, John Denver, Ernie Fields, Stéphane Grappelli and Marc Fosset, John Hammond, Jr., the Harmonizing Four, Harmony Grass, Ted Heath, Betty Johnson, Susannah McCorkle, Ray McKinley, Big Miller, the Muppets, Richard Perlmutter, Oscar Peterson, Elvis Presley, Spike Robinson, Harry Roy, Jan Savitt, Hank Snow, Teddy Stauffer, Dave Taylor, Claude Thornhill, the Tornados, and Guy Van Duser.[6]", "You Are My Sunshine In subsequent years, it was covered by Doris Day (1951), Nat King Cole (1955), The Marcels, (1961), Ray Charles, Ike and Tina Turner, The Rivingtons (1962), Andy Williams (1963), Burl Ives (1968), Frank Turner, Aretha Franklin, Anne Murray (1979), Johnny Cash, Norman Blake , Brian Wilson, Mouse and the Traps, Gene Vincent, Jamey Johnson, Low, Mose Allison, Bryan Ferry, Carly Simon, Yusuf Islam, Andy Williams, and Johnny and the Hurricanes, amongst many others.[2]", "One Tin Soldier \"One Tin Soldier\" is a 1960s counterculture era anti-war song written by Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter. Canadian pop group The Original Caste first recorded the song in 1969 for both the TA label and its parent Bell label. The track went to number 6 on the RPM Magazine charts, hit the number 1 position on CHUM AM in Toronto on 27 December 1969, and reached number 34 on the American pop charts in early 1970.", "Dickey Lee \"More Or Less\"", "Get Together (The Youngbloods song) In 1967, the Youngbloods released their version of the song under the title \"Get Together\". It became a minor Hot 100 hit for them, peaking at number 62 and reaching 37 on the US adult contemporary chart.[5] However, renewed interest in the Youngbloods' version came when it was used in a radio public service announcement as a call for brotherhood by the National Conference of Christians and Jews. The Youngbloods' version, the most-remembered today, was re-released in 1969, peaking at number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100.[6]", "Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport The recording peaked at No. 1 in the Australian charts[2] and was a Top 10 hit in the UK in 1960. In 1963, Harris re-recorded the song in the UK with George Martin as producer, and this remake of the song reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and spent three weeks atop the easy listening chart in 1963.[3] Harris re-recorded his song a second time along with The Wiggles in 2000 with the introductory verse and the verse mentioning the stockman's death omitted. It is still popular today as a children's song.", "Delta Dawn Reddy had reached number two with both \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" and \"I Am Woman\" in her native Australia; \"Delta Dawn\" became her first number-one hit, spending five weeks at the top of the Kent Music Report in August and September 1973.[6] \"Delta Dawn\" also marked Reddy's only chart appearance in South Africa, reaching number 13 in the autumn of 1973.[7]", "One Tin Soldier In 1971 a cover was a hit in the U.S. for Coven, whose re-recording only featuring its lead singer Jinx Dawson was featured in the film Billy Jack. The single went to number 26 on the Billboard pop chart[1][2] before it was pulled from radio by the film's producer. A re-recorded version by Coven made the Billboard chart in 1973, peaking at number 79.", "Bill Danoff John Denver with Fat City", "Roger Miller Released and recorded by Miller[8]", "Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods The band was formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1965 by their leader, Robert Walter \"Bo\" Donaldson. They were first discovered while touring with The Osmonds in the early 1970s and signed with Family Productions, releasing their first single in 1972, \"Special Someone,\" but their big break came after moving to ABC Records and working with the record producer Steve Barri in 1973. Although their first single with ABC, \"Deeper and Deeper,\" failed to make a big impression on the charts,[1] beginning in 1974, the band began a string of hit songs. Their first two (and largest two) hits were cover versions of British hit songs whose original versions had not been hits in the U.S.: \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" (a cover of a #1 UK Paper Lace song that reached #1 for 2 weeks on the Hot 100 with the Heywoods's version) and \"Who Do You Think You Are\" (written by Clive Scott & Des Dyer of Jigsaw, which originally became a hit for Candlewick Green and reached #15 on the Hot 100 with the Heywoods's version). This was followed by their last top-40 hit, \"The Heartbreak Kid\" (# 39 Hot 100), and their ominously titled last Hot 100 hit, \"Our Last Song Together\" (#95 on the Hot 100, the last song written by the Sedaka-Greenfield tandem before its breakup). \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" sold over three and a half million copies, receiving a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in June 1974.[1]", "Angel of the Morning \"Angel of the Morning\" is a popular song, written and composed by Chip Taylor, that has been recorded numerous times by, or has been a hit single for, various artists including Evie Sands, Merrilee Rush, Juice Newton, Nina Simone, P. P. Arnold, Olivia Newton-John, The Pretenders/Chrissie Hynde, Dusty Springfield, Mary Mason, Melba Montgomery, Vagiant, Billie Davis, Bonnie Tyler, Rita Wilson, The New Seekers and Skeeter Davis.", "Amarillo by Morning (song) \"Amarillo by Morning\" is a country music song written by Terry Stafford and Paul Fraser, and recorded by Stafford in 1973. Several cover versions have since been made, including a major 1983 hit for George Strait.", "Three Dog Night As its members wrote just a handful of songs on the albums, most songs Three Dog Night recorded were written by outside songwriters. Notable hits by outside writers include Harry Nilsson's \"One\" (US #5), the Gerome Ragni-James Rado-Galt MacDermot composition \"Easy to Be Hard\" (US #4) from the musical Hair, Laura Nyro's \"Eli's Comin'\" (US #10), Randy Newman's \"Mama Told Me Not to Come\" (US #1), Paul Williams' \"Out in the Country\" (US #15), \"The Family Of Man\" (US #12), and \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" (US #4), Hoyt Axton's \"Joy to the World\" (US #1) and \"Never Been to Spain\" (US #5), Arkin & Robinson's \"Black and White\" (US #1), Argent's Russ Ballard's \"Liar\" (US #7), Elton John and Bernie Taupin's \"Lady Samantha\" and \"Your Song\", Daniel Moore's \"Shambala\" (#3), Leo Sayer's \"The Show Must Go On\" (US #4), John Hiatt's \"Sure As I'm Sittin' Here\" (US #16), and Bush's \"I Can Hear You Calling\".", "One Day at a Time (Marijohn Wilkin and Kris Kristofferson song) The song went on to be recorded by many artists. Scottish singer Lena Martell recorded the song for the UK market in 1979. The song again became a big success and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in October 1979 for three weeks.[5] The song was also recorded by the following; Javier Galvan [Tejano Gospel Singer] recorded the Spanish version \"Un Dia a La Vez\" www.javiergalvan.com The Alexander Brothers; Judy Collins; Phil Coulter; Floyd Cramer; Carlene Davis; Florida Boys; Roger Whittaker; Tennessee Ernie Ford; Foster and Allen; Bill Gaither; Don Gibson; Arthur Greenslade; Lee Greenwood; Roy Drusky; George Hamilton IV; Lulu Roman, Brotherhood of Man and the quebec country singer André Breton recorded the french version \"Un jour à la fois\".", "Johnny Nash John Lester \"Johnny\" Nash, Jr. (born August 19, 1940) is an American reggae and pop music singer-songwriter, best known in the US for his 1972 hit, \"I Can See Clearly Now\". He was also one of the first non-Jamaican singers to record reggae music in Kingston, Jamaica.[1]", "Knock Three Times The song was covered by Billy \"Crash\" Craddock in 1971 and became a number three country hit.[4]", "Running Bear The Youngbloods released a version of the song as a single in 1972[7] and was featured on their album High on a Ridge Top.[8]", "Brown Eyed Girl \"Brown Eyed Girl\" is a song by Northern Irish singer and songwriter Van Morrison. Written by Morrison and recorded in March 1967 for Bang Records owner and producer Bert Berns, it was released as a single in June 1967 on the Bang label, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. It featured the Sweet Inspirations singing back-up vocals and is considered to be Van Morrison's signature song.[1] \"Brown Eyed Girl\" has remained a staple on classic rock radio, and has been covered by hundreds of bands over the decades.", "Bill Danoff John Denver with Bill Danoff - Taffy Nivert", "The Teddy Bear Song Several female country vocalists recorded cover versions of \"The Teddy Bear Song,\" including Jean Shepard, Connie Smith, Diana Trask, Barbi Benton and Tanya Tucker.[3]", "Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy The Tams version was released as a single in 1968, in the US, and was a moderate success, peaking at #26 on the R&B singles chart and #61 on the Hot 100.[3] Sometime later, in March 1970, it peaked at #32 in the UK Singles Chart. It has since become one of the most popular beach music songs, especially in the American South, where the song and the group enjoy continued popularity and recognizability, as do all of the hits by the group. The song is also still popular in the United Kingdom amongst fans of Northern soul. [4] Noddy Holder, lead singer with 70s British Glam rock band Slade, claimed in a newspaper interview that his band was playing the song live long before its Northern Soul success.[5]", "The Yellow Rose (song) \"The Yellow Rose\" is set to the same melody as the traditional American folk song \"The Yellow Rose of Texas,\" but with newly-written lyrics[1] by Johnny Lee, Lane Brody and John Wilder.", "An Old Fashioned Love Song \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" is a 1971 song written by Paul Williams and performed by the American pop-rock band Three Dog Night. Chuck Negron performed the lead vocal on this track. Taken as the lead single from their 1971 album, Harmony, the song peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in December 1971, becoming the band's seventh top-ten hit.[1] It was Three Dog Night's first record to top the U.S. easy listening chart.[2] It reached number two in Canada. Its lyrics suggest the straightforward and melodic nature of the tune: Just an old fashioned love song / Comin' down in three part harmony / Just an old fashioned love song / One I'm sure they wrote for you and me.", "One Day at a Time (song) The song went on to be recorded by many artists. Scottish singer Lena Martell recorded the song for the UK market in 1979. The song again became a big success and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart in October 1979 for three weeks.[5] The song was also recorded by the following; Ricardo Mejia was the first to record the song in Spanish \"Un Dia a La Vez\". Javier Galvan [Tejano Gospel Singer] also recorded the Spanish version \"Un Dia a La Vez\"; The Alexander Brothers; Judy Collins; Phil Coulter; Floyd Cramer; Carlene Davis; Florida Boys; Roger Whittaker; Tennessee Ernie Ford; Foster and Allen; Bill Gaither; Don Gibson; Arthur Greenslade; Lee Greenwood; Roy Drusky; George Hamilton IV; Lulu Roman, Brotherhood of Man and the quebec country singer André Breton recorded the french version \"Un jour à la fois\".", "Tired of Being Alone In addition to Texas, \"Tired of Being Alone\" has also been covered by Michael Bolton, Tom Jones, the Subdudes and by Eran James. Graham Bonnet of Rainbow, MSG, and Alcatrazz fame covered \"Tired of Being Alone\" on 1977's \"Graham Bonnet\". The soul group Quiet Elegance, who were stablemates at Hi Records with Green and had toured with him, also released a cover of the song on their albums You've Got My Mind Messed Up (1990) and The Complete Quiet Elegance (2003). Tarja Turunen covered the song on her 2012 album Act I: Live in Rosario. American singer Sybil released a cover as a non-album single in 1996, peaking at #53 in the UK. The original Al Green version was featured in the 1995 film Dead Presidents.", "Mama Told Me Not to Come \"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Randy Newman written for Eric Burdon's first solo album in 1966. Three Dog Night's 1970 cover of the song topped the US pop singles chart. Tom Jones and the Stereophonics' cover version also hit number four on the UK Singles Chart in 2000.", "Those Were the Days (song) In the early 1960s Raskin, with his wife Francesca, played folk music around Greenwich Village in New York, including White Horse Tavern. Raskin, who had grown up hearing the song, wrote with his wife [6] new English lyrics to the old Russian music and then copyrighted both music and lyrics in his own name.[7] The Limeliters subsequently released a recording of the song on their 1962 LP Folk Matinee.[8] The Raskins were international performers and had played London's \"Blue Angel\" every year, always closing their show with the song. Paul McCartney frequented the club and being quite taken with the song he attempted to get several singers or groups (including the early Moody Blues) to record it.[9] Failing at that, after the formation of the Beatles' own Apple Records label, McCartney immediately recorded Mary Hopkin performing the song. The song was eventually recorded in over twenty languages and by many different artists, including Gene and Francesca, and Raskin was able to live very well on the royalties, buying a home in Pollensa, Mallorca, a Porsche Spyder and a sail boat.", "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town The song has been recorded many times by various artists. The Statler Brothers covered it on their 1967 album, Big Country Hits. Other artists who have recorded versions include Bobby Bare, Dale Hawkins, Waylon Jennings, George Jones, Jerry Reed, Roger Miller, Cake, The Killers and Leonard Nimoy.", "Melanie (singer) \"Brand New Key\"", "Jackie DeShannon DeShannon continued writing and recording, but it was not until 1969 that she scored her next smash single and album, both entitled \"Put a Little Love in Your Heart\". The self-penned single (co-written with her brother, Randy Myers and Jimmy Holiday) sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.[10] \"Put A Little Love In Your Heart\" was performed as the closing number at the Music for UNICEF Concert, broadcast worldwide from the United Nations General Assembly in 1979, and was covered in 1989 as a duet by Annie Lennox and Al Green (reaching No. 9 in the Billboard Hot 100), and by Dolly Parton in 1993. The single \"Love Will Find A Way\" from the same album was also a moderate hit.", "Seasons in the Sun \"Seasons in the Sun\" is an English-language adaptation of the song \"Le Moribond\" by Belgian singer-songwriter Jacques Brel[1] with lyrics rewritten by American singer-poet Rod McKuen.[2] It became a worldwide hit in 1974 for Canadian singer Terry Jacks and became a Christmas number one in the UK in 1999 for Westlife. Jacks's version is one of the fewer than forty all-time singles to have sold 10 million copies worldwide.", "Ol' Man River The song was first performed in the original stage production of Show Boat on December 27, 1927, by Jules Bledsoe, who also sang it in the part-talkie 1929 film, although that film version had little to do with the stage musical. Bledsoe also recorded the song years later. However, the most famous rendition of it, one that is still noted today, was sung by Paul Robeson in James Whale's classic 1936 film version of Show Boat. (Robeson had performed the song before in the 1928 London production of the show and in the 1932 Broadway revival.) The first known recording of the song was by 'Kenn' Sisson and His Orchestra, recorded on December 27, 1927, with Irving Kaufman on vocals.[5] The song became an American classic, and was performed by many musicians and musical groups, including Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra, Bix Beiderbecke, Bing Crosby, Frank Sinatra, Harry James, Gordon MacRae, Robert Merrill, Sam Cooke, Roy Hamilton, Sammy Davis, Jr., Al Jolson, Screaming Jay Hawkins, Cilla Black, Melanie, Django Reinhardt, Ray Charles, Cher, Jim Croce, Jimmy Ricks and the Ravens, The Beach Boys, Chet Atkins and Jerry Reed, The Jeff Beck Group, Muslim Magomayev,[6] Aretha Franklin, Jane Siberry and Al Hirt.[7] William Warfield sang it in the 1951 Technicolor film version of Show Boat in another rendition that became very famous. (It became his signature song, and he performed it several times on television and in several stage revivals of Show Boat.) Melvin Franklin, the famous bass singer of The Temptations, performed it at most concerts, eventually making it his signature song. Judy Garland, one of the few female singers to attempt the song, sang a powerful rendition on her television show in 1963, followed by a studio recording. Indian Singer, Bhupen Hazarika had also sung a version in Hindi and his native Assamese called \"O Ganga tu behti hai kyon\". Cilla Black released a jazz version of the song on her first album in 1965 Cilla which Bing Crosby subsequently described as the best version he'd ever heard.[citation needed]", "The Yellow Rose of Texas (song) The soundtrack to the TV miniseries James A. Michener's Texas dates a version of the song to June 2, 1933 and co-credits both the authorship and performance to Gene Autry and Jimmy Long. Don George reworked the original version of the song, which Mitch Miller made into a popular recording in 1955 that knocked Bill Haley's \"(We're Gonna) Rock Around The Clock\" from the top of the Best Sellers chart in the U.S.[4] Miller's version was featured in the motion picture Giant, and reached #1 on the U.S. pop chart the same week Giant star James Dean died. Stan Freberg had a simultaneous hit of a parody version in which the bandleader warred with the snare drummer, Alvin Stoller, who also featured prominently in Miller's arrangement. Billboard ranked Miller's version as the No. 3 song of 1955.[5]", "An Old Fashioned Love Song According to the Karen Carpenter biography Little Girl Blue by Randy L. Schmidt, Williams originally intended the song for The Carpenters, who were in the middle of a string of hits with their own brand of \"old fashioned love songs,\" including two of Williams' own compositions, \"We've Only Just Begun\" and \"Rainy Days and Mondays.\" Although this was the first song Williams had written specifically for the Carpenters, Richard Carpenter rejected it, and so Williams offered the song to Three Dog Night. The Carpenters never recorded the song, but did perform it live on television with Carol Burnett a few months later.[3]", "Hier encore In the United States, the best-known version was recorded by country music performer Roy Clark. His version became his biggest hit up to that time on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, peaking at No. 9 in August 1969, and indeed, it became his only top 40 pop hit, peaking at No. 19. Clark performed the song at Mickey Mantle's funeral in 1995, at Mantle's personal request.[2] In Canada, the song reached number seven on the pop chart, number two on the country chart, and number one AC.", "Lemon Tree (Will Holt song) The song has been recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary, Chad & Jeremy, The Kingston Trio, The Seekers, Bob Marley and The Wailers, Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass, Sandie Shaw, and Roger Whittaker. In 1965, Trini Lopez recorded the most successful version of the song which hit number twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Billboard Middle Road Singles chart.[2][3]", "Crystal Gayle Cherokee Medal Of Honor", "Stuart Hamblen \"This Ole House\" was inspired while on a hunting trip in the High Sierras with a friend. The two men came upon what looked like an abandoned shack, wherein they found the body of an elderly man, apparently dead of natural causes. Hamblen came up with the lyrics to the song while riding horseback down the mountain, and composed the melody within a week.[1] In addition to being a number one hit for Clooney, it was later recorded by Roberta Sherwood, The Statler Brothers. In 1981, a version performed by Welsh rock'n'roll singer Shakin' Stevens topped the British charts.", "Get Here \"Get Here\" is a pop ballad written by American singer and songwriter Brenda Russell. The title track of her fourth studio album Get Here (1988), it became a moderate hit on the Billboard R&B chart on the heels of the album's massive first hit, \"Piano in the Dark.\" American vocalist Oleta Adams recorded the song in 1990, making it a major international hit that reached the top 5 in both the US and the UK.[1][2] Adams' version of \"Get Here\", co-produced by Roland Orzabal from the band Tears for Fears (for whom she had performed the female vocals on the hit single, \"Woman in Chains\" a year earlier), became her signature song.", "The Son of Hickory Holler's Tramp It was a hit for O. C. Smith, who recorded it at FAME Studios in Muscle Shoals in 1968.[2] His single spent 15 weeks in the UK Singles Chart between June and August 1968, including three weeks at No 2.[3] In the US the single spent 14 weeks on the Billboard chart peaking at No 40.[4]", "Bette Davis Eyes \"Bette Davis Eyes\" is a song written and composed by Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon, and made popular by American singer Kim Carnes. DeShannon recorded it in 1974; Carnes's 1981 version spent nine weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was Billboard's biggest hit of 1981.", "Candi Staton Helen Hoffner's \"Summer of Love\"", "Starland Vocal Band Danoff and Nivert co-wrote the song \"I Guess He'd Rather Be in Colorado\" and then, with John Denver, \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" which became a hit single in 1971. The duo recorded two albums as Fat City, and two more as Bill & Taffy, all released from 1969-1974. In the mid 70s, Starland Vocal Band was formed and subsequently signed to Denver's label Windsong Records.", "The Yellow Rose of Texas (song) In 1984, country music artists Johnny Lee and Lane Brody recorded a song called \"The Yellow Rose,\" which retained the original melody of \"The Yellow Rose of Texas\" but with new lyrics, for the title theme to a TV series also entitled The Yellow Rose. It was a Number One country hit that year.[11]", "Little Green Apples O.C. Smith version", "The House of the Rising Sun \"The House of the Rising Sun\" is a traditional folk song, sometimes called \"Rising Sun Blues\". It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate. The most successful commercial version, recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals, was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France.[1] As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band, it has been described as the \"first folk rock hit\".[2][3]", "Happy Xmas (War Is Over) \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" is a Christmas song released in 1971 as a single by John & Yoko/Plastic Ono Band with the Harlem Community Choir. The lyrics, by John Lennon and Yoko Ono, are set to the traditional English ballad \"Skewball\". It was the seventh single release by Lennon outside his work with the Beatles. The song reached number 4 in the UK, where its release was delayed until November 1972, and has periodically reemerged on the UK Singles Chart, most notably after Lennon's death in December 1980, when it peaked at number 2. Also a protest song against the Vietnam War, \"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)\" has since become a Christmas standard, frequently covered by other artists, appearing on compilation albums of seasonal music, and named in polls as a holiday favourite.[1][2]", "Forever Country The song was recorded to honor the 50th Annual Country Music Association (CMA) Awards. It was produced by Shane McAnally, and it is a medley of three existing songs: \"I Will Always Love You\" by Dolly Parton, \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" by John Denver, and \"On the Road Again\" by Willie Nelson. Along with Nelson and Parton singing portions of their own songs, the song features 28 other current and veteran country acts who are all previous CMA winners; Denver passed away in 1997.[2] Randy Travis, who was incapacitated by a stroke in 2013, was unable to record but makes a silent cameo appearance in the music video and is credited as an artist.[3] Parton, Nelson, and Denver are all former CMA Entertainer of the Year winners.[4]", "Candi Staton Canzetta Maria \"Candi\" Staton (/ˈsteɪtən/) (born March 13, 1940 in Hanceville, Alabama)[1] is an American soul and gospel singer, best known in the United States for her 1970 remake of Tammy Wynette's \"Stand By Your Man\" and her 1976 disco chart-topper \"Young Hearts Run Free\". In Europe, her biggest selling record is the anthemic \"You Got the Love\" from 1986, released in collaboration with the Source. Staton was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame.[2] Staton is a four-time Grammy Award nominee.", "Olivia Newton-John In the United States, Newton-John's career floundered after If Not For You. Subsequent singles including \"Banks of the Ohio\" (No. 94 Pop, No. 34 AC) and remakes of George Harrison's \"What Is Life\" (No. 34 AC) and John Denver's \"Take Me Home, Country Roads\" (No. 119 Pop) made minimal chart impact until the release of \"Let Me Be There\" in 1973. The song reached the American Top 10 on the Pop (No. 6), Country (No. 7),[17] and AC (No. 3) charts and earned her a Grammy for Best Country Female[16] and an Academy of Country Music award for Most Promising Female Vocalist.[15]", "Proud Mary \"Proud Mary\" has, over the years, been covered by a number of artists, including an early recording by Solomon Burke, and Ed Ames on his 1969 Windmills of Your Mind album. Anthony Armstrong Jones' 1969 version reached number 22 on the U.S. country charts. Also in 1969, a version recorded by the Checkmates, Ltd. and produced by Phil Spector reached #30 on the U.K. Singles Chart and #69 on the Billboard Hot 100.[43] It was featured on their 1969 album, Love Is All We Have to Give. Spiral Starecase released a version of the song on their 1969 debut album, More Today Than Yesterday. Soul singer Billy Paul's version appears on his 1970 album Ebony Woman. The Osmonds released a version of the song on their 1971 album, The Osmonds Live.", "Snowbird (song) \"Snowbird\" is a song by the Canadian songwriter Gene MacLellan. Though it has been recorded by many performers (including Bing Crosby and Elvis Presley), it is best known through Anne Murray's 1969 recording, which—after appearing as an album track in mid-1969—was eventually released as a single in the summer of 1970. It was a No. 2 hit on Canada's pop chart and went to No. 1 on both the Canadian adult contemporary and country charts. The song reached No. 8 on the U.S. pop singles chart, spent six weeks at No. 1 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart, and became a surprise Top 10 U.S. country hit as well. It was certified as a gold single by the RIAA, the first American Gold record ever awarded to a Canadian solo female artist.[1] The song peaked at No. 23 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2003 it was an inaugural song inductee of the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame.[2]" ]	[ "Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree \"Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree\" is a song by Tony Orlando and Dawn. It was written by Irwin Levine and L. Russell Brown and produced by Hank Medress and Dave Appell, with Motown/Stax backing vocalist Telma Hopkins, Joyce Vincent Wilson and her sister Pamela Vincent on backing vocals.[1] It was a worldwide hit for the group in 1973." ]
test685	how many points are scored for a touchdown in american football	[ "doc24420" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1525275", "doc24420", "doc1088270", "doc1525236", "doc24423", "doc1088235", "doc24419", "doc502776", "doc1345367", "doc1345348", "doc502736", "doc24418", "doc24422", "doc24417", "doc1525235", "doc1345345", "doc653521", "doc409852", "doc502762", "doc555804", "doc1088273", "doc1525237", "doc1088248", "doc1088246", "doc2267981", "doc1525277", "doc1088269", "doc1241962", "doc555778", "doc409833", "doc1088271", "doc502766", "doc1088272", "doc585805", "doc1525247", "doc1525276", "doc323614", "doc604667", "doc409830", "doc752719", "doc502779", "doc1339950", "doc1447111", "doc1241971", "doc1525278", "doc502734", "doc1043036", "doc653522", "doc1617842", "doc752712", "doc1525274", "doc24421", "doc1241970", "doc1525249", "doc653525", "doc927110", "doc323560", "doc1336596", "doc1345368", "doc555781", "doc502767", "doc1617857", "doc409831", "doc1525234", "doc502756", "doc1241964", "doc752711", "doc1088308", "doc1525287", "doc502811", "doc101053", "doc752718", "doc1515344", "doc1241965", "doc1345349", "doc1525243", "doc1958858", "doc1525281", "doc1088254", "doc1345354", "doc1043041", "doc1241963", "doc1088274", "doc1525270", "doc1990451", "doc1088278", "doc1345359", "doc1617850", "doc1088256", "doc502684", "doc653523", "doc1345346", "doc320361", "doc502675", "doc1515346", "doc1043039", "doc502682", "doc101051", "doc927108", "doc1043037" ]	[ "American football rules A touchdown is earned when a player has legal possession of the ball and the ball touches or goes over the imaginary vertical plane above the opposing team's goal line. After a touchdown, the scoring team attempts a try for 1 or 2 points (see below). A successful touchdown is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head. A touchdown is worth six points, except in the defunct WFL where it was worth seven points.", "Touchdown A touchdown is worth six points. The scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion.[2] Afterwards, the team that scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team, if there is any time left.", "American football The touchdown (TD), worth six points, is the most valuable scoring play in American football. A touchdown is scored when a live ball is advanced into, caught in, or recovered in the end zone of the opposing team.[42] The scoring team then attempts a try or conversion, more commonly known as the point(s)-after-touchdown (PAT), which is a single scoring opportunity.", "American football rules On offense, points are scored by advancing the ball into the opponent's end zone for a touchdown (worth six points), or by kicking the ball from the playing field through the raised vertical posts (the goal posts) which are most commonly situated on the end line of the end zone for a field goal (worth three points). After scoring a touchdown, the offense is given an additional opportunity from the 2-yard line (3-yard line in amateur football) to attempt to score (in the NFL, 15-yard line on 1-point conversions). Conversion attempts are used to score 1 or 2 points as follows:", "Touchdown The ability to score a touchdown on the point-after attempt (two-point conversion) was added to NCAA football in 1958, high school football in 1969, the CFL in 1975 and the NFL in 1994.[3][4] The short-lived World Football League, a professional American football league that operated in 1974 and 1975, gave touchdowns a 7-point value.", "American football American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron,[nb 1] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. The offense, which is the team controlling the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with or passing the ball, while the defense, which is the team without control of the ball, aims to stop the offense's advance and aims to take control of the ball for themselves. The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, and otherwise they turn over the football to the defense; if the offense succeeds in advancing ten yards or more, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.", "Touchdown Touchdowns are usually scored by the offense by running or passing the ball. However, the defense can also score a touchdown if they have recovered a fumble or made an interception and return it to the opposing end zone. Special teams can score a touchdown on a kickoff or punt return, or on a return after a missed or blocked field goal attempt or blocked punt. In short, any play in which a player legally carries the ball across the goal line scores a touchdown, and the manner in which he gained possession is inconsequential. In the NFL, a touchdown may be awarded by the referee as a penalty for a \"palpably unfair act,\" such as a player coming off the bench during a play and tackling the runner, who would otherwise have scored.[1]", "List of gridiron football rules Scoring and game timing are much different in touch football than its more organized counterpart. For the sake of simplicity, touchdowns are usually worth 1 point and no other scoring is counted (there are no extra point attempts). In a much lesser used variation, a touchdown is worth 6 points and if the player who scored the touchdown can progress in the other direction from the end zone in which he had just scored back to the opposite end zone without being touched, it counts as a two-point conversion. The former scoring method does not allow for other scoring types such as safeties. There is usually no game clock and the game ends when one opponent has reached 10 touchdowns (in the former convention) or 100 points (in a standard convention).", "Conversion (gridiron football) In most cases in gridiron football, one point may be scored following a touchdown—bringing the total value of the touchdown to seven points—by place kicking the ball through the uprights. Exceptions occurs in overtime in some leagues. In American college football, if the game reaches the third or subsequent period of overtime, no further one-point kicks are allowed—only two-point conversions.[12] In the CFL, one-point (kicking) converts are not available in overtime; all convert attempts must be for two-point (rushing or passing) converts.[13]In the NFL, overtime games automatically end immediately after a touchdown even on the first possession, so there is never a situation in overtime where a conversion try would be possible.", "Conversion (gridiron football) By the start of the 20th century, touchdowns had become more important and the roles of touchdown and kick were reversed. By this time the point value for the after-touchdown kick had reduced to its current one-point value while the touchdown was now worth five. (This later increased to six points in American football in 1912 and in Canadian football in 1956.)[2][3]", "List of gridiron football rules Scoring â€“ 6 points for TD, 2 points for run or pass conversion, or drop kick PAT, 1 point for place kick PAT, 2 points for defensive conversion following TD, 2 points for safety. 3 points for a field goal, 4 points for a drop kick field goal.", "Touchdown To score a touchdown, one team must take the football into the opposite end zone. The touchdown is scored the instant the ball crosses the plane of the goal line (that is, if any part of the ball is in the space on, above, or across the goal line) while in possession of a player whose team is trying to score in that end zone. The play is dead and the touchdown scores the moment the ball crosses the goal line in possession of a player, or the moment the ball comes into possession of an offensive player in the end zone (having established possession by controlling the ball and having both feet or another part of the body, excluding the hands, touch the ground). The slightest part of the ball being over the goal line is sufficient for a touchdown to score. However, only the ball counts, not a player's helmet, foot, or any other part of the body. Touching one of the pylons at either end of the goal line with the ball constitutes \"breaking the plane\" as well.", "Touchdown When the first uniform rules for American football were enacted by the newly formed Intercollegiate Football Association following the 1876 Rugby season, a touchdown counted for 1⁄4 of a kicked goal (except in the case of a tie) and allowed the offense the chance to kick for goal by placekick or dropkick from a spot along a line perpendicular to the goal line and passing through the point where the ball was touched down, or through a process known as a \"punt-out\", where the attacking team would kick the ball from the point where it was touched down to a teammate. If the teammate could fair catch the ball, he could follow with a try for goal from the spot of the catch, or resume play as normal (in an attempt to touch down the ball in a spot more advantageous for kicking). The governing rule at the time read: \"A match shall be decided by a majority of touchdowns. A goal shall be equal to four touchdowns; but in case of a tie a goal kicked from a touchdown shall take precedence over four touchdowns.\"[3]", "Touchdown A touchdown is a means of scoring in both American and Canadian football. Whether running, passing, returning a kickoff or punt, or recovering a turnover, a team scores a touchdown by advancing the ball into the opponent's end zone.", "American football rules The objective of this game is to score more points than the other team during the allotted time.[1] The team with the ball (the offense) has 4 plays (downs) to advance at least 10 yards, and can score points once they reach the opposite end of the field, which is home to a scoring zone called the end zone, as well as the goal posts. If the offense succeeds in advancing at least 10 yards, they earn a \"first down\" and the number of tries allotted is reset and they are again given 4 tries to advance an additional 10 yards, starting from the spot to which they last advanced. If the offense does not advance at least 10 yards during their 4 downs, the team without the ball (the defense) regains control of the ball (called turnover on downs).", "Conversion (gridiron football) If the try or convert is scored by kicking the ball through the uprights, the team gets an additional one point for their touchdown, bringing their total for that score from six points to seven. If two points are needed or desired, a two-point conversion may be attempted by running or passing from scrimmage. A successful touchdown conversion brings the score's total to eight.", "Comparison of American football and rugby league A touchdown is the American football equivalent of rugby league's try. Despite the names, a try requires the ball to be 'touched down' to the ground, whereas a touchdown doesn't. In American football it is sufficient for the player carrying the ball to cause the ball to enter the end zone (in-goal area) while still in bounds, by carrying it in or holding the ball in or through the imaginary plane of the goal line. In rugby league the ball must be pressed to the ground in the in-goal area. An American football touchdown scores 6 points and a rugby league try is worth 4 points.", "Field goal In the early days of football, kicking was highly emphasized. In 1883, the scoring system was devised, with field goals counting for 5 points, and touchdowns and conversions worth 4 apiece. In 1897, the touchdown was raised to 5 points while the conversion was lowered to 1 point. Field goals were devalued to 4 points in 1904, and then to the modern 3 points in 1909. The touchdown was changed to 6 points in 1912 in American football; the Canadian game followed suit in 1956.", "List of gridiron football rules As in regular American football, each team usually has four downs per series. In order to achieve a series of downs, backyard football requires the team with the ball to complete two passes or reach a certain point on the field. Few games include enough people to run a chain crew to maintain the 10 yard familiar in most organized leagues. These structures encourages passing plays over running, as does the usual lack of offensive and defensive lines. Play continues until there is a turnover on downs (i.e. the offensive team fails to complete two passes in four downs), an interception occurs, or the team on offense scores a touchdown. Touchdowns are worth 6, 7, or 1 point(s) depending on the rules set out before the game.", "History of American football Besides these coaching innovations, several rules changes during the first third of the 20th century had a profound impact on the game, mostly in opening up the passing game. In 1914, the first roughing-the-passer penalty was implemented. In 1918, the rules on eligible receivers were loosened to allow eligible players to catch the ball anywhere on the fieldâ€”previously strict rules were in place only allowing passes to certain areas of the field.[87] Scoring rules also changed during this time: field goals were lowered to three points in 1909[3] and touchdowns raised to six points in 1912.[88]", "American football A safety is scored when the ball carrier is tackled in their own end zone. Safeties are worth two points, which are awarded to the defense.[42] In addition, the team that conceded the safety must kick the ball to the scoring team via a free kick.[62]", "American football rules While the opposing team has possession, the defense attempts to prevent the offense from advancing the ball and scoring. If an offensive player loses the ball during play (a fumble) or the ball is caught by a defensive player while still in the air (an interception), the defense may attempt to run into the offense's end zone for a touchdown. The defense may also score points by tackling the ball carrier in the offense's own end zone, called a safety (which is worth two points).", "American football The legal forward pass was introduced in 1906, although its impact was initially limited due to the restrictions placed on its use. Other rule changes introduced that year included the reduction of the time of play from 70 to 60 minutes and the increase of the distance required for a first down from 5 to 10 yards (9.1 m). To reduce infighting and dirty play between teams, the neutral zone was created along the width of the football.[18] Scoring was also adjusted: field goals were lowered to three points in 1909[14] and touchdowns were raised to six points in 1912.[19] The field was also reduced to 100 yards (91 m) long, but two 10-yard-long end zones were created, and teams were given four downs instead of three to advance the ball 10 yards (9.1 m).[20] The roughing the passer penalty was implemented in 1914, and eligible players were first allowed to catch the ball anywhere on the field in 1918.[21]", "American football A rule change was necessary to prevent this strategy from taking hold, and a reversion to the scrum was considered. However, Camp successfully proposed a rule in 1882 that limited each team to three downs, or tackles, to advance the ball five yards. Failure to advance the ball the required distance within those three downs would result in control of the ball being forfeited to the other team. This change effectively made American football a separate sport from rugby, and the resulting five-yard lines added to the field to measure distances made it resemble a gridiron in appearance. Other major rule changes included a reduction of the field size to 110 by 53.333 yards (100.584 m × 48.768 m), and the adoption of a scoring system that awarded four points for a touchdown, two for a safety and a goal following a touchdown, and five for a goal from field; additionally, tackling below the waist was legalized.[13] The last, and arguably most important innovation, which would at last make American football uniquely \"American\", was the legalization of interference, or blocking, a tactic which was highly illegal under the rugby-style rules.", "Goal (sport) A field goal in American or Canadian football is a secondary method of scoring; it is scored when the ball is place kicked or drop kicked completely over the crossbar and between or directly over the goal posts. A field goal scores 3 points in both versions of the sport. In the American game, the now rarely used fair catch kick, if successfully made, also scores 3 points. A goal kicked during a try following a touchdown is worth one point.[15][16] These are the only methods of putting the ball through the goal that award points to the kicking team; no points are scored if the ball is punted or thrown through the goal, or if the ball goes through the goal on a kickoff (except, in the latter case, in indoor American football, where some leagues award a single point).", "American football rules A try is more frequently called an extra-point attempt or a PAT (abbreviation of \"Point After Touchdown\").[12] Either one or two additional points may be scored during the try. The ball is spotted at the 15-yard line (for 1-point conversions); 2-yard line (for 2-point conversions) for the NFL and on 3-yard line for college and high school, and the team is given one un-timed play to earn points.", "American football In American football, the winner is the team that has scored the most points at the end of the game. There are multiple ways to score in a football game.", "Safety (gridiron football score) In gridiron football, the safety (American football) or safety touch (Canadian football) is a scoring play that results in two points (or, in rare cases, one point) being awarded to the scoring team. Safeties can be scored in a number of ways, such as when a ball carrier is tackled in his own end zone or when a foul is committed by the offense in their own end zone. After a safety is scored in American football, the ball is kicked off to the team that scored the safety from the 20-yard line; in Canadian football, the scoring team also has the options of taking control of the ball at their own 35-yard line or kicking off the ball, also at their own 35-yard line. The ability of the scoring team to receive the ball through a kickoff differs from the touchdown and field goal, which require the scoring team to kick the ball off to the scored upon team.[1] Despite being of relatively low point value, safeties can have a significant impact on the result of games,[2] and Brian Burke of Advanced NFL Stats estimated that safeties have a greater abstract value than field goals, despite being worth a point less, due to the field position and reclaimed possession gained off the safety kick.[1]", "History of American football Camp was central to several more significant rule changes that came to define American football. In 1881, the field was reduced in size to its modern dimensions of 120 by 531⁄3 yards (109.7 by 48.8 meters). Several times in 1883, Camp tinkered with the scoring rules, finally arriving at four points for a touchdown, two points for kicks after touchdowns, two points for safeties, and five for field goals. Camp's innovations in the area of point scoring influenced rugby union's move to point scoring in 1890. In 1887, game time was set at two halves of 45 minutes each. Also in 1887, two paid officials—a referee and an umpire—were mandated for each game. A year later, the rules were changed to allow tackling below the waist, and in 1889, the officials were given whistles and stopwatches.[1]", "Field goal As a field goal is worth only three points, while a touchdown scores at least six (which usually becomes seven with a successful conversion, and potentially 8 with a two-point conversion), teams will generally attempt a field goal only in the following situations:", "American football A PAT is most commonly attempted from the two- or three-yard line, depending on the level of play. If scored by a placekick or dropkick through the goal posts, it is worth one point, and is typically called the extra point.[54] Conversely, a team may elect to run a single play from scrimmage and attempt, once again, to achieve what would normally be considered a touchdown. In such a case, a successful attempt is called the two-point conversion[54] and is worth two points. For the 2015 season, the NFL adopted a rules on PATs that stated during an extra point the placekick must be snapped from the 15-yard line and on extra points if the kick is blocked and the opposing team returns it into the end zone or if during a two-point conversion the ball is fumbled or intercepted and returned to the end zone the opposing team will score two points. No points are awarded on a failed extra point or two-point conversion attempt, although under a rare set of circumstances it is possible to score a safety, worth one point, if the defense takes the ball back into its own end zone and is downed there.[55][56][57] In general, the extra point is almost always successful in professional play and is only slightly less successful at amateur levels, while the two-point conversion is a much riskier play with a higher probability of failure; accordingly, extra point attempts are far more common than two-point conversion attempts.[54]", "List of gridiron football rules Conversions after a TD usually aren't applied and they can only be attempted from the 6 (or occasionally 7) point TD system, but if they are, there are several conversion systems, including \"single point,\" \"pass-run,\" yardage and \"runback.\" The single-point is the simplest of the rules, in which any successful conversion is worth one point. Pass run is used in some midget leagues and awards 2 points for a pass and one point for a run. Usually all pass-run conversions are attempted from the 1 or 2-yard line. The second conversion system is the yardage system, similar to that used in the XFL playoffs and the proposed New USFL. The yardage system is formatted like this: 1 point conversions are attempted from the 1 or 5-yard line, and 2-point conversions are attempted from the 2 or 10-yard line. The runback is the most rare of the conversion rules, and is most often implemented in one-on-one games. In this version, the play does not end once the ball crosses the goal line; instead, the player with the ball must change direction and advance it all the way back to the other end zone for two points.", "American football A field goal (FG), worth three points, is scored when the ball is placekicked or dropkicked through the uprights and over the crossbars of the defense's goalposts.[58][59][60] After a PAT attempt or successful field goal the scoring team must kick the ball off to the other team.[61]", "End zone A team scores a touchdown by entering its opponent's end zone while carrying the ball or catching the ball while being within the end zone. If the ball is carried by a player, it is considered a score when any part of the ball is directly above or beyond any part of the goal line between the pylons.[1] In addition, a two-point conversion may be scored after a touchdown by similar means.", "American football rules NFL Europa, a defunct league run by the NFL, used a 10-minute overtime period, with the constraint that each team must have the opportunity of possession; once both teams have had such an opportunity, the overtime proceeds in a manner similar to the NFL's. Thus, if Team A has the first possession of overtime and scores a touchdown and converts their kick (thus being 7 points ahead of Team B), Team A would then kick off to Team B (In the NFL, the game would have ended with the touchdown, without a conversion being attempted). Team B would have to match or exceed the 7 point difference within this ensuing possession; exceeding it would end the game immediately, while matching the difference would result in a kickoff to Team A. From this point, the overtime is sudden death. The defunct United Football League had also used this rule.", "American football rules For statistical purposes, the player who advances the ball into or catches it in the end zone is credited with the touchdown. If a forward pass was thrown on the play, the throwing player is also credited with a passing touchdown.", "College football Besides these coaching innovations, several rules changes during the first third of the 20th century had a profound impact on the game, mostly in opening up the passing game. In 1914, the first roughing-the-passer penalty was implemented. In 1918, the rules on eligible receivers were loosened to allow eligible players to catch the ball anywhere on the fieldâ€”previously strict rules were in place allowing passes to only certain areas of the field.[102] Scoring rules also changed during this time: field goals were lowered to three points in 1909[7] and touchdowns raised to six points in 1912.[103]", "List of NFL quarterbacks with seven touchdown passes in a game In the National Football League (NFL), eight quarterbacks share the record of having thrown seven touchdown passes in a single game. As of the end of the 2017 NFL season, no player had ever thrown more than seven in one game and no player had done it more than once. Sid Luckman was the first player to accomplish the feat, doing so on November 14, 1943, while playing for the Chicago Bears. The most recent seven-touchdown game occurred on November 1, 2015, when Drew Brees did so with the New Orleans Saints. During that game the two teams' quarterbacks combined for 13 passing touchdowns, setting another NFL record.[1] Three quarterbacks on the list are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Luckman, George Blanda, and Y. A. Tittle. Peyton Manning and Nick Foles each had a seven-touchdown game in 2013. Manning also holds the NFL records for touchdown passes in a season and in a career, with 55 and 539, respectively.[2]", "Field goal A field goal (FG) is a means of scoring in American football and Canadian football. To score a field goal the team in possession of the ball must place kick, or drop kick, the ball through the goal, i.e., between the uprights and over the crossbar. American football requires that a field goal must only come during a play from scrimmage, while Canadian football retains open field kicks and thus field goals may be scored at any time from anywhere on the field and by any player. The vast majority of field goals, in both codes, are placed kicked. Drop kicked field goals were common in the early days of Gridiron football but are almost never done in modern times. In most leagues, a successful field goal awards three points (a notable exception is in six-man football where, due to the difficulty of making a successful field goal because of the small number of players available to stop the opposing team from attempting a block, a field goal is worth four points).", "Comparison of American and Canadian football In both games, after a touchdown is scored, the scoring team may then attempt one play for additional points. In Canadian football, this play is called a convert, and in American football, it is formally called a try, although it is more commonly referred to as either a conversion, extra point, or point after touchdown (PAT). The additional points may be earned through a kick or a play from scrimmage. If done via kick, the scoring team gains one point, and if done from a scrimmage, the scoring team gains two.[citation needed]", "List of gridiron football rules With association football being the traditionally popular sport in Europe and American football being a relative newcomer, the rules were changed slightly to encourage a greater element of kicking, which was intended to make the game more enjoyable for football and rugby fans. The league did this by awarding 4 points to field goals of more than 50 yards, as opposed to 3 points in the NFL. This had the interesting side-effect that a touchdown and PAT lead (7 points) could be equaled by one regular field goal (3 points) as well as a long field goal (4 points). This concept would later be adopted by the proposed New United States Football League, with the distance required for the fourth point increased from 50 to 55 yards.", "Kickoff (gridiron football) Kickoffs entering the end zone are handled differently in American and Canadian rules. In the American college and professional game, if the ball goes out of bounds in the receiving team's end zone or is recovered and downed in the receiving team's end zone, the ball is placed at the receiving team's 25-yard line, and possession is given to the receiving team; these are known as touchbacks. High school football immediately rules the ball dead when the ball crosses the goal line; the ball cannot be returned from the end zone, nor can it be recovered there for a touchdown. NFL immediatly rules the ball dead, when the ball touches the ground in the endzone, if not been touched by the receivers before. In the Canadian game if the ball goes into the end zone and then out of bounds without being touched, the receiving team scrimmages from the 25-yard line (no points are scored). If the receiving team gains possession of a kickoff in its own end zone and then fails to return it into the field of play, the kicking team scores one point, and the receiving team scrimmages from the 35-yard line. Various forms of indoor football also recognize the single, but the ball must not only cross the end zone, but pass through the uprights (as in a field goal) as well. If the kicking team recovers its own kickoff in the end zone in any version of the game (something that, as previously mentioned, is impossible in high school football), it scores a touchdown.", "Official (American football) During professional and most college football games, seven officials operate on the field. Beginning in 2015, Division I college football conferences are using eight game officials. College games outside the Division I level use six or seven officials. Arena football, high school football, and other levels of football have other officiating systems. High school football played under the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) rules typically use five officials for varsity and 3, 4, or 5 for non-varsity games.", "Safety (gridiron football score) In college football and the NFL, a conversion safety can also be scored by the defense.[22] To accomplish this, the team attempting the try has to retreat all the way back to its own end zone. This is wildly implausible; it has been hypothesized that, perhaps, such a scenario would involve a turnover on a two-point conversion attempt, followed by a defensive player fumbling while en route to the attempting team's end zone, with the attempting team finally recovering the ball and downing it in its end zone. The other possible scenario in which this could happen is if the snap on an extra point kick attempt is wildly errant and the kicking team repeatedly bats the ball toward its end zone to avoid the defense recovering and returning it (while not being able to recover it themselves or bat the ball out of bounds). Madden NFL recognizes this type of score, and some gamers have successfully simulated this scenario.[33] While such a conversion safety has never been scored by the defense, it is the only possible way in which a team could finish with a single point in an American football game. As explained by Jon Bois in SBNation's video entitled Every NFL Score Ever \| Chart Party, a game cannot end in the score 1–0, 2–1, 3–1, 4–1, 5–1 or 7–1 as the one point by the opposing team is only possible after a touchdown. [A][34]", "American football rules The uncommon safety is scored if a player causes the ball to become dead in his own end zone; two points are awarded to the opposing (usually defending) team. This can happen if a player is either downed or goes out of bounds in the end zone while carrying the ball, or if he fumbles the ball, and it goes out of bounds in the end zone. A safety is also awarded to the defensive team if the offensive team commits a foul which is enforced in its own end zone. A safety is not awarded if a player intercepts a pass or receives a kick in his own end zone and is downed there. This situation, in which the opponent caused the ball to enter the end zone, is called a touchback; no points are scored, and the team that gained possession of the ball is awarded possession at its own 20-yard line. If the interception or reception occurs outside the end zone, and the player is carried into the end zone by momentum, the ball is placed at the spot of the catch and no safety is awarded. A safety is signaled by a referee holding both palms together above the head, fingertips pointing upwards. After a safety, the team that conceded the safety kicks a free kick (which may be a punt, place kick, or drop kick) from its 20-yard line.", "List of gridiron football rules Number Of Players â€“ Seven players per team on the field at one time. Maximum of 20 active players with a 21st player that is only eligible for special-teams plays (kickoffs, field goals, point-after-touchdown plays).", "Fantasy football (American) League managers earn their team points based on their starting players' performances in weekly NFL games. Players accumulate points based purely on their statistical output. For example, a touchdown might be worth six points while each yard passed, rushed, or carried may be worth a certain amount of points, and so on. In most cases, players earn points for passing, rushing, and receiving yards.", "Comparison of American football and rugby league In both games, following a try / touchdown, there is the opportunity to score additional points by kicking the ball between the posts and over the bar. In American football this is called an extra point or a \"point after touchdown\" (PAT) in the NFL (worth 1 point), in rugby league it is known as a conversion (worth 2 points). There are two key differences between an extra point and a conversion, conversions cannot be charged down like an extra point attempt but they must be taken from the same position as the try was scored. Hence it is important to score under the posts rather than in the corner, which makes for a difficult kick. Rugby league has no equivalent to American football's two-point conversion, in which the scoring team chooses not to kick at goal, but attempt a second touchdown from short range.", "Two-point conversion In American and Canadian football, a two-point conversion or two-point convert is a play a team attempts instead of kicking a one-point conversion immediately after it scores a touchdown. In a two-point conversion attempt, the team that just scored must run a play from close to the opponent's goal line (5-yard line in amateur Canadian, 3-yard line in professional Canadian, 3-yard line in amateur American, 2-yard line in professional American) and advance the ball across the goal line in the same manner as if they were scoring a touchdown. If the team succeeds, it earns two additional points on top of the six points for the touchdown. If the team fails, no additional points are scored. In either case, if any time remains in the half, the team proceeds to a kickoff.", "Comparison of American and Canadian football Singles do not exist in American football; however, only one point is counted when a safety is scored during a conversion attempt, in contrast to the two points scored on other safeties.[citation needed]", "American football rules A field goal is scored when the ball is place kicked, drop kicked, or free kicked after a fair catch or awarded fair catch (High School or NFL only) between the goal posts behind the opponent's end zone. The most common type of kick used is the place kick. For a place kick, the ball must first be snapped to a placeholder, who holds the ball upright on the ground with his fingertip so that it may be kicked. Three points are scored if the ball crosses between the two upright posts and above the crossbar and remains over. If a field goal is missed, the ball is returned to the original line of scrimmage (in the NFL, to the spot of the kick; in high school, to the 20-yard line if the ball enters the end zone, or otherwise where the ball becomes dead after the kick) or to the 20-yard line if that is further from the goal line, and possession is given to the other team. If the ball does not go out of bounds, the other team may catch the kicked ball and attempt to advance it, but this is usually not advantageous. One official is positioned under each goalpost; if either one rules the field goal no good, then the field goal is unsuccessful. A successful field goal is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head. A team that successfully kicks a field goal kicks off to the opposing team on the next play.", "Touchdown Unlike a try scored in rugby, and contrary to the event's name, the ball does not need to touch the ground when the player and the ball are inside the end zone, although in gridiron's early days the ball was required to be touched to the ground as in rugby, as rugby and gridiron were extremely similar sports at this point. This rule was changed to the modern-day iteration in 1889.", "Safety (gridiron football score) In American football, if a team attempting an extra point or two-point conversion (officially known in the rulebooks as a try) scores what would normally be a safety, that attempting team is awarded one point.[21][22][23] This is commonly known as a conversion safety or one-point safety[24] and it can be scored by the offense.[21][23] There are at least two known occurrences of the conversion safety in Division I college football – a November 26, 2004 game in which Texas scored against Texas A&M, and the 2013 Fiesta Bowl in which Oregon scored against Kansas State.[25] In both games, the point-after-touchdown kick was blocked, recovered by the defense, which then fumbled or threw the ball back into its own end zone.[26] Coincidentally, play-by-play commentator Brad Nessler of the ESPN family of networks (currently with CBS) called both of these games.[27] There are also two known NCAA Division III occurrences, the first being on November 11, 2000 against St. Thomas-Minnesota and Hamline University[28], and the most recent against Bluffton University and Franklin College (Indiana) which took place on November 9, 2013.[29][30][31] No conversion safeties have been scored in the NFL since 1940, although it is now slightly more likely after the rule change in 2015 which allowed the defense to take possession and score on a conversion attempt. Before 2015, the only scenario in which a one-point safety could have been scored in the NFL would have involved the defense kicking or batting a loose ball out the back of its own end zone without taking possession of the ball.[32] After the 2015 rule change, a one-point safety can also be scored after the defense takes possession and fumbles out of its own end zone or is tackled in the end zone after leaving it, as in the NCAA.", "American football rules In college and high school football, an overtime procedure (the Kansas plan) ensures that each team has equal opportunity to score. In college, both teams are granted possession of the ball at their opponents' 25 yard-line in succession. A coin flip takes place, with the winning team having the option either 1) to declare that they will take the ball first or second, or 2) to decide on which end of the field the series will occur (both teams' series occur on the same end of the field). The losing team will have the first option in any subsequent even-numbered overtime. In the first overtime, the team with first series attempts to score either a touchdown or a field goal; their possession ends when either a touchdown or a field goal have been scored, they turn the ball over via a fumble or an interception, or they fail to gain a first down. After a touchdown, a team may attempt either an extra-point or a two-point conversion. However, if the team on defense during the first series recovers a fumble and returns it for a touchdown, or returns an interception for a touchdown, the defensive team wins the game. (This is the only way for a college overtime game to end without both teams having possession.) Otherwise, regardless of the outcome of the first team's series (be it touchdown, field goal, or turnover), the other team begins their series. If the score remains tied after both teams have completed a series, a second overtime begins. If the score remains tied after two overtimes, teams scoring touchdowns are required to attempt a two-point conversion from the third overtime on. Just as in regulation, if a defensive team recovers a fumble/returns an interception to the end zone during a two-point conversion attempt, they will receive two points.", "Comparison of American football and rugby league American football has one further method of scoring which does not exist in rugby league. If a ball carrier is tackled in their own endzone (in-goal area) with the ball or steps out the back of the end zone with the ball, this results in a safety which scores 2 points for the opposing team. In rugby league this does not result in any points but causes the team in possession to kick the ball back to the opposition from under the posts.", "Try A try is analogous to a touchdown in American and Canadian football, with the major difference being that a try requires the ball be simultaneously touching the ground in the in-goal area and an attacking player who is in the field of play or in-goal, whereas a touchdown merely requires that a player in possession of the ball enter the end zone. In the laws of both codes of rugby, the term touch down formally refers only to grounding the ball by the defensive team in their in-goal.", "College football Camp was central to several more significant rule changes that came to define American football. In 1881, the field was reduced in size to its modern dimensions of 120 by 53 1⁄3 yards (109.7 by 48.8 meters). Several times in 1883, Camp tinkered with the scoring rules, finally arriving at four points for a touchdown, two points for kicks after touchdowns, two points for safeties, and five for field goals. Camp's innovations in the area of point scoring influenced rugby union's move to point scoring in 1890. In 1887, game time was set at two halves of 45 minutes each. Also in 1887, two paid officials—a referee and an umpire—were mandated for each game. A year later, the rules were changed to allow tackling below the waist, and in 1889, the officials were given whistles and stopwatches.[15]", "Single (football) There is one other way to score a single point on a gridiron football play outside of the routine extra point. If either team scores a safety on a conversion attempt after a touchdown, one point is awarded.", "Conversion (gridiron football) In 1968, the AFL and NFL eliminated the extra-point kick for interleague preseason games, allowing only one-point scrimmage plays called \"Pressure Points\"; this was scrapped when both leagues began their regular seasons. The World Football League (which called their conversions \"Action Points\") and XFL did the same in their short lives, though the XFL later implemented a variable system that allowed increasing point values for increasing the distance to the end zone on the attempt for its playoffs; that system was later adopted by the Stars Football League[citation needed] and, in a reduced form, the Legends Football League.[14] The CFL proposed to test the variable-distance scoring system during the 2015 preseason, but the proposal was rejected. In arena football, two points can also be scored by means of a drop-kicked field goal. Some youth football leagues turn the scoring upside-down to an extent, scoring one point for a running touchdown and two points for either a passing touchdown or field goal; six-man football follows a similar convention that rewards one point for a pass or run and two points for a kick.", "History of American football On November 23, 1876, representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia met at the Massasoit House in Springfield, Massachusetts to standardize a new code of rules based on the rugby game first introduced to Harvard by McGill University in 1874. The rules were based largely on the Rugby Football Union's code from England, though one important difference was the replacement of a kicked goal with a touchdown as the primary means of scoring (a change that would later occur in rugby itself, favoring the try as the main scoring event). Three of the schools—Harvard, Columbia, and Princeton—formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, as a result of the meeting. Yale did not join the group until 1879, because of an early disagreement about the number of players per team.[1]", "List of gridiron football rules The game ends when a pre-determined number of touchdowns or points has been scored, or an arbitrary time is reached (for instance, dusk or the start of school).", "Two-point conversion Rules in high school, college and professional football dictate that when a safety occurs during a two-point conversion or point-after kick (officially known in the rulebooks as a try), it is worth one point. It can be scored by the offense in college and professional football (following an NFL rule change in 2015) if the defense obtains possession of a live ball in the field of play, propels the ball (by carrying it or fumbling it) into its own end zone, and then is downed there with the defense in possession of the ball. This event has only occurred twice in NCAA Division I history. Before 2015, the only scenario in which a one-point safety could have been scored in the NFL would have involved the defense kicking or batting a loose ball out the back of the end zone without taking possession of it.[13]", "Field goal A field goal may also be scored through a fair catch kick, but this is extremely rare. Since a field goal is worth only three points, as opposed to a touchdown, which is worth six points, it is usually only attempted in specific situations (see Strategy).", "American football rules Game play in American football consists of a series of downs, individual plays of short duration, outside of which the ball is dead or not in play. These can be plays from scrimmage – passes, runs, punts, or field goal attempts (from either a place kick or a drop kick) – or free kicks such as kickoffs and fair catch kicks. Substitutions can be made between downs, which allows for a great deal of specialization as coaches choose the players best suited for each particular situation. During a play, each team should have no more than 11 players on the field, and each of them has specific tasks assigned for that specific play.", "List of gridiron football rules The scoring is the same as in the NFL with the addition of a drop kick field goal worth four points during normal play or two points as a post-touchdown conversion. Blocked extra points and turnovers on two-point conversion attempts may be returned by the defensive team for two points. A rouge-kickoff downed in the end zone is worth 1 point to the kicking team; a rogue-kickoff is when the kick returner is caught in his own end zone. A free kick recovered in the end zone by the kicking team is considered a touchdown.", "Safety (gridiron football score) In American football, a safety is scored when any of the following conditions occur:[4][5][6]", "Comparison of American and Canadian football In Canadian football any kick that goes into the end zone is a live ball, except for a successful field goal or if the goalposts are hit while the ball is in flight. If the player receiving the kick fails to return it out of the end zone, or (except on a kickoff) if the ball was kicked through the end zone, then the kicking team scores a single point (rouge), and the returning team scrimmages from its 35-yard line or, if the rouge is scored as a result of a missed field goal attempt, the receiving team may choose the last point of scrimmage. If a kickoff goes through the end zone without a player touching it or a kicked ball in flight hits a post without scoring a field goal, there is no score, and the receiving team scrimmages from its 25-yard line. If the kick is returned out of the end zone, the receiving team next scrimmages from the place that was reached (or if they reach the opponents' goal line, they score a touchdown); in the amateur levels of the game, they are given the ball at their 20-yard line if the kick was not returned that far.[20]", "American football Canadian football, the predominant form of football in Canada, is closely related to American football – both sports developed from rugby, and the two sports are considered to be the chief variants of gridiron football.[172] Although the two games share a similar set of rules, there are several key rule differences: for example, in Canadian football the field measures 150 by 65 yards (137 by 59 m), including two 20-yard end zones (for a distance between goal lines of 110 yards),[173] teams have three downs instead of four, there are twelve players on each side instead of eleven,[174] fair catches are not allowed, and a rouge, worth a single point is scored if the offensive team kicks the ball out of the defense's end zone.[175] The Canadian Football League (CFL) is the major Canadian league and is the second-most popular sporting league in Canada, behind only the National Hockey League.[175]", "American football rules Each team receives three timeouts per half (if the game goes to overtime, each team receives additional timeouts), making for a total of six timeouts per team in a regulation game. Unused timeouts may not carry over to the second half or overtime. In professional football, a team must have at least one remaining timeout to challenge an official's call.", "List of gridiron football rules There are no field goals and no punts. There is a kickoff to start each half and overtime.[23] A team must attempt to get a first down on every fourth down. After a touchdown, a team can attempt a one-point conversion from the one-yard line, or a two-point conversion from the three-yard line. The defending team can run the ball toward their end zone for 2 points off conversion attempts; offending team can get 1 point if safety is scored off conversion attempts.", "Touchback In standard outdoor American football, the team awarded the touchback receives possession of the ball at its own 20-yard line in college football, and the 20 yard-line for professional football, on kickoffs and free kicks after a safety as of the 2012 season. In arena football, and other indoor football games, a touchback results in the team awarded the touchback receiving the football at its own 3-yard line. This can result from any of the above events except for punting, which is not a part of arena football. (In arena football, a kicked ball usually bounces back into play off of the rebound nets, but the above can still occur when the ball lands in the slack nets behind the goalposts after a kickoff, passes under the rebound nets and out of play, or in the event of fumbles and interceptions.)", "Comparison of American and Canadian football In both American and Canadian football, a safety (or safety touch) awards 2 points to the defending team if the offensive team is brought down in their end zone. In American football, the team giving up the safety must take a free kick from their own 20-yard line. In Canadian football, the team being awarded the 2 points has the option of scrimmaging from their own 35-yard line, kicking the ball off from their own 35-yard line, or having the opposing team kick off the ball from their own 35-yard line. In 2009, the CFL changed the latter option to be a kick-off from their own 25-yard line.[24]", "Touchdown celebration Taunting and celebration are both offenses in the NFL; as a result, gaudy displays are often frowned upon. If the league views the act as highly offensive, large fines and even suspensions can be issued. In 2006 the NFL, in an effort to cut down on celebrations, amended its rules to include an automatic 15-yard penalty against any player who left his feet or uses a prop, like a towel, the goal post or post base or more specifically the football.[1] The penalty was called as \"excessive celebration\", and the yardage was charged against the offending player's team when that team kicked off to the opposing team. The excessive celebration rule was severely scaled back in 2017; penalties for excessive celebration will henceforth only be called for using the goalposts as a prop (to avoid inadvertently warping the goalposts out of place), lewd or violent gestures, or prolonged celebrations intended to delay the game.[2]", "Safety (gridiron football score) In Canadian football, a safety touch is scored when any of the following conditions occur:[7]", "Conversion (gridiron football) For much of the 20th century, a one-point conversion could be scored either by kick or by way of a scrimmage play. Beginning in 1958, the scrimmage play method of scoring became worth two points (a two-point conversion). While the American Football League adopted the college rule throughout its existence (as did the United States Football League throughout its existence in the 1980s), other professional leagues did not follow suit; all levels of Canadian football did so in 1975, and the National Football League did not do so until 1994.", "American football rules If a game is tied at the end of four quarters, overtime is played. In overtime, the coin is tossed to determine which team will possess the ball first. The winner of the coin toss can choose to give the ball or receive the ball. If the first possession results in a field goal, the other team is given possession to match or better the field goal; therefore continuing the game. If the first possession results in a touchdown, the scoring team wins. During the regular season in the NFL, one overtime period is played (with each team receiving two time outs). If both teams are tied after the 10-minute overtime, the game officially ends in a tie. In the playoffs, 15-minute overtime periods continue until a winner is determined. Overtime follows after a three-minute intermission following the end of the regulation game. Prior to start of overtime, a coin flip is performed where the captain of the visiting team calls the toss. The team that wins the coin flip has the option to either receive the kickoff or choose the side of the field they wish to defend. Ties are rare in the NFL;[2] a game between the Washington Redskins and Cincinnati Bengals in London on October 30, 2016, ended in a 27â€“27 tie. There had been a tie in a game the previous week; prior to that, the last tie was on October 12, 2014.", "1994 John Tyler vs. Plano East high school football game Between the two teams, 48 points (seven touchdowns) in total had been scored in the game's final four and a half minutes. The Lions' offense never touched the ball again after their field goal early in the fourth quarter. The Lions' final 21 points were scored by the defense and special teams.", "American football rules Officials are selected by the teams in advance or appointed by the governing league. While the majority of officials at lower levels only officiate games on a part-time basis, the NFL is implementing a new system where seven officials will become full-time employees of the league, one for each official position (i.e. back judge, field judge, side judge, etc.).[16] In the other three major North American professional sports leagues – Major League Baseball, the NBA and NHL – officials are employed by their respective leagues. The sheer volume of games in the other three sports necessitates full-time officials; the NFL regular season is only 16 games long, compared to 162 games for MLB and 82 for the NBA and NHL.", "American football A football game is played between two teams of 11 players each.[31][32][33] Playing with more on the field is punishable by a penalty.[31][34][35] Teams may substitute any number of their players between downs;[36][37][38] this \"platoon\" system replaced the original system, which featured limited substitution rules, and has resulted in teams utilizing specialized offensive, defensive and special teams squads.[39]", "Conversion (gridiron football) In American high school football (in most states), the play is over once the ball becomes dead or the defense takes possession. In many other levels of football, including the CFL, NFL, and American college football, the play continues after a turnover to the defense. This allows the defense to return the ball to the opponent's end zone for two points and also allows for a one-point safety. Two states, Texas and Massachusetts, play high school football under NCAA rules and thus allow the defense to score on an extra-point attempt.", "Fantasy football (American) Another scoring system counts only touchdowns, touchdown passes, and field goals for points. Many of the first fantasy football leagues were pure-scoring leagues as this provided for easier tracking of team points throughout the season. As the game matured and moved online, it became easier to track yardage and more sophisticated scoring configurations were adopted.", "Safety (gridiron football score) Safeties are the least common method of scoring in American football[3] but are not rare occurrences[2] – since 1932, a safety has occurred once every 14.31 games in the National Football League (NFL), or about once a week under current scheduling rules.[2] On October 21, 1973, Fred Dryer, playing for the Los Angeles Rams against the Green Bay Packers, became the only player in NFL History to score two safeties in a single game. A much rarer occurrence is the one-point safety, which can be scored by the offense on an extra point or two-point conversion attempt; those have occurred at least twice in NCAA Division I football since 1996, most recently at the 2013 Fiesta Bowl. No conversion safeties have occurred since at least 1940 in the NFL. A conversion safety by the defense is also possible, though highly unlikely; although this has never occurred, it is the only possible way a team could finish with a single point in an American football game.[A]", "American football Football games are played on a rectangular field that measures 120 yards (110 m) long and 53.33 yards (48.76 m) wide. Lines marked along the ends and sides of the field are known respectively as the end lines and sidelines, and goal lines are marked 10 yards (9.1 m) inward from each end line. Weighted pylons are placed on the inside corner of the intersections of the goal lines and end lines.", "American football rules A member of the receiving team gaining possession of the ball on a kickoff may attempt to advance it as far as he can toward the kicking team's goal line before being downed. Once the ball carrier is downed, the play is whistled dead and the ball is placed by the officials at the point where the play ended; this spot then becomes the line of scrimmage for the ensuing play. A kick that travels through or goes out of bounds within the end zone without being touched, or is caught by the receiving team in the end zone but not advanced out of it, results in a touchback; the ball is then placed at the receiving team's 25-yard line, which becomes the line of scrimmage.", "Cross country running Scores are determined by summing the top four or five individual finishing places on each team. In international competition, a team typically consists of six runners, with the top four scoring. In the United States, the most common scoring system is seven runners, with the top five scoring. Points are awarded to the individual runners of eligible teams, equal to the position in which they cross the finish line (first place gets 1 point, second place gets 2 points, etc.). The points for these runners are summed, and the lowest score wins. Individual athletes, and athletes from incomplete teams ( teams consisting of less than 5 athletes or teams) and individuals who have been disqualified are excluded from scoring. Ties are usually broken by the position of each team's sixth runner.", "American football Football games last for a total of 60 minutes in professional and college play and are divided into two-halves of 30 minutes and four-quarters of 15 minutes.[73][74] High school football games are 48 minutes in length with two-halves of 24 minutes and four-quarters of 12 minutes.[75] The two-halves are separated by a halftime period, and the first and third quarters are also followed by a short break.[73][74][76] Prior to the start of the game, the referee and team captains for each team meet at midfield for a coin toss. The visiting team is allowed to call 'heads' or 'tails'; the winner of the toss is allowed to decide between choosing whether to receive or kick off the ball or choosing which goal they want to defend, but they can also defer their choice until the second half. The losing team, unless the winning team decides to defer, is allowed to choose the option the winning team did not select, and receives the option to receive, kick, or select a goal to defend to begin the second half. Most teams choose to receive or defer, because choosing to kick the ball to start the game would allow the other team to choose which goal to defend.[77] Teams switch goals following the first and third quarters.[78] If a down is in progress when a quarter ends, play continues until the down is completed.[79][80][81]", "Conversion (gridiron football) If the game is in sudden death overtime, the extra-point attempt is omitted if the winning score is a touchdown. In American high school and college football, it is likewise omitted following a touchdown on the game's final play if a successful conversion attempt cannot change the outcome of the game.", "Two-point conversion During the summer of 2014, the conversion by place kick was under review by the NFL. This new format would award seven points for a touchdown without an extra point attempt, eight points with a successful conversion by running or passing, and six points with an unsuccessful attempt. This new format was proposed because of the almost certain probability of making a conversion by place kick (1,260 out of 1,265 for the 2013 season).[8] This proposal was never considered at the league owners' meeting in spring 2014; instead, the league used the first two weeks of its preseason for an experiment that moved extra point attempts back to the 20-yard line with the condition that if a team opted to attempt a two-point conversion instead, the line of scrimmage on the try would remain at the 2-yard line. The league adopted a slightly modified version of this rule starting with the 2015 season, with the line of scrimmage for extra-point kick attempts at the 15-yard line instead of the 20; that same year, the CFL also moved back its line of scrimmage for converts to the 25-yard line (while moving the scrimmage line for a two-point convert ahead two yards to the 3-yard line), thus making the length for an extra-point attempt the same length in both the NFL and CFL (taking into account the NFL positioning their goalposts on the end line, and the CFL's on the goal line).", "American football The role of the offensive unit is to advance the football down the field with the ultimate goal of scoring a touchdown.[42]", "List of gridiron football rules Advancing the ball in American football resembles the six-tackle rule and the play-the-ball in rugby league. The team that takes possession of the ball (the offense) has four attempts, called downs, in which to advance the ball 10 yards (9.1Â m) toward their opponent's (the defense's) end zone. When the offense succeeds in gaining at least 10 yards, it gets a first down, meaning the team has another set of four downs to gain yet another 10 yards or to score. If the offense fails to gain a first down (10 yards) after 4 downs, the other team gets possession of the ball at the point where the fourth down ended, beginning with their first down to advance the ball in the opposite direction.", "Comparison of American football and rugby league In American football teams often opt to go for a field goal (worth 3 points) rather than attempt a touchdown. The rugby league equivalent, also called a field goal, is worth only one point and is much less common. The key difference between a field goal in the two sports is that an American football field goal attempt is normally kicked with a teammate holding the ball, whereas in rugby league the field goal is attempted using a drop-kick.", "Conversion (gridiron football) Whether a team goes for one or two points, most rules regarding scrimmage downs, including scoring touchdowns and field goals, apply as if it were a normal American fourth-down or Canadian third-down play. Exceptions, including cases where the defense forces a turnover during a conversion attempt, vary between leagues and levels of play. One thing that sets the try apart from other plays in the NFL is that, apart from the actual points, ordinary statistics are not recorded on the try as they would be on a regular scrimmage play. For example, on December 4, 2016, Eric Berry of the Kansas City Chiefs made an interception on a try and physically returned it 99 yards for a defensive two-point conversion. However, because it occurred on a try, Berry did not get statistical credit for the 99 yards of return yardage. Nor would a player ever be credited with passing, rushing, or receiving yardage on a try.[1]", "Kabaddi A point is scored for each defender tagged. If the raider steps beyond the bonus line marked in the defending team's territory, they earn an additional point. If the raider is successfully stopped, the opposing team earns a point instead. All players tagged are taken out of the game, but one is \"revived\" for each point a team scores from a subsequent tag or tackle (bonus points do not revive players). Players who step out of the boundary or lobbies are also out. A raid where no points are scored by the raider is referred to as an \"empty raid\". By contrast, a play where the raider scores three or more points is referred to as a \"super raid\". If a team gets all seven players on the opposing team out at once (\"All Out\"), they earn three additional points, and the players are placed back in the game.[7][8][9][2]", "List of gridiron football rules American football is played on a field 360 by 160 feet (109.7 by 48.8 m).[1] The longer boundary lines are sidelines, while the shorter boundary lines are end lines. Sidelines and end lines are out of bounds. Near each end of the field is a goal line; they are 100 yards (91.4 m) apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards (9.1 m) beyond each goal line to each end line. The end zone includes the goal line but not the end line.[1] While the playing field is effectively flat, it is common for a field to be built with a slight crown—with the middle of the field higher than the sides—to allow water to drain from the field.", "Touchdown celebration College football, governed by the NCAA also penalizes excessive celebrations with a 15-yard penalty. NCAA Football Rule 9-2, Article 1(a)(1)(d) prohibits \"Any delayed, excessive, prolonged or choreographed act by which a player (or players) attempts to focus attention upon himself (or themselves)\"; in addition, Rule 9-2, Article 1(a)(2) asserts that \"After a score or any other play, the player in possession immediately must return the ball to an official or leave it near the dead-ball spot.\"[3] Additionally, if a player's actions are considered \"unsportsmanlike conduct\" the result is dead-ball foul; a \"flagrant unsportsmanlike conduct\" foul requires player ejection. If a playerâ€™s nonfootball-related act (e.g. taunting or cursing) causes an opponent to physically retaliate, it is considered fighting and both players are ejected.[4]", "Fantasy football (American) A typical standard scoring format would look very similar to this, although there may be slight discrepancies in points awarded to kickers (depending on your league host's scoring limitations):", "List of gridiron football rules A standard football game consists of four 15-minute quarters (12-minute quarters in high-school football and often shorter at lower levels, usually one minute per grade [e.g. 9-minute quarters for freshman games]),[6] with a 12-minute half-time intermission (30 minutes in Super Bowl) after the second quarter in the NFL (college halftimes are 20 minutes; in high school the interval is 15 or 20 minutes; 10 minutes for lower grades).[7] The clock stops after certain plays; therefore, a game can last considerably longer (often more than three hours in real time), and if a game is broadcast on television, TV timeouts are taken at certain intervals of the game to broadcast commercials outside of game action. If an NFL game is tied after four quarters, the teams play an additional period, timed like the fourth quarter, lasting up to 10 minutes. There is a coin toss in the NFL just like the beginning of the game. If the receiving team scores a touchdown during the possession, they win. If they kick a field goal, then the other team gets a possession. If they score a touchdown, they win. If they tie the score by kicking a field goal, then the next team that scores wins. If the team with the first possession turns the ball over without scoring any points, then the first team to score, wins. If the defense scores a touchdown through an interception or fumble recovery, or they get a safety, then they win. In a regular-season NFL game, if no one scores in the overtime, the game ends tied. In an NFL playoff game, multiple 15-minute overtime periods are played, as needed, to determine a winner. These periods are timed as if a game had started over. In the extremely rare case a game would go as far as a third OT—which has never happened in the NFL—there would be no \"halftime intermission\"; play would resume with a kickoff similar to a normal third quarter.", "Touchback In American football, a touchback is a ruling which is made and signaled by an official when the ball becomes dead on or behind a team's own goal line (i.e., in an end zone) and the opposing team gave the ball the momentum, or impetus, to travel over or across the goal line.[1] Such impetus may be imparted by a kick, pass, fumble, or in certain instances by batting the ball. A touchback is not a play, but a result of events that may occur during a play. A touchback is the opposite of a safety with regard to impetus since a safety is scored when the defending team is responsible for the ball becoming dead on or behind its own goal line.", "Try A try is a way of scoring points in rugby union and rugby league football. A try is scored by grounding the ball (the ball must be touching the player when coming into contact with the ground) in the opposition's in-goal area (on or behind the goal line). Rugby union and league differ slightly in defining 'grounding the ball' and the 'in-goal' area.", "Fantasy football (American) Although kickers can theoretically score points through touchdowns or yards rushed and received, they accumulate most of their points through field goals and extra points. The Team Defense / Special Teams position earns points through defensive plays (such as turnovers, quarterback sacks, safeties, and blocked kicks) and by limiting the offensive points of the opposing teams. Also, whereas points are awarded to players for positive plays, points are taken away from players for negative plays such as turnovers or missed kicks." ]	[ "Touchdown A touchdown is worth six points. The scoring team is also awarded the opportunity for an extra point or a two-point conversion.[2] Afterwards, the team that scored the touchdown kicks off to the opposing team, if there is any time left." ]
test1549	where is the dead sea located in jordan	[ "doc55398" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc55398", "doc55404", "doc866517", "doc55433", "doc55406", "doc866551", "doc1931252", "doc55452", "doc1931253", "doc866550", "doc55456", "doc55401", "doc55451", "doc55432", "doc598251", "doc780169", "doc55465", "doc55461", "doc55463", "doc1931262", "doc55468", "doc55447", "doc1931246", "doc55405", "doc1931251", "doc55454", "doc55410", "doc55403", "doc2005186", "doc866583", "doc55446", "doc55416", "doc55412", "doc55457", "doc55435", "doc55450", "doc110003", "doc866584", "doc55443", "doc55408", "doc55455", "doc939696", "doc1654311", "doc866524", "doc780158", "doc55442", "doc1931250", "doc110006", "doc55430", "doc110014", "doc1931239", "doc55440", "doc55407", "doc164390", "doc866519", "doc55438", "doc866604", "doc866518", "doc55427", "doc55467", "doc55453", "doc55411", "doc780149", "doc55464", "doc1931241", "doc55466", "doc55399", "doc1654306", "doc55402", "doc866523", "doc110007", "doc55409", "doc866582", "doc866581", "doc983015", "doc518793", "doc866553", "doc55445", "doc55449", "doc579679", "doc55431", "doc1741661", "doc1512696", "doc2455507", "doc1167733", "doc2074957", "doc1654308", "doc780161", "doc1654304", "doc1931264", "doc55415", "doc579681", "doc55459", "doc780164", "doc866527", "doc55458", "doc55419", "doc1931256", "doc55439", "doc1654305" ]	[ "Dead Sea The Dead Sea (Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח‬ Yam ha-Melah lit. Sea of Salt; Arabic: البحر الميت‎ Al-Bahr al-Mayyit[5]) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west. Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres (1,412 ft) below sea level,[4][6] Earth's lowest elevation on land. The Dead Sea is 304 m (997 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With a salinity of 342 g/kg, or 34.2%, (in 2011), it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world's saltiest bodies of water.[7] This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and 15 kilometres (9 mi) wide at its widest point.[1] It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River.", "Dead Sea The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley, a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform (DST). This left lateral-moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate. It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai. It is here that the Upper Jordan River/Sea of Galilee/Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end.", "Jordan Jordan (/ˈdʒɔːrdən/; Arabic: الْأُرْدُنّ‎ Al-‘Urdunn [al.ʔur.dunn]), officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية‎ Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdunnīyah Al-Hāshimīyah), is a sovereign Arab state in western Asia, on the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north, Israel and Palestine to the west. The Dead Sea lies along its western borders and the country has a small shoreline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west, but is otherwise landlocked.[6] Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe.[7] The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic, political and cultural centre.[8]", "Dead Sea Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, and others including Suweima. Highway 65 runs north-south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba.", "Dead Sea The Mujib River, biblical Arnon, is one the larger water sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan.[14] The Wadi Mujib valley, 420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley, is a biosphere reserve, with an area of 212 km2 (82 sq mi).[15] Other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh (Arabic)/Nahal Dragot (Hebrew), and Nahal Arugot.[14] Wadi Hasa (biblical Zered) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Sea.", "Jordan In the west, a highland area of arable land and Mediterranean evergreen forestry drops suddenly into the Jordan Rift Valley.[85] The rift valley contains the Jordan River and the Dead Sea, which separates Jordan from Israel and the Palestinian Territories.[85] Jordan has a 26 kilometres (16 mi) shoreline on the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea, but is otherwise landlocked.[6] The Yarmouk River, an eastern tributary of the Jordan, forms part of the boundary between Jordan and Syria (including the occupied Golan Heights) to the north.[6] The other boundaries are formed by several international and local agreements and do not follow well-defined natural features.[85] The highest point is Jabal Umm al Dami, at 1,854 m (6,083 ft) above sea level, while the lowest is the Dead Sea −420 m (−1,378 ft), the lowest land point on earth.[85]", "Geography of Jordan The rift valley on the southern side of the Dead Sea is known as the Southern Ghawr and the Wadi al Jayb (popularly known as the Wadi al Arabah). The Southern Ghawr runs from Wadi al Hammah, on the south side of the Dead Sea, to Ghawr Faya, about twenty-five kilometers south of the Dead Sea. Wadi al Jayb is 180 kilometers long, from the southern shore of the Dead Sea to Al Aqaba in the south. The valley floor varies in level. In the south, it reaches its lowest level at the Dead Sea (more than 400 meters below sea level), rising in the north to just above sea level. Evaporation from the sea is extreme due to year-round high temperatures. The water contains about 250Â grams of dissolved salts per liter at the surface and reaches the saturation point at 110 meters.", "Dead Sea On November 22, 2015, the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan, to become live on Google Street View.[46]", "Geography of Jordan The Dead Sea occupies the deepest depression on the land surface of the earth. The depth of the depression is accentuated by the surrounding mountains and highlands that rise to elevations of 800 to 1,200 meters above sea level. The sea's greatest depth is about 430 meters, and it thus reaches a point more than 825 meters below sea level. A drop in the level of the sea has caused the former Lisan Peninsula to become a land bridge dividing the sea into separate northern and southern basins.", "Jordan Jordan sits strategically at the crossroads of the continents of Asia, Africa and Europe,[7] in the Levant area of the Fertile Crescent, a cradle of civilization.[85] It is 89,341 square kilometres (34,495 sq mi) large, and 400 kilometres (250 mi) long between its northernmost and southernmost points; Umm Qais and Aqaba respectively.[86] The kingdom lies between 29° and 34° N, and 34° and 40° E. The east is an arid plateau irrigated by oases and seasonal water streams.[86] Major cities are overwhelmingly located on the north-western part of the kingdom due to its fertile soils and relatively abundant rainfall.[87] These include Irbid, Jerash and Zarqa in the northwest, the capital Amman and Al-Salt in the central west, and Madaba, Al-Karak and Aqaba in the southwest.[87] Major towns in the eastern part of the country are the oasis towns of Azraq and Ruwaished.[85]", "Dead Sea On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea, Arab Potash (APC), formed in 1956, produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually, as well as sodium chloride and bromine. The plant is located at Safi, South Aghwar Department, in the Karak Governorate.", "Dead Sea The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate. Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession, which had begun causing many problems. The Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance project, carried out by Jordan, will provide water to neighbouring countries, while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilise its levels. The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and be completed in 2021.[10]", "Dead Sea On the Jordanian side, nine international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center, along with resort apartments, on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The 9 hotels have boosted the Jordanian side's capacity to 2,800 rooms.[45]", "Dead Sea There are several small communities near the Dead Sea. These include Ein Gedi, Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council: Kalya, Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat. There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi, and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar. Highway 90 runs north-south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km (351 mi) from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat.", "Great Rift Valley The River Jordan begins here and flows southward through Lake Hula into the Sea of Galilee in Israel. The Rift then continues south through the Jordan Rift Valley into the Dead Sea on the Israeli-Jordanian border. From the Dead Sea southwards, the Rift is occupied by the Wadi Arabah, then the Gulf of Aqaba, and then the Red Sea.[3]", "Geography of Israel South of the Kinneret lies the saltwater Dead Sea which forms the border between Israel and Jordan and is 418 meters (1,371 ft) below sea level, making it the lowest water surface on Earth.[32] The Dead Sea is 67 kilometers (42 mi) long with a maximum width of 16 kilometers (10 mi) and also makes up part of the Rift Valley.[32] A peninsula juts out into the lake from the eastern shore, south of which the lake is shallow, less than 6 meters (19.7 ft) deep. To the north is the lake's greatest depth.[32]", "Dead Sea Sources: Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research,[4] Haaretz,[2] Jewish Virtual Library,[54][55] Jordan Valley Authority.[56]", "Dead Sea Since 1930, when its surface was 1,050 km2 (410 sq mi) and its level was 390 m (1,280 ft) below sea level, the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously.[50] In recent decades, the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north. The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works, a company that converts the sea's raw materials. From a water surface of 395 m (1,296 ft) below sea level in 1970[51] it fell 22 m (72 ft) to 418 m (1,371 ft) below sea level in 2006, reaching a drop rate of 1 m (3 ft) per year. As the water level decreases, the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change.", "Dead Sea In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum, Jordan announced its plans to construct the \"Jordan National Red Sea Development Project\" (JRSP). This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea. Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan, with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment. The early planning called for developer and financier selection to be completed by year's end, with detailed design to begin in early 2010, and water delivery by 2017. Israel expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region. Some hydro-power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project.[citation needed]", "Geography of Jordan Coastline: 26 km\nnote: Jordan also borders the Dead Sea, for 50 kilometres (31 mi)", "Dead Sea On 27 November 2016, it was announced that the Jordanian government is shortlisting five consortiums to implement the project. Jordan's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project will begin construction in the first quarter of 2018, and will be completed by 2021.[10]", "Dead Sea The world's lowest roads, Highway 90, run along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea, along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side, at 393 m (1,289 ft) below sea level.", "Geography of Jordan The country consists mainly of a plateau between 700 metres (2,300 ft) and 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) meters high, divided into ridges by valleys and gorges, and a few mountainous areas. West of the plateau, land descents form the East Bank of the Jordan Rift Valley. The valley is part of the north-south Great Rift Valley, and its successive depressions are Lake Tiberias (Sea of Galilee; its bottom is about −258 metres (−846 ft)), Jordan Valley, the Dead Sea (its bottom is about −730 metres (−2,400 ft)), Arabah, and the Gulf of Aqaba at the Red Sea. Jordan's western border follows the bottom of the rift. Although an earthquake-prone region, no severe shocks had been recorded for several centuries.", "Dead Sea The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea, although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea, forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges.[13] There are no outlet streams.", "Geography of Jordan A 380-kilometer-long rift valley runs from the Yarmouk River in the north to Al Aqaba in the south. The northern part, from the Yarmouk River to the Dead Sea, is commonly known as the Jordan Valley. It is divided into eastern and western parts by the Jordan River. Bordered by a steep escarpment on both the eastern and the western side, the valley reaches a maximum width of twenty-two kilometers at some points. The valley is properly known as Al Ghawr or Al Ghor (the depression, or valley).", "Dead Sea In the early part of the 20th century, the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the sea was a natural deposit of potash (potassium chloride) and bromine. The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929, after its founder, Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation, Moses Novomeysky, worked for the charter for over ten years. The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya and produced potash by solar evaporation of the brine. Employing Arabs and Jews, it was an island of peace in turbulent times.[47] The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East,[citation needed] and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore, in the Mount Sodom area, south of the 'Lashon' region of the Dead Sea. Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain's potash during World War II. Both plants were destroyed by the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[48]", "Dead Sea Around 3.7 million years ago,[citation needed] what is now the valley of the Jordan River, Dead Sea, and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea. The waters formed in a narrow, crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon, which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley. The floods of the valley came and went depending on long-scale climate change. The Sedom Lagoon[17] deposited beds of salt that eventually became 2.5 km (1.55 mi) thick.", "Dead Sea In prose sometimes the term Yām ha-Māvet (ים המוות‬, \"sea of death\") is used, due to the scarcity of aquatic life there.[11] In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al-Bahr al-Mayyit (help·info)[5] (\"the Dead Sea\"), or less commonly baḥrᵘ lūṭᵃ (بحر لوط, \"the Sea of Lot\"). Another historic name in Arabic was the \"Sea of Zoʼar\", after a nearby town in biblical times. The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites (Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης, hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs, \"the Asphaltite[12] sea\").", "Moab It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but generally is represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.", "Jordan Jordan has been a medical tourism destination in the Middle East since the 1970s. A study conducted by Jordan's Private Hospitals Association found that 250,000 patients from 102 countries received treatment in Jordan in 2010, compared to 190,000 in 2007, bringing over $1 billion in revenue. Jordan is the region's top medical tourism destination, as rated by the World Bank, and fifth in the world overall.[170] The majority of patients come from Yemen, Libya and Syria due to the ongoing civil wars in those countries. Jordanian doctors and medical staff have gained experience in dealing with war patients through years of receiving such cases from various conflict zones in the region.[171] Jordan also is a hub for natural treatment methods in both Ma'in Hot Springs and the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is often described as a 'natural spa'. It contains 10 times more salt than the average ocean, which makes it impossible to sink in. The high salt concentration of the Dead Sea has been proved as being therapeutic for many skin diseases. The uniqueness of this lake attracts several Jordanian and foreign vacationers, which boosted investments in the hotel sector in the area.[172]", "Dead Sea In the late 1940s and early 1950s, hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran, about one mile (1.6 kilometres) inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea (presently in the West Bank). They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls.", "Dead Sea With 34.2% salinity (in 2011), it is one of the world's saltiest bodies of water, though Lake Vanda in Antarctica (35%), Lake Assal in Djibouti (34.8%), Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Sea (up to 35%) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica (such as Don Juan Pond (44%)) have reported higher salinities.", "Dead Sea The first prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora, followed by Lake Lisan and finally by the Dead Sea.[17] The water levels and salinity of these lakes have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom, and due to climate variation. As the climate became more arid, Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier, leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder.[17][18]", "Dead Sea Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $1.2 billion in sales (equivalent to 4 percent of Jordanâ€™s GDP).", "Dead Sea Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho. Somewhere, perhaps on the southeastern shore, would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham: Sodom and Gomorra (Genesis 18) and the three other \"Cities of the Plain\", Admah, Zeboim and Zoar (Deuteronomy 29:23). Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom (Genesis 19:21-22). Before the destruction, the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits, which was called the vale of Siddim. King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby.", "Dead Sea Israel has 15 hotels along the Dead Sea shore, generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012. Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a six-kilometre (3.7-mile) stretch of the southern shore.[44]", "Jordan River The Jordan River (also River Jordan; Hebrew: נְהַר הַיַּרְדֵּן‎ Nahar ha-Yarden; Arabic: نَهْر الْأُرْدُنّ‎‎ Nahr al-Urdun, Ancient Greek: Ιορδάνης, Iordànes) is a 251-kilometre (156 mi)-long river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee and on to the Dead Sea. Israel and the West Bank border the river to the west, while the Golan Heights and Jordan lie to its east. Both Jordan and the West Bank take their names from the river.", "Jordan Jordan is the world's second poorest country in terms of water resources per capita, and scarce water resources were aggravated by the influx of Syrian refugees.[173] Water from Disi aquifer and ten major dams historically played a large role in providing Jordan's need for fresh water.[174] The Jawa Dam in northeastern Jordan is the world's oldest dam.[175] The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate. Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession, which had begun causing many problems. The Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance project, carried out by Jordan, will provide water to neighbouring countries, while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilise its levels. The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and to be completed in 2021.[176] Phosphate mines in the south have made Jordan one of the largest producers and exporters of this mineral in the world.[177]", "Dead Sea In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869.[42] The full text of W. F. Lynch's 1949 book Narrative of the United States' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online. Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Sea already in 1817-18, but didn't navigate on its waters.[43]", "Dead Sea To the west of the Dead Sea, the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east. Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m (700 ft) tall halite formation called \"Mount Sodom\".", "Dead Sea The Dead Sea Works was founded in 1952 as a state-owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company.[49] In 1995, the company was privatized and it is now owned by Israel Chemicals. From the Dead Sea brine, Israel produces (2001) 1.77 million tons potash, 206,000 tons elemental bromine, 44,900 tons caustic soda, 25,000 tons magnesium metal, and sodium chloride. Israeli companies generate around US$3 billion annually from the sale of Dead Sea minerals (primarily potash and bromine), and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals.[44]", "Sodium chloride Jordanian and Israeli salt evaporation ponds at the south end of the Dead Sea.", "Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance In October 2009 the Jordanian government announced that it would unilaterally tender a Jordan Red Sea Project (JRSP). According to the government, this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Seaâ€“Dead Sea Project.[3] The project is to be implemented by a private company under authority granted by the government. The project would also serve as an economic development project to create housing for 1.36 million people south of Amman, at the Southern end of the Dead Sea, north of Aqaba and in gated communities. Also, several tourist resorts would be created. It is divided into five phases. The first phase would include extraction of 400 million cubic metres of seawater per year, resulting in 210 million cubic metres/year (MCM/yr) of freshwater and 190 million cubic metres/year for discharge into the Dead Sea. The construction of the first phase is expected to take 7 years.[4] In March 2011 the Ministry of Water and Irrigation short-listed six firms for the first phase of the project.", "Jordan The prehistoric period of Jordan ended at around 2000 BC when the Semitic nomads known as the Amorites entered the region.[30] During the Bronze Age and Iron Age, present-day Jordan was home to several ancient kingdoms, whose populations spoke Semitic languages of the Canaanite group.[30] Among them were Ammon, Edom and Moab, which are described as tribal kingdoms rather than states.[30] They are mentioned in ancient texts such as the Old Testament.[30] Archaeological finds have shown that Ammon was in the area of the modern city of Amman, Moab in the highlands east of the Dead Sea and Edom in the area around Wadi Araba.[31]", "Geography of Israel East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which is a small part of the 6,500 kilometers (4,039 mi)-long Syrian-East African Rift.[19] In Israel the Rift Valley is dominated by the Jordan River, the Sea of Galilee (an important freshwater source also known as Lake Tiberias and Lake Kinneret), and the Dead Sea.[19] The Jordan, Israel's largest river (322 kilometers (200 mi)), originates in the Dan, Baniyas, and Hasbani rivers near Mount Hermon in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains and flows south through the drained Hula Basin into the freshwater Lake Tiberias. Lake Tiberias is 165 square kilometers (64 sq mi) in size and, depending on the season and rainfall, is at about 213 meters (699 ft) below sea level.[19] With a water capacity estimated at 3 cubic kilometers (0.72 cu mi), it serves as the principal reservoir of the National Water Carrier (also known as the Kinneret-Negev Conduit).[19] The Jordan River continues its course from the southern end of Lake Tiberias (forming the boundary between the West Bank and Jordan) to its terminus in the highly saline Dead Sea.[19] The Dead Sea is 1,020 square kilometers (394 sq mi) in size and, at 420 meters (1,378 ft) below sea level, is the lowest surface point on the earth.[19] South of the Dead Sea, the Rift Valley continues in the Arabah (Hebrew \"Arava\", Arabic \"Wadi 'Arabah\"), which has no permanent water flow, for 170 kilometers (106 mi) to the Gulf of Eilat.[19]", "Dead Sea Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west, the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge. The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era. Their monasteries, such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert, are places of pilgrimage.", "Geography of Jordan The Jordan River is short, but from its mountain headwaters (approximately 160 kilometers north of the river's mouth at the Dead Sea) the riverbed drops from an elevation of about 3,000 meters above sea level to more than 400 meters below sea level. Before reaching Jordanian territory the river forms the Sea of Galilee, the surface of which is 212 meters below sea level. The Jordan River's principal tributary is the Yarmouk River. Near the junction of the two rivers, the Yarmouk forms the boundary between Israel on the northwest, Syria on the northeast, and Jordan on the south. The Zarqa River, the second main tributary of the Jordan River, flows and empties entirely within the East Bank.", "Jordan River Over its upper course, the river drops rapidly in a 75-kilometre (47 mi) run to the once large and swampy Lake Hula, which is slightly above sea level. Exiting the now much diminished lake, it goes through an even steeper drop over the 25 kilometres (16 mi) down to the Sea of Galilee, which it enters at its northern end. The Jordan deposits much of the silt it is carrying within the lake, which it leaves again near its southern tip. At that point the river is situated about 210 metres below sea level. The last 120-kilometre (75 mi)-long section follows what is commonly termed the \"Jordan Valley\", which has less gradient (the total drop is another 210 metres) so that the river meanders before entering the Dead Sea, a terminal lake about 422 metres below sea level with no outlet. Two major tributaries enter from the east during this last section: the Yarmouk River and Zarqa River.", "Dead Sea Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea. Hikers can see ibex, hares, hyraxes, jackals, foxes, and even leopards. Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well. Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea.", "Jordan River A small section of the northernmost portion of the Lower Jordan, the first ca. 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) below the Sea of Galilee, has been kept pristine for baptism and local tourism. Most polluted is the 100-kilometre downstream stretch—a meandering stream from above the confluence with the Yarmouk to the Dead Sea. Environmentalists say the practice of letting sewage and brackish water flow into the river has almost destroyed its ecosystem. Rescuing the Jordan could take decades, according to environmentalists.[4] In 2007, Friends of the Earth Middle East (FoEME) named the Jordan River as one of the world's 100 most endangered ecological sites, due in part to lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states.[5] The same environmentalist organization had said in a report that the Jordan River could dry up by 2011 unless the decay is stopped.[6] The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic metres per year; as of 2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.[6] For comparison, the total amount of desalinated water produced by Israel by 2012 was estimated to be about 500 million cubic metres per year. Recent literature shows the role of power asymmetries and of discourses and narratives in shaping hydropolitics along the Jordan River Basin.[7]", "Geography of Jordan Jordan is situated geographically in Southwest Asia, south of Syria, west of Iraq, northwest of Saudi Arabia and east of Palestine and the West Bank; politically, the area has also been referred to in the West as the Middle or Near East. The territory of Jordan now covers about 91,880 square kilometres (35,480 sq mi).", "Dead Sea Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom. However, he referred to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites.[38]", "Dead Sea Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm (4 in) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm (2 in) in the southern part.[16] The Dead Sea zone's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains. The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself.", "Israel The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in 749 and 1033. The deficit in slip that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw~7.4.[260]", "Jordan Jordan is a relatively-small, semi-arid, almost-landlocked country with an area of 89,342 km2 (34,495 sq mi) and a population numbering 10 million, making it the 11th-most populous Arab country. Sunni Islam, practiced by around 95% of the population, is the dominant religion in Jordan that coexists with an indigenous Christian minority. Jordan remains to be considered as among the safest of countries in the Middle East, even after the deteriorating situation of the region following the Arab spring in 2010s. Jordan prides itself on being an \"oasis of stability\" in a turbulent region.[11] In the midst of surrounding turmoil, it has been greatly hospitable, accepting refugees from almost all surrounding conflicts as early as 1948. An estimated 2.1 million Palestinian and 1.4 million Syrian refugees are present.[12] The kingdom is also a refuge to thousands of Iraqi Christians fleeing persecution by ISIL.[13] While Jordan continues to accept refugees, the recent large influx from Syria placed substantial strain on national resources and infrastructure.[14]", "Dead Sea King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea. The most famous was Masada, where in 70 CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple. The zealots survived until 73 CE, when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants. Another historically important fortress was Machaerus (מכוור), on the eastern bank, where, according to Josephus, John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died.[37]", "Jordan The largest museum in Jordan is The Jordan Museum. It contains much of the valuable archaeological findings in the country, including some of the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Neolithic limestone statues of 'Ain Ghazal and a copy of the Mesha Stele.[232] Most museums in Jordan are located in Amman including The Children's Museum Jordan, The Martyr's Memorial and Museum and the Royal Automobile Museum. Museums outside Amman include the Aqaba Archaeological Museum.[233] The Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts is a major contemporary art museum located in Amman.[233]", "Jordan What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period. Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. Later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom, the Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire.[9] After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France. The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the Hashemite, then Emir, Abdullah I, and the emirate became a British protectorate. In 1946, Jordan became an independent state officially known as The Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan, but was renamed in 1949 to The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after the country captured the West Bank during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in 1967. Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in 1988, and became one of two Arab states to have signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1994.[10] Jordan is a founding member of the Arab League and the Organisation of Islamic Co-operation. The country is a constitutional monarchy, but the king holds wide executive and legislative powers.", "Dead Sea The sea is called \"dead\" because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms, such as fish and aquatic plants, from living in it, though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present.", "Dead Sea In December 2013, Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Red Sea with the Dead Sea. The pipeline will be 180 km (110 mi) long and is estimated to take up to five years to complete.[58] In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water is now dropping by 1 m (3 ft) a year.[59]", "Dead Sea The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea tourism industry could generate $290 million of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs.[44] However, Palestinians have been unable to obtain construction permits for tourism-related investments on the Dead Sea.[44] According to the World Bank, Officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities state that the only way to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Agreement, but the relevant committee has not met with any degree of regularity since 2000.[44]", "Dead Sea Approximately two million years ago,[citation needed] the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area. Thus, the long lagoon became a landlocked lake. The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km (30 mi) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea, and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse. The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin.[18]", "Geography of Israel Southern Israel is dominated by the Negev desert, covering some 16,000 square kilometres (6,178 sq mi), more than half of the country's total land area. The north of the Negev contains the Judean Desert, which, at its border with Jordan, contains the Dead Sea which, at −417 m (−1,368 ft) is the lowest point on Earth. The inland area of central Israel is dominated by the Judean Hills of the West Bank, whilst the central and northern coastline consists of the flat and fertile Israeli coastal plain. Inland, the northern region contains the Mount Carmel mountain range, which is followed inland by the fertile Jezreel Valley, and then the hilly Galilee region. The Sea of Galilee is located beyond this, and is bordered to the east by the Golan Heights, which contains the highest point under Israel's control, a peak in the Israeli-occupied Mount Hermon massif, at 2,224 meters (7,297 ft). The highest point in territory internationally recognized as Israeli is Mount Meron at 1,208 meters (3,963 ft).[1]", "Dead Sea At a regional conference in July 2009, officials expressed concern about the declining water levels. Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced. Others advised environmental measures to restore conditions such as increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea. Currently, only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river's channel. Experts also stressed the need for strict conservation efforts. They said agriculture should not be expanded, sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced.[53]", "Geography of Jordan Jordan is landlocked except at its southern extremity, where nearly 26 kilometres (16Â mi) of shoreline along the Gulf of Aqaba provide access to the Red Sea.", "Dead Sea In October 2009, the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic metres (11 billion cubic feet) of water per year from the Red Sea, desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel, despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact. According to Jordan's minister for water, General Maysoun Zu'bi, this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance.[57]", "Dead Sea The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years. It was one of the world's first health resorts (for Herod the Great), and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products, from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers. People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets.", "Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance The decline of the Dead Sea level is creating major environmental problems, including sink holes and receding sea shores. Other routes for a conduit for the same objectives as the Red - Dead Conduit, the Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal, were proposed in Israel in the 1980s, but were discarded. The project costs $10 billion in all of its phases, with the first phase, which is slated to begin construction in 2018 and finish in 2021, will cost $1.1 billion. The Jordanian government is currently in the process of shortlisting consortiums and waiting for the final feasibility study, for which international funding would follow.", "Dead Sea In Hebrew, the Dead Sea is Yām ha-Melaḥ (help·info) (ים המלח‬), meaning \"sea of salt\" (Genesis 14:3). The Bible uses this term alongside two others: the Sea of the Arabah (Yām ha-‘Ărāvâ ים הערבה‬), and the Eastern Sea (Yām ha-Mizraḥî ים המזרחי‬). The designation \"Dead Sea\" never appears in the Bible.", "Jordan Jordan is rich in Paleolithic remains, holding evidence of inhabitance by Homo erectus, Neanderthal and modern humans.[21] The oldest evidence of human habitation dates back around 250,000 years.[22] The Kharanah area in eastern Jordan has evidence of human huts from about 20,000 years ago.[23] Other Paleolithic sites include Pella and Al-Azraq.[24] In the Neolithic period, several settlements began to develop, most notably an agricultural community called 'Ain Ghazal in what is now Amman,[25] one of the largest known prehistoric settlements in the Near East.[26] Plaster statues estimated to date back to around 7250 BC were uncovered there, and are among the oldest large human statues ever found.[27][28] Villages of Bab edh-Dhra in the Dead Sea area, Tal Hujayrat Al-Ghuzlan in Aqaba and Tulaylet Ghassul in the Jordan Valley all date to the Chalcolithic period.[29]", "Jordan River Its section north of the Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: כנרת Kinneret, Arabic: Bohayrat Tabaraya, meaning Lake of Tiberias) is within the boundaries of Israel, and forms the western boundary of the Golan Heights. South of the lake, it forms the border between the Kingdom of Jordan (to the east), and Israel (to the west).", "Dead Sea There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea. The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone, an extension of the Red Sea Rift, or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa. A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a \"step-over\" discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform, creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence.", "Jordan Modern entertainment and recreation in urban areas, mostly in Amman, also attract tourists. Recently, the nightlife in Amman, Aqaba and Irbid has started to emerge and the number of bars, discos and nightclubs is on the rise. However, most nightclubs have a restriction on unescorted males.[167] Alcohol is widely available in tourist restaurants, liquor stores and even some supermarkets.[168] Valleys like Wadi Mujib and hiking trails in different parts of the country attract adventurers. Moreover, seaside recreation is present on the shores of Aqaba and the Dead Sea through several international resorts.[169]", "Jordan According to the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Jordan is home to around 100,000 archaeological and tourist sites.[164] Some very well preserved historical cities include Petra and Jerash, the former being Jordan's most popular tourist attraction and an icon of the kingdom.[163] Jordan is part of the Holy Land and has several biblical attractions that attract pilgrimage activities. Biblical sites include: Al-Maghtasâ€”a traditional location for the Baptism of Jesus, Mount Nebo, Umm ar-Rasas, Madaba and Machaerus.[165] Islamic sites include shrines of the prophet Muhammad's companions such as 'Abd Allah ibn Rawahah, Zayd ibn Harithah and Muadh ibn Jabal.[166] Ajlun Castle built by Muslim Ayyubid leader Saladin in the 12th century AD during his wars with the Crusaders, is also a popular tourist attraction.[7]", "Petra Petra (Arabic: البتراء, Al-Batrāʾ; Ancient Greek: Πέτρα), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu, is a historical and archaeological city in southern Jordan. Petra lies on the slope of Jabal Al-Madbah in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah valley that run from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba.[3] Petra is believed to have been settled as early as 9,000 BC, and it was possibly established in the 4th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataean Kingdom. The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who invested in Petra's proximity to the trade routes by establishing it as a major regional trading hub.[4]", "Dead Sea Scrolls Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls collection held by the Jordanian government prior to 1967 was stored in Amman rather than at the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem. As a consequence, that part of the collection remained in Jordanian hands under their Department of Antiquities. In 2013 parts of this collection have been put on display at The Jordan Museum in Amman, to which they were moved from the Jordan Archaeological Museum.[157] Among the display items are artifacts from the Qumran site and the Copper Scroll.[158]", "Jordan The climate in Jordan varies greatly. Generally, the further inland from the Mediterranean, greater contrasts in temperature occur and the less rainfall there is.[86] The country's average elevation is 812 m (2,664 ft) (SL).[86] The highlands above the Jordan Valley, mountains of the Dead Sea and Wadi Araba and as far south as Ras Al-Naqab are dominated by a Mediterranean climate, while the eastern and northeastern areas of the country are arid desert.[90] Although the desert parts of the kingdom reach high temperatures, the heat is usually moderated by low humidity and a daytime breeze, while the nights are cool.[91]", "Dead Sea After the find of the \"Moabite Stone\" in 1868 on the plateau east of the Dead Sea, Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al-Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed \"Moabite\" antiquities, and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the \"Shapira Strips\", a supposedly ancient scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Sea. The strips were declared to be forgeries and Shapira took his own life in disgrace.", "Dead Sea The first major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad, and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex.", "Sodom and Gomorrah Another candidate for Sodom is the Tall el Hammam dig site which began in 2006 under the direction of Steven Collins. Tall el Hammam is located in the southern Jordan river valley approximately 14 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of the Dead Sea, and according to Collins fits the biblical descriptions of the lands of Sodom.[29][30] The ongoing dig is a result of joint cooperation between Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.[31][better source needed]", "Dead Sea The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees. The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as \"the most fertile spot in Judea\". In Roman and Byzantine times, sugarcane,[dubious – discuss] henna, and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley wealthy. One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree, which could be made into perfume. By the 19th century, Jericho's fertility had disappeared.[dubious – discuss]", "Jericho In 2010, Jericho, with its proximity to the Dead Sea, was declared the most popular destination among Palestinian tourists.[99]", "West Bank The West Bank (Arabic: الضفة الغربية‎‎ aḍ-Ḍiffah l-Ġarbiyyah; Hebrew: הגדה המערבית‎‎, HaGadah HaMa'aravit) is a landlocked territory near the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia, the bulk of it now under Israeli control,[3] or else under joint Israeli-Palestinian Authority control, and which final status of the entire area is yet to be determined by the parties concerned.[4] The West Bank shares boundaries (demarcated by the Jordanian-Israeli armistice of 1949) to the west, north, and south with Israel, and to the east, across the Jordan River, with Jordan. The West Bank also contains a significant section of the western Dead Sea shore.[5]", "Jerome You may delineate the Promised Land of Moses from the Book of Numbers (ch. 34): as bounded on the south by the desert tract called Sina, between the Dead Sea and the city of Kadesh-barnea, [which is located with the Arabah to the east] and continues to the west, as far as the river of Egypt, that discharges into the open sea near the city of Rhinocolara; as bounded on the west by the sea along the coasts of Palestine, Phoenicia, Coele‑Syria, and Cilicia; as bounded on the north by the circle formed by the Taurus Mountains[37] and Zephyrium and extending to Hamath, called Epiphany‑Syria; as bounded on the east by the city of Antioch Hippos and Lake Kinneret, now called Tiberias, and then the Jordan River which discharges into the salt sea, now called the Dead Sea.[38][39]", "Jerusalem Jerusalem is 60 kilometers (37 mi)[284] east of Tel Aviv and the Mediterranean Sea. On the opposite side of the city, approximately 35 kilometers (22 mi)[285] away, is the Dead Sea, the lowest body of water on Earth. Neighboring cities and towns include Bethlehem and Beit Jala to the south, Abu Dis and Ma'ale Adumim to the east, Mevaseret Zion to the west, and Ramallah and Giv'at Ze'ev to the north.[286][287][288]", "Borders of Israel The Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace was signed on October 26, 1994. The treaty resolved territorial and border issues that were ongoing since the 1948 war. The treaty specified and fully recognized the international border between Israel and Jordan. Upon its signing, the Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers, the Dead Sea, the Emek Ha'arva/Wadi Araba and the Gulf of Aqaba were officially designated as the borders between Israel and Jordan and between Jordan and the territory occupied by Israel in 1967.[27] For the latter, the agreement requires that the demarcation use a different presentation, and that it carry the following disclaimer:", "Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance It suggested building the project in stages in order to test the mixing of the two seas water phasing the big investment associated with the project. The project was called \"the Peace conduit\" and was proposed to be located on Jordanian territory for financial and implementation reasons.[1]", "Geography of Israel Israel is divided east-west by a mountain range running north to south along the coast. Jerusalem sits on the top of this ridge, east of which lies the Dead Sea graben which is a pull-apart basin on the Dead Sea Transform fault.[25]", "Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance The Red Seaâ€“Dead Sea Conveyance, sometimes called the Two Seas Canal, is a planned pipeline that runs from the coastal city of Aqaba by the Red Sea to the Lisan area in the Dead Sea. It will provide potable water to Jordan, Israel and the Palestinian territories, bring sea water to stabilise the Dead Sea water level and generate electricity to support the energy needs of the project. The project is going to be carried by Jordan and is entirely in Jordanian territory. The project will be financed by the government of Jordan and a number of international donors.", "Geography of Jordan Elevation extremes:\nlowest point: Dead Sea âˆ’408 m\nhighest point: Jabal Umm ad Dami 1,854 m", "Dead Sea The Dead Sea's climate offers year-round sunny skies and dry air. It has less than 50 millimetres (2 in) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 °C (90 and 102 °F). Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 °C (68 and 73 °F). The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation, particularly the UVB (erythrogenic rays). Given the higher atmospheric pressure, the air has a slightly higher oxygen content (3.3% in summer to 4.8% in winter) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level.[20][21] Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at higher altitude.[22] (This barometric measure is about 5% higher than sea level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa, which is the global ocean mean or ATM.) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate. During the winter, sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures, and vice versa during the summer months. This is the result of the water's mass and specific heat capacity. On average, there are 192 days above 30C (86F) annually.[23]", "Sodom and Gomorrah The Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient biblical city of Sodom. He refers to the lake by its Greek name, Asphaltites.[35]", "Dead Sea Both companies, Dead Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Potash, use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite, potassium magnesium chloride, which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride. The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs roughly north-south along the international border. The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal (by a subsidiary, Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd.).", "Geography of Israel The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the Dead Sea Transform (DSF) fault system. The DSF forms the transform boundary between the African Plate to the west and the Arabian Plate to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity in the region.", "Jordan Alexander the Great's conquest of the Achaemenid Empire in 332 BC introduced Hellenistic culture to the Middle East.[36] After Alexander's death in 323 BC, his empire split among his generals and in the end, much of the land of modern-day Jordan was disputed between the Ptolemies based in Egypt and the Seleucids based in Syria.[37] In the south and east, the Nabataeans had an independent kingdom.[37] The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs who derived wealth from their capital Petra, whose proximity to major trade routes led to it becoming a regional trading hub.[36] Campaigns by different Greek generals aspiring to annex the Nabataean Kingdom were unsuccessful.[36]", "Dead Sea The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) long. The Palestinian economy is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access, permit issues and the uncertainties of the investment climate.[44] The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918m incremental value added per year, \"almost equivalent to the contribution of the entire manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today\".[44]", "Dead Sea The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water. The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season, depth and temperature. In the early 1980s, the concentration of ionic species (in g/kg) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl− (181.4), Br− (4.2), SO42− (0.4), HCO3− (0.2), Ca2+ (14.1), Na+ (32.5), K+ (6.2) and Mg2+ (35.2). The total salinity was 276 g/kg.[26] These results show that the composition of the salt, as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis, was calcium chloride (CaCl2) 14.4%, potassium chloride (KCl) 4.4%, magnesium chloride (MgCl2) 50.8% and sodium chloride (NaCl) 30.4%. In comparison, the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85% sodium chloride. The concentration of sulfate ions (SO42−) is very low, and the concentration of bromide ions (Br−) is the highest of all waters on Earth.", "Geography of Jordan Most of the East Bank receives less than 120 millimeters (4.7 in) of rain a year and may be classified as a dry desert or steppe region. Where the ground rises to form the highlands east of the Jordan Valley, precipitation increases to around 300 millimeters (11.8 in) in the south and 500 millimeters (19.7 in) or more in the north. The Jordan Valley, lying in the lee of high ground on the West Bank, forms a narrow climatic zone that annually receives up to 300 millimeters (11.8 in) of rain in the northern reaches; rain dwindles to less than 120 millimeters (4.7 in) at the head of the Dead Sea.", "Dead Sea Also in Roman times, some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea's western shore; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words, \"on the west side of the Dead Sea, away from the coast ... [above] the town of Engeda\" (Natural History, Bk 5.73); and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today, that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that \"the Dead Sea Scrolls\" discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library.", "Red Sea–Dead Sea Water Conveyance The water level in the Dead Sea is shrinking at a rate of more than one metre per year, and its surface area has shrunk by about 30% in the last 20 years. This is largely due to the diversion of over 90% of the water of the Jordan River. In the early 1960s, the river moved 1,500 million cubic metres of water every year from the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea. Dams, canals, and pumping stations built by Israel, Jordan and Syria now divert water for crops and drinking, and have reduced the flow to about 100 million cubic metres a year (MCM/yr) (mainly brackish water and sewage)." ]	[ "Dead Sea The Dead Sea (Hebrew: יָם הַמֶּלַח‬ Yam ha-Melah lit. Sea of Salt; Arabic: البحر الميت‎ Al-Bahr al-Mayyit[5]) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west. Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres (1,412 ft) below sea level,[4][6] Earth's lowest elevation on land. The Dead Sea is 304 m (997 ft) deep, the deepest hypersaline lake in the world. With a salinity of 342 g/kg, or 34.2%, (in 2011), it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world's saltiest bodies of water.[7] This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals cannot flourish, hence its name. The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres (31 mi) long and 15 kilometres (9 mi) wide at its widest point.[1] It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main tributary is the Jordan River." ]
test22	latest season on keeping up with the kardashians	[ "doc649" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc144068", "doc352107", "doc144069", "doc144067", "doc144071", "doc352122", "doc352099", "doc646", "doc144070", "doc649", "doc352106", "doc352105", "doc352121", "doc352123", "doc648", "doc352103", "doc352119", "doc352100", "doc352102", "doc352113", "doc352118", "doc647", "doc352104", "doc352112", "doc1424964", "doc352110", "doc1544043", "doc630955", "doc352116", "doc352108", "doc521009", "doc1644047", "doc1426987", "doc518937", "doc282429", "doc452205", "doc2067756", "doc1204310", "doc352120", "doc6895", "doc810478", "doc92407", "doc729231", "doc752268", "doc1231208", "doc100718", "doc1426984", "doc1581448", "doc1426982", "doc403131", "doc352117", "doc518991", "doc621414", "doc947287", "doc197433", "doc352101", "doc100716", "doc163483", "doc1962719", "doc197454", "doc1263039", "doc188155", "doc1172996", "doc1764604", "doc352111", "doc1307243", "doc2086852", "doc750332", "doc1129634", "doc457126", "doc621446", "doc2660598", "doc1584888", "doc2380868", "doc1957153", "doc518989", "doc497907", "doc1125063", "doc630970", "doc752271", "doc1979918", "doc137408", "doc1962716", "doc1979929", "doc179582", "doc342305", "doc978491", "doc720725", "doc630968", "doc651999", "doc1764605", "doc1979921", "doc630984", "doc45934", "doc1007752", "doc1004667", "doc2636056", "doc1979941", "doc1129631", "doc2636055" ]	[ "Keeping Up with the Kardashians (season 14) On August 3, 2017 It was announced the show's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24, 2017 following the show's season 14 premiere.[1]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians On August 3, 2017 It was announced the show's 10 year anniversary will premiere on September 24, 2017 following the show's season 14 premiere.[27]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians (season 14) On September 19, 2017 E! introduced a new promo for the new season, in which the girls recreated the opening credits from the first season. [2]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians (season 14) The fourteenth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians, premiered on October 1, 2017 on E! cable network.", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians (season 14) This season will also have a Christmas themed episode.[3]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The fifth season of Keeping Up with the Kardashians began airing on August 22, 2010 and concluded with another \"Junk in the Trunk\" episode on December 20.[112] The sixth season commenced on June 12, 2011 and ended with a television special \"Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event\" which aired two extended episodes on October 9 and 10. The show later returned on December 19 with the episode \"Kendall's Sweet 16\".[111] Starting with the seventh season, which premiered on May 20, 2012, the half-hour reality series was extended to a full hour in a new 9:00/8:00 pm time slot.[114] The season concluded on October 28. The eighth season of the series started airing on June 2, 2013; it became the longest season with 21 episodes and ended on December 1. The ninth and tenth seasons aired in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The latter season included a television special entitled \"About Bruce\" which aired on May 17 and 18, 2015.[111] The eleventh season premiered on November 15, one month after the previous season finished.[111] The twelfth season of the show debuted on May 1, 2016.[115] The thirteenth season premiered on March 12, 2017.[116]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians (often abbreviated KUWTK) is an American reality television series that airs on the E! cable network. The show focuses on the personal and professional lives of the Kardashianâ€“Jenner blended family. Its premise originated with Ryan Seacrest, who also serves as an executive producer. The series debuted on October 14, 2007 and has subsequently become one of the longest-running reality television series in the country. The fourteenth season of the series will premiere on October 1, 2017.[1]", "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes Keeping Up with the Kardashians is an American reality television series that has aired on E! since October 14, 2007. The series has aired thirteen seasons, and focuses on the personal and professional lives of the Kardashian–Jenner family. Its premise was originated with Ryan Seacrest, who additionally serves as an executive producer. The series focuses on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian.", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians (season 14) This season has a new open sequence, which has not changed since Season 11.", "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes As of December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10), 205 original episodes of Keeping Up with the Kardashians have aired concluding the fourteen seasons.", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The following year, Keeping Up with the Kardashians was picked up for a third season.[20] In April 2012, E! signed a three-year deal with the Kardashian family that kept the series airing through seasons seven, eight and nine.[21] Keeping up with the Kardashians was later renewed for a tenth season which premiered on March 15, 2015.[22] In February 2015, it was announced that the show had been renewed for four more years, along with an additional spin-off series, making it one of the longest-running reality television series in the country.[23][24] In terms of the show's future, Kim Kardashian has commented that the reality series could go for an indefinite number of seasons saying that she: \"hope[s] it goes on for as long as it can.\"[25] Keeping Up With the Kardashians, including its spin-off series, has become the cable network's flagship show and its most lucrative franchise. \"It has changed the face of E!\" said Lisa Berger, the network's executive producer. \"We were a place to report on celebrity; we weren't a place to break and make celebrity, which is now the whole idea of the E! brand.\"[26] The show's success contributed significantly towards building the \"Kardashian brand\", or \"Kardashian Inc.\" as it is called by The Hollywood Reporter. \"These shows are a 30-minute commercial,\" KhloÃ© Kardashian admitted in 2011, in response to a suggestion that the television series is used to promote their retail stores and endorsement deals.[26]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The show, entitled Keeping Up With the Kardashians, premiered on October 14, 2007.[16] The reality series centers around the members of the Kardashian-Jenner blended family, focusing on the sisters Kourtney, Kim and Khloé. Most episodes have very similar structure: the family \"show[s] off their privileged lifestyle and maybe get into one or two minor family squabbles before ultimately wrapping things up with a monologue that reinforces the importance of family,\" as noted by Caroline Siede of Quartz.[17] Harriet Ryan and Adam Tschorn of the Los Angeles Times described the reality series as a: \"Hollywood version of The Brady Bunch -- the harmless high jinks of a loving blended family against a backdrop of wealth and famous connections\".[18] Kim Kardashian described the beginning of filming the show, \"When we first started [the show], we came together as a family and said, 'If we're going to do this reality show, we're going to be 100 percent who we really are.'\".[19] She further commented on the show's authenticity by saying that the network \"has never once put anything out there that we haven't approved of or accepted\".[19] The series was renewed for a second season one month after its premiere due to high ratings.[16] Seacrest described the show's success: \"At the heart of the series—despite the catfights and endless sarcasm—is a family that truly loves and supports one another […] The familiar dynamics of this family make them one Hollywood bunch that is sure to entertain.\"[7]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians premiered on October 14, 2007 in the United States on the E! cable network at 10:30/9:30 pm ET/PT. The half-hour reality series continued to air every Sunday night in the same time slot, and the eight-episode first season of the show concluded on December 2. The subsequent season premiered the following year on March 9 in an earlier time slot at 10:00/9:00 pm with a repeated episode airing immediately afterwards.[111] The season ended on May 26, 2008 with an episode \"Junk in the Trunk\", which featured the Kardashian siblings sharing the most memorable moments of the season.[112] The third season commenced airing on March 8, 2009 and concluded with two back-to-back episodes which aired on May 25. The subsequent season premiered with a two-hour long episode entitled \"The Wedding\" on November 8, and ended on February 21, 2010;[111] some of the episodes aired throughout the season were extended to a full hour.[113]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians In North America, the first three seasons of the reality series were distributed on DVD.[117] The first season was released on October 7, 2008 by Lions Gate Entertainment which obtained the home entertainment distribution rights for a variety of programming from Comcast Entertainment Group, including Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[118] The second and third seasons of the series were released on November 10, 2009 and August 17, 2010, respectively.[117] In Australia, all seasons are released on DVD by Universal Sony Pictures. The latest addition, which includes the eleventh season of the show, was released on April 28, 2016.[119] In the United Kingdom, the reality series is distributed by Universal Pictures UK. The DVD set of the seventh season, the latest addition, was released on June 24, 2013.[120] The episodes of Keeping Up with the Kardashians are also available on numerous streaming video on demand services, such as Amazon Video, iTunes, Google Play, Microsoft Movies & TV,[121] Hulu,[122] and Vudu,[123] as well as the E! network's own streaming service.[124]", "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes Keeping Up with the Kardashians is often criticized for emphasizing the \"famous for being famous\" concept and appearing to fabricate aspects of its storyline. The series has produced the spin-offs Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, Dash Dolls, I Am Cait, Kocktails with Khloé, Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian, Rob & Chyna, and Life of Kylie.", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Robert Kardashian (1944–2003) and Kristen Mary \"Kris\" Houghton (born 1955) married in 1978, and had four children together: daughters Kourtney (born 1979), Kim (born 1980), and Khloé (born 1984), and son Rob (born 1987). The couple divorced in 1991. In 1994, Robert rose to prominence when he defended O. J. Simpson for the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman during the O.J. Simpson trial.[2][3] In 1991, Kris married retired Olympic decathlon champion Bruce Jenner (born 1949; now known as Caitlyn Jenner after undergoing a gender transition in 2015).[4] Bruce and Kris had two daughters together, Kendall (born 1995) and Kylie (born 1997). Robert died in 2003, eight weeks after being diagnosed with esophageal cancer.[5] The Kardashian sisters began appearing in the media spotlight more often. In 2004, Kim became a personal stylist for recording artist Brandy Norwood. She eventually developed into a full-time stylist, and was a personal shopper and stylist for actress Lindsay Lohan.[6] Khloé, Kim, and Kourtney ventured further into fashion, opening a high fashion boutique Dash in Calabasas, California. Throughout Kim's early career, she was involved in some high-profile relationships including Brandy Norwood's brother, singer Ray J, and later, singer Nick Lachey.[6] In 2006, Kourtney starred in her first reality television series, Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive.[7] In February 2007, a home sex video that Kim made with Ray J years earlier was leaked.[8] Vivid Entertainment bought the rights for $1 million and released the film as Kim Kardashian: Superstar on February 21.[8] Kim sued Vivid for ownership of the tape, but dropped the suit in April 2007 settling with Vivid Entertainment for $5 million.[9] It is often assumed that the release of the sex tape was a major contributor to the rising fame of Kim Kardashian and her family.[10]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The seventh-season premiere of the series, which aired on May 20, 2012 in its earlier timeslot, continued to deliver high ratings attracting almost three million total viewers which exceeded the premiere of the previous season by 16%.[93] Kim Kardashian has explained the success of the show by saying that people tune in to watch the series because they can relate themselves to the members of the family; in an interview with the V magazine she said: \"You can see that soap operas aren't on the air as much anymore. I think reality shows are taking over that genre, but I think the draw to our show is that we are relatable.\"[94] The eighth season debuted to 3 million viewers, up 6% from the previous season, while the subsequent ninth season's premiere was down by 20%.[95][96] The ninth season averaged 3.3 million total viewers and almost 2.2 million in the 18â€“49 years adult demographic, the most sought after by advertisers. It was the highest rated cable show in its timeslot.[22] The series finished as the most-social ad-supported cable program and, as of March 2015, Keeping Up with the Kardashians is the most-watched show on E! network.[97] The first episode of the tenth season averaged 2.5 million viewers, slightly less than the premiere of the ninth season.[98] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Keeping Up with the Kardashians \"tends to most popular in areas with large Hispanic populations, particularly in the Southwest\".[99]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The series focuses mainly on sisters Kourtney, Kim, and Khloé Kardashian and their half-sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner. It also features their parents Kris and Caitlyn Jenner (previously known as Bruce Jenner), and brother Rob Kardashian. The significant others of the Kardashian sisters have also appeared on the show, including Kourtney's boyfriend Scott Disick and Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom. Caitlyn's son Brody made cameo appearances in the early seasons before joining the show to appear regularly, along with his brother Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah. Kim's friend Jonathan Cheban and Khloé's friend Malika Haqq have also been part of the show.", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The series' success has led additionally to the creation of numerous spin-off series, including: Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, Dash Dolls, Rob & Chyna, and Life of Kylie. The network has also broadcast several television specials featuring special events involving members of the family.", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The network has also aired several television specials featuring important family events. A two-part television event called \"Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event\", showcasing the wedding between Kim and Kris Humphries, was broadcast on October 9 and 10, 2011 as part of the sixth season; the special was highly successful with a combined 10.5 million viewers.[58] A few days after Caitlyn Jenner (then Bruce) came out as a trans woman during a 20/20 interview with Diane Sawyer in May 2015, E! aired a two-part special on Keeping Up with the Kardashians entitled \"About Bruce\", in which another side of the story was told featuring family members who were not involved in the previous interview on 20/20.[59] The first part of the special debuted on May 17, 2015, and attracted 2.92 million total viewers, a 40% increase from the previous episode, while the second part aired the following day with similar viewership.[60] I Am Cait, a separate documentary series, was announced immediately after the 20/20 interview. Jeff Olde, head of programming at E! network, said that the series is \"not at all a Kardashian spin-off\", and that \"we will not resort to spectacle,\" trying to emphasize its distinct format that is entirely different from most programming on the network, including Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[61] The eight-part, one-hour docuseries debuted on July 26, 2015, on E!, and focused on how Jenner was handling the aftermath of the transition; it also attempted to deal with various LGBT-related issues.[62][63] It was later cancelled after two seasons.[64] In April 2017, it was announced E! had ordered an 8-episode spin-off Life of Kylie revolving around Kylie Jenner which is set to premiere in summer 2017.[65]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been a ratings success for E! – in its first month it became the highest-rated series aired on Sunday nights for adults 18–34 and was seen by 1.3 million total viewers, according to Nielsen Media Research.[16][88] Lisa Berger, executive vice president of original programming and series development for E!, said: \"The buzz surrounding the series is huge, and viewers have clearly fallen for the Kardashians. […] Seacrest and Bunim-Murray's unique ability to capture this family's one-of-a-kind dynamics and hilarious antics has made the series a fantastic addition to our prime-time lineup.\"[16] The second season continued the success and was viewed by 1.6 million viewers on average, which led to a third season renewal.[89] The two-hour fourth-season premiere, which aired on November 8, 2009, and featured the wedding ceremony of Khloé and Lamar Odom, brought in then-record ratings with 3.2 million viewers.[90] The subsequent season debuted with nearly 4.7 million total viewers, which ranked as the highest-rated season premiere of the show, as of August 2015.[91] It was also the second highest-rated episode of Keeping Up with the Kardashians, second only to the previous season's record-breaking finale with 4.8 million viewers.[92]", "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes It additionally places emphasis on their brother Rob Kardashian, their mother Kris Jenner, their step-parent Caitlyn Jenner, their half-sisters Kendall and Kylie Jenner, and Kourtney's now ex-boyfriend, Scott Disick. Khloé's ex-husband Lamar Odom developed a major position as part of the supporting cast in the fourth season, though he was not a regular cast member in following seasons, and rarely appeared in season eight while attempting to fix his marriage with Khloé.[1] In seasons eight and nine, Caitlyn's children Brody and Brandon, and Brandon's wife, Leah became recurring cast members.", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The idea of creating a reality series originated in 2006 when Kris Jenner showed an interest in appearing on a television show together with her family.[12] Jenner commented: \"Everybody thinks that [my children] could create a bunch of drama in their lives, but it's something that I felt I didn't even have to think about. It would be natural.\"[13] Producer Ryan Seacrest, who had his own production company, decided to develop the idea, having the popular family-based show The Osbournes in mind. He hired a camera man to visit the Kardashian's family home to film them having a Sunday barbeque: \"They were all together â€” as crazy and as fun as loving as they are,\" Seacrest described the family after seeing the tape. He later initiated the series by sharing the tape with E!, an American cable network which features mostly entertainment-related programming, and reality television series; the show was eventually picked up.[11][14] In August 2007, it was announced that the Kardashian and Jenner families would star in a yet-to-be-titled reality show on E! described as a \"new non-scripted family sitcom\", being produced by Ryan Seacrest and Bunim/Murray Productions. The series' announcement came one week after Paris Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie announced that their popular E! series, The Simple Life, was ending.[15]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians In October 2010, the network announced another spin-off called Kourtney and Kim Take New York which followed the same format as its predecessor. The show debuted on January 23, 2011, and followed the sisters who opened a Dash location in New York City.[48] The series returned for another season which premiered on November 27 the same year.[49] In January 2011, Khloé & Lamar, which featured Khloé and her husband Lamar Odom, became the third spin-off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[50] The show premiered on April 10, 2011, and lasted two seasons.[51] In March 2014, E! announced the fourth spin-off entitled Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons.[52] The series premiered on November 2, 2014, and followed Kourtney and Khloé who relocated to the Hamptons to work on opening a new Dash pop-up store.[53] The fifth spin-off series called Dash Dolls premiered on September 20, 2015. The reality series chronicles the daily life of the employees of the Dash boutique in Los Angeles.[54] In June 2016, the network announced another show entitled Rob & Chyna which premiered on September 11 the same year, and follows the relationship of Rob Kardashian and Blac Chyna as they prepare to welcome their first child.[55] The show was later renewed for a second season.[56] In July 2017, E! confirmed the series was put on hold, and not on their current schedule.[57]", "Snapped On April 12, 2017, Oxygen announced that the series' 20th season would premiere on May 7, 2017.[10] All season 20 episodes adapted from:[11]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Khloé married basketball player Lamar Odom during a fourth-season premiere aired in 2009. He later had a major role as part of the supporting cast of the series, though he did not appear regularly during the following seasons as he was attempting to repair his marriage with Khloé.[38] Kim's current husband Kanye West made his first appearance on Keeping Up with the Kardashians in July 2012 during the seventh season when he started dating Kim.[39] However, West was seldom seen in subsequent seasons. He explained the reasons for not appearing on the show later: \"You know, the amount of backlash I got from it is when I decided to not be on the show anymore. And it's not that I have an issue with the show; I just have an issue with the amount of backlash that I get.\"[40] He also criticized the show for its cinematography and further complained about the way how the show is filmed.[41] In the eighth season, Caitlyn Jenner's sons Brandon and Brody Jenner, as well as Brandon's wife Leah, joined the cast for regular appearances.[30]", "Basketball Wives LA season 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16", "Project Runway (season 16) August 17, 2017 (2017-08-17) – present (present)", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Goal Auzeen Saedi, reviewing Keeping Up with the Kardashians for Psychology Today, emphasized the show's influence saying that: \"The Kardashians become more relatable the more famous they become.\" Saedi also questioned their decision to appear on the show and added: \"But if living life in the spotlight is so taxing and demands multiple justifications for the way your life is being lived and criticized, perhaps you can take the cameras out of your house.\"[74] Vinnie Mancuso, writing for New York Observer, criticized the show and felt: \"roughly one iota of shadenfreudic pleasure from this endeavor, but for the most part this show is the 100% drizzling poops.\"[75] David Hinckley of the New York Daily News, reviewing the tenth season, said that \"even when you think something about the Kardashians could be interesting, it's not,\" adding that the \"entertainment value [of the show] is like having spent 10 years in Rapid City, S.D., watching the traffic lights change.\"[76] Amy Amatangelo of The Hollywood Reporter said that \"in true Kardashian fashion, they managed to make everything about them,\" after Caitlyn Jenner came out as a trans woman to her family in the \"About Bruce\" special aired as part of the tenth season. Amatangelo felt that the conversations \"seemed a little too staged, too controlled\", and noted that \"there was no attempt to educate the viewers about transgender issues.\"[77]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The reality series revolves around the children of Kris Jenner, and originally focused mainly on the children from her first marriage to deceased attorney Robert Kardashian: Kourtney, Kim, KhloÃ©, and Rob. Kris' children Kendall and Kylie from her subsequent marriage to American athlete Bruce (later Caitlyn) Jenner have also been featured on the show since its beginning,[28][29] along with Jenner's son Brody from another marriage, although he appeared very few times during the early seasons, mostly being called by his step-brother Rob to babysit their half-sisters Kylie and Kendall.[30] Kourtney's boyfriend Scott Disick has also been appearing frequently on the show since the first season, as well as on the show's spin-offs.[28] Cast members also include numerous friends and other acquaintances of the family members, most notably Malika Haqq and Jonathan Cheban who joined Keeping Up with the Kardashians in the second and third seasons, respectively.[31][32]", "RuPaul's Drag Race On April 13, 2017, VH1 renewed the series for a tenth season. The season began airing on March 22, 2018.[33] Eureka O'Hara, who was removed from the ninth season due to injury, returned to the show after she accepted an open invitation.[34] The tenth season of Drag Race premiered; alongside the televised return of Untucked.[35] On this season, 14 contestants are again competing for the title of \"America's Next Drag Superstar\", a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000.", "Cheaters As of October 2016, Cheaters has started its seventeenth season. [2]", "Kylie Jenner In 2007, Jenner, along with her parents and siblings, Kendall, Kourtney, Kim, Khloé, and Rob, began appearing in the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians, which chronicles the personal and professional lives of their family members.[15] The series was successful for its network, E!, and has resulted in the creation of numerous spin-offs including Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, Khloé & Lamar, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, and Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons, in which Jenner has made multiple guest appearances.[16] The sisters hosted Glee: The 3D Concert Movie at the Regency Village Theater in Westwood, California in August 2011,[17] In 2011, they were featured in Seventeen magazine's Style Stars of the Year,[18][19] and selected them as \"Style Ambassadors\" for the magazine.[20] The two hosted the premiere of The Vow in Hollywood in February 2012.[21] The Jenners also interviewed the cast of The Hunger Games premiere in the at The Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles in March 2012.[22] Later in 2012, she starred alongside her sister Kendall and mother Kris Jenner in an episode of American reality television series America's Next Top Model.", "Trailer Park Boys Season 11 premiered on March 31, 2017.[4] On June 19, 2017, the cast confirmed that the twelfth season had been greenlit and that filming had begun. The season premiered on Netflix on March 30, 2018.", "The Simpsons (season 29) The twenty-ninth season of the animated television series The Simpsons premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017, and ended on May 20, 2018.[1] On November 4, 2016, The Simpsons was renewed for seasons 29 and 30. This season marked the show's surpassing Gunsmoke as the longest-running scripted series in primetime television by number of episodes, with the series' 636th episode \"Forgive and Regret\".[2]", "Family Guy (season 16) Family Guy's sixteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017, and ended on May 20, 2018.[1]", "Supernatural (season 12) The twelfth season of Supernatural, an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 13, 2016, on The CW and concluded on May 18, 2017.[1] The season consisted of 23 episodes and aired on Thursdays at 9:00 pm (ET) for the first 8 episodes before moving to 8:00 pm (ET) in January 2017.[2][3] This is the first season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners.[4]", "Family Guy In May 2017, Fox renewed the series for a sixteenth season, which premiered on October 1, 2017.[5]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians has been nominated for, and won, several television awards. The reality series has received nominations for a Teen Choice Award in the Choice TV: Celebrity Reality Show category nine consecutive times between 2008 and 2016, winning the award in 2010, 2013, 2014 and 2016. The show also won a People's Choice Award as Favorite TV Guilty Pleasure in 2011. The Kardashian sisters have been nominated as part of the cast for five awards, winning four times; Kim Kardashian has been nominated for three awards winning one in 2012. In 2010, Kris and Caitlyn Jenner received a Teen Choice Award nomination in a one-time Choice TV: Parental Unit category.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 14) The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere.[1] The season will consist of 24 episodes,[2][3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper.", "South Park (season 21) The twenty-first season of the American animated sitcom South Park premiered on Comedy Central on September 13, 2017, and contains ten episodes.[1]", "Supernatural (season 13) The thirteenth season of Supernatural, an American fantasy horror television series created by Eric Kripke, premiered on October 12, 2017, on The CW.[1] The season will consist of 23 episodes and air on Thursdays at 8:00 pm (ET). This is the second season with Andrew Dabb and Robert Singer as showrunners.[2]", "Big Brother (U.S. TV series) CBS also renewed the series for a 19th and 20th season. The 19th season premiered on June 28, 2017, the 20th season premiered on June 27, 2018.[5] [6]", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series) The twelfth season premiered on October 13, 2016, and concluded on May 18, 2017, consisting of 23 episodes.", "MythBusters The 14th season, which premiered in January 2016, was the final season for the series.[9]", "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills In April 2018, the show was renewed for a ninth season.[25]", "Kylie Jenner In 2014 and 2015, Time magazine listed the Jenner sisters on their list of \"The Most Influential Teens of 2014\" for their considerable influence among teens on social media.[6][7] As of 2017, with over 95 million followers, she is one of the top 10 most followed people on Instagram.[8][9] In 2017, Jenner was placed on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list, making her the youngest person to be featured on the list. On April 11, 2017, it was announced Jenner would star on her own spin-off series, Life of Kylie, which premiered on E! on August 6, 2017.[10]", "The Real Housewives of Orange County (season 12) In April 2017, the series was officially renewed for its twelfth season.[1] Adam Karpel, Alex Baskin, Douglas Ross, Gregory Stewart, Scott Dunlop, Stephanie Boyriven and Andy Cohen are recognized as the series' executive producers; it is produced and distributed by Evolution Media.[2]", "Kylie Jenner Kylie Kristen Jenner (born August 10, 1997)[3] is an American reality television personality, model, entrepreneur, socialite, and social media personality. She is best known for starring in the E! reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians since age nine, her eponymous brand of cosmetics, and her large social media presence.", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24) January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09) – present", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians However, several critics were more positive towards the show. A number of publications welcomed the show as \"guilty pleasure\", including The Huffington Post, The Atlantic, and The Week.[79][80][81] Tim Stack, writing for Entertainment Weekly, described the reality series as: \"my favorite little slice of reality TV spongecake.\"[82] Lauren Le Vine of Refinery29 appreciated the success of the family which \"achieved the American dream of making something out of nothing,\" using the given platform.[83] Libby Hill of The A.V. Club also acknowledged the show's success and said: \"Keeping Up With The Kardashians gives us real, joyous, ugly, unsavory, hilarious life, with all the polished sitcom trappings. And though the latter may have launched a multimedia empire, the former has made it last\".[84] Maura Kelly of The Guardian evaluated the aftermath of the failed wedding of Kim Kardashian and Kris Humphries, which was documented on Keeping Up with the Kardashians, and subsequently caused public outrage, including an online protest petition to cancel the show. \"Since Kim doesn't exactly seem to be an exemplar of self-awareness, I suppose it's possible that she really believed she and Humphries would live happily ever after,\" Kelly speculated whether or not the marriage was a publicity stunt. \"But more likely, she and E! are laughing all the way to the bank â€“ 10.5 million viewers tuned into \"Kim's Fairytale Wedding: A Kardashian Event\", after all,\" Kelly summarized the controversy.[85] Josh Duboff, writing for Vanity Fair, commented on the show's long run and said that \"it is near impossible to argue that their continued relevance, 10 years later, is anything other than awe-inspiring and remarkable\".[86]", "Trailer Park Boys On June 19, 2017, it was announced that filming of the twelfth season is officially underway.", "Modern Family The series was renewed for a tenth season on May 10, 2017,[1] which premiered on September 26, 2018.[2] Co-creators Levitan and Lloyd have stated that the tenth season is planned to be the series' final, with talks of a spinoff.[3]", "Hell's Kitchen (U.S. TV series) At the end of the 13th season, it was announced that it was renewed for two more seasons through season 16.[2] On September 9, 2016, Fox renewed Hell's Kitchen for seasons 17 and 18. The seventeenth season premiered on September 29, 2017.[3]", "The Voice (U.S. TV series) On April 27, 2017, in an interview published by TV Insider, Keys confirmed that the twelfth season would be her last. She stated, \"Who knows what the future holds, but I know this one is my final season.\"[24] On May 10, 2017, NBC announced that Jennifer Hudson would join the coaches lineup for the series' thirteenth season.[25] On May 11, 2017, it was announced that Kelly Clarkson would be a coach in season fourteen in 2018.[26] On October 18, 2017, NBC announced that Alicia Keys would return to the series for the 14th season.[27] On May 10, 2018, it was announced that Clarkson and Hudson would return for the series' fifteenth season.[28]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians Keeping Up with the Kardashians has received very poor critical reviews since its premiere. It is often criticized for the high degree of emphasis on the \"famous for being famous\" concept, and for appearing to fabricate some aspects of its storylines. Several critics also noted the show's lack of intelligence, and described the family as \"self-absorbed\" and \"desperate\" for fame. However, some critics recognized the reality series as a \"guilty pleasure\" and acknowledged the family's success. Despite the negative reviews, Keeping Up with the Kardashians has attracted high viewership ratings, becoming one of the network's most successful shows and winning several audience awards.", "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills The seventh season premiered on December 6, 2016 with new cast member, Dorit Kemsley. Eden Sassoon, Kim Richards and Grammer appeared in a recurring capacity.[20] Davidson and Sassoon left the series after the seventh season.[21][22]", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (season 12) The twelfth season of the American comedy television series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered on FXX on January 4, 2017.[1] The season consists of 10 episodes and concluded on March 8, 2017.[2]", "Ball in the Family The first season has been met with a generally positive reception from critics. Haley O'Shaughnessy of The Ringer claimed that the show \"combines everything you’d expect with a touch of nuance and sympathy.\"[1] Myron Medcalf of ESPN compared the show favorably to other Bunim/Murray production Keeping Up with the Kardashians saying that \"unlike the Kardashians, who never really care about authenticity, Ball in the Family tries to be sympathetic to the Ball patriarch while showing his brashness isn’t just there to generate social media buzz.\"[6]", "The Voice (U.S. TV series) The fourteenth season premiered on February 26, 2018, and was watched by 12.31 million viewers with a 2.8 in the 18-49 demographic. It is up from last season's premiere by 1.74 million viewers.", "The Real Housewives of Atlanta In April 2017, the series was renewed for its tenth season.[21] In June, Leakes announced she would be returning for the upcoming season.[22] In July, Zolciak-Biermann announced she would be returning to the show in a recurring capacity.[23] The tenth season premiered on November 5, 2017, with all cast members returning from the previous season, with an exclusion of Parks.[24] Morton and Hampton are set to make numerous appearances throughout the season as well.[25]", "Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series) The series has been renewed for its tenth season, airing in spring 2018.[19]", "E! In recent years, the network has become well known for its reality television programs. Its most popular series as of 2011 is Keeping Up with the Kardashians, which has spawned three spin-offs (Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami, Kourtney and Kim Take New York, and Khloe and Lamar). Other original programming airing on the network included weekly version of Fashion Police (which continues as post-awards ceremony specials).", "The Simpsons (season 28) The twenty-eighth season of the animated television series The Simpsons began airing on Fox in the United States on September 25, 2016, and ended on May 21, 2017.[1] On May 4, 2015, Fox announced that The Simpsons had been renewed for season 28.[2]", "Keeping Up with the Kardashians The success of the reality series resulted in the development of several spin-off shows and other related programming. In April 2009, E! announced the first spin-off of Keeping Up with the Kardashians entitled Kourtney and Khloé in Miami, which was later renamed Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami. The series followed the sisters who moved to Miami to open a new Dash boutique. Ted Harbert, president and CEO of Comcast Entertainment Group, considered the sisters capable of handling their own standalone series. \"It's a very simple formula that we took from scripted TV and applied to a reality show. […] There are a lot of family sitcom elements to 'Kardashians,' and we think that humor and warmth will carry over to Miami,\" Harbert added.[42] The show premiered on August 16, 2009 to very high ratings; the first episode brought in 2.7 million total viewers and then became the most-watched show on the network since The Anna Nicole Show in 2002.[43] The spin-off was subsequently renewed for a second season which premiered on June 13, 2010,[44] and later returned as Kourtney and Kim Take Miami for a third season on January 20, 2013.[45] Additionally, a series of webisodes entitled Lord Disick: Lifestyles of a Lord were released following the show, which showcased Disick as he informed viewers how to live like a \"king\".[46]", "The Real Housewives of Orange County The eleventh season premiered on June 20, 2016. It featured Kelly Dodd joining the cast and Keough making a guest appearance.[18] The season served as Dubrow's final season.[19] McLaughlin returned for the show's twelfth season which premiered on July 10, 2017.[20] Peggy Sulahian joined as the latest housewife. While Keough, Rossi and Rovsek made guest appearances.[21] After the season concluded, King Edmonds, McLaughlin and Sulahian left the show.[22][23][24]", "List of American Dad! episodes The 15th season premiered on December 25, 2017.[6]", "The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 10) In April 2017, the series was renewed for its tenth season.[1] The tenth season was officially announced in September 2017, with a premiere of November 5, 2017.[2] Executives producer for the season include: Steven Weinstock, Glenda Hersh, Lauren Eskelin, Lorraine Haughton-Lawson, Luke Neslage, Anne Swan, Anthony Sylvester and Andy Cohen.", "Kourtney Kardashian Kourtney first became known to reality-television audiences on the 2005 series, Filthy Rich: Cattle Drive, on which she earned money for charity. In February 2007, a sex tape made by her sister Kim and former boyfriend Ray J in 2003 was leaked, which largely contributed to her rise to prominence.[11][12] Later that year, Kourtney, in addition to her mother Kris; her stepfather Bruce (now known as Caitlyn);[13] her siblings Kim, Khloé, and Rob; and half-sisters Kendall and Kylie were commissioned to star in the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians.[14] The series proved successful for E!, the network on which it is broadcast, and lead to several spin-offs, including Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami, Khloé & Lamar, and Kourtney and Kim Take New York .[15]", "Anthony Bourdain: Parts Unknown Season 11 premiered on April 29, 2018 and took Bourdain on excursions to West Virginia, Uruguay, Newfoundland, Armenia, Hong Kong, Berlin, Louisiana, and Bhutan.[26]", "Modern Family The series was renewed for seasons 9 and 10 in May 2017.[1]", "Family Guy (season 14) Family Guy's fourteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on September 27, 2015, and ended on May 22, 2016. The season contained 20 episodes.[1]", "Family Guy (season 15) Family Guy's fifteenth season premiered on Fox in the United States on September 25, 2016, and ended on May 21, 2017. The season contained 20 episodes.", "Vanderpump Rules On April 11, 2018 Bravo renewed the show for a seventh season.[16]", "The Only Way Is Essex (series 21) The twenty-first series of the British reality television programme The Only Way Is Essex was confirmed on 3 June 2015 when it was announced that it had renewed for at least a further six series, taking it up to 21 series.[1] The series began on 10 September 2017 with the cast going to Marbella,[2][3] and concluded after seventeen episodes on 5 November 2017, making it the second longest series to date after it was confirmed that the lengths of each series would be extended.[4] Ahead of the series it was announced that James Argent would be returning to the series following his break from the show.[5] It was also confirmed that after making brief appearances during the previous series, Lauren Pope and Mario Falcone would be returning to the series as a full-time cast member. With this announcement, it was revealed that Mike Hassini would also be returning to the series having previously left the show after the eighteenth series.[6] Former cast member Elliott Wright also made an appearance during the second episode of the series, whilst Vas J Morgan also returned to the show mid-way through the series. This was also the first series to include new cast members Ruby Lacey and Taylor Barnett.[7][8] Former cast member Danielle Armstrong also made a brief return to the series, appearing in the Halloween special episode airing on 29 October 2017.[9] During the series it was announced that Carol Wright had quit the show.[10] A further Essexmas episode aired on 17 December 2017.[11]", "Trailer Park Boys On March 31, 2017, Season 11 aired.", "Roseanne On March 30, 2018, Roseanne was renewed for an eleventh season of 13 episodes, following the success of the revival's premiere night.[73]", "Modern Family (season 10) In January 2018, creators Levitan and Lloyd stated that the tenth season would most likely be the series' final[3] although later in August 2018, it was reported that ABC were in discussions to renew the series for a potential 18-episode eleventh and final season.[4][5]", "Project Runway (season 16) Original airdate: September 21, 2017", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series) On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the show for a thirteenth season. The season premiered on October 12, 2017.", "America's Next Top Model (season 24) Original air date: January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)", "Cook's Country The show's eleventh season is currently airing as of Late August 2018.[1]", "Ball in the Family On October 17, 2017, Facebook renewed the show for a second season. It premiered on November 26, 2017.[2]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24) Original air date: February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)", "Geordie Shore The sixteenth series was filmed in September 2017 and began on 9 January 2018,[79] and concluded after ten episodes on 13 March 2018. This is the first series not to include original cast member Gaz Beadle after he quit the show for personal reasons.[80] New cast members for this series include Sam Gowland,[81] who had previously appeared on the third series of Love Island, as well as Steph Snowdon.[82] However it was later revealed that Steph had been axed from the show and would therefore not return for the seventeenth series.[83] During this series, cast members Aaron Chalmers and Marnie Simpson both announced that they'd quit the show - therefore this was their final series.[84][85]", "Judge Judy The court show's 22nd season commenced on Monday, September 11, 2017.", "The Real (talk show) On January 3, 2018, Fox Television Stations picked up two more seasons of the series, effectively allowing Warner Bros. Television Distribution to continue to produce it into the 2019-20 television season.[1]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit On May 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a nineteenth season, which premiered on September 27, 2017.[6][7] As of October 25, 2017, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit has aired 415 original episodes.", "Project Runway (season 16) Original airdate: September 14, 2017", "Dancing with the Stars (U.S. season 24) Season twenty-four of Dancing with the Stars premiered on March 20, 2017, on the ABC network.[1][2]", "The Simpsons (season 28) This season includes the 600th episode of the show, \"Treehouse of Horror XXVII\".[3] On August 31, 2016, it was announced that an episode titled \"Caper Chase\", inspired by Trump University, would air sometime in 2017; the episode aired on April 2.[4]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24) Original air date: January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)", "Project Runway (season 16) Original airdate: November 9, 2017", "Grey's Anatomy On February 10, 2017, ABC renewed Grey's Anatomy for a fourteenth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017.[1] The series' success catapulted such long-running cast members as Pompeo, Dempsey, and Oh to worldwide recognition; they were among the top five highest-earning television actors in 2013.[2][3]", "2017–18 Juventus F.C. season [25]", "2017–18 Arsenal F.C. season Last updated: 13 May 2018.\nSource: Premier League", "Life of Kylie The series follows the life of fashion entrepreneur and reality television personality Kylie Jenner as she deals with running a business while maintaining a normal life and her close friendship with Jordyn Woods. In a statement about getting her own series, Jenner notes, \"The last couple years have been such an incredible journey with the support of my fans,\" also adding, \"This show will allow me to give them a peek inside all of the exciting things I am working on as well as some personal time with friends.\"[5]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24) Original air date: March 20, 2018", "Kourtney Kardashian Kourtney and her siblings are popular on social media from which they derive most of their revenue by endorsing products such as waist slimming pants, beauty products, Coca-Cola and prescription drugs, for which they are paid (as of 2016) between $75,000 and $300,000 per post on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter, as per CBC Marketplace.[2][3][4]", "Life of Kylie Life of Kylie is an American reality television series starring Kylie Jenner. The eight-part half-hour series premiered on August 6, 2017, on the E! cable network.[1] The reality series was greenlit on April 10, 2017.[2][3] On May 11, 2017, E! released the first promo video of the series.[4]" ]	[ "List of Keeping Up with the Kardashians episodes As of December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10), 205 original episodes of Keeping Up with the Kardashians have aired concluding the fourteen seasons." ]
test18	when did american two party system began to emerge	[ "doc514" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc352959", "doc561", "doc514", "doc411789", "doc11227", "doc411784", "doc562", "doc821876", "doc897186", "doc2432831", "doc559", "doc821881", "doc821886", "doc534", "doc117202", "doc558", "doc1390695", "doc691912", "doc1390696", "doc352956", "doc555", "doc821889", "doc177340", "doc352978", "doc11213", "doc1390692", "doc352960", "doc11264", "doc411791", "doc53693", "doc411810", "doc109128", "doc411792", "doc530784", "doc2432848", "doc2432832", "doc897213", "doc411802", "doc1390698", "doc2349732", "doc411798", "doc1425919", "doc949422", "doc560", "doc821916", "doc546", "doc11226", "doc821911", "doc11215", "doc411800", "doc411783", "doc11183", "doc84511", "doc2346653", "doc56642", "doc411794", "doc1390697", "doc515", "doc2346647", "doc2349733", "doc881683", "doc1390700", "doc821883", "doc821880", "doc522", "doc411803", "doc1062455", "doc11263", "doc691920", "doc821906", "doc117183", "doc519", "doc411804", "doc379347", "doc411793", "doc2349729", "doc821912", "doc2346656", "doc2432852", "doc507377", "doc897217", "doc9191", "doc2346646", "doc56643", "doc821878", "doc548", "doc1390694", "doc821879", "doc897216", "doc512", "doc84503", "doc881691", "doc1390699", "doc56639", "doc84512", "doc411796", "doc352952", "doc117198", "doc411795", "doc411785" ]	[ "Political party Although the framers of the 1787 United States Constitution did not anticipate that American political discourse would become partisan, political controversies in the early 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the emergence of two proto-political parties: the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, which were championed by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, respectively.[10][11] However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for nearly a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.[12]", "Two-party system Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan,[63] early political controversies in the 1790s saw the emergence of a two-party political system, the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, centred on the differing views on federal government powers of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.[64][65] However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.[66]", "Two-party system There is general agreement that the United States has a two-party system; historically, there have been few instances in which third party candidates won an election. In the First Party System, only Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Party and Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party were significant political parties. Toward the end of the First Party System, the Republicans dominated a one-party system (primarily under the Presidency of James Monroe). Under the Second Party System, the Democratic-Republican Party split during the election of 1824 into Adams' Men and Jackson's Men. In 1828, the modern Democratic Party formed in support of Andrew Jackson. The National Republicans were formed in support of John Quincy Adams. After the National Republicans collapsed, the Whig Party and the Free Soil Party quickly formed and collapsed. In 1854, the modern Republican Party formed from a loose coalition of former Whigs, Free Soilers and other anti-slavery activists. Abraham Lincoln became the first Republican president in 1860.", "Political parties in the United States Nevertheless, the beginnings of the American two-party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers. Hamilton and Madison, who wrote the aforementioned Federalist Papers against political factions, ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system. It was the split camps of Federalists, given rise with Hamilton as a leader, and Democratic-Republicans, with Madison and Thomas Jefferson at the helm of this political faction, that created the environment in which partisanship, once distasteful, came to being.[7][8]", "Politics of the United States By 1828, the First Party System had collapsed. Two new parties emerged from the remnants of the Jeffersonian Democracy, forming the Second Party System with the Whigs, brought to life in opposition to President Andrew Jackson and his new Democratic Party. The forces of Jacksonian Democracy, based among urban workers, Southern poor whites, and western farmers, dominated the era.[35]", "Political parties in the United States Political scientists and historians have divided the development of America's two-party system into five eras.[3] The first two-party system consisted of the Federalist Party, who supported the ratification of the Constitution, and the Democratic-Republican Party or the Anti-Administration party (Anti-Federalists), who opposed the powerful central government, among others, that the Constitution established when it took effect in 1789.[4]", "Two-party system Partisan politics revived in 1829 with the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democrats led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, led by Henry Clay. The former evolved into the modern Democratic Party and the latter was replaced with the Republican Party as one of the two main parties in the 1850s.", "First Party System The First Party System is a model of American politics used in history and political science to periodize the political party system that existed in the United States between roughly 1792 and 1824.[1] It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party, formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, usually called at the time the \"Republican Party.\" The Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were dominant after 1800.", "History of the United States (1789–1849) The First Party System between 1792 and 1824 featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party was created by Alexander Hamilton and was dominant to 1800. The rival Republican Party (Democratic-Republican Party) was created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and was dominant after 1800. Both parties originated in national politics but moved to organize supporters and voters in every state. These comprised \"probably the first modern party system in the world\" because they were based on voters, not factions of aristocrats at court or parliament.[11] The Federalists appealed to the business community, the Republicans to the planters and farmers. By 1796 politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties.", "Second Party System Historians and political scientists use the phrase Second Party System as a term of periodization to designate the political party system operating in the United States from about 1828 to 1854, after the First Party System ended. The system was characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest, beginning in 1828, as demonstrated by Election Day turnouts, rallies, partisan newspapers, and high degrees of personal loyalty to parties.[1][2]", "Two-party system A genuine two-party system began to emerge,[58] with the accession to power of William Pitt the Younger in 1783 leading the new Tories, against a reconstituted \"Whig\" party led by the radical politician Charles James Fox.[59][60][61]", "First Party System The First Party System ended during the Era of Good Feelings (1816–1824), as the Federalists shrank to a few isolated strongholds and the Democratic-Republicans lost unity. In 1824–28, as the Second Party System emerged, the Democratic-Republican Party split into the Jacksonian faction, which became the modern Democratic Party in the 1830s, and the Henry Clay faction, which was absorbed by Clay's Whig Party.", "First Party System Hamilton built a national network of supporters that emerged about 1792–93 as the Federalist Party. In response, Jefferson and James Madison built a network of supporters of the republic in Congress and in the states that emerged in 1792–93 as the Democratic-Republican Party. The elections of 1792 were the first contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense, as Jefferson strategist John Beckley put it, as a \"struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest.\" In New York, the race for governor was organized along these lines. The candidates were John Jay, who was a Hamiltonian, and incumbent George Clinton, who was allied with Jefferson and the Republicans.[7]", "Two-party system There are several reasons why, in some systems, two major parties dominate the political landscape. There has been speculation that a two-party system arose in the United States from early political battling between the federalists and anti-federalists in the first few decades after the ratification of the Constitution, according to several views.[2][29] In addition, there has been more speculation that the winner-takes-all electoral system as well as particular state and federal laws regarding voting procedures helped to cause a two-party system.[2]", "History of the United States After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s, the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of (almost) all adult white men. The former Jeffersonian (Democratic-Republican) party split into factions. They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe, and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles, led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, became the Democratic Party. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828:", "Two-party system The old Whig leadership dissolved in the 1760s into a decade of factional chaos with distinct \"Grenvillite\", \"Bedfordite\", \"Rockinghamite\", and \"Chathamite\" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as \"Whigs\". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs[56] under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as \"a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed\". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the two party system was centred on a set of core principles held by both sides and that allowed the party out of power to remain as the Loyal Opposition to the governing party.[57]", "Party system First Party System: This system can be considered to have developed as a result of the factions in the George Washington administration. The two factions were Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists and Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalists argued for a strong national government with a national bank and a strong economic and industry system. The Democratic-Republicans argued for a limited government, with a greater emphasis on farmers and states' rights. After the 1800 Presidential election, the Democratic-Republicans gained major dominance for the next twenty years, and the Federalists slowly died off.", "Jacksonian democracy This era, called the Jacksonian Era (or Second Party System) by historians and political scientists, lasted roughly from Jackson's 1828 election as president until slavery became the dominant issue after 1848 and the American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics. It emerged when the long-dominant Democratic-Republican Party became factionalized during the early-to-mid 1820s. Jackson's supporters began to form what would become the modern Democratic Party and supporters of his political rival, John Quincy Adams, created the National Republican Party, which would later combine with other anti-Jackson elements to form the Whig Party, named after Britain's Whig Party.", "Party system Second Party System: This system developed as a result of the one party rule of the Democratic-Republicans not being able to contain some of the most pressing issues of the time, namely slavery. Out of this system came the Whig Party and Henry Clay's American System. Wealthier people tended to support the Whigs, and the poorer tended to support the Democrats. During the Jacksonian era, his Democratic Party evolved from Democratic-Republicans. The Whig party began to break apart into factions, mainly over the issue of slavery. This period lasted until 1860.", "Political party A coalition including the Rockingham Whigs, led by the Earl of Shelburne, took power in 1782, only to collapse after Rockingham's death. The new government, led by the radical politician Charles James Fox in coalition with Lord North, was soon brought down and replaced by William Pitt the Younger in 1783. It was now that a genuine two-party system began to emerge, with Pitt leading the new Tories against a reconstituted \"Whig\" party led by Fox.[7][8]", "Two-party system The two-party system, in the sense of the looser definition, where two parties dominate politics but in which third parties can elect members and gain some representation in the legislature, can be traced to the development of political parties in the United Kingdom. There was a division in English politics at the time of the Civil War and Glorious Revolution in the late 17th century.[51] The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or \"Cavalier\") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Parliament.[52] In the following century, the Whig party's support base widened to include emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants.", "First Party System When war threatened with Britain in 1794, Washington sent John Jay to negotiate the Jay treaty with Britain; it was signed in late 1794, and ratified in 1795. It averted a possible war and settled many (but not all) of the outstanding issues between the U.S. and Britain.[8] The Jeffersonians vehemently denounced the treaty, saying it threatened to undermine republicanism by giving the aristocratic British and their Federalist allies too much influence.[9] The fierce debates over the Jay Treaty in 1794â€“96, according to William Nisbet Chambers, nationalized politics and turned a faction in Congress into a nationwide party. To fight the treaty the Jeffersonians \"established coordination in activity between leaders at the capital, and leaders, actives and popular followings in the states, counties and towns.\"[10]", "United States presidential primary There is no provision for the role of political parties in the United States Constitution, since the Founding Fathers did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan. In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions. Thus in the first two presidential elections, the Electoral College handled the nominations and elections in 1789 and 1792 that selected George Washington. The beginnings of the American two-party system then emerged from Washington's immediate circle of advisors. Hamilton and Madison, who wrote the aforementioned Federalist Papers against political factions, ended up being the core leaders in this partisanship: Hamilton became the leader of Federalist Party while Madison co-helmed the Democratic-Republican Party with Thomas Jefferson.[1][2]", "Political party The United States has become essentially a two-party system, since a conservative (such as the Republican Party) and liberal (such as the Democratic Party) party has usually been the status quo within American politics. The first parties were called Federalist and Republican, followed by a brief period of Republican dominance before a split occurred between National Republicans and Democratic Republicans. The former became the Whig Party and the latter became the Democratic Party. The Whigs survived only for two decades before they split over the spread of slavery, those opposed becoming members of the new Republican Party, as did anti-slavery members of the Democratic Party. Third parties (such as the Libertarian Party) often receive little support and are very rarely the victors in elections. Despite this, there have been several examples of third parties siphoning votes from major parties that were expected to win (such as Theodore Roosevelt in the election of 1912 and George Wallace in the election of 1968). As third party movements have learned, the Electoral College's requirement of a nationally distributed majority makes it difficult for third parties to succeed. Thus, such parties rarely win many electoral votes, although their popular support within a state may tip it toward one party or the other. Wallace had weak support outside the South. More generally, parties with a broad base of support across regions or among economic and other interest groups, have a great chance of winning the necessary plurality in the U.S.'s largely single-member district, winner-take-all elections. The tremendous land area and large population of the country are formidable challenges to political parties with a narrow appeal.", "Politics of the United States The United States Constitution does not mention political parties, primarily because the Founding Fathers did not intend for American politics to be partisan. In Federalist Papers No. 9 and No. 10, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, respectively, wrote specifically about the dangers of domestic political factions. In addition, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or during his tenure as president. Washington hoped that political parties would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation.[28] Nevertheless, the beginnings of the American two-party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers. Hamilton and Madison ended up being the core leaders in this emerging party system.", "Party system American Party Systems was a major textbook by Charles Merriam in 1920s. In 1967 the most important single breakthrough appeared, The American Party Systems. Stages of Political Development, edited by William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham. It brought together historians and political scientists who agreed on a common framework and numbering system. Thus Chambers published The First Party System in 1972. Burnham published numerous articles and books. Closely related is the concept of critical elections (introduced by V. O. Key in 1955), and \"realignments.\" Critical elections or Realigning elections involve major changes to the political system, regarding the coalition of voters, the rules of the game, finance and publicity, party organization, and party leadership.", "Political party The splintering of the Democratic-Republican Party in the aftermath of the contentious 1824 presidential election led to the re-emergence of political parties. Two major parties would dominate the political landscape for the next quarter-century: the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, established by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and from other Anti-Jackson groups. When the Whig Party fell apart in the mid-1850s, its position as a major U.S. political party was filled by the Republican Party.", "History of the United States Democratic Party The spirit of Jacksonian democracy animated the party from the early 1830s to the 1850s, shaping the Second Party System, with the Whig Party the main opposition. After the disappearance of the Federalists after 1815 and the Era of Good Feelings (1816–1824), there was a hiatus of weakly organized personal factions until about 1828–1832, when the modern Democratic Party emerged along with its rival the Whigs. The new Democratic Party became a coalition of farmers, city-dwelling laborers and Irish Catholics.[6]", "Political parties in the United States The Democratic-Republican Party was founded by Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who strongly opposed Hamilton's agenda.[9] The Jeffersonians came to power in 1800 and the Federalists were too elitist to compete effectively. They survived in the Northeast, but their refusal to support the War of 1812 verged on secession and was a devastating blow when the war ended well. The Era of Good Feelings under President James Monroe (1816â€“1824) marked the end of the First Party System and a brief period in which partisanship was minimal.[10]", "President of the United States Throughout most of its history, politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties. Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–1789. Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid–1790s, but political factions, from which organized parties evolved, began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence. Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as \"pro-administration\" and would eventually form the Federalist Party, while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic-Republican Party.[80]", "Political parties in the United States Founded in 1854 by Northern anti-slavery activists and modernizers, the Republican Party rose to prominence in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln, who used the party machinery to support victory in the American Civil War. The GOP dominated national politics during the Third Party System, from 1854 to 1896, and the Fourth Party System from 1896 to 1932.", "United States The United States has operated under a two-party system for most of its history.[366] For elective offices at most levels, state-administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections. Since the general election of 1856, the major parties have been the Democratic Party, founded in 1824, and the Republican Party, founded in 1854. Since the Civil War, only one third-party presidential candidate—former president Theodore Roosevelt, running as a Progressive in 1912—has won as much as 20% of the popular vote. The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system.[367]", "Political parties in the United States The Second Party System operated from about 1828 to 1854, following the splintering of the Democratic-Republican Party. Two major parties dominated the political landscape: the Whig Party, led by Henry Clay, that grew from the National Republican Party; and the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson. The Democrats supported the primacy of the Presidency over the other branches of government, and opposed both the Bank of the United States as well as modernizing programs that they felt would build up industry at the expense of the taxpayer.", "Elections in the United States Americans vote for a specific candidate instead of directly selecting a particular political party. The United States Constitution has never formally addressed the issue of political parties. The Founding Fathers such as Alexander Hamilton and James Madison did not support domestic political factions at the time the Constitution was written.[18] In addition, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was not a member of any political party at the time of his election or throughout his tenure as president. Furthermore, he hoped that political parties would not be formed, fearing conflict and stagnation. Nevertheless, the beginnings of the American two-party system emerged from his immediate circle of advisers, with Hamilton and Madison ending up being the core leaders in this emerging party system.", "Second Party System Gienapp (1982) points out that the American political system underwent fundamental change after 1820 under the rubric of Jacksonian Democracy. While Jackson himself did not initiate the changes, he took advantage in 1828 and symbolized many of the changes. For the first time politics assumed a central role in voters' lives. Before then deference to upper class elites, and general indifference most of the time, characterized local politics across the country. The suffrage laws were not at fault for they allowed mass participation; rather few men were interested in politics before 1828, and fewer still voted or became engaged because politics did not seem important. Changes followed the psychological shock of the panic of 1819, and the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, with his charismatic personality and controversial policies. By 1840, Gienapp argues, the revolution was complete: \"With the full establishment of the second party system, campaigns were characterized by appeals to the common man, mass meetings, parades, celebrations, and intense enthusiasm, while elections generated high voter participation. In structure and ideology, American politics had been democratized.\"[18][21]", "Second Party System Two major parties dominated the political landscape: the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, assembled by Henry Clay from the National Republicans and from other opponents of Jackson. Minor parties included the Anti-Masonic Party, an important innovator from 1827 to 1834; the abolitionist Liberty Party in 1840; and the anti-slavery Free Soil Party in 1848 and 1852. The Second Party System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic and cultural currents of the Jacksonian Era, until succeeded by the Third Party System.[3] Frank Towers specifies an important ideological divide:", "History of the United States (1789–1849) Charismatic Andrew Jackson, by contrast, in collaboration with strategist Martin Van Buren rallied his followers in the newly emerging Democratic Party. In the election of 1828, Jackson defeated Adams by an overwhelming electoral majority in the first presidential election since 1800 to mark a wholesale voter rejection of the previous administration's policies. The electoral campaign was correspondingly as vicious as the one 28 years earlier, with Jackson and Adams's camps hurtling the worst mudslinging accusations at one another. The former painted himself as a war hero and the champion of the masses against Northeastern elites while the latter argued that he was a man of education and social grace against an uncouth, semi-literate backwoodsman. This belied the fact that Andrew Jackson was a societal elite by any definition, owning a large plantation with dozens of slaves and mostly surrounding himself with men of wealth and property. The election saw the coming to power of Jacksonian Democracy, thus marking the transition from the First Party System (which reflected Jeffersonian Democracy) to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two party system.[25]", "Political parties in the United States Although American politics have been dominated by the two-party system, several other political parties have also emerged throughout the country's history. The oldest third party was the Anti-Masonic Party and was formed in upstate New York in 1828; the party's creators feared the Freemasons, believing they were a powerful secret society that was trying to rule the country in defiance of republican principles.[18]", "Party system Fourth Party System: This era was defined by Progressivism and immigration, as well as the political aftermath of the American Civil War. Northeastern business supported the Republicans while the South and West supported the Democrats. Immigrant groups were courted by both parties. The Fourth Party System came to an end around 1932.[17]", "Sixth Party System However, no clear disciplinary consensus has emerged pinpointing an electoral event responsible for shifting presidential and congressional control since the Great Depression of the 1930s, when the Fifth Party System emerged. Much of the work published on the subject has come from political scientists explaining the events of their time either as the imminent breakup of the Fifth Party System, and the installation of a new one; or in terms of such transition taking place some time ago.[3] Other current writing on the Fifth Party System expresses admiration of its longevity: the first four systems lasted about 30 to 40 years each, which would have implied that the early twenty-first century should see a Seventh Party System.[4] It is also possible, as argued in Jensen (1981) and elsewhere, that the party system has given way, not to a new party system, but to a period of dealignment in politics. Previous party systems ended with the dominant party losing two consecutive House elections by large margins, and also losing a presidential election coinciding with or immediately following (in 1896) the second House election—decisive electoral evidence of political realignment. Such a shift took place in 2006–2008 in favor of the Democrats, but the Republicans won the elections of 2010 by their biggest landslide since 1946 and finished the 2014 elections with their greatest number of U.S. House seats since 1928.[5]", "Political parties in the United States The Fifth Party System emerged with the New Deal Coalition beginning in 1933.[15] The Republicans began losing support after the Great Depression, giving rise to Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the activist New Deal. They promoted American liberalism, anchored in a coalition of specific liberal groups, especially ethno-religious constituencies (Catholics, Jews, African Americans), white Southerners, well-organized labor unions, urban machines, progressive intellectuals, and populist farm groups.", "Party divisions of United States Congresses Party divisions of United States Congresses have played a central role in the organization and operations of both chambers of the United States Congress—the Senate and the House of Representatives—since its establishment as the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States in 1789. Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, nor did they exist at the time the first Senate elections and House elections occurred in 1788 and 1789. Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the 1790s, but political factions—from which organized parties evolved—began to appear almost immediately after the 1st Congress convened. Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as \"pro-administration\" and would eventually form the Federalist Party, while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic-Republican Party.[1]", "Political campaign In the 1790-1820s, the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party battled it out in the so-called \"First Party System\". American election campaigns in the 19th century created the first mass-base political parties and invented many of the techniques of mass campaigning.[citation needed]", "Two-party system The two party system matured in the early 19th century era of political reform, when the franchise was widened and politics entered into the basic divide between conservatism and liberalism that has fundamentally endured up to the present. The modern Conservative Party was created out of the \"Pittite\" Tories by Robert Peel, who issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; - the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to \"a perpetual vortex of agitation\". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone. The two party system had come of age at the time of Gladstone and his Conservative rival Benjamin Disraeli after the 1867 Reform Act.[62]", "First Party System Hofstadter (1970) shows it took many years for the idea to take hold that having two parties is better than having one, or none. That transition was made possible by the successful passing of power in 1801 from one party to the other. Although Jefferson systematically identified Federalist army officers and officeholders, he was blocked from removing all of them by protests from republicans. The Quids complained he did not go far enough.", "Two-party system Third parties, meaning a party other than one of the two dominant parties, are possible in two-party systems, but they are often unlikely to exert much influence by gaining control of legislatures or by winning elections.[2] While there are occasional opinions in the media expressed about the possibility of third parties emerging in the United States, for example, political insiders such as the 1980 presidential candidate John Anderson think the chances of one appearing in the early twenty-first century is remote.[35] A report in The Guardian suggested that American politics has been \"stuck in a two-way fight between Republicans and Democrats\" since the Civil War, and that third-party runs had little meaningful success.[36]", "Politics of the United States Most of the Founding Fathers rejected political parties as divisive and disruptive. By the 1790s, however, most joined one of the two new parties, and by the 1830s parties had become accepted as central to the democracy.[32] By the 1790s, the First Party System was born. Men who held opposing views strengthened their cause by identifying and organizing men of like mind. The followers of Alexander Hamilton, were called \"Federalists\"; they favored a strong central government that would support the interests of national defense, commerce and industry. The followers of Thomas Jefferson, the Jeffersonians took up the name \"Republicans\"; they preferred a decentralized agrarian republic in which the federal government had limited power.[33][34]", "First Party System The First Party System was primarily built around foreign policy issues that vanished with the defeat of Napoleon and the compromise settlement of the War of 1812. Furthermore, the fears that Federalists were plotting to reintroduce aristocracy dissipated. Thus an \"Era of Good Feelings\" under James Monroe replaced the high-tension politics of the First Party System about 1816. Personal politics and factional disputes were occasionally still hotly debated, but Americans no longer thought of themselves in terms of political parties.[29]", "Politics of the United States The modern political party system in the United States is a two-party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have controlled the United States Congress since 1856. The Democratic Party generally positions itself as left-of-center in American politics and supports a modern American liberal platform, while the Republican Party generally positions itself as right-of-center and supports a modern American conservative platform.", "Political parties in the United States Experts debate whether this era ended (and a Sixth Party System subsequently emerged) in the mid-1960s when the New Deal coalition died, the early 1980s when the Moral Majority and the Reagan coalition were formed, the early 1990s when Third Way emerged among Democrats, the mid-1990s during the Republican Revolution, or if the Fifth system continues in some form to the present.", "Political parties in the United States The need to win popular support in a republic led to the American invention of voter-based political parties in the 1790s.[1] Americans were especially innovative in devising new campaign techniques that linked public opinion with public policy through the party.[2]", "Politics of the United States Two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have dominated American politics since the American Civil War, although smaller parties exist such as the Libertarian Party, the Green Party, and the Constitution Party.\nGenerally, the Democratic Party is commonly known as the left-wing party within the United States, while the Republican Party is commonly known as the United States' right-wing party.", "Democratic Party (United States) After the War of 1812, the Federalists virtually disappeared and the only national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The era of one-party rule in the United States, known as the Era of Good Feelings, lasted from 1816 until the early 1830s, when the Whig Party became a national political group to rival the Democratic-Republicans. However, the Democratic-Republican Party still had its own internal factions. They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles, led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, became the modern Democratic Party. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828:", "Third Party System The collapse of the Whigs after 1852 left political chaos. Various prohibitionist and nativist movements emerged, especially the American Party, based originally on the secret Know Nothing lodges. It was a moralistic party that appealed to the middle class fear of corruption, which it identified with Catholics, especially the recent Irish immigrants who seemed to bring crime, corruption, poverty and bossism as soon as they arrived. The Republican Party was more driven, in terms of ideology and talent; it surpassed the hapless American Party in 1856. By 1858 the Republicans controlled majorities in every Northern state, and hence controlled the electoral votes for president in 1860.[7]", "Democratic-Republican Party The party selected its presidential candidates in a caucus of members of Congress. They included Thomas Jefferson (nominated 1796; elected 1800â€“1801, 1804), James Madison (1808, 1812) and James Monroe (1816, 1820). By 1824, the caucus system had practically collapsed. After 1800, the party dominated Congress and most state governments outside New England. By 1824, the party was also split four ways and lacked a center, as the First Party System collapsed. The emergence of the Second Party System in the 1830s realigned the old factions. One remnant followed Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren into the new Democratic Party by 1828. Another remnant led by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay formed the National Republicans in 1828, which developed into the Whig Party by 1835.[7]", "Political parties in the United States The Third Party System stretched from 1854 to the mid-1890s, and was characterized by the emergence of the anti-slavery Republican Party (nicknamed \"GOP\"), which adopted many of the economic policies of the Whigs, such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads and aid to land grant colleges.", "Party system Third Party System: Beginning around the time of the start of the Civil War, this system was defined by bitter conflict and striking party differences and coalitions. These coalitions were most evidently defined by geography. The South was dominated by the Democrats who opposed the ending of slavery, and the North, with the exception of some major political machines, was dominated by the Republicans, who supported ending slavery. This era was a time of extreme industrial and economic expansion. The Third Party System lasted until 1896.", "Two-party system During the Third Party System, the Republican Party was the dominant political faction, but the Democrats held a strong, loyal coalition in the Solid South. During the Fourth Party System, the Republicans remained the dominant Presidential party, although Democrats Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson were both elected to two terms. In 1932, at the onset of the Fifth Party System, Democrats took firm control of national politics with the landslide victories of Franklin D. Roosevelt in four consecutive elections. Other than the two terms of Republican Dwight Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961, Democrats retained firm control of the Presidency until the mid-1960s. Since the mid-1960s, despite a number of landslides (such as Richard Nixon carrying 49 states and 61% of the popular vote over George McGovern in 1972; Ronald Reagan carrying 49 states and 58% of the popular vote over Walter Mondale in 1984), Presidential elections have been competitive between the predominant Republican and Democratic parties and no one party has been able to hold the Presidency for more than three consecutive terms, except for the elections from 1932 through 1948 when FDR won 4 elections and Truman one, both as Democrats. In the election of 2012, only 4% separated the popular vote between Barack Obama (51%) and Mitt Romney (47%), although Obama won the electoral vote by a landslide (332â€“206).", "Third Party System It was dominated by the new Republican Party, which claimed success in saving the Union, abolishing slavery and enfranchising the freedmen, while adopting many Whiggish modernization programs such as national banks, railroads, high tariffs, homesteads, social spending (such as on greater Civil War veteran pension funding), and aid to land grant colleges. While most elections from 1876 through 1892 were extremely close, the opposition Democrats won only the 1884 and 1892 presidential elections (the Democrats also won the 1876 and 1888 presidential election popular vote, but lost the electoral college vote), though from 1876 to 1892 the party often controlled the United States House of Representatives and from 1879 to 1887 frequently controlled the United States Senate. Democrats were back in control of the Senate at the end of the Third Party System and held the upper chamber for most of the 1890s. Indeed, some scholars emphasize that the 1876 election saw a realignment and the collapse of support for Reconstruction.[1] The northern and western states were largely Republican, save for closely balanced New York, Indiana, New Jersey, and Connecticut. After 1876, the Democrats took control of the \"Solid South.\"[2]", "Sixth Party System Opinions differ on when the Sixth Party System began, varying from elections of 1966â€“68 or the 1980s when both parties began to become more unified and partisan, to the 1990s over cultural divisions.[6][7][8]", "Whig Party (United States) The Whig Party was a political party active in the middle of the 19th century in the United States. Four US presidents belonged to the party while in office.[6] It emerged in the 1830s as the leading opponent of Jacksonians, pulling together former members of the National Republican (one of the successors of the Democratic-Republican Party) and Anti-Masonic Parties. It had distant links to the upscale traditions of the Federalist Party. Along with the rival Democratic Party, it was central to the Second Party System from the early 1840s to the mid-1860s.[7] It originally formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson (in office 1829â€“37) and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of the US Congress over the Presidency and favored a program of modernization, banking, and economic protectionism to stimulate manufacturing. It appealed to entrepreneurs, planters, reformers and the emerging urban middle class, but had little appeal to farmers or unskilled workers. It included many active Protestants, and voiced a moralistic opposition to the Jacksonian Indian removal. Party founders chose the \"Whig\" name to echo the American Whigs of the 18th century who fought for independence. The underlying political philosophy of the American Whig Party was not directly related to the British Whig party.[8] Historian Frank Towers has specified a deep ideological divide:", "Party system Sixth Party System: The transition to this system appears to have begun with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the Democrats subsequently losing their long dominance of the South in the late 1960s, leading to a Republican dominance as evidenced by election results.[19]", "First Party System An intense debate on ratification pitted the \"Federalists\" (who supported the Constitution, and were led by Madison and Hamilton) against the \"Anti-Federalists,\" (who opposed the new Constitution). The Federalists won and the Constitution was ratified. The Anti-Federalists were deeply concerned about the theoretical danger of a strong central government (like that of Britain) that someday could usurp the rights of the states.[5] The framers of the Constitution did not want or expect political parties would emerge, because they considered them divisive.[6]", "First Party System The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton, which emphasized federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing. The Republicans, based in the plantation South, opposed a strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and navy, demanded a strict reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program. Perhaps even more important was foreign policy, where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade, while the Republicans admired the French and the French Revolution. Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine republicanism. Britain and France were at war from 1793â€“1815, with only one brief interruption. American policy was neutrality, with the federalists hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain. The Jay Treaty of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state. President George Washington, while officially nonpartisan, generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero.[3]", "Two-party system Most Latin American countries also have presidential systems very similar to the US often with winner takes all systems. Due to the common accumulation of power in the Presidential office both the official party and the main opposition became important political protagonists causing historically two-party systems.[15] Some of the first manifestations of this particularity was with the liberals and conservatives that often fought for power in all Latin America causing the first two-party systems in most Latin American countries which often lead to civil wars in place like Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Venezuela, the Central American Republic and Peru, with fights focusing specially on opposing/defending the privileges of the Catholic Church and the creole aristocracy. Other examples of primitive two-party systems included the Pelucones vs Pipiolos in Chile, Federals vs Unitarians in Argentina, Colorados vs Liberals in Paraguay and Colorados vs Nationals in Uruguay.[16]", "Political parties in the United States The modern political party system in the U.S. is a two-party system dominated by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. These two parties have won every United States presidential election since 1852 and have controlled the United States Congress to some extent since at least 1856.", "Martin Van Buren The election of 1836 marked an important turning point in American political history because of the part it played in establishing the Second Party System. In the early 1830s the political party structure was still changing, rapidly, and factional and personal leaders continued to play a major role in politics. By the end of the campaign of 1836, the new party system was almost complete, as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.[138]", "History of the United States Democratic Party The modern Democratic Party emerged in the 1830s from former factions of the Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by 1824. It was built by Martin Van Buren who assembled a cadre of politicians in every state behind war hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee.[5]", "Jacksonian democracy The period from 1824 to 1832 was politically chaotic. The Federalist Party and the First Party System were dead and with no effective opposition, the old Democratic-Republican Party withered away. Every state had numerous political factions, but they did not cross state lines. Political coalitions formed and dissolved and politicians moved in and out of alliances.[23]", "First Party System The Federalists vigorously criticized the government, and gained strength in the industrial Northeast. However, they committed a major blunder in 1814. That year the semi-secret \"Hartford Convention\" passed resolutions that verged on secession; their publication ruined the Federalist party. It had been limping along for years, with strength in New England and scattered eastern states but practically no strength in the West. While Federalists helped invent or develop numerous campaign techniques (such as the first national nominating conventions in 1808[25]), their elitist bias alienated the middle class, thus allowing the Jeffersonians to claim they represented the true spirit of \"republicanism.\"[26]", "History of the United States Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party (usually called the Democratic-Republican Party by political scientists). Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain. The Jeffersonians vehemently protested, and the voters aligned behind one party or the other, thus setting up the First Party System.", "Two-party system Other parties in these countries may have seen candidates elected to local or subnational office, however. Historian John Hicks claims that the United States has never possessed for any considerable period of time the two party system in its pure and undefiled form.[14]", "Political parties in the United States The Democratic Party is one of two major political parties in the U.S. Founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson, it is the oldest extant voter-based political party in the world.[19][20]", "History of the United States (1849–65) The new Republican party emerged in 1854â€“56 in the North; it had minimal support in the South. Most members were former Whigs or Free Soil Democrats. The Party was ideological, with a focus on stopping the spread of slavery, and modernizing the economy through tariffs, banks, railroads and free homestead land for farmers.[14]", "Political parties in the United States The Whigs, on the other hand, advocated the primacy of Congress over the executive branch as well as policies of modernization and economic protectionism. Central political battles of this era were the Bank War and the Spoils system of federal patronage.[12] The 1850s saw the collapse of the Whig party, largely as a result of decline in its leadership and a major intra-party split over slavery as a result of the Compromise of 1850. In addition, the fading of old economic issues removed many of the unifying forces holding the party together.", "Sixth Party System Experts have debated whether national politics in the United States of America is currently[update] in the era of a Sixth Party System, or whether the Fifth Party System continues in some form to the present. Opinions also differ on when a Sixth Party System may have begun, with suggested dates ranging from the 1960s to the 1990s. Maisel and Brewer (2011) argue that the consensus among specialists is that the Sixth System is underway based on American electoral politics since the 1960s:", "First Party System Historians have debated the exact ending of the system.[30] Most concluded it petered out by 1820. The little state of Delaware, largely isolated from the larger political forces controlling the nation, saw the First Party System continue well into the 1820s, with the Federalists occasionally winning some offices.", "Third Party System The Civil War and Reconstruction issues polarized the parties until the Compromise of 1877 finally ended the political warfare. War issues resonated for a quarter century, as Republicans waved the \"bloody shirt\" (of dead union soldiers), and Democrats warned against Black supremacy in the South and plutocracy in the North. The modernizing Republicans who had founded the party in 1854 looked askance at the undisguised corruption of Ulysses S. Grant and his war veterans, bolstered by the solid vote of freedmen. The dissenters formed a \"Liberal Republican\" Party in 1872, only to have it smashed by Grant's reelection. By the mid-1870s it was clear that Confederate nationalism was dead; all but the most ardent Republican “Stalwarts” agreed that the southern Republican coalition of African-American Freedmen, scalawags and carpetbaggers was helpless and hopeless. In 1874 the Democrats won big majorities in Congress, with economic depression a major issue. People asked how much longer the Republicans could use the Army to impose control in the South.[2]", "Second Party System By the mid-1850s, the question of slavery dominated the political landscape, and the Whigs, unable to agree on an approach to the issue, began to disintegrate. A few Whigs lingered, claiming that, with the alternatives being a pro-Northern Republican party and a pro-Southern Democratic party, they were the only political party that could preserve the Union. In 1856, the remaining Whigs endorsed the Know-Nothing campaign of Millard Fillmore and in 1860 they endorsed the Constitutional Union ticket of John Bell, but, with the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, the Whig party ceased to exist.[18]", "United States presidential election, 1828 Passage of the unpopular tariff helped Jackson carry much of the South,[3] and Jackson also swept the Western states. Adams swept New England but won only three states outside of his home region. Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia. The election ushered Jacksonian Democracy into prominence, thus marking the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics with the decisive establishment of democracy and the permanent establishment of a two-party electoral system.[4]", "History of the United States (1789–1849) Examples of single issue parties included the Anti-Masonic Party, which emerged in the Northeastern states. Its goal was to outlaw Freemasonry as a violation of republicanism; members were energized by reports that a man who threatened to expose Masonic secrets had been murdered. They ran a candidate for president (William Wirt) in 1832; he won 8% of the popular vote nationwide, carried Vermont, and ran well in rural Pennsylvania and Massachusetts.[27] The party then merged into the new Whig Party. Others included abolitionist parties, workers' parties like the Workingmen's Party, the Locofocos (who opposed monopolies), and assorted nativist parties who denounced the Roman Catholic Church as a threat to Republicanism in the United States. None of these parties were capable of mounting a broad enough appeal to voters or winning major elections.[28]", "Origins of the American Civil War Amid the emergence of increasingly virulent and hostile sectional ideologies in national politics, the collapse of the old Second Party System in the 1850s hampered politicians' efforts to reach yet another compromise. The compromise that was reached (the 1854 Kansas–Nebraska Act) outraged many Northerners, and led to the formation of the Republican Party, the first major party that was almost entirely Northern-based. The industrializing North and agrarian Midwest became committed to the economic ethos of free-labor industrial capitalism.", "Third Party System The Third Party System is a term of periodization used by historians and political scientists to describe the history of political parties in the United States from 1854 until the mid-1890s, which featured profound developments in issues of American nationalism, modernization, and race. This period, the later part of which is often termed the Gilded Age, is defined by its contrast with the eras of the Second Party System and the Fourth Party System.", "Democratic-Republican Party Congressman James Madison started the party among Representatives in Philadelphia (then the national capital) as the \"Republican Party\".[8] Then he, Jefferson and others reached out to include state and local leaders around the country, especially New York and the South.[9] The precise date of founding is disputed, but 1791 is a reasonable estimate and some time by 1792 is certain. The new party set up newspapers that made withering critiques of Hamiltonianism, extolled the yeoman farmer, argued for strict construction of the Constitution, favored the French Revolution, strongly opposed Great Britain and called for stronger state governments than the Federalist Party was proposing.[10]", "First Party System Two political Sects have arisen within the U. S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are stiled republicans, Whigs, jacobins, anarchists, dis-organizers, etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons.[2]", "Two-party system When third parties are built around an ideology which is at odds with the majority mindset, many members belong to such a party not for the purpose of expecting electoral success but rather for personal or psychological reasons.[2] In the U.S., third parties include older ones such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party and newer ones such as the Pirate Party.[2][37] Many believe that third parties don't affect American politics by winning elections, but they can act as \"spoilers\" by taking votes from one of the two major parties.[2] They act like barometers of change in the political mood since they push the major parties to consider their demands.[2] An analysis in New York Magazine by Ryan Lizza in 2006 suggested that third parties arose from time to time in the nineteenth century around single-issue movements such as abolition, women's suffrage, and the direct election of senators, but were less prominent in the twentieth century.[38]", "Party system There have been at least six different party systems throughout the history of the United States:[16]", "First Party System Both parties originated in national politics, but soon expanded their efforts to gain supporters and voters in every state. The Federalists appealed to the business community, the Republicans to the planters and farmers. By 1796 politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties, with party newspapers and caucuses becoming especially effective tools to mobilize voters.", "History of the United States (1789–1849) Political machines appeared early in the history of the United States, and for all the exhortations of Jacksonian Democracy, it was they and not the average voter that nominated candidates. In addition, the system supported establishment politicians and party loyalists, and much legislation was designed to reward men and businesses who supported a particular party or candidate. As a consequence, the chance of single issue and ideology-based candidates being elected to major office dwindled and so those parties who were successful were pragmatist ones which appealed to multiple constituencies.", "Two-party system A two-party system is a party system where two major political parties[1] dominate the government. One of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referred to as the majority or governing party while the other is the minority or opposition party. Around the world, the term has different senses. For example, in the United States, Jamaica, and Malta, the sense of two party system describes an arrangement in which all or nearly all elected officials belong to one of the only two major parties, and third parties rarely win any seats in the legislature. In such arrangements, two-party systems are thought to result from various factors like winner takes all election rules.[2][3][4][5][6][7] In such systems, while chances for third party candidates winning election to major national office are remote, it is possible for groups within the larger parties, or in opposition to one or both of them, to exert influence on the two major parties.[8][9][10][11][12][13] In contrast, in the United Kingdom and Australia and in other parliamentary systems and elsewhere, the term two-party system is sometimes used to indicate an arrangement in which two major parties dominate elections but in which there are viable third parties which do win seats in the legislature, and in which the two major parties exert proportionately greater influence than their percentage of votes would suggest.", "Democratic Party (United States) The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (GOP). Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's Democratic-Republican Party, the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson, making it the world's oldest political party.[13]", "Whig Party (United States) The Whig Party began to take shape in 1833. Clay had run as a National Republican against Jackson in 1832, but carried only 49 electoral votes against Jackson's 219, and the National Republicans became discredited as a major political force. The Whig Party emerged in the aftermath of the 1832 election, the Nullification Crisis, and debates regarding the Second Bank of the United States, which Jackson denounced as a monopoly and from which he abruptly removed all government deposits. People who helped to form the new party included supporters of Clay, supporters of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster, former National Republicans, former Antimasons, former disaffected Jacksonians (led by John C. Calhoun), who viewed Jackson's actions as impinging on the prerogatives of Congress and the states, and small remnants of Federalist Party, people whose last political activity was with them a decade before. The \"Whig\" name emphasized the party's opposition to Jackson's perceived executive tyranny, and the name helped the Whigs shed the elitist image of the National Republican Party.[13]", "Party system Fifth Party System: This system was defined by the creation of the New Deal Coalition by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. This coalition supporting new social welfare programs brought together many under-privileged, working class, and minority groups including unions, Catholics, and Jews. It also attracted African-Americans, who had previously largely supported the Republican Party due to Lincoln's freeing of the slaves. This era lasted approximately until 1968.[18]", "Democratic-Republican Party The Democratic-Republican Party was an American political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison between 1791 and 1793 to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton, who was secretary of the treasury and chief architect of George Washington's administration.[5] From 1801 to 1825, the new party controlled the presidency and Congress as well as most states during the First Party System. It began in 1791 as one faction in Congress and included many politicians who had been opposed to the new constitution. They called themselves \"Republicans\" after their ideology, republicanism. They distrusted the Federalist commitment to republicanism. The party splintered in 1824 into the Jacksonian movement (which became the Democratic Party in 1828) and the short-lived National Republican Party (later succeeded by the Whig Party).", "Democratic Party (United States) Jacksonians believed the people's will had finally prevailed. Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. The Democrats became the nation's first well-organized national party [...] and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth-century American politics.[23]", "Political parties in the United States The Fourth Party System, 1896 to 1932, consisted of the same interest groups as the Third Party System, but saw major shifts in the central issues of debate. This period also corresponded to the Progressive Era, and was dominated by the Republican Party. It began after the Republicans blamed the Democrats for the Panic of 1893, which later resulted in William McKinley's victory over William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election.", "Political party The first[citation needed] political factions, cohering around a basic, if fluid, set of principles, emerged from the Exclusion Crisis and Glorious Revolution in late 17th century England.[1] The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule; the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or \"Cavalier\") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Whigs, who were the dominant political faction for most of the first half of the 18th century; the Whigs supported the Hanoverian succession of 1715 against the Jacobite supporters of the deposed Roman Catholic Stuart dynasty, and were able to purge Tory politicians from important government positions after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715. The leader of the Whigs was Robert Walpole, who maintained control of the government in the period 1721–1742; his protégé was Henry Pelham (1743–1754).", "History of the United States The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party, the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans, and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms (1817â€“25) to downplay partisanship, the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings, with far less partisanship than before (or after), and closed out the First Party System.[79][80]", "Political parties in the United States Civil war and Reconstruction issues polarized the parties until the Compromise of 1877, which ended the latter. Thus both parties became broad-based voting coalitions and the race issue pulled newly enfranchised African Americans (Freedmen) into the Republican Party while white southerners (Redeemers) joined the Democratic Party. The Democratic coalition also had conservative pro-business Bourbon Democrats, traditional Democrats in the North (many of them former Copperheads), and Catholic immigrants, among others. The Republican coalition also consisted of businessmen, shop owners, skilled craftsmen, clerks, and professionals who were attracted to the party's modernization policies.[13]", "Political parties in the United States The modern two-party system consists of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Several third parties also operate in the U.S., and from time to time elect someone to local office.[5] The largest third party since the 1980s is the Libertarian Party." ]	[ "Two-party system There is general agreement that the United States has a two-party system; historically, there have been few instances in which third party candidates won an election. In the First Party System, only Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Party and Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party were significant political parties. Toward the end of the First Party System, the Republicans dominated a one-party system (primarily under the Presidency of James Monroe). Under the Second Party System, the Democratic-Republican Party split during the election of 1824 into Adams' Men and Jackson's Men. In 1828, the modern Democratic Party formed in support of Andrew Jackson. The National Republicans were formed in support of John Quincy Adams. After the National Republicans collapsed, the Whig Party and the Free Soil Party quickly formed and collapsed. In 1854, the modern Republican Party formed from a loose coalition of former Whigs, Free Soilers and other anti-slavery activists. Abraham Lincoln became the first Republican president in 1860." ]
test266	who is the world war 2 memorial dedicated to	[ "doc9826" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc9826", "doc9827", "doc9854", "doc9853", "doc9873", "doc9855", "doc9846", "doc9874", "doc9866", "doc9860", "doc803098", "doc9828", "doc459837", "doc9829", "doc803086", "doc9858", "doc803091", "doc9861", "doc9864", "doc9831", "doc9871", "doc9863", "doc459827", "doc9856", "doc9870", "doc9859", "doc9862", "doc9842", "doc9833", "doc9832", "doc9834", "doc459833", "doc9839", "doc37652", "doc2363461", "doc9841", "doc9857", "doc9867", "doc2646594", "doc9868", "doc9844", "doc9852", "doc803101", "doc803104", "doc289063", "doc224821", "doc9869", "doc319987", "doc9835", "doc459836", "doc1417163", "doc224826", "doc459828", "doc459845", "doc9865", "doc9872", "doc2023179", "doc9838", "doc9840", "doc1700790", "doc803087", "doc9845", "doc224844", "doc695509", "doc803092", "doc9851", "doc459858", "doc438206", "doc459851", "doc9830", "doc459843", "doc459849", "doc459855", "doc803088", "doc459848", "doc459842", "doc2526635", "doc394706", "doc459841", "doc459839", "doc479474", "doc803096", "doc803113", "doc1417157", "doc459847", "doc9849", "doc2557153", "doc1417182", "doc9836", "doc1246148", "doc289073", "doc224823", "doc289074", "doc2378327", "doc459830", "doc459838", "doc459840", "doc1700784", "doc233177", "doc538733" ]	[ "National World War II Memorial The World War II Memorial is a memorial of national significance[1][2] dedicated to Americans who served in the armed forces and as civilians during World War II. Consisting of 56 pillars and a pair of small triumphal arches surrounding a plaza and fountain, it sits on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., on the former site of the Rainbow Pool at the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool, between the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.", "National World War II Memorial Opened on April 29, 2004, it was dedicated by President George W. Bush on May 29, 2004.[3] The memorial is administered by the National Park Service under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group.[4] As of 2009, more than 4.4 million people visit the memorial each year.[not verified in body]", "National World War II Memorial The northern end of the memorial, dedicated to the Atlantic theater", "National World War II Memorial The southern end of the memorial, dedicated to the Pacific theater", "National World War II Memorial World War II Memorial", "National World War II Memorial \"The Price of Freedom\"", "National World War II Memorial The memorial opened to the public on April 29, 2004, and was dedicated in a May 29 ceremony attended by thousands of people. The memorial became a national park on November 1, when authority over it was transferred to the National Park Service.", "National World War II Memorial National World War II Memorial", "National World War II Memorial National World War II Memorial", "National World War II Memorial Each of the 4,048 gold stars represents 100 Americans who died during the war", "Marine Corps War Memorial \"Dedicated To The Marine Dead Of All Wars, And Their Comrades Of Other Services Who Fell Fighting Beside Them.", "National World War II Memorial The memorial consists of 56 granite pillars, each 17 feet (5.2 m) tall, arranged in a semicircle around a plaza with two 43-foot (13 m) triumphal arches on opposite sides. Two-thirds of the 7.4-acre (30,000 m2) site is landscaping and water. Each pillar is inscribed with the name of one of the 48 U.S. states of 1945, as well as the District of Columbia, the Alaska Territory and Territory of Hawaii, the Commonwealth of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The northern arch is inscribed with \"Atlantic\"; the southern one, \"Pacific.\" The plaza is 337 ft 10 in (102.97 m) long and 240 feet 2 inches (73.20 m) wide, is sunk 6 feet (1.8 m) below grade, and contains a pool that is 246 feet 9 inches by 147 feet 8 inches (75.2 × 45.0 m).[5]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) The push for a national World War I memorial arose from the successful effort to establish the National World War II Memorial. Legislation to establish the National World War II Memorial was introduced in 1987, and after several unsuccessful efforts passed Congress on May 12, 1993. President Bill Clinton signed the bill into law on May 25.[20] The memorial was dedicated on May 28, 2004.[21][18] In the fall of 2000, Jan Scruggs, chief executive officer of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund, proposed rededicating the District of Columbia War Memorial in honor of all World War I veterans. Scruggs claimed that a member of Congress was working on legislation to effect the change, and that a bill would be introduced shortly,[22] but no bill was forthcoming in the 106th Congress. Nor was legislation introduced in the 107th, 108th, or 109th Congresses.", "National World War II Memorial The memorial includes two[6] inconspicuously located \"Kilroy was here\" engravings. Their inclusion in the memorial acknowledges the significance of the symbol to American soldiers during World War II and how it represented their presence and protection wherever it was inscribed.[7]", "Marine Corps War Memorial The United States Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) is a national memorial located in Arlington County, Virginia, in the United States. Dedicated 64Â years ago in 1954,[1] it is located in Arlington Ridge Park,[2] near the Ord-Weitzel Gate to Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon. The war memorial is dedicated to all U.S. Marine Corps personnel who died in the defense of the United States since 1775.", "National World War II Memorial The Pacific Arch", "Marine Corps War Memorial The memorial was dedicated on November 10, 1954, the 179th anniversary of the founding of the Marine Corps.[1] The Presiding officials included President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Vice President Richard Nixon, Deputy Secretary of Defense Robert Anderson (Honorary Chairman of the Day), Assistant Secretary of the Interior Fred G. Aandahl, and sculptor Felix de Weldon. Speeches were given by Richard Nixon, Robert Anderson who dedicated the memorial, Felix de Weldon, and General Lemuel Shepherd, 20th Commandant of the Marine Corps who presented the memorial to the American people.[7]", "National World War II Memorial The Pacific Arch (Atlantic Arch in the background)", "National World War II Memorial World War II Memorial (2013)", "National World War II Memorial The Freedom Wall is on the west side of the memorial, with a view of the Reflecting Pool and Lincoln Memorial behind it. The wall has 4,048 gold stars, each representing 100 Americans who died in the war. In front of the wall lies the message \"Here we mark the price of freedom\".[8]", "National World War II Memorial World War II Memorial Fountain in Washington D.C.", "National World War II Memorial View of the World War II Memorial in Washington, D.C. from the \"Atlantic\" arch of the memorial.", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) The National World War I Memorial is a planned memorial commemorating the service rendered by members of the United States Armed Forces in World War I. The 2015 National Defense Authorization Act established the World War I Centennial Commission, which was given the authority to build the memorial in Pershing Park, located at 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., in the United States. The park, which has existed since 1981, also contains the John J. Pershing General of the Armies commemorative work. In January 2016, the design commission selected the competition winning team – Joseph Weishaar, Sabin Howard, Phoebe Lickwar, and GWWO Architects – and their winning concept \"The Weight of Sacrifice.\"[1]", "National World War II Memorial Engraving of Kilroy on the memorial", "National World War II Memorial Central Fountain with the Atlantic Arch in background", "National World War II Memorial A seal on the floor of the memorial using the World War II Victory Medal design", "National World War II Memorial The Atlantic Arch", "National World War II Memorial Each of the 56 pillars all consists of oak laurel wreaths and wheat laurel wreath. The oak symbolizes military and industrial strength and the wheat symbolizes agricultural and breadbasket during the U.S. part in the war.", "National World War II Memorial Kaptur reintroduced legislation in the House a fourth time as HR 682 on January 27, 1993, one day after Senator Strom Thurmond (a Republican from South Carolina) introduced companion Senate legislation. On March 17, 1993, the Senate approved the act, and the House approved an amended version of the bill on May 4. On May 12, the Senate also approved the amended bill, and the World War II Memorial Act was signed into law by President Bill Clinton on May 25 of that year, becoming Public Law 103-32.", "National World War II Memorial In 1987, World War II veteran Roger Durbin approached Representative Marcy Kaptur, a Democrat from Ohio, to ask if a World War II memorial could be constructed. Kaptur introduced the World War II Memorial Act to the House of Representatives as HR 3742 on December 10. The resolution authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) to establish a World War II memorial in \"Washington, D.C., or its environs\", but the bill was not voted on before the end of the session, so it was not passed. Two more times, in 1989 and 1991, Rep. Kaptur introduced similar legislation, but these bills suffered the same fate as the first, and did not become law.", "National World War II Memorial On September 30, 1994, President Bill Clinton appointed a 12-member Memorial Advisory Board (MAB) to advise the ABMC in picking the site, designing the memorial, and raising money to build it. A direct mail fundraising effort brought in millions of dollars from individual Americans. Additional large donations were made by veterans' groups, including the American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, Veterans of the Battle of the Bulge and others. The majority of the corporate fundraising effort was led by two co-chairs: Senator Bob Dole, a decorated World War II veteran and 1996 Republican nominee for president; and Frederick W. Smith, the president and chief executive officer of FedEx Corporation and a former U.S. Marine Corps officer. The U.S. federal government provided about $16 million. A total of $197 million was raised.", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) In 1931, the people of the District of Columbia erected the District of Columbia War Memorial on the National Mall to honor individuals from the District who had served in the U.S. armed forces in World War I.[13] But the largest of the country's World War I memorials was the Liberty Memorial, a 217-foot (66Â m) tall tower with an artificial \"burning pyre\" atop it, located in Kansas City, Missouri. A Memorial Court surrounded the tower, with a Memory Hall (dedicated to the memory of Kansas Citians who died in the war) on the east and a Museum Building on the west. Ground was broken on the memorial on November 1, 1921, and it opened on November 11, 1926.[14] But no national memorial commemorating World War I was erected over the next 70 years, which upset World War I veterans.[13]", "National World War II Memorial The location is itself a significant symbol. The memorial will be given a more prominent spot than any monument on the National Mall since the Lincoln Memorial opened in 1922. The location, between the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, represents the first addition in more than 70 years to the grand corridor of open space that stretches from the Capitol 2.1 miles west to the Potomac River.[12]", "World War I National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I. The Liberty Memorial was dedicated on 1 November 1921, when the supreme Allied commanders spoke to a crowd of more than 100,000 people.[345]", "Korean War Veterans Memorial Former President George H. W. Bush conducted the groundbreaking for the Memorial on June 14, 1993, Flag Day, and thus construction was started. The companies and organizations involved in the construction are listed on the memorial as: the Faith Construction Company, the Emma Kollie Company, the Cold Spring Granite Company, the Tallix Art Foundry and the Baltimore District of the US Army Corps of Engineers. The memorial was dedicated on July 27, 1995, the 42nd anniversary of the armistice that ended the war, by President Bill Clinton and Kim Young Sam, President of the Republic of Korea, to the men and women who served during the conflict. Management of the memorial was turned over to the National Park Service, under its National Mall and Memorial Parks group. As with all National Park Service historic areas, the memorial was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on the day of its dedication.", "National World War II Memorial St. Florian's design consists of an architectural sculpture that evokes a classical monument. The two memorial arches, Pacific and Atlantic baldacchinos each have laurel wreaths suspended in the air with 4 eagles carrying it. The chandelier sculpture symbolizes the victory of the War with the Nation's bird carrying a Grecian symbol of victory but with an American adaptation of oak laurel wreaths to symbolize strength.", "National World War II Memorial Close up of the engraving at the memorial", "National World War II Memorial The memorial, looking east in winter", "World War I memorials The Second World War that broke out in 1939 consumed the attention of a new generation. Across most of the theatres of conflict, the participants attempted to respect the memorials to World War I. After the Second World War there was no equivalent mass construction of memorials to the war dead; instead, often local World War I memorials were adapted for use instead: additional names might be inscribed to the existing lists.[326] In some cases, this resulted in memorials losing their exclusive focus on World War I. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Washington, for example, was expanded in 1950s to include corpses from the Second World War and Korea War, broadening the memorial's remit to commemorate most modern wars.[327] In other cases, such as the Australian War Memorial, begun in the inter-war years but only opened in 1941, an essentially new memorial was formed to honour the multiple conflicts.[328]", "National World War II Memorial Five state pillars and flag", "National World War II Memorial The triumphal arches were crafted by Rock of Ages Corporation. Sculptor Raymond Kaskey created the bronze eagles and wreaths that were installed under the arches, as well as 24 bronze bas-relief panels that depict wartime scenes of combat and the home front.[13] The bronzes were cast over the course of two and a half years at Laran Bronze in Chester, Pennsylvania.[14] The stainless-steel armature that holds up the eagles and wreaths was designed at Laran, in part by sculptor James Peniston,[15] and fabricated by Apex Piping of Newport, Delaware.[16]", "National World War II Memorial On May 23, 2013, Senator Rob Portman introduced the World War II Memorial Prayer Act of 2013 (S. 1044; 113th Congress), a bill that would direct the United States Secretary of the Interior to install at the World War II memorial in the District of Columbia a suitable plaque or an inscription with the words that President Franklin D. Roosevelt prayed with the United States on June 6, 1944, the morning of D-Day.[27] The bill was opposed by the American Civil Liberties Union, the American Jewish Committee, Americans United for Separation of Church and State, the Hindu American Foundation, and the Interfaith Alliance.[28] Together the organizations argued that the bill \"endorses the false notion that all veterans will be honored by a war memorial that includes a prayer proponents characterize as reflecting our country's 'Judeo-Christian heritage and values.'\"[28] The organizations argued that \"the memorial, as it currently stands, appropriately honors those who served and encompasses the entirety of the war\" and was carefully created, so no additional elements, such as FDR's prayer, need to be added.[28] But, they said, \"the effect of this bill, however, is to co-opt religion for political purposes, which harms the beliefs of everyone.\"[28] The bill passed in the United States Senate on June 5, 2014.[29]", "Marine Corps War Memorial Dedicated, November 10, 1954\"", "Marine Corps War Memorial On April 29, 2015, philanthropist David Rubenstein pledged over five million dollars to refurbish the memorial in honor of his father, a Marine veteran from World War II who died in 2013, \"and all Marines who have died in service to the United States.\" The $5.37 million donation, made through the National Park Foundation, supported cleaning and waxing the statue, polishing the black granite panels, regilding inscriptions, relandscaping, and making repairs to the pavement, lighting and flagpole. The work took about two years to complete.[11] While the Park Service performs regular routine maintenance, this was the first comprehensive refurbishment of the memorial since its dedication in 1954.[12]", "Tomb of the Unknowns The Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified. It is also known as the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, but it has never been officially named. It is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, United States of America. The World War I \"Unknown\" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Presidents who presided over their funerals.[1][2][3]", "Vietnam Veterans Memorial The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a 2-acre (8,000 mÂ²) U.S. national memorial in Washington D.C. It honors service members of the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War, service members who died in service in Vietnam/South East Asia, and those service members who were unaccounted for (missing in action, MIA) during the war.", "National World War II Memorial North Carolina pillar", "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington) The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or the Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified. Having no officially designated name, it is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, United States of America. The World War I \"Unknown\" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Presidents who presided over their funerals.[1][2][3]", "National World War II Memorial On January 20, 1995, Colonel Kevin C. Kelley, project manager for the ABMC, organized the first meeting of the ABMC and the MAB, at which the project was discussed and initial plans made. The meeting was chaired by Commissioner F. Haydn Williams, chairman of ABMC's World War II Memorial Site and Design Committee, who would go on to guide the project through the site selection and approval process and the selection and approval of the Memorial's design. Representatives from the United States Commission of Fine Arts, the National Capital Planning Commission, the National Capital Memorial Commission, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the National Park Service attended the meeting. Selection of an appropriate site was taken on as the first action.", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) In 2004, with the National World War II Memorial about to open in Washington, D.C., Representative Karen McCarthy (D-Missouri) introduced legislation (H.Con.Res. 421) in the United States House of Representatives to designate the Liberty Memorial as \"America's National World War I Museum\". In the Senate, Senator Jim Talent (R-Missouri) sought agreement to amend S. 2400, the Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005, with identical language. Talent's amendment was unanimously adopted by the Senate on June 15, 2004. The Senate bill was reconciled with a similar House bill (H.R. 4200) in conference committee, and passed both houses of Congress. President George W. Bush signed the legislation into law on October 28, 2004 (PL 108-375).[18][19]", "USS Arizona Memorial During planning stages, the memorial's purpose was the subject of competing visions. Some were eager to keep it a tribute to the sailors of the Arizona, while others expected a dedication to all who died in the Pacific theater.[9] In the end, the legislation authorizing and funding the memorial (HR 44, 1961) declared that the Arizona would \"be maintained in honor and commemoration of the members of the Armed Forces of the United States who gave their lives to their country during the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941.\"[10][9]", "Vietnam Veterans Memorial The wall originally listed 57,939 names when it was dedicated in 1982;[4] but other names have since been added and as of MayÂ 2017[update] there were 58,318 names, including eight women. The number of names on the wall is different than the official number of U.S. Vietnam War deaths, which is 58,220.[5] The names inscribed are not a complete list of those who are eligible for inclusion as some were omitted at the request of their families.[6]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) The Pershing Park site was originally occupied by a variety of 19th-century structures until about 1930, when the federal government took legal title to the block and demolished the structures on it.[2] Legislation officially designating the plot as a Pershing Square subsequently was adopted by Congress in 1957.[3] Development of the square proved controversial, as different groups offered competing proposals for memorials to John J. Pershing, who had served as General of the Armies in World War I.[4] These disagreements led to inaction, and by 1962 the square remained bare and often cluttered with trash.[5] In September 1963, District of Columbia officials finally planted grass and flower beds to temporarily beautify the square.[6]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) With time running out in the 112th Congress, and less than two years before the start of the World War I centennial, on September 10, 2012, Rep. Poe introduced the World War I Centennial Commission Act (H.R. 6364), which established the World War I Centennial Commission to oversee World War I centennial commemorations, programs, and observances. The bill also designated the Liberty Memorial as the \"National World War I Museum and Memorial\", a symbolic designation to improve its national prominence prior to the war centennial.[37] The bill also took a new approach to the creation of a World War I memorial in Washington, D.C. In June 2012, Poe agreed to abandon his effort to redesignate the District of Columbia War memorial.[28] Instead, his bill authorized the World War I Memorial Foundation to create a new commemorative work on 1.5 acres (6,100 m2) of ground at Constitution Gardens, an area on the north side of the National Mall located between the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Washington Monument.[37] As with previous efforts, the bill was referred to both the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and the Committee on Natural Resources. During markup of the bill by the Committee on Natural Resources on December 5, 2012, the bill was amended to reduce the acreage allotted to the memorial to 0.5 acres (2,000 m2) from 1.5 acres (6,100 m2), and for the memorial to be erected on any federal land within the District of Columbia (including the National Mall).[38] The bill was unanimously approved by the committee,[37] It passed the House on a voice vote on December 12. Senator McCaskill offered an amendment in the nature of a substitute which removed the designation of the Liberty Memorial as the National World War I Museum and Memorial, and removed the authority to build a memorial in Washington, D.C. The Senate approved the amended bill on December 21. A House–Senate conference committee agreed to the Senate's changes. On December 31, the House approved the Senate-amended bill. President Barack Obama signed the legislation into law (P.L. 112-272) on January 14, 2013.", "National World War II Memorial Panoramic view at night, Washington Monument in the background", "National World War II Memorial World War II Memorial, Fountain in the evening.", "United States Navy Memorial The memorial was dedicated on October 13, 1987.[1]", "National World War II Memorial The selection of the Rainbow Pool site was announced on October 5, 1995. The design would incorporate the Rainbow Pool fountain, located across 17th Street from the Washington Monument and near the Constitution Gardens site.[11]", "National World War II Memorial A nationwide design competition drew 400 submissions from architects from around the country. Friedrich St. Florian's initial design was selected in 1997. Over the next four years, St. Florian's design was altered during the review and approval process required of proposed memorials in Washington, D.C. Ambassador Haydn Williams guided the design development for ABMC.", "Australian War Memorial The building was completed in 1941, after the outbreak of World War II. It was officially opened following a Remembrance Day ceremony on 11 November 1941 by the then Governor-General Lord Gowrie, a former soldier whose honours include the Victoria Cross. Additions since the 1940s have allowed the remembrance of Australia's participation in all recent conflicts. The Tomb of the Unknown Australian Soldier was added in 1993, to mark the 75th anniversary of the end of World War I.[3][4]", "Marine Corps War Memorial The memorial was inspired by the iconic 1945 photograph of six Marines raising a U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi during the Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II.[3] It was taken by Associated Press combat photographer Joe Rosenthal. Upon first seeing the photograph, sculptor Felix de Weldon created a maquette for a sculpture based on the photo in a single weekend at Patuxent River Naval Air Station in Maryland, where he was serving in the Navy. He and architect Horace W. Peaslee designed the memorial. Their proposal was presented to Congress, but funding was not possible during the war. In 1947, a federal foundation was established to raise funds for the memorial.", "National World War II Memorial The John Stevens Shop designed the lettering for the memorial and most of the inscriptions were hand-carved in situ.", "Vietnam Veterans Memorial The memorial was dedicated on November 13, 1982, after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans. About two years later the Three Soldiers statue was dedicated.", "Lincoln Memorial The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the western end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., across from the Washington Monument. The architect was Henry Bacon; the designer of the primary statue – Abraham Lincoln, 1920 – was Daniel Chester French; the Lincoln statue was carved by the Piccirilli Brothers;[2] and the painter of the interior murals was Jules Guerin. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several monuments built to honor an American president. It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations.", "Marine Corps War Memorial In 1961, President John F. Kennedy issued a proclamation on June 12 that a Flag of the United States should fly over the memorial 24 hours a day, one of the few official sites where this is required.[8] Despite being mounted on the staff of the sculpture, which depicts an event that occurred when the U.S. flag had 48 stars, the flag used is a modern one (specifically, one featuring the number and arrangement of stars prescribed as of when the flag is being flown) in keeping with both the text of the proclamation and the memorial's dedication to all Marines who died in defense of the United States regardless of when their deaths occurred.", "National World War II Memorial Some supporters said that the design evoked federal architecture during the New Deal period, influenced by an austere interpretation of Art Deco/Beaux Arts styles.[citation needed] This view, and the monument, were dismissed by one prominent architecture critic as \"knee-jerk historicism\"[26]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) On November 9, 2017, the World War I Centennial Commission held a ceremonial groundbreaking event at Pershing Park. United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin, D.C. Mayor Muriel Bowser, U.S. Army Chief of Staff Gen. Mark A. Milley, and others participated in the groundbreaking.[53]", "Memorial Day Memorial Day or Decoration Day is a federal holiday in the United States for remembering the people who died while serving in the country's armed forces.[1] The holiday, which is currently observed every year on the last Monday of May, was held on May 28, 2018. The holiday was held on May 30 from 1868 to 1970.[2] It marks the unofficial start of the summer vacation season,[3] while Labor Day marks its end.", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) On May 20, 2015, the World War I Centennial Commission launched a design competition for the National World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C.[41] The competition for the memorial, which the commission said should cost $21 million to $25 million,[42] contained two phases. In Phase I, any member of the public from any country in the world[41][42] could submit a sketch and 250-word design proposal (along with a $100 submission fee).[42] The deadline for submissions was July 21, 2015.[41] A jury would select the three to five best entries, each of which would receive a $25,000 honorarium.[42] The finalists, who would be announced on August 4, 2015,[41][42] would proceed to Phase II, where they would be required to pair with a professional design firm to flesh out their design and present it formally to the World War I Centennial Commission.[42] The Centennial Commission said it would pick a winner by January 2016.[41][42] The commission hoped to have a ground-breaking for the memorial on November 11, 2017 (Veterans Day in the United States).[42]", "National World War II Memorial On approaching the semicircle from the east, a visitor walks along one of two walls (right side wall and left side wall) picturing scenes of the war experience in bas relief. As one approaches on the left (toward the Pacific arch), the scenes begin with soon-to-be servicemen getting physical exams, taking the oath, and being issued military gear. The reliefs progress through several iconic scenes, including combat and burying the dead, ending in a homecoming scene. On the right-side wall (toward the Atlantic arch) there is a similar progression, but with scenes generally more typical of the European theatre. Some scenes take place in England, depicting the preparations for air and sea assaults. The last scene is of a handshake between the American and Russian armies when the western and eastern fronts met in Germany.", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) On February 27, Frank Buckles died of natural causes.[32] His death generated an outpouring of emotion, including an effort to have him lie in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.[33] On March 8, Rep. Poe introduced new legislation, the Frank Buckles World War I Memorial Act (H.R. 938). Like Cleaver's bill from the previous Congress, it established both a memorial and a centennial commission. Poe's bill differed from past efforts, however, in that it designated both the Liberty Memorial and the District of Columbia War Memorial as the National World War I Memorial.[25][d] This represented an agreement by the Missouri delegation (which now included Senator Roy Blunt, as Kit Bond had retired), Thune, and Poe.[23] As with his 2009 bill, Poe's new effort authorized the World War I Memorial Foundation to raise funds, design the memorial, and oversee its erection.[23][34] Poe's bill was referred to both the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform and the House Committee on Natural Resources. On January 24, 2012, the Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks, Forests and Federal Lands held hearings on the bill.", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) Both bills were bitterly opposed by the World War I Memorial Foundation. Its president, David DeJonge, pressed for construction on the National Mall. Construction at Pershing Park, he said, \"will contribute to a systematic extinction to the memory of World War I ... I think [this] is a grievous error.\"[35]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) The five finalists made formal submissions to the National World War I Memorial Commission in December 2015.[50] The commission, in January 2016, selected \"The Weight of Sacrifice\", by Joseph Weishaar, a 25-year-old architect who graduated from the University of Arkansas. He developed the design while he was an intern. Also selected was sculptor Sabin Howard, landscape architect Phoebe Lickwar (FORGE Landscape Architecture), and GWWO Inc./Architects.[1][48][51]", "Marine Corps War Memorial The centerpiece of the memorial is a colossal sculpture group depicting the six Marines who raised the second (and larger) replacement U.S. flag atop Mount Suribachi on February 23, 1945. They were: Marine Sergeant Michael Strank, Corporal Harlon Block, Private First Class Rene Gagnon, Private First Class Ira Hayes, Private First Class Harold Schultz, and Private First Class Franklin Sousley.[4][5]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) As the second session of the 113th Congress neared its midpoint, identical legislation, the World War I Memorial Act of 2014 (S. 2264; H.R. 4489), was introduced by McCaskill in the Senate and Cleaver in the House.[39] Like the Poe legislation, the bills designated the Liberty Memorial as \"a\" National World War I Museum and Memorial. The bills also authorized a National World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C. But unlike the Poe bill, the McCaskill/Cleaver legislation authorized the World War I Centennial Commission to oversee design and construction of this memorial, and specified that it should be built in Pershing Park.[39][40] The bills specifically barred the National World War I Memorial from interfering or encroaching on the D.C. memorial,[25] which won them the backing of Delegate Norton, D.C. Council chair Phil Mendelson, and the World War I Centennial Commission—which had recommended the site.[39] The memorial would cost about $10 million, and retain the Pershing commemorative work already at the site.[39] Edwin Fountain, now a member of the World War I Centennial Commission, pledged an open design competition and said that, if the legislation passed, the commission would seek to have the memorial completed by November 11, 2018—the centennial of the closing date of the war.[35]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) Much activity preceded passage of the final bill. On February 1, 2011, Senator John D. Rockefeller IV (D-West Virginia) introduced compromise legislation in the Senate (S. 253) which (a) established a World War I Centennial Commission and (b) designated both the Liberty Memorial in Kansas City and the District of Columbia War Memorial in Washington, D.C., as National World War I Memorials.[25] Rockefeller's bill authorized the World War I Memorial Foundation to raise funds and oversee the transformation of the D.C. memorial. His bill was referred to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. But citizens of the District of Columbia were increasingly opposed to losing their hometown memorial. The Rhodes Tavern-D.C. Heritage Society, a prominent local historic preservation organization, advocated turning Pershing Square into the memorial as a commemorative statue to General Pershing already occupied the site.[24] The World War I Memorial Foundation opposed the Pershing Square site as too isolated by busy D.C. streets, and argued that being off the National Mall diminished the importance of the war. The foundation also opposed any new designation for the Liberty Memorial for the same reason.[24]", "Iwo Jima Reunion of Honor Memorial", "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima The image was later used by Felix de Weldon to sculpt the Marine Corps War Memorial, which was dedicated in 1954 to all Marines who died for their country and is located in Arlington Ridge Park,[3] near the Ord-Weitzel Gate to Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon.", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) Legislation creating two distinct National World War I Memorials finally passed the 112th Congress. The final bill was a compromise, which designated the Liberty Memorial as one of the World War I memorials and the Pershing Park site in Washington, D.C., as the second memorial. The genesis of the compromise can be traced to 2008, when attorney Edwin Fountain suggested that there be two memorials.[29] Senator Thune offered his support for the solution in December 2009.[30]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) That same year, during the 110th Congress, Representative Ted Poe (R-Texas) introduced legislation (H.R. 6696) to create a National World War I Memorial. The previous year, Poe had met Frank Buckles, the last surviving veteran of World War I.[25] Buckles expressed his dismay that there was no national World War I memorial, and Poe began to champion his cause. The legislation (H.R.6696), titled the Frank Buckles World War I Memorial Act, authorized the American Battle Monuments Commission to either take over the District of Columbia War Memorial or to build a new one on the same site. The bill also established a World War I Memorial Advisory Board to assist in raising funds to build the memorial.[28][b] Referred to committee, the bill died there after Senators Kit Bond and Claire McCaskill (D-Missouri) grew concerned that the \"new\" memorial would compete with the Liberty Memorial in their state.[29] McCaskill and Representative Emanuel Cleaver introduced legislation in the House (H.R. 7243) and Senate (S. 3589) to designate the Liberty Memorial as the National World War I Memorial.[25][29] Both bills died in committee. Separately, Bond and Cleaver introduced legislation (H.R. 6960 and S. 3537) to establish a World War I Centennial Commission to develop and implement programs to commemorate the centennial of World War I.[29] Both bills were referred to committee, and both died there.", "Battle of Iwo Jima The Marine Corps War Memorial (Iwo Jima Memorial) was dedicated on 10 November 1954.", "Marine Corps War Memorial Rear (east side): \"In Honor And Memory Of The Men Of The United States Marine Corps Who Have Given Their Lives To Their Country Since 10 November 1775\"", "Marine Corps War Memorial National Iwo Jima Memorial (1995), Newington, Connecticut", "USS Arizona Memorial The USS Arizona Memorial, at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Hawaii, marks the resting place of 1,102 of the 1,177 sailors and Marines killed on USS Arizona (BB-39) during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 and commemorates the events of that day. The attack on Pearl Harbor and the island of Oahu led to the United States' direct involvement in World War II.", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) Rep. Poe reintroduced memorial legislation on January 14, 2013, just 13 days after the 113th Congress began. Titled the Frank Buckles World War I Memorial Act (H.R. 222), the bill redesignated the Liberty Memorial as the National World War I Museum and Memorial, and authorized the World War I Memorial Foundation to establish a World War I commemorative work on federal land on the National Mall. Referred to committee, the bill was never acted on.", "National World War II Memorial Critics were particularly bothered by the expedited approval process, which is considerably lengthy most of the time.[21] The United States Congress, worried that World War II veterans were dying before an appropriate memorial could be built, passed legislation exempting the World War II Memorial from further site and design review. Congress also dismissed pending legal challenges to the memorial.[22]", "National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific In 1964, the American Battle Monuments Commission erected the Honolulu Memorial at the National Memorial Cemetery \"to honor the sacrifices and achievements of American Armed Forces in the Pacific during World War II and in the Korean War\". The memorial was later expanded in 1980 to include the Vietnam War. The names of 28,788 military personnel who are missing in action or were lost or buried at sea in the Pacific during these conflicts are listed on marble slabs in ten Courts of the Missing which flank the Memorial's grand stone staircase.", "USS Arizona Memorial Since it was formally dedicated in 1962, every U.S. President has made a pilgrimage to the memorial, presenting a wreath and scattering flowers over the Arizona in honor of the Americans who perished there.[25] On 27 December, 2016, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe visited the memorial with President Barack Obama and paid respects to fallen service members there. Abe is the first Prime Minister of Japan to visit the USS Arizona memorial, 75 years after the Japanese attack. The visit was hailed by President Obama as \"a historic gesture of reconciliation.\"[26]", "National World War II Memorial Over the next months, several sites were considered. Three quickly gained favor:[9][10]", "Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial (French: Cimetière américain de Colleville-sur-Mer) is a World War II cemetery and memorial in Colleville-sur-Mer, Normandy, France, that honors American troops who died in Europe during World War II.", "Tomb of the Unknowns The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day, 1921. On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. During the ceremony, the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty, on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom.[12] (The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier. Earlier, on March 4, 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing.) In 1928, the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America's youth by the Boy Scouts of America.[13]", "Vietnam Veterans Memorial The main part of the memorial, which was completed in 1982, is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall, just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service, and receives around 3 million visitors each year. The Memorial Wall was designed by American architect Maya Lin. In 2007, it was ranked tenth on the \"List of America's Favorite Architecture\" by the American Institute of Architects. As a National Memorial, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "Tomb of the Unknowns On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War. The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii, and the Philippines.[14]", "All Wars Memorial to Colored Soldiers and Sailors The front features a \"conspicuously Caucasian\"[5] female figure of Justice, who holds a laurel wreath in each hand representing Honor and Reward. She is flanked by three black soldiers on one side and three black sailors on the other, all in World War I uniforms. The reverse features four (again Caucasian) female figures representing War, Liberty, Peace, and Plenty; a dedication plaque, and a bas relief of the Seal of Pennsylvania. The monument is crowned by four American eagles guarding The Torch of Life. All the bronze figures are approximately 6Â ft (1.83 m) tall. Justice stands two steps higher than the others, and there is an inscription below her: \"Erected by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in Honor of Her Colored Soldiers.\" The bronze dedication plaque on the reverse reads: \"To Commemorate the Heroism and Sacrifice of All Colored Soldiers Who Served in the Various Wars Engaged in By the United States of America That a Lasting Record Shall Be Made of Their Unselfish Devotion to Duty As an Inspiration to Future Generations ThIs Monument is Dedicated May 30, 1934\", followed by a list of commissioners. On the right side of the monument is a bronze shield listing: \"American Revolution / Civil War / Indian Wars\", and on the left is a shield listing: \"Spanish American War / Philippine Insurrection / World War.\"[4]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) National Plaza was never constructed. Instead, a much smaller Freedom Plaza was built which did not require the demolition of Pershing Park (as the square was now known). Designs for a statue and memorial to Pershing and for the larger park were finalized in the 1970s, and Pershing Park constructed simultaneously with Freedom Plaza from 1979 to 1981.[9] During this period, the park was slightly enlarged due to the realignment of Pennsylvania Avenue NW along the area's north side. Pershing Park formally opened to the public at 11:45 AM on May 14, 1981.[10][11]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) In 2008, the American Legion called for conversion of the District of Columbia War Memorial as well. To give added impetus to the effort, local D.C.-area attorney Edwin Fountain formed the World War I Memorial Foundation to solicit funds and act as a lobby for the effort.[23][a] D.C. Council member Jack Evans (in whose ward the D.C. War Memorial was located) and Eleanor Holmes Norton, D.C.'s Delegate to Congress, both became honorary trustees of the foundation.[24]", "National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.) In 2009, McCaskill reintroduced her legislation in the Senate (S. 760) to have the Liberty Memorial designated the National World War I Memorial.[30][31] Bond reintroduced his legislation in the Senate (S. 761) to establish a centennial commission. Both bills died in committee. Companion legislation in the House (H.R. 1849), introduced once more by Cleaver, combined the two bills.[30] The Cleaver bill passed the House, but was never taken up by the Senate. Separately, Senator John Thune (R-South Dakota) introduced legislation in the Senate (S. 2097) to allow Fountain's World War I Memorial Foundation to take over the D.C. War Memorial and re-establish it as the National World War I Memorial.[30][c] Efforts to rename the D.C. War Memorial gain support when the D.C. Council voted in 2009 to support the Thune bill.[24] Hearings were held on Thune's bill, at which Frank Buckles (now 108 years old) testified.[31] Representatives from the National Park Service also testified in favor of the bill, noting that there was no longer any room on the National Mall for a major memorial.[27] But it, too, died in committee. Poe introduced companion legislation in the House (H.R. 482), but it also died in committee, ending legislative activity for the 111th Congress.", "Australian War Memorial The Australian War Memorial is Australia's national memorial to the members of its armed forces and supporting organisations who have died or participated in wars involving the Commonwealth of Australia, and some conflicts involving personnel from the Australian colonies prior to Federation. The memorial includes an extensive national military museum. The Australian War Memorial was opened in 1941, and is widely regarded as one of the most significant memorials of its type in the world.", "Columbia, South Carolina Memorial Park is a 4-acre (16,000Â m2) tract of land in the Congaree Vista between Main Street and the river. The property is bordered by Hampton, Gadsden, Washington, and Wayne Streets and is one block south of Finlay Park. This park was created to serve as a memorial to those who served their country and presently has monuments honoring the USS Columbia warship and those that served with her during World War II, the China-Burma-India Theater Veterans of WWII, casualties of the Pearl Harbor attack of December 7, 1941, who were from South Carolina, Holocaust survivors who live in South Carolina as well as concentration camp liberators from South Carolina, and the State Vietnam War Veterans. The park was dedicated in November 1986 along with the unveiling of the South Carolina Vietnam Monument. In June 2000, the Korean War Memorial was dedicated at Memorial Park. In November 2014, Columbia native and resident of Boston, Henry Crede, gave a bronze statue and plaza in the park dedicated to his WWII comrades who served in the Navy from South Carolina.", "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier refers to a monument (cenotaph) in dedication to the services of an unknown soldier and to the common memories of all soldiers killed in any war. Such tombs can be found in many nations and are usually high-profile national monuments. Throughout history, many soldiers have died in war with their remains being unidentified. Following World War I, a movement arose to commemorate these soldiers with a single tomb, containing the body of one such unidentified soldier." ]	[ "National World War II Memorial The World War II Memorial is a memorial of national significance[1][2] dedicated to Americans who served in the armed forces and as civilians during World War II. Consisting of 56 pillars and a pair of small triumphal arches surrounding a plaza and fountain, it sits on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., on the former site of the Rainbow Pool at the eastern end of the Reflecting Pool, between the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument." ]
test2409	what does the end of catcher in the rye mean	[ "doc83302" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc83302", "doc83295", "doc782403", "doc83304", "doc83298", "doc83297", "doc159029", "doc83292", "doc83288", "doc83294", "doc83317", "doc83290", "doc83291", "doc852815", "doc1150970", "doc83303", "doc83306", "doc83318", "doc852818", "doc83296", "doc83314", "doc852819", "doc83305", "doc1150969", "doc852814", "doc83312", "doc1150967", "doc83310", "doc83313", "doc83307", "doc1150979", "doc83316", "doc83299", "doc852824", "doc1150972", "doc83320", "doc83311", "doc852820", "doc852823", "doc852821", "doc852816", "doc83309", "doc83293", "doc105976", "doc2042122", "doc1150968", "doc83300", "doc83323", "doc1150971", "doc83289", "doc1370405", "doc83319", "doc83301", "doc1205539", "doc1150975", "doc1150974", "doc782415", "doc1150978", "doc1445100", "doc852817", "doc852822", "doc403260", "doc1216759", "doc2005754", "doc2229192", "doc1150976", "doc26683", "doc1366185", "doc1150977", "doc2628840", "doc782395", "doc1297056", "doc83322", "doc146698", "doc1789720", "doc80550", "doc105956", "doc1958500", "doc287386", "doc80558", "doc83308", "doc782402", "doc1370400", "doc1370404", "doc752133", "doc622911", "doc810097", "doc1673960", "doc979543", "doc1781414", "doc1593881", "doc1435738", "doc465048", "doc80549", "doc1719740", "doc83315", "doc520077", "doc1593880", "doc1227717", "doc56395" ]	[ "The Catcher in the Rye Bruce Brooks held that Holden's attitude remains unchanged at story's end, implying no maturation, thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction.[16] In contrast, Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending, to teach adolescent readers that \"alienation is just a phase.\"[17] While Brooks maintained that Holden acts his age, Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult, given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives. Others highlight the dilemma of Holden's state, in between adolescence and adulthood.[18][19] Holden is quick to become emotional. \"I felt sorry as hell for...\" is a phrase he often uses. It is often said that Holden changes at the end, when he watches Phoebe on the carousel, and he talks about the golden ring and how it's good for kids to try and grab it.[18]", "The Catcher in the Rye Holden decides to meet his old classmate, a Columbia student named Carl Luce, for drinks at the Wicker Bar in the Seton Hotel. During the meeting, Holden annoys Carl with his fixation on sex. After Luce leaves, Holden gets drunk, awkwardly flirts with several adults, and calls an icy Sally. Exhausted and out of money, Holden wanders over to Central Park to investigate the ducks, breaking Phoebe's record on the way. Nostalgically recalling his experience in elementary school and the unchanging dioramas in the Museum of Natural History that he enjoyed visiting as a child, Holden heads home to see Phoebe. He sneaks into his parents' apartment while they are out, and wakes up Phoebe â€“ the only person with whom he seems to be able to communicate his true feelings. Although Phoebe is happy to see Holden, she quickly deduces that he has been expelled, and chastises him for his aimlessness and his apparent dislikes towards everything. When asked if he cares about anything, Holden shares a selfless fantasy he has been thinking about (based on a mishearing of Robert Burns's Comin' Through the Rye): he pictures himself as the sole guardian of thousands of children playing in a huge rye field on the edge of a cliff. His job is to catch the children if, in their abandon, they come close to falling off the brink; to be, in effect, the \"catcher in the rye\". Because of this misinterpretation, Holden believes that to be the \"catcher in the rye\" means to save children from losing their innocence.", "Mark David Chapman Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobody's around – nobody big, I mean – except me. And I'm standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff – I mean if they're running and they don't look where they're going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. That's all I do all day. I'd just be the catcher in the rye and all.", "The Catcher in the Rye Each Caulfield child has literary talent. D.B. writes screenplays in Hollywood; Holden also reveres D.B. for his writing skill (Holden's own best subject), but he also despises Hollywood industry-based movies, considering them the ultimate in \"phony\" as the writer has no space for his own imagination, and describes D.B.'s move to Hollywood to write for films as \"prostituting himself\"; Allie wrote poetry on his baseball glove; and Phoebe is a diarist.[20][not in citation given] This \"catcher in the rye\" is an analogy for Holden, who admires in children attributes that he struggles to find in adults, like innocence, kindness, spontaneity, and generosity. Falling off the cliff could be a progression into the adult world that surrounds him and that he strongly criticizes. Later, Phoebe and Holden exchange roles as the \"catcher\" and the \"fallen\"; he gives her his hunting hat, the catcher's symbol, and becomes the fallen as Phoebe becomes the catcher.[21]", "The Catcher in the Rye In a short epilogue, Holden briefly alludes to encountering his parents that night and \"getting sick\" (implying a tuberculosis diagnosis), mentioning that he will be attending another school in September. Holden says that he doesn't want to tell anything more because, surprisingly, he has found himself missing his former classmates. He warns the reader that telling others about their own experiences will lead them to miss the people who shared them.", "The Catcher in the Rye Losing hope of finding belonging or companionship in the city, Holden impulsively decides that he will head out west and live a reclusive lifestyle as a gas station attendant. He decides to see Phoebe at lunchtime to explain his plan and say farewell. While visiting Phoebe's school to give a forged excuse note, Holden becomes obsessed with graffiti containing the word \"fuck\", and becomes distressed by the thought of children learning the word's meaning. When he meets Phoebe at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, she arrives with a suitcase and asks to go with him, even though she was looking forward to acting as Benedict Arnold in a play that Friday. Holden refuses to let her come with him, which upsets Phoebe, so Holden decides not to leave after all. He tries to cheer her up by allowing her to skip school and taking her to the Central Park Zoo, but she remains angry with him. They eventually reach the zoo's carousel, where Phoebe reconciles with Holden after he buys her a ticket. Holden is finally filled with happiness and joy at the sight of Phoebe riding in the rain.", "Comin' Thro' the Rye The title of the novel The Catcher in the Rye (1951) by J. D. Salinger comes from the poem's name. Holden Caulfield, the protagonist, misinterprets a part of this poem to mean \"if a body catch a body\" rather than \"if a body meet a body.\" He keeps picturing children playing in a field of rye near the edge of a cliff, and him catching them when they start to fall off.[8]", "The Catcher in the Rye Holden returns to his dorm wearing the new red hunting cap he bought in New York. His dorm neighbor Robert Ackley is one of the few students also missing the game. Ackley, unpopular among his peers, disturbs Holden with his impolite questioning and mannerisms. Holden, who feels sorry for Ackley, tolerates his presence. Later, Holden agrees to write an English composition for his roommate, Ward Stradlater, who is leaving for a date. However, Holden is distressed to learn that Stradlater's date is an old friend, Jane Gallagher, whom Holden had romantic feelings for and feels protective of. That night, Holden decides to go to a Cary Grant comedy with his best friend Mal Brossard and Ackley. Since Ackley and Mal had already seen the film, they end up just playing pinball and returning to Pencey. When Stradlater returns hours later, he fails to appreciate the deeply personal composition Holden wrote for him about the baseball glove of Holden's late brother Allie, and refuses to reveal whether he slept with Jane. Enraged, Holden punches him, and Stradlater easily wins the ensuing fight. When Holden continues insulting him after the fight, Stradlater knocks him unconscious and leaves him with a bloody nose. After leaving for Ackley's room, Holden is disappointed when he treats him rudely. Fed up with the so-called \"phonies\" at Pencey Prep, Holden impulsively decides to leave Pencey early, sells his typewriter to earn money, and catches a train to Penn Station in New York. Holden intends to stay away from his home in a hotel until Wednesday, when his parents would have received news of his expulsion. Aboard the train, Holden meets the mother of a wealthy, obnoxious Pencey student named Ernest Morrow, and lies to her about himself and her son.", "The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is a story by J. D. Salinger, first published in serial form in 1945-6 and as a novel in 1951.[3] A classic novel originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage angst and alienation.[4][5] It has been translated into almost all of the world's major languages.[6] Around 1 million copies are sold each year with total sales of more than 65 million books.[7] The novel's protagonist Holden Caulfield has become an icon for teenage rebellion.[8] The novel also deals with complex issues of innocence, identity, belonging, loss, and connection.", "The Catcher in the Rye The next morning, Holden, becoming increasingly depressed and in need of personal connection, calls Sally Hayes, a familiar date. Although Holden claims that she is \"the queen of all phonies\", they agree to meet that afternoon to attend a play at the Biltmore Theater. Holden shops for a special record, \"Little Shirley Beans\", for his 10-year-old sister Phoebe. He spots a small boy singing \"If a body catch a body coming through the rye\", which lifts his mood. Although Holden's date initially goes well, it soon sours after Sally introduces her friend George. After the play, Holden and Sally go ice skating at Rockefeller Center, where Holden suddenly begins ranting against society and frightens Sally. He impulsively invites Sally to run away with him that night to live in the wilderness of New England, but she is uninterested in his hastily conceived plan and declines. The conversation turns sour, and the two angrily part ways.", "The Catcher in the Rye After Salinger's death in 2010, Phyllis Westberg, who was Salinger's agent at Harold Ober Associates, stated that nothing has changed in terms of licensing film, television, or stage rights of his works.[53] A letter written by Salinger in 1957 revealed that he was open to an adaptation of The Catcher in the Rye released after his death. He wrote: \"Firstly, it is possible that one day the rights will be sold. Since there's an ever-looming possibility that I won't die rich, I toy very seriously with the idea of leaving the unsold rights to my wife and daughter as a kind of insurance policy. It pleasures me no end, though, I might quickly add, to know that I won't have to see the results of the transaction.\" Salinger also wrote that he believed his novel was not suitable for film treatment, and that translating Holden Caulfield's first-person narrative into voice-over and dialogue would be contrived.[54]", "The Catcher in the Rye Holden Caulfield, a teenager, is living in an unspecified institution in Southern California near Hollywood in 1951. Caulfield intends to live with his brother D.B, an author and World War II veteran whom Holden resents for becoming a screenwriter, after his release in one month. As he waits, Holden recalls the events of the previous Christmas.", "The Catcher in the Rye Holden begins his story at Pencey Preparatory Academy, an exclusive boarding school in Agerstown, Pennsylvania, on the Saturday afternoon of the traditional football game with a rival school. Holden has been expelled from Pencey due to poor work and is not to return after Christmas break, which begins the following Wednesday. He plans to return home on that day so that he will not be present when his parents receive notice of his expulsion. After forfeiting a fencing match in New York by forgetting the equipment aboard the subway, he is invited to the home of his history teacher, Mr. Spencer. Spencer is a well-meaning but long-winded old man. Spencer greets him and offers him advice, but embarrasses Holden by further criticizing Holden's work in his subject in a rude manner.", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture The Catcher in the Rye has inspired \"rewrites\" which have been said to form their own genre.[9] On the other hand, there are examples of similarities between the novel and other works that were not intended by their authors,[7][10][11] which suggests that the novel is \"present, at least spiritually, in ... any story line that involves quirky young people struggling to find their places in a society prone to reward conformity and condemn individuality.\"[3]", "Holden Caulfield Holden Caulfield is the narrator and main character of The Catcher in the Rye. The novel recounts Holden's week in New York City during Christmas break following his expulsion from Pencey Prep, a preparatory school in Pennsylvania based loosely on Salinger's alma mater Valley Forge Military Academy. Holden Caulfield tells his story with surprising honesty from a hospital in California in a cynical and jaded language.", "The Catcher in the Rye Peter Beidler, in his A Reader's Companion to J. D. Salinger's \"The Catcher in the Rye\", identifies the movie that the prostitute \"Sunny\" refers to. In chapter 13 she says that in the movie a boy falls off a boat. The movie is Captains Courageous (1937), starring Spencer Tracy. Sunny says that Holden looks like the boy who fell off the boat. Beidler shows (page 28) a still of the boy, played by child-actor Freddie Bartholomew.", "The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye has been listed as one of the best novels of the twentieth century. Shortly after its publication, writing for The New York Times, Nash K. Burger called it \"an unusually brilliant novel,\"[23] while James Stern wrote an admiring review of the book in a voice imitating Holden's.[24] George H. W. Bush called it a \"marvelous book,\" listing it among the books that have inspired him.[25] In June 2009, the BBC's Finlo Rohrer wrote that, 58 years since publication, the book is still regarded \"as the defining work on what it is like to be a teenager. Holden is at various times disaffected, disgruntled, alienated, isolated, directionless, and sarcastic.\"[26] Adam Gopnik considers it one of the \"three perfect books\" in American literature, along with Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Great Gatsby, and believes that \"no book has ever captured a city better than Catcher in the Rye captured New York in the fifties.\"[27] Jeff Pruchnic wrote an appraisal of The Catcher in the Rye after the death of J.D. Salinger. In this article, Pruchnic focuses on how the novel continues to be received incredibly well, even after it has aged many generations. Pruchnic describes Holden as a “teenage protagonist frozen midcentury but destined to be discovered by those of a similar age in every generation to come”.[28] Bill Gates said that The Catcher in the Rye is one of his favorite books ever. [29]", "The Catcher in the Rye In 2009, a year before his death, Salinger successfully sued to stop the U.S. publication of a novel that presents Holden Caulfield as an old man.[26][55] The novel's author, Fredrik Colting, commented: \"call me an ignorant Swede, but the last thing I thought possible in the U.S. was that you banned books\".[56] The issue is complicated by the nature of Colting's book, 60 Years Later: Coming Through the Rye, which has been compared to fan fiction.[57] Although commonly not authorized by writers, no legal action is usually taken against fan fiction, since it is rarely published commercially and thus involves no profit.[58] Colting, however, has published his book commercially, therefore interfering with copyright law and is not protected.", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture In recent years there has been a discussion of depression as exhibited in Holden Caulfield.[13]", "The Catcher in the Rye When his mother returns home, Holden slips out and visits his former and much-admired English teacher, Mr. Antolini, who is now a New York University professor. Mr. Antolini expresses concern that Holden is headed for \"a terrible fall\" and advises him to begin applying himself. Although Holden is exhausted, he is courteous and considers his advice. Mr. Antolini also provides Holden a place to sleep. Holden is upset when he wakes up in the night to find Mr. Antolini patting his head, which he interprets as a homosexual advance. Confused and uncertain, he leaves and spends the rest of the night in a waiting room at Grand Central Station, where he sinks further into despair and expresses regret over leaving Mr. Antolini. He spends most of Monday morning wandering Fifth Avenue.", "The Catcher in the Rye Of course I read The Catcher in the Rye... Wonderful book. I loved it. I pursued it. I wanted to make a picture out of it. And then one day a young man came to the office of Leland Hayward, my agent, in New York, and said, 'Please tell Mr. Leland Hayward to lay off. He's very, very insensitive.' And he walked out. That was the entire speech. I never saw him. That was J. D. Salinger and that was Catcher in the Rye.[50]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture The best-known event associated with The Catcher in the Rye is arguably Mark David Chapman's shooting of John Lennon.[14] Chapman identified with the novel's narrator to the extent that he wanted to change his name to Holden Caulfield. On the night he shot Lennon, Chapman was found with a copy of the book in which he had written \"This is my statement\" and signed Holden's name.[15] Later, he read a passage from the novel to address the court during his sentencing.[16] Daniel Stashower speculated that Chapman had wanted Lennon's innocence to be preserved by death, inspired by Holden's wish to preserve children's innocence despite Holden's later realization that children should be left alone.[16]", "The Catcher in the Rye In their biography of Salinger, David Shields and Shane Salerno argue that: \"The Catcher in the Rye can best be understood as a disguised war novel.\" Salinger witnessed the horrors of World War II, but rather than writing a combat novel, Salinger, according to Shields and Salerno, \"took the trauma of war and embedded it within what looked to the naked eye like a coming-of-age novel.\"[22]", "Holden Caulfield Holden is naive and at the same time resentful of the adult world.[2] One of Holden's most striking and quintessential qualities is his powerful revulsion for \"phony\" qualities, a catch-all term for the perceived hypocrisy that irritates Holden. It is this cynicism that causes him to distance himself from other people, despite wanting connection as well. Holden is very much a character of contradiction; at seventeen years of age he is six feet two-and-a-half inches (189 cm) tall, and already has some grey hair â€“ though he himself admits that he sometimes acts more like a 13-year-old than an adult. He continually fails classes.", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture The 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger has had a lasting influence[1][2] as it remains both a bestseller[3] and a frequently challenged book.[3][4] Numerous works in popular culture have referenced the novel.[5][6] Factors contributing to the novel's mystique and impact include its portrayal of protagonist Holden Caulfield;[1] its tone of sincerity;[1] its themes of familial neglect,[7] tension between teens and society,[3][7] and rebellion;[7] its previous banned status;[8] and Salinger's reclusiveness.[1]", "The Catcher in the Rye When The Catcher in the Rye was first released, many offers were made to adapt it for the screen, including one from Samuel Goldwyn, producer of My Foolish Heart.[46] In a letter written in the early 1950s, Salinger spoke of mounting a play in which he would play the role of Holden Caulfield opposite Margaret O'Brien, and, if he couldn't play the part himself, to \"forget about it.\" Almost 50 years later, the writer Joyce Maynard definitively concluded, \"The only person who might ever have played Holden Caulfield would have been J. D. Salinger.\"[48]", "Holden Caulfield Holden Caulfield is a fictional character in author J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye. Since the book's publication, Holden has become an icon for teenage rebellion and angst, and now stands among the most important characters of 20th-century American literature. The name Holden Caulfield was used in an unpublished short story written in 1942 and first appeared in print in 1945.", "The Catcher in the Rye Several shootings have been associated with Salinger's novel, including Robert John Bardo's murder of Rebecca Schaeffer and John Hinckley, Jr.'s assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan. Additionally, after fatally shooting John Lennon, Mark David Chapman was arrested with a copy of the book that he had purchased that same day, inside of which he had written: \"To Holden Caulfield, From Holden Caulfield, This is my statement\".[43][44]", "The Catcher in the Rye Salinger told Maynard in the 1970s that Jerry Lewis \"tried for years to get his hands on the part of Holden,\"[48] despite Lewis not having read the novel until he was in his thirties.[41] Celebrities ranging from Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson to Tobey Maguire and Leonardo DiCaprio have since tried to make a film adaptation.[49] In an interview with Premiere, John Cusack commented that his one regret about turning 21 was that he had become too old to play Holden Caulfield. Writer-director Billy Wilder recounted his abortive attempts to snare the novel's rights:", "The Catcher in the Rye However, not all reception has been positive; the book has had its share of critics. Rohrer writes, \"Many of these readers are disappointed that the novel fails to meet the expectations generated by the mystique it is shrouded in. J. D. Salinger has done his part to enhance this mystique. That is to say, he has done nothing.\"[26] Rohrer assessed the reasons behind both the popularity and criticism of the book, saying that it \"captures existential teenage angst\" and has a \"complex central character\" and \"accessible conversational style\"; while at the same time some readers may dislike the \"use of 1940s New York vernacular\" and other things.", "Holden Caulfield Holden Caulfield is one of the most enduring characters in 20th-century American fiction. It has been suggested that Salinger himself related so closely to Holden that he was protective of the character. This was the reason he was unwilling to allow filming of the book or use of the character by other writers.[4] The Catcher in the Rye is required reading in many high school English courses, although it has been banned from some school libraries by parent and teacher groups opposed to its use of profanity and perceived glorification of rebellion.", "The Catcher in the Rye In 2003, the BBC television program The Big Read featured The Catcher in the Rye, interspersing discussions of the novel with \"a series of short films that featured an actor playing J. D. Salinger's adolescent antihero, Holden Caulfield.\"[51] The show defended its unlicensed adaptation of the novel by claiming to be a \"literary review\", and no major charges were filed.", "The Catcher in the Rye Various older stories by Salinger contain characters similar to those in The Catcher in the Rye. While at Columbia University, Salinger wrote a short story called \"The Young Folks\" in Whit Burnett's class; one character from this story has been described as a \"thinly penciled prototype of Sally Hayes\". In November 1941, he sold the story \"Slight Rebellion off Madison\", which featured Holden Caulfield, to The New Yorker, but it wasn't published until December 21, 1946 due to World War II. The story \"I'm Crazy\", which was published in the December 22, 1945, issue of Collier's, contained material that was later used in The Catcher in the Rye. In 1946, The New Yorker accepted a 90-page manuscript about Holden Caulfield for publication, but Salinger later withdrew it.[14]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture Anthony Caputi, a specialist in dramatic literature at Cornell University, claims that the novel inspires both \"variations\" and \"imitations\", comparing it with several coming-of-age films.[7]", "Holden Caulfield Caulfield also figures as a character in the short story \"I'm Crazy\", published in Colliers (December 22, 1945), and other members of the Caulfield family are featured in \"Last Day of the Last Furlough\", published in The Saturday Evening Post (July 15, 1944) and the unpublished short stories \"The Last and Best of the Peter Pans\" (c. 1942) and \"The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls\" (c. 1945). \"I'm Crazy\" is closely related to the first chapter of The Catcher in the Rye. It begins with Caulfield standing on a hill at \"Pencey Prep\" watching a football game below, and develops as Holden visits with his history teacher, Mr. Spencer, for a talk about his expulsion from school and his future. Several other details match those found in the first chapter of Catcher, including a reference to the mother of one of Caulfield's schoolmates and to his own mother sending him a gift of ice skates, but the story ends with his returning home instead of running away from school. Once home, he is not shown confronting his parents, who, according to the maid, are playing bridge. Instead, he goes to speak to Phoebe. Their dialogue is similar to that which appears in the later chapters of The Catcher in the Rye. The other notable feature of the story is that his sister Viola gets her first, and only, mention in the Caulfield saga.", "The Catcher in the Rye Fantasy writer Harry Turtledove has written a pastiche-parody \"Catcher in the Rhine\", based on his daughter's mishearing of Salinger's title. In this short story, an unnamed narrator, who is clearly meant to be Holden Caulfield but is unnamed to avoid copyright problems, goes on vacation to Germany and meets characters from the Niebelunglied. This was first published in The Chick is in the Mail, edited by Esther Friesner, Baen 2000 and reprinted in the omnibus Chicks Ahoy! (2010). It was reprinted in Atlantis and Other Places also in 2010.", "The Catcher in the Rye Early in his career, Salinger expressed a willingness to have his work adapted for the screen.[45] In 1949, a critically panned film version of his short story \"Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut\" was released; renamed My Foolish Heart, the film took great liberties with Salinger's plot and is widely considered to be among the reasons that Salinger refused to allow any subsequent film adaptations of his work.[18][46] The enduring popularity of The Catcher in the Rye, however, has resulted in repeated attempts to secure the novel's screen rights.[47]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture After John Hinckley, Jr.'s assassination attempt on Ronald Reagan in 1981, police found The Catcher in the Rye among half a dozen other books in his hotel room.[17]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture Although Salinger had refused a film adaptation, many Hollywood films have based characters on Holden Caulfield.[7][20] Holden has been identified as \"one of the most reproduced characters on film.\" Furthermore, many such films reference each other.[21]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture Robert John Bardo, who murdered Rebecca Schaeffer, was carrying the book when he visited Schaeffer's apartment in Hollywood on July 18, 1989 and murdered her.[18]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture While the novel is linked to several murders and murder attempts, it has been claimed that the novel's overall effect on society is \"far more positive than negative.\"[3]", "The Catcher in the Rye The challenges generally begin with Holden's frequent use of vulgar language,[36][37] with other reasons including sexual references,[38] blasphemy, undermining of family values[37] and moral codes,[39] encouragement of rebellion,[40] and promotion of drinking, smoking, lying, promiscuity, and sexual abuse.[39] Often the challengers have been unfamiliar with the plot itself.[31] Shelley Keller-Gage, a high school teacher who faced objections after assigning the novel in her class, noted that \"the challengers are being just like Holden... They are trying to be catchers in the rye\".[37] A Streisand effect has been that this incident caused people to put themselves on the waiting list to borrow the novel, when there was no waiting list before.[41][42]", "The Catcher in the Rye In a taxicab, Holden inquires with the driver about whether the ducks in the Central Park lagoon migrate during winter, a subject he brings up often, but the man barely responds. Holden checks into the dilapidated Edmont Hotel. He spends an evening dancing with three tourist women from Seattle in the hotel lounge and enjoys dancing with one, though is disappointed that he is unable to hold a conversation with them. Following an unpromising visit to Ernie's Nightclub in Greenwich Village, Holden becomes preoccupied with his internal angst and agrees to have a prostitute named Sunny visit his room. His attitude toward the girl changes the minute she enters the room; she seems about the same age as him. Holden becomes uncomfortable with the situation, and when he tells her all he wants to do is talk, she becomes annoyed and leaves. Even though he still paid her the right amount for her time, she returns with her pimp Maurice and demands more money. Holden insults Maurice, and after Sunny takes the money from Holden's wallet, Maurice punches him in the stomach and leaves with Sunny. Afterwards, Holden imagines that he has been shot by Maurice, and pictures murdering him with an automatic weapon.", "Catch-22 \"The comic fable that ends in horror has become more and more clearly a reflection of the altogether uncomic and horrifying realities of the world in which we live and hope to survive.\"[17]", "Mondegreen The title of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye is often mistaken for a mondegreen. The main character, Holden Caulfield, misremembers a sung version of the Robert Burns poem \"Comin' Thro' the Rye\": the line \"Gin a body meet a body / comin' through the rye\" is recalled as \"Gin a body catch a body / comin' through the rye.\" This is not a mondegreen, but a result of a confabulation in Holden's psyche in line with the theme of the novel.", "Holden Caulfield Although it has been conjectured that J. D. Salinger got the name for Holden Caulfield in The Catcher in the Rye when he saw a marquee for the 1947 film Dear Ruth, starring William Holden and Joan Caulfield,[1] Salinger's first Holden Caulfield story, \"I'm Crazy,\" appeared in Collier's on December 22, 1945, a year and a half before this movie was released.", "The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye is narrated in a subjective style from the point of view of Holden Caulfield, following his exact thought processes. There is flow in the seemingly disjointed ideas and episodes; for example, as Holden sits in a chair in his dorm, minor events, such as picking up a book or looking at a table, unfold into discussions about experiences.", "The Catcher in the Rye In December 1991, punk rock band Green Day released their second studio album (Kerplunk), containing the song Who Wrote Holden Caulfield. The song describes said character as crazy, frustrated, and lacking motivation.", "Holden Caulfield The character, as Holden Morrisey Caulfield, also appears in Salinger's \"Slight Rebellion off Madison\", published in the December 21, 1946, issue of The New Yorker. An earlier version of this story, titled \"Are You Banging Your Head Against a Wall?\" was accepted for publication by The New Yorker in October 1941, but was not published then because editors found the tone to be too desolate for its readership. An edited version of this short story later became the basis of several chapters in the middle-late section of The Catcher in the Rye dealing with Caulfield's date with Sally Hayes, during which he confesses his desire to run away with her, he meets Carl Luce for drinks, and he makes a drunken phone call to the Hayes home. Unlike the similar sequence in the novel, Caulfield is on a Christmas break from school, and, in the story, the interlude with Sally is split into two occurrences. Also, the meeting with Carl Luce is considerably briefer in the story than in the novel.", "The Catcher in the Rye The novel was included on Time's 2005 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923[9] and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.[10][11][12] In 2003, it was listed at #15 on the BBC's survey The Big Read.[13]", "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs The Catcher in the Rye, the 1951 novel about teenage confusion and alienation by J.D. Salinger, plays a large part in \"The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs\". The episode references the controversial reception the book has received over the years for its risquÃ© elements and vulgar language. Mr. Garrison tells the students the book has only recently been lifted from the South Park Elementary's banned books list, a reference to past censorship the book has received in public schools.[1] The episode also refers to the alleged role The Catcher in the Rye played in inspiring Mark David Chapman to shoot and kill musician John Lennon, and John Hinckley, Jr. to attempt to assassinate former U.S. President Ronald Reagan. Lennon, a former member of The Beatles and long-time peace activist, is referred to by Cartman as \"the king of hippies\".[1][3] Butters and the eventual murderer rail against 'phonies' in the same manner as Holden Caulfield in Salinger's book. \"The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs\" aired two months after the death of author J.D. Salinger, and just weeks after letters by J.D. Salinger went on display at The Morgan Library & Museum in New York City.", "The Catcher in the Rye The Catcher in the Rye has had significant cultural influence, and works inspired by the novel have been said to form their own genre. Sarah Graham assessed works influenced by The Catcher in the Rye to include the novels Less Than Zero by Bret Easton Ellis, The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky, A Complicated Kindness by Miriam Toews, The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath, Ordinary People by Judith Guest, and the film Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers.[59]", "The Catcher in the Rye Critical reviews affirm that the novel accurately reflected the teenage colloquial speech of the time.[15] Words and phrases that appear frequently include:", "Big Fish In a final gesture of love and comprehension, after a lifetime of despising his father's stories and his father as story-teller, Will finishes the story his father has begun, pulling together the themes, images and characters of his father's storied life to blend reality and fantasy in act of communion and care. By unselfishly releasing the anger he has held about his father's stories, Will gains the understanding that all we are our stories and that his father's stories gave him a reality and substance and a dimension that was as real, genuine, and deep as the day-to-day experiences that Will sought out. Will comes to understand, then, that his father—and the rest of us—are our stories and that the deeper reality of our lives may, in fact, not be our truest self.[10]", "Holden Caulfield \"The Last and Best of the Peter Pans\" relates the story of Vincent's (D.B.) draft questionnaire being hidden by his mother. The events occur just after the death of Kenneth (later renamed Allie) and reveal the anxiety of Mary Moriarity, an actress and Caulfield's mother. The story is notable for the appearance of Phoebe and Vincent's statements about a child crawling off a cliff.", "Holden Caulfield \"Last Day of the Last Furlough\" relates the final day of Babe Gladwaller before he leaves to fight in World War II. Gladwaller spends part of the day with his little sister before Vincent Caulfield (later renamed D.B. in the novel) arrives. At that point Vincent is a fellow soldier about to leave for the war. Vincent announces that his brother, Holden, has been declared missing in action. Gladwaller's relationship with his younger sister can be seen as a parallel to Caulfield's relationship with Phoebe.", "Mark David Chapman Chapman's obsession with the central character and message of The Catcher in the Rye added to controversy about the novel. Some links have been drawn between Chapman's and the book's themes of adolescent sensitivity and depression on the one hand, and anti-social and violent thoughts on the other. This connection was made in the play Six Degrees of Separation and its film adaptation by the character played by Will Smith.[75]", "Holden Caulfield In Seymour: An Introduction a Curtis Caulfield is mentioned in passing as \"an exceptionally intelligent and likable boy\" who appeared on the same radio show as Seymour and the other Glass children. He is reportedly \"killed during one of the landings in the Pacific.\"[3]", "The End (The Doors song) At one point Jim said to me during the recording session, and he was tearful, and he shouted in the studio, 'Does anybody understand me?' And I said yes, I do, and right then and there we got into a long discussion and Jim just kept saying over and over kill the father, fuck the mother, and essentially boils down to this, kill all those things in yourself which are instilled in you and are not of yourself, they are alien concepts which are not yours, they must die. Fuck the mother is very basic, and it means get back to essence, what is reality, what is, fuck the mother is very basically mother, mother-birth, real, you can touch it, it's nature, it can't lie to you. So what Jim says at the end of the Oedipus section, which is essentially the same thing that the classic says, kill the alien concepts, get back reality, the end of alien concepts, the beginning of personal concepts.[14]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture The novel also helped popularize the slang verb \"screw up\".[12]", "The Catcher in the Rye in popular culture Peter Falconio was reported to be reading the novel prior to his disappearance from the Barrow Creek area.[19]", "All Quiet on the Western Front By now, the war is nearing its end and the German Army is retreating. In despair, Paul watches as his friends fall one by one. It is the death of Kat that eventually makes Paul careless about living. In the final chapter, he comments that peace is coming soon, but he does not see the future as bright and shining with hope. Paul feels that he has no aims or goals left in life and that their generation will be different and misunderstood. When he dies at the end of the novel, the situation report from the frontline states, \"All is Quiet on the Western Front.\"", "The Good Girl One morning, Justine notices a new cashier and later introduces herself. Holden (Jake Gyllenhaal) appears quiet and reserved, qualities that the two of them share; therefore they quickly take a liking to one another. They begin taking their lunch breaks together and Justine gives Holden rides home. One time, he invites her in and she accepts. They swap stories about their lives including how Justine feels unappreciated by Phil and Holden tells her of his obsession with J. D. Salinger's novel, The Catcher in the Rye, and how he took his self-assigned first name from its protagonist, Holden Caulfield.", "Talk:A Separate Peace -- \"Nothing endures, not a tree, not love, not a death by violence.\" As one reads the first chapter, this statement feels like it is meant to be the novel's thesis. Let's break it down. \"Not a tree.\" The narrator feels that the mighty tree which in a way took his best friend's life has perished. \"Not a death by violence.\" He seems to feel that he's finally gotten over Finny's death. But what about that phrase between the two? \"Not love.\" Obviously, Gene is telling us that his beloved, the one thing he cherished above all else, is gone. What could that be? Or, more appropriately, who could that be? It's quite plain that it could definitely be, and in fact probably is, Finny. Just how Gene loved him is not explicitly stated, but as with all works of literature or anything else, for that matter, we must infer from what is given and reach a logical conclusion.", "Innocence A \"loss of innocence\" is a common theme in fiction, pop culture, and realism. It is often seen as an integral part of coming of age. It is usually thought of as an experience or period in a person's life that leads to a greater awareness of evil, pain and/or suffering in the world around them. Examples of this theme include songs like \"American Pie\",[5] poetry like William Blake's collection Songs of Innocence and of Experience and novels like To Kill a Mockingbird, The Catcher in the Rye, A Farewell to Arms, and Lord of the Flies.", "Holden Caulfield In \"The Ocean Full of Bowling Balls,\" Vincent (D.B.) recalls the day his brother Kenneth (Allie) died. The story is set at the Caulfield summer home on Cape Cod. Several details make their way from this story into Catcher, including the characterization of Allie; Allie's poetry-inscribed left-handed baseball mitt; Vincent's girlfriend, Helen, who keeps her kings in the back row (like Jane Gallagher); and Caulfield's critical view of others. While the cause of death in Catcher is leukemia, here it is due to an unspecified heart condition. Toward the end of the story, Kenneth and Vincent are on the beach. Kenneth decides to go swimming and is knocked out by a wave. Holden, just home from camp, is waiting on the porch with his suitcases as Vincent comes back with Kenneth's unconscious body. Kenneth passes away later the same night. The story was reportedly sold to a magazine, only to be taken back by Salinger before publication.", "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes In Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield listens to this song when he is at the carousel.", "Allusion Later in the book the old woman in Rome explains that Catch-22 means \"They can do whatever they want to do.\" This refers to the theme of the novel in which the authority figures consistently abuse their powers, leaving the consequences to those under their command.", "Holden Caulfield Another short story of note with relationship to Caulfield is \"The Boy in the People Shooting Hat,\" which was submitted to The New Yorker sometime between 1948 and 1949 but was never published. It focuses on a fight between two characters named Bobby and Stradlater over Bobby's feelings about Jane Gallagher. This story appears to form the basis for several key scenes in the first several chapters of The Catcher in the Rye.", "A Perfect Day for Bananafish Children figure prominently in Salinger's works.[22] Seymour's sympathetic and affectionate interaction with children is contrasted with the detached and phony behavior of adults.[10] In the aftermath of his interlude with Sybil, Seymour \"has drawn his own conclusions regarding the makeup of human beings and the world around him\" and commits suicide.[10]", "Mark David Chapman Chapman remained at the scene, appearing to be reading The Catcher in the Rye, until the police arrived. The police officers who first responded, recognizing that Lennon's wounds were severe, decided not to wait for an ambulance and rushed him to Roosevelt Hospital in a squad car. Chapman was arrested without incident. In his statement to police three hours later, Chapman stated, \"I’m sure the big part of me is Holden Caulfield, who is the main person in the book. The small part of me must be the Devil.\"[28] Lennon was pronounced dead by Dr. Stephan Lynn at 11:07 p.m. at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center.", "Shot Heard 'Round the World (baseball) Now it is done. Now the story ends. And there is no way to tell it. The art of fiction is dead. Reality has strangled invention. Only the utterly impossible, the inexpressibly fantastic, can ever be plausible again.[33]", "The Catcher in the Rye The July 1985 issue of National Lampoon included a parody of the novel, ostensibly written by Holden Caulfield's son, entitled 'The Son of the Catcher, who Lives in Rye'.", "Meaning of life In Person of Interest season 5 episode 13, an artificial intelligence referred to as The Machine tells Harold Finch that the secret of life is \"Everyone dies alone. But if you mean something to someone, if you help someone, or love someone. If even a single person remembers you then maybe you never really die at all.\" This phrase is then repeated at the very end of the show to add emphasis to the finale.[citation needed]", "Patrick Bateman By the end of the novel, he believes he is about to be arrested for murdering a colleague named Paul Owen, and leaves a message on his lawyer's answering machine confessing to his crimes. When he runs into his lawyer at a party, however, the man mistakes him for somebody else and tells him that the message must have been a joke, as he had met with Owen only days earlier. Bateman realizes that the punishment and notoriety he desires will be forever out of his reach, and that he is trapped inside a pointless existence: \"This is not an exit\".", "The Perks of Being a Wallflower Charlie eventually comes to terms with his past: \"Even if we don't have the power to choose where we come from, we can still choose where we go from there\". Charlie decides to \"participate\" in life, and his letter-writing ends.", "Catch-22 The development of the novel can be split into segments. The first (chapters 1–11) broadly follows the story fragmented between characters, but in a single chronological time in 1944. The second (chapters 12–20) flashes back to focus primarily on the \"Great Big Siege of Bologna\" before once again jumping to the chronological 'present' of 1944 in the third part (chapter 21–25). The fourth (chapters 26–28) flashes back to the origins and growth of Milo's syndicate, with the fifth part (chapter 28–32) returning again to the narrative present but keeping to the same tone of the previous four. The sixth and final part (chapter 32 on) remains in the story's present, but takes a much darker turn and spends the remaining chapters focusing on the serious and brutal nature of war and life in general.[3] Previously the reader had been cushioned from experiencing the full horror of events, but in the final section, the events are laid bare. The horror begins with the attack on the undefended Italian mountain village, with the following chapters involving despair (Doc Daneeka and the Chaplain), disappearance in combat (Orr and Clevinger), disappearance caused by the army (Dunbar) or death of most of Yossarian's friends (Nately, McWatt, Mudd, Kid Sampson, Dobbs, Chief White Halfoat and Hungry Joe), culminating in the unspeakable horrors of Chapter 39, in particular the rape and murder of Michaela, who represents pure innocence.[3] In Chapter 41 the full details of the gruesome death of Snowden are finally revealed. Despite this, the novel ends on an upbeat note with Yossarian learning of Orr's miraculous escape to Sweden and Yossarian's pledge to follow him there.", "Welcome to the N.H.K. A. E. Sparrow of IGN gave the novel a nine out of ten while comparing it to Catcher in the Rye, saying \"there's enough Holden Caulfield, or even Tyler Durden, in Satou and the events that surround him to make this story a solid read for anyone interested in books that examine the human condition.\"[10]", "American Psycho The book ends as it began, with Bateman and his colleagues at a new club on a Friday night, engaging in banal conversation. The sign seen at the end of the book simply reads \"This is not an exit.\"", "The Perks of Being a Wallflower Critical response was mixed; Publishers Weekly called the novel \"trite\", dealing with \"standard teenage issues\" in which \"Chbosky infuses a droning insistence on Charlie's supersensitive disposition.\"[22] Although Kirkus Review said it had \"the right combination of realism and uplift\", the reviewer criticized Chbosky's \"rip-off\" of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.[23] Although other reviewers made similar comparisons, Chbosky said he \"was not trying to mimic [Salinger's] style as a writer\";[1] he saw \"how readers could compare Charlie to Salinger's Holden Caulfield\", but \"they are very different people with unique problems and perspectives\".[1] More positive was Francisca Goldsmith of the School Library Journal, who said the novel \"cleverly\" makes the readers the recipients of Charlie's letters, and it \"will engage teen readers for years to come.\"[24] Common Sense Media's Kate Pavao praised its relevant themes for teenagers: \"Readers will find themselves quickly feeling sorry for the protagonist and worrying about him throughout his transformative journey.\"[17] For The A.V. Club, Marah Eakin wrote that although for an adult \"Perks suffers from an overabundance of pure, raw angstÂ ... unlike some more arrested development-friendly young adult fare like Harry Potter, Perks speaks to a more specific age range and does it well.\"[25]", "The Catcher in the Rye In 1960, a teacher in Tulsa, Oklahoma was fired for assigning the novel in class; however, he was later reinstated.[30] Between 1961 and 1982, The Catcher in the Rye was the most censored book in high schools and libraries in the United States.[31] The book was banned in the Issaquah, Washington, high schools in 1978 as being part of an \"overall communist plot\".[32] In 1981, it was both the most censored book and the second most taught book in public schools in the United States.[33] According to the American Library Association, The Catcher in the Rye was the 10th most frequently challenged book from 1990 to 1999.[10] It was one of the ten most challenged books of 2005,[34] and although it had been off the list for three years, it reappeared in the list of most challenged books of 2009.[35]", "Mark David Chapman On August 24, 1981, the sentencing hearing took place. Two experts gave evidence on Chapman's behalf. Judge Edwards interrupted Dorothy Lewis, a research psychiatrist who was relatively inexperienced in the courtroom, indicating that the purpose of the hearing was to determine the sentence and that there was no question of Chapman's criminal responsibility. Lewis had maintained that Chapman's decision to change his plea did not appear reasonable or explicable, and she implied that the judge did not want to allow an independent competency assessment.[37] The district attorney argued that Chapman committed the murder as an easy route to fame. When Chapman was asked if he had anything to say, he rose and read the passage from The Catcher in the Rye, when Holden tells his little sister, Phoebe, what he wants to do with his life:", "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs The students at South Park Elementary are assigned to read The Catcher in the Rye, and (especially the four main boys) grow excited when Mr. Garrison tells them that the book has caused so much controversy, it has been banned from public schools in the past. However, after reading the book, Stan, Kyle, Cartman, and Kenny are disappointed to find the content completely inoffensive, and feel the school has \"tricked\" them into reading. They decide to write their own offensive novel, The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs (which they originally called The Tale of Scrotie McDickinass), with the intention of disgusting as many people as possible. Later, Stan's parents find the first draft and read it. They find it so disgusting that they repeatedly vomit while reading. However, they both absolutely loved the book. In fear that they will get into trouble for the book's content, Stan and the boys trick Butters into thinking that he actually wrote the book. Butters believes them because ever since reading The Catcher in the Rye, he feels as though he has been entering into \"altered states of consciousness\" that make him want to kill John Lennon, before he finds out (from his father) that Lennon is already dead (\"Dangit!\"). Later on, after learning that The Catcher in the Rye also inspired someone to shoot Ronald Reagan, Butters at first goes out to kill him too but is told that he is dead as well, much to his dismay.", "The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs \"The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerBalls\" portrays young children as almost entirely uninterested in reading. The South Park boys only exhibit excitement for their reading assignment based on the promise of offensive and controversial material in the book.[1][2] Rather than finding any merit in the book, the boys are angry when they find the material inoffensive, prompting Cartman to declare he has been \"tricked\" into reading an entire book. Through the rise and fall of Butters' career as an author, the episode also demonstrates the perils of literary success and hoaxes.[1] The episode also lampoons the notion that a book can be identified as the sole reason for a reader to kill somebody, particularly through Butters' reaction to The Tale of Scrotie McBoogerballs. Butters experiences blackouts after reading The Catcher in the Rye and chanting \"Kill John Lennon/Ronald Reagan!\", until he disappointedly learns they are already dead. Later, a reader of Butters' book The Poop That Took a Pee goes out and murders the Kardashians.[3]", "Catch-22 (logic) \"The soldiers with the hard white hats and clubs. The girls were crying. 'Did we do anything wrong?' they said. The men said no and pushed them away out the door with the ends of their clubs. 'Then why are you chasing us out?' the girls said. 'Catch 22,' the men said. All they kept saying was 'Catch-22, Catch-22. What does it mean, Catch 22? What is Catch-22?\"", "Lord of the Flies Ralph secretly confronts Sam and Eric, who warn him that Jack and Roger hate him and that Roger has sharpened a stick at both ends, implying the tribe intends to hunt him like a pig and behead him. The following morning, Jack orders his tribe to begin a hunt for Ralph. Jack's savages set fire to the forest while Ralph desperately weighs his options for survival. Following a long chase, most of the island is consumed in flames. With the hunters closely behind him, Ralph trips and falls. He looks up at a uniformed adultâ€”a British naval officer whose party has landed from a passing warship to investigate the fire. Ralph bursts into tears over the death of Piggy and the \"end of innocence\". Jack and the other children, filthy and unkempt, also revert to their true ages and erupt into sobs. The officer expresses his disappointment at seeing British boys exhibiting such feral, warlike behaviour before turning to stare awkwardly at his own warship.", "Fight Club The Narrator finds redemption at the end of the film by rejecting Tyler Durden's dialectic, a path that diverged from the novel's ending in which the Narrator is placed in a mental institution.[13] Norton drew parallels between redemption in the film and redemption in The Graduate, indicating that the protagonists of both films find a middle ground between two divisions of self.[16] Fincher considered the novel too infatuated with Tyler Durden and changed the ending to move away from him: \"I wanted people to love Tyler, but I also wanted them to be OK with his vanquishing.\"[13]", "Something Wicked This Way Comes (novel) It is implied that the counter-force against this is acceptance of one's faults and an enthusiastic pursuit of the everyday joys of life, signified by Charles' spontaneous running with Jim and Will at the end of the novel. The fact that he is nearly forty years older than them pales in comparison to the pleasure he gains from simple human companionship.[9]", "Never Let Me Go (2010 film) Kathy and Tommy finally begin a relationship. Tommy explains to Kathy that he has been creating art in the hope that it will aid deferral. He and Kathy drive to visit Madame, who lives with the headmistress of Hailsham. The two teachers tell them that there is no such thing as deferral, and that Tommy's artworks will not help him. They explain that the purpose of The Gallery was not to look into their souls but to investigate whether the \"all but human\" clones even have souls at all; Hailsham was the last place to consider the ethical implications of the donor scheme. As they take in the news on their return journey, Tommy breaks down in an explosion of rage and frustration, and he and Kathy cling to each other in grief. The film ends with Tommy dying on the operating table. Kathy is left alone, waiting for her donations which will begin in a month. Contemplating the ruins of her childhood, she asks in voice-over whether her fate is really any different from the people who will receive her organs; after all, \"we all complete\".", "Fight Club (novel) With Tyler gone, the narrator waits for the bomb to explode and kill him. The bomb malfunctions because Tyler mixed paraffin into the explosives. Still alive and holding Tyler's gun, the narrator makes the first decision that is truly his own: he puts the gun in his mouth and shoots himself. Some time later, he awakens in a mental hospital, believing he is in Heaven, and imagines an argument with God over human nature. The book ends with the narrator being approached by hospital employees who reveal themselves to be Project members. They tell him their plans still continue, and that they are expecting Tyler to come back.", "Book censorship in the United States The majority of the objections have been over the novel's inappropriate language, but the book also has mentions of prostitutions, sexuality and underage drinking, as cited by the book review published by the organization Focus on the Family, an American, conservative group.[73] The ALA cites the reasons for censorship as \"offensive language, sexually explicit, unsuited to age group\".[68] The first case of censorship the book ever witnessed was in 1960 when it was ban in a Tulsa, Oklahoma school district and the eleventh grade teacher who had assigned the book was fired because of the questionable content of the book.[74] A case in Paris, Maine in 1996 allowed for The Catcher in the Rye to continue being taught at the district high school, but mandated practices that would tell parents what books their children read, ultimately leaving it in the hands of parents to decide what their children should read, rather than the school.[8]", "Fuck The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger featured the use of fuck you in print. First published in the United States in 1951, the novel remains controversial to this day due in part to its use of the word, standing at number 13 for the most banned books from 1990 to 2000 according to the American Library Association.[29]", "A Good Man Is Hard to Find (short story) When the family has all been murdered, The Misfit takes a moment to clean his glasses and pick up the grandmother's cat; he states that the grandmother would have been a good woman if \"it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life.\" The story ends with The Misfit chastising one of his sidekicks, Bobby Lee, for making a comment \"some fun!\" \"Shut up, Bobby Lee,\" he retorts. \"It's no real pleasure in life.\"[3]", "The Perks of Being a Wallflower In an epilogue, Charlie is discovered by his parents in a catatonic state and does not show any movement despite being hit reluctantly by his father. After being admitted to a mental hospital, it is revealed that Helen actually sexually abused him when he was young, and his love for her (and empathy for her troubled youth) caused him to repress his traumatic memories. This psychological damage explains his flashbacks and derealization phases throughout the book. In two months Charlie is released, and Sam and Patrick visit him. In the epilogue, Sam, Patrick and Charlie go through the tunnel again and Charlie stands up and exclaims that he felt infinite.", "Roadside Picnic After they get to the location, surviving many obstacles, the young man rushes towards the sphere shouting out his wishes only to be savagely dispatched by the meatgrinder. Spent and exhausted, Redrick looks back on his whole life, hoping it wasn't all just garbage, that he still has the old spark in his soul that he remembers having as a child, hoping the Sphere will find something good in his heart – presumably it decides what is one's true wish by itself – and in the end can't think of anything else other than repeating the now dead youngster's crying words: \"HAPPINESS FOR EVERYBODY, FREE, AND LET NO ONE BE LEFT BEHIND!\".", "The Catcher in the Rye In 1961, Salinger denied Elia Kazan permission to direct a stage adaptation of Catcher for Broadway.[51] More recently, Salinger's agents received bids for the Catcher film rights from Harvey Weinstein and Steven Spielberg,[52] neither of which was even passed on to Salinger for consideration.", "The Sound and the Fury Immediately obvious is the notion of a \"tale told by an idiot,\" in this case Benjy, whose view of the Compsons' story opens the novel. The idea can be extended also to Quentin and Jason, whose narratives display their own varieties of idiocy. More to the point, the novel recounts \"the way to dusty death\" of a traditional upper-class Southern family. The last line is, perhaps, the most meaningful: Faulkner said in his speech upon being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature that people must write about things that come from the heart, \"universal truths.\" Otherwise, they signify nothing.", "Book censorship in the United States The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, was first published in 1951 and has since been both frequently challenged and taught. In the 1980s, it \"had the unusual distinction of being the nation's most frequently censored book, and, at the same time, the second most frequently taught novel in the public schools.\"[8] The American Library Association deemed it the tenth most challenged book from 1990 to 1999.[72] The novel also appears as the second best and most classic novel of the 20th century based on a list developed by the Radcliffe Publishing Course.[67]", "Shoeless Joe (novel) W.P. Kinsella, who had never met Salinger, created a wholly imagined character (aside from his being a recluse) based on the author of The Catcher in the Rye, a book that had great meaning to him when he was a young man. To get a feel for Salinger, he re-read his body of work.", "Summer of '42 In the final scene, Hermie, suddenly approaching manhood, is seen looking at Dorothy's old house and the ocean from a distance before he turns to join his friends. To bittersweet music, the adult Raucher sadly recounts that he has never seen Dorothy again or learned what became of her." ]	[ "The Catcher in the Rye Bruce Brooks held that Holden's attitude remains unchanged at story's end, implying no maturation, thus differentiating the novel from young adult fiction.[16] In contrast, Louis Menand thought that teachers assign the novel because of the optimistic ending, to teach adolescent readers that \"alienation is just a phase.\"[17] While Brooks maintained that Holden acts his age, Menand claimed that Holden thinks as an adult, given his ability to accurately perceive people and their motives. Others highlight the dilemma of Holden's state, in between adolescence and adulthood.[18][19] Holden is quick to become emotional. \"I felt sorry as hell for...\" is a phrase he often uses. It is often said that Holden changes at the end, when he watches Phoebe on the carousel, and he talks about the golden ring and how it's good for kids to try and grab it.[18]" ]
test2518	the main idea of limited government is that	[ "doc86785" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc86785", "doc86786", "doc86790", "doc86791", "doc86792", "doc86788", "doc1196890", "doc86789", "doc1196884", "doc86787", "doc1171469", "doc1171453", "doc783628", "doc686500", "doc1196903", "doc28898", "doc1196911", "doc175801", "doc1196918", "doc1196893", "doc297183", "doc783627", "doc1171467", "doc1196886", "doc324526", "doc1196892", "doc175803", "doc972381", "doc1171471", "doc311295", "doc297126", "doc379679", "doc828403", "doc81171", "doc15930", "doc32930", "doc1034607", "doc2227452", "doc794508", "doc300513", "doc819257", "doc1231990", "doc794496", "doc686974", "doc589443", "doc1717722", "doc367231", "doc1958038", "doc1461077", "doc28901", "doc416696", "doc169721", "doc175798", "doc1231988", "doc1464865", "doc359339", "doc882631", "doc1034618", "doc783633", "doc1171466", "doc948286", "doc359335", "doc1034622", "doc1034602", "doc783659", "doc80272", "doc783630", "doc6534", "doc32901", "doc783666", "doc783631", "doc1410815", "doc28933", "doc602229", "doc671892", "doc1915456", "doc53277", "doc28886", "doc2045778", "doc1034605", "doc2565812", "doc1648842", "doc972383", "doc28881", "doc10239", "doc944449", "doc297123", "doc579536", "doc1055607", "doc19208", "doc1171474", "doc2598455", "doc325933", "doc1050830", "doc1210457", "doc325931", "doc606371", "doc1120291", "doc1034615", "doc171747" ]	[ "Limited government In political philosophy, limited government is where the government is empowered by law from a starting point of having no power, or where governmental power is restricted by law, usually in a written constitution. It is a key concept in the history of liberalism. The United States Constitution presents an example of the federal government not possessing any power except what is delegated to it by the Constitution - with the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution specifically stating that powers not specifically delegated to the federal government is reserved for the people and the states. The Magna Carta and the United States Constitution also represents important milestones in the limiting of governmental power. The earliest use of the term limited government dates back to King James VI and I in the late 16th century.[1] Limited government put into practice often involves the protection of individual liberty from government intrusion.[2]", "Limited government The reasons why the authors of the Constitution saw fit to limit the power of the government are set forth in the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson. Here, Jefferson outlines three basic assumptions widely held in the American colonies that supporters of the Declaration believed were not held by the English monarchy. In other words, Colonists felt that the British had treated them unfairly. In order to prevent this from happening again the framers made limited government a principle in the constitution. These assumptions are that all men are created equal, they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights and governments are instituted in order to preserve these rights. It was the fact that the English government was not adhering to these premises that the colonies saw fit to establish their own government in which all three would be respected.[3][4]", "Limited government The Tenth Amendment states “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”[7] This limits the authority of the United States government to those powers listed in the Constitution and concedes the premise that individual States retain the powers not granted to the national government but that are also not barred to the States by the Constitution. Also, it grants that the people themselves retain power under this system of government as well. These are key points of the concept of limited government established by the Constitution in the United States because they overtly state the power of the federal government is not unlimited.", "Limited government Where the government oversteps its authority, the people have the right, as listed in the Constitution, to make their grievances known through petition and through public elections for government office. It is the implementation of republicanism that allows citizens to perpetuate the idea that the government must not only adhere to the Constitution, it must also listen to the will of the people. If the public becomes disenchanted with the actions of those in power and the rules that have been created, they have the ability to put new people in power who will better represent the public interest. Since, under the Constitution, the government is ultimately held accountable by the people, the public always has the opportunity to keep the governmentâ€™s power in check.", "Limited government The Constitution also partially prevents the government from expanding its own power by creating a system of checks and balances through the separation of powers. Articles One, Two, and Three of the Constitution create three separate branches of government, equal in level power, but different in responsibility, that all control the government. In assuming each branch would want to expand its powers, it was necessary that each have the ability to fend off power grabs from other branches. The three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial— compete with each other through certain powers that allow them to “check” the others and “balance” the government. Examples of this include the legislative branch’s power to override Presidential Vetoes and the judicial branch’s power to declare laws created by the legislative branch unconstitutional. James Madison writes in Federalist No. 51 “But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department, the necessary constitutional means, and personal motives, to resist encroachments of the others.”[8] Without the capacity of each branch to check the others, power would concentrate with a small minority and could potentially allow the minority to infringe upon the rights of the people. This would be antithetical to the purpose of the Constitution, hence a system of checks and balances was set in place.", "Limited government With the ratification of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights came a new era of government in which the powers and restrictions of government were both explicitly outlined. The Bill of Rights added to the American Constitution, along with other constitutional amendments, limits the power of government in two ways. First, it restricts the range of governmental authority by prohibiting the government from intruding in certain areas, like religious worship or freedom of speech, and grants the government authority over specifically enumerated aspects of life, like regulating the economy and collecting taxes. Second, it sets certain procedures the government must follow when dealing with the people. Examples of this include the protection from unreasonable search and seizure of property and protection from cruel and unusual punishment for crimes for which one is convicted. The explicit outline of what the government is permitted to do and barred from doing combined with the power of common people to seek repairs for breaches of their constitutional rights is what protects the rights of the people.[5]", "Constitutionalism the ideaÂ ... that government can and should be legally limited in its powers, and that its authority depends on its observing these limitations. This idea brings with it a host of vexing questions of interest not only to legal scholars, but to anyone keen to explore the legal and philosophical foundations of the state.[6]", "Limited government The Ninth and Tenth Amendments to the Constitution are examples of how the government acknowledges it doesn't have complete dominion over every facet of the people's lives, and that the federal government is not the only entity with governmental power in the United States. The Ninth Amendment reads “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others held by the people.”[6] This shows the federal government doesn’t have the ability to infringe upon the rights of the people in any circumstance, even if the rights aren’t explicitly protected by the Constitution.", "Constitutionalism Constitutionalism is \"a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law\".[1]", "Limited government The Preamble to the Constitution serves to communicate the goals sought to be accomplished by specifically enumerating the powers of the United States government—the promotion of “the general Welfare” is one of these goals. The Preamble does not grant any power to the government, rather it serves to explain the limits of the delegated powers listed later in the Constitution. This is to say, in the case of the general welfare clause, that the government is not allowed to exercise its powers on a whim, rather they must be exercised for the general welfare of the country.", "Small government [A] wise and frugal Government, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned.[16]", "Small government Small government is a term generally used in liberalism, especially by political conservatives and libertarians to describe a government with minimal involvement in certain areas of public policy or the private sector, especially matters considered to be private or personal. It is an important topic in classical liberalism, libertarianism and conservatism, but one questioned by supporters of (for example) big government.[1]", "Government In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. Each government has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. Typically the philosophy chosen is some balance between the principle of individual freedom and the idea of absolute state authority (tyranny).", "Federation Federal government is the government at the level of the sovereign state. Usual responsibilities of this level of government are maintaining national security and exercising international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Basically, a modern federal government, within the limits defined by its constitution, has the power to make laws for the whole country, unlike local governments. As originally written, the United States Constitution was created to limit the federal government from exerting power over the states by enumerating only specific powers. It was further limited by the addition of the Tenth Amendment contained in the Bill of Rights and the Eleventh Amendment. However, later amendments, particularly the Fourteenth Amendment, gave the federal government considerable authority over states.", "Constitutionalism American constitutionalism has been defined as a complex of ideas, attitudes and patterns elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from the people, and is limited by a body of fundamental law. These ideas, attitudes and patterns, according to one analyst, derive from \"a dynamic political and historical process rather than from a static body of thought laid down in the eighteenth century\".[18]", "Separation of powers Checks and balances is the principle that each of the Branches has the power to limit or check the other two and this creates a balance between the three separate powers of the state, this principle induces that the ambitions of one branch prevent that one of the other branches become supreme, and thus be eternally confronting each other and in that process leaving the people free from government abuses. Checks and Balances are designed to maintain the system of separation of powers keeping each branch in its place. This is based on the idea that it is not enough to separate the powers and guarantee their independence but to give the various branches the constitutional means to defend their own legitimate powers from the encroachments of the other branches.[15] They guarantee that the powers of the State have the same weight (co-equal), that is, to be balanced, so that they can limit each other, avoiding the abuse of state power. the origin of checks and balances, like separation of powers itself, is specifically credited to Montesquieu in the Enlightenment (in The Spirit of the Laws, 1748), under this influence was implemented in 1787 in the Constitution of the United States.", "Constitutionalism Starting with the proposition that \"'Constitutionalism' refers to the position or practice that government be limited by a constitution, usually written,\" analysts take a variety of positions on what the constitution means. For instance, they describe the document as a document that may specify its relation to statutes, treaties, executive and judicial actions, and the constitutions or laws of regional jurisdictions. This prescriptive use of Constitutionalism is also concerned with the principles of constitutional design, which includes the principle that the field of public action be partitioned between delegated powers to the government and the rights of individuals, each of which is a restriction of the other, and that no powers be delegated that are beyond the competence of government.[29]", "Liberal democracy The liberal democratic constitution defines the democratic character of the state. The purpose of a constitution is often seen as a limit on the authority of the government. Liberal democracy emphasises the separation of powers, an independent judiciary and a system of checks and balances between branches of government. Liberal democracies are likely to emphasise the importance of the state being a Rechtsstaat, i.e. a state that follows the principle of rule of law. Governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure. Many democracies use federalism—also known as vertical separation of powers—in order to prevent abuse and increase public input by dividing governing powers between municipal, provincial and national governments (e.g., Germany where the federal government assumes the main legislative responsibilities and the federated Länder assume many executive tasks).[citation needed]", "Constitutionalism [i]t is true that, in the United States, at least, we have a constitution that imposes strict limits on some powers of government. But, as we have discovered in the past century, no constitution can interpret or enforce itself; it must be interpreted by men. And if the ultimate power to interpret a constitution is given to the government's own Supreme Court, then the inevitable tendency is for the Court to continue to place its imprimatur on ever-broader powers for its own government. Furthermore, the highly touted \"checks and balances\" and \"separation of powers\" in the American government are flimsy indeed, since in the final analysis all of these divisions are part of the same government and are governed by the same set of rulers.[33]", "Constitutionalism One of the most salient features of constitutionalism is that it describes and prescribes both the source and the limits of government power. William H. Hamilton has captured this dual aspect by noting that constitutionalism \"is the name given to the trust which men repose in the power of words engrossed on parchment to keep a government in order.\"[11]", "Constitution Most commonly, the term constitution refers to a set of rules and principles that define the nature and extent of government. Most constitutions seek to regulate the relationship between institutions of the state, in a basic sense the relationship between the executive, legislature and the judiciary, but also the relationship of institutions within those branches. For example, executive branches can be divided into a head of government, government departments/ministries, executive agencies and a civil service/administration. Most constitutions also attempt to define the relationship between individuals and the state, and to establish the broad rights of individual citizens. It is thus the most basic law of a territory from which all the other laws and rules are hierarchically derived; in some territories it is in fact called \"Basic Law\".", "Government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state.[1] A government is like a clan with the purpose to govern the whole family or whole nation with powers of financial, military and civil laws. The main purpose of government is to seek the welfare of the civilians and to fulfill their need for the betterment of the nation.", "Small government Not to confer in each case a degree of power commensurate to the end would be to violate the most obvious rules of prudence and propriety, and improvidently to trust the great interests of the nation to hands which are disabled from managing them with vigor and success.[15]", "Constitutionalism Constitutionalism is descriptive of a complicated concept, deeply embedded in historical experience, which subjects the officials who exercise governmental powers to the limitations of a higher law. Constitutionalism proclaims the desirability of the rule of law as opposed to rule by the arbitrary judgment or mere fiat of public officialsÂ ... Throughout the literature dealing with modern public law and the foundations of statecraft the central element of the concept of constitutionalism is that in political society government officials are not free to do anything they please in any manner they choose; they are bound to observe both the limitations on power and the procedures which are set out in the supreme, constitutional law of the community. It may therefore be said that the touchstone of constitutionalism is the concept of limited government under a higher law.[3]", "Federal government of the United States The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, in which power is shared between the federal government and state governments. The interpretation and execution of these principles, including what powers the federal government should have and how those powers can be exercised, have been debated ever since the adoption of the Constitution. Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states, or other recognized entities.", "Constitutionalism Whether reflecting a descriptive or prescriptive focus, treatments of the concept of constitutionalism all deal with the legitimacy of government. One recent assessment of American constitutionalism, for example, notes that the idea of constitutionalism serves to define what it is that \"grants and guides the legitimate exercise of government authority\".[9] Similarly, historian Gordon S. Wood described this American constitutionalism as \"advanced thinking\" on the nature of constitutions in which the constitution was conceived to be a \"sett of fundamental rules by which even the supreme power of the state shall be governed.\"[10] Ultimately, American constitutionalism came to rest on the collective sovereignty of the people, the source that legitimized American governments.", "Liberal democracy These conventional views were challenged at first by a relatively small group of Enlightenment intellectuals, who believed that human affairs should be guided by reason and principles of liberty and equality. They argued that all people are created equal and therefore political authority cannot be justified on the basis of \"noble blood\", a supposed privileged connection to God or any other characteristic that is alleged to make one person superior to others. They further argued that governments exist to serve the people—not vice versa—and that laws should apply to those who govern as well as to the governed (a concept known as rule of law).", "Enumerated powers This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlightened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge; that principle is now universally admitted.[4]", "Small government Government is not a solution to our problem; government is the problem.[17]", "Judicial review Secondly, the idea of separation of powers is another theory about how a democratic society's government should be organized. In contrast to legislative supremacy, the idea of separation of powers was first introduced by Montesquieu;[1] it was later institutionalized in the United States by the Supreme Court ruling in Marbury v. Madison under the court of John Marshall. Separation of powers is based on the idea that no branch of government should be able to exert power over any other branch without due process of law; each branch of government should have a check on the powers of the other branches of government, thus creating a regulative balance among all branches of government. The key to this idea is checks and balances. In the United States, judicial review is considered a key check on the powers of the other two branches of government by the judiciary.", "Constitution Generally, every modern written constitution confers specific powers to an organization or institutional entity, established upon the primary condition that it abide by the said constitution's limitations. According to Scott Gordon, a political organization is constitutional to the extent that it \"contain[s] institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and liberties of the citizenry, including those that may be in the minority\".[10]", "Totalitarianism Totalitarianism is a political system in which the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.[1] A distinctive feature of totalitarian governments is an \"elaborate ideology, a set of ideas that gives meaning and direction to the whole society\".[2]", "Law The main institutions of law in industrialised countries are independent courts, representative parliaments, an accountable executive, the military and police, bureaucratic organisation, the legal profession and civil society itself. John Locke, in his Two Treatises of Government, and Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, advocated for a separation of powers between the political, legislature and executive bodies.[92] Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the state, in contrast to the absolutist theory of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan.[93]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Tenth Amendment, which makes explicit the idea that the federal government is limited to only the powers granted in the Constitution, has been declared to be a truism by the Supreme Court. In United States v. Sprague (1931) the Supreme Court asserted that the amendment \"added nothing to the [Constitution] as originally ratified.\"[15]", "Authority In political philosophy, the jurisdiction of political authority, the location of sovereignty, the balancing of freedom and authority (cf. Cristi 2005), and the requirements of political obligations have been core questions from Plato and Aristotle to the present. Most democratic societies are engaged in an ongoing discussion regarding the legitimate extent of the exercise of governmental authority. In the United States, for instance, there is an apparent prevailing belief that the political system as instituted by the Founding Fathers should accord the populace as much freedom as reasonable, and that government should limit its authority accordingly.", "United States Constitution British political philosopher John Locke following the Glorious Revolution (1688) was a major influence expanding on the contract theory of government advanced by Thomas Hobbes. Locke advanced the principle of consent of the governed in his Two Treatises of Government. Government's duty under a social contract among the sovereign people was to serve the people by protecting their rights. These basic rights were life, liberty and property.", "Consent of the governed [Civic power] can have no right except as this is derived from the individual right of each man to protect himself and his property. The legislative and executive power used by government to protect property is nothing except the natural power of each man resigned into the hands of the communityâ€¦and it is justified merely because it is a better way of protecting natural right than the self-help to which each man is naturally entitled.[1]:532", "Federalist No. 51 In 1797, power over people was divided both through federalism (between the federal government and the state governments) and through branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) within the national (or federal) government. Because of the division of power, a \"double security arises to the rights of the people. The governments will control each other, at the same time that each will be controlled by itself\".[3]", "Constitutional law The Separation of Powers is often regarded as a second limb functioning alongside the Rule of Law to curb the powers of the Government. In many modern nation states, power is divided and vested into three branches of government: The Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. The first and the second are harmonised in traditional Westminster forms of government.[15]", "Judicial review in the United States Marshall's opinion stated that in the Constitution, the people established a government of limited powers: \"The powers of the Legislature are defined and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken or forgotten, the Constitution is written.\" The limits established in the Constitution would be meaningless \"if these limits may at any time be passed by those intended to be restrained.\" Marshall observed that the Constitution is \"the fundamental and paramount law of the nation\", and that it cannot be altered by an ordinary act of the legislature. Therefore, \"an act of the Legislature repugnant to the Constitution is void.\"[47]", "Politics For instance, classical liberalism (also known as laissez-faire liberalism,[34]) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and limited government. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual property rights, free markets, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitation of government, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of John Locke, Adam Smith, David Hume, David Ricardo, Voltaire, Montesquieu and others. According to the libertarian Institute for Humane Studies, \"the libertarian, or 'classical liberal,' perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by 'as much liberty as possible' and 'as little government as necessary.'\"[35] For anarchist political philosopher L. Susan Brown \"Liberalism and anarchism are two political philosophies that are fundamentally concerned with individual freedom yet differ from one another in very distinct ways. Anarchism shares with liberalism a radical commitment to individual freedom while rejecting liberalism's competitive property relations.\"[36]", "Compact theory Resolved, that the several States composing the United States of America, are not united on the principles of unlimited submission to their General Government; but that by compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States and of amendments thereto, they constituted a General Government for special purposes, delegated to that Government certain definite powers, reserving each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self Government; and that whensoever the General Government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force; that to this compact each state acceded as a state, and is an integral party; that the Government created by this compact was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself; since that would have made its discretion, and not the Constitution, the measure of its powers; but that, as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress.[3]", "Constitutional law Not all nation states have codified constitutions, though all such states have a jus commune, or law of the land, that may consist of a variety of imperative and consensual rules. These may include customary law, conventions, statutory law, judge-made law, or international rules and norms. Constitutional law deals with the fundamental principles by which the government exercises its authority. In some instances, these principles grant specific powers to the government, such as the power to tax and spend for the welfare of the population. Other times, constitutional principles act to place limits on what the government can do, such as prohibiting the arrest of an individual without sufficient cause.", "Authoritarianism Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms. Individual freedoms are subordinate to the state and there is no constitutional accountability under an authoritarian regime.[1] Juan Linz's influential 1964 description of authoritarianism[2] characterized authoritarian political systems by four qualities:", "Individualism Liberalism has its roots in the Age of Enlightenment and rejects many foundational assumptions that dominated most earlier theories of government, such as the Divine Right of Kings, hereditary status, and established religion. John Locke is often credited with the philosophical foundations of classical liberalism. He wrote \"no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions.\"[31]", "The Social Contract Rousseau posits that the political aspects of a society should be divided into two parts. First, there must be a sovereign consisting of the whole population, women included, that represents the general will and is the legislative power within the state. The second division is that of the government, being distinct from the sovereign. This division is necessary because the sovereign cannot deal with particular matters like applications of the law. Doing so would undermine its generality, and therefore damage its legitimacy. Thus, government must remain a separate institution from the sovereign body. When the government exceeds the boundaries set in place by the people, it is the mission of the people to abolish such government, and begin anew.", "American philosophy Viewing Rawls as promoting excessive government control and rights violations, libertarian Robert Nozick published Anarchy, State, and Utopia in 1974. The book advocates for a minimal state and defends the liberty of the individual. He argues that the role of government should be limited to \"police protection, national defense, and the administration of courts of law, with all other tasks commonly performed by modern governments – education, social insurance, welfare, and so forth – taken over by religious bodies, charities, and other private institutions operating in a free market.\"[79]", "Popular sovereignty Popular sovereignty, or the sovereignty of the peoples' rule, is part of the seven principles, that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power. It is closely associated with social contract philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Popular sovereignty expresses a concept and does not necessarily reflect or describe a political reality.[a] The people have the final say in government decisions. Benjamin Franklin expressed the concept when he wrote, \"In free governments, the rulers are the servants and the people their superiors and sovereigns\".[1]", "Centralized government All constituted governments are, to some degree, necessarily centralized, in the sense that a theoretically federal state exerts an authority or prerogative beyond that of its constituent parts. To the extent that a base unit of society — usually conceived as an individual citizen — vests authority in a larger unit, such as the state or the local community, authority is centralized. The extent to which this ought to occur, and the ways in which centralized government evolves, forms part of social contract theory.", "Separation of powers «A dependence on the people is, no doubt, the primary control on the government; but experience has taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions. This policy of supplying, by opposite and rival interests, the defect of better motives, might be traced through the whole system of human affairs, private as well as public. We see it particularly displayed in all the subordinate distributions of power, where the constant aim is to divide and arrange the several offices in such a manner as that each may be a check on the other that the private interest of every individual may be a sentinel over the public rights. These inventions of prudence cannot be less requisite in the distribution of the supreme powers of the State.»", "United States constitutional law Supporters of federalism believed that a division of power between federal and state governments would decrease the likelihood of tyranny, which on a federal level would be much more concerning than its occurrence locally. The framers felt the states were in the best position to restrict such movements.[3] Another frequently raised value of federalism is the notion that since the states are much closer to the people, they can be more responsive to and effective in resolving the localized concerns of the public.[4] Accordingly, the Constitution explicitly enumerates the powers given to the federal government and bestows the remaining discretion to the states.", "Property Even when it keeps to proper legislative form, though, Locke held that there are limits to what a government established by such a contract might rightly do.", "Liberal democracy Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism. Also called western democracy, it is characterised by fair, free and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties, a separation of powers into different branches of government, the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society and the equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties and political freedoms for all people. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution, either formally written or uncodified, to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract. After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world.", "Compact theory Regarding the Constitution of the United States, the compact theory holds that the country was formed through a compact agreed upon by all the states, and that the federal government is thus a creation of the states.[1] Consequently, states should be the final arbiters over whether the federal government had overstepped the limits of its authority as set forth in the compact.", "Privacy Limited access refers to a personâ€™s ability to participate in society without having other individuals and organizations collect information about them.[8]", "Rule of law It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens: upon the same principle, if it is advantageous to place the supreme power in some particular persons, they should be appointed to be only guardians, and the servants of the laws.[4]", "Social contract While Hobbes argued for near-absolute authority, Locke argued for inviolate freedom under law in his Second Treatise of Government. Locke argued that a government's legitimacy comes from the citizens' delegation to the government of their absolute right of violence (reserving the inalienable right of self-defense or \"self-preservation\"), along with elements of other rights (e.g. property will be liable to taxation) as necessary to achieve the goal of security through granting the state a monopoly of violence, whereby the government, as an impartial judge, may use the collective force of the populace to administer and enforce the law, rather than each man acting as his own judge, jury, and executionerâ€”the condition in the state of nature.[citation needed]", "Consent of the governed That elections of members to serve as representatives of the people, in assembly, ought to be free; and that all men, having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest with, the attachment to, the community, have the right of suffrage, and cannot be taxed or deprived of their property for public uses without their own consent, or that of their representatives so elected, nor bound by any law to which they have not, in like manner, assented, for the public good.\"[5]", "Government The Columbia Encyclopedia defines government as \"a system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society\".[5]", "Small government The United States is a constitutional republic. At the time the nation was founded there was disagreement between the Federalists who supported a strong federal government; and the Anti-Federalists, who wanted a loose confederation of independent states. In The Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay explained why a strong federal government was necessary. Hamilton wrote:", "Mixed government According to some scholars, for example, Heinrich August Winkler, the notion also influenced the writers of the United States Constitution who based the idea of checks and balances, in part, upon the ancient theory.[6] The constitution of Britain during the Victorian Era with a Parliament composed of the Sovereign (monarchy), a House of Lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (democracy) is a prime example of a mixed constitution in the 19th century.[7] This political system had its roots in two closely related developments in seventeenth-century England. First, a series of political upheavals - the Civil War (Puritan Revolution), the exclusion crisis of 1679-81, and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Second, an intense public debate about the best, most liberal and most stable form of government. Its main participants were John Milton, John Locke, Algernon Sidney, and James Harrington. Their thinking became the basis of the radical Whig ideology. It \"described two sorts of threats to political freedom: a general decay of the people which would invite the intrusion of evil and despotic rulers, and the encroachment of executive authority upon the legislature, the attempt that power always made to subdue the liberty protected by mixed government. The American Revolution revealed that this radical Whig understanding of politics had embedded itself deeply in American minds. [...] Radical Whig perceptions of politics attracted widespread support in America because they revived the traditional concerns of a Protestant culture that had always verged on Puritanism. That moral decay threatened free government could not come as a surprise to a people whose fathers had fled England to escape sin.\"[8] Eighteenth-century Whigs, or commonwealthmen, such as John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon, and Benjamin Hoadly \"praised the mixed constitution of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, and they attributed English liberty to it; and like Locke they postulated a state of nature from which rights arose which the civil polity, created by mutual consent, guaranteed; they argued that a contract formed government and sovereignty resided in the people.\" So mixed government is the core of both the British form of modern-era democracy, constitutional monarchy, and the American model: republicanism.[9][10][11]", "Rule of law The rule of law is \"The authority and influence of law in society, especially when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior; (hence) the principle whereby all members of a society (including those in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes\".[2] The phrase \"the rule of law\" refers to a political situation, not to any specific legal rule. Use of the phrase can be traced back to 16th-century Britain, and in the following century the Scottish theologian Samuel Rutherford employed it in arguing against the divine right of kings.[3] John Locke wrote that freedom in society means being subject only to laws made by a legislature that apply to everyone, with a person being otherwise free from both governmental and private restrictions upon liberty. \"The rule of law\" was further popularized in the 19th century by British jurist A. V. Dicey. However, the principle, if not the phrase itself, was recognized by ancient thinkers; for example, Aristotle wrote: \"It is more proper that law should govern than any one of the citizens\".[4]", "Consent of the governed The theory of hypothetical consent of the governed holds that one's obligation to obey government depends on whether the government is such that one ought to consent to it, or whether the people, if placed in a state of nature without government, would agree to said government.[8] This theory has been rejected by some scholars[who?], who argue that since government itself can commit aggression, creating a government to safeguard the people from aggression would be similar to the people, if given the choice of what animals to be attacked by, trading \"polecats and foxes for a lion\", a trade that they would not make.[9]", "Consent of the governed In political philosophy, the phrase consent of the governed refers to the idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and lawful when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised. This theory of consent is historically contrasted to the divine right of kings and had often been invoked against the legitimacy of colonialism. Article 21 of the United Nation's 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that \"The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government\".", "Government In a general sense, in a democracy, all the people of a state or polity are involved in making decisions about its affairs. Also refer to the rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's wealth or race (the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age). A democratic government is, therefore, one supported (at least at the time of the election) by a majority of the populace (provided the election was held fairly). A \"majority\" may be defined in different ways. There are many \"power-sharing\" (usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion) or \"electoral-college\" or \"constituency\" systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one-vote-per-person headcount.[citation needed]", "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness In 1689, Locke argued in his Two Treatises of Government that political society existed for the sake of protecting \"property\", which he defined as a person's \"life, liberty, and estate\".[11] In A Letter Concerning Toleration, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's \"civil interest\", which he described as \"life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things\".[12] He declared in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that \"the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness\".[13]", "Government Historically prevalent forms of government include monarchy, aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy and tyranny. The main aspect of any philosophy of government is how political power is obtained, with the two main forms being electoral contest and hereditary succession.", "Article Two of the United States Constitution In addition to separation of powers and equally important to limited government, each independent and sovereign branch also provides checks and balances on the operation and power of the other two branches.", "United States Constitution According to the United States Senate: \"The Constitution's first three words—We the People—affirm that the government of the United States exists to serve its citizens. For over two centuries the Constitution has remained in force because its framers wisely separated and balanced governmental powers to safeguard the interests of majority rule and minority rights, of liberty and equality, and of the federal and state governments.\"[4]", "Government Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant (Latin: foedus, covenant) with a governing representative head. The term \"federalism\" is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a federation. Proponents are often called federalists.", "Government A government is the system to govern a state or community.[3]", "On Liberty That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant ... Over himself, over his body and mind, the individual is sovereign.[13]", "Separation of powers The greatest expression of the separation of powers was incorporated in the United States Constitution, the founding fathers included features of many new concepts, including hard-learned historical lessons about the checks and balances of power and the then-new concept of separation of powers. Similar concepts were also prominent in the state governments of the United States. As colonies of Great Britain, the founding fathers considered that the American states had suffered an abuse of the broad power of parliamentarism and monarchy. As a remedy, the US Constitution limits the powers of the federal government through various means, in particular, the three branches of the federal government are divided by exercising different functions, and are separated in origin by separate elections, each branch controls the actions of others and balances its powers in some way.", "Conservatism in the United States Liberty and economic freedom, social conservatism, and promotion of Judaeo-Christian[1] ideals is a core value, with a particular emphasis on strengthening the free market, limiting the size and scope of government in the economy and opposition to high taxes and government or labor union encroachment on the entrepreneur. American conservatives consider individual liberty, within the bounds of conformity to American values, as the fundamental trait of democracy, which contrasts with modern American liberals, who generally place a greater value on equality and social justice.[8][9]", "John C. Calhoun According to the principle of a numerical majority, the will of the more numerous citizens should always rule, regardless of the burdens on the minority. Such a principle tends toward a consolidation of power in which the interests of the absolute majority always prevail over those of the minority. Calhoun believed that the great achievement of the American constitution was in checking the tyranny of a numerical majority through institutional procedures that required a concurrent majority, such that each important interest in the community must consent to the actions of government. To secure a concurrent majority, those interests that have a numerical majority must compromise with the interests that are in the minority. A concurrent majority requires a unanimous consent of all the major interests in a community, which is the only sure way of preventing tyranny of the majority. This idea supported Calhoun's doctrine of interposition or nullification, in which the state governments could refuse to enforce or comply with a policy of the Federal government that threatened the vital interests of the states.[124]", "Harm principle The harm principle holds that the actions of individuals should only be limited to prevent harm to other individuals. John Stuart Mill articulated this principle in On Liberty, where he argued that, \"The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.\"[1] An equivalent was earlier stated in France's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 as, \"Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.\"", "Federalism Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism by the United States of America under the Constitution of 1787, is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established.[1] It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status.[2]", "Separation of powers In this way, Calvin and his followers resisted political absolutism and furthered the growth of democracy. Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well-being of ordinary people.[3][need quotation to verify] In 1620, a group of English separatist Congregationalists and Anglicans (later known as the Pilgrim Fathers) founded Plymouth Colony in North America. Enjoying self-rule, they established a bipartite democratic system of government. The \"freemen\" elected the General Court, which functioned as legislature and judiciary and which in turn elected a governor, who together with his seven \"assistants\" served in the functional role of providing executive power.[4] Massachusetts Bay Colony (founded 1628), Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1636), New Jersey, and Pennsylvania had similar constitutions – they all separated political powers. (Except for Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony, these English outposts added religious freedom to their democratic systems, an important step towards the development of human rights.[5][6]) Books like William Bradford's History of Plymoth Plantation (written between 1630 and 1651) were widely read in England.[citation needed] So the form of government in the colonies was well known in the mother country, including to the philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). He deduced from a study of the English constitutional system the advantages of dividing political power into the legislative (which should be distributed among several bodies, for example, the House of Lords and the House of Commons), on the one hand, and the executive and federative power, responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch, on the other hand. (The Kingdom of England had no written constitution.)[7][need quotation to verify]", "State governments of the United States While each state government within the United States holds legal and administrative jurisdiction within its bounds,[3] they are not sovereign in the Westphalian sense in international law which says that each State has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another State's domestic affairs, and that each State (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law.[4] Additionally, the member states of the United States do not possess international legal sovereignty, meaning that they are not recognized by other sovereign States such as, for example, France, Germany or the United Kingdom,[4] nor do they possess full interdependence sovereignty (a term popularized by international relations professor Stephen D. Krasner),[5] meaning that they cannot control movement of persons across state borders.[4] The idea of \"dual sovereignty\" or \"separate sovereigns\" is derived from the 10th Amendment to the Constitution, which states that \"the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\"[3] Structured in accordance with state law (including state constitutions and state statutes), state governments share the same structural model as the federal system, with three branches of governmentâ€”executive, legislative, and judicial.", "Consent of the governed The power of kings and magistrates is nothing else, but what is only derivative, transferred and committed to them in trust from the people, to the common good of them all, in whom the power yet remains fundamentally, and cannot be taken from them, without a violation of their natural birthright.[1]:510[2]", "John Stuart Mill Social liberty for Mill meant putting limits on the ruler's power so that he would not be able to use his power on his own wishes and make decisions which could harm society; in other words, people should have the right to have a say in the government's decisions. He said that social liberty was \"the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual\". It was attempted in two ways: first, by obtaining recognition of certain immunities, called political liberties or rights; second, by establishment of a system of \"constitutional checks\".", "Popular sovereignty in the United States When we consider the nature and the theory of our institutions of government, the principles upon which they are supposed to rest, and review the history of their development, we are constrained to conclude that they do not mean to leave room for the play and action of purely personal and arbitrary power. Sovereignty itself is, of course, not subject to law, for it is the author and source of law; but, in our system, while sovereign powers are delegated to the agencies of government, sovereignty itself remains with the people, by whom and for whom all government exists and acts. And the law is the definition and limitation of power. It is, indeed, quite true that there must always be lodged somewhere, and in some person or body, the authority of final decision, and in many cases of mere administration, the responsibility is purely political, no appeal lying except to the ultimate tribunal of the public judgment, exercised either in the pressure of opinion or by means of the suffrage. But the fundamental rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, considered as individual possessions, are secured by those maxims of constitutional law which are the monuments showing the victorious progress of the race in securing to men the blessings of civilization under the reign of just and equal laws, so that, in the famous language of the Massachusetts Bill of Rights, the government of the commonwealth \"may be a government of laws, and not of men.\" For the very idea that one man may be compelled to hold his life, or the means of living, or any material right essential to the enjoyment of life at the mere will of another seems to be intolerable in any country where freedom prevails, as being the essence of slavery itself.[17]", "Enumerated powers We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.[4]", "Separation of powers The separation of powers, often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the trias politica principle, is a model for the governance of a state. Under this model, a state's government is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with the powers associated with the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is the trias politica model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in some parliamentary systems where the executive and legislature are unified.", "Article One of the United States Constitution The separation of powers principle is particularly noteworthy in regard to the Congress. The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers \"herein granted\" within Article I (as later limited by the Tenth Amendment).[3] It also, by implied extension, prohibits Congress from delegating its legislativhello yaeje authority to either of the other branches of government, a rule known as the nondelegation doctrine.[4] However, the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an \"intelligible principle\" which governs the agency's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority.[5] That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch, and may be expressed only by that branch, is central to the theory.[6] The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly,[7] in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have, unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to \"test the waters\" of what the courts would allow it to do.[8]", "General will A state thus governed needs very few laws ...[14]", "Constitution Constitutions concern different levels of organizations, from sovereign states to companies and unincorporated associations. A treaty which establishes an international organization is also its constitution, in that it would define how that organization is constituted. Within states, a constitution defines the principles upon which the state is based, the procedure in which laws are made and by whom. Some constitutions, especially codified constitutions, also act as limiters of state power, by establishing lines which a state's rulers cannot cross, such as fundamental rights.", "Separation of church and state The concept of separating church and state is often credited to the writings of English philosopher John Locke (1632â€“1704).[13] According to his principle of the social contract, Locke argued that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he argued must therefore remain protected from any government authority. These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with his social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution.[14]", "Forms of government A government is the system by which a state or community is controlled.[1] In the Commonwealth of Nations, the word \"government\" is also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state.[2][3][4] This usage is analogous to what is called an \"administration\" in American English. Furthermore, especially in American English, the concepts of \"the state\" and \"the government\" may be used synonymously to refer to the person or group of people exercising authority over a politically organized territory.[5][6] Finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance.", "Sovereignty An important factor of sovereignty is its degree of absoluteness.[2][3] A sovereign power has absolute sovereignty when it is not restricted by a constitution, by the laws of its predecessors, or by custom, and no areas of law or policy are reserved as being outside its control. International law; policies and actions of neighboring states; cooperation and respect of the populace; means of enforcement; and resources to enact policy are factors that might limit sovereignty. For example, parents are not guaranteed the right to decide some matters in the upbringing of their children independent of societal regulation, and municipalities do not have unlimited jurisdiction in local matters, thus neither parents nor municipalities have absolute sovereignty. Theorists have diverged over the desirability of increased absoluteness.", "Small government A 2013 Gallup poll showed that the majority (54%) of Americans think the government is trying to do too much.[19]", "Civil and political rights The United States Declaration of Independence states that people have unalienable rights including \"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness\". It is considered by some that the sole purpose of government is the protection of life, liberty and property.[9]", "Enumerated powers (United States) We admit, as all must admit, that the powers of the Government are limited, and that its limits are not to be transcended. But we think the sound construction of the Constitution must allow to the national legislature that discretion with respect to the means by which the powers it confers are to be carried into execution which will enable that body to perform the high duties assigned to it in the manner most beneficial to the people. Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional.[4]", "Liberty The social contract theory, most influentially formulated by Hobbes, John Locke and Rousseau (though first suggested by Plato in The Republic), was among the first to provide a political classification of rights, in particular through the notion of sovereignty and of natural rights. The thinkers of the Enlightenment reasoned that law governed both heavenly and human affairs, and that law gave the king his power, rather than the king's power giving force to law. This conception of law would find its culmination in the ideas of Montesquieu. The conception of law as a relationship between individuals, rather than families, came to the fore, and with it the increasing focus on individual liberty as a fundamental reality, given by \"Nature and Nature's God,\" which, in the ideal state, would be as universal as possible.", "Idea Immanuel Kant defines an idea as opposed to a concept. \"Regulative ideas\" are ideals that one must tend towards, but by definition may not be completely realized. Liberty, according to Kant, is an idea. The autonomy of the rational and universal subject is opposed to the determinism of the empirical subject.[19] Kant felt that it is precisely in knowing its limits that philosophy exists. The business of philosophy he thought was not to give rules, but to analyze the private judgements of good common sense.e", "Enumerated powers (United States) This government is acknowledged by all, to be one of enumerated powers. The principle, that it can exercise only the powers granted to it, would seem too apparent, to have required to be enforced by all those arguments, which its enlightened friends, while it was depending before the people, found it necessary to urge; that principle is now universally admitted.[4]", "States' rights In American political discourse, states' rights are political powers held for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment. The enumerated powers that are listed in the Constitution include exclusive federal powers, as well as concurrent powers that are shared with the states, and all of those powers are contrasted with the reserved powers—also called states' rights—that only the states possess.[1][2]", "Gun politics in the United States Public policy arguments are based on the idea that the central purpose of government is to establish and maintain order. This is done through public policy, which Blackstone defined as \"the due regulation and domestic order of the kingdom, whereby the inhabitants of the State, like members of a well-governed family, are bound to conform their general behavior to the rules of propriety, good neighborhood, and good manners, and to be decent, industrious, and inoffensive in their respective stations.\"[1]:2â€“3", "Consent of the governed Using thinking similar to that of English philosopher John Locke, the founders of the United States believed in a state built upon the consent of \"free and equal\" citizens; a state otherwise conceived would lack legitimacy and Rational-legal authority. This was expressed, among other places, in the 2nd paragraph of the Declaration of Independence (emphasis added):[4]", "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances." ]	[ "Limited government In political philosophy, limited government is where the government is empowered by law from a starting point of having no power, or where governmental power is restricted by law, usually in a written constitution. It is a key concept in the history of liberalism. The United States Constitution presents an example of the federal government not possessing any power except what is delegated to it by the Constitution - with the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution specifically stating that powers not specifically delegated to the federal government is reserved for the people and the states. The Magna Carta and the United States Constitution also represents important milestones in the limiting of governmental power. The earliest use of the term limited government dates back to King James VI and I in the late 16th century.[1] Limited government put into practice often involves the protection of individual liberty from government intrusion.[2]" ]
test1448	when does the movie the star come out	[ "doc51641" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc51655", "doc51641", "doc51640", "doc51650", "doc51656", "doc51658", "doc51654", "doc51657", "doc51653", "doc51652", "doc51659", "doc51651", "doc51660", "doc154087", "doc51642", "doc1501086", "doc1213632", "doc51644", "doc69227", "doc51643", "doc392263", "doc706253", "doc1882168", "doc670549", "doc607659", "doc51648", "doc51646", "doc1422989", "doc1012944", "doc69211", "doc981466", "doc121021", "doc108152", "doc2190642", "doc1213636", "doc1498844", "doc51647", "doc727814", "doc236166", "doc596120", "doc1126590", "doc1784067", "doc562730", "doc607671", "doc1144974", "doc670563", "doc50281", "doc50301", "doc607669", "doc727826", "doc2442640", "doc51649", "doc2605293", "doc2574634", "doc596109", "doc179860", "doc36280", "doc713772", "doc51645", "doc670566", "doc343791", "doc36278", "doc50306", "doc1461884", "doc706242", "doc2172280", "doc670561", "doc1219639", "doc427724", "doc2613598", "doc1126591", "doc587835", "doc847020", "doc1224459", "doc1422986", "doc1374390", "doc706259", "doc1012933", "doc392259", "doc132456", "doc1784058", "doc108139", "doc519540", "doc1314845", "doc30345", "doc2638863", "doc488737", "doc120705", "doc973799", "doc120704", "doc462238", "doc234176", "doc706243", "doc1612332", "doc95023", "doc154064", "doc1144971", "doc1742785", "doc1461877", "doc46440" ]	[ "The Star (2017 film) In July 2016, the release date was set for November 10, 2017,[18] but it was later pushed back to November 17, 2017.[19]", "The Star (2017 film) The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song (\"The Star\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.[8]", "The Star (2017 film) The Star is a 2017 American computer-animated Christian adventure comedy film directed by Timothy Reckart.[7] Based on the Nativity of Jesus, and an original idea by Tom Sheridan,[7] the screenplay was written by Carlos Kotkin and Simon Moore.[1] It is produced by Sony Pictures Animation, with partnership from Walden Media, Affirm Films and The Jim Henson Company. It stars the voices of Steven Yeun, Gina Rodriguez, Zachary Levi, Keegan-Michael Key, Kelly Clarkson, Patricia Heaton, Kristin Chenoweth, Tracy Morgan, Tyler Perry, and Oprah Winfrey.", "The Star (2017 film) In September 2014, it was reported that DeVon Franklin would produce a faith-based film inspired by the Nativity story under his production company, Franklin Entertainment, in collaboration with Sony Pictures Animation.[12] In April 2015, Variety reported that Timothy Reckart would direct the film in his directing debut.[7] On August 5, 2015, it was announced that the film, then titled The Lamb, was given an official release date of December 8, 2017.[13] On June 20, 2016, it was announced that Brian Henson and Lisa Henson from The Jim Henson Company would be executive producers for the film, now titled The Star.[14]", "The Star (2017 film) The first trailer was released on July 26, 2017.[20] On November 16, 2017, the official video for the song The Star, performed by Mariah Carey, was made available on her YouTube channel.[21]", "The Star (2017 film) In the United States and Canada, The Star was released alongside Justice League and Wonder, and was projected to gross around $10 million from 2,800 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $2.8 million on its first day.[22] It ended up grossing $9.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing 6th at the box office.[23]", "The Star (2017 film) The Star: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on October 27, 2017, including contributions from Jessie James Decker, Jake Owen, Kelsea Ballerini, Zara Larsson, Casting Crowns, Kirk Franklin, Fifth Harmony, Yolanda Adams, Saving Forever and Mariah Carey. Pentatonix also contributes a bonus track to the digital release of the album.[17]", "The Star (2017 film) As of January 7, 2018[update], The Star has grossed $40.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $20.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $61 million, against a production budget of $20 million.[6]", "The Star (2017 film) On January 5, 2017, it was reported that Oprah Winfrey and Tyler Perry would be in the film.[10] The rest of the cast was announced on January 19, 2017.[1]", "The Star (2017 film) The animation was produced by Cinesite Studios.[16] Animation work began on January 2017.[15]", "The Star (2017 film) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an average rating of 44% based on 45 reviews, with an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"The Star may not leave audiences singing 'Hallelujah', but its offbeat yet sincere approach to the nativity story makes for acceptably diverting holiday viewing.\"[24] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A\" on an A+ to F scale.[23]", "The Star (2017 film) In an interview with Animation Magazine, Reckart expressed that he felt encouraged to direct the film, as he felt that there was a lack of Christmas films centering on the Nativity of Jesus: \"It felt like an opportunity to be part of a movie that has not been done before, that's really going to fill a void.\"[15]", "The Star (2017 film) The A.V. Club's Ignatiy Vishnevetsky criticized The Star as a \"rote cartoon feature\" existing for purely commercial reasons: \"...even the kid-friendliest, Sunday-school-iest kind of religious art can't spring from religion alone; it needs artistry, too. Otherwise, you end up with a generic product aimed at a market segment who'll buy anything as long as it seems sufficiently churchy.\"[26]", "Coco (2017 film) Coco was released in Mexico on October 27, 2017, the weekend before Día de los Muertos. The film was released in the United States on November 22, 2017, during the Thanksgiving weekend, and three weeks after Día de los Muertos, and in the United Kingdom on January 19, 2018.[58] The film was released in a crowded market, preceded by Thor: Ragnarok, Justice League and another animated film, The Star, and followed by Star Wars: The Last Jedi and another animated film, Ferdinand three weeks after Thanksgiving. It is one of the three Disney film productions being released in the November–December corridor.[50]", "The Star (2017 film) In \"9 months B.C.\", Mary is visited by an angel telling her she will bear the Messiah. A mouse named Abby overhears and tells the other animals as a star begins glowing brightly in the night.", "Second Act (film) The film is scheduled to be released by STXfilms on November 21, 2018.[13]", "The Man Who Invented Christmas (film) It was released by Bleecker Street in the United States on November 22, 2017[4] and in the United Kingdom on December 1, 2017.[5]", "The Star (2017 film) Meanwhile, the three wise men and their camels, Felix, Cyrus and Deborah, arrive at the home of King Herod. The wise men reveal their gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh, but when they reveal that it is for the \"new King\", he sends them on their way to meet him, but secretly sends his head soldier and his two dogs, Thaddeus and Rufus, to find and kill the new King.", "Daddy's Home 2 The film was released in the United States on November 10, 2017.[8]", "The Star (2017 film) Six months later, a young donkey is tired of milling wheat and wishes to join a traveling caravan so that he may feel important. His father helps him escape the miller who owns them and he ends up with an injured ankle at the house of Mary and Joseph who just had their wedding dinner. Mary takes the donkey in and names him Boaz, Bo for short, and reveals to Joseph that she is pregnant, with Joseph accepting Mary's situation after praying to God. During this time, Bo and his dove friend Dave, plot to escape despite Mary's kindness, but end up staying three more months.", "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool The film was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November 2017 by Lionsgate.[14] and in the United States on 29 December 2017.[15]", "Sing (2016 American film) The almost complete[15] film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11, 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival.[16] Universal Studios released the film on December 21, 2016.[17]", "Kelly Clarkson Clarkson lent her voice in the computer-animated film, The Star alongside Oprah Winfrey, Steven Yeun, Tyler Perry and others, which is based on the Nativity of Jesus. Developed by Sony Pictures Animation, the film was released on November 17, 2017. This was the first film in which Clarkson performed a voice role.[112] Clarkson also had a guest voice role in the Netflix animated series Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh, portraying herself in the series' 2017 animated Christmas special, Home for the Holidays, alongside Ben Schwartz.[113] In March 2018, Clarkson released \"I've Loved You Since Forever\", a ballad version of the children's book by Hoda Kotb.[114] On May 10, 2018, Clarkson's return to The Voice for the series' fifteenth season was announced.[115] Clarkson hosted and performed at the 2018 Billboard Music Awards on May 20, 2018.[116] In season fourteen of The Voice, Brynn Cartelli was crowned the winner, giving Clarkson her first victory.[117]", "Ferdinand (film) Ferdinand premiered on December 8, 2017 at the Dubai International Film Festival and was theatrically released in the United States on December 15, 2017, in 3D and 2D.. It has grossed $295 million worldwide against a production budget of $111 million.[5][6] Ferdinand received a nomination for Best Animated Feature at the 90th Academy Awards but lost to Coco. It received nominations for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Song (\"Home\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.[7]", "A Bad Moms Christmas Principal photography on the film began in Atlanta, Georgia in May 2017, and the film was released by STXfilms in the United States on November 1, 2017. It received mixed reviews, with criticism aimed at the thin story and raunchy jokes, and has grossed $122 million worldwide.[3]", "The Star (2017 film) All of the animals (who are now joined by Abby and assume the danger to be ongoing), shepherds, and three wise men arrive to see baby Jesus, and Bo realises that he has been carrying the new King the whole time. Deborah predicts that this event will be remembered around the world for years to come.", "The Star (2017 film) Upset with the current outcome, Bo leaves and Dave follows until they arrive at the caravan. While happy to have found it, Bo realizes that he liked being with Mary and tells Dave that he wants to go back. Dave admits that he isn't upset and that he just wants Bo to be happy with his decision, and the two return and make up with Ruth. They convince a frustrated Joseph to talk to Mary, who admits that it has been difficult for her and that she is scared of the importance of the baby. Joseph and Mary make up when the latter begins having contractions. They arrive at Bethlehem where Joseph can't find an inn for Mary. The miller, who just so happened to be there too, kidnaps Bo with Dave and Ruth leaving to rescue him. The wise men arrive as well, but the camels, who are aware of Herod's plot, are left tied to a post.", "El Camino Christmas The film was released on Netflix on December 8, 2017.[3]", "Molly's Game It began a limited release in North America on December 25, 2017, before expanding wide on January 5, 2018.[26] The film was previously slated to be released on November 22, 2017, before being moved to the Christmas date in October 2017.[27]", "Daddy's Home 2 Principal photography on the film began in Massachusetts in March 2017 and it was released in the United States by Paramount Pictures on November 10, 2017. Although the film received unfavorable reviews, it has grossed over $180 million worldwide on a $69 million budget.[2]", "Ralph Breaks the Internet The film is set to be released in the United States on November 21, 2018.[5]", "Just Getting Started (film) In the United States and Canada, Just Getting Started was released on December 8, 2017, alongside the wide expansion of The Disaster Artist, and was projected to gross around $5 million from 2,146 theaters in opening weekend.[13] It ended up debuting to $3.2 million, finishing 10th at the box office. When adjusting for inflation, it was the 21st worst opening of all-time.[14] In its second weekend the film dropped 69% to $978,923, finishing 14th.[15]", "The Post (film) December 22, 2017 (2017-12-22) (digital)", "Why Him? Why Him? was released in the United States on December 23, 2016, by 20th Century Fox. It was originally planned for a November 11, 2016 release date.[16][17]", "The Man Who Invented Christmas (film) The film was released in the United States in 500 theaters on 22 November 2017.[6]", "Tyler Perry Perry released his thirteenth film, Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor (based on his 2008 play of the same name) on March 29, 2013. The film stars Lance Gross, Jurnee Smollett, Brandy Norwood, Robbie Jones, Vanessa L. Williams, and Kim Kardashian. He produced Tyler Perry Presents Peeples, released on May 10, 2013.[37] He returned to the big screen with A Madea Christmas, released on December 13, 2013.[38] Perry directed the film The Single Moms Club, which opened on March 14, 2014. His first animated movie Madea's Tough Love was released on DVD January 20, 2015. In 2016, Perry played scientist Baxter Stockman in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows.[39] In mid January 2016, Perry started filming his seventeenth film, and ninth within the Madea franchise, Boo! A Madea Halloween. The film was released on October 21, 2016. A sequel, Boo 2! A Madea Halloween, was released in October 2017. Perry, alongside Oprah Winfrey, lent his voice in his first computer-animated film, called The Star, which is based on the Nativity of Jesus. Developed by Sony Pictures Animation, the film was released on November 17, 2017.[40]", "The Star (2017 film) Bo ends up in a barn where he meets a horse named Leah, a cow named Edith, and a goat named Zach. They reveal that they haven't been able to sleep because the star's bright light has been shining through on their manger. Realizing that this is where the baby is supposed to be, the animals help Bo escape and he catches up with Dave and Ruth while spotting the soldier and his dogs. Bo finds Mary and Joseph and gets them back to the manger while Dave runs into Cyrus, Felix and Deborah and helps them escape. Ruth finds her flock and tries to convince them to follow her, but gets unexpected help from the angel who informs the shepherds and the sheep that the Savior is coming. Bo manages to fight off Thaddeus and Rufus, but is outdone by the soldier. Suddenly, Ruth and her flock, the camels and Dave arrive and dispatch with them by having them hang from a cliff. The soldier lets his dogs fall, but they are saved by Bo and the soldier himself falls to his death.", "Early Man (film) The film was produced by Aardman Animations and BFI and was released on 26 January 2018 in the United Kingdom, and in the United States on 16 February 2018. It has received generally positive reviews from critics, and has grossed $42.6 million worldwide.[5]", "Paddington 2 Paddington 2 had its world premiere in London on 5 November 2017,[20] and was theatrically released in the United Kingdom on 10 November.[21] It was released on 6 December in France, 7 December in Germany, 21 December in Australia and New Zealand,[11] and 12 January 2018 in the United States.[22] StudioCanal distributed the film in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Australia and New Zealand.[11]", "November Criminals (film) In January 2015, Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions acquired North American and international distribution rights to the film.[5] The film was released through video on demand on November 7, 2017, before opening in a limited release on December 8, 2017.[6]", "The Grinch (film) The film was originally scheduled to be released on November 10, 2017,[8] but in June 2016 it was pushed back to November 9, 2018.[9]", "A Christmas Prince The film was released on Netflix on November 17, 2017.[3]", "All the Money in the World The film premiered at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California on December 18, 2017. In the United States, the film was originally slated for a release on December 22, 2017, but two weeks prior to its debut, it was pushed to December 25, to avoid competition with Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[8]", "A Bad Moms Christmas A Bad Moms Christmas was released on Wednesday, November 1, 2017. It was originally scheduled for November 3, 2017, but was pushed up two days to avoid direct competition with Thor: Ragnarok.[11]", "The Nutcracker and the Four Realms The Nutcracker and the Four Realms is set to be released on November 2, 2018 in 2D, 3D and IMAX 3D by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, replacing the original date set for the Disney's live adaptation of Mulan.[1][16] The teaser trailer was released on December 19, 2017, in front of The Greatest Showman.[17]", "Ferdinand (film) In May 2013, Fox scheduled the film for April 7, 2017 release.[15] In February 2016, the release date was pushed back from its original release date of April 7, 2017 to July 21, 2017.[21] In August 2016, the release date was again pushed back, this time from July 21, 2017 to December 22, 2017, taking over the release date of DreamWorks Animation's The Croods 2,[22] before that film was temporarily cancelled.[23] In February 2017, the film was moved up by one week from December 22, 2017 to December 15, 2017.[5] The first trailer premiered on March 28, 2017,[24] followed by the second trailer on June 14, 2017.[25]", "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film) The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media,[5][6] using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony.[7] It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017,[8] and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate.[9] The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide.", "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film) My Little Pony: The Movie was originally scheduled for release in the United States on November 3, 2017,[60] but it was subsequently moved up to October 6, 2017.[9] Theatrically, the film was accompanied by a 5-minute animated short from Hasbro Studios' web series Hanazuki: Full of Treasures.[61] A private premiere screening was held at the AMC Loews Lincoln Square 13 theater in New York City on September 24, 2017, twelve days prior to the nationwide release date.[8]", "A Bad Moms Christmas In December 2016, it was announced that A Bad Moms Christmas would be released on November 3, 2017, and that it would be Christmas-themed, with Bell, Hahn, and Kunis returning to reprise their roles.[4][5] The release date was subsequently moved up two days to November 1, 2017.[6] In April 2017, Justin Hartley joined the cast of the film,[7] and in May 2017, Susan Sarandon, Christine Baranski, and Cheryl Hines joined as the mothers' mothers, alongside Wanda Sykes and Jay Hernandez reprising their roles from the first film.[8]", "Early Man (film) Early Man was released in the United Kingdom on 26 January 2018, by StudioCanal. StudioCanal will also distribute the film in France, Germany, Australia and New Zealand.[5] In the United States, it was released on 16 February 2018, by Lionsgate, through its Summit Entertainment label.[5] The teaser trailer was released on 16 March 2017, and the first trailer was released on 7 September.[13]", "The Starving Games The film was released on November 8, 2013 to a commercial and critical failure.", "The Star (2017 film) During the credits, it is shown that Joseph buys Bo from the miller, and Bo helps him and Mary raise Jesus . Their flight into Egypt is also shown. It is also revealed that Bo's father has escaped from the miller and is possibly looking for Bo.", "Last Flag Flying It had its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on September 28, 2017.[8] It was scheduled to be released on November 17, 2017,[9] but was moved forward to November 3, 2017, when Lionsgate was announced to co-distribute the film alongside Amazon Studios.[10]", "The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature The film was released on August 11, 2017, by Open Road Films.[21] The first trailer for the film was released on January 18, 2017.[22] As with the first film, The Weinstein Company handles international distribution.[9]", "November Criminals (film) The film was released through video on demand on November 7, 2017, and opened in a limited release on December 8, 2017, by Stage 6 Films and Vertical Entertainment.", "A Star Is Born (2018 film) A Star Is Born had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on August 31, 2018.[29][30] It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival,[31] the San Sebastián International Film Festival, and the Zurich Film Festival in September 2018.[32][33] The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 5, 2018,[34] distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, after initially having been set for September 28, 2018, and May 18, 2018, releases.[35][36]", "Wonder (film) In the United States and Canada, Wonder was released alongside Justice League and The Star and was initially projected to gross around $9 million from 3,096 theaters in its opening weekend.[22] However after grossing $740,000 from Thursday night previews and receiving a large number of group ticket sales, weekend projections were upped to $15 million.[23] Weekend projections were again increased, this time to $28 million, after the film made $9.4 million on its first day. The film went on to debut to $27.1 million, finishing second at the box office behind Justice League.[24] In its second weekend the film dropped just 17.7%, grossing $22.7 million and finishing third at the box office.[25]", "Roman J. Israel, Esq. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2017,[15][16] before its commercial release on November 17, 2017, initially limited, by Columbia Pictures.[17] Following its festival premiere, the film was re-edited to tighten its pacing, with a dozen minutes (including one whole subplot) being shaved off the final runtime, and a key scene regarding Colin Farrell's character being shifted from the third act to earlier in the film.[18]", "The Star (2017 film) As Mary and Joseph leave Nazareth in order to head to Bethlehem, Bo and Dave try another escape, but are confronted by Thaddeus and Rufus, who knew of the home by interrogating Abby. After learning that Mary and Joseph are not home, the soldier and his dogs leave to look for them. Feeling guilty, Bo decides to warn them with Dave joining him. Along the way they meet a friendly sheep named Ruth who left her flock when she saw the star but the others refused to follow her. They catch up to Mary and Joseph in time to warn them, and hide them in a market place where the soldier ties up his dogs. Bo releases the cart Mary and Joseph were using to roll down and cause a chain reaction that knocks the soldier down a well. However, he creates severe damage to the market in the process, and Joseph instead berates Bo as he was unaware of the danger.", "Ferdinand (film) In the United States and Canada, Ferdinand was released alongside Star Wars: The Last Jedi, and was projected to gross $15â€“20 million from 3,621 theaters in its opening weekend.[26] It made $350,000 from Thursday night previews at 2,385 theaters, which began at 5 P.M. and $3.6 million on its first day. It went on to open to $13.3 million, finishing second behind The Last Jedi.[27]", "Home Again (2017 film) Home Again was released on Digital HD on November 21, 2017. A DVD and Blu-ray was released on December 12, 2017 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment", "Wonder (film) Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7, 2017 by Lionsgate.[17][18] On February 13, 2017, it was announced that the release date for Wonder had been pushed back to November 17, 2017.[19] Wonder had its world premiere at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles on November 14, 2017.[20]", "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film) My Little Pony: The Movie was released on December 19, 2017 for digital downloads and was later released on January 9, 2018 for DVD, Blu-ray, and On Demand.[87] Its special features includes a deleted scene, a music video for the song \"I'm the Friend You Need\", three featurettes starring the Mane Six, an exclusive Equestria Girls animated short, and the Hanazuki: Full of Treasures short bundled with the film's theatrical release.[88]", "Olaf's Frozen Adventure Olaf's Frozen Adventure was released by Walt Disney Pictures in 3D in theaters as a limited time offering[5] on November 22, 2017, preceding screenings of Pixar's Coco.[3][8] In the UK, it was shown before re-releases of Frozen on November 25 and 26, and December 2 and 3, 2017. On November 23, Disney announced the release of Olaf's Frozen Adventure on Disney's cable television channels in Latin America, along with Netflix, on December 8, and later on Mexican channels Azteca 7 and 13.[12] Coco co-director Adrian Molina said that the short's placement before Coco was an \"experiment\" due to its length.[13] It ended its limited time run in US screenings on December 8.[14] Due to its brevity, the film was released as a matinee in Gibraltar, after which the 2013 film Frozen was also shown.[15]", "Sing (2016 American film) The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called \"Faith,\" which was nominated for a Golden Globe.[4] It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2016, premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3, 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21, 2016, by Universal Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $634 million worldwide. Along with The Secret Life of Pets, it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year.", "Animal Crackers (2017 film) The film had its world premiere in competition at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 12, 2017.[22][23] It was initially announced that Entertainment One would release the film in Canada and the United Kingdom, but a few months later, in November 2017, it was announced that Entertainment Studios would distribute the film worldwide.[24]", "Ferdinand (film) On September 19, 2017, it was announced that singer Nick Jonas wrote and recorded a song called \"Home\" for the movie. It was featured in the third trailer released in the next day and will also appear in the movie and end credits.[17] It was released as the first promotional single of the soundtrack on October 20, 2017.[18] A Second song by Nick Jonas named \"Watch Me\" was released alongside the film's EP on December 1.[19]", "The Night Before (2015 film) The film was originally scheduled to be released on December 11, 2015, but Sony moved the release date over to November 25, 2015,[20] and later to November 20, 2015.[21]", "The Lego Ninjago Movie The film will star the voices of Dave Franco, Justin Theroux, Michael Peña, Kumail Nanjiani, Abbi Jacobson, Zach Woods, Fred Armisen, Olivia Munn and Jackie Chan, and is scheduled to be released in the United States on September 22, 2017, in 3D, 2D and IMAX 3D by Warner Bros. Pictures.[5]", "Nocturnal Animals The film was released in the United States on November 18, 2016.[27]", "The Grinch (film) The first official trailer was released on March 8, 2018, in front of A Wrinkle in Time, Sherlock Gnomes, Isle of Dogs, Show Dogs and Solo: A Star Wars Story.[10]", "Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Road Chip In the United States and Canada, The Road Chip was released on December 18, 2015 across 3,653 theaters alongside Sisters and Star Wars: The Force Awakens, with box office analysts believing the opening figures could be hurt by the latter.[24] The film grossed $4,126,717 on its first day and $14,287,159 in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office behind The Force Awakens ($247,966,675).[3]", "Trolls (film) The film's opening premiere opened at the BFI London Film Festival Event on October 8, 2016 as a special BFI presentation, and was theatrically released on November 4, 2016, in the United States by 20th Century Fox.", "Goodbye Christopher Robin The film was released in the UK on 29 September 2017,[10] and in the US on 13 October 2017.[11]", "El Camino Christmas El Camino Christmas is a 2017 American black comedy film directed by David E. Talbert and written by Theodore Melfi and Christopher Wehner. The film stars Luke Grimes, Vincent D'Onofrio, Dax Shepard, Kurtwood Smith, Michelle Mylett, Emilio Rivera, Kimberly Quinn, Jessica Alba, and Tim Allen. The film was released on Netflix on December 8, 2017.", "Last Vegas The film was released to theaters on November 1, 2013, by CBS Films.[3][4]", "Sing (2016 American film) Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a Sing 2, slated for December 25, 2020.[39]", "Molly's Game Principal photography began in November 2016 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The film premiered on September 8, 2017, at the Toronto International Film Festival, and began a limited theatrical release in the United States on December 25, 2017, by STXfilms, before expanding wide on January 5, 2018. Molly's Game received positive reviews, with particular praise for Sorkin's screenplay, as well as Chastain and Elba's performances, with some critics considering Chastain's performance one of the best of her career.[4] The film earned Chastain a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Drama,[5] while Sorkin earned nominations for his screenplay at the Academy Awards, Golden Globes, Writers Guild of America Awards, and BAFTA Awards.[6][7]", "Film Stars Don't Die in Liverpool The film had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on 1 September 2017, and was released in the United Kingdom on 16 November 2017, by Lionsgate, and in the United States on 29 December 2017, by Sony Pictures Classics. At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, the film received three nominations: Best Actress (Bening), Best Actor (Bell) and Best Adapted Screenplay.[4]", "Daddy's Home (film) In the United States and Canada, the film opened on December 25, 2015 alongside Point Break, Joy, Concussion, and the wide release of The Big Short. In its opening weekend the film was projected to gross $20–25 million from 3,271 theaters.[21] However, after grossing $1.2 million from its early Thursday showings and $15.7m on its opening day, weekend projections were increased to $43–46 million.[22] The film ended up grossing $38.7 million in its opening weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens ($149.2 million). It was the second biggest non-animated opening of Ferrell's career, behind Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ($47 million).[20]", "A Christmas Prince A Christmas Prince is a 2017 American Christmas romantic comedy film directed by Alex Zamm, written by Karen Schaler and Nathan Atkins and stars Rose McIver, Ben Lamb, Tom Knight, Sarah Douglas, Daniel Fathers, Alice Krige and Tahirah Sharif. The film was released on Netflix on November 17, 2017.[1][2]", "The Post (film) Principal photography began in New York City in May 2017. The film premiered at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. on December 14, 2017 and began a limited release in the United States on December 22, 2017. It had a wide release on January 12, 2018, and grossed $174 million worldwide.", "Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle In the United States and Canada, the film was released on December 20, 2017 alongside The Greatest Showman and was projected to gross around $60 million from 3,765 theaters in its six-day opening weekend with the studio predicting a more conservative $45 million debut.[37][38] The film took in $7.2 million on its first day and $7.6 million on its second day. Over the three-day weekend, the film grossed $36.2 million (for a six-day total of $71.9 million), finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[5] During its second weekend, the film increased to $50.1 million, again finishing in second place at the box office.[39] The weekend-to-weekend increase of 38.4% marked the fourth-largest-ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters; fellow 2017 Christmas release The Greatest Showman coincidentally set the record for best hold the same weekend.[40][41] The film dethroned Star Wars: The Last Jedi for the top spot the following weekend, declining just 28.1% to $36 million[42] and finished first again the following week with $28.1 million (and a total of $35.2 million over the four-day MLK weekend).[43] Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle also remained at the top of the box office for its third weekend with $19.5 million.[44]", "Sherlock Gnomes The film was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on January 12, 2018. In May 2017, the film was pushed back two months to March 23, 2018.[4] In the UK, it was released on May 11, 2018.", "Coming Home for Christmas (2017 film) The film premiered on the Hallmark Channel on November 18, 2017, as part of the channel's 'Countdown to Christmas' season of programming.[2]", "Cook Off! The film made its worldwide premiere at the US Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado in February 2007.[7] The film was released in theaters and on VOD on November 17, 2017.[8]", "Darkest Hour (film) In the United States and Canada, the film began a limited release on 22 November 2017. In its first five days, it grossed $246,761 from four theatres (an average of $61,690), finishing 21st at the box office over the weekend.[20] The film had its wide release on 22 December 2017, alongside the openings of Downsizing, Pitch Perfect 3 and Father Figures, and the wide release of The Shape of Water, and grossed $3.9 million from 804 theatres over that weekend, and $5.5 million over the four-day Christmas frame.[21] 85% of its audience was over the age of 25, with 30% being 50 or older.[22] The following weekend the film made $5.5 million, and a total of $7 million over the four-day New Years frame.[23] The weekend of 27 January 2018, following the announcement of the film's six Oscar nominations, it made $2.1 million.[24]", "The Emoji Movie Produced by Sony Pictures Animation, and distributed by Columbia Pictures, The Emoji Movie premiered on July 23, 2017, at the Regency Village Theatre and was theatrically released in the United States on July 28, 2017. It was panned by critics and grossed nearly $217 million worldwide.[7][8] The film received nominations for Worst Picture, Worst Director and Worst Screenplay at the 38th Golden Raspberry Awards, making it the first animated film to receive nominations for those specific categories for the Golden Raspberry Awards.[9][10]", "The Happytime Murders The Happytime Murders was released to cinemas by STX Entertainment on August 24, 2018.[15] The film was originally scheduled for August 17, 2018, but was pushed back a week.[16]", "The Emoji Movie The Emoji Movie is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated science fiction-comedy film directed by Tony Leondis, and written by Leondis, Eric Siegel and Mike White, based on the trend of emojis.[4] It stars the voices of T. J. Miller, James Corden, Anna Faris, Maya Rudolph, Steven Wright, Rob Riggle, Jennifer Coolidge, Christina Aguilera, Sofía Vergara, Sean Hayes and Patrick Stewart. The film centers on Gene, a multi-expressional emoji who lives in a teenager's phone, and who sets out on a journey to become a normal meh emoji like his parents.[5][6]", "Pitch Perfect 3 In the United States and Canada, Pitch Perfect 3 was released alongside the openings of Downsizing and Father Figures, and the wide expansions of The Shape of Water and Darkest Hour, and was projected to gross $27â€“35 million from 3,447 theaters in its opening weekend.[25][26] The film took in $2.1 million from Thursday night previews, about half of the $4.6 million earned by its predecessor. Over the three-day weekend, which included Christmas Eve, it grossed $19.9 million (down nearly 70% from the second film's $69.2 million debut), finishing third at the box office, behind Star Wars: The Last Jedi and Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. It grossed an additional $6.5 million on Christmas Day, for a four-day total of $26.4 million.[27] It dropped 15% the following weekend, grossing $16.8 million, and a total of $21.7 million over the four-day New Year's frame.[28]", "Star (TV series) The series premiered on December 14, 2016.[2] With the premiere of the series, Amiyah Scott became the third openly transgender person to play a trans major character in a scripted television drama series in America, after Laverne Cox on Orange is the New Black and Jamie Clayton on Sense8.[3][4]", "Sing (2016 American film) A sequel, entitled Sing 2, has been announced for a release on December 25, 2020.", "Logan Lucky Logan Lucky releases on digital download on November 14, 2017 and releases on DVD, Blu-ray, and Ultra HD Blu-ray on November 28, 2017. [31]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII â€“ The Last Jedi) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the eighth main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles, with Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern and Benicio del Toro joining the cast. The film features the final film performance by Fisher, who died in December 2016, and it is dedicated to her memory. The plot follows Rey as she receives Jedi training from Luke Skywalker, in hopes of turning the tide for the Resistance in the fight against Kylo Ren and the First Order.", "Coco (2017 film) Coco premiered on October 20, 2017 during the Morelia International Film Festival in Morelia, Mexico.[9] It was theatrically released in Mexico the following week, the weekend before DÃa de los Muertos, and in the United States on November 22, 2017. The film was praised for its animation, voice acting, music, emotional story, and respect for Mexican culture. It grossed over $807 million worldwide, becoming the 15th highest-grossing animated film ever and was the 11th highest-grossing film of 2017.[10][11][12][13] Recipient of several accolades, Coco was chosen by the National Board of Review as the Best Animated Film of 2017. The film won two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Song (\"Remember Me\"). Additionally, it also won the Best Animated Film at the BAFTA Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Critic's Choice Movie Awards, and Annie Awards.[14]", "The Nutcracker and the Four Realms The Nutcracker and the Four Realms is an upcoming American fantasy film directed by Lasse Hallström and written by Ashleigh Powell and Simon Beaufoy. It is based on E. T. A. Hoffmann's The Nutcracker and the Mouse King and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet The Nutcracker, about a young girl who finds a Nutcracker doll among the family's gifts and is charged by her parents to take special care of it. The film stars Mackenzie Foy, Keira Knightley, Helen Mirren, and Morgan Freeman. It is scheduled to be released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 2, 2018,[1] and is planned to be shown in Real D 3D and IMAX 3D.", "Table 19 The film was originally scheduled to be released on January 20, 2017,[13] before being pushed back to March 3.[14]", "Olaf's Frozen Adventure Olaf's Frozen Adventure is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated featurette, produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is directed by Kevin Deters and Stevie Wermers, who previously directed the holiday-themed Prep and Landing shorts. The film features the voices of Josh Gad, Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, and Jonathan Groff reprising their roles from the original 2013 film Frozen. It premiered in 3D in theaters for a limited time engagement[5] in front of Pixar's Coco on November 22, 2017, and made its television debut on ABC on December 14, 2017.[6]", "The Greatest Showman On June 28, 2017, 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film. On November 13, 2017, the second trailer was released.[28]" ]	[ "The Star (2017 film) The film was released by Columbia Pictures through its parental label Sony Pictures Entertainment on November 17, 2017 in the United States. It was met with mixed reviews and has grossed $61 million worldwide. The film received a nomination for Best Original Song (\"The Star\") at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.[8]" ]
test1480	who got the first nobel prize in physics	[ "doc52695" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc52695", "doc52694", "doc874110", "doc2529638", "doc2594713", "doc253188", "doc687033", "doc96780", "doc811124", "doc2594702", "doc743153", "doc2594717", "doc1452236", "doc530821", "doc150085", "doc827573", "doc1613836", "doc1557165", "doc242761", "doc626334", "doc1452235", "doc2454878", "doc874134", "doc626374", "doc2361047", "doc1915637", "doc150125", "doc743151", "doc626341", "doc717623", "doc103318", "doc2340805", "doc2340818", "doc1823702", "doc530811", "doc328151", "doc233342", "doc253227", "doc1915648", "doc1796785", "doc150086", "doc356525", "doc2673158", "doc2660448", "doc874138", "doc96784", "doc2093346", "doc150070", "doc1723441", "doc1593346", "doc530833", "doc1014789", "doc1049197", "doc1337467", "doc1612080", "doc2529640", "doc887401", "doc547269", "doc1989121", "doc874121", "doc2448386", "doc2097731", "doc782608", "doc547268", "doc2529621", "doc884520", "doc687008", "doc108136", "doc150120", "doc743160", "doc811096", "doc727541", "doc811097", "doc782607", "doc599775", "doc1375217", "doc530817", "doc1823705", "doc874130", "doc253216", "doc687004", "doc108133", "doc2529615", "doc2448350", "doc1436838", "doc717634", "doc563837", "doc18597", "doc660038", "doc1723437", "doc811109", "doc1505048", "doc1436843", "doc1958401", "doc2448340", "doc108132", "doc253222", "doc975053", "doc42671", "doc96775" ]	[ "List of Nobel laureates in Physics The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. Maria Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25.[5] Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963).[6] As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942).", "List of Nobel laureates in Physics The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4]", "Max Planck Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, FRS[1] (/plɑːŋk/;[2] 23 April 1858 – 4 October 1947) was a German theoretical physicist whose discovery of energy quanta won him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918.[3]", "C. V. Raman Nobel Prize in Physics", "Henri Becquerel In 1903, Becquerel shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Pierre and Marie Skłodowska-Curie \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\".", "Photoelectric effect In 1887, Heinrich Hertz[2][3] discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1900, while studying black-body radiation, the German physicist Max Planck suggested that the energy carried by electromagnetic waves could only be released in \"packets\" of energy. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. This model contributed to the development of quantum mechanics. In 1914, Robert Millikan's experiment supported Einstein's model of the photoelectric effect. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921 for \"his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\",[4] and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for \"his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect\".[5]", "History of radio In 1909, Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for \"contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\".", "Wave–particle duality Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.", "Marie Curie In December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, \"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.\"[22] At first, the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel, but one of the committee members and an advocate of women scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination.[43] Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.[22]", "Henri Becquerel Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist, Nobel laureate, and the first person to discover evidence of radioactivity. For work in this field he, along with Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie,[2] received the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. The SI unit for radioactivity, the becquerel (Bq), is named after him.", "J. J. Thomson Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.[3]", "Henri Becquerel He also received the following awards besides the Nobel Prize for Physics (1903):", "Planck constant The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called \"photoelectrons\") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz,[19] who published the first thorough investigation in 1887. Another particularly thorough investigation was published by Philipp Lenard in 1902.[20] Einstein's 1905 paper[21] discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921,[19] when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan.[22] The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real.[23][24]", "X-ray On November 8, 1895, German physics professor Wilhelm Röntgen stumbled on X-rays while experimenting with Lenard and Crookes tubes and began studying them. He wrote an initial report \"On a new kind of ray: A preliminary communication\" and on December 28, 1895 submitted it to Würzburg's Physical-Medical Society journal.[21] This was the first paper written on X-rays. Röntgen referred to the radiation as \"X\", to indicate that it was an unknown type of radiation. The name stuck, although (over Röntgen's great objections) many of his colleagues suggested calling them Röntgen rays. They are still referred to as such in many languages, including German, Hungarian, Danish, Polish, Swedish, Finnish, Estonian, Russian, Japanese, Dutch, and Norwegian. Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery.[22]", "Nobel Prize The Nobel Committee's Physics Prize shortlist cited Wilhelm Röntgen's discovery of X-rays and Philipp Lenard's work on cathode rays. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize.[35][36] In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the Academy \"was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize.\"[37] The Academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for Jacobus van 't Hoff.[38] Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in chemical thermodynamics.[39][40]", "Wireless In 1894, Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless telegraph system using radio waves, which had been known about since proof of their existence in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz, but discounted as communication format since they seemed, at the time, to be a short range phenomenon.[4] Marconi soon developed a system that was transmitting signals way beyond distances anyone could have predicted (due in part to the signals bouncing off the then unknown ionosphere). Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun were awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics for their contribution to this form of wireless telegraphy.", "Guglielmo Marconi Guglielmo Marconi, 1st Marquis of Marconi (/mɑːrˈkoʊni/;[1] Italian: [ɡuʎˈʎɛlmo marˈkoːni]; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission[2] and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. He is usually credited as the inventor of radio,[3] and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun \"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy\".[4][5][6]", "Nikola Tesla On 6 November 1915, a Reuters news agency report from London had the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however, on 15 November, a Reuters story from Stockholm stated the prize that year was being awarded to Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays.\"[174][175][176] There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that either Tesla or Edison had refused the prize.[174] The Nobel Foundation said, \"Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous\"; a recipient could decline a Nobel Prize only after he is announced a winner.[174]", "Cathode ray Thomson was given the 1906 Nobel prize for physics for this work. Philipp Lenard also contributed a great deal to cathode ray theory, winning the Nobel prize for physics in 1905 for his research on cathode rays and their properties.", "Nobel Prize controversies The 1903 prize went to Henri Becquerel (along with Pierre and Marie Curie) \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\". However, critics alleged that Becquerel merely rediscovered a phenomenon first noticed and investigated decades earlier by the French scientist Abel Niepce de Saint-Victor.[152]", "Planck constant The black-body problem was revisited in 1905, when Rayleigh and Jeans (on the one hand) and Einstein (on the other hand) independently proved that classical electromagnetism could never account for the observed spectrum. These proofs are commonly known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", a name coined by Paul Ehrenfest in 1911. They contributed greatly (along with Einstein's work on the photoelectric effect) in convincing physicists that Planck's postulate of quantized energy levels was more than a mere mathematical formalism. The very first Solvay Conference in 1911 was devoted to \"the theory of radiation and quanta\".[18] Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics \"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\".", "List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin) is awarded annually by the Swedish Karolinska Institute to scientists and doctors in the various fields of physiology or medicine. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members and an executive secretary elected by the Karolinska Institute.[2][3] While commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine, Nobel specifically stated that the prize be awarded for \"physiology or medicine\" in his will. Because of this, the prize can be awarded in a broader range of fields.[3] The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to Emil Adolf von Behring, of Germany. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, von Behring received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2008. In 2013, the prize was awarded to James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Südhof;[5] they were recognised \"after discovering how cells precisely transport material\".[6] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[7]", "Max Planck At first Planck considered that quantisation was only \"a purely formal assumption ... actually I did not think much about it...\"; nowadays this assumption, incompatible with classical physics, is regarded as the birth of quantum physics and the greatest intellectual accomplishment of Planck's career (Ludwig Boltzmann had been discussing in a theoretical paper in 1877 the possibility that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete). The discovery of Planck's constant enabled him to define a new universal set of physical units (such as the Planck length and the Planck mass), all based on fundamental physical constants upon which much of quantum theory is based. In recognition of Planck's fundamental contribution to a new branch of physics, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1918 (he actually received the award in 1919).[17][18]", "Nobel Prize controversies 1915 saw a newspaper rumor[245] (starting with a 6 November Reuters report from London) along the lines that Nobel Prize in Physics was to be awarded to both Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. The story had gone to press in many publications before a 15 November Reuters story from Stockholm with the announcement that the prize that year was being awarded to William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg \"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays\".[246][247][248] There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that Tesla and Edison had won the prize and that the Nobel committee had changed recipients when Tesla and/or Edison refused the award (a claim also made many years later attributed Tesla).[249] The Nobel Foundation declined to comment on the rumors other than saying, \"Any rumor that a person has not been given a Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the reward is ridiculous\", further stating a recipient could only decline a Nobel Prize after he is announced a winner.[249]", "University of London Albert Einstein (1936), Theoretical physicist and Recipient of Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921", "Crookes tube When the voltage applied to a Crookes tube is high enough, around 5,000 volts or greater,[14] it can accelerate the electrons to a fast enough velocity to create X-rays when they hit the anode or the glass wall of the tube. The fast electrons emit X-rays when their path is bent sharply as they pass near the high electric charge of an atom's nucleus, a process called bremsstrahlung, or they knock an atom's inner electrons into a higher energy level, and these in turn emit X-rays as they return to their former energy level, a process called X-ray fluorescence. Many early Crookes tubes undoubtedly generated X-rays, because early researchers such as Ivan Pulyui had noticed that they could make foggy marks on nearby unexposed photographic plates. On November 8, 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen was operating a Crookes tube covered with black cardboard when he noticed that a nearby fluorescent screen glowed faintly.[15] He realized that some unknown invisible rays from the tube were able to pass through the cardboard and make the screen fluoresce. He found that they could pass through books and papers on his desk. Röntgen began to investigate the rays full-time, and on December 28, 1895, published the first scientific research paper on X-rays.[16] Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics (in 1901) for his discoveries.", "Nobel Prize Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The husband-and-wife team of Gerty Cori and Carl Ferdinand Cori shared the 1947 Prize in Physiology or Medicine[164] as did the husband-and-wife team of May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser in 2014 (along with John O'Keefe).[165] J. J. Thomson was awarded the Physics Prize in 1906 for showing that electrons are particles. His son, George Paget Thomson, received the same prize in 1937 for showing that they also have the properties of waves.[166] William Henry Bragg and his son, William Lawrence Bragg, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing the X-ray spectrometer.[167] Niels Bohr was awarded the Physics prize in 1922, as did his son, Aage Bohr, in 1975.[163][168] Manne Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1924, was the father of Kai Siegbahn, who received the Physics Prize in 1981.[163][169] Hans von Euler-Chelpin, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of Ulf von Euler, who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970.[163] C. V. Raman was awarded the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, who was awarded the same prize in 1983.[170][171] Arthur Kornberg received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959; Kornberg's son, Roger later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006.[172] Jan Tinbergen, who was awarded the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of Nikolaas Tinbergen, who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize.[163] Alva Myrdal, Peace Prize laureate in 1982, was the wife of Gunnar Myrdal who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974.[163] Economics laureates Paul Samuelson and Kenneth Arrow were brothers-in-law. Frits Zernike, who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, is the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate Gerard 't Hooft.[173]", "J. J. Thomson Sir Joseph John Thomson OM PRS[1] (/ˈtɒmsən/; 18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was an English physicist and Nobel laureate in physics, credited with the discovery and identification of the electron; and with the discovery of the first subatomic particle.", "Nobel Prize controversies Albert Einstein's 1921 Nobel Prize Award mainly recognized his 1905 discovery of the mechanism of the photoelectric effect and \"for his services to Theoretical Physics\". The Nobel committee passed on several nominations for his many other seminal contributions, although these led to prizes for others who later applied more advanced technology to experimentally verify his work. Many predictions of Einstein's theories have been verified as technology advances. Recent examples include the bending of light in a gravitational field, gravitational waves, gravitational lensing and black holes. It wasn't until 1993 that the first evidence for the existence of gravitational radiation came via the Nobel Prize-winning measurements of the Hulse–Taylor binary system.[160]", "Heinrich Hertz Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (German: [hɛɐʦ]; 22 February 1857 – 1 January 1894) was a German physicist who first conclusively proved the existence of the electromagnetic waves theorized by James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory of light. The unit of frequency — cycle per second — was named the \"hertz\" in his honor.[1]", "Radio wave Radio waves were first predicted by mathematical work done in 1867 by Scottish mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell.[2] Maxwell noticed wavelike properties of light and similarities in electrical and magnetic observations. His mathematical theory, now called Maxwell's equations, described light waves and radio waves as waves of electromagnetism that travel in space, radiated by a charged particle as it undergoes acceleration. In 1887, Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the reality of Maxwell's electromagnetic waves by experimentally generating radio waves in his laboratory,[3] showing that they exhibited the same wave properties as light: standing waves, refraction, diffraction, and polarization. Radio waves, originally called \"Hertzian waves\",[4] were first used for communication in the mid 1890s by Guglielmo Marconi, who developed the first practical radio transmitters and receivers. The modern term \"radio wave\" replaced the original name \"Hertzian wave\" around 1912.", "Gravitational wave In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne and Barry Barish for their role in the detection of gravitational waves.[15][16][17]", "Gravitational wave In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne and Barry Barish for their role in the detection of gravitational waves.[15][16][17]", "Introduction to quantum mechanics Planck's law was the first quantum theory in physics, and Planck won the Nobel Prize in 1918 \"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta\".[7] At the time, however, Planck's view was that quantization was purely a heuristic mathematical construct, rather than (as is now believed) a fundamental change in our understanding of the world.[8]", "X-ray German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen is usually credited as the discoverer of X-rays in 1895, because he was the first to systematically study them, though he is not the first to have observed their effects. He is also the one who gave them the name \"X-rays\" (signifying an unknown quantity[4]) though many others referred to these as \"Röntgen rays\" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as, \"Röntgenograms\") for several decades after their discovery and even to this day in some languages, including Röntgen's native German.", "Asia Sir C. V. Raman is the first Asian to get a Nobel prize in Sciences. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him\".", "Electricity In 1887, Heinrich Hertz[20]:843â€“44[21] discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for \"his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\".[22] The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels and this is frequently used to make electricity commercially.", "Photoelectric effect In 1905, Albert Einstein solved this apparent paradox by describing light as composed of discrete quanta, now called photons, rather than continuous waves. Based upon Max Planck's theory of black-body radiation, Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency multiplied by a constant, later called Planck's constant. A photon above a threshold frequency has the required energy to eject a single electron, creating the observed effect. This discovery led to the quantum revolution in physics and earned Einstein the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.[49] By wave-particle duality the effect can be analyzed purely in terms of waves though not as conveniently.[50]", "Crookes tube Philipp Lenard wanted to see if cathode rays could pass out of the Crookes tube into the air. He built a tube with a \"window\" in the glass envelope made of aluminum foil just thick enough to hold the atmospheric pressure out (later called a \"Lenard window\") facing the cathode so the cathode rays would hit it. He found that something did come through. Holding a fluorescent screen up to the window caused it to fluoresce, even though no light reached it. A photographic plate held up to it would be darkened, even though it was not exposed to light. The effect had a very short range of about 2.5 centimetres (0.98Â in). He measured the ability of cathode rays to penetrate sheets of material, and found they could penetrate much farther than moving atoms could. Since atoms were the smallest particles known at the time, this was first taken as evidence that cathode rays were waves. Later it was realized that electrons were much smaller than atoms, accounting for their greater penetration ability. Lenard was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1905 for his work.", "Nobel Prize in Chemistry The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands, \"for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.\" From 1901 to 2018, the award has been bestowed on a total of 180 individuals.[2]", "Nobel Prize The Swedish Academy chose the poet Sully Prudhomme for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists, and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected Leo Tolstoy to be awarded.[41] Some, including Burton Feldman, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the Academy members preferred Victorian literature and thus selected a Victorian poet.[42] The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands of deaths each year.[43][44]", "List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, who died in 1896. These prizes are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[4]", "Fluorine Nobel Prize photo of Moissan", "McGill University As chair of physics at McGill, New Zealander Ernest Rutherford was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908 for his work in atomic physics.", "Max Planck Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (photons), based on Heinrich Hertz's 1887 discovery (and further investigation by Philipp Lenard) of the photoelectric effect, was initially rejected by Planck. He was unwilling to discard completely Maxwell's theory of electrodynamics. \"The theory of light would be thrown back not by decades, but by centuries, into the age when Christiaan Huygens dared to fight against the mighty emission theory of Isaac Newton ...\"[citation needed]", "Wave–particle duality De Broglie was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929 for his hypothesis. Thomson and Davisson shared the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937 for their experimental work.", "Modern physics German physicist Max Planck, founder of quantum theory", "Nobel Prize The will of the Swedish scientist Alfred Nobel established the prizes in 1895. The prizes in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901.[3][4][5] In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, which has been commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics.[6][7][8] The Nobel Prize is widely regarded as the most prestigious award available in the fields of literature, medicine, physics, chemistry, economics and activism for peace.[9][10][11]", "Quantum mechanics Planck cautiously insisted that this was simply an aspect of the processes of absorption and emission of radiation and had nothing to do with the physical reality of the radiation itself.[12] In fact, he considered his quantum hypothesis a mathematical trick to get the right answer rather than a sizable discovery.[13] However, in 1905 Albert Einstein interpreted Planck's quantum hypothesis realistically and used it to explain the photoelectric effect, in which shining light on certain materials can eject electrons from the material. He won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.", "Radiology Radiographs (originally called roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of X-rays, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen) are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient. The X-rays are projected through the body onto a detector; an image is formed based on which rays pass through (and are detected) versus those that are absorbed or scattered in the patient (and thus are not detected). Röntgen discovered X-rays on November 8, 1895 and received the first Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery in 1901.", "X-ray In about 1906, the physicist Charles Barkla discovered that X-rays could be scattered by gases, and that each element had a characteristic X-ray spectrum. He won the 1917 Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.", "University of Madras Physics Nobel laureate, Sir C. V. Raman", "Electromagnetism In a second paper published in 1905, Albert Einstein undermined the very foundations of classical electromagnetism. In his theory of the photoelectric effect, for which he won the Nobel prize in physics, he posited that light could exist in discrete particle-like quantities, which later came to be called photons. Einstein's theory of the photoelectric effect extended the insights that appeared in the solution of the ultraviolet catastrophe presented by Max Planck in 1900 and who coined the term \"quanta\" . In his work, Planck showed that hot objects emit electromagnetic radiation in discrete packets (\"quanta\"), which leads to a finite total energy emitted as black body radiation. Both of these results were in direct contradiction with the classical view of light as a continuous wave. Planck's and Einstein's theories were progenitors of quantum mechanics, which, when formulated in 1925, necessitated the invention of a quantum theory of electromagnetism.", "National Science Day For his discovery, Sir C.V. Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.", "List of Nobel laureates in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which are awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Swedish Academy.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to Sully Prudhomme of France.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Prudhomme received 150,782 SEK, which is equivalent to 8,823,637.78 SEK in January 2018. The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]", "C. V. Raman Lenin Peace Prize", "X-ray crystallography Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays in 1895, just as the studies of crystal symmetry were being concluded. Physicists were initially uncertain of the nature of X-rays, but soon suspected (correctly) that they were waves of electromagnetic radiation, in other words, another form of light. At that time, the wave model of light—specifically, the Maxwell theory of electromagnetic radiation—was well accepted among scientists, and experiments by Charles Glover Barkla showed that X-rays exhibited phenomena associated with electromagnetic waves, including transverse polarization and spectral lines akin to those observed in the visible wavelengths. Single-slit experiments in the laboratory of Arnold Sommerfeld suggested that X-rays had a wavelength of about 1 angstrom. However, X-rays are composed of photons, and thus are not only waves of electromagnetic radiation but also exhibit particle-like properties. Albert Einstein introduced the photon concept in 1905,[9] but it was not broadly accepted until 1922,[10][11] when Arthur Compton confirmed it by the scattering of X-rays from electrons.[12] Therefore, these particle-like properties of X-rays, such as their ionization of gases, caused William Henry Bragg to argue in 1907 that X-rays were not electromagnetic radiation.[13][14][15][16] Nevertheless, Bragg's view was not broadly accepted and the observation of X-ray diffraction by Max von Laue in 1912[17] confirmed for most scientists that X-rays were a form of electromagnetic radiation.", "Quantum The concept of quantization of radiation was discovered in 1900 by Max Planck, who had been trying to understand the emission of radiation from heated objects, known as black-body radiation. By assuming that energy can be absorbed or released only in tiny, differential, discrete packets (which he called \"bundles\", or \"energy elements\"),[8] Planck accounted for certain objects changing colour when heated.[9] On December 14, 1900, Planck reported his findings to the German Physical Society, and introduced the idea of quantization for the first time as a part of his research on black-body radiation.[10] As a result of his experiments, Planck deduced the numerical value of h, known as the Planck constant, and reported more precise values for the unit of electrical charge and the Avogadroâ€“Loschmidt number, the number of real molecules in a mole, to the German Physical Society. After his theory was validated, Planck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery in 1918.", "First observation of gravitational waves The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish and Kip Thorne \"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves\".[79]", "Max Planck In April 1885 the University of Kiel appointed Planck as associate professor of theoretical physics. Further work on entropy and its treatment, especially as applied in physical chemistry, followed. He published his Treatise on Thermodynamics in 1897.[8] He proposed a thermodynamic basis for Svante Arrhenius's theory of electrolytic dissociation.", "Invention of radio Marconi was awarded the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun for contributions to radio sciences. Marconi's demonstrations of the use of radio for wireless communications, equipping ships with life saving wireless communications,[125] establishing the first transatlantic radio service,[116] and building the first stations for the British shortwave service, have marked his place in history. Shortly after the turn of the 20th century, the US Patent Office re-awarded Marconi a patent for radio. The U.S. Patent RE11,913 was granted on June 4, 1901. Marconi's U.S. Patent 676,332 was awarded on June 11, 1901, also. This system was more advanced than his previous works. The United States Supreme Court, decision of MARCONI WIRELESS T. CO. OF AMERICA v. U.S., 320 U.S. 1 (1943) stated that “Marconi's reputation as the man who first achieved successful radio transmission … is not here in question” this statement is followed by “Marconi's patent involved no invention over Lodge, Tesla, and Stone”. The 1943 decision didn't overturn Marconi's original patents, or his reputation as the first person to develop practical radiotelegraphic communication. It just said that the adoption of adjustable transformers in the transmitting and receiving circuits, which was an improvement of the initial invention, was anticipated by patents issued to Oliver Lodge and John Stone. (This decision wasn't unanimous).[126]", "Ireland Other notable Irish physicists include Ernest Walton, winner of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics. With Sir John Douglas Cockcroft, he was the first to split the nucleus of the atom by artificial means and made contributions to the development of a new theory of wave equation.[178] William Thomson, or Lord Kelvin, is the person whom the absolute temperature unit, the kelvin, is named after. Sir Joseph Larmor, a physicist and mathematician, made innovations in the understanding of electricity, dynamics, thermodynamics and the electron theory of matter. His most influential work was Aether and Matter, a book on theoretical physics published in 1900.[179]", "Photon Since the Maxwell theory of light allows for all possible energies of electromagnetic radiation, most physicists assumed initially that the energy quantization resulted from some unknown constraint on the matter that absorbs or emits the radiation. In 1905, Einstein was the first to propose that energy quantization was a property of electromagnetic radiation itself.[10] Although he accepted the validity of Maxwell's theory, Einstein pointed out that many anomalous experiments could be explained if the energy of a Maxwellian light wave were localized into point-like quanta that move independently of one another, even if the wave itself is spread continuously over space.[10] In 1909[47] and 1916,[49] Einstein showed that, if Planck's law of black-body radiation is accepted, the energy quanta must also carry momentum p = h/Î», making them full-fledged particles. This photon momentum was observed experimentally[50] by Arthur Compton, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1927. The pivotal question was then: how to unify Maxwell's wave theory of light with its experimentally observed particle nature? The answer to this question occupied Albert Einstein for the rest of his life,[51] and was solved in quantum electrodynamics and its successor, the Standard Model (see Second quantization and The photon as a gauge boson, below).", "Quantum In 1901, Max Planck used quanta to mean \"quanta of matter and electricity\",[5] gas, and heat.[6] In 1905, in response to Planck's work and the experimental work of Lenard (who explained his results by using the term quanta of electricity), Albert Einstein suggested that radiation existed in spatially localized packets which he called \"quanta of light\" (\"Lichtquanta\").[7]", "C. V. Raman Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford referred to it in his presidential address to the Royal Society in 1929. Raman was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. He was conferred a knighthood, and medals and honorary doctorates by various universities. Raman was confident of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in 1928 and to Louis de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November, and would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news.[12] He did eventually win the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect\".[13] He was the first Asian and first non-white to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.", "Western culture Heinrich Hertz, German physicist", "History of radio Between 1886 and 1888 Heinrich Rudolf Hertz published the results of his experiments where he was able to transmit electromagnetic waves (radio waves) through the air, proving Maxwell's electromagnetic theory.[17][18] Early on after their discovery, radio waves were referred to as \"Hertzian waves\".[19] Between 1890 and 1892 physicists such as John Perry, Frederick Thomas Trouton and William Crookes proposed electromagnetic or Hertzian waves as a navigation aid or means of communication, with Crookes writing on the possibilities of wireless telegraphy based on Hertzian waves in 1892.[8]", "List of Nobel laureates Six laureates have received more than one prize; of the six, the International Committee of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Prize three times, more than any other.[9] UNHCR has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize twice. Also the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Bardeen twice, and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Frederick Sanger. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in the same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Pauling (Chemistry and Peace). Among the 892 Nobel laureates, 48 have been women; the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[10] She was also the first person (male or female) to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, the second award being the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, given in 1911.[9]", "Nobel Prize Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded \"to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.\"[149] He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given \"to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics.\" Nobel did not emphasise discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions: 77% of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg, in papers published in Nature and Technoetic Arts, have argued this emphasis on discoveries has moved the Nobel Prize away from its original intention of rewarding the greatest contribution to society.[150][151]", "J. J. Thomson One of Thomson's greatest contributions to modern science was in his role as a highly gifted teacher. One of his students was Ernest Rutherford, who later succeeded him as Cavendish Professor of Physics. In addition to Thomson himself, six of his research assistants (Charles Glover Barkla, Niels Bohr, Max Born, William Henry Bragg, Owen Willans Richardson and Charles Thomson Rees Wilson) won Nobel Prizes in physics, and two (Francis William Aston and Ernest Rutherford) won Nobel prizes in chemistry. In addition, Thomson's son (George Paget Thomson) won the 1937 Nobel Prize in physics for proving the wave-like properties of electrons.", "Marie Curie Marie Skłodowska Curie (/ˈkjʊri, kjʊˈriː/;[3] French: [kyʁi]; Polish: [kʲiˈri]; born Maria Salomea Skłodowska [ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska]; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.", "List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates The Norwegian Nobel Committee each year awards the Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) \"to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.\"[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[2] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.[3] The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant; the prize was most recently awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons in 2017. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4] In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm.[5] Unlike the other prizes, the Peace Prize is occasionally awarded to an organisation (such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, a three-time recipient) rather than an individual.", "Marie Curie She was born in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Flying University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.", "Photon At the same time, investigations of blackbody radiation carried out over four decades (1860–1900) by various researchers[45] culminated in Max Planck's hypothesis[9][46] that the energy of any system that absorbs or emits electromagnetic radiation of frequency ν is an integer multiple of an energy quantum E = hν. As shown by Albert Einstein,[10][47] some form of energy quantization must be assumed to account for the thermal equilibrium observed between matter and electromagnetic radiation; for this explanation of the photoelectric effect, Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in physics.[48]", "Wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi, the father of radio based wireless telegraphy, in 1901, with one of his first wireless transmitters (right) and receivers (left)", "Solar cell In 1905 Albert Einstein proposed a new quantum theory of light and explained the photoelectric effect in a landmark paper, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.[6]", "X-ray Starting in 1888, Philipp Lenard, a student of Heinrich Hertz, conducted experiments to see whether cathode rays could pass out of the Crookes tube into the air. He built a Crookes tube (later called a \"Lenard tube\") with a \"window\" in the end made of thin aluminum, facing the cathode so the cathode rays would strike it. He found that something came through, that would expose photographic plates and cause fluorescence. He measured the penetrating power of these rays through various materials. It has been suggested that at least some of these \"Lenard rays\" were actually X-rays.[15]", "Introduction to quantum mechanics In 1887, Heinrich Hertz observed that when light with sufficient frequency hits a metallic surface, it emits electrons.[11] In 1902, Philipp Lenard discovered that the maximum possible energy of an ejected electron is related to the frequency of the light, not to its intensity: if the frequency is too low, no electrons are ejected regardless of the intensity. Strong beams of light toward the red end of the spectrum might produce no electrical potential at all, while weak beams of light toward the violet end of the spectrum would produce higher and higher voltages. The lowest frequency of light that can cause electrons to be emitted, called the threshold frequency, is different for different metals. This observation is at odds with classical electromagnetism, which predicts that the electron's energy should be proportional to the intensity of the radiation.[12]:24 So when physicists first discovered devices exhibiting the photoelectric effect, they initially expected that a higher intensity of light would produce a higher voltage from the photoelectric device.", "Max Planck In 1894 Planck turned his attention to the problem of black-body radiation. He had been commissioned by electric companies to create maximum light from lightbulbs with minimum energy.[citation needed] The problem had been stated by Kirchhoff in 1859: \"how does the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body (a perfect absorber, also known as a cavity radiator) depend on the frequency of the radiation (i.e., the color of the light) and the temperature of the body?\". The question had been explored experimentally, but no theoretical treatment agreed with experimental values. Wilhelm Wien proposed Wien's law, which correctly predicted the behaviour at high frequencies, but failed at low frequencies. The Rayleigh–Jeans law, another approach to the problem, created what was later known as the \"ultraviolet catastrophe\", but contrary to many textbooks this was not a motivation for Planck.[16]", "Photoelectric effect Johann Elster (1854–1920) and Hans Geitel (1855–1923), students in Heidelberg, developed the first practical photoelectric cells that could be used to measure the intensity of light.[20][21]:458 Elster and Geitel had investigated with great success the effects produced by light on electrified bodies.[22]", "History of radio After the discovery of these \"Hertzian waves\" (it would take almost 20 years for the term \"radio\" to be universally adopted for this type of electromagnetic radiation)[4] many scientists and inventors experimented with wireless transmission, some trying to develop a system of communication, some intentionally using these new Hertzian waves, some not. Maxwell's theory showing that light and Hertzian electromagnetic waves were the same phenomenon at different wavelengths led \"Maxwellian\" scientist such as John Perry, Frederick Thomas Trouton and Alexander Trotter to assume they would be analogous to optical signaling[5][6] and the Serbian American engineer Nikola Tesla to consider them relatively useless for communication since \"light\" could not transmit further than line of sight.[7] In 1892 the physicist William Crookes wrote on the possibilities of wireless telegraphy based on Hertzian waves[8] and in 1893 Tesla proposed a system for transmitting intelligence and wireless power using the earth as the medium.[9] Others, such as Amos Dolbear, Sir Oliver Lodge, Reginald Fessenden,[10] and Alexander Popov[11] were involved in the development of components and theory involved with the transmission and reception of airborne electromagnetic waves for their own theoretical work or as a potential means of communication.", "List of Nobel laureates Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the laureates were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]", "C. V. Raman Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman[1] (7 November 1888 – 21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist born in the former Madras Province in India presently the state of Tamil Nadu, who carried out ground-breaking work in the field of light scattering, which earned him the 1930 Nobel Prize for Physics. He discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, some of the deflected light changes wavelength. This phenomenon, subsequently known as Raman scattering, results from the Raman effect.[3] In 1954, India honoured him with its highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.[4][5]", "Invention of radio It had been proposed in 1879 to German physicist Heinrich Rudolf Hertz that he try to prove Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism but he could not see any way to build an apparatus to experimentally test the theory.[41] His observation, in the autumn of 1886, of discharging a Leyden jar into a large coil producing a spark in an adjacent coil gave him the idea of how to build a test apparatus.[42][43] Between 1886 and 1888 Hertz conducted scientific experiments that validated Maxwell's theory.[44] He designed a method of detecting spark-gap radio waves by observing that another unpowered spark-gap, acting as an antenna, would absorb the radio energy and convert it back into an electric spark. Hertz published his results in a series of papers between 1887 and 1890,[45] and again in complete book form in 1893.[46]", "Ernest Rutherford He studied at Havelock School and then Nelson College and won a scholarship to study at Canterbury College, University of New Zealand, where he participated in the debating society and played rugby.[13] After gaining his BA, MA and BSc, and doing two years of research during which he invented a new form of radio receiver, in 1895 Rutherford was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851,[14] to travel to England for postgraduate study at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge.[15] He was among the first of the 'aliens' (those without a Cambridge degree) allowed to do research at the university, under the inspiring leadership of J. J. Thomson,[citation needed] and the newcomers aroused jealousies from the more conservative members of the Cavendish fraternity. With Thomson's encouragement, he managed to detect radio waves at half a mile and briefly held the world record for the distance over which electromagnetic waves could be detected, though when he presented his results at the British Association meeting in 1896, he discovered he had been outdone by another lecturer, by the name of Marconi.", "Heinrich Hertz During Hertz's studies in 1879 Helmholtz suggested that Hertz's doctoral dissertation be on testing Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, published in 1865, which predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and predicted that light itself was just such a wave. Helmholtz had also proposed the \"Berlin Prize\" problem that year at the Prussian Academy of Sciences for anyone who could experimentally prove an electromagnetic effect in the polarization and depolarization of insulators, something predicted by Maxwell's theory.[15][16] Helmholtz was sure Hertz was the most likely candidate to win it.[16] Not seeing any way to build an apparatus to experimentally test this, Hertz thought it was too difficult, and worked on electromagnetic induction instead. Hertz did produce an analysis of Maxwell's equations during his time at Kiel, showing they did have more validity than the then prevalent \"action at a distance\" theories.[17]", "Antenna (radio) The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his pioneering experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the focal point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving. He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie (vol. 36, 1889).", "Nobel Prize in Literature The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) has been awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced \"in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction\" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstÃ¥ende verket i en idealisk riktning).[2][3] Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here \"work\" refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.", "Radiation The first radio waves detected were not from a natural source, but were produced deliberately and artificially by the German scientist Heinrich Hertz in 1887, using electrical circuits calculated to produce oscillations in the radio frequency range, following formulas suggested by the equations of James Clerk Maxwell.", "Quantum mechanics Following Max Planck's solution in 1900 to the black-body radiation problem (reported 1859), Albert Einstein offered a quantum-based theory to explain the photoelectric effect (1905, reported 1887). Around 1900-1910, the atomic theory and the corpuscular theory of light[10] first came to be widely accepted as scientific fact; these latter theories can be viewed as quantum theories of matter and electromagnetic radiation, respectively.", "Marie Curie Skłodowska studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893, she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann. Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.[11][24][b]", "Werner Heisenberg Werner Karl Heisenberg (/ˈhaɪzənˌbɜːrɡ/;[2] German: [ˈhaɪzənbɛɐ̯k]; 5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist and one of the key pioneers of quantum mechanics. He published his work in 1925 in a breakthrough paper. In the subsequent series of papers with Max Born and Pascual Jordan, during the same year, this matrix formulation of quantum mechanics was substantially elaborated. He is known for the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which he published in 1927. Heisenberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1932 \"for the creation of quantum mechanics\".[3]", "Ernest Rutherford From 1900 to 1903, he was joined at McGill by the young chemist Frederick Soddy (Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1921) for whom he set the problem of identifying the thorium emanations. Once he had eliminated all the normal chemical reactions, Soddy suggested that it must be one of the inert gases, which they named thoron (later found to be an isotope of radon). They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium. They also worked with samples of \"Uranium X\" from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie.", "Invar It was invented in 1896 by Swiss physicist Charles Édouard Guillaume. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1920 for this discovery, which enabled improvements in scientific instruments.[2]", "Invention of radio Maxwell and electromagnetic waves", "List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, or \"laureate\", receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation, yearly.[2]", "Photoelectric effect The discovery of the ionization of gases by ultra-violet light was made by Philipp Lenard in 1900. As the effect was produced across several centimeters of air and made very great positive and small negative ions, it was natural to interpret the phenomenon, as did J. J. Thomson, as a Hertz effect upon the solid or liquid particles present in the gas.[15]", "Radio receiver Radio waves were first identified in German physicist Heinrich Hertz's 1887 series of experiments to prove James Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. Hertz used spark-excited dipole antennas to generate the waves and micrometer spark gaps attached to dipole and loop antennas to detect them.[19][20][21] These primitive devices are more accurately described as radio wave sensors, not \"receivers\", as they could only detect radio waves within about 100 feet of the transmitter, and were not used for communication but instead as laboratory instruments in scientific experiments.", "Henry Moseley Isaac Asimov also speculated that, in the event that he had not been killed while in the service of the British Empire, Moseley might very well have been awarded the 1916 Nobel Prize in Physics, which, along with the prize for chemistry, was not awarded to anyone that year. Additional credence is given to this idea by noting the recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics in the two preceding years, 1914 and 1915, and in the following year, 1917. In 1914, Max von Laue of Germany won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals, which was a crucial step towards the invention of X-ray spectroscopy. Then, in 1915, William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, a British father-son pair, shared this Nobel Prize for their discoveries in the reverse problem â€” determining the structure of crystals using X-rays (Robert Charles Bragg, William Henry Bragg's other son, had also been killed at Gallipoli, on 2 September 1915[16]). Next, Moseley used the diffraction of X-rays by known crystals in measuring the X-ray spectra of metals. This was the first use of X-ray spectroscopy and also one more step towards the creation of X-ray crystallography. In addition, Moseley's methods and analyses substantially supported the concept of atomic number, placing it on a firm, physics-based foundation. Moreover, Charles Barkla of Great Britain was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1917 for his experimental work in using X-ray spectroscopy in discovering the characteristic X-ray frequencies emitted by the various elements, especially the metals. \"Siegbahn, who carried on Moseley's work, received one [the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physics].\"[17] Moseley's discoveries were thus of the same scope as those of his peers, and in addition, Moseley made the larger step of demonstrating the actual foundation of atomic numbers. Ernest Rutherford commented that Moseley's work, \"Allowed him to complete during two years at the outset of his career a set of researches that would surely have brought him a Nobel prize\".[18]", "Wave–particle duality If one used Planck's energy quanta, and demanded that electromagnetic radiation at a given frequency could only transfer energy to matter in integer multiples of an energy quantum hÎ½, then the photoelectric effect could be explained very simply. Low-frequency light only ejects low-energy electrons because each electron is excited by the absorption of a single photon. Increasing the intensity of the low-frequency light (increasing the number of photons) only increases the number of excited electrons, not their energy, because the energy of each photon remains low. Only by increasing the frequency of the light, and thus increasing the energy of the photons, can one eject electrons with higher energy. Thus, using Planck's constant h to determine the energy of the photons based upon their frequency, the energy of ejected electrons should also increase linearly with frequency; the gradient of the line being Planck's constant. These results were not confirmed until 1915, when Robert Andrews Millikan, who had previously determined the charge of the electron, produced experimental results in perfect accord with Einstein's predictions. While the energy of ejected electrons reflected Planck's constant, the existence of photons was not explicitly proven until the discovery of the photon antibunching effect, of which a modern experiment can be performed in undergraduate-level labs.[13] This phenomenon could only be explained via photons, and not through any semi-classical theory (which could alternatively explain the photoelectric effect). When Einstein received his Nobel Prize in 1921, it was not for his more difficult and mathematically laborious special and general relativity, but for the simple, yet totally revolutionary, suggestion of quantized light. Einstein's \"light quanta\" would not be called photons until 1925, but even in 1905 they represented the quintessential example of wave-particle duality. Electromagnetic radiation propagates following linear wave equations, but can only be emitted or absorbed as discrete elements, thus acting as a wave and a particle simultaneously." ]	[ "List of Nobel laureates in Physics The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. Maria Skłodowska-Curie also won two Nobel Prizes, for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911. William Lawrence Bragg was, until October 2014, the youngest ever Nobel laureate; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25.[5] Two women have won the prize: Curie and Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963).[6] As of 2017, the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals. There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942)." ]
test2467	who propounded the idea of basic education in india	[ "doc85097" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc26431", "doc1411375", "doc85097", "doc26432", "doc1411374", "doc26399", "doc1679953", "doc1679990", "doc1411377", "doc439438", "doc1411376", "doc1679978", "doc26394", "doc26398", "doc2449445", "doc1679954", "doc736357", "doc1679984", "doc1679992", "doc880979", "doc1679989", "doc2341020", "doc1679986", "doc736362", "doc897649", "doc1679983", "doc1679985", "doc2231097", "doc1679982", "doc897538", "doc2206053", "doc897553", "doc897545", "doc497740", "doc1679972", "doc21271", "doc897634", "doc1050618", "doc589052", "doc439469", "doc26430", "doc26433", "doc717380", "doc85093", "doc717376", "doc1651880", "doc124359", "doc785268", "doc663244", "doc897635", "doc1679988", "doc1679957", "doc124360", "doc325238", "doc1679981", "doc717377", "doc881002", "doc897644", "doc21308", "doc120574", "doc1834621", "doc1679980", "doc272724", "doc897614", "doc897563", "doc292871", "doc2152594", "doc663240", "doc1855409", "doc736358", "doc2341030", "doc497715", "doc2345742", "doc497713", "doc2583213", "doc717402", "doc897641", "doc53604", "doc2004022", "doc736361", "doc53638", "doc1949348", "doc1748133", "doc897639", "doc881007", "doc53603", "doc1050615", "doc897646", "doc1748129", "doc351575", "doc897643", "doc880971", "doc59236", "doc899367", "doc897608", "doc2341026", "doc2231088", "doc897551", "doc497728", "doc897636" ]	[ "Abul Kalam Azad As India's first Minister of Education, he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls. As Chairman of the Central Advisory Board of Education, he gave thrust to adult literacy, universal primary education, free and compulsory for all children up to the age of 14, girls education, and diversification of secondary education and vocational training.[27] Addressing the conference on All India Education on 16 January 1948, Maulana Azad emphasised,[27]", "National Policy on Education Since the country's independence in 1947, the Indian government sponsored a variety of programmes to address the problems of illiteracy in both rural and urban India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India's first Minister of Education, envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. The Union government established the University Education Commission (1948–1949), the Secondary Education Commission (1952–1953) and the Kothari Commission (1964–66) to develop proposals to modernise India's education system. The Resolution on Scientific Policy was adopted by the government of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. The Nehru government sponsored the development of high-quality scientific education institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology. In 1961, the Union government formed the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) as an autonomous organisation that would advise both the Union and state governments on formulating and implementing education policies.[2]", "Basic education The pedagogic goals of Basic Education by Mahatma Gandhi are general and complex pedagogic targets and conrete pedagogic targets. The general targets are lifelong education, social education and integral education. The conrete pedagogic targets are craftwork, native language, co-education, the village community, hygiene - the Programme of safai - and reading and writing.[9]", "Abul Kalam Azad We must not for a moment forget, it is a birthright of every individual to receive at least the basic education without which he cannot fully discharge his duties as a citizen.", "National Policy on Education The National Policy on Education (NPE) is a policy formulated by the Government of India to promote education amongst India's people. The policy covers elementary education to colleges in both rural and urban India. The first NPE was promulgated in 1968 by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986. The government of India has appointed a new committee under K. Kasturirangan to prepare a Draft for the new National Education Policy in 2017.[1]. Other members of this committee are former IAS officer K J Alphonse Kanamthanam, Baba Saheb Ambedkar University of Social Sciences (Mhow)’s vice-chancellor Ram Shanker Kureel, Guwahati University professor Persian Dr Mazhar, Manjul_Bhargava, mathematics professor at Princeton University, M K Sridhar, former Member Secretary Kamataka Innovation Council and. Kamataka Knowledge Commission, Prof. T V Kattimani,Vice Chancellor of Indira Gandhi National Tribal University Amarakantaka(MP), Former Uttar Pradesh education director Krishan Mohan Tripathi and Vasudha Kamat, former vice chancellor of Mumbai’s SNDT_Women's_University", "Abul Kalam Azad National Education Day (India) an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first education minister of independent India, who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958. National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year in India. He also worked for Hindu-Muslim unity through the Al-Hilal newspaper.[3]", "Kothari Commission National Education Commission (1964-1966), popularly known as Kothari Commission, was an ad hoc commission set up by the Government of India to examine all aspects of the educational sector in India, to evolve a general pattern of education and to advise guidelines and policies for the development of education in India.[2] It was formed on 14 July 1964 under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, then chairman of the University Grants Commission.[3] The terms of reference of the commission was to formulate the general principles and guidelines for the development of education from primary level to the highest and advise the government on a standardized national pattern of education in India.[4] However, the medical and legal studies were excluded from the purview of the commission.[4] The tenancy of the commission was from 1964 to 1966 and the report was submitted by the commission on 29 June 1966.[3]", "Kothari Commission Formulation of a National Policy on Education was one of the important recommendations of the commission and in 1968, the fourth Lok Sabha elected to office in 1967 under the leadership of Indira Gandhi, passed the bill.[10] The policy covered many recommendations of the Kothari Commission such as free and compulsory education, Status and pay scale revision of teachers, equalization of educational opportunity and science education.[10]", "National Policy on Education Having announced that a new policy was in development in January, 1985, the government of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi introduced a new National Policy on Education in May, 1986.[5] The new policy called for \"special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalise educational opportunity,\" especially for Indian women, Scheduled Tribes (ST) and the Scheduled Caste (SC) communities.[5] To achieve such a social integration, the policy called for expanding scholarships, adult education, recruiting more teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children to school regularly, development of new institutions and providing housing and services.[5] The NPE called for a \"child-centred approach\" in primary education, and launched \"Operation Blackboard\" to improve primary schools nationwide.[6] The policy expanded the open university system with the Indira Gandhi National Open University, which had been created in 1985.[6] The policy also called for the creation of the \"rural university\" model, based on the philosophy of Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, to promote economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India.[6] 1986 education policy expected to spent 6%of GDP on education", "Jawaharlal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru was a passionate advocate of education for India's children and youth, believing it essential for India's future progress. His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Institutes of Management and the National Institutes of Technology. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programs and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children to fight malnutrition. Adult education centers, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas.", "National Policy on Education Based on the report and recommendations of the Education Commission (1964â€“1966), the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the first National Policy on Education in 1968, which called for a \"radical restructuring\" and equalise educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development.[3] The policy called for fulfilling compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, as stipulated by the Constitution of India, and the better training and qualification of teachers.[3] The policy called for focus on learning of regional languages, outlining the \"three language formula\" to be implemented in secondary education - the instruction of the English language, the official language of the state where the school was based, and Hindi,[3] Language education was seen as essential to reduce the gulf between the intelligentsia and the masses. Although the decision to adopt Hindi as the national language had proven controversial, the policy called for use and learning of Hindi to be encouraged uniformly to promote a common language for all Indians.[3] The policy also encouraged the teaching of the ancient Sanskrit language, which was considered an essential part of India's culture and heritage. The NPE of 1968 called for education spending to increase to six percent of the national income.[3] As of 2013, the NPE 1968 has moved location on the national website.[4]", "Kothari Commission 9000 individuals covering educators, scholars and scientists were interviewed and 2400 memorandums were examined by the commission, during a period spanning 21 months.[5] The commission submitted its 287-page report on 29 June 1966 to M. C. Chagla, the then minister of education.[7] The report had four sub sections:[5]", "Abul Kalam Azad Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed bin Khairuddin AlHussaini Azad ( pronunciation (help·info); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian Bengali scholar and the senior Muslim leader of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement. Following India's independence, he became the first Minister of Education in the Indian government. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning 'Our Master', and he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as \"National Education Day\" across India.[1][2]", "Abul Kalam Azad Amidst communal turmoil following the partition of India, he worked for religious harmony. As India's Education Minister, Azad oversaw the establishment of a national education system with free primary education and modern institutions of higher education. He is also credited with the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology and the foundation of the University Grants Commission, an important institution to supervise and advance the higher education in the nation.", "National Council of Education Satish Chandra Mukherjee, a Bengali Indianteacher who taught in the South Calcutta suburb of Bhowanipore, set up in 1895 the Bhagabat Chatushpati. This institute promoted history and understandings of Indian religions and philosophy. In 1897 he founded the Dawn Magazine and in 1902, Mukherjee founded the Dawn society. Through his society and magazine, Mukherjee promulgated Indian philosophies and teachings, and criticised the Calcutta University's syllabus for its lack of emphasis on what he believed to be necessary for nation building. Mukherjee's work, in the nascent nationalist sentiments, found support among leading luminaries of Bengal at the time. Soon, the Dawn society was calling for nationalist education with emphasis on sciences and focus towards Indian values.[4]", "Kothari Commission The commission, under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, was the sixth commission in India post independence and the first commission with comprehensive terms of reference on education.[5] It was composed of a member secretary, an associate secretary and fifteen members.[5] Apart from the core group, the commission had a panel of overseas consultants numbering twenty[5] and nineteen task forces, their sub groups and special panels of invitees.[6]", "Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Hindi: सर्व शिक्षा अभियान, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyān, English: Education for All Movement), or SSA, is an Indian Government programme aimed at the universalisation of elementary education \"in a time bound manner\", as mandated by the 86th Amendment to the Constitution of India making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14 (estimated to be 205 million children in 2001) a fundamental right. The programme was pioneered by former Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.", "Kothari Commission Lower primary level (1 to 4)[8]", "Kothari Commission Kothari commission, fourth education commission in the independent India,[8] and its recommendations are also reported to have influenced the 1986 revision of the National Policy on Education by the Rajiv Gandhi ministry.[12] The guidelines laid out by the commission were revisited by the National Knowledge Commission headed by Sam Pitroda in 2005.[7]", "Literacy in India The provision of universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6–14 was a cherished national ideal and had been given overriding priority by incorporation as a Directive Policy in Article 45 of the Constitution, but it is still to be achieved more than half a century since the Constitution was adopted in 1949. Parliament has passed the Constitution 86th Amendment Act, 2002, to make elementary education a Fundamental Right for children in the age group of 6–14 years.[37] In order to provide more funds for education, an education cess of 2 per cent has been imposed on all direct and indirect central taxes through the Finance (No. 2) Act, 2004.[38]", "Kothari Commission The commission recommended the establishment of Indian Education Service, along the lines of Indian Administrative Service, to bring in professional management to education sector. It proposed standardization and revision of the pay scales of the teaching, non teaching and administrative staff and prescribed minimum pay levels based on their locations. It also advised standardization of pay scales working under different managements such as government, private and local bodies. The minimum scale was suggested to be in the ratio of 1:2:3 for teachers in the primary, secondary and higher levels of educational sector.[4] Another proposal was for the establishment of a machinery for continuous on job training of the teaching staff and for efforts to raise the status of the teachers to attract talents into the profession.[8] It urged laws to be passed to legalize the educational standards and the educational expenditure to be raised from the then level of 2.9 percent of the GDP to 6 percent, to be achieved by the fiscal year, 1985-86.[4] A significant suggestion was the issuance of a National Policy on Education by the Government of India which should serve as a guideline for the state and local bodies in the design and implementation of their educational plans.[4]", "C. W. W. Kannangara As Minister of Education in the State Council, Kannangara introduced extensive reforms to the education system of Sri Lanka throughout the 1940s. They benefitted thousands of underprivileged students in rural parts of the country by making education free for all students. He also began a Central Colleges scheme, which established high quality secondary schools in rural areas of the country. Kannangara's significant achievements in areas of education have led him to being commonly referred to as the Father of Free Education in Sri Lanka.[1][2]", "Kothari Commission Lower secondary level (IX and X)[8]", "Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat is a nationwide sub-programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.[7][8] Children who fail to read in early education lag behind in other subjects.The programme is designed to improve comprehensive early reading, writing and early mathematics programme for children in Classes I and II. Under this programme, ₹762 crore (US$120 million) was approved to States. The programme will not only provide print rich environment, timely distribution of books but will also include new teacher mentoring and appraisal system.[9][better source needed] SSA has been operational since 2000-2001 to provide for a variety of interventions for universal access and retention, bridging of gender and social category gaps in elementary education and improving the quality of learning. SSA interventions include inter alia, opening of new schools and alternate schooling facilities, construction of schools and additional classrooms, toilets and drinking water, provisioning for teachers, regular teacher in service training and academic resource support, free textbooks& uniforms and support for improving learning achievement levels / outcome. With the passage of the RTE Act, changes have been incorporated into the SSA approach, strategies and norms. The changes encompass the vision and approach to elementary education, guided by the following principles : Holistic view of education, as interpreted in the National Curriculum Framework 2005, with implications for a systemic revamp of the entire content and process of education with significant implications for curriculum, teacher education, educational planning and management. Equity, to mean not only equal opportunity, but also creation of conditions in which the disadvantaged sections of the society – children of SC, ST, Muslim minority, landless agricultural workers and children with special needs, etc. – can avail of the opportunity. Access, not to be confined to ensuring that a school becomes accessible to all children within specified distance but implies an understanding of the educational needs and predicament of the traditionally excluded categories – the SC, ST and others sections of the most disadvantaged groups, the Muslim minority, girls in general, and children with special needs. Gender concern, implying not only an effort to enable girls to keep pace with boys but to view education in the perspective spelt out in the National Policy on Education 1986 /92; i.e. a decisive intervention to bring about a basic change in the status of women. Centrality of teacher, to motivate them to innovate and create a culture in the classroom, and beyond the classroom, that might produce an inclusive environment for children, especially for girls from oppressed and marginalised backgrounds. Moral compulsion is imposed through the RTE Act on parents, teachers, educational administrators and other stakeholders, rather than shifting emphasis on punitive processes. Convergent and integrated system of educational management is pre-requisite for implementation of the RTE law. All states must move in that direction as speedily as feasible[citation needed]", "Education in India During the Financial Year 2011-12, the Central Government of India has allocated ₹ 38,957 crore for the Department of School Education and Literacy which is the main department dealing with primary education in India. Within this allocation, major share of ₹ 21,000 crore, is for the flagship programme 'Sarva Siksha Abhiyan'. However, budgetary allocation of ₹ 21,000 crore is considered very low in view of the officially appointed Anil Bordia Committee recommendation of ₹ 35,659 crore for the year 2011-12. This higher allocation was required to implement the recent legislation 'Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. In recent times, several major announcements were made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are;\n(a) To progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6% of GDP.\n(b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central government taxes.\n(c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due to economic backwardness and poverty.\n(d) To make right to education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years.\n(e) To universalise education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Midday Meal scheme", "Kothari Commission Commission laid stress on women education and advised setting up of state and central level committees for overseeing women education.[9] It suggested establishing schools and hostels for women and urged to identify ways to find job opportunities for women in the educational sector.[9] Focusing on equalization of opportunities to all irrespective of caste, religion and gender and to achieve social and national integration,[9] the schools were advised to provide education to backward classes on a priority basis and the minimum level of enrollment at a secondary school were advised to be not less than 360 every year. Two sets of curricula were prescribed, one at state level and one at the national level and the schools were recommended to experiment with the curriculum. It also proposed that three or four text books to be prescribed for each subject and moral and religious education be made a part of the curriculum.[8] The curriculum prescribed by the commission was:", "Kothari Commission Higher primary level (5 to 8)[8]", "Jyotirao Phule At an education commission hearing in 1884, Phule called for help in providing education for lower castes. To implement it, he advocated making primary education compulsory in villages. He also asked for special incentives to get more lower-caste people in high schools and colleges.[citation needed]", "Kothari Commission The days of instruction were recommended to be increased to 234 for schools and 216 for colleges and the working hours to be fixed at not less than 1000 hours per academic year, preferably higher at 1100 or 1200 hours. It also advised for reduction of national holidays.[4] Linking of colleges to a number of schools in the neighborhood, utilization of school facilities 8 hours a day all through the year, establishment of book banks, identification of talents and provision of scholarships, setting up of day study and residential facilities and opportunities for students to earn while studying were some of the other recommendations of the commission.[4][9] It also emphasized on free education up to and including lower secondary level of education.[9]", "Education in India Education in India is provid by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: central, state and local. Under various articles of the Indian Constitution, free and compulsory education is provided as a fundamental right to children between the ages of 6 and 14. The ratio of public schools to private schools in India is 7:5.", "Government of Maharashtra Kudilal Govindram Sekseria Sarvodaya School, Year 1977 [23]", "Education in India There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by the government. The District Education Revitalisation Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalise primary education in India by reforming and vitalising the existing primary education system.[35] 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15% was funded by the states.[35] The DERP, which had opened 1.6 lakh new schools including 84,000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 35 lakh children, was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes.[35] In January 2016, Kerala became the 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its literacy programme Athulyam.[36]", "Education in India Education Policy is prepared by the Centre Government and State Governments at national and state levels respectively. The National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986, has provided for environment awareness, science and technology education, and introduction of traditional elements such as Yoga into the Indian secondary school system.[18] A significant feature of India's secondary school system is the emphasis on inclusion of the disadvantaged sections of the society. Professionals from established institutes are often called to support in vocational training. Another feature of India's secondary school system is its emphasis on profession based vocational training to help students attain skills for finding a vocation of his/her choosing.[19] A significant new feature has been the extension of SSA to secondary education in the form of the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan.[20]", "History of education in the Indian subcontinent Growing awareness for the need of technical education in India gave rise to establishment of institutions such as the Indian Institute of Science, established by philanthropist Jamshetji Tata in 1909.[46] By the 1930s India had 10 institutions offering engineering courses.[47] However, with the advent of the Second World War in 1939 the \"War Technicians Training Scheme\" under Ernest Bevin was initiated, thereby laying the foundation of modern technical education in India.[47] Later, planned development of scientific education under Ardeshir Dalal was initiated in 1944.[47]", "Kothari Commission Working Group on Pre-Primary Education\nThis group was intended to work on the primary education and its standardization as the primary education till that time was unorganized with several different schools such as basic primary and Montessori systems in practice. The group had ten women, S. Panandikar, Bilquis Ghufran, L. Jesudian, Shalini Moghe, A. Pakrashi, Grace Tucker, P. K. Varalakshmi, Amrita Varma and R. Muralidharan and two men, M. C. Nanavatty and Shesh Namle as members.", "B. R. Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Baba Saheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour.[3][4] He was Independent India's first law minister, the principal architect of the Constitution of India and a founding father of the Republic of India.[5][6][7][8][9]", "Education in India Article 45, of the Constitution of India originally stated:", "Michael Sadler (educationist) And in India you stand on the verge of the most hazardous and inevitable of adventuresâ€”the planning of primary education for the unlettered millions of a hundred various races. I doubt whether the European model will fit Indian conditions. If you want social dynamite, modern elementary education of the customary kind will give it to you. It is the agency that will put the masses in motion. But to what end or issue no one can foretell.[4]", "UNESCO UNESCO's early work in the field of education included the pilot project on fundamental education in the Marbial Valley, Haiti, started in 1947.[20] This project was followed by expert missions to other countries, including, for example, a mission to Afghanistan in 1949.[21] In 1948, UNESCO recommended that Member States should make free primary education compulsory and universal.[22] In 1990, the World Conference on Education for All, in Jomtien, Thailand, launched a global movement to provide basic education for all children, youths and adults.[23] Ten years later, the 2000 World Education Forum held in Dakar, Senegal, led member governments to commit to achieving basic education for all by 2015.[24]", "Jawaharlal Nehru As India's first Prime minister and external affairs minister, Jawaharlal Nehru played a major role in shaping modern India's government and political culture along with sound foreign policy. He is praised for creating a system providing universal primary education,[126] reaching children in the farthest corners of rural India. Nehru's education policy is also credited for the development of world-class educational institutions such as the All India Institute of Medical Sciences,[127] Indian Institutes of Technology,[128] and the Indian Institutes of Management.", "Abul Kalam Azad Azad remained a close confidante, supporter and advisor to prime minister Nehru, and played an important role in framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college construction and spreading the enrolment of children and young adults into schools, to promote universal primary education. Elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha in 1952 and again in 1957, Azad supported Nehru's socialist economic and industrial policies, as well as the advancing social rights and economic opportunities for women and underprivileged Indians. In 1956, he served as president of the UNESCO General Conference held in Delhi. Azad spent the final years of his life focusing on writing his book India Wins Freedom, an exhaustive account of India's freedom struggle and its leaders, which was published in 1959.", "Abul Kalam Azad He oversaw the setting up of the Central Institute of Education, Delhi, which later became the Department of Education of the University of Delhi as \"a research centre for solving new educational problems of the country\".[28] Under his leadership, the Ministry of Education established the first Indian Institute of Technology in 1951 and the University Grants Commission in 1953.,[29][30] He also laid emphasis on the development of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and the Faculty of Technology of the Delhi University.[31] He foresaw a great future in the IITs for India:[31]", "Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act The bill was approved by the cabinet on 2 July 2009.[9] Rajya Sabha passed the bill on 20 July 2009[10] and the Lok Sabha on 4 August 2009.[11] It received Presidential assent and was notified as law on 26 August 2009[12] as The Children's Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act.[13] The law came into effect in the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 April 2010, the first time in the history of India a law was brought into force by a speech by the Prime Minister. In his speech, Manmohan Singh, former Prime Minister of India stated that, \"We are committed to ensuring that all children, irrespective of gender and social category, have access to education. An education that enables them to acquire the skills, knowledge, values and attitudes necessary to become responsible and active citizens of India.\"[14]", "Basic education Universal basic education is regarded as a priority for developing countries and is the focus of the Education For All movement led by UNESCO. It is also included in the Millennium Development Goals as goal number 2: achieve universal primary education by 2015.[5]", "Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 'The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act' or 'Right to Education Act also known as RTE', is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.[1] India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.[2][3][4] The title of the RTE Act incorporates the words ‘free and compulsory’. ‘Free education’ means that no child, other than a child who has been admitted by his or her parents to a school which is not supported by the appropriate Government, shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education. ‘Compulsory education’ casts an obligation on the appropriate Government and local authorities to provide and ensure admission, attendance and completion of elementary education by all children in the 6-14 age group. With this, India has moved forward to a rights based framework that casts a legal obligation on the Central and State Governments to implement this fundamental child right as enshrined in the Article 21A of the Constitution, in accordance with the provisions of the RTE Act.17", "Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi called his ideas Nai Talim (literally, 'new education'). He believed that the Western style education violated and destroyed the indigenous cultures. A different basic education model, he believed, would lead to better self awareness, prepare people to treat all work equally respectable and valued, and lead to a society with less social diseases.[326][327]", "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India The experiences of the First World War, the unsatisfactory Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, and the rise to prominence of M. K. Gandhi in the Indian independence movement marked a change in the attitude of its leaders towards articulating demands for civil rights. The focus shifted from demanding equality of status between Indians and the British to assuring liberty for all Indians.[5] The Commonwealth of India Bill, drafted by Annie Beasant in 1925, specifically included demands for seven fundamental rights – individual liberty, freedom of conscience, free expression of opinion, freedom of assembly, non-discrimination on the ground of sex, free elementary education and free use of public spaces.[6] In 1927, the INC resolved to set up a committee to draft a \"Swaraj Constitution\" for India based on a declaration of rights that would provide safeguards against oppression. The 11-member committee, led by Motilal Nehru, was constituted in 1928. Its report made a number of recommendations, including proposing guaranteed fundamental rights to all Indians. These rights resembled those of the American Constitution and those adopted by post-war European countries, and several of them were adopted from the 1925 Bill. Several of these provisions were later replicated in various parts of the Indian Constitution, including the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles.[7]", "Progressive education Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) was one of the most effective practitioners of the concept of progressive education. He expanded Santiniketan, which is a small town near Bolpur in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India, approximately 160 km north of Kolkata. He de-emphasized textbook learning in favor of varied learning resources from nature. The emphasis here was on self-motivation rather than on discipline, and on fostering intellectual curiosity rather than competitive excellence. There were courses on a great variety of cultures, and study programs devoted to China, Japan, and the Middle East.[41] He was of the view that education should be a \"joyous exercise of our inventive and constructive energies that help us to build up character.\"[42]", "Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 The bill was approved by the cabinet on 2 July 2009.[9] Rajya Sabha passed the bill on 20 July 2009[10] and the Lok Sabha on 4 August 2009.[11] It received Presidential assent and was notified as law on 26 August 2009[12] as The Children's Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act.[13] The law came into effect in the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 April 2010, the first time in the history of India a law was brought into force by a speech by the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. In his speech, Dr. Singh stated, \"We are committed to ensuring that all children, irrespective of gender and social category, have access to education. An education that enables them to acquire the skills, knowledge, values and attitudes necessary to become responsible and active citizens of India.\"[14]", "Education in India The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years.[147]", "Kothari Commission It also recommended the establishment of guidance and counselling centres and a new approach in the evaluation of student performances.[4] The commission suggested the neighbourhood school system without social or religious segregation and a school complex system integrating primary and secondary levels of education. It put forward the suggestion that state and national boards of examination be set up and state level evaluation machinery be put in place.[4][8]", "Kothari Commission Task Force on Adult Education\nThe group's main objective was the eradication of illiteracy by focusing on adult education. The group was composed of three foreign members, J. F. McDougall, Welthy Fischer and Hans Simons and fifteen Indian members, V. S. Jha, Abdul Qadir, G. K. Chandiramani, A. R. Deshpande, Durgabai Deshmukh, K. L. Joshi, D. R. Kalia, T. A. Koshy, M. S. Mehra, A. R. Moore, J. P. Naik, M. S. Randhawa, K. G. Saiyidain, Sohan Singh and group secretary, S. M. S. Chari.", "Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India In 1931, the Indian National Congress, at its Karachi session, adopted a resolution committing itself to the defence of civil rights and economic freedom, with the stated objectives of putting an end to exploitation, providing social security and implementing land reforms. Other new rights proposed by the resolution were the prohibition of State titles, universal adult franchise, abolition of capital punishment and freedom of movement.[8] Drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru, the resolution, which later formed the basis for some of the Directive Principles, placed the primary responsibility of carrying out social reform on the State, and marked the increasing influence of socialism and Gandhian philosophy on the independence movement.[9] The final phase of the Independence movement saw a reiteration of the socialist principles of the 1930s, along with an increased focus on minority rights – which had become an issue of major political concern by then – which were published in the Sapru Report in 1945. The report, apart from stressing on protecting the rights of minorities, also sought to prescribe a \"standard of conduct for the legislatures, government and the courts\".[10]", "Planning Commission (India) Rudimentary economic planning, deriving from the sovereign authority of the state, was first initiated in India in 1938 by Congress President and Indian National Army supreme leader Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, who had been persuaded by Meghnad Saha to set up a National Planning Committee.[2] M. Visvesvaraya had been elected head of the Planning Committee. Meghnad Saha approached the great engineer and requested him to step down. He argued that planning needed a reciprocity between science and politics. M. Visvesvaraya generously agreed and Jawaharlal Nehru was made head of the National Planning Committee.The so-called \"British Raj\" also formally established a planning board that functioned from 1944 to 1946. Industrialists and economists independently formulated at least three development plans in 2012. Some scholars have argued that the introduction of planning as an instrument was intended to transcend the ideological divisions between Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru.[3] Other scholars have argued that the Planning Commission, as a central agency in the context of plural democracy in India, needs to carry out more functions than rudimentary economic planning.[4]", "Kothari Commission The commission recommended that a common public education system should be introduced and then it should be vocationalized in general and special streams by introducing work experience as a part of education. It further stressed on the need to make work experience and social/national service as an integral part of education. Specialization of subjects were advised to be started from higher secondary levels.[4]", "Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act Present Act has its history in the drafting of the Indian constitution at the time of Independence[5] but is more specifically to the Constitutional Amendment of 2002 that included the Article 21A in the Indian constitution making Education a fundamental Right. This amendment, however, specified the need for a legislation to describe the mode of implementation of the same which necessitated the drafting of a separate Education Bill.It is the 86th amendment in the Indian Constitution", "Literacy in India The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (Hindi for Total Literacy Campaign) was launched in 2001 to ensure that all children in the 6â€“14-year age-group attend school and complete eight years of schooling by 2010. An important component of the scheme is the Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education, meant primarily for children in areas with no formal school within a one kilometre radius. The centrally sponsored District Primary Education Programme, launched in 1994, had opened more than 160,000 new schools by 2005, including almost 84,000 alternative schools.[37]", "Education in India The bill was passed unanimously in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian parliament, on 28 November 2001.[151] It was later passed by the upper house—the Rajya Sabha—on 14 May 2002.[151] After being signed by the President of India the Indian constitution was amended formally for the eighty sixth time and the bill came into effect.[151] Since then those between the age of 6–14 have a fundamental right to education.[152]", "B. R. Ambedkar Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue a doctorate in economics abroad.[80] He argued that industrialisation and agricultural growth could enhance the Indian economy.[81] He stressed investment in agriculture as the primary industry of India. According to Sharad Pawar, Ambedkarâ€™s vision helped the government to achieve its food security goal.[82] Ambedkar advocated national economic and social development, stressing education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities.[81] He calculated the loss of development caused by British rule.[83]", "Dayananda Saraswati Dayanand Saraswati pronunciation (help·info) (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883) was an Indian religious leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic dharma. He was also a renowned scholar of the Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for Swaraj as \"India for Indians\" in 1876, a call later taken up by Lokmanya Tilak.[2][3] Denouncing the idolatry and ritualistic worship prevalent in Hinduism at the time, he worked towards reviving Vedic ideologies. Subsequently, the philosopher and President of India, S. Radhakrishnan called him one of the \"makers of Modern India\", as did Sri Aurobindo.[4][5][6]", "Manmohan Singh Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.[43] India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.[44][45][46]", "Kothari Commission One of the main recommendations of the commission was the standardization of educational system on 10+2+3 pattern, across the country.[5] It advised that the pre-primary education which had different names such as kindergarten, Montessori and pre-basic should be renamed as pre-primary and the primary education (renamed as lower primary) to be up to the 4th standard. It further classified the schooling as upper primary or higher primary and high school (up to standard X). The under graduate education was identified as XI and XII standards under the name, higher secondary or pre university. The graduate studies were recommended to be standardized as a three-year course. The educational system up to master's degree was categorized as first (primary education), second (secondary education up to XII) and third levels of education (higher studies).[4]", "Directive Principles The Programme of Universalisation of Elementary Education and the five-year plans has been accorded the highest priority in order to provide free education to all children up to the age of 14 years.The 86th constitutional amendment of 2002 inserted a new article, Article 21-A, into the Constitution, that seeks to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years.[9] Welfare schemes for the weaker sections are being implemented both by the Central and State governments. These include programmes such as boys' and girls' hostels for scheduled castes' or scheduled tribes' students.[12] The year 1990-1991 was declared as the \"Year of Social Justice\" in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar.[13] The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes or scheduled tribes pursuing medicine and engineering courses. During 2002-2003, a sum of Rs. 47.7Â million was released for this purpose.[14] In order that scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are protected from atrocities, the Government enacted the Prevention of Atrocities Act, which provided severe punishments for such atrocities.[15]", "Education in India Since 1947 the Indian government has tried to provide incentives for girls' school attendance through programmes for midday meals, free books, and uniforms. This welfare thrust raised primary enrollment between 1951 and 1981. In 1986 the National Policy on Education decided to restructure education in tune with the social framework of each state, and with larger national goals. It emphasised that education was necessary for democracy, and central to the improvement of women's condition. The new policy aimed at social change through revised texts, curricula, increased funding for schools, expansion in the numbers of schools, and policy improvements. Emphasis was placed on expanding girls' occupational centres and primary education; secondary and higher education; and rural and urban institutions. The report tried to connect problems like low school attendance with poverty, and the dependence on girls for housework and sibling day care. The National Literacy Mission also worked through female tutors in villages. Although the minimum marriage age is now eighteen for girls, many continue to be married much earlier. Therefore, at the secondary level, female drop-out rates are high.[120]", "Education in India Kendriya Vidyalaya project, was started for the employees of the central government of India, who are deployed throughout the country. The government started the Kendriya Vidyalaya project in 1965 to provide uniform education in institutions following the same syllabus at the same pace regardless of the location to which the employee's family has been transferred.[21]", "University Grants Commission (India) In August 1949 a recommendation was made to reconstitute the UGC along similar lines to the University Grants Committee of the United kingdom. This recommendation was made by the University Education Commission of 1948-1949 which was set up under the chairmanship of S. Radhakrishnan \"to report on Indian university education and suggest improvements and extensions\".[4][5] In 1952 the government decided that all grants to universities and higher learning institutions should be handled by the UGC. Subsequently, an inauguration was held on 28 December 1953 by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the Minister of Education, Natural Resources and Scientific Research.", "Banaras Hindu University \"The millions mired in poverty here can only get rid (of it) when science is used in their interest. Such maximum application of science is only possible when scientific knowledge is available to Indians in their own country.\"[13]", "Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE) is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.[1] India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.[2][3][4] The title of the RTE Act incorporates the words ‘free and compulsory’. ‘Free education’ means that no child, other than a child who has been admitted by his or her parents to a school which is not supported by the appropriate Government, shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education. ‘Compulsory education’ casts an obligation on the appropriate Government and local authorities to provide and ensure admission, attendance and completion of elementary education by all children in the 6-14 age group. With this, India has moved forward to a rights based framework that casts a legal obligation on the Central and State Governments to implement this fundamental child right as enshrined in the Article 21A of the Constitution, in accordance with the provisions of the RTE Act.17.", "History of the Republic of India Prime Minister Nehru led the Congress to major election victories in 1957 and 1962. The Parliament passed extensive reforms that increased the legal rights of women in Hindu society,[8][9][10][11] and further legislated against caste discrimination and untouchability.[12] Nehru advocated a strong initiative to enroll India's children to complete primary education, and thousands of schools, colleges and institutions of advanced learning, such as the Indian Institutes of Technology, were founded across the nation.[13] Nehru advocated a socialist model for the economy of India — Five-Year Plans were shaped by the Soviet model based on centralised and integrated national economic programs[14] — no taxation for Indian farmers, minimum wage and benefits for blue-collar workers, and the nationalisation of heavy industries such as steel, aviation, shipping, electricity and mining. Village common lands were seized, and an extensive public works and industrialisation campaign resulted in the construction of major dams, irrigation canals, roads, thermal and hydroelectric power stations and many more.[12]", "Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan As an intervention programme, it started on 2010 and SSA has been operational since 2000-2001.[1] However, its roots go back to 1993-1994, when the District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched, with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education.[2] DPEP, over several phases, covered 272 districts in 18 states of the country.[3] The expenditure on the programme was shared by the Central Government (85%) and the State Governments. The Central share was funded by a number of external agencies, including the World Bank, DFID and UNICEF.[4] By 2001, more than US$1500 million had been committed to the programme, and 50 million children covered in its ambit. In an impact assessment of Phase I of DPEP, the authors concluded that its net impact on minority children was impressive, while there was little evidence of any impact on the enrolment of girls. Nevertheless, they concluded that the investment in DPEP was not a waste, because it introduced a new approach to primary school interventions in India.[4]", "C. W. W. Kannangara Kannangara however faced significant opposition to his move to establish free education in the country, especially from socially and economically privileged groups who has enjoyed the significant advantages offered to them by the British.[2] Significantly, this included a number of C.W.W Kannangara's political colleagues, including D.S. Senanayake, the first Prime Minister of Sri Lanka.[9] Kannangara spoke for six and a half hours to convince other members of the council to vote for the bill, and was supported in his efforts by H. W. Amarasuriya, Dudley Senanayake, J. R. Jayewardene, Sir Oliver Goonetilleke and Dr. N. M. Perera. There was also a public campaign launched by Dr. E. W. Adikaram, Professor G.P. Malalasekera and Mr. L. H. Metthananda to support the bill, which was eventually passed in the State Council in July 1945.[3]", "History of education in the Indian subcontinent On the subject of education for the nobility Joseph Prabhu writes: \"Outside the religious framework, kings and princes were educated in the arts and sciences related to government: politics (danda-nıti), economics (vartta), philosophy (anvıksiki), and historical traditions (itihasa). Here the authoritative source was Kautilya’s Arthashastra, often compared to Niccolò Machiavelli’s The Prince for its worldly outlook and political scheming.\"[1] The Rgveda mentions female poets called brahmavadinis, specifically Lopamudra and Ghosha.[5] By 800 BCE women such as Gargi and Maitreyi were mentioned as scholars in the religious Upnishads.[5] Maya, mother of the historic Buddha, was an educated queen while other women in India contributed to writing of the Pali canon.[5] Out of the composers of the Sangam literature 154 were women.[6] However, the education and society of the era continued to be dominated by educated male population.[7] .", "Shriram Sharma Pandit Shriram Sharma Acharya initiated the movement of VICHAR KRANTI (Thought Revolution) with the very first issue of Akhand Jyoti. By 1960, he had compiled and translated the 4 Vedas, 108 Upanishads, 6 Darshanas, 18 Puranas, Yogavasishtha and various Aranyakas and Brahmanas with lucid commentaries to enable the masses to understand the knowledge contained in them. The translation was also aimed at eliminating misconceptions, superstitions and blind customs, which were propagated in the medieval era by misinterpretations of the Vedas and other scriptures. This contribution to the world of knowledge and human culture was highly acclaimed and appreciated by scholars like Dr S Radhakrishnan, Acharya Vinoba Bhave; the distinguished title of \"Vedmurti\" was conferred upon him in its recognition.[5][6]", "History of education in the Indian subcontinent Early education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru/prabhu.[1] Initially, education was open to all and seen as one of the methods to achieve Moksha in those days, or enlightenment. As time progressed, due to superiority complexes, the education was imparted on the basis of caste and the related duties that one had to perform as a member of a specific caste.[1] The Brahmans learned about scriptures and religion while the Kshatriya were educated in the various aspects of warfare.[1] The Vaishya caste learned commerce and other specific vocational courses while education was largely denied to the Shudras, the lowest caste.[1] The earliest venues of education in India were often secluded from the main population.[1] Students were expected to follow strict monastic guidelines prescribed by the guru and stay away from cities in ashrams.[2] However, as population increased under the Gupta empire centres of urban learning became increasingly common and Cities such as Varanasi and the Buddhist centre at Nalanda became increasingly visible.[2]", "Champaran Satyagraha Building on the confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo purdah, untouchability and the suppression of women. Gandhi set up two more basic schools at Bhitiharwa in West Champaran and Madhuban in this district on November 30, 1917 and January 17, 1918. The purpose behind setting up these schools was to fight illiteracy and generate awareness among the rural people.[4] He was joined by many young nationalists from all over India, including Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Acharya Kriplani, Ram Navami Prasad and later Jawaharlal Nehru.", "Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act As that deadline was about to be passed many decades ago, the education minister at the time, M C Chagla, memorably said:", "Education in India Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years: The State shall endeavour to provide early childhood care and education for all children until they complete the age of sixteen years.[150]", "Fundamental rights in India Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India, composing of elected representatives. The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its president. While members of Congress composed of a large majority, Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws.[4] Notably, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee, while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects. A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions.", "Bartaman Bharat Murlidharananda, in this essay, Vivekananda expressed his desire to see the regeneration of India.[10] Srivastava, the writer of Teacher in Emerging Indian Society wrote in this essay Vivekananda felt that a purpose of our education should be providing service to the humanity too.[11]", "Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is a programme for Universal Elementary Education. This programme is also an attempt to provide an opportunity for improving human capabilities to all children through provision of community -owned quality education in a mission mode. It is a response to the demand for quality basic education all over the country.[citation needed]", "Fundamental rights in India The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the Eighty-Sixth Amendment of 2002.[22] However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010. Article 21A – On 2 April 2010, India joined a group of few countries in the world, with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force.[39] Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6–14 age group, the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present. This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications.", "William Carey (missionary) In the latter 1700s and early 1800s in India, only children of certain social strata received education, and even that was limited to basic accounting and Hindu religion. Only the Brahmins and writer castes could read, and then only men, women being completely unschooled. Carey started Sunday Schools in which children learned to read using the Bible as their textbook.[45] In 1794 Carey opened, at his own cost, what is considered the first primary school in all of India.[46] The public school system that Carey initiated expanded to include girls in an era when the education of the female was considered unthinkable. Careyâ€™s work is considered to have provided the starting point of what blossomed in to the Christian Vernacular Education Society providing English medium education across India.[47]", "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born in a Telugu-speaking prathama sakha [6] Niyogi Brahmin family, in Thiruttani in Madras Presidency.[7]His surname was Sarvepalli, for his forefathers were from Sarvepalli, a village fifteen miles from Nellore town of Andhra Pradesh. His grand father migrated to Tiruttani in erstwhile Chittoor district of the Madras Presidency.[8][9][10] His father's name was Sarvepalli Veeraswami and his mother's name was Sarvepalli Sita (Sitamma). His early years were spent in Thiruttani and Tirupati. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local zamindar (local landlord). His primary education was at K.V High School at Thiruttani. In 1896 he moved to the Hermansburg Evangelical Lutheran Mission School in Tirupati and Government Higher Secondary School, Walajapet.[11]", "Education in India The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in a such manner as the State may, by law, determine.[150]", "Literacy in India Shantha Sinha won a Magsaysay Award in 2003 in recognition of \"Her guiding the people of Andhra Pradesh to end the scourge of child labour and send all of their children to school.\" As head of an extension programme at the University of Hyderabad in 1987, she organised a three-month-long camp to prepare children rescued from bonded labour to attend school. Later, in 1991, she guided her family's Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation to take up this idea as part of its overriding mission in Andhra Pradesh. Her original transition camps grew into full-fledged residential \"bridge schools.\" The foundation's aim is to create a social climate hostile to child labour, child marriage and other practices that deny children the right to a normal childhood. Today the MV Foundation's bridge schools and programmes extend to 4,300 villages.[70]", "Fundamental rights in India In 1928, the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation for religious and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the Indian National Congress (the largest Indian political party of the time) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights, as well as socio-economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom.[3] Committing themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union, which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges.", "Michael Sadler (educationist) In 1917 to 1919, Sadler led the 'Sadler Commission' which looked at the state of Indian Education.[2]", "Education in India The State shall promote, with special care, the education and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, and in particular of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of social exploitation'.[83]", "Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan listen (help·info) (5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975) was an Indian philosopher and statesman[1] who was the first Vice President of India (1952–1962) and the second President of India from 1962 to 1967.[web 1]", "Secondary education Article 28, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) stated that primary education should be free and compulsory while different forms of secondary education, including general and vocational education, should be available and accessible to every child. Free education should be provided and financial assistance offered in case of need. [20] In 1990, at Jomtien again tried to define the content basic education and how it should be delivered. ‘Basic education’ is defined as ‘action designed to meet ‘basic learning needs’. ‘primary schooling’ is considered as ‘the main delivery system of basic education’. [21] Which is explained in Principals for Action that:", "Education in India ...a parent or guardian [shall] provide opportunities for education to his child or, as the case may be, [a] ward between the age of six to fourteen years.[150]", "Literacy in India One of the main factors contributing to this relatively low literacy rate is usefulness of education and availability of schools in vicinity in rural areas. There is a shortage of classrooms to accommodate all the students in 2006â€“2007.[26] In addition, there is no proper sanitation in most schools. The study of 188 government-run primary schools in central and northern India revealed that 59% of the schools had no drinking water facility and 89% no toilets.[27] In 600,000 villages and multiplying urban slum habitats, 'free and compulsory education' is the basic literacy instruction dispensed by barely qualified 'para teachers'.[28] The average Pupil Teacher Ratio for All India is 42:1, implying teacher shortage.[29] Such inadequacies resulted in a non-standardized school system where literacy rates may differ.[28] Furthermore, the expenditure allocated to education was never above 4.3% of the GDP from 1951 to 2002 despite the target of 6% by the Kothari Commission.[30] This further complicates the literacy problem in India.", "Economy of India India has made progress increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three-fourths of the population.[379] India's literacy rate had grown from 52.2% in 1991 to 74.04% in 2011. The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights under the eighty-sixth Amendment of 2002, and legislation has been enacted to further the objective of providing free education to all children.[380] However, the literacy rate of 74% is lower than the worldwide average and the country suffers from a high drop-out rate.[381] Literacy rates and educational opportunities vary by region, gender, urban and rural areas, and among different social groups.[382][383]", "Science and technology in India On 18 August 1951 the minister of education Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, inaugurated the Indian Institute of Technology at Kharagpur in West Bengal.[3] Possibly modeled after the Massachusetts Institute of Technology these institutions were conceived by a 22-member committee of scholars and entrepreneurs under the chairmanship of N. R. Sarkar.[3]", "Education in India Despite some setbacks the rural education programmes continued throughout the 1950s, with support from private institutions.[107] A sizeable network of rural education had been established by the time the Gandhigram Rural Institute was established and 5,200 Community Development Blocks were established in India.[108] Nursery schools, elementary schools, secondary school, and schools for adult education for women were set up.[108]", "C. W. W. Kannangara Executive Committee of Education exercised its powers to create new regulations paving the way for the establishment of a new system of education in Sri Lanka.[7] The new system was expected to ensure that education was provided with equal opportunities for all children in the country, irrespective of social class, economic condition, religion and ethnic origin.[7] Whilst the education in vernacular schools had been free prior to the reforms due to government grants to cover the cost of teaching and local philanthropists providing the buildings, equipment and the books, it was not standardised.[8] In 1942 a special committee was appointed with Kannangara as chairman to report on the status of education in the country. Among the recommendations for providing \"lasting value to the nation\" given in the report, which was published in 1943, were that[7]", "Jyotirao Phule His work extended to many fields including eradication of untouchability and the caste system, women's emancipation and the reform of Hindu family life. On 24 September 1873, Phule, along with his followers, formed the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) to attain equal rights for people from lower castes. Phule is regarded as an important figure of the social reform movement in Maharashtra. He and his wife, Savitribai Phule, were pioneers of women's education in India. He is most known for his efforts to educate women and lower caste people. The couple were among the first native Indians to open a school for girls in India.", "Education in India The Indian government lays emphasis on primary education, also referred to as elementary education, to children aged 6 to 14 years old.[30] Because education laws are given by the states, duration of primary school visit alters between the Indian states. The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions.[30] However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions.[30] 80% of all recognised schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it the largest provider of education in the country.[31]", "History of education in the Indian subcontinent The British made education, in Englishâ€”a high priority hoping it would speed modernization and reduce the administrative charges.[30] The colonial authorities had a sharp debate over policy. This was divided into two schools - the orientalists, who believed that education should happen in Indian languages (of which they favoured classical or court languages like Sanskrit or Persian) or utilitarians (also called anglicists) like Thomas Babington Macaulay, who strongly believed that traditional India had nothing to teach regarding modern skills; the best education for them would happen in English. Macaulay introduced English education in India, especially through his famous minute of February 1835. He called for an educational system that would create a class of anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the Indians.[31] Macaulay succeeded in implementing ideas previously put forward by Lord William Bentinck, the governor general since 1829. Bentinck favoured the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers. He was inspired by utilitarian ideas and called for \"useful learning.\" However, Bentinck's ideas were rejected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company and he retired as governor general.[32][33]", "Education in India This article was a directive principle of state policy within India, effectively meaning that it was within a set of rules that were meant to be followed in spirit and the government could not be held to court if the actual letter was not followed.[148] However, the enforcement of this directive principle became a matter of debate since this principle held obvious emotive and practical value, and was legally the only directive principle within the Indian constitution to have a time limit.[148]" ]	[ "Basic education The pedagogic goals of Basic Education by Mahatma Gandhi are general and complex pedagogic targets and conrete pedagogic targets. The general targets are lifelong education, social education and integral education. The conrete pedagogic targets are craftwork, native language, co-education, the village community, hygiene - the Programme of safai - and reading and writing.[9]" ]
test698	the 100 what did clarke do to be in jail	[ "doc24934", "doc24939" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc24939", "doc24933", "doc1464189", "doc24940", "doc24934", "doc24935", "doc602728", "doc602150", "doc602729", "doc602148", "doc24936", "doc602152", "doc602731", "doc645562", "doc602153", "doc602743", "doc645588", "doc602730", "doc602732", "doc602725", "doc1464190", "doc24937", "doc602734", "doc602739", "doc1464187", "doc645563", "doc645576", "doc1464199", "doc24942", "doc602737", "doc602741", "doc24941", "doc645566", "doc645567", "doc602736", "doc602740", "doc602159", "doc645589", "doc1464197", "doc1464188", "doc1464198", "doc1464195", "doc645565", "doc602738", "doc645572", "doc645560", "doc645602", "doc645577", "doc1464192", "doc645568", "doc1464196", "doc645591", "doc645564", "doc1464193", "doc645573", "doc24938", "doc645585", "doc2602276", "doc602735", "doc645575", "doc645595", "doc645590", "doc645593", "doc645584", "doc645574", "doc645569", "doc602147", "doc23039", "doc602727", "doc645570", "doc645561", "doc602733", "doc1464191", "doc1464202", "doc773660", "doc645581", "doc1060998", "doc602151", "doc645586", "doc1464194", "doc645599", "doc602726", "doc602154", "doc602723", "doc602742", "doc645594", "doc645598", "doc1814200", "doc721357", "doc645582", "doc1396494", "doc1440230", "doc2400408", "doc602744", "doc645587", "doc1197869", "doc369410", "doc868016", "doc1439514", "doc2187368" ]	[ "Clarke Griffin Clarke was born in the year of 2131 and raised on the Ark to Jake and Abigail Griffin. Before her imprisonment, Clarke's father discovered that the Ark space station was running out of oxygen, and had an estimated 6 months worth left. He shared this information with Clarke and planned on going public with the information, only to have Abigail report him to the Chancellor in fears it might scare the public after the Chancellor ordered him not to. He was later 'floated', an act in which he is put in an airlock room and the oxygen is released, thus killing him. Clarke acting as an accomplice was imprisoned for treason instead of being 'floated', because she was under the age of 18. Because of her status of prisoner she was considered to be expendable by the council and was volunteered by her mother to be sent down to Earth to test the air to see if it was livable again with 98 other delinquents. Bellamy Blake acting as a guard, snuck onto the drop ship.", "Clarke Griffin Clarke Griffin is a fictional character from the American post apocalyptic young adult science fiction novel series by Kass Morgan, The 100, and television series The 100 on The CW. Clarke is one of the main characters in both the trilogy and the television series, where she is portrayed by Eliza Taylor. She first appears in Morgan's first novel, The 100, and later in the pilot episode of the television series, as a prisoner on a space colony charged with treason. Clarke was one of the original hundred delinquents sent down to Earth to test if it was inhabitable again after a nuclear apocalypse destroyed it a long period prior.", "The 100 (novel series) The 100 begins with Clarke Griffin, a former medical student, being arrested for a crime committed by her parents: conducting illegal experiments on children under threat of the corrupt Vice Chancellor Rhodes. Clarke confides in her best friend Wells, The Chancellor's son. Despite swearing secrecy to Clarke, Wells tells his father, hoping to save the Griffins from Rhodes. His plan backfires, the Griffins are arrested, and his relationship with Clarke disintegrates. Two years later, the Colony decides to send 100 of its teenage prisoners to investigate whether or not Earth is habitable. Among the 100 are Clarke, Wells, Octavia Blake, her older brother Bellamy Blake, and Clarke's friend, Thalia.", "Clarke Griffin In the first season, Clarke and the other 98 delinquents are sent down in an exodus ship which crash lands after Earth's atmosphere cuts all communication and nearly fries the ship. After the ship lands Clarke soon realizes that they landed in the wrong location. They were originally aimed for the Mount Weather complex, a quarantine zone that had food and supplies, only to find out that they were dropped on the wrong mountain.", "Clarke Griffin Clarke Griffin was born and raised in a space colony above Earth to Dr. David and Mary Griffin. She is a medical student who hopes to follow her parents’ footsteps as a physician, taught by the Council's chief medical adviser Dr. Lahiri. She is also in a relationship with the colony's Chancellor’s son, Wells Jaha. Clarke discovers that her parents are conducting illegal experiments on children under threat of the corrupt Vice Chancellor Rhodes. She confides in Wells, who despite swearing his secrecy, tells his father, hoping to save the Griffins from Rhodes. However, due to the lack of evidence of Rhodes’ involvement, the Griffins are arrested, which also ends Clarke’s relationship with Wells; Clarke assumes that her parents are executed following their arrest, leading her to hate Wells.", "Clarke Griffin Two years later, the Colony decides to send one hundred of its teenage prisoners to investigate whether Earth is habitable. Among the one hundred are Clarke, Wells, Octavia Blake, her older brother Bellamy Blake, and Clarke's friend, Thalia. After arriving on Earth, Clarke and Bellamy become attracted to each other and eventually develop a romantic relationship while co-leading the 100 with Wells.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Eliza Taylor, Clarke Griffin[5] is the daughter of Dr. Abigail Griffin and Jake Griffin, and the leader of the 100. She was imprisoned as an accessory to the crimes of her father after attempting to inform their people that the Ark was dying. Down on the ground, she tries to ensure the 100's survival by assisting in the acquisition of food and resources, and she also continuously serves as their main medic before her mother and the other medical staff join them on Earth. She is portrayed as relatively benevolent, but has been shown to act ruthlessly to fight or kill in order to protect her people if there are no other options, and she possesses natural leadership qualities with the help of Bellamy. They learn to love each other. Clarke has become gradually hardened and matured by her experiences on Earth, namely the acts she has been forced to commit to survive. This has transformed her into a strong heroine in the series as she continues to struggle to reunify humankind by maintaining the peace between the arkers and the grounders. On February 28, 2015, show creator Jason Rothenberg confirmed that Clarke is bisexual; this makes her the first openly bisexual lead character on the CW network .[11]", "The 100 (TV series) The series is set 97 years after a devastating nuclear apocalypse wiped out almost all life on Earth. Over 2,400 survivors live on a single massive station in Earth's orbit called \"The Ark\". After the Ark's life-support systems are found to be failing, 100 juvenile prisoners are sent to the surface in a last attempt to determine whether Earth is habitable. They discover not all humanity was destroyed and some survived the apocalypse: the Grounders, who live in clans locked in a power struggle; the Reapers, another group of Grounders who have become cannibals; and Mountain Men, who live in Mount Weather and locked themselves away before the apocalypse. Under the leadership of Bellamy and Clarke, the 100 attempt to survive the harsh surface conditions, battle hostile Grounders, and establish communication with the Ark.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Paige Turco, Abigail \"Abby\" Griffin is Clarke's mother.[5] She is the chief medical officer of the Ark and the main proponent regarding the habitable status of Earth. Her husband was the chief engineer, Jake Griffin. She was a member of the Council led by Chancellor Jaha on the Ark before being stripped of her title, though she regained this position shortly afterward. Upon her arrival on Earth, Abby was Chancellor for a time when Marcus Kane gave her his pin. During this time she ruled autocratically, refusing to let Kane take over again on his return and betraying her former friend Jaha by putting him in prison. Abby becomes friends with Raven Reyes when she needs her mechanical expertise to try to get more information on what the 100 is dealing with on the ground. She begins to like the young engineer due to her reminding her of Clarke. Abby's relationship with her daughter became strained following Clarke's discovery of her mother's betrayal to her father which led to his execution. It only became more complicated once Abby and the rest of the people from the Ark joined the 100 on Earth, as they were both the leaders of their respective groups of people. Abby continues to work as the resident doctor in the newly established sky people colony known as Arkadia (formally Camp Jaha) and has supported Marcus Kane's campaign for peaceful cohabitation with the grounders, putting her at odds with the anti-grounder factions within their people.", "The 100 (TV series) The series follows a group of post-apocalyptic survivors, chiefly a group of adolescents, including Clarke Griffin (Eliza Taylor), Bellamy Blake (Bob Morley), Octavia Blake (Marie Avgeropoulos), Jasper Jordan (Devon Bostick), Monty Green (Christopher Larkin), Raven Reyes (Lindsey Morgan), Finn Collins (Thomas McDonell), John Murphy (Richard Harmon), and Wells Jaha (Eli Goree). They are among the first people from a space habitat, \"The Ark\", to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse. Other lead characters include Dr. Abby Griffin (Paige Turco), Clarke's mother; Marcus Kane (Henry Ian Cusick), a council member on the Ark; and Thelonious Jaha (Isaiah Washington), the Chancellor of the Ark and Wells' father.", "Clarke Griffin Eventually, someone sets fires on the camp they are at, ultimately they discover that they are not alone on Earth. The 100 captured an Earth-born girl, Sasha Walgrove, and she reveals there are people from the Colony who arrived before the 100. Clarke eventually meets Sasha’s father, Max, who is a leader of an underground colony underneath the ruins of Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center. Max reveals that he helped Clarke’s parents two years ago, giving her hope that they are still alive. She also discovers that Wells and Bellamy are paternal half-brothers after Wells realizes that Bellamy is his father's secret son from a previous relationship.", "The 100 (TV series) In the third season, Camp Jaha, now renamed \"Arkadia\", comes under new management when Pike, a former teacher and mentor, is elected as chancellor and begins a war with the Grounders. An artificial intelligence named A.L.I.E. was commanded to make life better for mankind and responded by solving the problem of human overpopulation by launching a nuclear apocalypse that devastated Earth. The AI takes over the minds of nearly everyone in Arkadia and Polis, the capital city of the Grounders. In the season three finale, Clarke manages to destroy A.L.I.E.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Eli Goree, Wells Jaha (season 1; guest, season 2)[5] was Clarke's childhood best friend and the son of Thelonious Jaha, who was the Ark's Chancellor at the start of the series. He is despised by some of the 100 upon landing on the ground because of his father. He intentionally committed a crime when he found out about the imminent launch of the delinquents to Earth so as to join the group in the hope to protect Clarke, for whom he harbors feelings. Clarke believed he was the reason her father is dead, only to find out later that her mother was the one who betrayed her father, and Wells willingly took the blame to prevent Clarke from hating her. On the ground, he is hardworking and thoughtful, volunteering to dig graves and collect rainwater to aid their newly established colony. It was his expert knowledge of botany that made him a valuable ally to Clarke, as she was tasked as the 100's medic due to her previous experience as the daughter of a doctor and needed herbal medicines to treat the ill and injured members of their community. He was murdered by Charlotte in the third episode, who wanted retribution for his father's execution of her parents on the Ark. He appears once again in season two, when a hypoxic Thelonious hallucinates that Wells is alive and with him on the Ark, when everyone else has left for the surface.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Fog of War,\" two days after a massacre, mechanic and explosives expert Raven discovers Mount Weather has jammed communications, preventing them from reaching out to other potential survivors from the Ark (a ship that held descendants of humans who survived the nuclear apocalypse 97 years before). The survivors become known as Sky People to the Grounders (descendants of humans on Earth who survived the nuclear apocalypse). After a group of survivors find the communications tower, they are forced to split and take shelter from an acid fog. Clarke, a teenager who has taken on a leader role for her camp, realizes she no longer recognizes Finn, her one-time lover. Jaha and Kane, two former leaders of the Ark, are told that one of them must kill the other to have even a chance at speaking with the commander of the Grounders. Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha, but a Grounder witness, Lexa, reveals herself to be the commander and says she believes their wish for peace is sincere. She allows Jaha to escape with a message to his camp: leave within two days, or die.", "The 100 (TV series) In the fourth season, hundreds of nuclear reactors around the world are melting down due to decades of neglect that will result in 96% of the planet becoming uninhabitable. Clarke and the others search for ways to survive the coming wave of radiation. When it is discovered that Nightbloods, descendants of first, original Nightbloods, including Becca, the first grounder Commander and creator of A.L.I.E., can metabolize radiation, Clarke and the others attempt to recreate the formula, but their attempts failed. An old bunker is discovered that can protect 1,200 people for over 5 years; each of the twelve clans select a hundred people to stay in the bunker. A small group decides to return to space and survive in the remnants of the original Ark.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Richard Harmon, John Murphy (recurring, season 1â€“2; regular, season 3) starts out as one of Bellamy's men and is generally disliked by the group due to his reputation of being a troublemaker and career criminal, making him one of the few members to actually have committed felonies and not petty misdemeanors. After being wrongfully accused by Clarke and nearly lynched, he tries to kill Charlotte. As a result of her suicide, he is banished from the camp. He later returns, surviving being tortured by the grounders. He seems to have forgiven the 100, but he kills two and attempts to hang Bellamy and successfully shoots Raven in the spine. In season two, he helps the 100 as they search for their lost members, even saving Bellamy's life when he could have let him drop. As he is still disliked in Camp Jaha, he accompanies Jaha to find the city of light. He eventually finds a lighthouse where he is trapped by Jaha and A.L.I.E. after watching something that horrifies him. He later leaves the island after not wanting to be a part of Jaha's insane missions, and gets a boat ride from Emori. After Emori transports him and Jaha across the sea, he refuses to take the key and flees with Emori. They start robbing people in the Commander's Forrest and he is eventually captured by grounder warriors and brought to Polis, as one of the captors discovers a chip in his pocket which has the \"Sacred Symbol of the Commander\". He is tortured for information by Titus and eventually tells him what he knows. Later on, Titus tries to murder him and frame Clarke but accidentally shoots and kills Lexa. After she dies he witnesses Titus remove the chip. After Titus gives Clarke the chip and commits suicide, Ontari makes him the new \"Flamekeeper\" since he is the only other person to have witnessed it being removed from another person. Ontari takes a liking to him and wants him to sleep with her; if he refuses, she will kill him. He later reunites with Emori who is under A.L.I.E.'s control, and A.L.I.E. implies to her that Ontari's had sex with him. After the city of light is destroyed and A.L.I.E.'s control over everyone dissolves, Murphy stays behind with Emori. When he finds out there's a nuclear disaster coming which will wipe out everyone on Earth, he and Emori decide to side with Clarke, who has a plan that might save 100 people. Murphy ends up helping Raven with another plan, and he is confronted with what he's put her through after he shot her. When Raven opts to stay behind, he has a rare emotional moment and shares a tearful goodbye with her.", "Lexa (The 100) Of the decision to have Lexa betray Clarke, a significant moment for the series that allowed the writers to strain the characters' relationship, Rothenberg said Lexa was under the impression Clarke would likely die in the battle and Mount Weather would possibly remain to keep her people united. \"She was probably—master strategist that she is—thinking several moves ahead. Thinking she could keep her alliance together, the 12 clans, because they would still have this evil empire out there to unite them,\" he stated. Lexa was not expecting Clarke to win, and to subsequently become a legend. \"Everywhere she goes it's like, 'I heard it was 5,000 people! No, I heard it was 10,000 people!' Everywhere she goes, [Clarke's] a legend now,\" said Rothenberg. \"Certainly it means that her alliance now no longer has a real reason to be held together. [...] I'm really excited to play out the ramifications of all of that.\"[22] Rothenberg said Clarke would eventually come to terms with the likelihood that, if she had been in a similar position as Lexa, she would have done the same thing: Protect her own people at all costs. He said she did as much in the season 2 finale. \"That was kind of the theme of the entire season, which was how far can you go and still be the good guy in order to save your people. Lexa had that choice in [Episode] 15. Obviously, it landed very emotionally for both of them, but especially on Clarke,\" he stated. \"In [Episode] 16, Clarke had a similar choice and I hope that over the course of the first part of [season 3], Clarke will eventually come to see it that way. If she can't, then they'll never figure out a way to make peace with each other\".[7]", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Thomas McDonell, Finn Collins (seasons 1â€“2)[5] is a caring teenager who is always looking for fun and a peaceful solution. He is more interested in helping others than seeking vengeance. He was arrested for being a spacewalker and wasting the Ark's limited oxygen supply, but it was revealed that he was innocent and had taken the fall for Raven, his girlfriend, to ensure she didn't ruin her engineering career or get floated. Originally Clarke's love interest, Finn's relationship with Clarke starts collapsing when she discovers his relationship with Raven. His romances with both girls ultimately end, but Finn and Clarke still love each other, and Raven still loves Finn. In season two, his fear that Clarke has been killed by her captors in addition to the hardships he has endured cause him to become unpredictable and violent. He murders eighteen unarmed grounders who he believed had taken Clarke hostage, and was willingly going to leave several fellow arkers for dead in favor of continuing his search for her. As a result of his actions, the grounders demanded retribution before they will agree to a truce between them and the sky people, leading Commander Lexa to sentence Finn to death by a thousand cuts. However, he was mercifully killed by Clarke to prevent the grounders from slowly and painfully killing him, though he did appear one last time during Clarke's grief-induced hallucinations.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Marie Avgeropoulos (and by Olivia Steele Falconer as child) Octavia Blake[5] is Bellamy's younger sister â€“ a rare relationship given the Ark's one-child rule. She was kept a secret by her family, living under the floor to avoid detection by authorities, but was eventually caught when Bellamy sneaked her out of her room to attend a masked ball. Once discovered, some of the detainees discriminate against her for being a second child and thus an outcast to the Ark's dystopian society. She is a fiercely independent girl who is constantly rebelling and getting attention from men, most notably the grounder Lincoln. However, just like Clarke, she is not exactly built for war so she is horrified at what she sees and experiences at first. In season two, she becomes more immersed in grounder culture and serves as Indra's second. Originally she felt hatred towards Clarke for being the daughter of someone in the same council who had her locked up. It is intensified when she discovers Clarke knew about the bombing of Tondc, did nothing about it, and allowed all those grounders to die after the events of Mount Weather (even telling Indra that she won't leave behind Bellamy and her friends). She remains in her grounder gear, and berates Lincoln for wearing an Ark jacket and for being naive as she still holds a grudge towards them. Eventually, Lincoln is brutally killed in front of her by Pike, causing a rift between her and Bellamy, In season 4 she shows more signs of being bloodthirsty after killing an ambassador who questions Roan's leadership, this new violent attitude granted her the nickname \"Skairippa\", after refusing to kill Illian and getting close with him she decides to drop the act and take him home, she later accepts the fact that she's a killer and will fight the grounder war for the bunker alongside Trikru, in which she's victorious after killing Luna, and becoming the acting commander of Trikru and Azgeda by telling them they will share the Bunker. She finally forgives Bellamy for Lincoln's death after he opened the bunker realizing that he would put his own life in danger just to save her and the grounders, she later protects Nilyah and further solidified her role as commander by saying if Skaikru doesn't choose the 100 people to stay in the bunker then she will kill every Skaikru member, in the finale she officially becomes Heda of the new grounder tribe consisting of Skaikru, Trikru and Azgeda regardless of her blood and what's in her head.", "List of The 100 characters Sky people (Also known as arkers, or \"skaikru\" in Trigedasleng) is a term used by the grounders to describe a person who came from the international space station known as The Ark. The sky people alive today are descendants of humans who survived the nuclear apocalypse 97 years before the show by living in space in the Ark. Within the sky people community, there is a subgroup known as The 100 (also known as the delinquents), a term used to describe one hundred juvenile delinquents who, after it became clear that the Ark was dying, were sent to Earth in order to determine if the planet had become habitable enough for the rest of the sky people to survive in exchange for being pardoned of their crimes. However, the name \"The 100\" is slightly a misnomer, since, along with the aforementioned hundred delinquents, there were also two additional young adults who came with them to Earth; one was a security guard who snuck aboard their ship to ensure the safety of his sister, and the other was a young engineer who came down to Earth in a pod shortly afterward to reassure the council that the delinquents survived their journey.", "The 100 (novel series) The group crashes somewhere on the East Coast in the former United States. Once there, the 100 struggle to survive in a world very different from the past Earth. Clarke tends to the wounded, and Bellamy gradually develops a romantic interest in her. It is revealed that Octavia had become a drug addict while in prison. A few days later, someone sets fire to the camp, killing Thalia. As the survivors investigate, they discover a farm not too far from the site, leading them to the realization that they are not alone.", "Clarke Griffin After drop ships from the Colony arrive, Vice Chancellor Rhodes attempts to take control over the community Clarke built with Bellamy and Wells on Earth. With Sasha's help, Clarke, Wells and Bellamy escaped, but Sasha is killed when she tries to help Octavia. As Mount Weather’s and Rhodes’ forces battle, Clarke, Bellamy and Wells are captured during the initial exchange, but their allies defeat and capture Rhodes before he can execute the trio.", "List of The 100 characters He initially clashes with Clarke over their opposing approaches to their respective responsibilities over their people, but ultimately both he and Clarke develop a mutual respect and learn to compromise for each other's methods. They start to love each other but they both get interrupted each time they want to confess their love. He still feels guilty for getting Octavia caught, which led to her lockup and his mother's death.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Isaiah Washington, Thelonious Jaha, commonly referred to as \"Jaha\"[5] is Wells' father and the former Chancellor of the Ark. Jaha, along with Marcus, were best friends with Jake Griffin and his family. However, his and Marcus' friendship with the Griffins deteriorates after Jake's death and Clarke's subsequent arrest but he manages to maintain his friendship with Abby. He loses his power while on Earth as he clashes with Abby and Marcus over their views on the grounders in addition to the unconfirmed destination, the \"city of light\". Along with Murphy, he leads a small group of his followers from Camp Jaha to find the city. Having discovered A.L.I.E., the A.I. that controls the city of light, Jaha has become the delegated leader of A.L.I.E.'s cult, manipulating others into joining to escape the pain of daily life. Jaha is unconcerned about the side-effects even when presented with clear evidence that the city of light erases even good memories to spare the users from psychological pain, such as Jaha having lost all memory of his son, he is soon freed from A.L.I.E.'s control after her defeat. He becomes guilt ridden after he sees all the casualties in Polis due to him feeding everyone a chip. In season 4 he assists Clarke in being a leader for her people such as suggesting they find shelter in a lost bunker, only to discover it couldn't hold out radiation. Jaha tells everyone that if they want to survive the second nuclear explosion they must earn a lottery pick to ensure they will be on that list. He eventually comes to the realization the bunker was a decoy and the real one is in Polis, the grounder capital, so he decides to recruit Gaia on what she knows about the symbol on the token and eventually learns it's a key to open the bunker. He eventually finds it and successfully opens it.", "The 100 (novel series) Prior to the publication of the first book, television producer Jason Rothenberg became interested in adapting the story for the screen. The eponymous TV series adaptation premiered on March 19, 2014, on The CW Network, starring Eliza Taylor and Bob Morley as Clarke Griffin and Bellamy Blake, respectively.[5]", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Long Into an Abyss,\" with the Grounders' deadline imminent, Abby (Clarke's mother) and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so-called 'City of Light', while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue other members. Clarke and two of her fellow people (Octavia and Bellamy) hold Lincoln in the dropship; he is a Grounder and was experimented on with a serum to become a reaper (a mindless, zombie-like killer). When Lincoln is almost mercy-killed, his heart stops and he is revived by Clarke, who believes curing reapers depends on waiting for the serum to leave their bodies, even though the reaper might temporarily die in the process. With this information, Clarke realizes they have something to offer the Grounders. When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln, Lexa grants Clarke the truce, but says she must be allowed to execute Finn before it can begin. In \"Spacewalker,\" Clarke returns to camp and tells them the Grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn, who is the one who massacred a number of their people. The tension between the people in Camp Jaha rises as opinions are divided whether to give Finn to the Grounders or not. At the camp, Abby and Kane, having returned, think they can bargain with the Grounders by offering to put Finn on trial, but such plans are wasted as Finn gives himself up to the Grounders. In the end, Clarke goes to meet with Lexa in a last-ditch effort to save Finn from the brutal execution process Lincoln has explained. When Lexa refuses clemency, Clarke asks if she can say goodbye to Finn. She approaches, kisses him, and tells him she loves him while stabbing him in the heart, killing him quickly.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Perverse Instantiationâ€”Part Two\", Clarke is on a mission to stop a holographic AI named ALIE from world domination. ALIE is the one responsible for launching a nuclear strike on Earth because she believed it was needed to save humanity from extinction. This is in contrast to what her creator, Becca, had wanted. With Jaha's help, ALIE has been successful in getting many of the Sky People to swallow a chip that takes away pain (emotional or physical) and simulates a utopia called \"the City of Light.\" In this city, those who have died live on. ALIE uses this chip to entice and control people. Clarke had tried to get Luna, a missing Nightblood and rightful heir to the Commander throne (as indicated by the tattoos on Lexa's back), to accept the flame, but she refused. Clarke is implanted with the flame with the help of a blood transfusion via a brain-dead Ontari, whose blood is compatible with the flame. Clarke takes one of ALIE's chips and enters the City of Light to stop ALIE from within. She is protected by Lexa's spirit and aided by Raven's hacking against ALIE's minions, leading her to a room resembling the Polaris space station, where Becca's spirit shows her the kill switch to destroy ALIE. Before Lexa sacrifices herself to get Clarke to safety, Clarke tells her that she loves her. Lexa says that her spirit will always be with Clarke.", "The 100 (novel series) Eventually, the rescue team and prisoners are able to take the Protectors down as a team effort and in the aftermath, Clarke and Bellamy make up and with her parents' blessing, he asks her to marry him.", "Clarke Griffin The character of Clarke Griffin has received extremely positive praise with some describing her as the \"heart and drive\" of the show.[4] Clarke was placed in Buzzfeed's \"29 amazingly Badass Female characters of 2015[5] and third on Tell-Tale's 5 \"TV Heroes Who Crushed It\" in 2015.[6]", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Christopher Larkin, Monty Green[5] is a smart and tech-savvy teenager who is a valuable asset to the teenagers on Earth due to his pharmaceutical and engineering knowledge. He and Jasper were arrested for making illegal substances. He is best friends with Jasper and is among the 48 held in Mount Weather, eventually escapes and reunites with his mother in season three. He tries to help Jasper recover from the traumatic events in Mount Weather. He eventually becomes part of Chancellor Pike's cause after his friend Monroe is killed by the grounders. In the process he gets Marcus Kane put in prison and Lincoln killed. He eventually betrays his mother and Pike in \"Stealing Fire\" by helping Kane, Octavia, Harper, Miller and Sinclair escape by feeding members of the Ark Guard faulty intel and distracting them. In \"Nevermore\", Monty is forced to kill his mother—who had taken A.L.I.E.'s key—after she nearly kills Octavia. In \"Red Sky At Morning\", Monty has sex with Harper in Arkadia, and is forced to delete and essentially kill his mother for a second time by wiping her memory from the city of light, In season 4 he comes up with the idea of protecting his people by shielding Arkadia with a hydrogen generator and recruits Bellamy, Harper and Miller to gather it when they do they blow it up to rescue the slaves taken by the ice nation, there he learns that the Chief killed his father and instead of killing him himself he allowed the slaves vengeance by freeing them, After realizing Harper chose to stay behind in Arkadia he decides to stay with her until she changes her mind, she is eventually convinced and they search for more people to recruit.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Lindsey Morgan, Raven Reyes (Recurring, season 1; regular, season 2â€“) is an ambitious zero-gravity mechanic when on board the Ark who isn't afraid of anyone or anything. She later collaborates with Abby Griffin in her escape from the Ark and launches herself in a pod to Earth, and occasionally advises Abby in the fields in electronics and mechanical engineering after she becomes chancellor on Earth. Brave and intelligent, Raven leads the camp in setting up communications and making bombs. She was childhood friends with Finn and was in a relationship with him until he fell in love with Clarke. It is revealed in season two, that Finn took the blame for Raven's crime because she was already 18 and would be floated. She was the first zero G mech student under the age of 18 in 52 years. In season 3, with Abby's help, Raven begins recovering from the injuries she sustained from last season. She joins Jaha's cause after reluctantly taking a tablet given to her by him, she does begin to fight the side effects after Jasper reminds her about Finn. She is soon saved by Clarke and freed of A.L.I.E.'s control. In season 4, she bonds with Luna for her loss and convinces her to help save everyone on Earth, she also forgives Murphy for shooting her in the spine. It is revealed while taking the chip she is able to use 90% of her brain but developed a tumor that could cause her to have a stroke, possibly leading to her death. She later hallucinates Becca who tempts her with the chance to spacewalk leaving her to stay behind. A Sinclair hallucination appears to tell her to continue living which gives her the motavition to fight off Becca by restarting her heart. Afterwards, Clarke rescues her and request she fly them to The Ark in which she agrees to do, and successfully able to fly them to space and finally was able to spacewalk again.", "Clarke Griffin In 2015, it was confirmed that Clarke is bisexual, making her the first lead character to be LGBT on The CW and making her the first bisexual lead on network television (in reference to the five major networks, ABC, CBS, NBC, The CW and Fox).[1][2][3]", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Resurrection,\" Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc, but Abby is horrified to realize Clarke knew it was coming and did nothing to save the rest of the people in the village. She goes back to help survivors, while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike. Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln's help, and realizes the spotter's lack of a hazmat suit means the Mountain Men have started harvesting her friends. Inside Mount Weather, Jasper (a friend of Clarke's) and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Wallace or Cage.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Bodyguard of Lies,\" Clarke and Lexa rehash the plan of attack, and Lexa tells Clarke she (Clarke) was born to be a leader. Octavia figures out Clarke and Lexa knew about the missile, and Lexa decides she needs to be killed to protect that secret. Clarke stops the attempted murder. She confronts Lexa about her plan and her facade of heartlessness, and Lexa reveals she has feelings for Clarke. As they wait for the deadly fog to clear, Lexa informs Clarke she does trust her and will no longer try to hurt Octavia. She notes that the Grounder ways are just focused on survival. Clarke suggests that maybe life should be about more than just surviving, and Lexa catches her off guard with a kiss. Clarke returns the kiss before she tells Lexa she is not ready to be with anyone yet. They are alerted to Raven's signal that the fog is disabled. The combined grounder/arker army marches to war with Clarke and Lexa at its head. The Mountain Men prepare to deploy acid fog, but Bellamy manages to escape a security team and destroy the system in an explosion just in time.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Kelly Hu, Callie \"Cece\" Cartwig (season 1)[5] is the best friend of Abigail Griffin as well as the Ark's communications officer. Callie is first seen talking to the people on The Ark about the 100 going down to Earth. She said that she can't confirm or deny anything at the moment. When Callie comes to know that Abigail Griffin is going to be executed she goes up to Marcus Kane to tell him that he is out of his mind and he can't kill everyone who disagrees with him. Callie says that Abigail is her friend leaving Kane to reply that he can't do anything to stop it. Kane and Callie share a close moment. She tries to implore him to give Abby amnesty, asking him to think of their own relationship. He answers by saying that no matter what he feels, he can't. When its time, Callie breaks into tears walking with Abigail to the place where she will be executed, embracing her and refusing to let go even at the behest of the guards. Abby asks that Callie watch out for her daughter before she dies. When the door is about to close Chancellor Thelonious Jaha demands the execution be stopped immediately. Callie is thrilled for Abigail, able to hold her friend again. Jason Rothenberg revealed that Hu was dropped after the first episode due to budget reasons.[12]", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Henry Ian Cusick, Marcus Kane[5] is one of the Councillors on the Ark. When Thelonious Jaha was Chancellor, he was second-in-command. He, along with Jaha, were friends with Jake Griffin and his family, but his friendship with them did not last after Jake's execution and Clarke's subsequent arrest. Though he initially supports population culls to extend life on the Ark, when Earth is shown to be survivable, he is guilt-stricken and works with everyone to survive in hopes of making amends of his past misdeeds. This, in addition to his mother's influence and death, affect his later actions of seeking peaceful and compromising solutions when governing his people after arriving on Earth. In the process he gains allies who respect his new approaches, rebuilds his friendship with Jake's wife Abby Griffin, and earns the grounders commander Lexa's trust. Kane aligns himself with Abby, who becomes Jaha's successor.", "The 100 (TV series) In late February 2013, Bob Morley and Eli Goree were cast as Bellamy Blake and Wells Jaha, respectively,[34] followed a day later by the casting of Henry Ian Cusick as Marcus Kane.[35] Less than a week later, Eliza Taylor and Marie Avgeropoulos were cast in co-starring roles as Clarke Griffin and Octavia Blake, respectively.[36][37] Throughout March, the rest of the cast was filled out, with Paige Turco cast as Abigail Walters (now Abigail Griffin),[38] Isaiah Washington as Chancellor Jaha,[39] Thomas McDonnell as Finn Collins,[40] Kelly Hu as Callie Cartwig, and Christopher Larkin as Monty Green.[41]", "Lexa (The 100) Debnam-Carey viewed the betrayal as a relief and release for herself as an actor, and as a \"very honest\" and \"open\" moment for Lexa. \"It's the first real time you get to see—apart from [them sharing a kiss]—this is a scene where she makes a really strong choice, but you can see that it's hard for her to do, and she does care,\" Debnam-Carey stated. She said Clarke's portrayer, Eliza Taylor, was \"brilliant\" and \"great to work with and between the two of us, we were just very connected with each other and made sure that that was the strong force of that scene.\" To Debnam-Carey, Lexa \"showing that she cared, even in that moment of betrayal\" was Lexa being real.[14] Debnam-Carey argued that even though Lexa was upset by the betrayal, she is a very hardened person and her people continued to be her main concern. She does not think Lexa was preoccupied with the repercussions. Unlike Rothenberg, Debnam-Carey felt \"[Lexa] always knew [Clarke] was going to [survive]. Now those cards are back on the table, if she wants to restart an alliance or whatever else.\"[18]", "The 100 (novel series) Before Sasha's funeral, Clarke reunites with her parents at Mount Weather. She reconciles with Wells but will not resume their past relationship because she is romantically involved with Bellamy.", "The 100 (novel series) The series is set three centuries after a thermonuclear apocalypse, wherein the only known survivors of the human race live in a space colony consisting of spaceships joined together in orbit around the Earth and governed by The Chancellor, who leads its legislative council. Resources are so scarce that all crimes, no matter how small, are punishable by death, unless the perpetrator is under 18 years of age.", "The 100 (novel series) A fourth novel, Rebellion, was released on December 6, 2016.[4] A month after the previous novel, Bellamy begins showing signs of what Clarke thinks is paranoia when he obsesses over small details in the woods. However, a group of self-proclaimed \"Protectors\" infiltrates their camp and abducts several of its inhabitants, including Wells and Octavia. As Clarke and Bellamy organize a rescue team to take their new enemy down, their relationship is put to the ultimate test when Bellamy doesn't think Clarke trusts him.", "The 100 (novel series) After the dropships crash, Clarke, Bellamy, and Wells lead a rescue party to the crash site, allowing Clarke and Wells to reunite with Glass and Luke. Clarke ponders leaving the camp to search for her parents. The Chancellor, still in coma, remains trapped in the Colony above Earth. Vice Chancellor Rhodes takes control over the community on Earth, planning to force Luke to execute Bellamy, as a warning to anyone attempting to challenge him.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Survival of the Fittest,\" Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her. They escape, but become temporarily trapped in its cage. Lexa is injured, but that does not stop her from dispensing some advice about leadership to Clarke. Clarke figures out a way to escape, and also has an idea about freeing the Grounders inside Mount Weather to help fight the Mountain Men. \"In Rubicon,\" bone marrow experiments at Mount Weather are proven to work; people at Mount Weather, who had been prisoners to the place due to their anatomy being incompatible with Earth's radiation, can now possibly roam the land; Cage, son of Mount Weather's leader Wallace, plans to destroy any chance of peace between the Grounders and people of Mount Weather by launching a missile. Clarke races to the village where she explains the danger to Lexa. Lexa points out to Clarke that if they warn anyone else and stop the meeting, the Mountain Men will realize they have a spy inside the mountain and Bellamy will be compromised before having completed his mission. Clarke is reluctant to leave so many others to die, but agrees Lexa is right and the two secretly escape. As they leave, Clarke sees her mother arriving in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Devon Bostick, Jasper Jordan is a goofy and geeky chemist. He is Monty's best friend. After his capture and subsequent rescue from grounders, he becomes traumatized by his near-death experience which he struggles to overcome. Early in the series, he has a crush on Octavia, even saving her life during an animal attack, but she offers her friendship in return instead. He was one of the delinquents' camp's gunners and is among the 48 held in Mount Weather, and becomes an acting leader of his surviving people in Clarke's and Bellamy's absences. Jasper later becomes romantically involved with a Mount Weather resident, Maya who was later killed. In grief, Jasper becomes an alcoholic and he is disgusted that his own people would steal from Mount Weather after the war with its inhabitants as well as hating Clarke. Monty and Octavia struggle to help Jasper to cope with his loss, but although Jasper was briefly tempted by the city of light tablets, when he realised that they erased all good memories relating to painful topics, he refused to take one, even breaking Raven out of Camp Jaha and taking her to Clarke and other escapees for medical treatment to remove the chip. It is revealed that he has been chipped while on Luna's oil rig and turns on the 100 under A.L.I.E.'s command. He is freed from her control once she's defeated. In Season 4, he attempts suicide only for Raven to tell him they only have six months to live. He eventually dies from an overdose.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Hakeldama,\" Clarke, Lexa, and other Grounders discover an army of fallen Grounders, slain by Pike (the new and destructive leader of the Sky People) and his followers. Indra is found wounded and says Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly-formed coalition. Lexa allows Clarke's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down. Clarke fails to convince Bellamy, but convinces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace.", "Lexa (The 100) Lexa is a fictional character from the American post-apocalyptic science fiction television series The 100, produced by The CW. The recurring television character (portrayed by Alycia Debnam-Carey) does not appear in the books on which the series is based.[1] The commander of the allied Grounder clans, Lexa is proven to be a reasonable leader and strong warrior. She considers love a weakness, a view significantly impacted by the death of her girlfriend, Costia. Though she starts to show romantic feelings for Clarke Griffin (leader of the Sky People) and takes Clarke's views into consideration, Lexa puts her people first, even at the expense of losing Clarke's trust.", "Lexa (The 100) Rothenberg said he had not always planned on killing Lexa, but the fact that Debnam-Carey was simultaneously on another show (Fear the Walking Dead), and was therefore unlikely to ever become a series regular on The 100, he felt use of the character would be limited or absent in the future. This is when the writers decided to craft a death scene for her to propel the story forward.[38][48] \"I remember as we were breaking the season, we talked about reincarnation in the Grounder world and how that was how commanders were selected. I didn't want to throw that out as nonsense, which is how Clarke had received it, but I also didn't want to say that it was real reincarnation,\" he said, adding he had been reading The Singularity Is Near by Ray Kurzweil at the time, which \"talks quite a bit about a future where we'll be able to upload our minds—literally upload our consciousness—into a computer and live forever.\" This gave Rothenberg the idea for incorporating a \"technological reincarnation\" storyline. \"The commander A.I. would need to be able to pass itself from person to person over time and [...] Lexa was just the most recent recipient of this artificial intelligence augmentation of her consciousness. So once we came up with that idea, that was the point at which everything jelled and sort of came together storytelling-wise,\" he stated. \"And of course, if you're dealing with a story about reincarnation, you've got to die before you can be reincarnated. So Lexa dying became a very tragic necessity.\"[48] Rothenberg said Clarke was in love with Lexa,[38] that they were soulmates,[49] and Lexa's death will haunt Clarke. \"[She] is going to have to figure out how to compartmentalize, the way that all of us have to do in the real world when people are suddenly and tragically taken away from us,\" he added. \"That's kind of the point of The 100 in many ways. These horrible things happen and yet we still have to figure out a way to move on and be the heroes of our own stories.\"[38]", "Lexa (The 100) Show creator Jason Rothenberg said he and others involved with the series were aware of Debnam-Carey while casting Clarke in 2014; although the chance for her to portray Clarke never materialized, her name was brought up while casting Lexa. He called the casting a \"no-brainer\"; she did not audition for the role, but was rather offered it.[2] At the time, Debnam-Carey was also being considered for the role of Alicia Clark on Fear the Walking Dead. \"That's always a concern when you have an actor in your show that is poppingâ€”that someone else is going to grab them and make them a series regular if you don't. That's kind of what happened in this case,\" stated Rothenberg, who considered Debnam-Carey's performance on The 100 \"amazing\". He added, \"You know we can't compete on some level with the cache of a franchise like that, with the numbers.\"[3] Debnam-Carey was allowed to continue work on both shows.[4] Rothenberg said he would have done the same had it been the other way around, with creators asking to borrow one of his actors, and he would have done his best to make the situation work.[3]", "The 100 (novel series) In space, the people of the Colony fight to get into their drop ships as the space station's life support begins to fail; Clarke and Wells' friends, Glass and Luke, are among the people desperately trying to get to Earth. However, they find themselves at the mercy of Vice Chancellor Rhodes, who is willing to kill to get into one of the dropships.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Blood Must Have Blood: Part 1,\" Bellamy frees the Grounders inside Mount Weather, as Clarke's plan is to attack from within. When the generators are taken out, soldiers from Mount Weather open fire on the army in front of their doors, but those still manage to destroy the lock at the last second. When they pull the door open, Lexa commands her people to stand down because of a deal she just cut with the Mountain Men. When the Grounders retreat, almost all of the Sky People accept defeat and soon retreat, leaving behind only a betrayed Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels.", "The 100 (novel series) With Sasha's help, Clarke and Wells escape with the wounded Bellamy. In addition, Glass and Luke flee the camp to escape Vice Chancellor Rhodes. One of Rhodes' men kills Sasha when she tries to get more supplies. Rhodes plans to attack Mount Weather to recapture Bellamy, Clarke, and Wells. As Mount Weather prepares for Rhodes' attack, some of the Colonists revolt and join their benefactors against Rhodes. Clarke, Bellamy, and Wells are captured during the initial exchange, but another faction of Earthborns defeat and capture Rhodes before he can execute Bellamy. Later, more colonists from other dropships arrive, and one of the arrivals informs Wells that his father was still in a coma, with only a few hours of oxygen left when their dropship departed.", "Lexa (The 100) Many viewers were upset by Lexa's betrayal of Clarke, resulting in debates about why she may have done it,[26][27] and Andy Swift of TVLine's stating, \"I'm pretty sure I speak for Clarke, and all the angry viewers watching from home, when I say, 'Lexa, please meet a fiery death. ASAP.'\"[28] Mariya Karimjee of Vulture viewed \"the hurt and confusion that washed across Eliza Taylor's face\" during the betrayal as \"one of the most powerful performances\" she had seen on the show and said the heavy, emotional struggle came from both characters, with Clarke realizing \"Lexa is the only person who understands her.\"[29] Kyle Fowle of The A.V. Club stated that having the characters reunite after the betrayal, \"allows for the show to dig into one of its most complex and compelling relationships. Clarke and Lexa are a tangle of emotions and motivations. [...] They share a connection on an emotional level, a romantic level, and they recognize the burden of responsibility that they each have taken on.\" Fowle felt \"Clarke's relative forgiveness of Lexa makes sense within the context of the war of her people, and the larger political conflict at hand. When she kneels before Lexa [...], it's loyalty informed by weeks of patient storytelling.\"[30]", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Remember Me,\" Clarke and a group from the Ark set off to a Grounder camp (Tondc) to complete their agreement for a truce. On the way, Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn. Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as an inside man; Clarke says she cannot lose him too. When they arrive at the village, Clarke burns Finn's corpse, along with the corpses of those he killed, in a traditional Grounder funeral. While grieving, Lexa tells Clarke of Costia, her own past love who was tortured and killed by Lexa's enemy, who believed she knew Lexa's secrets. She tells Clarke that love is weakness. At a dinner, Kane gifts Lexa with a bottle of liquor. When Gustus, her right hand, tests it for her, he appears to be poisoned, leading Lexa to believe it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People. Clarke immediately thinks it was Raven, as she was Finn's former girlfriend and loved him. Clarke confronts her; Raven punches Clarke for accusing her of doing it. Lexa nearly kills Raven, but Bellamy figures out it was Gustus who poisoned the cup, and Clarke proves it to Lexa by drinking from the bottle herself. Lexa kills Gustus. When Lincoln confronts Bellamy about how he knew it was Gustus, he says Gustus would do anything to protect Lexa. Clarke decides she sees Lexa's point about how love is a weakness and tells Bellamy he was right and should go to Mount Weather.", "The 100 (novel series) Sasha leads Clarke and Bellamy to a colony beneath the ruins of Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center. There, they meet her father, Max Walgrove, who is the leader of the colony. Octavia is at Mount Weather, having been rescued by Max and his people from a group of renegades. These renegades are responsible for the attacks on the 100. Max and his people promise that they will continue helping the 100, and will provide further support once the rest of the Colony arrives. At this point, they find dropships from the Colony falling from the sky.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Bitter Harvest,\" Lexa worries that by trying to make peace instead of engaging in war, she is betraying the commanders who came before her. Clarke assures her that her legacy will be peace. Roan has Emerson, the last Mountain Man, delivered to Clarke; she must decide his fate. She ultimately decides to let Lexa banish him.", "Clarke Griffin During Sasha's funeral, Clarke reunites with her parents and reconcile with Wells since her parents are actually alive, but will not resume their past relationship because she is now in love with Bellamy, whom she felt happier to be with than when she was with Wells.", "Lexa (The 100) Lexa's relationship with Clarke is presented as intense, complex, and the one thing that manages to soften Lexa's outlook on life.[16][19] Debnam-Carey said the characters progression from being allies to becoming romantic \"stems from a connection that they both share—which is similar experiences and similar positions\" in that they are \"both very young leaders with great authority, a lot of responsibility. They have to lead a huge amount of people. They have a lot of expectations riding on them.\" She said the sudden responsibilities they faced, the need to make the right decisions, and the fact they both grieved over past lovers helped connect them further, and it is a connection they do not have with others.[19] Rothenberg originally stated that while he would not go as far to say that it was love at first sight for Lexa, \"it definitely was a bit of a thunderbolt moment for her when she first saw Clarke.\" He said Clarke's attraction to Lexa \"developed a little bit more slowly, but by the end [...] they were very much intrigued at the possibility of a romantic relationship.\"[7] He later said \"Lexa was definitely smitten—like love at first sight, probably\", but maintained it took longer for Clarke to develop romantic feelings for Lexa.[8]", "Michael Burnham In the series premiere of Discovery, she has already served under Captain Georgiou on the USS Shenzhou for seven years. The series opens with Shenzhou encountering the Klingons, with Burnham committing an act of mutiny, breaking Starfleet regulation to give the order to fire first, avoiding a full-scale war, in an attempt to save her captain and ship against the Klingons. Her plan is unsuccessful and she is detained. In \"Battle at the Binary Stars\", Burnham escapes the brig and convinces Georgiou to take T'Kuvma hostage. However, T'Kuvma kills Georgiou. In a moment of emotional weakness, Burnham kills T'Kuvma, making him a martyr. She is convicted of mutiny, stripped of rank, and sentenced to life in prison.[32]", "List of The 100 characters In the third season, he aligns himself with the new Chancellor after a grounder clan bombed Mount Weather, killing 49 people, including his girlfriend. In the process he betrays Marcus Kane and put the whole of The Ark at risk of death. The bombing was made possible because Bellamy trusted Echo, the grounder he saved in the previous season in Mount Weather, and listened to the false information she delivered. He helps to put in prison his sister's boyfriend Lincoln, which leads to Lincoln's execution. After Pike's election, Bellamy is one of the nine guards (along with Pike himself) that carry out the chancellor's orders to kill the 299 grounder warriors sent by Lexa.", "Lexa (The 100) It is later, as Lexa is running into Clarke's room, that Lexa is accidentally shot by Titus, who intended to kill Clarke. Clarke catches Lexa as she falls and they take her to the bed. Lexa realizes she is going to die and tells Clarke not to be afraid. She tells Titus to never harm Clarke again, and he swears he will not. She tells him serve the next commander as he served her. Clarke continues to try and save Lexa, but she tells Clarke that her spirit will find a new commander. She says her fight is over and that Clarke was right that life should be about more than just surviving. Clarke recites the Traveler's Blessing, an Arkadian prayer. As Lexa dies, Clarke kisses her one last time. Titus extracts a tech from Lexa's neck, where her tattoo is. The tech is called \"the flame,\" and it is revealed to be Lexa's spirit. She was augmented to carry an AI (the flame). The flame is how every new commander is chosen, with each new commander becoming a part of the flame. It is only compatible with Nightbloods. Aden is meant to succeed Lexa, but, in \"Stealing Fire,\" he is murdered by Ontari, a rogue Nightblood who seeks the throne for herself.", "Lexa (The 100) Selina Wilken of Hypable.com appreciated that the show had \"subtly introduced [its] first queer character\" and that it is free of the other \"big issues in today's society,\" like gender stereotyping, racism or misogyny, but felt the writers had been heteronormative with their romances before that point, which she characterized as \"bizarre\" for \"an imagined future where marginalization\" no longer exists. \"In a media landscape where gay, lesbian and bisexual characters are still often defined mainly by their sexuality, having Lexa—one of the show's strongest, most well-liked characters—casually reveal that she's queer and then carry on with her day sends a strong and important message to young viewers,\" stated Wilken. \"However, there's a big difference between having a supporting character (however brilliant) play the pronoun game, and actually featuring a same-sex pairing on the show.\" She said The CW did not have \"a single queer main character on any of the network's currently running shows\" and that needed to change. \"The next step, obviously, is the visual: The 100 has made it pretty clear that gender, race and sexuality are not issues worth bringing up in conversation, which is great,\" said Wilken. \"But then, following this Show-Don't-Tell approach, how about actually featuring a same-sex pairing on the air? Give her a love interest, however fleeting. The ball's in your court, writers.\"[1] To this point, Rothenberg had Clarke have sex with a different woman in season 3 (while parted from Lexa) to make it clear that Clarke is bisexual, ensuring she would be viewed as a lead LGBT character.[3][8]", "Lexa (The 100) Lexa, and her relationship with Clarke, have been well received by critics and fans.[6][14][19] Maureen Ryan, writing for The Huffington Post, stated, \"In a show packed with morally compromised characters, Lexa stood out; she led a tribe of Earth inhabitants named Grounders with a combination of deftness, intelligence and unhesitating ferocity.\" Ryan felt Lexa \"does not suffer fools gladly, yet Debnam-Carey made Lexa's vulnerability and her attraction to Clarke Griffin (Eliza Taylor) not just believable, but engrossing.\"[14] Linda Ge of TheWrap referred to her as a fan-favorite,[4] while Eric Goldman of IGN called her \"a standout, highly popular character\".[11] The staff for SheWired stated that she \"had the best character introduction ever and never stopped being great\" and \"has proven to be endlessly engaging, even when she's making choices that make us want to crawl into a ball and cry.\"[23] Dana Piccoli of AfterEllen.com characterized Lexa as a \"mysterious queer character\" that has caught the audience's attention, and complimented the \"chemistry and increasing bond between Lexa and Clarke,\" adding, \"Both are smart, and somehow manage to see the bigger picture. [...] Here are two young women, leading their people to salvation or at least as close to salvation as they can get.\"[16] The A.V. Club's Kyle Fowle reasoned that Lexa's resolve while facing the reality of protecting the Sky People, the 13th clan, while risking an uprising from the other clans and her own people \"is exactly what makes her one of the better characters on TV.\"[24] Hypable.com's Selina Wilken said that she was \"one of the best and, yes, most divisive characters in recent TV history.\"[25]", "Lexa (The 100) Clarke and Lexa's relationship had a significant impact on the LGBT community.[6][19] Dalene Rovenstine of Entertainment Weekly stated that the series \"has featured unexpected twists (a baby in space! a human harvest chamber! cannibals!), the shocking deaths of multiple main characters, and amounts of blood and gore you wouldn't expect to be approved on network TV. But none of those moments have created a stir quite like [...] when [Clarke and Lexa] locked lips.\"[19] The kiss was trending on Twitter after it aired, and many fans created artwork of the characters and couple as the series progressed;[6][19] others engaged in cosplay of Lexa (dressing up like the character), with some receiving input from Debnam-Carey and Rothenberg.[14][15]", "Lexa (The 100) Lexa is the first Grounder leader to seek peace, which Debnam-Carey described as \"somewhat difficult\" for the other Grounders to understand because of their \"rough and aggressive\" culture; she is also \"the first person to unite the 12 clans and to actually have the option of an alliance.\"[19] Throughout, she is extremely loyal, but more so to her own people; she puts them first regardless of the cost. Debnam-Carey said \"it's in [Lexa's] blood\" to put her people first because they \"are so close to her, that's what she's been groomed to be. She comes from a really harsh culture and she has huge responsibilities.\" Lexa is \"brutal and she's a pragmatist, but not out of unkindness. It's all she's ever known.\"[14] Debnam-Carey did not view Lexa as a teenager, and did not assign her an age, stating, \"It's almost like she skipped that period. She was placed in a position where suddenly she was forced to make a lot of hard choices that most people never have to make, no matter what their age is. The 100 is a world where you don't ever really get to be a kid.\"[6]", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Thirteen,\" the Grounders celebrate their Ascension Day, a holy day for Grounders. Octavia and a man named Semet walk in claiming the Sky People destroyed their village. Discussing the situation, Titus wants Lexa to destroy the thirteenth clan while Clarke thinks they just need time to take out Pike from the inside. Speaking to everyone, Lexa orders the armies not to attack, but instead make a perimeter around Arkadia and says that any Sky Person found past the five mile buffer will be killed. Semet is angry at this and attempts to kill Lexa, but is stopped by Titus who kills him. Later, Titus is against Clarke staying, believing she further endangers Lexa's life. He warns Lexa that, just like with Costia, she may not be able to separate feelings from duty. Lexa is enraged at this, reminding him that because she let Ice Nation into her coalition even after they cut off Costia's head and sent it to her bed, she is more than capable of separating feelings from duty. Later, Clarke goes into Lexa's room and realizes she is saying goodbye. Clarke says the reason she is going back is because the Sky People are her people. Lexa says that this devotion is what makes Clarke the person she is. Clarke suggests that maybe someday they will owe nothing more to their people, and Lexa responds with \"May we meet again.\" Clarke kisses her and they have sex. Afterward, Clarke admires Lexa's tattoos, pointing out there are only seven circles on her back despite there being nine participants. Lexa tells her she got the one on her back on her Ascension Day, and asks to talk about something else. Clarke agrees and they become intimate again.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Wanheda: Part Two,\" attackers on a jeep turn out to be Arkers who landed separately. Their numbers have dwindled to 63 due to conflict with the community called Ice Nation and they accept Kane's offer to come to Arkadia, where the other Sky People live. Part of the group continue to search for Clarke, who has been on the run for three months due to now being a legend and subsequent target because of her defeat of the Mountain Men after Lexa's betrayal. This has earned her the nickname \"Wanheda\" (commander of death). Indra, one of Lexa's best and most trusted warriors, warns Lexa that the Ice Nation is marching on her; Indra is there when bounty hunter Roan (the banished Ice Nation prince) brings Clarke to Lexa, who sought to capture Clarke before members of Ice Nation did. Still angry at Lexa for her betrayal, Clarke is dragged out kicking and screaming while vowing revenge on Lexa.", "The 100 (TV series) The 100 (pronounced The Hundredâ€Š[2]) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series that premiered on March 19, 2014, on The CW. The series, developed by Jason Rothenberg, is loosely based on the 2013 book of the same name, the first in a series by Kass Morgan.[3]", "List of The 100 episodes The 100 (pronounced The Hundredâ€Š[1]) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg, which premiered on March 19, 2014, on The CW.[2][3][4][5] It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name, the first in a book series by Kass Morgan.[6] The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse.", "List of The 100 characters Mountain men (or \"Maunon\" in Trigedasleng) is a term used by the sky people and the grounders to describe the small colony of people who resided in Mount Weather. The mountain men were descendants of humans who survived the nuclear apocalypse 97 years before the start of the series by bunkering down inside Mount Weather, protecting them from the radiation caused by the bombing, but also preventing them from developing an immunity to the radiation as the grounders did. This not only forced them to remain inside the facility unless they wore protective suits, they also had no choice but to capture grounders and harvest their blood, which they used for transfusions to survive even the small amount of radiation exposure they received inside Mount Weather. The mountain men are responsible for creating the acid fog that has killed numerous outsiders, as well as the barbaric Reapers who helped them capture grounders for their blood harvesting program. Because so many grounder and arker lives were lost in the name of the mountain men's survival, both groups hold very negative views toward those residing in Mount Weather, although some people within the mountain actively reject treatment with the stolen bone marrow for moral reasons. In the second season, while holding forty-seven of the 100 \"prisoner\", the mountain men discovered that a transfusion of bone marrow from the former Ark residents could grant them permanent immunity from the radiation, but the potentially fatal consequences of this transfusion on the Ark residents drive Clarke to a point where she is forced to open the air filtration system of the mountain, killing every one of the Mountain Men in order to save her own people.", "Lexa (The 100) In \"Ye Who Enter Here,\" Clarke struggles with taking revenge on, as well as forgiving, Lexa. Lexa tells Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her coalition as the thirteenth clan. Clarke believes Lexa only wants this because her (Clarke's) defeat of the Mountain Men has made Lexa look weak. Lexa focuses on sparring with Aden, a Nightblood she has been training for the role of Commander. Nightbloods are Grounders with black blood; they are the only Grounders who can become commanders. As Titus (Lexa's right-hand man and former mentor) wants Lexa to kill Clarke because he feels that Clarke has weakened her reputation, Roan suggests that Clarke kill Lexa. In the end, Clarke cannot do it and Lexa apologizes for her betrayal. Emerson, the last survivor of Mount Weather, is revealed to be alive.", "Lexa (The 100) Lexa has been well received by critics and fans, who consider her to be one of the show's more interesting and complex characters. She has been a source of frequent debate; one topic is how she was written off the series. Her relationship with Clarke, which was viewed as compelling, significantly impacted the LGBT community, and many viewers embraced it as a positive or tempestuous depiction of friendship, love, and betrayal. The relationship was, however, criticized for being unnecessarily tragic, leading the \"bury your gays\" trope to rise to a national debate.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Bob Morley, Bellamy Blake is Octavia's brother.[5] He professes a strong determination to protect his sister, spanning from her birth. He often says 'my sister, my responsibility'. He was the leader of the 100, although often loses focus and control over the group, and uses militaristic approaches. He develops from an antagonistic character to an antihero, realizing the 100 matter to him and showing compassion towards enemies and fallen comrades.", "The 100 (novel series) Twenty-one days after they land on Earth, the 100 continue to face recurring attacks from an unknown enemy. Octavia has been missing since the fire. Wells tries to maintain morale, while Bellamy tries to find his sister. The 100 find an Earthborn girl, Sasha Walgrove, and hold her hostage. Sasha tells them that they have landed in the former state of Virginia, and that there are people from the Colony who arrived before the 100. Bellamy believes that Sasha's people are responsible for Octavia's disappearance and demands that Sasha reveal their location. Wells and Sasha bond, and Sasha helps Wells find food for the surviving colonists.", "The 100 (novel series) On May 9, 2013, The CW Television Network announced that the pilot was officially ordered to series for the 2013–14 American television season. The series is developed by Jason Rothenberg, and premiered on March 19, 2014. In March 2016, The CW renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered February 1, 2017.[10]", "Emily Thorne Amanda Clarke was the daughter of the Clarke family, living in the Hamptons in 1992. Her mother, Kara Wallace, was said to have died of illness when Amanda was five, although Amanda later discovered her mother isolated herself due to her psychological issues. David, who worked as a hedge fund manager at Grayson Global, was having an affair with his boss Conrad Grayson's wife, Victoria, and they were prepared to divorce their respective spouses to marry each other. During this time, Conrad Grayson, Victoria's husband, laundered money to a terrorist group, Americon Initiative, which they used to bring down Flight 197. Desiring to save themselves, Conrad and Victoria manipulated the evidence to point to David Clarke. The FBI arrested David for treason, while Amanda was taken into foster care for at least eight years, and she never saw her father again. She spent two years at Alanwood Juvenile Detention Center, until she was released to Nolan Ross, a friend of her father's, who informed her of the truth and gave her a wooden box of mementos from her father (dubbed the \"Infinity Box\"), along with 49% shares of stock in Nolan's computer software company, NolCorp, in which her father had invested. She has a tattoo on her wrist of a double infinity symbol, representing her father's love for \"infinity times infinity\", as he told her as a child. David had pleaded with her in his journals not to confront the true culprits behind Flight 197, but she refused to follow his advice. She spends several years researching the members of the conspiracy and creating an elaborate fake back-story by changing her name to the one of her former cellmate, to seek revenge.", "Lexa (The 100) When developing the character of Lexa further, the idea of her being romantically interested in women was pitched. \"It just made complete sense. The moment, I think I'm remembering it now, the moment was in Episode 9 when Lexa tells Clarke the story of Costia at the fire after the funeral, and she talks about Costiaâ€”that was the first reference, I think, to her sexuality,\" stated Rothenberg. He \"embraced it and [ran] with it.\"[8]", "Kelly Kapoor Kelly spent a year in a juvenile hall for stealing her ex-boyfriend's father's boat.", "The 100 (TV series) In the second season, the remaining 48 of the 100 are captured and taken to Mount Weather by the Mountain Men. It is eventually revealed that the Mountain Men are transfusing blood from imprisoned Grounders as an anti-radiation treatment. Medical tests of the 100 show an even more potent anti-radiation efficacy; their bone marrow will allow the mountain men to survive outside containment. Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the Ark have successfully crash-landed various stations on Earth and begun an alliance with the Grounders to save groups of people, naming the main settlement at Alpha Station \"Camp Jaha\".", "Lexa (The 100) Debnam-Carey considered the characters being \"very adaptable\" as one of the interesting aspects of their dynamic. Sacrifices the characters make are \"for a much greater goal in the end\". They have also \"taken characteristics from each other,\" with Lexa becoming more trusting and learning that love can be empowering, and Clarke becoming more ruthless.[19][20] \"It's very interesting to see the way they ebb and flow with each other,\" said Debnam-Carey.[19] Of Lexa possibly putting Clarke first instead of her own people, she said perhaps if \"Clarke was able to assimilate to their culture as well and become more of a right-hand man, then maybe I think Lexa couldâ€”then that would be a merger of two people.\"[14] Lexa's weaknesses, as indicated by Debnam-Carey, are her feelings for her people and Clarke.[20]", "The 100 (novel series) Wells eventually realizes that there is something familiar about Bellamy and Octavia; ultimately, he discovers that their mother was Melinda Blake, the woman his father had loved before marrying Wells' mother for the sake of his career. This discovery leads Wells and Bellamy to realize that they are paternal half-brothers.", "Lexa (The 100) Variety's Maureen Ryan, who expected Lexa to eventually die, and called Clarke and Lexa's love and deathbed scenes spectacular, said the season had been rushed and Lexa's death after sex with Clarke \"was another case of the show compressing a timeline to an unfortunate degree.\" Ryan argued that the way a character dies matters, particularly for LGBTQ characters, given their under-representation and misrepresentation in the media. She listed scenarios with pros and cons about how the show might have better played out the Lexa factor, including the suggestion of Lexa never being in season 3.[37] While Bethonie Butler of The Washington Post stated that part of what fueled the outrage is that The 100 was thought to be \"progressive in its treatment of LGBT characters,\" and so the death led to feelings of betrayal,[43] Hypable.com's Selina Wilken said that \"Season 3 did a lot to build Lexa up before her fall, turning her into an almost King Arthur-like figure of salvation in this broken world, at least partly in an effort to blind-sight and devastate the audience when she died. (And... mission accomplished, all too well.)\"[25] Butler added, \"The controversy reveals the pitfalls of a show misunderstanding its audience and the politics of minority representation onscreen.\"[43]", "List of The 100 characters The \"grounders\" (or \"outsiders\", as they are known by the mountain men) is a term to describe a group of people who were born on Earth rather than in space or in Mount Weather. The grounders alive today are descendants of humans who survived the nuclear apocalypse 97 years ago due to their enhanced tolerance to nuclear radiation. Many of the sky people have negative views toward grounders, who they see as barbaric stone-age savages, just like a lot of grounders have a negative view of The 100, who they see as selfish colonizers, though relations between the two groups are slowly improving over time. The grounders speak a language called \"Trigedasleng\" which is a composite of various old and modern languages merged into one, although some of them have a knowledge of English. Grounders were the primary antagonists of the first season. There are at least twelve grounder clans on Earth, including the woods clan (also known as the tree people, or \"trikru\" in Trigedasleng), ice nation (also known as \"Azgeda\" in Trigedasleng), and the boat people (also known as \"Floukru\" or \"Floudon kru\" in Trigedasleng).", "The 100 (TV series) The 100 premiered on March 19, 2014.[8] On May 8, 2014, The CW renewed The 100 for a second season, which premiered on October 22, 2014.[9][10] On January 11, 2015, The CW renewed the series for a third season, which premiered on January 21, 2016.[11][12] On March 12, 2016, The 100 was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes, which premiered on February 1, 2017.[13][14][15] On March 10, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on April 24, 2018.[16][17] On May 8, 2018, the series was renewed for a sixth season.[1]", "List of The 100 characters The 100 (pronounced The Hundred [1]) is an American post-apocalyptic drama television series that premiered on The CW during the 2013–14 American television season.[2][3][4] The series is based on a book of the same name, the first in a series by Kass Morgan, and developed by Jason Rothenberg.[5] The show premiered on Wednesday, March 19, 2014.[6]", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Ricky Whittle, Lincoln (recurring, season 1; regular, season 2â€“3) is a grounder who rescues Octavia. The pair develop a romantic relationship, and Lincoln helps the 100 multiple times, causing him to be viewed as a traitor to his people. He later is drugged to become a reaper, but with Clarke's and Abby's assistance, he is successfully rehabilitated from the drug. Having been viewed as a traitor by some of his people, Lincoln resides in Camp Jaha with Octavia. He is put in prison by Pike with the help of Bellamy and shot by Pike after surrendering to save his fellow grounders from execution.", "Lexa (The 100) Debnam-Carey was surprised by the attention.[6] She was new to Twitter and Instagram, and did not know what shipping (the desire by fans for two people or fictional characters to be in a romantic or platonic relationship) meant; she saw that fans had given the pairing the portmanteau \"Clexa\".[19] \"I was on Instagram or something and I checked my tagged photos, and I realized that suddenly they were all LGBT artwork. I was like, 'Oh, my god!' I had no idea. It was the first time I realized I was a figure for that community,\" said Debnam-Carey. She called this \"an honor\" and \"flattering,\" and added, \"It's new for our society, as well. It's one of the first shows that really has two characters in the cast that are gender and sexually fluid and embraces that. There are no labels. It's a wonderful thing to be a part of. I'm all for it.\"[6] While at Paleyfest 2016, she was made aware of fans raising money in her name for The Trevor Project, an organization for LGBT teenagers in need, and the fact that, at the time, $46,000 dollars had been raised. When asked if she knew she had that much of an impact on the LGBT community, Debnam-Carey commented, \"Not that much, no, that's amazing.\"[34] As of July 13, 2016, over $135,000 dollars have been raised.[35]", "Lexa (The 100) Calling the uproar messy, Caroline Framke of Vox said killing off Lexa \"may have alienated part of [the audience] for good. [...].\" She argued that \"on the one hand, [Lexa's] death was gut wrenching, and it unexpectedly brought together several disparate story strands in The 100 's floundering third season. On the other, Lexa was an openly queer woman leading 12 armies, a rare sight for LGBTQ representation on television. Less rare, unfortunately, is the trope of television and movies killing gay women off for shock value.\" Framke was especially critical of the show having Lexa die immediately after having sex and pillow talk with Clarke, which were long-awaited scenes; to Framke, this signaled \"sex, love, death\", particularly for lesbian couples.[36] Eric Goldman of IGN argued similarly, stating, \"No, no, no, no, no. [...] If there's one thing I truly hate about how Lexa's death was handled, it's this.\" Feeling that this setup was \"really trite and cliché\", and made worse by the dead lesbian trope, he commented, \"While I don't think The 100 writers ever intended to imply 'sex = death,' it ended up coming off that way.\" He felt fans of the couple \"were truly manipulated and treated poorly\" and that, given how important the couple was to people, they deserved more time to see them happy. \"To the LGBTQ fandom who looked at Lexa as important, I can sympathize,\" he said, \"but as a straight white male, I wouldn't dream of saying 'I totally get it.'\" Goldman, like Framke, however, felt Lexa's death was a good opportunity to propel the show's story of artificial intelligence (AI) with respect to Lexa forward. \"If The 100 is smart—and it usually is—Lexa's death will be the defining moment of the season,\" he said.[39]", "Murder of Skylar Neese Following her guilty plea on May 1, 2013, Rachel Shoaf was remanded on charges of second-degree murder and sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison.[31][32]", "Alex Karev Andrew is badly injured, with his face bruised beyond recognition. He is unconscious and on the verge of dying. Alex realizes what he's done and quickly rushes Deluca to the hospital. There, the doctors call the police as they struggle to save Andrew and discover who did this to him. Alex lies to everyone and says that he found Andrew in this state and brought him to Grey Sloan. However, Ben Warren is suspicious of Karev. Meredith also quickly realizes that Alex was in fact the one who beat Deluca. She covers for him and the two continue to lie to everyone in the hospital about Alex's actions. Soon, Karev learns that Andrew wasn't doing anything wrong and that he had beaten up a good guy. Meredith decides that even though she loves Alex, she needs to turn him in. She goes to Bailey and tells her the truth. But, when the two rush to the police they find Alex being arrested for aggravated assault, as he had turned himself in. He is taken to jail and Meredith bails him out. While they wait for a trial, Bailey suspends Alex as an attending and makes him work in the clinic. Eventually, Jo finally tells Alex that the reason she couldn't marry Alex is because she is already married. Her husband is abusive and so she ran away and changed her name to Jo Wilson so that he wouldn't find her. Alex realizes that when Jo is called to the stand as a witness in the trial, this information about her past and lack of records under the name Jo Wilson may be revealed, and when the information goes public, her husband may find her. To keep her safe, he decides to take the plea deal without a trial, ensuring that he goes to jail for 2 years. However, when Alex tells Meredith this, she begs him not to and tells him that she can't lose him too because she's already lost everyone else important in her life. Alex struggles to decide whether or not to take the plea deal.", "Lexa (The 100) The writers designed Lexa as a proud and wise warrior who keeps her feelings very guarded, and as someone who is usually unable to show she cares for people.[6][14][16] The vulnerability that results from caring, and particularly loving a person, is something she views as a weakness.[6][16] This was significantly exacerbated by the death of her girlfriend, Costia; the anger, grief and subsequent dissipation of the grief hardened Lexa further.[16][17] In addition, having been selected commander involved her going through a brutal training process, as is their society's custom; if she shows weakness in her duties as a commander, she can lose the respect of her warriors.[6]", "Amul Thapar On May 10, 2013, Thapar cited the definition of the federal crime of terrorism to keep the protesters in jail until their sentencing on February 18, 2014.[15][16] Thapar sentenced one of the defendants, 84-year-old nun Megan Rice, to 35 months in prison for breaking into the U.S. nuclear weapons complex and using blood to deface a bunker holding bomb-grade uranium, a demonstration that exposed serious security flaws; Rice had asked not to receive leniency and said she would be honored to receive a life sentence.[15] The two other defendants were sentenced to more than five years in prison, in part because they had much longer criminal histories. The activists' attorneys asked the judge to sentence them to time they had already served, about nine months, because of their record of goodwill. Thapar said he was concerned they showed no remorse and he wanted the punishment to be a deterrent for other activists.[17]", "Alycia Debnam-Carey Debnam-Carey guest starred in season two of CW's The 100, first appearing in episode six as Commander Lexa, a powerful leader of twelve clans. She became one of the fan favorites. At San Diego Comic Con International 2015, it was confirmed by show's creator Jason Rothenberg that Debnam-Carey would be returning to the show's third season in a recurring role.[20]", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction The CW Channel's The 100 (which began airing in 2014) is a television series based on a post-apocalyptic world. After a nuclear war, Earth was uninhabitable and the only survivors were those on space stations which eventually came together to form the Ark; 97 years later on an undeterminable year the Ark is dying and 100 prisoners under the age of 18 are sent to see if Earth is now survivable. There they are faced with the challenges Earth brings and those who survived the nuclear war.", "List of The 100 characters Portrayed by Zach McGowan, King Roan (recurring season 3; regular season 4): An ice nation fugitive who is tempted by Lexa to kidnap Clarke. He is the son of Queen Nia, he later becomes King of the ice nation after Lexa kills Nia for attempting to overthrow her. He supports Ontari as the new Commander and attempts to track down Clarke who has escaped with the Flame. Roan and Clarke instead form an alliance to give Ontari the Flame to help shut down A.L.I.E. but the plan fails and Roan is shot by Kane. He is rescued when Clarke and Abby take the bullet out of his chest. Echo tries to tempt him to kill Clarke for her crimes as well as secure his position as ruler of the 13 clans. However, Clarke gives him A.L.I.E. 2 in hopes that he will let her and her people live to save the planet from the nuclear explosion in 6 months which he accepts. Later, he learns that Skaikru seems to be protecting themselves thus ending the alliance. Clarke convinces Roan to share Arkadia until it explodes. He is killed by Luna, who drowns him.", "Lexa (The 100) Debnam-Carey appreciated the fact the writers did not make a big deal of defining either characters' sexuality or their romantic relationship.[21] Show creator Rothenberg said labels and gender are not a factor in the series, which Debnam-Carey viewed as true to the story. \"[It's] just a world where people love people for who they are and not what they are and that creates such a broad variety of characters. It is representative of the world that we live in today, but it also doesn't make it out to be this statementâ€”it's not a social/cultural statement,\" she said. \"It is just that in this world, some things are a little better after the apocalypse [...] It kind of represents, in a way, an ideal place where people love people and it doesn't have to be a thing, which I think is really great.\"[19]", "Piper Chapman After spending a month in solitary confinement, Chapman is flown to Chicago to serve as a witness against the drug kingpin who had been Vause's boss.[12] There, she spends time in a maximum security prison with dangerous inmates who menace her daily.[13] Also in episode 1, \"Thirsty Bird\", we see Chapman as a young girl (Clare Foley) in a flashback, discovering that her father is cheating on her mother. Vause persuades Chapman to commit perjury in order to keep them safe from the drug lord, but ultimately cuts a deal to testify against her former boss in return for early release; she then leaves Chapman to suffer the consequences of her perjured testimony alone. In episode 3, \"Hugs Can Be Deceiving\", we find out that Crazy Eyes had run outside and knocked Chapman unconscious after she had beaten up Doggett at the end of season 1. In episode 6, \"You Also Have a Pizza\", Chapman starts a prison newsletter, and makes a deal with a reporter to investigate the financial goings on at the prison. She eventually uncovers evidence that assistant warden Natalie Figueroa (Alysia Reiner) has been embezzling from the prison.[12] To keep her quiet, Figueroa arranges for Chapman to be transferred to a facility in Virginia. However, when Chapman gives prison administrator Joe Caputo (Nick Sandow) the evidence implicating Figueroa, he cancels the transfer and gives the warden the incriminating information, resulting in Figueroa's resignation.", "Bea Smith (Wentworth) In Season 3 Bea is sententeced to life without parole for the murder of Brayden Holt. When she returns from her trial we find out that the Governor Joan Ferguson is taking away all the privileges, even smoking. Bea gets sloted for ordering a smoke strike. While in the slot she writes a red X which means fire and now on the other side of the tray. Maxine gets the tray and puts Bea's plan into action. The women grab mattresses and liquid that react with fire. Maxine starts the fire. A group of masked inmates take Vera hostage and manage to break Bea out of solitary. Bea heads to the exercise yard where she says to Joan, \"you don't run this prison. I do.\"[14]", "Lincoln Burrows Lincoln is accused of murdering the vice president's brother, Terrence Steadman. Although he pleaded not guilty at the trial, he was convicted on all counts and sentenced to death due to an overwhelming amount of evidence. After exhausting all of his appeals, his execution date was set for May 11, 2006. At the start of the show, he has only one month left.", "Clovis, New Mexico jail break On August 28, England was arrested on charges of harboring or aiding a felon and obstructing an officer, and was released on a $6,000 bond.[18] Hester England and Asha Currey both face up to 12 years in prison.[20] Tiffany Wallace, McClendon's 18-year-old girlfriend, said she had a dresser drawer full of McClendon's clothing in her bedroom, but that it was gone now. She expects McClendon took them, but she denied having seen him. Wallace was not charged with any crimes.[19]", "Bling Ring On April 15, 2010, Ajar was sentenced to three years in jail. He was released less than a year later, in March 2011.[23][24]" ]	[ "Clarke Griffin Clarke Griffin was born and raised in a space colony above Earth to Dr. David and Mary Griffin. She is a medical student who hopes to follow her parents’ footsteps as a physician, taught by the Council's chief medical adviser Dr. Lahiri. She is also in a relationship with the colony's Chancellor’s son, Wells Jaha. Clarke discovers that her parents are conducting illegal experiments on children under threat of the corrupt Vice Chancellor Rhodes. She confides in Wells, who despite swearing his secrecy, tells his father, hoping to save the Griffins from Rhodes. However, due to the lack of evidence of Rhodes’ involvement, the Griffins are arrested, which also ends Clarke’s relationship with Wells; Clarke assumes that her parents are executed following their arrest, leading her to hate Wells.", "Clarke Griffin Clarke was born in the year of 2131 and raised on the Ark to Jake and Abigail Griffin. Before her imprisonment, Clarke's father discovered that the Ark space station was running out of oxygen, and had an estimated 6 months worth left. He shared this information with Clarke and planned on going public with the information, only to have Abigail report him to the Chancellor in fears it might scare the public after the Chancellor ordered him not to. He was later 'floated', an act in which he is put in an airlock room and the oxygen is released, thus killing him. Clarke acting as an accomplice was imprisoned for treason instead of being 'floated', because she was under the age of 18. Because of her status of prisoner she was considered to be expendable by the council and was volunteered by her mother to be sent down to Earth to test the air to see if it was livable again with 98 other delinquents. Bellamy Blake acting as a guard, snuck onto the drop ship." ]
test946	who killed barry allen's mom tv show	[ "doc33629" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc227155", "doc176570", "doc427512", "doc33629", "doc1029471", "doc1029443", "doc427487", "doc1029444", "doc427490", "doc227156", "doc1029445", "doc176571", "doc427466", "doc33639", "doc33625", "doc1029441", "doc427491", "doc427461", "doc427467", "doc215326", "doc176575", "doc427509", "doc427457", "doc33635", "doc176567", "doc427488", "doc1259424", "doc33630", "doc1259432", "doc427460", "doc33626", "doc2501997", "doc176576", "doc176572", "doc104085", "doc33637", "doc427469", "doc176568", "doc427475", "doc427481", "doc1029446", "doc1029472", "doc427473", "doc1259418", "doc1029482", "doc176589", "doc1029452", "doc1902339", "doc242821", "doc176598", "doc427471", "doc724336", "doc33622", "doc33636", "doc1029476", "doc1081117", "doc1029466", "doc104083", "doc2501999", "doc427519", "doc33628", "doc227157", "doc1029461", "doc1029480", "doc1902350", "doc427459", "doc33634", "doc1902349", "doc176594", "doc176573", "doc33621", "doc215320", "doc427507", "doc1081130", "doc427470", "doc1259417", "doc1029453", "doc176574", "doc1259433", "doc218669", "doc427503", "doc427465", "doc1029449", "doc2502002", "doc1902358", "doc649695", "doc1902353", "doc427514", "doc427468", "doc1029450", "doc1029451", "doc227158", "doc427464", "doc377073", "doc242820", "doc242822", "doc306000", "doc215325", "doc1902342", "doc104082" ]	[ "Arrowverse After witnessing his mother's mysterious murder and his father's wrongful conviction for the crime, Barry Allen (Grant Gustin) is taken in by Detective Joe West (Jesse L. Martin) and his daughter, Iris (Candice Patton). Allen becomes a brilliant but socially awkward crime scene investigator for the Central City Police Department. His obsession with his tragic past causes him to become an outcast among his peers; he investigates cold cases, paranormal occurrences, and cutting-edge scientific advancements that may shed light on his mother's murder. No one believes his description of the crime—that a ball of lightning with the face of a man invaded their home that night—and Allen is fiercely driven to vindicate himself and to clear his father's name. Fourteen years after his mother's death, an advanced particle accelerator at S.T.A.R. Labs malfunctions during its public unveiling, bathing the city center with a previously unknown form of radiation and creating a severe thunderstorm. Allen is struck by lightning from the storm and doused with chemicals in his lab. Awakening after a nine-month coma, he discovers he has the ability to move at superhuman speeds. Harrison Wells (Tom Cavanagh), the disgraced designer of the failed particle accelerator, describes Barry's special nature as \"metahuman\"; Allen soon discovers that he is not the only one who was changed by the radiation. Allen vows to use his gifts to protect Central City from the escalating violence of metahuman criminals. He is aided by a few close friends and associates who guard his secrets, including S.T.A.R. Labs team members Cisco Ramon (Carlos Valdes) and Caitlin Snow (Danielle Panabaker).", "The Flash (2014 TV series) After witnessing his mother's supernatural murder, Barry Allen is taken in by Detective Joe West and his family. Barry becomes a brilliant but socially awkward crime scene investigator for the Central City Police Department. A particle accelerator malfunctions, bathing the city center with a radiation during a thunderstorm, and Barry is struck by lightning. Awakening after a coma, he discovers he can move at superhuman speeds. Harrison Wells, the accelerator's designer, describes Barry's nature as \"metahuman\". Barry vows to use his gifts to protect Central City. As the Flash, Barry also pursues his mother's murderer, the Reverse-Flash.[3]", "Flash (Barry Allen) As revealed in issue #0 of the current series, Barry Allen's father was placed in prison for the murder of his mother. The murder occurred shortly after Barry returned victorious from a school spelling bee, and Barry placed the trophy he won on his mother's grave in her memory. While the evidence seems to indicate his father's guilt, Barry makes proving his father's innocence a priority.", "Eobard Thawne When Thawne reappears, he murders the revived Johnny Quick,[9] before proceeding to trap Barry and the revived Max Mercury inside the negative Speed Force. Thawne then attempts to kill Wally West's children through their connection to the Speed Force in front of Linda Park-West, only to be stopped by Jay Garrick and Bart Allen. Thawne defeats Jay and prepares to kill Bart, but Barry, Max, Wally, Jesse Quick and Impulse arrive to prevent the villain from doing so.[8][10] In the ensuing fight, Thawne reveals that he is responsible for every tragedy that has occurred in Barry's life, including the death of Nora Allen (Barry's mother). Thawne then decides to destroy everything the Flash holds dear by killing Iris before they even met.[10]", "List of The Flash characters In season one, he activates a particle accelerator that releases dark matter energy in Central City, killing several civilians and granting various individuals metahuman abilities, including Barry Allen. Six months later, Wells is a recluse and a pariah, confined to a wheelchair. Along with Cisco Ramon and Caitlin Snow, he helps develop Barry's powers as the Flash and mentors him in pushing his speed to the limit to come up with novel solutions to take down metahuman criminals. However, Wells has many secrets: he is faking paralysis, possesses the artificial intelligence Gideon with futuristic information, and is willing to kill to protect his protégé and cover his own tracks. Wells is revealed to be the Reverse-Flash, the mysterious speedster in a yellow suit who killed Barry's mother in the year 2000. It is also revealed that Eobard Thawne killed the real Harrison Wells, along with his wife Tess Morgan, and assumed his identity; he orchestrated the events that would turn Barry into the Flash for agenda. Eobard's plans are foiled and he is erased from existence when his ancestor Eddie Thawne commits suicide, though the Reverse-Flash's existence would linger to preserve the timeline. In season two, Eobard's last will as Harrison contains a recorded confession for Barry that clears Henry of all charges as Wells.", "List of The Flash characters Bartholomew Henry \"Barry\" Allen (portrayed by Grant Gustin[1]) is an awkward assistant crime-scene investigator for the Central City Police Department, who moonlights as the Flash. As a child, Barry (Logan Williams) is traumatized when his mother, Nora, is murdered by the Reverse-Flash. His father, Henry, is framed for the crime. Joe West becomes Barry's legal guardian, and Barry spends his life trying to discover what happened that night. He first appears in the second season of Arrow, personally investigating a superhuman-related crime in Starling City, and learns of Oliver Queen's identity as the Arrow. They become good friends. Sometime after Barry returns to Central City, he is struck in his laboratory by lightning which was affected by dark matter from the explosion of the S.T.A.R. Lab's particle accelerator.", "Flash (Barry Allen) It is then revealed that Flash's mother was murdered when he was a child, and his father was arrested for the crime (this is pointedly contrary to previous Flash stories, in which both his parents appear alive). Flash describes this as \"the only one open case I left behind.\" Before he can contemplate this any further, the speedster villain Savitar escapes the Speed Force through Flash. When Flash manages to put his hand on Savitar's shoulder, the villain screams in agony and crumbles into dust, not before telling Flash, \"...You were the beginning, Allen...and you're the end.\" At that moment, Wally West, West's children Iris and Jai, Liberty Belle, Jay Garrick, and Kid Flash all experience painful convulsions and are engulfed in lightning.[18]", "List of The Flash characters In season one, Barry awakens from a nine-month coma and finds himself with superhuman speed. He uses his new powers to fight crime and hunt other metahumans in Central City as the masked superhero, Flash, while he tries to identify his mother's murderer. Although Barry has loved Iris West since childhood, he has kept his feelings to himself. He reveals his feelings, complicating Iris' relationship with Eddie. Barry learns from a 2024 newspaper in the Time Vault at S.T.A.R. Labs that he may eventually marry Iris. He becomes good friends with Cisco, Caitlin, and Dr. Wells, his idol and mentor on missions. Although Dr. Wells advises Barry about how to adapt and increase his powers, Barry becomes suspicious and learns that he is Eobard Thawne (Reverse-Flash) in disguise. After Eobard is unmasked, he tells Barry about his plan to use the Flash's speed and the particle accelerator to generate a portal to his own time (allowing Barry to return to the night of his mother's murder and prevent it). Barry travels back in time, but is warned by his older self not to interfere. He returns to the present and fights with Eobard, stopping him from returning to the future. Although Barry is almost killed, Eddie sacrifices himself to destroy Eobard. This creates a miniature black hole, which Ronnie stops with his own life.", "Flash (Barry Allen) The seven speedsters (the 5 men plus Jesse Chambers and Iris West-Park) battle against Zoom, and despite being outnumbered, Zoom pulls Barry away. He reveals that everything horrible that happened to Barry, including the murder of Barry's mother, was caused by Zoom. Zoom then decides to destroy everything by killing Barry's wife, Iris, before they met.[22]", "Arrowverse Six months after the events of the first season, after a singularity event, the Flash is recognized as Central City's hero. Jay Garrick (Teddy Sears), the Flash from Earth-Two, in a parallel universe, visits Barry and warns him another speedster named Zoom (voiced by Tony Todd) is trying to eliminate everyone connected to the Speed Force throughout the multiverse. Jay, and later Harrison Wells' Earth-Two counterpart, work to help Barry and his friends stop Zoom. Joe and Iris struggle with their shared painful past related to their family, especially after the arrival of Iris's brother Wally West (Keiynan Lonsdale), whom her mother Francine West (Vanessa A. Williams) gave birth to shortly after abandoning her family. Cisco initially begins having visions or \"vibes\" of other times, places, and dimensions upon touching certain objects, he is given the nickname Vibe. He later finds his metahuman powers can also be used to open portals to other worlds and create sonic vibrations. After Zoom kills Barry's father, the season concludes with Barry travelling back in time to save his mother's life from the Reverse-Flash.", "List of The Flash characters In season two, Barry becomes reclusive after Eddie and Ronnie's deaths, until a near-death experience convinces him to work with his friends again. He discovers a recording of Eobard's confession to Nora's murder that clear his father of all charges, with Barry inheriting Harrison Wells' fortune and resources from Eobard. Though rich, Barry chooses to remain working for CCPD while using Wells' money to fund his and his allies' activities. Barry and his team soon learn of the multiverse when metahumans from Earth-2 target him under orders from Zoom, receiving aid from the Earth-2's Dr. Harrison \"Harry\" Wells. Barry struggles with his choice to not save his mother and his hatred of Eobard, gradually accepting Harry as a friend upon learning that he trying to save his daughter Jesse. The group are aided by Earth-2's Flash Jay Garrick before they learn that he is actually a time remnant clone of Hunter Zolomon, who is Zoom, and he steals Barry's Speed Force to cure his terminal illness. After sacrificing his powers to save Wally from Zoom, Harry helps Barry recreate the events which gave him his speed, but Barry disappears into the Speed Force as it helps him move on from his mother's death. After returning and defeating Zoom's army, Barry is forced to watch his father's death in his childhood home. He avenges his father by luring the Time Wraiths to Zoom, who is dragged into the Speed Force while being transformed into the Black Flash. After freeing the real Jay Garrick, Henry's Earth-3 counterpart, Barry goes back in time to avert his mother's death without considering the consequences.", "The Flash (2014 TV series) In the second season, after a singularity event, the Flash is recognized as Central City's hero. However, the event brings a new threat from a parallel earth: Zoom, a demonic speedster who seeks to eliminate all speedsters throughout the multiverse. Harrison Wells' parallel universe counterpart nicknamed \"Harry\", and his daughter Jesse, work to help Barry stop Zoom and explore the multiverse. Joe and his daughter, Iris, struggle with the arrival of Iris's brother Wally West. After Zoom kills Barry's father, Barry travels back in time to save his mother's life.", "Flash (Barry Allen) In the 1980s, Flash's life begins to collapse. Iris is murdered by Professor Zoom (a supervillain from the 25th century who had long loved her and been jealous of Allen), and when Allen prepares to marry another woman, Zoom tries the same trick again. Allen stops him, killing Zoom in the process by breaking his neck. Unfortunately, when Barry is unable to make an appearance at his own wedding, his fiancÃ©e eventually descends into madness.", "Eobard Thawne In the DC Rebirth relaunch, Eobard first appears in Barry Allen's Speed Force vision, where the latter snaps Thawne's neck as he once did Pre-Crisis.[26][27] He is subsequently featured in another vision where he taunts Barry about his future.[28] The serial-killing speedster Godspeed later attempts to kill Eobard and every other inmate at Iron Heights, only to be stopped by the Flash.[29] Thawne is reverted to his pre-New 52 self after a wave of energy strikes him, and he recalls being killed by Batman (Thomas Wayne) during Flashpoint.[30] Seeking to teach the Dark Knight's son a lesson, Thawne attacks Bruce Wayne in the Batcave and destroys Thomas' letter as retribution. Thawne brutally beats Bruce and verbally taunts him before picking up the Button, which teleports him away to an unknown location. Thawne is then teleported back to the Batcave, having been bathed in radiation by a mysterious entity. As he collapses, Thawne says \"God...I saw...God.\"[31] In the following issue, Batman and the Flash come across Thawne in possession of the Button shortly before his apparent death, and follow him in an attempt to prevent it.[32] As he follows the traces leading to the entity, Thawne muses that he may go back in time to raise his nemesis as a \"family friend\" after killing his mother, but he is seemingly killed and teleported back to the Batcave.[33]", "Eobard Thawne Blaming the Flash for his defeat, Thawne became obsessed with \"replacing\" the man and began travelling back in time to exact his revenge, using his knowledge of history to his advantage. When Iris West (Barry's wife) rejected his romantic pursuits, Thawne apparently killed Iris by vibrating his hand through the woman's skull. Shortly after Barry had found love again, Thawne returned and threatened to kill Fiona Webb (Allen's new fiancÃ©e) on their wedding day. Fearful that history was repeating itself, Allen inadvertently killed Thawne by breaking his neck.[4]", "List of The Flash characters The Flash is an American television series developed by writer-producers Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg and Geoff Johns, and is based on the DC Comics character, the Flash. The series premiered on The CW television network in the United States on October 7, 2014. The series is a spin-off from Arrow, a show in the same universe. The first season follows police forensic investigator Barry Allen (Grant Gustin), who develops super-speed after he is struck by lightning. In his attempt to learn about his powers and how to use them for good, he is assisted by S.T.A.R. Labs' Dr. Caitlin Snow (Danielle Panabaker), Cisco Ramon (Carlos Valdes), and Dr. Harrison Wells (Tom Cavanagh). Barry tries to solve the murder of his mother (Michelle Harrison) by a superhuman attacker (Matt Letscher). The murder investigation unjustly imprisoned his father (John Wesley Shipp), leaving detective Joe West (Jesse L. Martin), father of his best friend, Iris (Candice Patton), to take in the young Barry. The memory of his mother's murder and his father's framing later motivates Barry to put his personal needs aside and use his powers to fight against those who hurt the innocent, thus, shaping him into the Flash.", "Flash (Barry Allen) Barry chases after Zoom, and is joined by Wally, who tells Barry to push as hard as he can to break the time barrier. They reach Thawne, becoming the lightning bolt that turns Barry into the Flash as they are able to stop Zoom from killing Iris. As the two Flashes push Zoom back through time to the present, they see that the Justice League, the Justice Society, and the Outsiders have built a device specifically for Thawne. Barry tosses him in and activates the device, severing his connection to the negative Speed Force. The Flashes tie Zoom up to stop him from running. With the threat ended, everyone celebrates by welcoming Barry back and the speedsters in general. Later, Barry closes the case on his mother's death and opts to take all the other cold cases they had after his death. Barry spends some time with Iris before racing to Washington to celebrate his return with the Justice League, apologizing for being late.[23]", "Flash (Barry Allen) Barry Allen is a police scientist (his job title was changed to a forensic scientist in The Flash: Iron Heights one-shot) with a reputation for being very slow, and frequently late, which frustrates his fiancee, Iris West, as the result of being absent-minded and his devotion to crime-solving. One night, as he is working late, a lightning bolt shatters a case full of chemicals and spills all over Barry. As a result, Allen finds that he can run extremely fast and has matching reflexes and senses. He dons a set of red tights sporting a lightning bolt (reminiscent of the original Fawcett Comics Captain Marvel), dubs himself the Flash (after his childhood comic book hero, Jay Garrick), and becomes Central City's resident costumed crimefighter.[1] Central City University professor Ira West (Iris' adoptive father) designed Allen's costume and the ring which stores it while Allen is in his civilian identity.[3] The ring can eject the compressed clothing when Allen needs it and suck it back in with the aid of a special gas that shrinks the suit. In addition, Allen invented the cosmic treadmill, a device that allowed for precise time travel and was used in many stories. Allen was so well liked that nearly all speedsters that come after him are often compared to him. Batman once said \"Barry is the kind of man that I would've hoped to become if my parents had not been murdered.\"[4]", "Flash (Barry Allen) Placed on trial for murder in connection with Zoom's death, Allen is found guilty by the jury. When he is told by a juror, who is being possessed by a mind from the future, that Reverse Flash (whom Allen knows to be dead) brainwashed the jury into this verdict, Flash flees his trial. The Flash is then attacked by Reverse Flash, and realizes that the answers to this mystery, and restoring his good name, lie in the future, so the juror uses a time device to send them forward. They discover that Abra Kadabra was disguised as Reverse Flash to ruin the Flash's good name. Defeating Kadabra, he retreats to the future to be reunited with Iris, having learned that Iris' spirit was in fact drawn to the 30th century, and given a new body (and was in fact the mind inhabiting the juror). The final issue of The Flash ends with Flash and Iris kissing passionately and the caption \"And they lived happily ever after... for a while\". There are a few references in the final issue (The Flash #350) to the upcoming events, and Flash's impending death.[1]", "John Wesley Shipp Shipp returned to involvement with The Flash in the 2010s. He was cast in a \"mysterious\" role on The CW series The Flash in early 2014,[18][19] which was later revealed to be the recurring role of Henry Allen, the father of titular character.[20] In the second-season finale of The Flash, Shipp played Jay Garrick, an alternate universe counterpart of The Flash[21] and continues to guest star in the role of Garrick into the fourth 2017-2018 season[22] He also provided the voice to the villain Professor Eobard \"Zoom\" Thawne, the Reverse-Flash, in a 2010 episode of the animated series Batman: The Brave and the Bold.", "The Flash (2014 TV series) On July 30, 2013, it was announced that Arrow co-creators Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg, Arrow pilot director David Nutter, and DC Comics CCO Geoff Johns would develop a television series based on the Flash for The CW, and it would detail Barry Allen's origin.[31] Kreisberg revealed after the announcement that Allen would first appear as a recurring character on Arrow in three episodes of season two—all written by Berlanti, Kreisberg and Johns—and the last of the episodes would act as a backdoor pilot for the new show. Kreisberg added that Allen would be a forensic scientist and the introduction of his superpowers, as well as the reactions to this, will be very human and grounded. Johns stated that the character of the Flash in the show would resemble his comic book counterpart, complete with his trademark red costume, and not be a poor imitation. Kreisberg elaborated: \"No sweat suits or strange code names; he will be The Flash.\" While researching the best way to depict the Flash's lightning speed, Johns stated it would not just be the standard \"blurring around\".[32]", "Flash (Barry Allen) While they fend off the guards, they are rescued by Element Woman. Barry's memories begin to change much more drastically, altering his past. He states that he is running out of time and soon he will not be able to restore the timeline to normal. After Barry is recovering, he asks the heroes to stop the Atlantean/Amazon war from creating more casualties, although the heroes are not willing to unless Batman wants to join them. Cyborg explains to him that they believe Batman was invincible. However, Barry convinces him that no one is invincible; the Marvel Family and Batman agree to join him. The heroes arrive at New Themyscira to stop the Atlantean/Amazon war, and appear to be winning until Enchantress reveals herself as the Amazon spy and uses her magic to separate the Marvel Family and restore them to their mortal forms. Penthesilea kills Billy Batson just as Professor Zoom reveals himself to Barry.[40] Professor Zoom reveals to him that the \"Flashpoint\" timeline was actually created by Barry himself, after he traveled back in time to stop Zoom from killing his mother, but the timeline diverted into the near-apocalyptic world they find themselves in. He continues to taunt Barry with this knowledge, but is suddenly stabbed in the back by Batman wielding an Amazonian sword. Before Barry returns the timeline to normal, Batman thanks him for all he's done and gives him a letter addressed to his son. After this, Barry bids a farewell to his mother, knowing he must travel back in time to stop his younger self from altering time. Through the fusions of the time stream, Barry seemingly hears a voice explaining that the three timelines and worlds, need to become one again and would need his help to do this. After the ordeals, he visits the real Bruce Wayne and gives him the letter from his alternate father. Bruce is grateful to Barry of informing him of the events of the \"Flashpoint\" before the timeline was apparently returned to normal.[41]", "Flash (Barry Allen) The Flash (Barry Allen) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Barry Allen is the second character to be known as the Flash. The character first appeared in Showcase #4 (October 1956), created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino.[1] His name combines talk show hosts Barry Gray and Steve Allen.[2] Barry Allen is a reinvention of a previous character called the Flash that had appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Jay Garrick.", "Eobard Thawne In the 2011 Flashpoint storyline, a new timeline is created through the alteration of history.[20] The Reverse-Flash reveals that his body is permanently connected to the Speed Force, enabling him to create the negative version of it, with which he escaped prison. He was unable to alter Barry's transformation into the Flash, however, as that would effectively erase himself from existence. Instead, Thawne decides to ruin Barry's life during the latter's childhood, erasing his best friend from existence to result in greater introversion on Barry's part, and various other torments such as killing his mother.[21] Thawne later reveals that the new timeline was created by Barry himself, who went back in time to stop the Reverse-Flash from killing his mother. After Thawne is killed by the Batman of this reality with an Amazonian sword, the Flash travels back in time to stop his younger self from altering history but instead, under the manipulations of Pandora, a third, new timeline is created, in which DC Comics' continuity takes place from 2011 onwards.[22]", "The Flash (2014 TV series) The Flash is an American superhero television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns, airing on The CW. It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. It is a spin-off from Arrow, existing in the same fictional universe. The series follows Allen, portrayed by Grant Gustin, a crime scene investigator who gains super-human speed, which he uses to fight criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities.", "Flash (Barry Allen) Barry's conflict with the speed cult[clarification needed] culminates in the death of their new leader who was attempting to avenge Savitar's death. It causes pain once again to all the speedsters, though Wally West manages to catch a glimpse of Allen directly afterwards, and sees him as the new Black Flash.[19] When he realizes that his presence could damage or kill other innocents, Barry flees back into the Speed Force, where he encounters old friends Johnny Quick and Max Mercury. Max attempts to tell Allen that his becoming the Black Flash is not his fault. When Max and Barry are pulled into another pocket of the Speed Force, the real culprit reveals himself: Professor Zoom.[20]", "The Flash (1990 TV series) Barry shelters street orphans Terry and Cory Cohan, who have stolen the knapsack of a recently murdered journalist, Philip Sullivan, containing Sullivan's research on a highly addictive synthetic drug known as \"Blue Paradise\", developed by notorious drug designer Beauregarde Lesko. Terry is nearly murdered while meeting Lesko to exchange the briefcase for $1 million dollars, and Barry subsequently defeats Lesko and dismantles his operation before Blue Paradise can be unleashed in Central City, while Terry and Cory are adopted by Sullivan's widow, Joan.", "Eobard Thawne As Barry chases after Thawne, Wally joins in the time barrier. They reach him and in doing so, they become the lightning bolt that turns Barry into the Flash as they are able to stop Thawne from killing Iris. The Flashes push Thawne back through time, showing his past and future. They return to the present, where the Justice League, the Justice Society, and the Outsiders have built a device originally intended to disconnect Barry from the Speed Force as the Black Flash. Barry tosses Thawne in and Jay activates the device, severing his connection to the negative Speed Force. As the Flashes tie him up to stop him from running, back in the past Iris discovers Thawne's weapon and keeps it.[11]", "The Flash (1990 TV series) The 2014 television series, The Flash, features several references to the 1990 series. John Wesley Shipp plays the recurring role of Barry Allen's father, Henry Allen,[8] and Amanda Pays once again portrays a character named Dr. Tina McGee.[9] Shipp eventually portrays the Earth-3 version of Henry Allen, Jay Garrick / Flash. Regarding the difference in his portrayal of Garrick over Allen, Shipp \"figured Jay is my version of Barry\" from the 1990 series, adding, \"I went back and I watched a couple of episodes of the 1990/91 version to kind of remind myself what I did. [Jay] is much more reminiscent of my Barry Allen from 25 years ago than my Henry Allen. I went back and I was amazed how much attitude my Barry Allen had in some situations. I went back and I picked up that thread and I brought it forward 25 years, and tried to weave it in.\"[10] In \"Welcome to Earth-2\", as Barry, Cisco and Wells are traveling to Earth-2, glimpses of the multiverse are seen, including an image of Shipp as the Flash from the 1990 series, implying that the series was retroactively being added to the Arrowverse-multiverse.[11]", "Flash (Barry Allen) The character has appeared in various adaptations in other media. John Wesley Shipp played Barry Allen in the 1990 CBS television series and Grant Gustin currently plays him in the 2014 The CW television series. The character is played by Ezra Miller in the DC Extended Universe, beginning with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad in 2016, followed by Justice League in 2017.", "Eobard Thawne In a post-Crisis extended origin, the storyline \"The Return of Barry Allen\" in The Flash #74-79 revealed that Eobard was once a scientist from the 25th Century who was obsessed with the Flash, even undergoing cosmetic surgery to resemble his hero. After obtaining the Cosmic Treadmill from an antique shop, Thawne gained all of the Flash's powers after replicating the electrochemical accident that created the hero, seeking to use the Treadmill to travel back in time and meet his idol. But due to a malfunction, Thawne arrived at the Flash Museum several years after Barry's death, where he discovered that he was destined to become \"Professor Zoom\" (the \"Reverse-Flash\") and die at the hands of his idol. As a result, the unstable Thawne convinced himself that he was Barry, and subsequently attacked Central City for \"forgetting him\". Wally West (the current Flash) ultimately tricked Thawne into returning to the 25th century with no memory of the incident. Despite this, Thawne still managed to bring the remains of his older self's costume with him, cluing him further into his destiny.", "Hunter Zolomon Hunter Zolomon had a troubled relationship with his parents who rarely spoke to each other or to him. On the day Hunter was to leave for college, his father (a serial killer who murdered six young girls) had killed his mother before being gunned down by the police after refusing to surrender. Following this incident, Hunter became obsessed with understanding the criminal mind and went on to study criminology and psychology at college. He later joined the Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.) with his girlfriend Ashley whom he soon married. The two specialised in apprehending low-level costumed criminals until Hunter inadvertently caused the death of Ashley's father; Hunter had mistakenly believed that a criminal they were after was incapable of using a gun.[4] The case also left him with a damaged knee, forcing him to use a cane to walk. Abandoned by Ashley and fired by the F.B.I., Hunter moved to Keystone City and became a profiler in the police's Department of Metahuman Hostilities. Hunter soon befriended the Flash (Wally West) as his insight was critical in solving a number of cases, though Hunter resented being stuck behind a desk.", "The Flash (2014 TV series) Barry ultimately appeared twice in Arrow's second season, with the planned backdoor pilot cancelled in favor of a traditional pilot by The CW executives, who had been impressed by early cuts of Barry's first two episodes on Arrow. This allowed the creative team to flesh out Barry's story and his world on a bigger budget, as opposed to a backdoor pilot's constraint of incorporating characters from the parent show. The pilot was officially ordered on January 29, 2014, and was written by Berlanti, Kreisberg, and Johns, and directed by Nutter.[33][34] On May 8, 2014, The Flash was officially picked up as a series, with an initial order of 13 episodes.[35] Three more scripts were ordered in September 2014 following a positive response to newly completed episodes by executives,[36] while a back ten was ordered the next month for a full 23-episode season.[37]", "The Flash (2014 TV series) By changing his past, Barry alters the timeline, resulting in \"Flashpoint\". Though he is somewhat able to restore the timeline, this creates new threats, including Savitar. After Harry and Jesse return to Earth-2, another Wells doppelgänger is recruited: the novelist \"H.R.\" Wells. Both Wally and Caitlin Snow begin to manifest metahuman abilities; Wally suits up as the speedster Kid Flash, while Caitlin is forced to suppress her ice-powers to prevent becoming Killer Frost. When Barry accidentally travels to the future and sees Iris killed by Savitar, he is desperate to change the future to prevent that from happening. After saving Iris and defeating Savitar, Barry takes his place in the Speed Force.", "Flash vs. Arrow In October 2014, Kreisberg described the episodes as very important to both Barry and Oliver and what they are going thorough, while also promising \"one of the biggest surprises for Arrow of all time in The Flash episode\".[13] Guggenheim added, \"It's like the bomb underneath the table, and I think part of the fun is waiting to see when Oliver is going to learn what the audience learns on Flash.\"[14] It was later announced that another secret would be revealed in the final moments of The Flash episode that will help \"introduce the next phase of The Flash in a big way\".[15] In the episode, Oliver runs into an ex-girlfriend, last seen pregnant with his child in season two of Arrow and had been told by Oliver's mother Moira to tell him that she'd lost the baby and disappear. It is revealed to the viewers that she has a child and it's presumed to be Oliver's. After the airing of the episode, Guggenheim confirmed that indeed it was Oliver's child.[16] At the end of the episode, Robbie Amell, who played Ronnie Raymond—Caitlin's former fiancée presumed dead after the particle accelerator explosion—appears as Firestorm using his powers.[6]", "Eobard Thawne Thawne then makes an acquaintance with Dr. Henry Allen (the Flash's father), funding the research of Henry's research lab. But when Henry refuses to help him with an unknown cause, Zoom subsequently murders Nora in order to make the Flash endure what he had to and give them both an \"equal start\", and forces Henry to take the blame for his deed, with the threat of Barry's life. Laying low for many years, Professor Zoom reemerges following the defeat of William Selkirk, recruiting as an \"acolyte\" of his. Zoom and his acolytes then cause havoc in the city and put the blame on the Flash, desiring to destroy his nemesis's legacy.[25] Eobard then kidnaps Henry when the man escapes from prison with some inmates in order to divert Thawne's attention away from Barry, and forces Henry to construct a power-stealing glove. However, when his closest \"ally\" Magali (who has been keeping Eobard alive for centuries via powers) discover the truth about him, he uses the glove to steal her abilities of affecting the age of organic and inorganic matter, leading to his true nature being exposed to the rest of his acolytes who join forces with the Flash to destroy the device.", "Flash (Barry Allen) Following the trial, Allen retires and joins Iris in the 30th century. However, after only a few weeks of happiness, the Crisis on Infinite Earths intervenes, and Allen is captured by the Anti-Monitor and brought to 1985; according to the Anti-Monitor, the Flash was the only being capable of traveling to other universes at will, so the Anti-Monitor could not allow him to stay free. Allen escapes and foils the Anti-Monitor's plan to destroy the Earth with an anti-matter cannon, creating a speed vortex to draw the power in, but dies in the process as the power becomes too much for his body.[1] It has been said that Allen travels back through time and becomes the very same lightning bolt that gives him his powers, but later it is also strongly implied that the soul of Barry resides in the Speed Force, the mystical source and Valhalla open to all dead speedsters, and from which the living ones draw their amazing powers. After Allen's death, Kid Flash Wally West, his nephew and sidekick, takes up the mantle of the Flash.[6]", "The Flash (2014 TV series) Initially envisioned as a backdoor pilot, the positive reception Gustin received during two appearances as Barry on Arrow led to executives choosing to develop a full pilot to make use of a larger budget and help flesh out Barry's world in more detail. Colleen Atwood, costume designer for Arrow, was brought in to design the Flash's suit. The creative team wanted to make sure that the Flash would resemble his comic book counterpart, and not simply be a poor imitation. The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.", "Flash (Barry Allen) Wally West, wracked by grief for the loss of his unborn twins at the hands of Zoom, regrets the public knowledge of his identity. Barry appears from somewhere in time—stating that he is from a period shortly before his death—counseling his nephew, and talking the Spectre into granting his wish, erasing all public knowledge of Wally and Barry's identities as the Flash (Although Wally himself also loses his memory of his identity for a time). Barry then disappears, telling his nephew that he will come to his aid three times, on the three most difficult days of his life of which this is the first. In fact, when Zoom enlists the aid of the original Professor Zoom to make Wally relive the loss of his beloved twins, Barry is already there, trying to stop his own Reverse Flash; Zoom apparently retrieved Eobard Thawne from the day that he attempted to kill Fiona Webb, with Barry following his nemesis. For the second time, he helps Wally to undo the damage dealt by Zoom, also allowing Wally to save his twins, and then he returns to his proper time, dragging his Zoom with him and breaking his enemy's neck in his timeline.", "Flash (Barry Allen) Barry makes his corporeal return in Final Crisis #2. On the second to last page, Jay Garrick and Wally West feel vibrations to which Jay remarks, \"but, don't you recognize those vibrations? It can't be... Not after all these years... Not after all this time.\" On the final page, Barry Allen is seen in hot pursuit of the bullet which kills Orion, outrunning the Black Racer and shouting to Jay and Wally to \"Run!\"[14]", "List of The Flash characters In season three, Barry saves his mother from Reverse-Flash and creates a new timeline (called \"Flashpoint\" by Eobard) in which he is no longer the Flash. In the new timeline, Barry is a CSI without any connection to Iris' family. Barry's memories of the new timeline overwrites his memories of the original timeline, forcing Barry to release Eobard in order to restore the timeline. Barry learns his actions made vast differences to the restored timeline and goes back in time again in an attempt to restore the original timeline. Garrick stops Barry and convinces him to live with his mistakes from creating the \"Flashpoint\" timeline. As Barry accepts Wally's transition into Kid Flash and trains him, Barry struggles with the temptation to use his powers for personal gain. His struggles worsen upon learning the identity of Savitar, a clone of a future version of himself. After the rogue time remnant is killed, Barry takes Savitar's place in the Speed Force prison to atone for causing the events of third season to occur. He appoints Wally as the new Flash before taking his leave.", "List of The Flash characters Season two features the Earth-2 version of Dr. Harrison \"Harry\" Wells, the father of Jesse Wells. Like Eobard, he was responsible for the creation of metahumans on Earth-2 using a particle accelerator which also exploded, including the psychopathic serial killer Hunter Zolomon as the rogue speedster Zoom. But Harry refused to take responsibility while making a profit with developing metahuman detector technology. But when Zoom kidnaps Jesse, Harry travels to Earth-1 to assist Barry in the fight against Zoom's extorted metahumans and locate Jesse. Team Flash, specifically Cisco and Joe, distrust him because of the prior betrayal by Eobard, and Harry himself is mistaken by people unaware that Eobard's actions ruined his Earth-1 doppelgänger's name and legacy. Harry also meets the Reverse-Flash's younger self, suspecting that the encounter between them is what caused Eobard's future actions towards his Earth-1 self and also leading Harry to hate Thawne. Harry is extorted by Zoom into developing a device to steal the Flash's speed for Zoom in exchange for his daughter's life, a feat that even the Reverse-Flash had failed to achieve. But Harry confesses to his collaboration with Zoom so Barry and Cisco decide to travel to Earth-2 with Harry to rescue Jesse. After their mission is complete, Harry and Jesse seek refuge on Earth-1 from Zoom's pursuit. After Barry's speed is sacrificed to Zoom to save Wally West, Harry recreates a miniature particle accelerator to help Barry regain these powers based on Eobard's plans. Although the accelerator explosion causes Barry to disappear, and its dark matter affects both Wally and Jesse, Harry eventually locates Barry at the Speed Force; he is able to bring Barry back with Cisco and Iris West's help, and Barry wakes Jesse from the coma. After Zoom's defeat, Harry and Jesse return home to Earth-2 with Jay Garrick, promising to help the Flash of Earth-3 return to his own Earth. Harry returns early in season three after Jesse is revealed to have developed super-speed as a result of the accelerator, but Harry tries to have the team talk his daughter out of pursuing heroics. After Barry and Jesse are forced to team up, Harry becomes more supportive of it. Harry and Jesse return to Earth-2 a few days later so Jesse can protect Earth-2 Central City but before leaving Harry helps the team locate his alternate counterpart from Earth-19 to substitute in his absence. Harry later despises his Earth-19 doppelgänger after discovering that he is not as intelligent as both him and their deceased Earth-1 counterpart, considering H.R. Wells as a moron. Harry helps Joe in protecting Iris after they arrive to Earth-2 to hide from Savitar, but they fail to stop him from kidnapping her. Harry respects H.R. after learning his sacrifice for Iris.", "Flash (Barry Allen) Iris is pregnant, and she has two children who have super-speed powers, the Tornado Twins, who later meet the Legion of Super-Heroes. In the multiversal variant known as Earth-247, each of her children themselves have children with speed-based abilities. One, Jenni Ognats, grows up to become the Legionnaire XS, while the other, Bart Allen, is born with an accelerated metabolism that rapidly ages him, and is sent back to the 20th century where he is cured by Wally West. He remains there as the superhero Impulse under the tutelage of Max Mercury, and later becomes the second Kid Flash as a member of the Teen Titans. One year after the events of Infinite Crisis, Bart becomes the fourth Flash until he is abruptly killed by his clone Inertia and the Rogues.[9] Wally then retook the identity of the Flash.[10] Bart would later be resurrected as Kid Flash by the Legion of Super-Heroes in the 31st century to combat Superboy-Prime.[11]", "The Flash (1990 TV series) Barry Allen, a forensic scientist working for the Central City police, is struck by lightning and doused in chemicals in his lab. He develops superspeed and creates a superhero identity for himself to fight crime: The Flash. Research scientist, Dr. Tina McGee who works from S.T.A.R. Labs helps Barry fight crime and tries to understand how his powers are developing. As well as his superheroics, Barry tries to maintain a private life, and tries to keep his superhero identity from his colleagues, Lt. Garfield, and his best friend, Julio Mendez.", "List of The Flash characters Wally was born after his mother's abandonment of her family, leading Joe and Iris to be unaware of his existence for eighteen years until Iris finds out. Wally finally meets his father and sister during a Christmas party shortly before his mother dies, and he has since struggled to bond with Joe and Iris. He also forms a brotherly bond with Barry Allen, although he is suspicious of Barry's weird behavior. Formerly a drag racer, Wally is enrolled at the same university Iris attended, majoring in mechanical engineering. After repeatedly being rescued by the Flash, Wally becomes fascinated with the superhero and discovers that his father has a connection with him, but is unaware that he is Barry. He is inspired by both his father and the Flash to help people, resulting in him ultimately becoming close to Joe. Later, when Wally and Jesse Wells are locked in the Time Vault at S.T.A.R. Labs, they work together to escape but are accidentally affected by the dark matter released from the attempt to restore Barry's powers; his father and later Barry, suspect that Wally is turning into a metahuman after the incident. Eventually, Wally discovers Barry's secrets when Zoom abducts and kills Barry's father, and fully accepts Barry after he rescues Joe from Zoom.", "The Flash (2014 TV series) The Flash: Season Zero, written by Kreisberg, Brooke Eikmeier and Katherine Walczak, with art by Phil Hester and Eric Gapstur, is intended to take place between the pilot episode and episode 2. Kreisberg stated, \"Barry will [already] be the Flash, he will have his team, everyone will be in that world, and we'll [sic] introducing a new set of villains that we won't be seeing on the TV show. It'll feel like the same heart, humor and spectacle that you get watching Flash.\" The comic will showcase the entire TV cast, plus new rogues, a group of circus performers who gained super powers as a result of the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator explosion. The group is led by Mr. Bliss, a character who first appeared in Starman. The comic launched digitally biweekly on September 8, 2014, with its first physical release featuring a collection of the digital releases, releasing on October 1.[141]", "List of The Flash characters In season two, Iris becomes more involved with the S.T.A.R. Labs team. She encourages Barry to pursue a relationship with Patty Spivot. Iris learns that her mother is terminally ill and gave birth to a son, Wally, after abandoning her family. She tells her father about Wally, and they meet him when he arrives at Christmas. Iris forgives her mother on her deathbed and bonds with Wally after she saves his life. She accepts Eddie's death after seeing his video message (recorded by Barry when he is time-traveling) in which he tells her how happy she makes him. Iris reconsiders a relationship with Barry after he breaks up with Patty.", "Flash (comics) This new Flash was (Barry Allen), a police scientist who gained super-speed when bathed by chemicals after a shelf of them was struck by lightning. He adopted the name The Scarlet Speedster after reading a comic book featuring the Golden Age Flash.[1] After several more appearances in Showcase, Allen's character was given his own title, The Flash, the first issue of which was #105 (resuming where Flash Comics had left off). Barry Allen and the new Flash were created by writers Robert Kanigher and John Broome and cartoonist Carmine Infantino.", "List of The Flash episodes Vandal Savage arrives in Central City, seeking to kill Kendra. Barry goes to Star City and enlists the help of Oliver and his team to protect her. The team is visited by Malcolm who informs them that Savage is an immortal. Later, Kendra is kidnapped by Hawkman, but Barry and Oliver rescue her and capture Hawkman, who introducing himself as Carter Hall, tells them he and Kendra are soulmates who have been connected for millennia. The pair are destined to die, be reborn, and find each other in each lifetime. Carter also reveals that Savage has killed the pair several times, each time growing stronger. Savage acquires the Staff of Horus, a deadly weapon. Kendra unlocks her abilities and the team decides to regroup in Central City, where Oliver witnesses Samantha Clayton with her son, who is also his. Meanwhile, Caitlin and Harry create a serum that will temporarily increase Barry's speed so that he can defeat Zoom. Jay initially refuses to test the serum, but changes his mind to save Harry when the latter is shot by an unaware Patty, whom Joe later informs about the truth. However, Jay advises against using the serum on Barry.", "The Flash (2014 TV series) The second season begins to explore the concept of the multiverse, by introducing Earth-2, which features doppelgÃ¤ngers of the inhabitants in the Arrowverse (or Earth-1), along with Jay Garrick, the Flash of Earth-2, and Zoom.[177] In the episode \"Welcome to Earth-2\", as Barry, Cisco and Harrison Wells of Earth-2 travel to Earth-2, glimpses of the multiverse are seen, including an image of Supergirl star Melissa Benoist as Supergirl and an image of John Wesley Shipp as the Flash from the 1990 television series, implying the two characters and their respective television series exist on alternate Earths to the Arrowverse;[178][179] Supergirl's world is later designated Earth-38 in the Arrowverse multiverse.[180] Gustin as Barry appeared on the eighteenth episode of Supergirl, \"Worlds Finest\", which aired on CBS on March 28, 2016. Intersecting with the events of the eighteenth episode of The Flash, which aired on April 19, 2016, Barry accidentally arrives on Earth-38 and helps Kara battle two of her enemies, Silver Banshee (Italia Ricci) and Livewire (Brit Morgan), before returning home.[181][182]", "Flash (Barry Allen) It should also be noted that the way Barry Allen seemed to have \"died\" in Crisis on Infinite Earths, was that he ran so fast that he was able to stop the Anti-Monitorâ€™s anti-matter cannon from firing by catching the tachyon beam at the heart of the weapon. After this act, according to Secret Origins Annual #2 (1988), Barry Allen turns into a lightning bolt, goes back in time, becoming the lightning bolt that hit his lab, splashing his past-self with chemicals and transforming him into the Flash.[8]", "Green Arrow Oliver Queen has made multiple appearances in Arrow's brother series The Flash, once again played by Stephen Amell.[47] In the pilot, Barry Allen returns to Starling City after gaining super speed and receives advice from Oliver when he sought Oliver's opinion about whether he could be a hero or just 'some guy who was struck by lightning'. A promo depicts a sequence in which Oliver is training an in-costume Barry. The shows and the characters have crossovers with each other midseason, including Felicity Smoak visiting Central City to help Barry deal with the new threat of Leonard Snart's stolen cold gun, followed shortly after by a two-parter where Oliver fights Barry after a mood-controlling metahuman provokes Barry into attacking his allies in \"Flash vs. Arrow\" and Barry assisting Oliver in catching new foe Captain Boomerang in \"The Brave and the Bold\". In \"All-Star Team Up\", Ray Palmer and Felicity visit S.T.A.R. labs to get help for Ray's Atom suit, and assist the team in defeating a supervillain who can control robotic bees. Oliver appears in the penultimate episode \"Rogue Air\" to help Barry fight the Reverse-Flash with Firestorm, using nanite-enhanced arrows from Ray Palmer to slow Reverse-Flash down and knock him out. In return, he asks for Barry's help in freeing his friends in the season 3 Arrow finale. In two-part crossover that will set the events to Legends of Tomorrow, Oliver and his comrades team up with Barry, Kendra and Carter to defeat immortal villain, Vandal Savage.[48] During the Season 2 episode, \"Enter Zoom\", a news report shows that on Earth-2, Oliver died the night the Queen's Gambit sunk, and his father Robert took the mantle of the Arrow. However, Robert was somehow unmasked in this reality. In the mass crossover episode \"Invasion!\", featuring the casts of Arrow, The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow teaming up with Supergirl to stop an alien invasion by the Dominators, Oliver nominates Barry for team leader while acting as a tactical advisor to the team.", "Eobard Thawne IGN ranked Eobard Thawne as the 31st Greatest Comic Book Villain Of All Time in 2009[1] and #2 on their Top 5 Flash Villains list in 2015.[2] Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher have portrayed the character on various television series set within The CW's live-action Arrowverse.", "Eobard Thawne Flashpoint results in The New 52 reboot of DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Thawne's origin is re-established as hailing from the Central City of a 25th-century devoted to the Flash. As a child, Eobard witnessed his father murder his mother, and subsequently get arrested. One day, he is struck by lightning and gains the ability to control the flow of time around him making it appear as if he is moving at superhuman speeds similar to Zolomon's powers. Believing himself to have been \"chosen\" by the Speed Force to replace the Flash, Eobard dons a costume similar to the hero's and begins to terrorize the Gem Cities as \"Zoom\", demanding the citizens accept him as King. However, he is enraged when people rebel against him in the name of the Flash.[23] Jealous and bitter that, despite their similar powers, the Flash is worshiped and loved by the people, Eobard uses Rip Hunter's notes to travel back in time, where he starts recruiting four individuals \"touched by the lightning\" (Speed Force) across history, after \"saving\" them from situations he himself put them into, under the false pretense that he requires their help in order to vanquish the \"evil menace\", Flash.[24]", "List of The Flash characters Joseph \"Joe\" West (portrayed by Jesse L. Martin[12]) is a police detective, father of Iris and Wally West, and legal guardian to Barry Allen following Nora Allen's death and Henry Allen's incarceration.[13]", "Bart Allen As depicted in a Legion of Super-Heroes story, Barry Allen's children—the Tornado Twins—were arrested in 2995 A.D. by the government of Earth, which had fallen under the covert control of the Dominators. Following a one-day trial on trumped-up charges of treason, the Twins were executed. According to a Daily Planet news report, Don Allen is survived by his wife Carmen Johnson (whose real name is Meloni Thawne, a descendant of Eobard Thawne), his mother Iris West Allen, and his 2-year-old son: Barry Allen II.[2]", "List of The Flash characters In season one, Cisco is a scientist at S.T.A.R. Labs who has a very relaxed comedic wit, with a tendency to nickname the metahuman villains they face. He develops equipment and arsenal for Barry Allen and his vigilante allies. Cisco forms a friendly bond with Ray Palmer (the Atom) because of their genius intellects, and is an admirer of Dinah Laurel Lance (Black Canary). Cisco is on bad terms with his brother Dante Ramon. Despite his close friendship with Barry, Cisco is also afraid of the metahumans and fears that his friend may go rogue like his enemies. He develops various measures including cryonic and heat guns to counter the Flashâ€™s powers, but they are stolen by criminals Leonard Snart and Mick Rory as means for them to fight against the Flash. Although Wells/Thawne considers him a surrogate son, he is killed for being the first person to discover Wells' true identity, until Barry resets the timeline; Cisco retains the memories of his murder and the knowledge of the Reverse-Flash's true identity. Cisco learns from Eobard that this is because he was also affected by the particle accelerator's explosion, having the ability to see into alternate timelines and realities and other powers.", "Flash vs. Arrow The first indication of potential crossover events in the Arrowverse occurred on The CW during the 2013–14 television season, when Barry Allen was introduced in the eighth episode of Arrow's second season ahead of the debut of The Flash.[8] In July 2014, it was announced that the eighth episodes of the third season of Arrow and the first season of The Flash would be a two-hour crossover event.[9] The crossover was originally planned as the seventh episodes of each series, but was pushed back due to the large amount of work needed to accomplish it.[10] In particular, the schedule coordination of trying to \"jam another episode into the 23-episode schedule for each of [the] shows.\"[11] Marc Guggenheim, creator and executive producer on Arrow, explained that there was \"no financially responsible\" way of executing the crossover, with budgets being blown, long hours and the actors having to film scenes from both series on the same day.[11]", "Hunter Zolomon Hunter came to the conclusion that Wally's refusal to help was because of never suffering from personal tragedy unlike Barry Allen. Hunter became the supervillain \"Zoom\" (aka the second \"Reverse-Flash\") to bring tragedy to Wally's life, believing that this was the only way to make the Flash a better hero. During an attempt to kill the pregnant Linda Park, Zoom created an electrical shockwave that caused Linda to miscarry their twins instead. Wally then forced Zoom into a temporal anomaly; Hunter was rendered comatose and forced to relive his father-in-law's death repeatedly.", "Flash (Barry Allen) \"Ballad of Barry Allen\"â€”A song by the band Jim's Big Ego on their album, They're Everywhere. The song portrays Barry as a tragic character, whose perception of the world is so accelerated that all of reality appears to proceed at a snail's pace, causing him to gradually slip into depression. The band's frontman, Jim Infantino, is the nephew of Flash (Barry Allen) co-creator Carmine Infantino, who provided the cover art for the same album.", "Eobard Thawne In 2009, Eobard was re-imagined as a major villain in the DC Universe by writer Geoff Johns in The Flash: Rebirth.[5] His resurrection is foreshadowed to occur in a near-future event, after which he would be responsible for Barry Allen's return and transformation into the Black Flash.[6][7] It is later revealed that because Thawne recreated the accident behind Barry's powers, he was able to lure Barry out of the Speed Force during the Final Crisis and temporarily turn his nemesis into the Black Flash.[8]", "Arrowverse After changing all of history, Barry inadvertently alters the entire timeline, resulting in 'Flashpoint' timeline. Despite Barry's attempt to repair the damages he had caused, a new threat emerges from Flashpoint in the form of a powerful speedster, Savitar, who wishes to kill Barry and make him suffer, due to Barry's \"Flashpoint\" excursion inadvertently led to Savitar's birth and sufferings. This also gives Wally and Caitlin metahuman powers with Wally gaining speed and becomes Barry's partner known as Kid Flash and Caitlin becoming the villain Killer Frost. After Barry defeats Savitar, Barry goes to take Savitar's place into the speed force in order to balance it.", "List of The Flash characters In season one, Eddie is Joe West's detective partner and Iris West's boyfriend. He is initially jealous of Barry because of his childhood bond with Iris. Eddie is suspicious of Barry's true feelings for Iris despite denials, though Barry and Eddie do eventually become good friends. For a time, Eddie sees the Flash as a menace and is head of a task force dedicated to capturing the hero. He changes his perception of the Flash after a near-death experience with the Reverse-Flash. He learns of Barry's secret identity and helps in the investigation of Harrison Wells as the Reverse-Flash. Eddie later discovers that he is a forefather of Eobard Thawne and that Iris may eventually marry Barry. However, after a conversation with Martin Stein, Eddie realizes that the future is not set and that he is in control of his own destiny. Eddie chooses to stop his sociopathic descendant from killing Barry by killing himself, dying in Iris' arms while causing Eobard to vanish. His body is sucked into a wormhole caused by Eobard's manipulations.", "List of The Flash characters Martin also portrays the Earth-2 Joseph West, a singer who does not share a father-son bond with Barry and actually blames him for Iris becoming a police officer. Joseph is killed by Deathstorm and Killer Frost.[3]", "Flash (comics) Barry sacrificed his life for the universe in the 1985 maxi-series Crisis on Infinite Earths, and remained dead for over twenty years after that story's publication. With the 2008 series Final Crisis, Barry returned to the DC Universe and returned to full prominence as the Flash in the 2009 series The Flash: Rebirth, which was soon after followed by a new volume of The Flash ongoing series, where Barry's adventures as the Scarlet Speedster are currently published.[7][8]", "Flash (Barry Allen) Barry Allen's classic stories introduced the concept of the Multiverse to DC Comics, and this concept played a large part in DC's various continuity reboots over the years. The Flash has traditionally always had a significant role in DC's major company-wide reboot stories, and in 1985's crossover Crisis on Infinite Earths, Barry Allen died saving the Multiverse, removing the character from the regular DC lineup for 23 years. His return to regular comics occurred subsequently in 2008 within the pages of Grant Morrison's Final Crisis crossover story and Geoff Johns' accompanying The Flash: Rebirth limited series. He has since played a pivotal role in the crossover stories Blackest Night (2009), Flashpoint (2011), Convergence (2015), and DC Rebirth (2016).", "Eobard Thawne Eobard uses his powers to completely rewrite his history; he erases his younger brother from existence and kills his parents when they try to interfere with his research.[19] Eobard later falls in love with a reporter who had been hired to interview him, and his future self wipes all of the reporter's romantic interests from existence. After finding out she did not return his affections, Eobard's future self traumatized the reporter when she was a child, causing her to be mute and institutionalized for the rest of her life so that he never met her.[19] He later had his younger self find the time capsule containing Barry Allen's costume to make himself the 25th century Flash. As the altered Eobard Thawne runs past him, he sheds a tear for his past self, saying \"It won't last long. You will never find love. You will never be the Flash. Barry Allen destroyed my future. It's time I destroyed his\".", "Flash (comics) Barry Allen is an assistant scientist from the Criminal and Forensic Science Division of Central City Police Department. Barry had a reputation for being very slow, deliberate, and frequently late, which frustrated his fiancÃ©e, Iris West. One night, as he was preparing to leave work, a freak lightning bolt struck a nearby shelf in his lab and doused him with a cocktail of unnamed chemicals. As a result, Barry found that he could run extremely fast and had matching reflexes. He donned a set of red tights sporting a lightning bolt (reminiscent of the original Fawcett Comics Captain Marvel), dubbed himself the Flash (after his childhood hero, Jay Garrick), and became a crimefighter active in Central City. In his civilian identity, he stores the costume compressed in a special ring via the use of a special gas that could compress cloth fibers to a very small fraction of their normal size.", "The Flash (2014 TV series) On November 29, 2016, Titan Books released Flash: The Haunting of Barry Allen, a tie-in novelization written by Susan and Clay Griffith, set during the course of the second season, after Barry has closed the temporal anomaly that nearly destroyed Central City. Barry must seek help from Oliver Queen, due to his own abilities beginning to break down, in order to deal with five members of his Rogues Gallery—including Pied Piper, Weather Wizard, and Peekaboo.[153] The story continued in Arrow — A Generation of Vipers, released on March 28, 2017.[154] A subsequent novel, following the villain Weather Wizard in his attempts at revenge, was released in May 2018. Written by Richard A. Knaak, it is titled The Flash: Climate Changeling.[155]", "The Flash (2014 TV series) In the months since Barry left, Wally and Cisco have barely been able to protect Central City. When a new foe defeats them easily, requesting a battle against the Flash, the team decides to bring Barry back. While they manage to do so, Barry's return releases dark matter, turning a dozen people on a city bus into metahumans. One of these metahumans is private detective Ralph Dibny, who joins the Flash's team. While Barry and Iris prepare for their wedding, the team realize that Barry's arrival and the creation of the bus metahumans were orchestrated by the Thinker.", "Eobard Thawne Eobard Thawne, otherwise known as Professor Zoom and the Reverse-Flash, is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. He is the archenemy of Barry Allen (the second superhero to be called the Flash), a descendant of Malcolm Thawne, and a maternal forefather of Bart Allen, Thaddeus Thawne, and Owen Mercer. He has been established as one of the fastest speedsters in the DC Universe.", "John Wesley Shipp John Wesley Shipp (born January 22, 1955[1][2]) is an American actor known for his various television roles. He played the lead Barry Allen on CBS's superhero series The Flash from 1990 to 1991, and Mitch Leery, the title character's father, on the drama series Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2001. Shipp has also played several roles in daytime soap operas including Kelly Nelson on Guiding Light from 1980 to 1984, and Douglas Cummings on As the World Turns from 1985 to 1986 (which earned him his first Daytime Emmy Award).[3] He portrays both Barry Allen's father, Henry, and Jay Garrick/Flash on the current The Flash series on The CW network.", "Flash (Barry Allen) As the story begins, Barry Allen wakes up in his office and discovers that his mother is alive, with no trace of Superman, Wonder Woman and Aquaman leading their respective nations in a war, his wife Iris West is unmarried and himself currently powerless. Barry seeks the aid of Batman, driving to Gotham City and entering a run-down Wayne Manor. He explores what turns out to be a small Batcave until he is attacked by Batman. Barry tries to explain who he is by saying he knows Batman is Bruce Wayne, only to find that in this reality, Batman is Thomas Wayne.[37] While Barry is being beat up by Batman, he explains about his secret identity as the Flash and his relation to Bruce Wayne. Barry's memories spontaneously change and he realizes that the world of Flashpoint is not an alternate dimension, but his own. Barry uses his ring, which he uses to contain his Flash outfit, but the ring instead ejects Professor Zoom's costume. Barry tells Batman that Zoom is taunting him with it. Barry explains that both he and Zoom have the ability to alter time, leading Batman to ask him about how Bruce was to have lived in his place and if he can really change the world. Barry states that he needs his speed first. Later, Barry and Batman create an electric chair-like device to try and recreate the accident that gave him his speed; however, the first attempt meets with failure, leaving Barry severely burned.[38]", "Bart Allen Bart revealed himself as the Flash in order to fight the Rogues. During the battle, it was revealed that the machine built by Inertia actually drains the Speed Force from an individual instead of freezing time. When the Rogues used it on the Flash, Bart's powers were stripped away from him, leaving him surrounded by the Rogues and leading to the appearance of the Black Flash. Inertia's machine proved unstable, however, and would destroy the West Coast if the Speed Force was not safely released from it. Bart fought the Rogues before chasing after Inertia, distracting them while Valerie Perez released the Speed Force. In a panic, Captain Cold, Heatwave, and Weather Wizard kill Bart.[1]", "Flash (Barry Allen) Marv Wolfman, scribe for the Crisis on Infinite Earths, has repeatedly stated (first hinted at in his introduction to the original Crisis collected edition hardcover), then fully explained on his website that he left a loophole in the script wherein the Barry Allen Flash could be reintroduced, without a retcon, into DC Universe continuity.[7] This loophole would allow a writer to pull Barry out of his desperate run to annihilate the anti-matter cannon. However, Barry would know he must someday finish his death run, and would become more determined to use his speed to help others.", "The Flash (1990 TV series) The Flash is a 1990 American television series developed by the writing team of Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo that aired on CBS. It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. The Flash starred John Wesley Shipp as Allen, along with Amanda Pays, and Alex Désert.", "List of The Flash characters Season three, in the Flashpoint timeline, Iris assists Wally in fighting crime as the Flash. In the reset timeline, Iris reconciles with Joe after Barry reveals the changes. Iris and Barry begin their romantic relationship, but she wonders if she really is needed. Barry reassures her, saying that there would be no Flash without her. An alternate future Iris is killed by Savitar, but Barry tries to prevent her murder. Ultimately, H.R. takes her place for Savitar to kill which changes the future.", "The Flash (2014 TV series) Danielle Nicolet, Hartley Sawyer, and Jessica Parker Kennedy were promoted to series regulars for season five after previously recurring as Cecile Horton, Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, and Nora West-Allen / XS[26] respectively.[27][28][29] Chris Klein joins the cast as season five main villain Cicada.[30]", "The Flash (1990 TV series) In the episode \"Tricksters\", Mark Hamill returns as James Jesse / Trickster and Vito D'Ambrosio plays Mayor Anthony Bellows (a character he played in 1991, but as a police officer) a later episode revealed he was formerly a cop, with images of Hamill as Trickster from the 1990 TV series being used in a police report;[12][13] 2014 series composer Blake Neely incorporated Walker's theme for the Trickster into the episode.[14] Alex DÃ©sert portrays Julio Mendez again in the series' season three episode, \"Flashpoint\", where he is the captain of the Central City Police Department in the Flashpoint timeline.[15] Corinne Bohrer reprises her role as Zoey Clark / Prank in \"The Elongated Knight Rises\".[16]", "List of Arrow episodes Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage, Barry, and Oliver. Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus. They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff. The plan fails; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city. Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation. Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat. They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff. He and Oliver use it on Savage, burning his body. Afterward, Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city. Cisco gives her a tracking device. Meanwhile, Oliver learns about his son, William, and accepts Samantha's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William. Malcolm collects Savage's ashes, repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair.", "Flash (Barry Allen) In the mirror, Flash is exposed to strange visions of his mother. Outside, the Rogue Mirror Master tells the others that the mirror is actually a slow acting poison and they flee. Barry escapes the mirror confused and asks, \"Where are the Mirror Lords?\" He is then arrested by the Renegades, who realize that this was all a setup by Top to frame the Flash for his own personal gains. Barry is transported to a 25th-century court, while Top confronts Iris.", "Flash (Barry Allen) In time, he married his girlfriend Iris, who learned of his double identity because Allen talked in his sleep. She kept this secret, and he eventually revealed his identity to her of his own free will.[5] Iris was eventually revealed to have been sent as a child from the 30th century and adopted.", "List of The Flash characters Gustin also plays the Earth-2 non-metahuman Barry, a CSI at the Central City Police Department and a Ph.D. graduate who is married to Iris,[3] and a version of the Flash from an alternate 2024 who was broken from his battles against Savitar and told his younger self of physicist Doctor Tracy Brand.", "Hunter Zolomon Zoom infiltrates the Rogue war between Captain Cold's Rogues, the Trickster's reformed Rogues, and the Top's brainwashed Rogues. After spiriting Ashley out of danger to Linda's home, Zoom returns to the battlefront to dispatch Captain Cold whom he believes is wasting the Flash's time.[9] As Wally and Kid Flash (Bart Allen) attempt to contain the battle, Zoom threatens to snap the latter's neck in a manner reminiscent of what Barry had done to Eobard Thawne (Professor Zoom aka the original Reverse-Flash). Before Zoom can kill Kid Flash, however, Thawne arrives on a cosmic treadmill with Jay Garrick chained to the front end.[9]", "Flash (comics) The father of Sela Allen, his wife and daughter were captured by Cobalt Blue. He is forced to watch his wife die and his daughter become crippled. As he and Max Mercury kill Cobalt Blue, a child takes Cobalt Blue's power gem and kills Allen. This Flash is one of the two destined Flashes to be killed by Cobalt Blue.", "Grant Gustin On September 13, 2013, it was announced that Gustin would play Barry Allen in the second season of Arrow. He was initially supposed to appear in three episodes, the last one serving as the backdoor pilot for a potential spin-off Flash series.[12] However, the backdoor pilot plan was dropped in favor of a stand-alone pilot, titled The Flash.[13] The pilot was picked up with an initial order of thirteen episodes, and the series premiered on October 7, 2014, with 4.8 million viewers, the most for a premiere on The CW in five years.[14][15] Two weeks later, the network increased the episode order to a full season of twenty-three in all.[16] On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season.[17] On March 11, 2016, it was renewed for a third season. Gustin reprised his role in two episodes of the CBS (now CW) series Supergirl.", "Flash (comics) Bartholomew Henry \"Bart\" Allen II is the grandson of Barry Allen and his wife Iris. Bart suffered from accelerated aging and, as a result, was raised in a virtual reality machine until Iris took him back in time to get help from the then-current Flash, Wally West. With Wally's help, Bart's aging slowed, and he took the name Impulse. After he was shot in the knee by Deathstroke, Bart changed both his attitude and his costume, taking the mantle of Kid Flash. During the events of Infinite Crisis, the Speed Force vanished, taking with it all the speedsters save Jay Garrick. Bart returned, four years older, and for a year claimed that he was depowered from the event. However, the Speed Force had not disappeared completely, but had been absorbed into Bart's body; essentially, he now contained all of the Speed Force.", "Flash (Barry Allen) During DC Rebirth, Barry is no longer the only Flash. It is revealed that Wally West has been lost in the Speed Force for ten years, realizing during this time that Barry is not responsible of changing the timeline after the Flashpoint crisis, the unknown entity used Barry's time travelling as an opportunity to fundamentally alter reality. The fallout of the recent Darkseid War allowed Wally to try and reach out to his former friends in the hopes of either returning or warning them of the truth, but each attempt caused him to fall further into the Speed Force. After realizing not even Linda (his traditional \"lightning rod\") could remember him, Wally sank into desolation and chose to appear before Barry one last time to thank him for the life he had given him. Just before Wally disappeared, Barry remembered him and dragged him free of the Speed Force. Following a tearful reunion, Wally gave Barry his warning of the true source of the universal change and the dangers to come. Because of Wally, Barry is now aware that the timeline is not reset correctly after Flashpoint and thus another alternate timeline. However, he still cannot remember his pre-Flashpoint life, such as people like Jay Garrick and the details of his feuds with the Reverse-Flash / Eobard Thawne (who now remembers their pre-Flashpoint history), and remembers Wally from their new DC Rebirth timeline history. Despite being informed by Wally that another party is responsible, Barry remains in guilt over his mistakes, and seeks to find and stop them in hopes of making amends.[45] Although the two decide to keep Wally's return secret from Iris based on Wally's own experience with Linda, Barry encourages him to return to the Teen Titans, but also recommends that he don a new costume to reflect that he is the Flash rather than 'Kid Flash'. While Wally considers his options, Barry visits Batman to discuss the new evidence of some outside force attacking them, musing on how personal this assault appears, but despite the potential danger, Batman and Barry agree to keep their investigation to themselves until they know what they are up against.[46] Later, when Eobard Thawne attacks Iris and Wally II, Iris had glimpses of her pre-Flashpoint life with Barry and learns his secrets as the Flash in the process. Knowing from Thawne that her entire life has been drastically altered and that Barry is indirectly responsible for it as the result of his time-traveling actions, Iris now distrusts Barry.[47] To make matters worse for Barry, while he's entering the Negative Speed Force, he becomes the Negative-Flash which is so lethal than the original, and mostly dangerous to control.", "Flash (Barry Allen) In the controversial storyline Identity Crisis (sets within the post-Zero Hour continuity), it is revealed that Barry voted to allow Zatanna to edit Doctor Light's mind with four of the members of the Justice League six months after Iris's death, essentially lobotomizing him. When Batman discovers what the League was doing, they have his memories edited as well despite the opposition from Green Arrow. Both Doctor Light and Batman would eventually recover from their respective mindwipe, leading Doctor Light to swear vengeance to all heroes and Batman's distrust towards his allies.", "List of The Flash characters Iris West (portrayed by Candice Patton[4]), daughter of detective Joe West, is the girlfriend of Barry Allen and based on the DC Comics character of the same name.", "List of The Flash characters In season one, Iris is a barista for a local espresso while she studies journalism. After graduating, she becomes an investigative reporter for the Central City Picture News. Iris, fascinated by the Flash, wants to learn more about him. She begins dating her father's partner, Eddie Thawne, while Barry is in a coma. When Barry admits his feelings about her, she is conflicted. Iris learns that Barry is the Flash after he saves her from Reverse-Flash. She feels betrayed by Barry for keeping secrets and further upset at her father for conspiring with him. Iris chooses Eddie, and she and Barry decide to let things proceed between them naturally.", "Arrowverse In the months since Barry left, Wally and Cisco have barely been able to protect Central City. When a new foe defeats them easily, requesting a battle against the Flash, the team decides to bring Barry back. While they manage to do so, Barry's return releases dark matter, turning a dozen people on a city bus into metahumans. One of these metahumans is private detective Ralph Dibny, who joins the Flash's team. While Barry and Iris prepare for their wedding, the team realize that Barry's arrival and the creation of the bus metahumans were orchestrated by the Thinker. Following the Thinker's defeat, the team is approached by Barry and Iris' daughter from the future, Nora West-Allen, who claims to have made \"a big, big mistake\".", "Flash (Barry Allen) In The Flash # 123—\"Flash of Two Worlds\"—Allen is transported to Earth-Two where he meets Jay Garrick, the original Flash in DC Continuity; it is revealed that Jay Garrick's adventures were captured in comic book form on Earth-One. This storyline initiated DC's multiverse and was continued in issues of Flash and in team-ups between the Justice League of America of Earth-One and the Justice Society of America of Earth-Two. In the classic story from Flash #179—\"The Flash – Fact or Fiction?\"—Allen is thrown into the universe eventually called Earth Prime, a representation of \"our\" universe, where he seeks the aid of the Flash comic book's editor Julius Schwartz to build a cosmic treadmill so that he can return home. He also gains a sidekick and protégé in Iris' nephew, Wally West, who gains super-speed in an accident similar to that which gave Allen his powers.", "List of Arrow characters In season two, Moira is put on trial but she is acquitted as Malcolm returns, alive. She makes Malcolm go on the run by informing RaÊ¾s al Ghul of his survival. Moira eventually becomes a mayoral candidate against Sebastian Blood on Walter's advice, but the secret of Thea's parentage is revealed, causing a rift between Moira and her children. It is revealed that she had been aware of Oliver's secret identity as the Arrow since the night of her arrest. She is murdered by Slade Wilson as part of his revenge plot against Oliver. In a flashback, Moira paid Samantha Clayton to tell Oliver she lost their baby and to move away to Central City.", "List of The Flash episodes Eddie proposes a task force to hunt down the Flash. A new metahuman, Roy Bivolo, shows up with the ability to send people into an uncontrollable rage, and uses his ability to rob a bank. Oliver Queen informs Barry that he and his team are tracking a killer who uses lethal boomerangs. Barry and Oliver agree to team-up and catch each other's targets. Barry decides to go after Bivolo by himself. Bivolo uses his abilities on Barry; but because of Barry's powers it makes the effects last longer. Oliver tries to stop Barry, and the two engage in a fight until Wells and Joe use colored strobe light to reset Barry's emotional state. Afterward, Barry and Oliver capture Bivolo and place him in the prison at S.T.A.R. Labs. Eddie's task force is established after he was beaten by an enraged Flash. Barry confirms Oliver's belief that he has a lot to learn. Oliver advises him to stay away from Iris, whom Barry is in love with. Iris decides to end her support of the Flash. Oliver asks Barry's team to keep his alter ego a secret. A new metahuman able to manipulate fire appears in Central City.", "List of The Flash episodes Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge. Lyla tells the team that the \"Dominators\" landed previously in the 1950s, but then mysteriously departed. Needing help, Barry assembles the original Team Arrow, Thea, the Legends, and Supergirl of Earth-38. The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility, sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens. Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry's future self, which exposes Barry's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members. Oliver, Supergirl, Felicity, Martin, and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry. The Dominators abduct the President. Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort, but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device. The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs. While Oliver holds them off, Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it, freeing everyone. The team decides to trust Barry again. Suddenly, Sara, Ray, Diggle, Thea, and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene.", "Martha Wayne Joker kills James Gordon after she tricks him into shooting Harvey's daughter (disguised as the Joker). After Dent's son and daughter are saved, Batman confronts Joker[6] about their son's death. He reveals to Martha that there is a way to rewrite history (as Batman has recently met Barry Allen) where their son will live although they will die. Realizing that her son will be Batman, Martha flees in horror, falling to her death in the caverns below Wayne Manor.[5]", "John Wesley Shipp In November 2010, Shipp returned to daytime in the short-term role of villainous Eddie Ford on One Life to Live,[16] who was killed off in a murder mystery in mid-December. In the summer of 2011, he guest-starred on the Lifetime series Drop Dead Diva, playing the ex-husband of the character played by comedian Kathy Griffin. Shipp filmed three episodes of the MTV series Teen Wolf which aired during the summer of 2012. Also in 2012, he starred in the independent film Hell and Mr. Fudge, with Mackenzie Astin and Eileen Davidson.[17]", "Flash (comics) Allen's adventures continued in his own title until the event of Crisis on Infinite Earths. The Flash ended as a series with issue #350. Allen's life had become considerably confused in the early 1980s, and DC elected to end his adventures and pass the mantle on to another character. Allen died heroically in Crisis on Infinite Earths #8 (1985). Thanks to his ability to travel through time, he would continue to appear occasionally in the years to come.", "Flash vs. Arrow In a flashback set in Hong Kong, Oliver learns how to torture suspects effectively to obtain information. In the present, Oliver and Roy Harper locate the home of Digger Harkness, the boomerang-wielding murderer, where they find A.R.G.U.S. operatives looking for him as well. Caitlin Snow and Cisco Ramon arrive in Starling City to help Felicity Smoak investigate Sara Lance's death. Digger attempts to kill Lyla Michaels, Roy, and Oliver, but Barry arrives and stops him. Later, Lyla reveals Digger was part of the Suicide Squad. When Oliver uses extreme interrogation methods against a Russian mob member in order to locate Digger, Barry questions how emotionally stable Oliver is. Digger locates Oliver's hideout and wounds Lyla before escaping. In order to leave town, Digger plants five bombs around the city. While Oliver captures Digger, Barry uses both of their teams to defuse the bombs simultaneously. Digger is incarcerated on the island with Slade Wilson. Before Barry and his team's departure, he and Oliver decide to have a friendly duel." ]	[ "Eobard Thawne When Thawne reappears, he murders the revived Johnny Quick,[9] before proceeding to trap Barry and the revived Max Mercury inside the negative Speed Force. Thawne then attempts to kill Wally West's children through their connection to the Speed Force in front of Linda Park-West, only to be stopped by Jay Garrick and Bart Allen. Thawne defeats Jay and prepares to kill Bart, but Barry, Max, Wally, Jesse Quick and Impulse arrive to prevent the villain from doing so.[8][10] In the ensuing fight, Thawne reveals that he is responsible for every tragedy that has occurred in Barry's life, including the death of Nora Allen (Barry's mother). Thawne then decides to destroy everything the Flash holds dear by killing Iris before they even met.[10]" ]
test712	who is stillwater from almost famous based on	[ "doc25521" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc25520", "doc25531", "doc25534", "doc25532", "doc25524", "doc25525", "doc25521", "doc25536", "doc25540", "doc25533", "doc25526", "doc25541", "doc1715978", "doc25535", "doc25529", "doc25530", "doc25527", "doc25522", "doc25528", "doc25523", "doc821413", "doc1704835", "doc1704834", "doc25539", "doc25538", "doc1715983", "doc156528", "doc228039", "doc1332988", "doc1574211", "doc228041", "doc1704836", "doc2334280", "doc228042", "doc912403", "doc1232392", "doc836509", "doc2298580", "doc1715984", "doc1054838", "doc922058", "doc1109846", "doc578542", "doc1097400", "doc566236", "doc1590730", "doc228034", "doc1957880", "doc578538", "doc889686", "doc228031", "doc1110503", "doc2153841", "doc1097399", "doc25537", "doc1650578", "doc578576", "doc335508", "doc2479895", "doc474314", "doc228032", "doc1574238", "doc901043", "doc105347", "doc228046", "doc228040", "doc301241", "doc2320279", "doc174520", "doc663920", "doc578543", "doc483317", "doc545283", "doc616941", "doc1763161", "doc2459206", "doc1957270", "doc105360", "doc901015", "doc167999", "doc85382", "doc1168005", "doc989389", "doc578541", "doc200705", "doc1963855", "doc174524", "doc1130022", "doc200723", "doc654726", "doc2274338", "doc2077612", "doc948455", "doc566255", "doc609656", "doc1559034", "doc2209058", "doc1335090", "doc228033", "doc699615" ]	[ "Almost Famous Almost Famous is a 2000 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Cameron Crowe, and starring Billy Crudup, Kate Hudson and Patrick Fugit. It tells the fictional story of a teenage journalist writing for Rolling Stone magazine in the early 1970s while covering the fictitious rock band Stillwater, and his efforts to get his first cover story published. The film is semi-autobiographical, as Crowe himself was a teenage writer for Rolling Stone.", "Almost Famous Crowe used a composite of the bands he had known to come up with Stillwater, the emerging act that welcomes the young journalist into its sphere, then becomes wary of his intentions. Seventies rocker Peter Frampton served as a technical consultant on the film. Crowe and his then-wife, musician Nancy Wilson of Heart, co-wrote three of the five Stillwater songs in the film, and Frampton wrote the other two, with Mike McCready of Pearl Jam playing lead guitar on all of the Stillwater songs.", "Almost Famous Alice in Chains' guitarist/vocalist Jerry Cantrell was Crowe's first choice for the role of Stillwater bass player Larry Fellows. Cantrell is friends with Crowe and had previously appeared in two films directed by him, Singles (1992) and Jerry Maguire (1996). Cantrell was busy writing the songs for his solo album Degradation Trip and had to turn the role down. Mark Kozelek was cast instead.[8]", "Almost Famous Crowe based the character of Penny Lane on the real-life Pennie Lane Trumbull and her group of female promoters who called themselves the Flying Garter Girls Group.[4] Though they were not in the Flying Garter Girls group, various other women have been described as Crowe's inspiration, for instance Pamela Des Barres [5] and Bebe Buell.[6]", "Almost Famous In 1973, 15-year-old William, influenced by the rock albums left by his sister, aspires to be a rock journalist, writing freelance articles for underground papers in San Diego. Rock journalist Lester Bangs, impressed with his writing, gives him a $35 assignment to review a Black Sabbath concert. He can't get backstage, but opening band Stillwater arrives, and after he flatters them with critical praise they bring him along. Lead guitarist Russell Hammond takes a liking to him, partly because of William's new friendship with veteran groupie Penny Lane, though she prefers the term Band-Aid. Feigning retirement from her glory days, she takes William under her wing.", "Almost Famous William is contacted by Ben Fong-Torres, editor of Rolling Stone, who believes him to be older and hires him to write a story. He convinces Ben to let him write about Stillwater, and he is instructed to go on the road with them. Tensions between Russell and lead singer Jeff Bebe are evident. William begins to interview the members of the band, but Russell repeatedly puts it off. Penny watches the interaction and sympathizes with William, whom they jokingly call \"the enemy\" because he's a journalist, but he quickly becomes part of their inner circle as he loses his objectivity.", "Almost Famous The film is based on Crowe's experiences touring with rock bands Poco, The Allman Brothers Band, Led Zeppelin, Eagles and Lynyrd Skynyrd. Crowe has discussed how during this period he lost his virginity, fell in love, and met his heroes[2]â€”experiences that are shared by William Miller (Patrick Fugit), the boyish main character of the film.", "Almost Famous In his 2012 memoir My Cross to Bear, Gregg Allman confirms that several aspects of the movie are directly based on Crowe's time spent with the Allman Brothers Band. The scene in which Russell jumps from the top of the Topeka party house into a pool was based on something Duane Allman did: \"the jumping off the roof into the pool, that was Duane—from the third floor of a place called the Travelodge in San Francisco. My brother wanted to do it again, but the cat who owned the place came out shaking his fist, yelling at him. We told that story all the time, and I have no doubt that Cameron was around for it.\" He also confirms that he and Dickey Betts played a joke on Crowe by claiming clauses in their contract did not allow his story to be published — just before he was to deliver it to Rolling Stone.[9]", "Almost Famous Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars and described it as \"funny and touching in so many different ways.\"[14] In his review for The New York Times, A.O. Scott wrote, \"The movie's real pleasures are to be found not in its story but in its profusion of funny, offbeat scenes. It's the kind of picture that invites you to go back and savor your favorite moments like choice album cuts.\"[15] Time magazine's Richard Corliss praised the film's screenplay for \"giving each character his reasons, making everyone in the emotional debate charming and compelling, creating fictional people who breathe in a story with an organic life.\"[16] In her review for the L.A. Weekly, Manohla Dargis wrote that \"the film shimmers with the irresistible pleasures that define Hollywood at its bestâ€”it's polished like glass, funny, knowing and bright, and filled with characters whose lives are invariably sexier and more purposeful than our own.\"[17] Rolling Stone magazine's Peter Travers wrote, \"Not since A Hard Day's Night has a movie caught the thrumming exuberance of going where the music takes you.\"[18] In his review for Newsweek, David Ansen wrote, \"Character-driven, it relies on chemistry, camaraderie, a sharp eye for detail and good casting.\"[19] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \" Every Cameron Crowe film is, in one way or another, about romance, rock & roll, and his romance with rock & roll. This power ballad of a movie, from 2000, also happens to be Crowe's greatest (and most personal) film thanks to the golden gods of Stillwater and their biggest fan, Kate Hudson's incomparable Penny Lane.\"[20]", "Almost Famous The character of William Miller's mother (played by Frances McDormand) was based on Crowe's own mother, who even showed up on the set to keep an eye on him while he worked. Though he asked his mother not to bother McDormand, the two women ended up getting along well.[7]", "Almost Famous The band experiences problems with promoters and venues on the tour, and hires Dennis, a professional manager. Penny is told she must leave them before New York, where Russell's ex-wife-girlfriend Leslie will join them. Stillwater \"loses\" Penny and her three protégé groupies to another band in a poker game; Penny acts nonchalant but is devastated. Also, Dennis has chartered a small plane to allow them to play more gigs than their tour bus does, and there is no room on it for Penny, who is left behind.", "Almost Famous Entertainment Weekly gave the film an \"Aâˆ’\" rating and Owen Gleiberman praised Crowe for depicting the 1970s as \"an era that found its purpose in having no purpose. Crowe, staying close to his memories, has gotten it, for perhaps the first time, onto the screen.\"[21] In his review for the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Turan praised Philip Seymour Hoffman's portrayal of Lester Bangs: \"Superbly played by Philip Seymour Hoffman, more and more the most gifted and inspired character actor working in film, what could have been the cliched portrait of an older mentor who speaks the straight truth blossoms into a marvelous personality.\"[22] However, in his review for The New York Observer, Andrew Sarris felt that \"none of the non-musical components on the screen matched the excitement of the music. For whatever reason, too much of the dark side has been left out.\"[23] Desson Howe, in his review for the Washington Post, found it \"very hard to see these long-haired kids as products of the 1970s instead of dressed up actors from the Seattle-Starbucks era. I couldn't help wondering how many of these performers had to buy a CD copy of the song and study it for the first time.\"[24]", "Pennie Lane Trumbull Pennie Ann Trumbull (born July 3, 1954), known as Pennie Lane, is an American socialite, philanthropist, businesswoman, and entrepreneur. During the 1970s she formed the group The Flying Garter Girls, who traveled around the country as the promoters for famous rock bands. Her time as a band promoter was chronicled in the 2000 film Almost Famous and she was portrayed by actress Kate Hudson.[2]", "Almost Famous Crowe took a copy of the film to London for a special screening with Led Zeppelin members Jimmy Page and Robert Plant. After the screening, Led Zeppelin granted Crowe the right to use one of their songs on the soundtrack — the first time they had ever consented to this since allowing Crowe to use \"Kashmir\" in Fast Times at Ridgemont High — and also gave him rights to four of their other songs in the movie itself, although they did not grant him the rights to \"Stairway to Heaven\" for an intended scene (on the special \"Bootleg\" edition DVD, the scene is included as an extra, sans the song, where the viewer is instructed by a watermark to begin playing it).", "Almost Famous William leaves the group, to finish the article at the Rolling Stone office in San Francisco, writing the whole truth about what he has observed. Fearful the story will damage the band's image, Russell tells the magazine's fact-checker that the boy's story is untrue, killing the article and crushing William emotionally. William's sister happens to encounter him sitting dejected in the airport, and offers to take him anywhere in the world; he chooses to go home to San Diego, where their mother is overcome to have both of them back.", "Almost Famous One of the groupies chastises Russell for what he did to William. Russell calls Penny and asks to meet with her, but she tricks him, giving him William's home address instead. When the door to the house is opened, rather than Penny appearing, he finds himself face to face with William's mother who, upon hearing who he is, scolds him for his behavior. He is forced to face William and apologizes; William finally gets his interview, and Russell reverses himself and confirms William's article to Rolling Stone, which runs it as a cover feature. Meanwhile, Penny purchases a ticket to Morocco, fulfilling her long-standing fantasy.", "Almost Famous However, Penny goes to New York on her own, and shows up at the restaurant where the band is celebrating the news that they will be featured on the cover of Rolling Stone. Leslie notices her apparent attempts to get Russell's attention, and Penny is asked to leave. William chases her back to her hotel, where he saves her from overdosing on quaaludes.", "Almost Famous Although a box office bomb, the film received widespread acclaim from critics, and received four Oscar nominations, one of which led to an award to Crowe for his screenplay. It was also awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. Roger Ebert hailed it the best film of the year, and also the ninth best film of the 2000s. It also won two Golden Globes, for Best Picture and Kate Hudson won Best Supporting Actress. In a 2016 international poll conducted by BBC, Almost Famous was ranked the 79th greatest film since 2000.[3]", "Almost Famous The next day, the band flies to another gig, and the plane encounters severe weather. Believing they are about to die, members of the group confess their secrets to one another, bringing the conflicts between Jeff and Russell into the open. Jeff insults Penny, but William defends her and confesses that he loves her. The plane lands safely in Tupelo, leaving everyone to ponder the changed atmosphere.", "Almost Famous In 1969, child prodigy William Miller struggles to fit in with the world. His widowed mother Elaine has led him to believe he is 13 years old, until William's older sister, Anita, tells their mother to tell the truth. His age is actually 11; his mother had him start first grade at 5 years old and then he skipped fifth grade. Their mother strictly controls and protects him and Anita, forbidding rock music and other unwelcome influences, driving Anita to leave home and become a flight attendant.", "The Cover of Rolling Stone The song was featured in the 2000 film Almost Famous.", "Almost Famous (soundtrack) Other music used in the film[2] did not appear on the soundtrack album. As with the songs in the released soundtrack, they are usually snippets of a minute or less.", "Almost Famous (soundtrack) Almost Famous is a soundtrack album to the film of the same name, released in 2000. It was awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.", "Almost Famous Almost Famous received widespread critical acclaim, and currently holds an 89 percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 166 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Almost Famous, with its great ensemble performances and story, is a well-crafted, warm-hearted movie that successfully draws you into its era.\" [12] The film also holds a score of 90 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 38 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim.\"[13]", "Almost Famous Almost Famous had its premiere at the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival.[10] It was subsequently given a limited release on September 15, 2000, in 131 theaters where it grossed $2.3 million on its first weekend. It was given a wider release on September 22, 2000, in 1,193 theaters where it grossed $6.9 million on its opening weekend. The film went on to make $32.5 million in North America and $14.8 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $47.4 million against a $60 million budget.[11]", "Pennie Lane Trumbull Her friend, film director Cameron Crowe, asked for her permission to use her name and likeness in a feature film he was creating. Crowe used her as a consultant on the film. Trumbull was hesitant about losing her privacy, but Crowe insisted that the character be named Penny Lane, and agreed to change the spelling from Trumbull to Trumble. Crowe and Trumbull had met in the 1970s while Crowe was working as a journalist covering rock music for Rolling Stone, and he wanted to create a film about that time period. When Crowe suggested that actress Kate Hudson be cast as Pennie, she was initially hesitant, but later agreed that she was the right choice. Hudson was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for her performance as \"Penny Lane\".[7]", "Michael Angarano Angarano played the 11-year-old version of William Miller in Cameron Crowe's semi-autobiographical film Almost Famous in 2000.", "Rock Star (2001 film) The band members are portrayed by ex-Dokken and current Foreigner bassist Jeff Pilson, Black Label Society founder & Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Zakk Wylde, actor Dominic West, and ex-Foreigner and Black Country Communion drummer Jason Bonham (the son of the late John Bonham, drummer for Led Zeppelin). Myles Kennedy, who was at the time the lead vocalist of The Mayfield Four and now the frontman of Alter Bridge and Slash's solo project, makes a cameo appearance.", "My Morning Straitjacket Stan becomes obsessed with My Morning Jacket and decides to meet Jim James, believing they are soul mates and that James is writing the music specifically for him. Disguised as a reporter for Rolling Stone (an allusion to the film Almost Famous), Stan follows My Morning Jacket on tour, accompanied by Roger. Roger manages to get Stan backstage at a show and onto the tour bus, but when Stan tells a bogus story about freebasing cocaine with 'Tina Jivestrong' & 'the black guy from The Beatles', they get thrown off the bus. Roger steals a car to get them to the next concert in Albany, New York. However, Stan does not get through the backstage entrance after Roger abandons him.", "Philip Seymour Hoffman David Mamet's comedy State and Main, about the difficulties of shooting a film in rural New England, was Hoffman's first film role of 2000 and had a limited release.[59] He had a more prominent supporting role that year in Almost Famous, Cameron Crowe's popular coming-of-age film set around the 1970s music industry.[35] Hoffman portrayed the enthusiastic rock critic Lester Bangs, a task by which he felt burdened,[60] but he managed to convey the real figure's mannerisms and sharp wit after watching him in a BBC interview.[61] The following year, Hoffman featured as the narrator and interviewer in The Party's Over, a documentary about the 2000 U.S. elections. He assumed the position of a \"politically informed and alienated Generation-Xer\" who seeks to be educated in U.S. politics, but ultimately reveals the extent of public dissatisfaction in this area.[62]", "Rock Star (2001 film) Blood Pollution (Chris Cole's former band and a Steel Dragon tribute band) is also made up of known musical artists, including guitarist Nick Catanese (Black Label Society), drummer Blas Elias (Slaughter), and bassist Brian Vander Ark (The Verve Pipe, who also contributed a song to the film's soundtrack). Actor Timothy Olyphant portrays Blood Pollution's guitarist, Rob Malcolm. Bradley, the singer who replaces Chris in Blood Pollution, is played by Third Eye Blind frontman Stephan Jenkins.", "Almost Famous (soundtrack) @only featured in the director's cut, Untitled", "That's the Way (Led Zeppelin song) This was one of the few songs in their catalogue that Led Zeppelin authorized for use on a film soundtrack. After seeing a rough cut of Cameron Crowe's Almost Famous in 2000, Page and Plant agreed to let him use some Led Zeppelin songs on it, but this is the only one which made it onto the soundtrack album. Other Led Zeppelin songs which can be heard in the film are \"Tangerine\", \"The Rain Song\", \"Bron-Yr-Aur\", \"Immigrant Song\" and \"Misty Mountain Hop\".", "Rock Star (2001 film) After The New York Times ran a story on Tim \"Ripper\" Owens in 1997, various Hollywood studios ran to option the filming rights. Warner Bros. won the bid, and hired John Stockwell to write the script. Stockwell soon began researching the heavy metal music and tribute band scene and visited Owens' hometown of Akron, Ohio.[3] Afterwards the project, under the working title Metal God, got the involvement of George Clooney's newly founded Maysville Pictures.[4] Brad Pitt signed to star in 1998, but wound up dropping the project following creative differences with the studio.[5] Eventually Mark Wahlberg, a former rapper with Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch who co-starred with Clooney in Three Kings, was hired for the main role in May 1999.[6] Stephen Herek signed to direct in October,[7] and the following month Jennifer Aniston became attached for the main female role, while Callie Khouri was hired to revise the script.[8]", "Tiny Dancer It features in the rock film Almost Famous (2000), set in the year 1973, where the main characters sing the song while driving on a bus.[2]", "Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters The song was also used in the film Almost Famous, in a scene in New York City, highlighting the loneliness of Kate Hudson's character, who overdoses on quaaludes and champagne.[3]", "Eion Bailey Bailey struggled in school until he found his calling in his high school drama department. He was soon performing in each school play and went on to study formally at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York City. He briefly attended Santa Barbara City College. He appeared in Almost Famous, portraying Jann Wenner. He was seen in Center Stage,[2] Fight Club,[3] Catherine Jelski's The Young Unknowns, The Scoundrel's Wife,[4] Seven and a Match,[citation needed] Renny Harlin's Mindhunters for Miramax,[5] and the independent feature Sexual Life for director Ken Kwapis.[6]", "Every Picture Tells a Story (song) \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" was used in the Cameron Crowe movie Almost Famous in a scene where main characters William and Penny walk through the halls of a hotel.[2][12] It was also included on the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned. The song was also referenced in Jayne Anne Phillips' short story \"What It Takes to Keep a Young Girl Alive.\"[6] While the story's character Sue is lying in bed in the dark \"Rod Stewart, scratchy and loud, combed his hair in a thousand different ways and came out looking just the same.\"[6] Greil Marcus uses the reference to the song in \"What It Takes to Keep a Young Girl Alive\" to muse on what makes a good record and why \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" is a good record, i.e., a good record is one that \"entering a person's life, can enable that person to live more intenselyâ€”as, whatever else it does, 'Every Picture Tells a Story' does for Jayne Anne Phillips' Sue.\"[6]", "Pennie Lane Trumbull In 2012 Trumbull was the special guest at the San Diego Film Festival, which featured a special screening of Almost Famous. She continues to make appearances discussing the film and her life in the 1970s.[8][9]", "Heart (band) The Lovemongers released a full-length album titled Whirlygig in 1997, and a collection of mostly self-penned Christmas songs titled Here is Christmas in 1998.[45] This was re-released as a Heart album with the title Heart Presents a Lovemongers' Christmas in 2001.[51] In 1998, the band maintained its profile by being the subject of an episode of VH1's Behind the Music. The band released a Greatest Hits boxed set covering their early work (a second volume focusing on the later part of their career followed in 2000).[6] Also in 1998, Ann toured without Nancy,[52] billed as \"Ann Wilson and Heart\". The lineup was the same as it had been in 1995, but without Scott Adams. This was long term band member Leese's last tour with Heart; he left the band later in the year. Nancy kept busy scoring her husband's movies Jerry Maguire (1996), Almost Famous (2000), Vanilla Sky (2001) and Elizabethtown (2005).[6][53] In 1999 Nancy released a solo album, Live at McCabe's Guitar Shop.[54] Also in 1999, Nancy and Ann undertook their first tour without a backing band.[55] In 2001 Ann participated in the A Walk Down Abbey Road: A Tribute to the Beatles tour, which also featured Todd Rundgren, John Entwistle of the Who and Alan Parsons.[6] The sisters also appeared at benefits and special events, including the tribute to Brian Wilson at New York's Radio City Music Hall in March 2001.[56]", "Midnight Special (song) Now Otto Gray, he's a Stillwater man\nBut he's manager now of a cowboy band\nRefrain[6]", "America (Simon & Garfunkel song) The song enjoyed a resurgence in popularity — and was introduced to a new generation — after being featured in Cameron Crowe's critically acclaimed film Almost Famous in 2000. An early scene in the film, set in 1973, finds the free-spirited character \"Anita\" (Zooey Deschanel) playing the song for her mother (Frances McDormand) to \"... explain why [she] is leaving home to become a stewardess.\" The financial services company American Express also used the song in a series of popular television advertisements in the late 2000s.", "Stone Temple Pilots However, after a few years Allin went his separate way pursuing other interests. The remaining members witnessed drummer Eric Kretz play in a Long Beach club and convinced him to join the band. Guitarist Hicock eventually left the band in 1989; in need of a replacement and auditioning many guitarists, Robert suggested his older brother, Dean. At the time, Dean was a successful businessman who had left behind his previous career as a musician, but still played guitar as a hobby. The band managed to convince Dean to play guitar for Swing, completing the original STP lineup. Dean reportedly refused to continue playing in a band called \"Swing,\" [11] and shortly afterwards the band became Mighty Joe Young. The band recorded a demo tape that was completed around 1990. The Mighty Joe Young demo features tracks that would go on to be re-recorded for the band's first studio album, as well as some musical styles that would not be featured on any of STP's studio albums, such as funk and yodeling.[12]", "Almost Cut My Hair The song describes a real-life dilemma faced by many hippies: whether to cut one's hair to a more practical length, or leave it long as a symbol of rebellion.[3] It was written by David Crosby, and features solo vocals by Crosby, with the rest of the band joining in on instruments rather than (as in many of their other songs) on vocal harmony.\nUnlike most of the tracks on DÃ©ja Vu, the quartet and their studio musicians, Dallas Taylor (drums) and Greg Reeves (bass), all recorded it at the same place and time.[1] It was one of only two songs from the album that Neil Young joined in on despite not writing.[4]", "Easy Rider Allegedly,[by whom?] the characters of Wyatt and Billy were respectively based on Roger McGuinn and David Crosby of The Byrds.[14]", "Who'll Stop the Rain Stone based the character of Ray Hicks on Beat writer Neal Cassady, with whom Stone became acquainted through novelist Ken Kesey, a graduate school classmate of Stone's at Stanford University.[citation needed]", "Rock Star (2001 film) One day, Chris receives an unexpected phone call from Steel Dragon's founder and rhythm guitarist, Kirk Cuddy (Dominic West), and is offered an audition for the band (thanks to two of Blood Pollution's groupies, who showed Kirk a videotape of one of Blood Pollution's concerts). After hanging up on Kirk once, thinking he's being pranked by Rob, Chris ecstatically agrees. At the studio, he meets the band, as well as learning that Bobby Beers was fired because he was a closeted homosexual, and gives an outstanding performance of \"We All Die Young\" (a Steel Dragon song in the movie, but it is actually a song by Steelheart, whose lead vocalist Miljenko Matijevic provides Cole's singing voice for the film). Chris joins the band as their new singer, adopting the stage name \"Izzy\". Following a successful debut concert with Steel Dragon, Izzy must come to grips with the pressures of his new-found fame and success. The band embarks on a lengthy tour and Izzy experiences the excesses of the lifestyle, with the group's manager, Mats (Timothy Spall), serving as a sympathetic mentor to Izzy.", "Steppenwolf (band) In 1968, Gabriel Mekler urged Kay to re-form the Sparrows and suggested the name change to Steppenwolf, inspired by Hermann Hesse's novel of the same name.[10][6][9] Steppenwolf's first two singles were \"A Girl I Knew\" and \"Sookie Sookie\". The band finally rocketed to worldwide fame after their third single, \"Born to Be Wild\", was released in 1968, as well as their version of Hoyt Axton's \"The Pusher\". Both of these tunes were used prominently in the 1969 counterculture cult film Easy Rider (both titles originally had been released on the band's debut album).[6] In the movie, \"The Pusher\" accompanies a drug deal, and Peter Fonda stuffing dollar bills into his Stars and Stripes-clad fuel tank, after which \"Born to Be Wild\" is heard in the opening credits, with Fonda and Dennis Hopper riding their Harley choppers through the America of the late 1960s. The song, which has been closely associated with motorcycles ever since, introduced to rock lyrics the signature term \"heavy metal\"[6] (though not about a kind of music, but about a motorcycle: \"I like smoke and lightning, heavy metal thunder, racin' with the wind...\"). Written by Sparrow guitarist Dennis Edmonton, who had begun using the pen name Mars Bonfire and inspired by a billboard roadside advertisement Bonfire liked which depicted a motorcycle tearing through the billboard artwork, the song had already reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1968.[6] It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.[11]", "Stone Temple Pilots Stone Temple Pilots (often abbreviated as STP) are an American rock band from San Diego, California, that originally consisted of Scott Weiland (lead vocals), brothers Robert DeLeo (bass, backing vocals) and Dean DeLeo (guitars), and Eric Kretz (drums). From the band's formation in 1989, its line-up remained unchanged until the firing of Weiland in February 2013. Linkin Park vocalist Chester Bennington joined the band in May 2013.[1] In November 2015, Bennington left the band to focus solely on Linkin Park.[2][3] On December 3, 2015, Weiland was found dead on his tour bus before a performance with his band The Wildabouts. In 2016, the band launched an online audition for a new lead vocalist.[4][5] On July 20, 2017, Bennington was found dead at his home. His death was ruled as suicide by hanging. On November 14, 2017, Jeff Gutt became the new singer of the band.", "Go All the Way (song) \"Go All the Way\" has been featured in three movies. Director Cameron Crowe, a Raspberries fan, used the song in his 2000 film Almost Famous. The Killers recorded another version of the song for the 2012 film Dark Shadows, an adaptation of the 1966â€“1971 TV series Dark Shadows.[10][11] The song briefly appears in the 2014 Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy.", "Rock Star (2001 film) Rock Star is a 2001 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Herek and starring Mark Wahlberg and Jennifer Aniston. It tells the story of Chris \"Izzy\" Cole, a tribute band singer whose ascendance to the position of lead vocalist of his favourite band, which was inspired by the real-life story of Tim \"Ripper\" Owens, singer in a Judas Priest tribute band who was chosen to replace singer Rob Halford when he left the band.", "Spoonman \"Spoonman\" was originally written for the soundtrack to the 1992 film Singles. At this time, Soundgarden, along with fellow alternative rock band Pearl Jam, was working on the soundtrack for the film. Pearl Jam bassist Jeff Ament had been put in charge of creating the name for a fictional band that would appear in the film. Before finally choosing Citizen Dick for its name, Ament had compiled a list of potential names which included the name \"Spoonman\". The name was inspired by Artis the Spoonman, a street performer from Santa Cruz, California and later Seattle, Washington, who plays music with a set of spoons.[3] Soundgarden vocalist and songwriter Chris Cornell eventually used the names on the list to create songs for the film.[3] \"Spoonman\" was among these, and an acoustic version was created from it.[3] This early version of the song can be heard during a scene in the film in which a poster advertising a Citizen Dick show is stapled to a lightpost.[3]", "The Band The inspiration for the classic rock-influenced band the Hold Steady came while members Craig Finn and Tad Kubler were watching The Last Waltz.[67] Rick Danko and Robbie Robertson are name-checked in the lyrics of \"The Swish\" from the Hold Steady's 2004 debut album Almost Killed Me.[68] Also that year, southern rock-revivalists Drive-By Truckers released the track \"Danko/Manuel\" on the album The Dirty South.", "Almost Cut My Hair \"Almost Cut My Hair\" is a song by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, originally released on the band's 1970 album Déjà Vu.[1] It was recorded at Wally Heider Studios on January 9, 1970.[2]", "Almost Famous The Almost Famous soundtrack album was awarded the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.", "Alive (Pearl Jam song) Guitarist Stone Gossard wrote the music for the song, which he titled \"Dollar Short\", in 1990 when he was still a member of Mother Love Bone. According to Gossard in an interview for Pearl Jam's VH1 Storytellers special, Mother Love Bone frontman Andrew Wood had even sung on it. After Wood died of a heroin overdose, Gossard and his bandmate Jeff Ament started playing with guitarist Mike McCready with the hope of starting a new band. \"Dollar Short\" was one of five tracks compiled onto a tape called Stone Gossard Demos '91 that Gossard, Ament, and McCready circulated in the hopes of finding a singer and drummer for the group.[3]", "Stone Temple Pilots The band's sound is considered a blending of the alternative rock of the 1980s and 1990s with the hard rock of the 1970s, though the band is known for making each of their records possess a unique musical style, despite having the \"sonic blueprint\" of the band, as Robert DeLeo describes.[63][64] Stone Temple Pilots have also been described as alternative metal[65][66] and neo-psychedelia.[67] The band Aerosmith was a large influence on the band collectively, with guitarist Dean DeLeo acknowledging the band's influence on songs such as \"Huckleberry Crumble\" off their 2010 self-titled record. Steven Tyler and Joe Perry joined the band onstage at a 1996 show in Madison Square Garden for renditions of the Aerosmith songs \"Sweet Emotion\" and \"Lick and a Promise\". All of the band members were Kiss fans during their childhood, and played shows at the Roseland Ballroom in 1993 dressed in Kiss-style makeup. During the taping of their VH1 Storytellers performance, Weiland acknowledged artists such as The Rolling Stones, Neil Young and Robert Plant as their musical heroes. The band has covered songs by artists such as the Beatles,[68] Led Zeppelin, The Doors, Pink Floyd, James Brown, David Bowie, and Bob Marley both live and in the studio.", "Sweet Child o' Mine Slash has been quoted as having an initial disdain for the song due to its roots as simply a \"string skipping\" exercise and a joke at the time.[5] During a jam session at the band's house in the Sunset Strip,[6] drummer Steven Adler and Slash were warming up and Slash began to play a \"circus\" melody while making faces at Adler. Rhythm guitarist Izzy Stradlin asked Slash to play it again. Stradlin came up with some chords, Duff McKagan created a bassline and Adler planned a beat. In his autobiography, Slash said \"within an hour my guitar exercise had become something else\". Lead singer Axl Rose was listening to the musicians upstairs in his room and was inspired to write lyrics, which he completed by the following afternoon.[7] He based it on his girlfriend Erin Everly, and declared that Lynyrd Skynyrd served as an inspiration \"to make sure that we'd got that heartfelt feeling\".[6] On the next composing session in Burbank, the band added a bridge and a guitar solo.[7]", "In Your Letter Richrath was inspired to write the song based on a real life incident. According to band member Kevin Cronin, at the end of a tour fellow band member Neal Doughty came home to find on the kitchen table a letter from his wife informing him that she had left him for another man.[2][3][4] The other man turned out to be the person who supplied the band with their \"illegal substances.\"[2][3] According to Cronin, Doughty's response to the letter was \"Iâ€™m really gonna miss that guy.\"[2] Casandra Armour of vintagerock.com says that lyrics contain \"cutting accusations with cruel alliteration like 'But you hid behind your poison pen and his pride' and 'You could have left him only for an evening let him be lonely.'\"\"[5]", "Eagles (band) Music writer turned filmmaker Cameron Crowe, an Eagles fan, had written articles about Poco and the Eagles during his journalism career. In 1982 his first screenplay was produced as the feature-length movie Fast Times at Ridgemont High. The film was co-produced by Eagles manager Azoff, who also co-produced the soundtrack album, released by Elektra. Henley, Walsh, Schmit and Felder all contributed solo songs to the film's soundtrack. The band playing at the dance toward the end of the movie covers the Eagles song \"Life in the Fast Lane.\"", "Rock Star (2001 film) In the mid-1980s, Chris Cole (Mark Wahlberg) is a Pittsburgh fanatical admirer of a heavy metal band called Steel Dragon. By day, Chris is a photocopier technician and by night, he is the lead singer of a Steel Dragon tribute band called Blood Pollution (the name is taken from a Steel Dragon song).", "Philip Seymour Hoffman The journalist Jeff Simon described Hoffman as \"probably the most in-demand character actor of his generation\",[7] but Hoffman claimed never to take it for granted that he would be offered roles.[70] Although he worked hard and regularly,[11] he was humble about his acting success, and when asked by a friend if he was having any luck he quietly replied, \"I'm in a film, Cold Mountain, that has just come out.\"[6] Patrick Fugit, who worked with Hoffman on Almost Famous, recalled the actor was intimidating but an exceptional mentor and influence in \"a school-of-hard-knocks way\", remarking that \"there was a certain weight that came with him\".[161] Hoffman admitted that he sometimes appeared in big-budget studio films for the money, but said, \"ultimately my main goal is to do good work. If it doesn't pay well, so be it.\"[162] He kept himself grounded and invigorated as an actor by attempting to appear on stage once a year.[162]", "Billy Gibbons On December 14, 2005, Gibbons married long-time girlfriend Gilligan Stillwater (born Ellen J. Oetjen).[15]", "Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story As Walk Hard heavily references the film Walk the Line, the Dewey Cox persona is mostly based on Johnny Cash; but the character also includes elements of the lives and careers of Roy Orbison, Glen Campbell, Bob Dylan, Ray Charles, Jerry Lee Lewis, Donovan, John Lennon, James Brown, Jim Morrison, Conway Twitty, Neil Diamond, and Brian Wilson. The film portrays fictional versions of artists Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, Elvis Presley, and The Beatles; also, some artists play themselves, including Eddie Vedder and Ghostface Killah. In addition, the film parodies or pays tribute to the musical styles of Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Van Dyke Parks with Brian Wilson, and the seventies punk rock movement.", "Rock Star (2001 film) When Judas Priest bassist Ian Hill was asked about his reaction to Rock Star in an interview in PopMatters magazine Hill responded \"Well, it was a true work of fiction, you know? When we heard about the production company were going to make a movie based, as far as we knew, about Ripper joining the band we offered our help. We said 'If there's anything you want to know, talk to us at the time.' And certainly our communication was cut off and that was it and they went off on their own tangent.\" Hill added \"I mean, I quite enjoyed the movie. It was entertaining, you know?\" Hill was quoted as saying \"It had nothing to do with Rob Halford, Ripper Owens and Judas Priest, it's got nothing to do with that, whatsoever. It was fiction. Apart from the fact that 'Local Boy Makes Good'? That was the only true aspect of the movie.\" Hill was quick to add \"I watched it once. I don't have the urge to watch it again.\"[17]", "Rock Star (2001 film) The singing voice for Wahlberg's character was provided by Steelheart frontman Miljenko Matijevic for the Steel Dragon Songs, the final number was dubbed by Brian Vander Ark. Jeff Scott Soto (of Talisman, Yngwie Malmsteen, Soul SirkUS, and Journey) provided the voice of the singer Wahlberg's character replaces. Kennedy is the only actor whose actual voice is used.[citation needed]. Ralph Saenz (Steel Panther) also appears briefly, as the singer auditioning ahead of Chris at the studio.", "Steven Hyde Hyde has an afro and sideburns (or occasionally a mustache and/or beard), and his sunglasses, which he is almost always seen in, making him appear like Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra and Eric Bloom of Blue Öyster Cult.[2] He regularly sports jeans, was once failed in PE for refusing to wear shorts, and also has many rock band T-shirts, which include: Santana, Judas Priest, Eric Clapton, AC/DC, Queen, Kiss, The Who, Eagles, Led Zeppelin, Jimmy Page, Deep Purple, Thin Lizzy, ZZ Top, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Pink Floyd, Steve Miller Band, The Beatles, Black Sabbath, Jethro Tull, Jimi Hendrix, Alice Cooper, The Doors, The Rolling Stones, Ted Nugent, Boston, Rush, Aerosmith, John Lee Hooker, The Allman Brothers Band, Blue Öyster Cult, Sex Pistols, Ramones and the Grateful Dead. In at least one episode, he dons a two-tone green T-shirt displaying the International Paper corporate logo. Contrasting with his tough guy exterior, Hyde was once caught on videotape dancing to Frank Sinatra singing. Additionally, following his first breakup with Jackie, he happened to hear B. J. Thomas' \"(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\" and becomes a fan of country music although the season 2 episode, \"Red's Last Day\", a drunken Hyde is seen singing \"Redneck Mother\" by Jerry Jeff Walker. Hyde, along with these many bands holds a passionate love of Led Zeppelin, the group he wears most frequently, and when once questioned by his father as to why he wears said shirts he replies, \"If God didn't want me to wear them so much he wouldn't have made them rock so hard.\" He also notes that he likes to watch Little House on the Prairie, because it \"reminds him of a simpler time\". He dislikes the music of Pat Boone, Styx (although he did tap his foot to their music), ABBA, Andy Gibb, The Carpenters, and Little River Band. In fact, he once even broke up with a girl because she liked the Little River Band.", "Bonham (band) Bonham appeared in the movies in 2000 as part of the fictitious band Steel Dragon fronted by actor Mark Wahlberg in the film Rock Star (also known as Metal God). His partners in this project were Dokken bassist Jeff Pilson and Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Zakk Wylde.", "Scott Weiland Scott Richard Weiland (/ˈwaɪlənd/; né Kline,[1] October 27, 1967 – December 3, 2015) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. During a career spanning three decades, Weiland was best known as the lead singer of the band Stone Temple Pilots from 1989 to 2002 and 2008 to 2013. He was also a member of supergroup Velvet Revolver from 2003 to 2008 and recorded one album with another supergroup, Art of Anarchy. He also established himself as a solo artist, releasing three studio albums, two cover albums, and collaborations with several other musicians throughout his career.", "Amy Heckerling Heckerling's first feature was Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982), based on the non-fiction account of a year-in-the-life of California high school students as observed by undercover Rolling Stone journalist Cameron Crowe. When Heckerling first signed on to do a feature for Universal, she read a lot of scripts, but it was Crowe's script for Fast Times at Ridgemont High that really stuck out to her as a great script. She notes that the characters felt so real. Though she loved the script, she did feel that there was too much studio interference, so she read the novel, figured out which parts were strongest, and sat down with Crowe to rework the script. The film helped launch the careers of numerous stars including Phoebe Cates, Judge Reinhold, and Jennifer Jason Leigh. In addition, it marks early appearances by several actors who later became stars, including Nicolas Cage, then billing himself as Nicolas Coppola, Forest Whitaker, Eric Stoltz, and Anthony Edwards. Most notable, however, is the appearance of Sean Penn as Jeff Spicoli, who was launched into stardom with his iconic character. Heckerling describes casting Penn, whom she first met while he was sitting on the floor outside of the casting office, as a feeling of being overwhelmed by his intensity, even though all he had done was look up at her. She knew that this was her Spicoli, even though they had seen other people who had read better for the role. Penn had to do it. Ally Sheedy, whom Heckerling loved, read for the role of Leigh's character Stacy Hamilton, but Heckerling decided that she wanted someone that seemed younger and more fragile. Heckerling was very discriminating about the film's soundtrack. Originally, the film was supposed to have music in it by bands like the Eagles.[3]", "Stone Temple Pilots Mighty Joe Young played several gigs in the San Diego area, building up a fanbase.[11] Their first show was supporting Henry Rollins at the Whisky a Go Go. The group then began to work on their debut album with Brendan O'Brien. During the recording, they received a call from their lawyer who informed them that there was a bluesman who had already claimed the name Mighty Joe Young.[13] Inspired by the STP Motor Oil stickers that the band members were fans of in their youth, various ideas on the initials \"STP\" were shared by the band, including \"Shirley Temple's Pussy\" and Stereo Temple Pirates. They eventually settled on the name \"Stone Temple Pilots.\"", "The Doors (film) Krieger acted as a technical adviser on the film and this mainly involved showing his cinematic alter ego, Frank Whaley, where to put his fingers on the fretboard.[4] Densmore also acted as a consultant on the film, tutoring Kevin Dillon who played him in the film.[11]", "A Star Is Born (1976 film) Kristofferson denied modelling his character on Jim Morrison: \"That's a good idea but it's not true. I don't think I ever met Morrison. A lot of people said we looked alike – shirts off, beards – but that washed-up rock star was more about me.\"[2]", "The Ballad of Curtis Loew The band's website says that the song is based on a composite of people who actually lived in the Van Zants' original neighborhood in Jacksonville, Florida. Specifically, the country store \"is based on Claude's Midway Grocery on the corner of Plymouth and Lakeshore [Blvd] in Jacksonville.\" The business has since been renamed Sunrise Food Store, but still occupies the same location. The specific spelling of the surname comes from Ed King writing the liner notes for the Second Helping and deciding to name the bluesman after the Jewish Loew's Theatre.[6] Some of the sources mentioned include Claude H. \"Papa\" Hammer, Rufus \"Tee Tot\" Payne, Robert Johnson, and Shorty Medlocke,[7] the grandfather of Rickey Medlocke, Lynyrd Skynyrd's drummer during their 1970 tour and one of the band's current guitarists.[8]", "Gary Lewis & the Playboys The January 1965 broadcast made Gary Lewis and the Playboys instant stars. \"This Diamond Ring\" went to No. 1, sold over one million copies by April 1965, and became a gold disc.[5] However, by the end of 1965 only West and Lewis remained in the band. Other later band members included Tommy Tripplehorn (father of actress Jeanne Tripplehorn), Carl Radle (died 1980), Jimmy Karstein, Randy Ruff, Pete Vrains, Bob Simpson, Adolph Zeugner, Les John, Wayne Bruno, and Dave Gonzalez.", "Still Alive and Well Many of the songs on the album have a more rock-oriented power trio sound, with Randy Jo Hobbs playing bass and Richard Hughes on drums.[1] Rick Derringer, who produced, plays guitar on three tracks. Still Alive and Well features two Rolling Stones songs â€” \"Silver Train\" and \"Let It Bleed\".", "Even Flow That's me pretending to be Stevie Ray Vaughan, and a feeble attempt at that. Stone (Gossard, Pearl Jam guitarist) wrote the riff and song; I think it's a D tuning. I just followed him in a regular pattern. I tried to steal everything I know from Stevie Ray Vaughan and put it into that song. A blatant rip-off. A tribute rip-off, if you will![8]", "Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story John C. Reilly, who actually sings and plays guitar, was chosen to play the title role. \"We took the clichÃ©s of movie biopics and just had fun with them,\" Reilly said.[3] The \"deliberate miscasting\" of celebrity cameos, such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, was intended to enhance the comedy.[6] The movie's poster is a reference to the \"young lion\" photos of Jim Morrison.[7]", "Billy Gibbons William Frederick Gibbons (born December 16, 1949)[1] is an American musician, singer, songwriter, producer, and actor, best known as the guitarist and lead vocalist of the American rock band ZZ Top. He began his career in the Moving Sidewalks, who recorded Flash (1968) and opened four dates for the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Gibbons formed ZZ Top in late 1969 and released ZZ Top's First Album in 1971. The albums that followed, Rio Grande Mud (1972) and Tres Hombres (1973), along with extensive touring, solidified the group's reputation as a hard-rocking power trio.", "Rolling Stone In the 1970s, Rolling Stone began to make a mark with its political coverage, with the likes of gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson writing for the magazine's political section. Thompson first published his most famous work Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas within the pages of Rolling Stone, where he remained a contributing editor until his death in 2005.[12] In the 1970s, the magazine also helped launch the careers of many prominent authors, including Cameron Crowe, Lester Bangs, Joe Klein, Joe Eszterhas, Ben Fong-Torres, Patti Smith and P. J. O'Rourke. It was at this point that the magazine ran some of its most famous stories, including that of the Patty Hearst abduction odyssey. One interviewer, speaking for a large number of his peers, said that he bought his first copy of the magazine upon initial arrival on his college campus, describing it as a \"rite of passage\".[2]", "Dazed and Confused (film) The title of the film is derived from Led Zeppelin's version of the song of the same name.[7] Linklater approached the surviving members of Led Zeppelin for permission to use their song \"Rock and Roll\" in the film, but while Jimmy Page and John Paul Jones agreed, Robert Plant refused.[8]", "Ten (Pearl Jam album) Guitarist Stone Gossard and bassist Jeff Ament had played together in the pioneering grunge band Green River. Following Green River's dissolution in 1987, Ament and Gossard played together in Mother Love Bone during the late 1980s. Mother Love Bone's career was cut short when vocalist Andrew Wood died of a drug overdose in 1990, shortly before the release of the group's debut album, Apple. Devastated, it took months before Gossard and Ament agreed to play together again. Gossard spent his time afterwards writing material that was harder-edged than what he had been doing previously.[5] After a few months, Gossard started practicing with fellow Seattle guitarist Mike McCready, whose band Shadow had broken up; McCready in turn encouraged Gossard to reconnect with Ament.[6] The three then went into the studio for separate sessions with Soundgarden drummer Matt Cameron and former Shadow drummer Chris Friel to record some instrumental demos.[7] Five of the songs recorded—\"Dollar Short\", \"Agytian Crave\", \"Footsteps\", \"Richard's E\", and \"E Ballad\"—were compiled onto a tape called Stone Gossard Demos '91 that was circulated in the hopes of finding a singer and drummer for the trio.[2]", "What Is and What Should Never Be \"What is and What Should Never Be\" was one of the first songs on which Page used his soon-to-become trademark Gibson Les Paul for recording.[1] The production makes liberal use of stereo as the guitars pan back and forth between channels. Robert Plant's vocals were phased during the verses. Record producer Rick Rubin has remarked, \"The descending riff [of \"What Is and What Should Never Be\"] is amazing: It's like a bow is being drawn back, and then it releases. The rhythm of the vocals is almost like a rap. It's insane â€” one of their most psychedelic songs.\"[2] \nThis was also one of the first songs recorded by the band for which Robert Plant received writing credit. According to rock journalist Stephen Davis, the author of the Led Zeppelin biography Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga, the lyrics for this song reflect a romance Plant had with his wife's younger sister.[3]", "Stone Temple Pilots Two conflicting stories of how frontman Scott Weiland and bassist Robert DeLeo met have been described by the band; one was that Weiland and DeLeo met at a Black Flag concert in Long Beach, California in 1985. They began discussing their girlfriends, only to realize they were dating the same woman. However, instead of letting this come between them, they developed a bond and formed a band after they each subsequently broke it off with the girl. Weiland presented a different version of meeting Robert in his autobiography, stating that Weiland and his friends—guitarist Corey Hicock and drummer David Allin—pursued Robert after witnessing him play live with him sitting in during sets at various gigs with their band Soi Disant.", "Layne Staley Layne Staley (born Layne Rutherford Staley,[1] August 22, 1967 â€“ April 5, 2002)[7][8][9] was an American musician known for being the lead vocalist, occasional rhythm guitarist and co-songwriter of the rock band Alice in Chains from 1987 until 1998. The band rose to international fame in the early 1990s during Seattle's grunge movement, and became known for Staley's distinct vocal style, as well as the harmonized vocals between him and guitarist/vocalist Jerry Cantrell.[10][11]", "Sally Kellerman For a time in the mid-1970s, she was involved in a relationship with Mark Farner, the guitarist for Grand Funk Railroad. He wrote the song \"Sally\" as an ode to their relationship, from the 1976 album Born to Die.", "Scott Weiland In 1986 Weiland met bassist Robert DeLeo at a Black Flag concert in Long Beach, California. The two of them were discussing their love interests, when they realized one of them was the same girl they were both dating. They developed a bond over the incident, and ended up moving into her vacated apartment. Weiland's childhood friends Corey Hicock and David Allin rounded out the group, both of whom would soon be replaced by Eric Kretz and DeLeo's brother Dean. They took the name Stone Temple Pilots because of their fondness for the initials \"STP.\"[8] In one of the band's first opening performances as Mighty Joe Young, they opened for Electric Love Hogs, whose guitarist Dave Kushner would one day co-found Weiland's later band Velvet Revolver.[9] In 1992, they released their first album, Core, spawning four hits (\"Sex Type Thing,\" \"Wicked Garden,\" \"Creep,\" and \"Plush.\")", "Led Zeppelin In 1966, London-based session guitarist Jimmy Page joined the blues-influenced rock band the Yardbirds to replace bassist Paul Samwell-Smith. Page soon switched from bass to lead guitar, creating a dual lead guitar line-up with Jeff Beck. Following Beck's departure in October 1966, the Yardbirds, tired from constant touring and recording, began to wind down.[1] Page wanted to form a supergroup with him and Beck on guitars, and the Who's Keith Moon and John Entwistle on drums and bass, respectively.[2] Vocalists Steve Winwood and Steve Marriott were also considered for the project.[3] The group never formed, although Page, Beck, and Moon did record a song together in 1966, \"Beck's Bolero\", in a session that also included bassist-keyboardist John Paul Jones.[4]", "Layne Staley Facelift has since been certified double platinum by the RIAA for sales of two million copies in the United States.[49] The band toured in support of the album for two years before releasing the acoustic EP Sap in early 1992.[50] Alice in Chains made a cameo on Cameron Crowe's 1992 film Singles, performing the songs \"It Ain't Like That\" and \"Would?\".[51]", "We're an American Band (song) Brewer's lyrics are somewhat autobiographical, detailing the band's recent tour and their energetic live performances. In the song, the band mentions traveling through Little Rock, Arkansas, as well as stopping to party with four groupies that sneak into their hotel in Omaha, Nebraska. The lyrics also mention \"sweet sweet Connie\", which is a reference to legendary groupie Connie Hamzy.", "The Complete Studio Recordings (Led Zeppelin album) The set also includes a booklet featuring an extended essay by rock journalist Cameron Crowe and photos of the band.", "Fan (person) Music fans can differ somewhat from fans of particular musicians, in that they may focus on a genre of music. Many of the trade journals around music, such as Rolling Stone, were created by music fans. A notable music fan was groupie Cynthia Plaster Caster, famous for making numerous plaster casts of rock stars' penises. Another was Pamela Des Barres, author of the book I'm With The Band. Fans who are not groupies prefer the term supporter.", "School of Rock On August 29, 2013, a 10-year anniversary screening of the film was held in Austin, Texas, at the Paramount Theatre. Those in attendance included director Richard Linklater, Jack Black, Mike White, Miranda Cosgrove and the rest of the young cast members, except for Cole Hawkins (who played Leonard).[28] The event, hosted by the Austin Film Society and Cirrus Logic, included a red carpet, a full cast and crew Q&A after the screening, where the now-grown child stars discussed their current pursuits in life, and a VIP after-party performance by the School of Rock band during which \"School of Rock\" and \"It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)\" were played.[29][30]", "Easy Rider Originally, Peter Fonda had intended the band Crosby, Stills, Nash, & Young to write an entirely original soundtrack for the film, but this failed to materialize for two reasons.[34] For one, cutter Donn Cambern edited the footage much more closely to what was only meant as temptracks than was customary at the time, which led to everyone involved finding them much more suited to the material than they had originally thought. On the other hand, Hopper increasingly got control over every aspect over the course of the project and decided to throw CSNY out behind Fonda's back, telling the band as an excuse, \"Look, you guys are really good musicians, but honestly, anybody who rides in a limo can't comprehend my movie, so I'm gonna have to say no to this, and if you guys try to get in the studio again, I may have to cause you some bodily harm.\"[34]", "Sweetheart of the Rodeo Personnel adapted from The Byrds: Timeless Flight Revisited, So You Want To Be A Rock 'n' Roll Star: The Byrds Day-By-Day (1965-1973), the Sundazed Records website, Hot Burritos: The True Story Of The Flying Burrito Brothers, and the 1997 CD liner notes.[4][10][12][60][61]", "Led Zeppelin (album) As was noted by rock journalist Cameron Crowe years later: \"It was a time of 'super-groups', of furiously hyped bands who could barely cut it, and Led Zeppelin initially found themselves fighting upstream to prove their authenticity.\"[38]", "Chris Robinson (singer) His first solo recording, \"The Red Road\", appeared on the soundtrack to the 2002 Goldie Hawn (whose daughter, Kate Hudson, was Robinson's spouse from 2000-2006) film The Banger Sisters, confirming the singer's turn into softer material. A full-length debut, New Earth Mud, appeared in October and garnered positive critical reviews. Written and produced with Paul Stacey and featuring collaborations with ex-Crowes Marc Ford and Eddie Harsch, the album allowed Robinson to hit the road as a headlining act. The band itself became known as New Earth Mud and earned a reputation for playing lengthy, jam-oriented sets across the United States.", "Jimmie Nicol While appearing on the radio show \"Fresh Air\" hosted by Terry Gross in April 2016, Tom Hanks noted that he was at least partly influenced by Jimmie Nicol's experience with the Beatles when he wrote the script for his 1996 feature film That Thing You Do![15]", "Rock Star (2001 film) Internal struggles among the actual Steel Dragon band members culminate with the firing of their lead singer, Bobby Beers (Jason Flemyng), and the beginning of recruitment sessions to find a new vocalist. Chris experiences his own strife with his Blood Pollution bandmates, particularly guitarist Rob Malcolm (Timothy Olyphant). During a live performance, Rob's playing fails to live up to Chris' over-demanding standards regarding note-for-note accuracy to the original Steel Dragon recordings, and Chris sabotages Rob's amplifier mid-song â€“ a fight breaks out between the two onstage. The next day, Chris meets Blood Pollution at a rehearsal session, but he finds out that he has been replaced with his arch-rival, the (now former) lead singer of another Steel Dragon tribute band. Rob also cites Chris' inability to create his own musical style, preferring to remain the singer in a tribute band.", "Jefferson Airplane 1998 saw the production and broadcast of a very popular episode of the hit VH1 documentary television series Behind The Music about Jefferson Airplane, directed by Bob Sarles. Band members Grace Slick, Marty Balin, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, Jack Casady and Spencer Dryden were all interviewed for the episode, along with David Crosby, longtime Airplane manager Bill Thompson and China Kantner, daughter of Paul Kantner and Grace Slick. [29]" ]	[ "Almost Famous The film is based on Crowe's experiences touring with rock bands Poco, The Allman Brothers Band, Led Zeppelin, Eagles and Lynyrd Skynyrd. Crowe has discussed how during this period he lost his virginity, fell in love, and met his heroes[2]â€”experiences that are shared by William Miller (Patrick Fugit), the boyish main character of the film." ]
test2710	what kind of sentence contains an independent clause and a dependent clause	[ "doc92867" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc92868", "doc92875", "doc92878", "doc92867", "doc92870", "doc92877", "doc1174717", "doc92871", "doc301775", "doc92869", "doc92884", "doc665368", "doc92887", "doc92885", "doc301777", "doc92888", "doc92874", "doc92889", "doc92879", "doc665369", "doc1174724", "doc914886", "doc92886", "doc1026756", "doc92881", "doc92876", "doc2455277", "doc2455272", "doc92882", "doc92872", "doc92880", "doc1026765", "doc914881", "doc2455271", "doc1323230", "doc2021031", "doc92873", "doc665392", "doc1462188", "doc818881", "doc92883", "doc92866", "doc1026758", "doc2455274", "doc1174730", "doc1582768", "doc665367", "doc1323223", "doc885923", "doc2316047", "doc914885", "doc2546777", "doc665393", "doc914884", "doc7091", "doc2455273", "doc1026764", "doc577339", "doc2546796", "doc1026753", "doc1026757", "doc1174633", "doc914890", "doc1174704", "doc2628472", "doc1901388", "doc2628465", "doc1174706", "doc1174625", "doc2628471", "doc665388", "doc749957", "doc665376", "doc776693", "doc2318465", "doc2455276", "doc2486141", "doc749962", "doc2546782", "doc1026751", "doc1026749", "doc1026763", "doc577341", "doc454646", "doc1026759", "doc712467", "doc1947502", "doc1901366", "doc665394", "doc1323220", "doc914913", "doc665390", "doc1462044", "doc914893", "doc1323247", "doc665405", "doc2036127", "doc301785", "doc2036136", "doc577337" ]	[ "Sentence clause structure A sentence consisting of at least one dependent clauses and at least two independent clauses may be called a complex-compound sentence or compound-complex sentence.", "Sentence clause structure A compound sentence is composed of at least two independent clauses. It does not require a dependent clause. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with or without a comma), a semicolon that functions as a conjunction, a colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect the sentences, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon. A conjunction can be used to make a compound sentence. Conjunctions are words such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Examples: He is going fishing on Friday is an independent clause. \"He\" is the subject, \"is going\" is the action, and a complete thought is expressed.", "Sentence clause structure A complex sentence has one or more dependent clauses (also called subordinate clauses). Since a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentence, complex sentences must also have at least one independent clause. In short, a sentence with one or more dependent clauses and at least one independent clause is a complex sentence. A sentence with two or more independent clauses plus one or more dependent clauses is called compound-complex or complex-compound.", "Sentence clause structure A simple sentence consists of only one clause. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. A complex sentence has at least one independent clause plus at least one dependent clause.[1] A set of words with no independent clause may be an incomplete sentence, also called a sentence fragment.", "Sentence clause structure The simple sentence in example 1 contains one clause. Example 2 has two clauses (I don't know how to bake and I buy my bread), combined into a single sentence with the coordinating conjunction so. In example 3, I enjoyed the apple pie is an independent clause, and that you bought for me is a dependent clause; the sentence is thus complex. In sentence 4, The dog lived in the garden and the cat lived inside the house are both independent clauses; who was smarter is a dependent clause. Example 5 features a noun phrase but no verb. It is not a grammatically complete clause.", "Sentence clause structure The use of a comma to separate two independent clauses without the addition of an appropriate conjunction is called a comma splice and is generally considered an error (when used in the English language).[2] Example:", "English grammar A typical sentence contains one independent clause and possibly one or more dependent clauses, although it is also possible to link together sentences of this form into longer sentences, using coordinating conjunctions (see above). A clause typically contains a subject (a noun phrase) and a predicate (a verb phrase in the terminology used above; that is, a verb together with its objects and complements). A dependent clause also normally contains a subordinating conjunction (or in the case of relative clauses, a relative pronoun or phrase containing one).", "Sentence clause structure A simple sentence structure contains one independent clause and no dependent clauses.[2]", "Topic sentence By definition a complex sentence is one that has a main clause which could stand alone and a dependent clause which cannot by itself be a sentence. Using a complex sentence is a great way to refer to the content of the paragraph above (dependent clause) and then bring in the content of the new paragraph (the independent clause). Here is a typical example:", "Sentence clause structure Sentence 1 is an example of a simple sentence. Sentence 2 is compound because \"so\" is considered a coordinating conjunction in English, and sentence 3 is complex. Sentence 4 is compound-complex (also known as complex-compound). Example 5 is a sentence fragment.", "Sentence clause structure In this sentence the independent clause contains two noun clauses. The noun clause What she had realized serves as the subject of the verb was, and that love was that moment serves as complement. The sentence also contains an adverbial clause, when your heart was about to burst.", "Clause A simple sentence usually consists of a single finite clause with a finite verb that is independent. More complex sentences may contain multiple clauses. Main clauses (matrix clauses, independent clauses) are those that can stand alone as a sentence. Subordinate clauses (embedded clauses, dependent clauses) are those that would be awkward or incomplete if they were alone.", "Sentence clause structure A run-on or fused sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (i.e., clauses with subject and predicate) that are joined without any appropriate punctuation. An example of such a grammatically incorrect sentence could be, \"It is nearly half past five we cannot reach town before dark.\" Some common remedies would be to separate the two independent clauses (between \"five\" and \"we\") with either a period [...five. We...], a comma and conjunction (...five, and we...), or a semicolon (...five; we...). Joining the two independent clauses with only a comma is actually another common grammatical error, the comma splice. James Joyce's novel Ulysses employs streams of consciousness, which takes literary license by intentionally breaking this grammatical rule by use of long, punctuation-free, run-on sentences, particularly in the final chapter \"Penelope\".", "Sentence clause structure An incomplete sentence, or sentence fragment, is a set of words which does not form a complete sentence, either because it does not express a complete thought[1] or because it lacks some grammatical element, such as a subject or a verb.[3] A dependent clause without an independent clause is one example of an incomplete sentence.", "Topic sentence The beginning, dependent, clause probably refers to the content of a preceding paragraph that presented the ant as a community-focused worker. As suggested by the main clause, which is the second within the sentence, the new paragraph will address how the ant works to benefit himself as well.[8]", "Sentence clause structure In general, run-on sentences occur when two or more independent clauses are joined without using a coordinating conjunction (i.e. for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) or correct punctuation (i.e. semicolon, dash, or period),.[7][8][9] A run-on sentence can be as short as four words, for instance: I drive she walks., or even I drive, she walks, because in this case, there are two subjects paired with two intransitive verbs. An imperative sentence like \"Run walk\" can be a run-on even if it only has two words.", "Sentence clause structure This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, dog, and one predicate, barked and howled at the cat. This predicate has two verbs, known as a compound predicate: barked and howled. This compound verb should not be confused with a compound sentence. In the backyard and at the cat are prepositional phrases.", "Sentence clause structure While some sources view comma splices as a form of run-on sentence,[8] others limit the term to independent clauses that are joined without punctuation.[7][10]", "Sentence clause structure In addition to a subject and a verb, dependent clauses contain a subordinating conjunction or similar word. There are a large number of subordinating conjunctions in English. Some of these give the clause an adverbial function, specifying time, place, or manner. Such clauses are called adverbial clauses.", "Clause A primary division for the discussion of clauses is the distinction between main clauses (i.e. matrix clauses, independent clauses) and subordinate clauses (i.e. embedded clauses, dependent clauses).[3] A main clause can stand alone, i.e. it can constitute a complete sentence by itself. A subordinate clause (i.e. embedded clause), in contrast, is reliant on the appearance of a main clause; it depends on the main clause and is therefore a dependent clause, whereas the main clause is an independent clause.", "English grammar The syntax of a dependent clause is generally the same as that of an independent clause, except that the dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (or phrase containing such). In some situations (as already described) the conjunction or relative pronoun that can be omitted. Another type of dependent clause with no subordinating conjunction is the conditional clause formed by inversion (see below).", "English conditional sentences As with other dependent clauses in English, it is common for a comma to be used to separate the clauses if the dependent clause comes first (as is done in the above examples). See Comma § Separation of clauses.", "Sentence clause structure Some prescriptive grammars[4] consider sentences starting with a conjunction such as but or and to be incomplete sentences, but this style prescription has \"no historical or grammatical foundation\".[5] Computer grammar checkers often highlight incomplete sentences. If the context is clear from the rest of the paragraph, however, an incomplete sentence may be considered perfectly acceptable English.[6][unreliable source?]", "Conjunction (grammar) Subordinating conjunctions, also called subordinators, are conjunctions that join an independent clause and a dependent clause, and also introduce adverb clauses. The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language include after, although, as, as far as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as though, because, before, even if, even though, every time, if, in order that, since, so, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever, and while.", "Sentence clause structure A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or noun phrase in the independent clause. In other words, the relative clause functions similar to an adjective.", "Sentence clause structure The coordinator \"and\" is used, and a comma is correctly used before the \"and.\"http://www.yourdictionary.com/", "Comma The joining of two independent sentences with a comma and no conjunction (as in \"It is nearly half past five, we cannot reach town before dark.\") is known as a comma splice and is sometimes considered an error in English;[11] in most cases a semicolon should be used instead. A comma splice should not be confused, though, with asyndeton, a literary device used for a specific effect in which coordinating conjunctions are purposely omitted.", "Comma Some style guides prescribe that two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) must be separated by a comma placed before the conjunction.[8][9] In the following sentences, where the second clause is independent (because it can stand alone as a sentence), the comma is considered by those guides to be necessary:", "Sentence clause structure In the first example, the restrictive relative clause who has been deceived specifies or defines the meaning of him in the independent clause, Let him complain. In the second example, the non-restrictive relative clause who have never known your family describes you in the independent clause, You see them standing around you.", "Sentence clause structure This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, I, and one predicate, run.", "Sentence clause structure This complex sentence contains an adverbial clause, When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house. The adverbial clause describes when the action of the main clause, I had only two things on my mind, took place.", "Conjunction (grammar) There is also a \"myth\" that a sentence should never begin with because. Because is a subordinating conjunction and introduces a dependent clause. It may start a sentence when the main clause follows the dependent clause.[16]", "English conditional sentences As is typical for many languages, full conditional sentences in English consist of a condition clause or protasis specifying a condition or hypothesis, and a consequence clause or apodosis specifying what follows from that condition. The condition clause is a dependent clause, most commonly headed by the conjunction if, while the consequence is contained in the main clause of the sentence. Either clause may appear first.", "Comma Commas are often used to separate clauses. In English, a comma is used to separate a dependent clause from the independent clause if the dependent clause comes first: After I fed the cat, I brushed my clothes. (Compare this with I brushed my clothes after I fed the cat.) A relative clause takes commas if it is non-restrictive, as in I cut down all the trees, which were over six feet tall. (Without the comma, this would mean that only those trees over six feet tall were cut down.)", "German sentence structure Just as in English, a subordinate clause may be used at the beginning or end of a complete expression, so long as it is paired with at least one independent clause. For instance, just as one could say either:", "Premise In this example, the independent clauses preceding the comma (namely, \"all men are mortal\" and \"Socrates is a man\") are the premises, while \"Socrates is mortal\" is the conclusion.", "Sentence clause structure This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one subject, girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom. The predicate is a verb phrase that consists of more than one word.", "Clause Some of the distinctions presented above are represented in syntax trees. These trees make the difference between main and subordinate clauses very clear, and they also illustrate well the difference between argument and adjunct clauses. The following dependency grammar trees show that embedded clauses are dependent on an element in the main clause, often on a verb:[4]", "Uses of English verb forms A conditional sentence usually contains two clauses: an if-clause or similar expressing the condition (the protasis), and a main clause expressing the conditional circumstance (the apodosis). In English language teaching, conditional sentences are classified according to type as first, second or third conditional; there also exist \"zero conditional\" and mixed conditional sentences.", "English language In English a sentence may be composed of one or more clauses, that may, in turn, be composed of one or more phrases (e.g. Noun Phrases, Verb Phrases, and Prepositional Phrases). A clause is built around a verb and includes its constituents, such as any NPs and PPs. Within a sentence, one clause is always the main clause (or matrix clause) whereas other clauses are subordinate to it. Subordinate clauses may function as arguments of the verb in the main clause. For example, in the phrase I think (that) you are lying, the main clause is headed by the verb think, the subject is I, but the object of the phrase is the subordinate clause (that) you are lying. The subordinating conjunction that shows that the clause that follows is a subordinate clause, but it is often omitted.[188] Relative clauses are clauses that function as a modifier or specifier to some constituent in the main clause: For example, in the sentence I saw the letter that you received today, the relative clause that you received today specifies the meaning of the word letter, the object of the main clause. Relative clauses can be introduced by the pronouns who, whose, whom and which as well as by that (which can also be omitted.)[189] In contrast to many other Germanic languages there is no major differences between word order in main and subordinate clauses.[190]", "Sentence clause structure A noun clause is a dependent clause that functions like a noun. A noun clause may function as the subject of a clause, or as a predicate nominative or an object.", "Sentence clause structure In grammar, sentence clause structure is the classification of sentences based on the number and kind of clauses in their syntactic structure. Such division is an element of traditional grammar.", "Conjunction (grammar) The subordinating conjunction performs two important functions within a sentence: illustrating the importance of the independent clause and providing a transition between two ideas in the same sentence by indicating a time, place, or cause and therefore affecting the relationship between the clauses.[8]", "Comma However, such guides permit the comma to be omitted if the second independent clause is very short, typically when the second independent clause is an imperative,[8][9] as in:", "English grammar In an imperative sentence (one giving an order), there is usually no subject in the independent clause: Go away until I call you. It is possible, however, to include you as the subject for emphasis: You stay away from me.", "Comparison of American and British English Generally, a non-restrictive relative clause (also called non-defining or supplementary) is one that contains information that is supplementary, i.e. does not change the meaning of the rest of the sentence, while a restrictive relative clause (also called defining or integrated) is, one which contains information essential to the meaning of the sentence, effectively limiting the modified noun phrase to a subset that is defined by the relative clause.[18] An example of a restrictive clause is \"The dog that bit the man was brown.\" An example of a non-restrictive clause is \"The dog, which bit the man, was brown.\" In the former \"that bit the man\" identifies which dog the statement is about. In the latter, \"which bit the man\" provides supplementary information about a known dog. A non-restrictive relative clause is typically set off by commas, whereas a restrictive relative clause is not, but this is not a rule that is universally observed.[18] In speech, this is also reflected in the intonation.[19] Writers commonly use which to introduce a non-restrictive clause, and that to introduce a restrictive clause. That is rarely used to introduce a non-restrictive relative clause in prose. Which and that are both commonly used to introduce a restrictive clause; a study in 1977 reported that about 75 percent of occurrences of which were in restrictive clauses.[20]", "Clause In grammar, a clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition.[1] A typical clause consists of a subject and a predicate,[2] the latter typically a verb phrase, a verb with any objects and other modifiers. However, the subject is sometimes not said or explicit, often the case in null-subject languages if the subject is retrievable from context, but it sometimes also occurs in other languages such as English (as in imperative sentences and non-finite clauses).", "German sentence structure Wohin ist er gelaufen? Niemand wusste, wohin er gelaufen ist. (\"Where did he run (to)? No one knew where he ran (to).\"â€”Note that, unlike in English, a subordinate or dependent clause is always separated from the independent clause (Hauptsatz) by a comma.)", "Veni, vidi, vici The English phrase \"I came, I saw, I conquered\" employs what is known as a comma splice (another common example is \"The more, the merrier\").[8] Grammarians generally agree that using a comma to join two independent clauses should be done sparingly.[8] Sometimes, the comma splice is avoided by using a semicolon instead: \"I came; I saw; I conquered\".[9]", "Infinitive Here the infinitival clause to get married is contained within the finite dependent clause that Brett Favre is going to get married; this in turn is contained within another infinitival clause, which is contained in the finite independent clause (the whole sentence).", "English conditional sentences The apodosis, expressing the consequence of the stated condition, is generally the main clause of the sentence. Depending on the sentence type, it may be a statement, question, or order. It may appear before or after the condition clause:", "English compound A compound modifier is a sequence of modifiers of a noun that function as a single unit. It consists of two or more words (adjectives, gerunds, or nouns) of which the left-hand component modifies the right-hand one, as in \"the dark-green dress\": dark modifies the green that modifies dress.", "Clause The main clause encompasses the entire tree each time, whereas the embedded clause is contained within the main clause. These two embedded clauses are arguments. The embedded wh-clause what we want is the object argument of the predicate know. The embedded clause that he is gaining is the subject argument of the predicate is motivating. Both of these argument clauses are directly dependent on the main verb of the matrix clause. The following trees identify adjunct clauses using an arrow dependency edge:", "English conditional sentences In English conditional sentences, the condition clause (protasis) is a dependent clause, most commonly introduced by the conjunction if. Other conjunctions or equivalent expressions may also be used, such as unless (meaning \"if...not\"), provided (that), providing (that) and as long as. Certain condition clauses can also be formulated using inversion without any conjunction; see § Inversion in condition clauses below.", "Semicolon The semicolon or semi colon[1] (;) is a punctuation mark that separates major sentence elements. A semicolon can be used between two closely related independent clauses, provided they are not already joined by a coordinating conjunction. Semicolons can also be used in place of commas to separate items in a list, particularly when the elements of that list contain commas.[2]", "Comma In the following sentences, where the second half of the sentence is not an independent clause (because it does not contain an explicit subject), those guides prescribe that the comma be omitted:", "Conjunction (grammar) People associate this mistaken belief with their early school days. One conjecture is that it results from young children being taught to avoid simple sentences starting with and and encouraged to use more complex structures with subordinating conjunctions.[10] In the words of Bryan A. Garner, the \"widespread belief ... that it is an error to begin a sentence with a conjunction such as and, but, or so\" has \"no historical or grammatical foundation\",[14] and good writers have frequently started sentences with conjunctions.[15]", "Nonfinite verb The second sentence shows the following dependency structure:", "English compound English syntax distinguishes between phrasal verbs and adverbial adjuncts. Consider the following sentences:", "Conjunction (grammar) Coordinating conjunctions, also called coordinators, are conjunctions that join, or coordinate, two or more items (such as words, main clauses, or sentences) of equal syntactic importance. In English, the mnemonic acronym FANBOYS can be used to remember the coordinators for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.[4] These are not the only coordinating conjunctions; various others are used, including[5]:ch. 9[6]:p. 171 \"and nor\" (British), \"but nor\" (British), \"or nor\" (British), \"neither\" (\"They don't gamble; neither do they smoke\"), \"no more\" (\"They don't gamble; no more do they smoke\"), and \"only\" (\"I would go, only I don't have time\"). Types of coordinating conjunctions include cumulative conjunctions, adversative conjunctions, alternative conjunctions, and illative conjunctions.[7]", "Conjunction (grammar) Complementizers can be considered to be special subordinating conjunctions that introduce complement clauses: e.g. \"I wonder whether he'll be late. I hope that he'll be on time\". Some subordinating conjunctions (until and while), when used to introduce a phrase instead of a full clause, become prepositions with identical meanings.", "English grammar In this structure:", "English conditional sentences The first of these sentences is a basic zero conditional with both clauses in the present tense. The fourth is an example of the use of will in a condition clause[1] (for more such cases, see below). The use of verb tenses, moods and aspects in the parts of such sentences follows general principles, as described in Uses of English verb forms.", "English grammar Conjunctions express a variety of logical relations between items, phrases, clauses and sentences.[29] The principal coordinating conjunctions in English are and, or, and but, as well as nor, so, yet, and for. These can be used in many grammatical contexts to link two or more items of equal grammatical status,[29] for example:", "Phrase There are two established and competing principles for constructing trees; they produce 'constituency' and 'dependency' trees and both are illustrated here using an example sentence. The constituency-based tree is on the left and the dependency-based tree is on the right:", "Complement (linguistics) Separation: “The higher the main verb is on the binding scale, the less likely it is that a subordinating morpheme would separate the complement clause from the main clause.”[3] (Quoted from Givón)", "Phrase By linguistic analysis this is a group of words that qualifies as a phrase, and the head-word gives its syntactic name, \"subordinator\", to the grammatical category of the entire phrase. But this phrase, \"before that happened\", is more commonly classified in other grammars, including traditional English grammars, as a subordinate clause (or dependent clause); and it is then labelled not as a phrase, but as a clause.", "English grammar Subordinating conjunctions make relations between clauses, making the clause in which they appear into a subordinate clause.[31] Some common subordinating conjunctions in English are:", "English grammar Words combine to form phrases. A phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class.[3] For example, my very good friend Peter is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun, and is therefore called a noun phrase. Similarly, adjective phrases and adverb phrases function as if they were adjectives or adverbs, but with other types of phrases the terminology has different implications. For example, a verb phrase consists of a verb together with any objects and other dependents; a prepositional phrase consists of a preposition together with its complement (and is therefore usually a type of adverb phrase); and a determiner phrase is a type of noun phrase containing a determiner.", "Phrase Many theories of syntax and grammar illustrate sentence structure using phrase 'trees', which provide schematics of how the words in a sentence are grouped and relate to each other. Trees show the words, phrases, and, at times, clauses that make up sentences.[2] Any word combination that corresponds to a complete subtree can be seen as a phrase.", "Clause Adjunct clauses are embedded clauses that modify an entire predicate-argument structure. All clause types (SV-, verb first, wh-) can function as adjuncts, although the stereotypical adjunct clause is SV and introduced by a subordinator (i.e. subordinate conjunction, e.g. after, because, before, when, etc.), e.g.", "Sentence (law) In law, a sentence forms the final explicit act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function. The sentence can generally involve a decree of imprisonment, a fine and/or other punishments against a defendant convicted of a crime. Those imprisoned for multiple crimes will serve a consecutive sentence (in which the period of imprisonment equals the sum of all the sentences served sequentially, or one after the next), a concurrent sentence (in which the period of imprisonment equals the length of the longest sentence where the sentences are all served together at the same time), or somewhere in between, sometimes subject to a cap. Additional sentences include: Intermediate or those served on the weekend (usually Fri-Sun), Determinate or a specific set amount of time (90 days) or Indeterminate which are those that have a minimum and maximum time (90 to 120 days). If a sentence gets reduced to a less harsh punishment, then the sentence is said to have been \"mitigated\" or \"commuted\". Rarely (depending on circumstances) murder charges are \"mitigated\" and reduced to manslaughter charges. However, in certain legal systems, a defendant may be punished beyond the terms of the sentence, e.g. social stigma, loss of governmental benefits, or, collectively, the collateral consequences of criminal charges.", "Clause Most verb first clauses are main clauses. Verb first conditional clauses, however, must be classified as embedded clauses because they cannot stand alone.", "Conditional mood The conditional mood is generally found in the independent clause (apodosis) of a conditional sentence, namely the clause that expresses the result of the condition, rather than the dependent clause (protasis) expressing the condition. The protasis will often use a different verb form, depending on the grammatical rules of the language in question, such as a past tense form or the subjunctive mood. This is exemplified by the English sentence \"If you loved me you would support me\" â€“ here the conditional would support appears in the apodosis, while the protasis (the condition clause) uses instead the simple past form loved.", "Dangling modifier As an adjunct, a modifier clause is normally at the beginning or the end of a sentence, and usually attached to the subject of the main clause, as in \"Walking down the street (clause), the man (subject) saw the beautiful trees (object).\" However, when the subject is missing or the clause attaches itself to another object in a sentence, the clause is seemingly \"hanging\" on nothing or on an entirely inappropriate noun. It thus \"dangles\", as in these sentences:", "Comma In some languages, such as German and Polish, stricter rules apply on comma usage between clauses, with dependent clauses always being set off with commas, and commas being generally proscribed before certain coordinating conjunctions.", "English subjunctive The first if clause contains a simple past indicative, referring to past time (it is not known whether or not the circumstance in fact took place). The second, however, expresses a counterfactual circumstance connected with the present, and therefore contains (or should contain) a past subjunctive.[citation needed]", "Sentence (law) Sentences are variously classified depending on", "English compound Generally, a compound modifier is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound modifier from two adjacent modifiers that modify the noun independently. Compare the following examples:", "Conjunction (grammar) A simple literary example of a conjunction: \"the truth of nature, and the power of giving interest\". (Samuel Taylor Coleridge's Biographia Literaria)[1]", "Conjunction (grammar) In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, or clauses that are called the conjuncts of the conjoining construction. The term discourse marker is mostly used for conjunctions joining sentences. This definition may overlap with that of other parts of speech, so what constitutes a \"conjunction\" must be defined for each language. In general, a conjunction is an invariable grammatical particle and it may or may not stand between the items in a conjunction.", "Conjunction (grammar) It is now generally agreed that a sentence may begin with a coordinating conjunction like and,[10] but,[11] or yet.[12] However, there has been a mistaken belief in some sort of prohibition, or what Follett's Modern American Usage called a \"supposed rule without foundation\" and a \"prejudice [that] lingers from a bygone time\" that English sentences should not start with conjunctions.[13]", "Nonfinite verb The third sentence has the following dependency structure:", "Part of speech Conjunction (connects)", "Conjunction (grammar) In many verb-final languages, subordinate clauses must precede the main clause on which they depend. The equivalents to the subordinating conjunctions of non-verb-final languages such as English are either", "Split infinitive Compound split infinitives, i.e., infinitives split by more than one word, usually involve a pair of adverbs or a multi-word adverbial:", "This Is the House That Jack Built Each sentence in the story is an example of an increasingly deeply nested relative clause. The last version, \"This is the horse...\", would be quite difficult to untangle if the previous ones were not present. See the Noun Phrase for more details about postmodification of the noun phrase in this manner.", "Complement (linguistics) In linguistics, an adjunct is an optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a sentence, clause, or phrase that, when removed, will not affect the remainder of the sentence except to discard from it some auxiliary information.[1] A more detailed definition of the adjunct emphasizes its attribute as a modifying form, word, or phrase that depends on another form, word, or phrase, being an element of clause structure with adverbial function.[2] An adjunct is not an argument (nor is it a predicative expression), and an argument is not an adjunct. The argument-adjunct distinction is central in most theories of syntax and semantics. The terminology used to denote arguments and adjuncts can vary depending on the theory at hand. Some dependency grammars, for instance, employ the term circonstant (instead of adjunct), following TesniÃ¨re (1959).", "Clause These two embedded clauses are adjunct clauses because they provide circumstantial information that modifies a superordinate expression. The first is a dependent of the main verb of the matrix clause and the second is a dependent of the object noun. The arrow dependency edges identify them as adjuncts. The arrow points away from the adjunct towards it governor to indicate that semantic selection is running counter to the direction of the syntactic dependency; the adjunct is selecting its governor. The next four trees illustrate the distinction mentioned above between matrix wh-clauses and embedded wh-clauses", "German sentence structure A subordinate clause (Nebensatz) is always incorporated in a main clause (or another subordinate clause). Any part of the main clause can be replaced by it, but some conjugated verb must remain. However, subclauses are generally moved to the end of the sentence if it can be done without inconvenience and they do not take the first place because of importance. As for word order, it differs in two things only from a main clause:", "English conditional sentences If only one of the two clauses has past reference, a mixed conditional pattern (see below) is used.", "Clause An embedded clause can also function as a predicative expression. That is, it can form (part of) the predicate of a greater clause.", "Uses of English verb forms The first verb in such a combination is the finite verb, the remainder are nonfinite (although constructions in which even the leading verb is nonfinite are also possible – see § Perfect and progressive nonfinite constructions below). Such combinations are sometimes called compound verbs; more technically they may be called verb catenae, since they are not generally strict grammatical constituents of the clause. As the last example shows, the words making up these combinations do not always remain consecutive.", "English conditional sentences The use of present tense in dependent clauses with future time reference is not confined to condition clauses; it also occurs in various temporal and relative clauses (as soon as he arrives; take the first train that comes; etc.), as described under Uses of English verb forms § Dependent clauses.", "German sentence structure An adverbial clause begins with a conjunction, defining its relation to the verb or nominal phrase described.", "Clause Another type of construction that some schools of syntax and grammar view as non-finite clauses is the so-called small clause. A typical small clause consists of a noun phrase and a predicative expression,[6] e.g.", "Structural approach b) Three-part patterns e.g: He is reading (He / is / reading )", "Topic sentence The first part of this paragraph addresses Kubler and Kessler; the second part will obviously address another opinion. The topic sentence is underlined, to show the pivot point in the paragraph. Pivot topic sentences will always have some clue word, such as \"yet,\" \"sometimes,\" or \"however.\"[11]", "Structural approach c) Imperative sentence ( imply compliance) subject remains hidden. e.g.: (Pinky) Come here , Close the door , Bring your book etc.", "Nonfinite verb For an overview of dependency grammar structure in modern linguistic analysis, three example sentences are shown. The first sentence, The proposal has been intensively examined, is described as follows." ]	[ "Sentence clause structure A simple sentence consists of only one clause. A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. A complex sentence has at least one independent clause plus at least one dependent clause.[1] A set of words with no independent clause may be an incomplete sentence, also called a sentence fragment." ]
test3016	when do dwight and angela start dating again	[ "doc103403" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1304764", "doc103403", "doc1304761", "doc103405", "doc1688029", "doc632232", "doc103419", "doc1304768", "doc103421", "doc103408", "doc1334314", "doc1304763", "doc103417", "doc761036", "doc103427", "doc2603016", "doc103406", "doc103429", "doc103411", "doc103422", "doc1304782", "doc103447", "doc1304765", "doc47471", "doc103436", "doc103438", "doc103428", "doc103394", "doc1304786", "doc103441", "doc1304762", "doc67420", "doc1304738", "doc103409", "doc67416", "doc1304767", "doc67430", "doc67418", "doc1179547", "doc103433", "doc103404", "doc1061012", "doc103407", "doc103450", "doc229634", "doc632249", "doc1179551", "doc103448", "doc103440", "doc1632913", "doc1239222", "doc103420", "doc490696", "doc632247", "doc2603013", "doc103439", "doc103424", "doc103445", "doc1549869", "doc109235", "doc632244", "doc1070795", "doc1179554", "doc103415", "doc1367374", "doc47474", "doc1367386", "doc109225", "doc1304766", "doc1334312", "doc1179563", "doc1189382", "doc103442", "doc519136", "doc265731", "doc103412", "doc103413", "doc103418", "doc103426", "doc67422", "doc632251", "doc1367381", "doc1189377", "doc632231", "doc199593", "doc199590", "doc265734", "doc96754", "doc47478", "doc1539749", "doc103449", "doc199589", "doc490697", "doc1304776", "doc123416", "doc998367", "doc1723420", "doc242232", "doc1179548", "doc394359" ]	[ "Dwight Schrute In the fifth season premiere, \"Weight Loss\", Dwight and Angela have resumed a covert relationship, using a storage room in the warehouse to have sex. In \"Crime Aid\", Andy and Angela set a date for their wedding. After some advice from Phyllis, Dwight gives Angela an ultimatum: call off the engagement, or he will no longer be with her. She chooses to marry Andy. When Andy learns about Angela's affair with Dwight, a duel between Dwight and Andy takes place, but both realize that Angela has been lying to them, and break up with her. For quite some time afterwards, Dwight and Angela avoid each other.", "Angela Martin Dwight is the only person that Angela likes in the office. It is shown in \"E-mail Surveillance\" that Dwight and Angela have begun a romantic relationship. Although she has said she loves Dwight and cares about him, she refuses to tell anyone about their relationship, and is often made uncomfortable by Dwight's passion for her. Their relationship is seemingly summarized in \"A.A.R.M.\": when Dwight tells her that yelling through a megaphone expresses \"how loudly I love you\", Angela meekly whispers \"It's too loud.\" In \"Traveling Salesman\" Angela forgets to send an accounting folder to corporate, so Dwight drives to New York and gives the folder to them. After Dwight is told he would be fired if he didn't tell Michael why he went to New York, he keeps their relationship secret out of respect for Angela. Angela later tells Michael what happened, but still doesn't reveal their relationship. In \"Fun Run\" Angela asks Dwight to feed her cat Sprinkles, who is feeling sick, but Dwight kills it, which causes Angela to break up with him. After Angela begins a relationship with Andy in Season 4, she stops dating Dwight, but at the end of \"Goodbye Toby\" Phyllis sees Angela cheating on Andy with Dwight. Dwight ends their affair in \"The Duel\" after learning that she has been having sexual relations with Andy. In \"The Delivery\" Dwight, who wants to improve his sales by having a child, asks Angela to have his baby. The two write up a contract and plan to have a baby together, but in \"Happy Hour\", Dwight hooks up with Pam's friend Isabel, and tells Angela he doesn't want her to have his baby. In \"The Chump\" the two call in a lawyer, and Angela refuses to release him from the contract unless he agrees to have sex with her five times. She later voids the contract after meeting Senator Robert Lipton. After she gives birth (Jury Duty), Dwight realizes the baby was conceived before her marriage to Robert and makes the assumption that he, not Robert, is the father. Angela and Dwight go through a paternity test and in \"New Guys\" it is revealed that Dwight is not Philip's father. In \"A.A.R.M.\" Dwight proposes to Angela, and she accepts. She then tells Dwight that she lied before and Dwight is Philip's father. Angela tells him that she wanted to make sure that Dwight wanted to marry her for no other reason than for love.[1]", "Dwight Schrute Towards the middle of season 2, Dwight develops a secret relationship with Angela Martin. Pam begins to suspect a relationship between the two, in \"E-mail Surveillance\", by observing their interactions, suspicions which are strengthened in \"The Injury\" and \"Conflict Resolution\", and confirmed by \"Traveling Salesmen\", where Angela confides in Pam about her relationship, using code names.[1] In \"Michael's Birthday\", Ryan discovers the relationship between the two when he overhears a coded conversation between them in the kitchen, while in \"The Negotiation\" Jim discovers the relationship while coming out of the office bathroom after quitting time, to find Dwight and Angela kissing (he then tells the documentary crew that, with his silence, the debt he feels to Dwight is repaid).[23]", "Angela Martin Angela was in a relationship with Andy throughout Season 4 and carrying on into Season 5. Initially, she dates him on the rebound after a break-up with her boyfriend of two years (Dwight). Scenes imply however that she was beginning to genuinely like him more and more, such as in \"Did I Stutter\" when Dwight watches the two of them in the break room playing Mad Libs together and laughing. Despite being surprised and shocked by Andy's sudden proposal in \"Goodbye Toby\", she accepts, and the two are engaged until it comes to a dissolution in \"The Duel\" when Andy learns she had been having an affair with Dwight.", "Local Ad Dwight has also reluctantly become Andy's confidante regarding his relationship with Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey), Dwight's former girlfriend. Dwight's spirits are lifted when he learns that, during a makeout session with Andy, Angela cried, \"Oh, D!\". Though, Andy is oblivious to the fact that Angela was referring to Dwight.", "Andy Bernard In the fourth season, Andy begins a relationship with accountant Angela Martin, who half-heartedly began dating him on the rebound, after she had broken up with Dwight Schrute (whose relationship with her had been unknown to the majority of the staff).[17] After dating for about seven months, Andy proposes to Angela, during Toby Flenderson's farewell party, and she solemnly accepts.[18] However, during their engagement, she resumes her affair with Dwight. Andy endures tremendous effort in order to prepare Angela's dream wedding. Upon learning about the affair, both he and Dwight break up with her, and Andy is initially crushed.[19] When Andy is leaving the office for good after he quits to seek fame, Angela tries to talk him out of it; Andy wrongly assumes she regrets ending their relationship, and says he does think about her often, but Angela is able to choke back her disgust and she and Andy part ways with a hug.", "Angela Martin In the episode \"Fun Run\", Dwight and Angela's relationship hits a snag when Dwight euthanizes Sprinkles, Angela's old and sickly pet cat. Dwight thought Sprinkles had died after he'd expertly administered it with a lethal dose of Benadryl, and so put the cat in the freezer to cover the smell; however, Angela was horrified to find that Sprinkles had only died when frozen. Angela is especially bothered by this because, \"cat heaven is a beautiful place, but you don't get there if you're euthanized\". In the next episode, \"Dunder Mifflin Infinity\", Angela breaks up with Dwight because \"every time {she looks} into his eyes, {she sees} Sprinkles's cold, lifeless body\". In \"Launch Party\", Angela prepares a party for the launch of the company website. On the day of the launch, Dwight attempts to woo her back by competing (and winning) against the website to sell more reams of paper than the other, but Angela refuses to consider it. Michael, in a bid for vengeance against a perceived slight by Ryan, orders Angela, with one hour left before the party begins, to implement his over-the-top ideas for decorations and catering. She is unable to do so partly due to not having enough time and partly due to Phyllis taking a stand against her harsher than usual criticism and refusing to help. In the meantime Andy tries to win Angela's affection; although initially unsuccessful (to Dwight's relief), a last-minute performance of \"Take a Chance on Me\" produces a partly suppressed smile from her. In the episode \"Money\", Angela decides to go out with Andy after he gives her a cat as a present (actually a stray that Dwight had tried unsuccessfully to give her as a reconciliation gift), giving him instructions on taking her to dinner that included \"no seafood places\". In the following episodes, they have apparently been seeing each other, but it is implied that Angela still harbors feelings for Dwight, as Andy reports in \"Local Ad\" that she cried out \"Oh, D!\" when he kissed her, and Dwight recognizes this as her nickname for him (though Andy thinks it means \"Dee\" as in \"An-Dee\").", "Dwight Schrute In season 9, they become close again first when Dwight finds out that Robert is cheating on Angela with Oscar, and later in \"Moving On\" when Angela helps him take care of his elderly aunt. They share a kiss, but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband. After inheriting his aunt's beet farm, Dwight starts a relationship with neighboring brusselsprout farmer Esther Bruegger (Nora Kirkpatrick). When Dwight seems to be getting serious with Esther and the Senator has publicly dumped Angela, Angela breaks down and admits to Oscar Martinez that she still loves Dwight. On the day that he intends to ask Esther to marry him, Dwight instead proposes to Angela. She says yes, finally admitting that he is the father of her son Phillip. (\"A.A.R.M.\")", "Angela Martin In \"Goodbye, Toby\", at Toby's outdoor leaving party, Angela reluctantly accepts Andy's proposal of marriage, after he asks her in front of everyone, including his own parents. At the very end of the episode, however, Phyllis is taking some of the party supplies back to the office and walks in on Angela mid-intercourse with Dwight. The episode ended on Angela and Dwight's reaction to Phyllis' walking in.[5]", "Angela Martin Angela meets Robert Lipton, who's with his son, at Dwight's hay festival. They get along well, and at the end of the day, he asks for her number. It's later revealed that they've started dating and also that Robert is a state senator. There are strong hints throughout the rest of the season that he's gay, which almost everyone eventually notices. Angela remains oblivious however. In the season 7 finale, he proposes to her and they're officially engaged (marking her second engagement on the show). It was confirmed by Angela Kinsey at the NBC Press Tour that she and Robert will have gotten married over the summer. In the season 8 premiere, it is revealed that Angela and Robert are married and she is pregnant.", "Dunder Mifflin Infinity Meanwhile, Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) are exposed as a couple when Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) circulates a memo about public displays of affection. Jim secretly informs Pam that Dwight and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) are dating, only to discover that she already knew. Meanwhile, Dwight attempts to make amends for the death of Angela's cat Sprinkles by giving her a stray cat he found in his barn, named Garbage. Angela rejects the gift. Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling) tries to restart her relationship with Ryan, an effort he ignores until she tells him she is pregnant. After going out to dinner, Ryan learns that Kelly's pregnancy claim was a lie that Kelly used in attempt to get them back together. Back at the office, Ryan asks Pam to create a logo for Dunder Mifflin Infinity. Pam is excited about the opportunity to use her art background, but Ryan uses the logo as an excuse to ask her out, which he does in front of Jim. Pam responds that she is dating Jim, which leaves the new boss thoroughly embarrassed.", "Dwight Schrute In the fourth season finale \"Goodbye, Toby\", Dwight is obviously hurt when Angela's boyfriend, Andy, proposes to her. However, in the final scene of the episode, Phyllis catches Dwight having sex with Angela in the office.[26]", "Angela Martin Her refusal to allow Dwight to publicize their relationship prevented him from exonerating himself against suspicion of disloyalty and forced his resignation. Dwight returns to Dunder Mifflin after she clears his name while preserving the secrecy of their relationship (she tells Michael that Dwight bailed her out, but does not correct Michael's clueless assertion that Dwight helped her \"as a random co-worker\").", "The Negotiation Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) interviews people from the office repeatedly to hear the tale of Dwight's heroics. Believing themselves to be alone at the end of the day, the two kiss passionately. Jim sees them and decides that keeping their relationship secret will be his gift to Dwight to make things \"even\". Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) returns from anger management, and Dwight, unprovoked, subdues him with pepper spray. Toby confiscates the rest of Dwight's arsenal, previously hidden in various locations in the office.", "Angela Martin In \"The Surplus\", Dwight escorts Angela and Andy to Schrute Farms to plan details of the wedding. In a supposed mock ceremony, Dwight stands in for Andy as a Mennonite, German-speaking minister completes the vows. Angela begins to admit she has made a mistake and seems to reconcile with Dwight, however he announces they have actually married. She is angered at his deception and storms off. At the office, she passionately kisses Andy in front of the staff and leaves to \"take care of a legal matter\", implying she will have the marriage annulled.", "The Chump Meanwhile, Dwight and Angela are working out the baby contract they signed a few months earlier. Instead of going to court, they have asked a mediator to sort out the issues. After pushing through the contract line for line, the mediator determines that the contract is solid but unenforceable. Instead, Angela could sue Dwight for damages up to $30,000 for breach of contract. Knowing that Dwight could never pay her damages, she offers him a \"settlement\": five separate sessions of intercourse. He accepts. Later, Dwight carries out various methods to try to sterilize himself before the first \"session\", such as holding his crotch near a running microwave, dropping books on it, and beating it with drumsticks.", "Angela Martin She's later shown to be in a state of depression, and at times openly regrets dating both men. On \"Secretary's Day\" in Season 6, Andy's new girlfriend Erin finds out about the two's relationship, and publicly demeans Angela in the conference room. Angela has a brief conversation with Erin shortly afterward, where she expresses her humiliation and reminds Erin that she wants to forget the memories of dating him. Andy has rarely talked to Angela or expressed any opinions about her in subsequent episodes. When he quits his job to pursue his dreams of stardom near the series' end, Angela (informed by her own life upheavals) talks to him about not letting pride ruin his life. While Andy assumes she is talking about how their relationship ended and says that is something he does reflect on sometimes, Angela fights through her lingering disgust that she was ever with him and finally tells him, mutedly but sincerely, that she wishes him good luck. Andy is part of Dwight's bachelor party and attends the wedding of his old co-workers.", "Angela Martin However, the truth is eventually revealed in \"The Duel\", when Michael decides to take the matter into his own hands, much to the objection of the staff by telling Andy the news. Devastated, Andy confronts Angela who tries to squirm her way out of the confrontation before admitting to the affair. This only sparks a duel between Andy and Dwight which seems to arouse Angela because of two men fighting over her. But that is short-lived when Andy tells Dwight that he slept with her twice in comparison to how many times Dwight has slept with her. Initially, Angela said that she only slept with Dwight. The two men break up with Angela with Andy making preparations to cancel the wedding and Dwight throwing out the bobblehead doll purchased for him as a gift by Angela. This all happens before her eyes, and a dejected expression appears on her face.", "Angela Martin Angela refuses to accept the \"Tight Ass\" award at the 8th Annual Dundie Awards. When she sees Kelly give Dwight (her secret love interest) a small kiss in the episode \"Christmas Party\", she gets angry and throws Christmas ornaments outside the building. Though she is a constant source of complaints to Human Resources (she and Oscar Martinez fight over her poster of babies playing instruments, which she got from Toby Flenderson for Christmas), she redacts those lodged against Dwight at the onset of their secret romance. It is hinted during \"Drug Testing\" that she does not take birth control, in accordance to her Christian beliefs. This revelation is to the relief of Dwight implying that they are having sex. She has a bobblehead doll made in Dwight's likeness as a Valentine's Day gift, and receives a key to his house in return. Angela hints that she has a crush on Pam's fiancé Roy (Webisodes: The Accountants, \"Someone in the Warehouse\") and admits that she would choose Roy over Jim if pressed on the matter (\"The Secret\").[3]", "Angela Martin In \"Weight Loss\", Andy continually pesters Angela with ideas for their wedding. Most of his proposals are outlandish and expensive, and Angela continues to treat him and his ideas with contempt. She pages Dwight, and they meet in the Dunder Mifflin warehouse to have sex. This seems to be a habit, but later in the episode Andy tells Angela he doesn't care where they marry so long as they're together. This moves Angela enough not to cheat on him with Dwight who is left waiting alone on this one occasion but it doesn't last, as Andy continues to irritate Angela about his college friends coming to stay with them for three weeks to perform at the wedding. Angela tells Andy they'll talk about it later and rushes to page and subsequently hook up with Dwight downstairs.", "Dwight Schrute As a result of the Scranton-Stamford merger, Dwight loses his number two position to Jim and engages in an ongoing battle with new salesman Andy Bernard, to gain Michael's favor for \"third-in-command\". The struggle comes to a climax in \"Traveling Salesmen\".[1] In Season 4, Andy and Dwight are shown to work well together as a sales team, but Andy's successful pursuit of Angela, after she broke up with Dwight, was irritating to him. When Andy gets engaged to Angela, Dwight is greatly upset by this, and embarks on an affair with her. This affair culminates in a short-lived fight between Andy and Dwight, when they discover Angela has lied to both of them, about not having had sex with the other. In \"Michael Scott Paper Company,\" they once again find themselves courting the same woman â€“ Erin Hannon. However, by the end of the fifth season, Andy and Dwight become friends, and discover they both share a mutual interest in music and hunting.[31]", "Angela Martin In \"Moving On (The Office)\", Angela and Dwight become close after she helps him take care of his elderly aunt. They share a kiss but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband.", "Dwight Schrute In the season 6 episode \"The Delivery\", Dwight, witnessing Jim and Pam talk to customers about their unborn child, decides that he wants a child, and asks Angela to be the mother. They sign an elaborate contract, including eating guidelines for Angela to follow when she is pregnant, and how the baby will be raised. While Angela is excited by the reconciliation, Dwight doesn't share her romantic feelings. When Dwight develops an interest in Pam's friend Isabel, he tells Angela to forget about the contract; this infuriates Angela and she sues him in small-claims court. When an arbitrator tells them that the contract is valid and would involve a $30,000 settlement (because it would be illegal to force Dwight and Angela to procreate), Dwight cuts a deal with Angela for five sessions of sex. He then proceeds to abuse his genitals in an effort to sterilize himself, and fends off Angela's efforts to be romantic.", "The Return (The Office) When Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) finally reveals to Michael that she was the cause of Dwight's secret visit to Corporate, Michael realizes his error in forcing Dwight out and goes to Staples to ask him to return to Dunder Mifflin. Angela was worried that Michael would realize the two were involved in a romantic relationship, but Michael believes that Dwight saved Angela out of loyalty to the company. Dwight returns to the office and, much to his delight, thinks Oscar's welcome party is actually meant for him.", "Angela Martin In \"The Delivery\", Angela and Dwight make a contract to have a baby, a prospect which brings visible joy to Angela. She makes several attempts to strike up conversations with Dwight while negotiating the contract, indicating that Angela sees the contract as her opportunity to reconcile with Dwight, but she either doesn't notice or ignores Dwight's clear unease after he signs the contract. However, in \"Happy Hour\", Dwight makes clear both his interest in Pam's friend Isabel Poreba and his decision to nix his deal with Angela. Angela is angry and appears with a court summons ordering Dwight to honor the contract, but he is unmoved and ends up making out with Isabel, while Angela yells she will see him in small claims court.", "Angela Martin In \"The Chump\", Dwight and Angela call upon a mediator to settle their contract. The mediator determines that the otherwise 'solid' contract is ultimately unenforceable, since you can't force two people to have sex and make a baby. Instead, Angela could sue Dwight for damages up to thirty thousand dollars for breach of contract. Knowing that Dwight would never want to pay her damages, she offers him a 'settlement'; five separate sessions of intercourse instead. He accepts, gloating that \"thirty thousand for sex isn't bad at all\". Later, Dwight is seen carrying out various methods to try to sterilize himself before the first 'session'. The episode ends with the two returning to the secret location in the warehouse to have sex. The pair don't notice, however, that Jim and Pam are nearby attempting to take a nap and they can hear everything that is happening.", "Angela Martin In \"Moroccan Christmas\", Phyllis continues her torment of Angela, going as far to force Angela to discard her personal nativity scene and the Christmas tree as they don't fit in with the theme. When she learns that she's eating food served during Ramadan, she immediately spits it out. When Angela finally revolts because she believes Phyllis will never reveal her secret, Phyllis stuns the entire staff by revealing the Dwight-Angela affair. Angela is visibly humiliated and upset (while Dwight is actually amused), and asks Andy (who was out of the room at the announcement) to take her home.", "Angela Martin She was mainly seen as a minor character in the first two seasons but since starting her relationship with Dwight her character has been explored numerous times and has been so further since their break-up in Fun Run. Throughout season 3 and carrying on into season 4, Angela essentially became the second lead female of the show, after Pam Beesly.", "Dwight Schrute A subtle running joke throughout the series is Dwight's surprising success with attractive women, with Michael often failing to \"hook up\" at the same time. Despite Dwight's unusual appearance and mannerisms, he manages to attract women, who usually develop stronger feelings for him than vice versa. Michael has even pointed out how socially weird Dwight is acting, only for the woman to brush it off. In \"Night Out\", Dwight hooks up with a women's basketball player, while Michael fails in his attempts with other women. As Michael and Dwight leave the club, the woman calls out for Dwight to call her, which he says to Michael that he will not do. In \"Niagara\", Michael and Dwight compete for the attention of Pam's best friend, Isabel. When Dwight starts talking about his farm, Michael tries to explain that no one can connect with his experiences as farmer, only for Isabel to become interested in Dwight's horses. Dwight ultimately manages to have sex with her, and she begins to develop deeper feelings for him which he does not return, although it is finally hinted in \"The Delivery\" that Dwight might have more intimate feelings for her than he originally let on. They meet again at the bar in \"Happy Hour\", and bond further, kissing at the end of the episode. In a chat at OfficeTally.com, Mindy Kaling noted that Dwight is not a typical \"nerd\" character, that he is a \"farmer and kind of strapping and tall\", and it generally makes sense that he does well with the opposite sex. In season 9, he begins to date an attractive neighboring farmer named Esther (Nora Kirkpatrick). He ultimately ends his relationship with her in \"A.A.R.M.\". In the final episode, Dwight marries Angela Martin.", "Angela Martin In \"WUPHF.com\", Dwight's hay festival distracts him from fulfilling a request for sex from Angela (per their contract). Angela's at her most irritated when she meets a charming, friendly single father named Robert Lipton whom she actually finds herself smiling at and enjoying the company. When Angela learns the man is a widower, she makes it clear he's welcome to call her. When Dwight is done with the festival, he arrives at his and Angela's warehouse rendezvous point only to see that Angela has stamped their procreation contract VOID.", "Dwight Schrute In the episode \"Fun Run\", Angela asks Dwight to care for her sick cat, Sprinkles. Instead of caring for the feline, Dwight feels he should kill it as a waste of resources, and then tells Angela Sprinkles was dead when he arrived.[24] When he lets the truth slip out shortly after, Angela terminates their relationship. Jim, on a visit to Dwight's beet farm, finds Dwight sitting alone at night, contemplating Angela's cherub figurine and moaning in anguish.[19]", "The Office (U.S. TV series) Karen has left the Scranton branch after her breakup with Jim, and becomes regional manager at the Utica branch.[73][74] A self-employed Jan moves herself and her candle business in with Michael, until the dissolution of their relationship midway through the season. After Dwight's crude (though well-intentioned) method of euthanasia of Angela's ailing cat without her permission,[75] she leaves him for Andy, leading Dwight into depression. Ryan, in his new corporate life in New York City, attempts to modernize Dunder Mifflin with a new website for online sales; he also learns that his boss, David Wallace, favors Jim, and thus Ryan attempts to sabotage Jim's career. Ryan is soon arrested and fired for committing fraud related to the website's sales numbers. Toby, embarrassed after accidentally revealing affection for Pam and resting his hand on her leg, announces he is moving to Costa Rica, and is replaced by Holly Flax, who quickly shows fondness towards Michael. In Holly's first full episode, she is led to believe, by Dwight, that Kevin is suffering from some sort of intellectual disability. Pam decides to follow her artistic interests and attends a three-month graphic design course at the Pratt Institute in New York City. In the season finale Andy proposes to Angela, who reluctantly agrees. Phyllis then catches Dwight and Angela having steamy sex in the office.[76]", "Dwight Schrute Angela Martin (wife, m. 2008, 2014–)\nEsther Bruegger (girlfriend, season 9 ep 18–22)", "Angela Martin Angela tends to be somewhat abrasive towards other office workers, often outright insulting them. In the season 3 premiere, she expresses an open homophobia and dislike for Oscar, who is outed as a homosexual. However, it appears that by \"The Return\" she has decided to overlook her problems with this, helping to plan a party for Oscar's return from vacation. She treats her other accounting colleague, Kevin, with open disdain, although the two are very occasionally seen to show affection for each other, such as in the episode 'Branch Closing', in which they embrace warmly when they learn that the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin is to remain open, or the series 2 episode 'The Injury', in which they are seen smiling and joking together in the background. She has a clear disgust and annoyance with her former boss Michael Scott, often barely able to fathom his ridiculous and time-wasting antics; although she does say she is \"thrilled\" for Michael and Holly's relationship. In a scene during the extended version of Michael's last episode, she refuses to mention any qualities Michael had, other than the fact that he worked in the same office as she did for nineteen years. Angela also shows concern for Stanley after he suffers a heart attack, trying to protect him from Michael's attempts to \"help\" him. She strongly disapproves of office romances, playing a game called \"Pam-Pong\" in which she counts the number of times Jim leaves his desk to talk to Pam (as mentioned above, Angela referred to Pam as the \"office mattress\"). Somewhat mirroring the relationship between Pam and Toby, throughout the first three seasons Angela is shown to have a crush on Pam's fiancÃ©e Roy Anderson, with Roy occasionally showing interest in Angela as well, specifically when asked at one time who in the office he would have sex with besides Pam. During the fifth season, Angela developed a one-sided crush on corporate higher-up Charles Miner. She frequently tried and failed to engage in a relationship with him, often butting heads with Kelly for his affection. It's subtly implied in an online webisode series, \"Blackmail\", that she has or had a clandestine sexual relationship with her church pastor when Creed hands out envelopes containing incriminating information on several of his peers and Meredith opens her envelope and asks \"Who's Pastor Davis?\" prompting Creed to switch the envelopes between Angela and Meredith. After reading the note, Angela appears to be heavily embarrassed.", "The Office (U.S. TV series) Many workers seen in the background of the first season are developed into secondary characters, and romantic relationships begin to develop between some of the characters. Michael spends the night with his boss Jan, in the wake of the latter's divorce, but does not sleep with her.[64] Dwight and Angela become romantically involved,[65] but keep the relationship a secret from everyone else. Kelly develops a crush on Ryan, and they start dating. When Roy sets a date for his wedding to Pam,[66] Jim grows depressed and considers transferring to the Stamford, Connecticut branch, but tells Pam in the season finale that he loves her, even though Pam still insists she will marry Roy. The two kiss, but Jim transfers to the Stamford branch soon after.[67] The general threat of downsizing continues throughout the season as well.", "Dwight Schrute In \"Jury Duty\", it is revealed that, a month before her wedding to the state senator, Robert Lipton, Dwight and Angela had sex, as Robert was not fulfilling Angela's sexual needs, so Dwight believes that he is the baby's biological father.[27] In \"New Guys\", it is revealed that he is not the father.", "The Office (U.S. TV series) Andy, recently returning from Outward Bound manager's training, reverts to his arrogant earlier season personality, abandoning both Erin and the office to travel around the Caribbean with his brother. In his absence, Erin strikes up a romance with new customer service rep Pete, who along with Clark, another new character, replaces Kelly, who left for Ohio with her new husband (Ryan also moves to Ohio for \"unrelated reasons\"). Meanwhile, Jim receives an exciting opportunity from an old college friend, who offers him a job at Athlead, a sports marketing company based in Philadelphia. Darryl also jumps on board, but the distance and dedication to Athlead hurts Jim's relationship with Pam. Angela also must deal with her husband's infidelity with Oscar. She also deals with her lingering attraction to Dwight, who inherits his family's beet farm. Dwight receives more good news when David Wallace handpicks him to be the new manager after Andy quits to pursue an acting career, which quickly ends when he embarrasses himself at an a cappella singing competition that turns into a viral web sensation. Dwight later makes Jim his Assistant to the Regional Manager and the two officially end their grudge. After Jim reconciles with Pam, choosing to stay in Scranton over Philadelphia, Dwight professes his love for Angela, and finally marries her. In the series finale, taking place one year after the release of the documentary, the employees reunite for Dwight and Angela's wedding, for which Michael returns (with help from Jim who was the person Dwight first asked to be his best man) to serve as the best man. Kelly and Ryan run away together, Nellie now lives in Poland and \"adopts\" Ryan's abandoned baby, Erin meets her birth parents, Andy gets a job at Cornell, Stanley retires to Florida, Kevin and Toby are both fired with the former buying a bar and the latter moving to New York City to become an author, Oscar runs for State Senate, Jim and Pam, at her persuasion, move to Austin to open a new branch of Athleap (previously Athlead) with Darryl (Dwight \"fires\" them to give them both severance packages), and Creed is arrested for his many crimes.", "The Office (U.S. TV series) The season starts with a brief flashback to the last episode of season 2, \"Casino Night\", when Jim kissed Pam and confessed his feelings for her. Jim briefly transfers to Stamford branch after Pam confirms her commitment to Roy. Corporate is later forced to merge the Stamford branch and staff into the Scranton branch.[68] Michael takes this merger very seriously. Included in the transfer to Scranton are Karen Filippelli, with whom Jim has developed a relationship, and the anger-prone Andy Bernard. The rest of the Stamford branch are irrelevant considering they all quit within the first few episodes of them being there. Pam is newly single after calling off her marriage and relationship to Roy prior to the merger, and Jim's unresolved feelings for her and new relationship with Karen lead to shifting tensions amongst the three. Meanwhile, Michael and Jan's relationship escalates which causes them both to behave erratically on the job. On the other hand, Dwight and Angela continue their steamy secret relationship. In the season's finale, Jim, Karen, and Michael interview for a corporate position that turns out to be Jan's, who is fired that day for poor performance. Jim wins and rejects the offer off-screen,[69] opting instead to return to Scranton without Karen and ask Pam out on a date, which she joyfully accepts. In the final scene, we learn Ryan has been awarded Jan's job due to his business school credentials.[70]", "The Duel (The Office) \"The Duel\" is the twelfth episode of the fifth season of the American comedy television series The Office, and the show's 84th overall episode. In the episode, Andy learns his fiancee Angela is having an affair with Dwight, and the two challenge each other to a physical fight to win her affections. Meanwhile, Michael travels to New York City for a meeting with David Wallace, where Wallace seeks managerial advice from Michael due to the poor financial condition of the fictional company, Dunder Mifflin.", "Angela Martin In \"Company Picnic\", Dwight's friend, Rolf, constantly insults Angela on her relationship with Dwight, telling her that he does not hear \"Cheaters, Tramps, or Women who break his friends heart,\" after she wants to play in the volleyball game. However, by the end, Dwight defends Angela, indicating that their relationship may be thawing as the season ends.[6]", "Angela Martin Angela generally disapproves of Pam because of \"all the people\" she has dated in the office. She even calls her the \"office mattress\" in \"Dunder Mifflin Infinity\". Pam originally didn't invite Angela to her wedding with Roy because she didn't want anyone who'd called her a \"hussy\" to be at her wedding, and assumes it was Angela who filed a complaint with Toby over her at-work wedding planning (it turned out that it was Jim who did so). Pam is the first to find out about Dwight and Angela's relationship in \"E-mail Surveillance\". In \"The Injury\", when Dwight gets a concussion, Pam notices Angela is upset and comforts her by hinting that Dwight is okay. Their relationship does warm up a little in \"Traveling Salesman\" in which they share some conversation while getting coffee; in a deleted scene, Angela offers Pam her dominant male cat Ash, but after Pam apologetically declines, Angela's chilly behavior returns. In \"Niagara\", Angela's complaints lead Pam to bluntly say Angela does not have to come to the wedding; while Angela does arrive with everyone else, her main success there is an offer to chaperone Pam on the pre-wedding night, leading Pam to give up on going out and return to her room. In \"Costume Contest\", Angela uses a dismissive \"blech\" term regarding Pam. Ironically, both Kinsey and Fischer are close friends in real life.", "Kelly Kapoor Later, in \"The Duel,\" after Angela remarks of her delight that two men are fighting over her, Kelly responds, \"I guess people have fewer choices as they get older.\" In \"Lecture Circuit Part 1\" Dwight finds out from her personal record that she was in juvenile hall for almost two years, the reason being that she stole her boyfriend's dad's boat after he broke up with her. In Blood Drive, when she notices how upset Michael is, she sits with him, until it is closing time. When Michael quits his job, Kelly shows interest in her new boss, Charles, as does Angela. Kelly quickly befriends the new receptionist, Erin.[9] As of the beginning of season six, she is once again dating Ryan.", "Angela Martin Up until Season 5, Angela is the head of the Party Planning Committee along with Phyllis as her assistant. Angela is patronizing and bossy towards Phyllis, who admits that Angela is hard to deal with and that the two have a severe disliking towards one another. In \"Goodbye Toby\", Phyllis catches Angela and Dwight having sex in the back of the office (thus cheating on her fiancÃ© at the time) and uses this to blackmail Angela and make her do what she wants. In \"New Leads\", Michael gives Angela Phyllis' leads, and Angela, in retaliation for all the aggravating tasks she had to endure while under her control, makes her do some accounting work only to shred it later. Phyllis states in \"Conflict Resolution\" that (even though they constantly butt heads), they are close. By the finale, Phyllis and Angela seemed to have resolved their differences. Angela, incapacitated by a foot injury, apologizes for snapping at Phyllis, who then volunteers to carry Angela down the aisle.", "Angela Martin In the series finale, Angela and Dwight marry and it is revealed that Dwight is in fact the father of her son.", "Casino Night During Casino Night, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) wins a game of craps and kisses Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) on the cheek, disregarding their attempts to keep their intimate relationship a secret. She slaps him and walks away, the two quietly enjoying the experience. Jan and Carol share an awkward conversation when they realize Michael has invited them both. Jim tells Jan that he's made a decision about the transfer. After Roy leaves, Jim tells Pam that he is in love with her. After a stunned pause, she states she cannot be with him. He tells her he wants to be more than friends, but she is sorry he \"misinterpreted things.\" Heartbroken, Jim apologizes for misinterpreting their friendship and discreetly wipes a tear from his cheek as he walks away. Jan leaves Michael and Carol, noticeably upset at the night's events, and it is revealed she packed an overnight bag in her car, implying she had planned to spend the night with Michael. Pam returns to the office and talks to her mother over the phone about Jim's statement. Jim enters the room and approaches her as she hastily hangs up. She begins to say something but Jim kisses her, and after hesitating, she returns the kiss, with the two staring at each other in silence.", "Andy Bernard In \"Business Trip\", Andy and Oscar bond over Andy's failed attempt to set Oscar up, drunkenly calling Angela and asking why they haven't consummated their relationship. Andy does admit Angela makes him a \"better man\" during his talks with Oscar, although he fails to hear Dwight in the background of the call. In the morning, Angela pushes him back to first base, although Andy feels better from the closer relationship he's gained with Oscar.[47] Angela and Andy later go on a tour of Schrute Farms in \"The Surplus\", unfortunately for Andy, who continually steps in manure on the grounds of the farm. During a tour of the wedding chapel, Andy portrays Angela's father and Dwight as Andy in a wedding rehearsal that Andy is oblivious to be a real wedding whose marriage license Angela later voids. This forward act by Dwight pushes Angela toward committing toward Andy in the long run.[48]", "The Duel (The Office) Andy (Ed Helms) still has not learned about fiancee Angela's (Angela Kinsey) affair with Dwight (Rainn Wilson), seventeen days after Phyllis (Phyllis Smith) revealed it to everyone else in the Dunder Mifflin office. Michael (Steve Carell) suggests he should inform Andy, but the entire office argues that Angela should be the one to break the news. Jim (John Krasinski) is particularly concerned that Andy's past anger management issues may lead to violence. Dwight tries convincing Angela to tell Andy, but she continues to put it off. This leaves Michael to tell Andy before he leaves for a meeting with David Wallace (Andy Buckley). Michael reveals the affair to Andy while driving out of the parking lot, leaving Andy shocked and dismayed. Angela reluctantly confirms the affair occurred, and Andy realizes everybody else in the office already knew about it.", "Angela Martin Angela becomes jealous when Dwight begins courting his neighbor Esther. (\"Promos\")", "Angela Martin In \"Viewing Party\", she and Dwight agree to have sex during the night as part of their contract. However, Pam and Jim prevent him from going to Angela due to the fact that their baby seems to be attracted to Dwight, so she's left waiting in the back seat of her car, visibly topless when Pam comes out to see her.", "Customer Survey Andy shows Angela (Angela Kinsey) a wedding tent he would like for their wedding. Angela demands that the location meet a series of narrow conditions which she knows only Dwight's farm meets, and Andy assents. At the end of the episode, Dwight accepts the offer to hold their wedding on his farm. Dwight further offers to meet Angela's every need, day or night.", "Moving On (The Office) Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) requests the help of Angela Lipton (Angela Kinsey) in caring for his ailing Aunt Shirley. Angela initially refuses, but gives in when Dwight begins describing her ailments in grotesque detail. At the house, Angela is horrified by Dwight's treatment of his Aunt: he consistently speaks to her in a condescending tone, proposes to cut off her worn-out clothing with a utility knife, and \"bathes\" her by spraying her with a high-pressure water hose like a cow. After subduing Dwight by spraying him with the hose, Angela insists on washing and grooming Shirley in a more dignified manner. Through the process, Dwight and Angela recall their feelings for each other. At the end of the day, they begin kissing, but Angela reminds Dwight that she is married and says she will not leave her husband even though he does not care for her. Dwight admits that he would want that same blind loyalty from her if she were his wife.", "Angela Martin In \"Job Fair\", Angela and Dwight were the only two left in the office after the remaining members of the team took off early as a result of Michael not being in the office. For the rest of the day, the two share an awkward atmosphere which eventually thaws towards the end of the day.", "Traveling Salesmen Krasinski believed \"Traveling Salesmen\" was the first episode to give a real glimpse into Dwight and Angela's relationship, and much of the plot centered on the two. It aired to an estimated 10.2 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research. It was positively received by television critics. Along with \"The Return\", NBC later re-broadcast \"Traveling Salesmen\" as a combined hour-long episode as part of their sweeps week. As a result, both episodes underwent editing which included the addition of four minutes of previously unseen footage.", "Andy Bernard In \"Goodbye, Toby\", Andy proposes to Angela (unbeknownst to him, at the same moment Jim had been preparing to propose to Pam) with a ring that he has carried in his wallet for six years, because \"You never know when you'll meet the right girl\". Angela accepts his proposal with a somewhat irritated \"Okay\"; shortly thereafter, though, she rekindled her intimate relationship with her former lover, Dwight, which is witnessed by Phyllis and the camera crew, who walk in on them making love by her desk.", "The Chump The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael is surprisingly cheerful after learning his girlfriend is married. The new parents, Pam and Jim, have trouble staying awake in the office. Meanwhile, Angela takes matters into her own hands when Dwight refuses to honor their prenatal contract.[1]", "Angela Martin In \"Andy's Play\", she has Dwight take her to the Sweeney Todd community production that Andy is a part of. During the play, she attempts to seduce Dwight by changing into tight gardening clothing (she intentionally sticks gum on her dress so as to have an excuse to change). Dwight slowly appears to be falling for her again, and near the end of the episode, attempts to seduce her in return. Before they go too far, she cuts off the sex and drives away in her car (while she's driving, we see a visibly pleased expression on her face).", "Angela Martin In \"Crime Aid\", Dwight, with advice from Phyllis, gives Angela an ultimatum â€” him or Andy. Angela looks to Andy, signifying that she chooses him, although Dwight says to Phyllis that \"she ignored the ultimatum.\" Dwight then treats Phyllis coldly but forgives her after he realizes she was just trying to help.", "Angela Martin Midway through season eight, in \"Jury Duty\", Angela gives birth to her son Philip (much to Pam's chagrin who wanted that name for her son). Angela claims that he was born prematurely, but when her co-workers visit her at the hospital and see how large the baby is, she is forced to admit that the baby was conceived before her wedding. This leads Dwight to suspect that the baby may be his, but later in \"New Guys\", it is revealed that Dwight is not the father.", "Livin' the Dream Nick Campbell of TV.com complimented the sentimental storylines in the episode, specifically between Jim, Pam and Dwight. He was positive towards Jim and Pam's reconciliation, but felt \"something hollow about their reunion\". He also noted that the Jim-Pam storyline caused the Dwight-Angela relationship to go \"darker\".[10] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix gave the episode a slightly more mixed review writing that \"the non-Andy parts of \"Livin' the Dream\" were fairly interesting\". He appreciated the drama coming from Angela's desperation, despite disagreeing with the logic in the situation. Sepinwall praised the Jim-Dwight dynamic in the episode, considering it an enjoyable payoff, and also praised Jim and Pam's reconciliation, particularly them annoying their co-workers with their flirting.[11] Joshua Alton of The A.V. Club was more negative towards the episode, saying it felt \"padded-out\" to fill the full hour timeslot, and that \"this episode might be the nadir for the show's hour-long installments\". He was complimentary towards the Jim-Pam storyline, but felt \"there wasn't much happening\" beyond Pam overhearing Jim's talk with Darryl. Alton praised the Dwight storyline and his dynamic with Jim and Pam, calling it \"the true fan service\". Alton gave the episode a \"Câ€“\".[12]", "Pam Beesly The \"will they or won't they\" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture.[11] Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, \"The Delivery\". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.", "Andy Bernard Andy develops a friendship with Dwight in the second episode \"Launch Party\", in which he supports Dwight in beating the online sales of the company website Dunder Mifflin Infinity using a bear horn, much to the irritation of the office. He also develops a relationship with Angela, not being aware of Dwight and Angela's previous romantic interludes. He steals an elaborate ice sculpture for Angela's launch party, and serenades her later in the same episode with a rendition of the ABBA song \"Take a Chance on Me\", receiving a rare, yet quickly suppressed smile in return.[42] He moonwalks in \"Money\" by her desk to impress her, although it takes the gift of the cat Garbage (from the previous episode) and a sentimental note to finally win her.[17] Angela and Andy continue to date into \"Local Ad\", in which Andy consults Dwight on how to pursue more intimacy with Angela. Andy discusses the exclamation of \"Oh, D!\" Angela exclaims during intimate moments, unaware that Angela may be referring to a nickname for Dwight and not him.[43]", "Lecture Circuit Back in Scranton, Jim and Dwight (Rainn Wilson) have been named the reluctant heads of the Party Planning Committee by Michael due to previous fights between Phyllis (Phyllis Smith) and Angela (Angela Kinsey). Jim and Dwight prove terrible at the job, especially when an upset Kelly (Mindy Kaling) chastises them for forgetting her birthday. They try to make it up to her by throwing a party but they do a poor job, choosing horrible decorations and forgetting Kelly's age. Dwight reads her file and learns Kelly spent time in juvenile hall, but is disappointed to learn it does not affect her job performance. Meanwhile, Andy (Ed Helms) finds himself attracted to Julia, a female potential client who is talking with Stanley (Leslie David Baker). Andy repeatedly acts awkwardly in front of Julia, and accidentally sets off her car alarm while trying to look inside and find out what music she likes. Andy admits his attraction to her to Stanley, who then gives the potential client over to Andy in exchange for two of his clients. After walking her out to the car, Andy tries to kiss her, but is immediately rebuked. Andy apologizes and mentions that he just got out of a relationship. The client claims she also just got out of a relationship and Andy starts feeling a connection, but she still rejects him and he loses the account.", "The Duel (The Office) \"The Duel\" was written by Jennifer Celotta, a producer and show runner with The Office.[2] The episode featured the conclusion of the love triangle between Dwight, Andy and Angela, a subplot that had been going on since the fourth season finale, \"Goodbye, Toby\". The cast and writing staff saw \"The Duel\" as a defining episode for Andy Bernard because it demonstrated a softer, more emotional side of the character. Dean Holland, who directed the episode, said this was particularly effective because in past episodes, he displayed such rage problems that he had to attend anger management courses, but in \"The Duel\" he responded to horrible news in a heartrending way.[3] Rainn Wilson particularly praised Ed Helms' performance, saying, \"He gives a lot of heart and soul, and Andy is such a doofus and a douche, and now you really get to see his heart break. There's some reality there. That's the great thing this show gives us, just when you think you know the characters and they're two-dimensional and they're goofy and crazy, in their own way, you get real human redemption.\"[4]", "Angela Martin In deleted scenes from Phyllis' Wedding, Phyllis seats Angela next to Dennis, a religious vet who shares her passion for cats. The two get along well, but when Dennis asks Angela for her telephone number, Angela tells him she's already having intimate relations with someone (Dwight). Dennis, visibly both upset and disgusted, apologizes to her before leaving, saying \"Phyllis neglected to mention your promiscuity.\"", "A.A.R.M. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) convinces regional manager Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) that he needs to choose someone to act as an Assistant to the Assistant to the Regional Manager (A.A.R.M.). Jim designs several Dwight-oriented challenges as tryouts for the position, and it is inevitably found that Dwight is the most qualified. Angela Lipton (Angela Kinsey) is forced to bring her child, Phillip, to work, after her daycare turns her child away. Dwight, upon overhearing that Phillip has been eating the type of paper which he himself regards as the most flavorful, begins to think that Angela's son is actually his. To test this theory, Dwight offers the child either a check for one million dollars or a beet; Phillip picks the beet. Dwight tells Angela that he will marry her if the child is his, but she denies that this is the case. Dwight then confers with Jim, asking whether he should propose to Angela or his girlfriend Esther, who he thinks is the more logical choice. Jim tells Dwight that he needs to put aside logic and follow his instincts. Dwight makes up his mind and proposes to Angela, who says yes. Angela finally reveals to Dwight that Phillip is indeed his son, explaining that she lied about his parentage in order to test Dwight's feelings for her.", "The Return (The Office) Then-president of NBC Entertainment Kevin Reilly played Dwight's first interviewer.[3][7] Ed Helms noted in the audio commentary that his mother had trouble watching a string of episodes that included \"The Return\" because she found his character so annoying. Helms recorded the self-recorded cellphone ring on his own personal computer. For the big anger scene, Helms actually bloodied his knuckles while punching the wall, something that took five or six takes. Steve Carell and Rainn Wilson had difficulty with their reuniting scene and had to stage it in several different ways. As part of the episode is set in one of their stores, office supply chain Staples Inc. watched the episode carefully to ensure they were not portrayed negatively; they were particularly afraid that Dwight's manner of quitting was disrespectful to the company.[3] At the time \"The Return\" aired, no one was certain Helms would be returning.[3] In early February, NBC confirmed Helms had been hired on as a series regular for the rest of the year,[8] with the actor returning in the season's nineteenth episode, \"The Negotiation\".[9]", "A.A.R.M. Erik Adams of The A.V. Club gave the episode a \"B+\". He said that \"what benefits 'AARM' most [â€¦] is a back-to-basics Jim-and-Dwight storyline\" that illustrated the growth that the characters have experienced in the last nine years. He wrote that there were many tender moments in the episode, such as Dwight and Jim's confrontation, Pam and Jim's reaffirmation of love, and Dwight's proposal to Angela. He concluded that \"It's that blend of new beginnings and closing circles that makes 'AARM' an effective second-to-last chapter of The Office\".[11] Dan Forcella of TV Fanatic awarded the episode four-and-a-half stars out of five, and wrote that the episode \"didn't disappoint\". He called \"the scene in which Pam was watching the docu-created montage just as Jim was giving Dwight love advice\" the \"most emotionally rewarding moment on The Office since Michael Scott's goodbye.\"[18]", "Pam Beesly In the season 4 premiere, \"Fun Run\", Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in \"Dunder Mifflin Infinity\". In \"Chair Model\", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In \"Goodbye, Toby\", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night.", "Dwight Schrute In Season 7, after Angela meets a state senator who she finds much more personable than Dwight, she voids the pact in WUPHF.com.", "Dunder Mifflin Infinity In this episode, Ryan returns to his old office and reveals his plan to bring technology to Dunder Mifflin. Michael and Dwight try to prove that the personal touch is better than technology. Meanwhile, Jim and Pam reveal their relationship to the rest of the office, Kelly attempts to reunite with Ryan, and Dwight and Angela's relationship continues to plummet.", "The Duel (The Office) \"The Duel\" received generally positive reviews. Andy calling off the wedding after learning Angela cheated on him with Dwight ranked number 6 in phillyBurbs.com's top ten moments from the fifth season of The Office.[13] \"The Duel\" was voted the fourteenth highest-rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season, according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally, where the episode was rated 8.11 out of 10.[14] Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger said the episode \"brings the Dwight/Angela/Andy triangle to an effective close\" that made him feel sympathy for both Dwight and Andy. He was disappointed, however, that the idea of David Wallace trying to learn from Michael seemed undeveloped.[2] The A.V. Club writer Scott Tobias said \"The Duel\" efficiently resolved a major storyline in 30 minutes, and was \"a nice mix of the wacky and the melancholy, though itâ€™s perhaps a little long on the former and a little short on the latter\". He called the David Wallace subplot \"funny-but-forgettable\".[15] Travis Fickett of IGN said the episode was surprisingly intense and dramatic, and particularly highlighted the talents of Ed Helms. Fickett said \"The Duel\" was a great payoff to the Angela love triangle storyline and demonstrated how well The Office varies and paces stories from episode to episode.[12]", "The Delivery (The Office) At the Halpert residence, Dwight embarks on a search for the iPod only to find mold under the sink and moves in for several days while he reconstructs the cabinets. Dwight and Angela make the final revisions to the parenting contract, but Dwight begins to have second thoughts after an encounter with Pam's friend Isabel (Kelen Coleman), with whom he had a one night stand at Jim and Pam's wedding. He signs the contract, but decides to hold it off.", "Angela Martin In \"Classy Christmas\", it's revealed that Robert is actually a state senator (although Angela only refers to him as the 'Senator', making it seem that he is a U.S. Senator like Bob Casey or Pat Toomey). She brings him to the office Christmas party, where she announces that they're officially dating. However, Oscar picks up hints about his attraction to other men (such as glancing at Ryan's backside). Throughout the next few episodes, Angela continues her gloating about Robert's job (at one point trying to impress Deangelo Vickers with the information). The rest of the office staff make fun of this, particularly Michael during his last Dundies ceremony.", "Shareholder Meeting The cold opening for the episode deals with Dwight and his fictional Earth Day super hero \"Recyclops\". During Jim's narrative, he discusses the history of Recyclops, and a montage of Dwight harassing past receptionists was shown. The receptionists that Dwight harasses include: Pam, who is accompanied by Jim, circa 2006; Ryan; Ronni (Dale Raoul), who was introduced during the fifth season episode \"Weight Loss\"; and Erin. These clips were created to look as if they had been filmed in the past and were only then being used.[2] This was not the only time this technique was used in the series. During the seventh season episode \"Threat Level Midnight\", there is a short sequence that was shot to look as if it had been filmed during the show's second season, although the scene itself was filmed in 2011.[3] Furthermore, during the season nine episode \"Customer Loyalty, the cold opening features a montage of Jim setting up a prankâ€”which involves sending Dwight on a quest for the Holy Grail that heavily suggested that Jim set up the prank sometime during 2006, which would have taken place during the show's second season.[4] Appropriately, the montage was filmed to look as if the documentarians were using archival footage of Jim; his hair matches the style that Jim had during the first few seasons of the show.[4][5]", "Finale (The Office) The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, which takes place almost a year after the previous episode \"A.A.R.M.\", present and past employees of Dunder Mifflin gather for the wedding of Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey), during which Michael Scott (Steve Carell) returns to serve as Dwight's best man. In addition, Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) finally decide to pursue Jim's dream of working in sports marketing. Finally, everyone comes together for a final round of interviews and goodbyes.", "Angela Martin Angela is disgusted at the revelation that Oscar is gay (\"Gay Witch Hunt\"), and does not bother to hide it. Her attitude toward him becomes much more sympathetic after he returns to work following an extended absence (\"The Return\"), and the two appear to have reconciled. She believes Oscar has the capability to cross over to dating women if he so chooses. Evidently, Angela continues to nurture a crush on Roy, complimenting him on his physique and greeting him, in the third-season episode \"Branch Closing\". In the same episode, she spontaneously hugs Kevin upon discovering their branch will not be closed, the second moment to date, along with Kevin's cancer scare in the season two episode \"Michael's Birthday\", in which she has shown anything but contempt for him.", "Angela Martin In \"The Convention\", she secretly follows Dwight to the office supply convention in Philadelphia under the name \"Jane Doe\" and gets a room which Jim accidentally enters, though it does not appear he saw that it was her (exclaiming \"Dwight got a hooker!\"). Angela would seem to call Dwight \"D\" outside the office, as she (mistakenly) does when Jim enters Dwight's hotel room. She also persuades Dwight to supplant Michael as Regional Manager (Ã la Lady Macbeth), but it does not succeed. She has a good first impression of Andy Bernard when he shows up on his first day with a cat screensaver. When Angela rudely shoots down an idea proposed by Karen Filippelli, the PPC defiantly splits into two groups and two parties. Angela holds the less popular one, to which only Kevin, Phyllis, and Hannah come, while [Pam] and Karen lead the more popular one. Eventually the two parties merge back into one and Angela returns a \"missing\" power cord for the karaoke machine. In \"Traveling Salesmen\", it is suggested that Angela's middle name is Noelle when she becomes giddy over her blossoming relationship with Dwight (Kurt) Schrute and attempts to bond with Pam, a venture that is cut short when the latter declines Angela's offer of the \"dominant male\" in a recent litter of cats had by her favorite pet, Sprinkles.", "Angela Martin The relationship between Angela and Dwight is almost of Macbeth proportions as when Dwight was fooled by Michael into believing he was going to be the new regional manager at the branch (which Angela pushed by Dwight going behind Michael's back), Dwight leaves her in charge of the women. In \"The Job\", when Dwight is temporarily given Michael's job as acting regional manager, Dwight immediately informs her and she seems to rekindle the idea of mastering the puppet strings over Dwight, as well as speculating happily that co-worker Kelly Kapoor will be fired.[4]", "Angela Martin In \"Business Trip\", it is revealed she and Andy have never been intimate. When Andy drunk dials her demanding sex, she is disgusted, even though, in the background, viewers can hear Dwight in her bed. She later demotes Andy back to \"first base\", which for her is a kiss on the forehead.", "The Office (U.S. TV series) Jim proposes to Pam at a gas station halfway between them because he could not wait. Pam ultimately returns from New York to Scranton, where Jim has bought his parents' house for the two of them. Having avoided jail and only been sentenced to community service, Ryan dyes his hair and starts working for a bowling alley. Michael initiates a romance with Holly until she is transferred to the Nashua, New Hampshire branch and the relationship ends. When Andy is made aware of Dwight and Angela's continued affair, both men leave her.[78] Newly hired Vice President Charles Miner implements a rigid managerial style over the branch that causes Michael to resign in protest.[79] Michael opens the Michael Scott Paper Company, enticing Pam and Ryan to join as salespeople, and though his business model is ultimately unsustainable, Dunder Mifflin's profits are immediately threatened.[80] The members of the Michael Scott Paper Company enjoy throwing cheese balls into each other's mouths and they have a morning cheer to boost morale. In a buyout of the Michael Scott Paper Company, the three are rehired with Pam promoted to sales and Ryan returning as a temp. During the chaos, new receptionist Erin is hired to fill the vacancy originally left by Pam. The season ends with a scene that obviously announces Pam's pregnancy.", "Andy Bernard In \"The Duel\", Michael informs him of Angela and Dwight's affair, and Andy responds to this by confronting Dwight and challenging him to a duel. They meet out in the parking lot, where Dwight realizes that Angela has had sex with Andy as well, despite telling Dwight that she had only been sleeping with him. Realizing that they have both been lied to, Andy cancels his wedding cake, and Dwight throws out the bobble head in his likeness, implying the men's relationships with Angela are now over. Andy refers to Angela on his registry as \"The maid of DIS-honor\".[19]", "A.A.R.M. The episode contained several scenes that were reminiscent of past episodes of the series. The shot in which Jim and Dwight survey the office was filmed to be similar to a scene that featured Dwight and Michael in the third season installment \"Gay Witch Hunt\". In addition, Dwight pulling Angela over was filmed in a way that recalled the sixth season episode \"The Delivery\". Although The scene wherein Jim gives advice to Dwight was shot in a similar manner to Jim's farewell to Michael in the seventh season episode \"Goodbye, Michael\", it was not intentionally supposed to look like it, according to Rogers. In addition, the obstacle course was not a direct reference to the second season episode \"Office Olympics\", although Rogers understood that there were similarities.[8]", "The Delivery (The Office) Pam (Jenna Fischer) and Jim (John Krasinski) both acquire sales while making small talk about their baby's upcoming birth. Dwight (Rainn Wilson) wants to do the same and asks Angela (Angela Kinsey) to have a baby with him. Angela is initially excited, but gets annoyed with Dwight making a parenting contract with absurd demands he wants her to agree to.", "Andy Bernard In season 6, Andy takes an interest in receptionist Erin Hannon, who has mutual affections, but due to miscommunication, there was a long period where the two waited for the other to make a move. However, Andy eventually asks Erin out on a date, and she graciously accepts.[13] A few months later, after Erin discovers, through Michael Scott, of Andy's former engagement to accountant Angela Martin, she throws cake in Andy's face, and decides that they need to take a break from one another.[14] Over a year later, Erin, after breaking up with Gabe Lewis, asks Andy out on a date, but he dismisses her advances, because of his lingering issues with her leaving him for Gabe.[5] When Andy introduces his girlfriend Jessica to the Office at a Christmas party, Erin initially appears friendly to her, but she becomes drunk, and confesses to Andy that she wishes Jessica was dead. Greatly offended, Andy informs Erin that she needs to get over their break-up, and briskly leaves.[15] Upon learning that Erin wishes to live in Tallahassee, Florida, Andy drives to Tallahassee to get back together with Erin. At first he is unsuccessful, but ultimately gets her back, and they make up and kiss in the middle of the street.[16] When Andy discovers his job is stolen by Nellie when he and Erin return to the office, he is demoted to salesman again and holds back his anger. The day seems to get worse when their sex life becomes the subject of a staff meeting, embarrassing them. When Nellie makes another quip, Erin snaps and in turn, encourages Andy to finally let his anger loose on Nellie, which later helps Andy get his confidence back and improves their sex life. However, during season 9, their relationship starts to show cracks as Andy comes back from a training seminar that has made him more confident, but seemingly more selfish to Erin. When Andy takes his parents boat to Bermuda for three weeks, he leaves Erin behind, who looks on disappointed. Erin later goes out with Pete, a new co-worker for drinks. Three weeks later becomes three months, which makes Erin increasingly unhappy after Andy neglects her by being unsociable. Erin later tries to dump Andy in \"Couples Discount\", until he convinces her that they can fake love each other like his parents did. Erin initially agrees to this until she talks to Pete, who only wants her to be happy. This prompts Erin to finally break up with Andy by citing both his neglect for her and that he was irresponsible for being gone for three months from work. During \"Moving On\", Andy's distraught behavior affects his professional relationship with Erin and the staff, and has him confiding some of the staff, including Pete, whom Erin is dating in secrecy from Andy. When Andy learns of their relationship, he acts irrationally to where Erin and Pete lecture him that he needs to move on. Vengeful, Andy hires both Gabe and Alice (Collette Wolfe), who is Pete's ex-girlfriend and a marketing professional, with the intent of making Erin and Pete uncomfortable. The ploy works to the point where arguments break out between the parties in the conference room, as Erin and Pete's issues with their past relationships surface. Andy smugly says to the camera that making the new couple unhappy, has made him feel better. In the episode Livin' the Dream, Andy and Erin are seen speaking pleasantly to each other and Erin even admits her concern for his well being saying she's worried he'll \"be homeless or even starve.\" Later on during Andy's goodbye song Erin can be seen watching Andy with a serious look of affection, making it unclear whether or not the two still have romantic feelings for each other. In the Finale Andy, Erin, and even Pete are all shown to be getting along well and spending time together during the after party in the warehouse, indicating the tensions from earlier have vanished (though it is unclear if Erin and Pete are still a couple at that point, as the episode doesn't provide any evidence in either direction).", "Angela Montenegro After Brennan's intern, Wendell Bray, gives Angela $45 to help save a baby pig, the two kiss and begin a relationship.[16] Their relationship continued throughout part of Season 5. After they had been dating for a few months, Angela took a pregnancy test which came up positive. This test is later revealed, by a second test that Dr. Saroyan had run, to be a false positive. When Wendell found out, he told her that he would have supported her in her choices because it was his duty. This caused Angela to realize that while Wendell is a good guy, he was not \"[her] guy\" and subsequently ended their relationship. The break-up was mutual and amicable.[17]", "Angela Montenegro Throughout seasons four and five, the two struggled with their relationship, eventually appearing to form a close, albeit awkward, friendship. After Hodgins declared he would support her during a pregnancy scare while she was dating Wendell Bray, their romantic tension was rekindled. While collecting evidence together for a murder investigation in Maryland, they were pulled over for a moving violation and subsequently jailed for a variety of minor infractions by a local sheriff. Their time spent together led them to re-examine their relationship, and why they broke up. When a judge arrived to post their bail, they were finally married in a civil ceremony with the sheriff as witness.[13] They announced their marriage to their colleagues soon after.[4] At the end of season five, they were planning to spend a year in Paris while Brennan and Booth were away, as neither of them wanted \"to break in a new forensic anthropologist and FBI liaison.\"", "Finale (The Office) One year since the documentary has aired, the crew has returned to gain more footage for the DVD bonus features. Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) are about to get married. Andy Bernard (Ed Helms), after being humiliated with his talent show audition tape going viral on the internet, has found a job at his alma mater Cornell University in the Admissions Office. Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) has helped expand Athlead, now named Athleap, opening a branch in Austin, Texas. Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker) is enjoying retirement in Florida and Phyllis Vance (Phyllis Smith) tries to get Stanley's replacement Malcolm (Malcolm Barrett) fat on chocolates to make him look like Stanley. After being fired by Dwight, Kevin Malone (Brian Baumgartner) bought a bar and Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein) started a career as an author in New York City. Nellie Bertram (Catherine Tate) has moved to Poland. Creed Bratton (Creed Bratton) had faked his death but was then revealed to be a wanted fugitive, so Dwight replaced him with former employee Devon White (Devon Abner). Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) is preparing to run for a State Senate seat and is now Phillip's godfather. Andy, Darryl, Stanley, Toby, and Nellie return to Scranton for the wedding as well as a panel for the documentary.", "Product Recall The third season DVD contains several scenes that were deleted from the final cut of the episode. These include Kelly annoyingly answering calls with the same response, Dwight contacting CNN, Kelly training the accountants, Creed admitting that he faked his own death for tax reasons, Michael explaining his apology to angry business owner Barbara Allen, Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) and Kelly arguing, Jim talking to a high school student, and more scenes of Michael filming his apology video.[10]", "The Return (The Office) Beginning his review, Buddy TV's Oscar Dahl declared Andy was \"one of the most devastatingly annoying characters on television\". Dahl liked Dwight's scenes at Staples, and wrote that series was becoming \"more and more difficult to write about. It's really funny. Consistently funny. Great episodes, week after week, breed little in the way of discussion [...] We have to appreciate greatness while it's here. The Office is in the midst of a historic run of consistently great episodes. Bask in it.\"[16] AOL TV writer Michael Sciannamea agreed with Dahl's initial assessment of Andy, and called him the \"most obnoxious sitcom character in the last few years\". Sciannamea enjoyed seeing more of Angela's and Michael's personalities, and believed Andy was a \"short-timer\" to the series.[17]", "Costume Contest Within the week of the original air date, Hulu released four deleted scenes from the episode. In the first 87-second clip, Dwight and Michael try to destroy Darryl's idea by having a fake fight which eventually fails.[2] In the second 79-second clip, Dwight kisses up to Darryl in case he is promoted.[3] In the fourth 50-second clip, Toby and Kelly explain why they want the coupon book while Oscar looks for something good in the book.[4]", "Angela Martin After the Senator's public coming-out in \"Stairmageddon\", she explains to the camera crew in \"Paper Airplane\" that she and the Senator are separated and that she now lives with her son Philip and her cats in her studio apartment. In \"Livin' the Dream\", it is implied that her cats have been taken away from her by Animal Control, and that she is considering living in a tent in the woods. Instead, she accepts an offer from Oscar Martinez to be his roommate until she is able to find a permanent home. She then breaks down in Oscar's car, revealing to Oscar that she still loves Dwight. She and Oscar become close friends as he supports her in her return to normalcy, and it's revealed that Oscar is Philip's godfather.", "Angela Montenegro Angela and Hodgins met when Angela was brought on to work at the Jeffersonian by Brennan. While initially on good terms, they grew closer throughout season one. At the beginning of season two, Hodgins became obviously interested in her, and pursued her more openly. After a few episodes of palpable sexual tension, Hodgins finally asked Angela on a date in the episode \"The Girl with the Curl\". While their date was quite successful, Angela broke it off fearing repercussions if things went badly. Later, after Hodgins was rescued from being buried alive, they kissed, and at the end of the episode they went home together. Angela later asked Hodgins if she could sleep at his place one night after being spooked by restored video footage, and soon they were openly involved. After refusing Hodgins' marriage proposal twice, she proposed to him.[10] Their wedding was cut short in the season two finale when it was revealed that Angela was technically married to a man from Fiji, Grayson Barasa.[11] Their relationship ended after a lengthy search for her husband, and issues regarding Jack's trust of Angela.[12]", "Traveling Salesmen Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) arrives several hours late to work one morning, due to driving to corporate to help out Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey).", "Dwight Schrute During season 9's \"Dwight Christmas\", Dwight is convinced by Jim to hold a traditional Christmas party in the style of his family. Jim must leave before the party is over and Dwight is noticeably emotionally upset when Jim must leave. Later, when Jim returns, Dwight embraces him in a hug. Soon after, in \"Suit Warehouse\", Dwight absent-mindedly says \"love you\" at the end of a phone conversation with Jim, much to his embarrassment and the bemusement of his coworkers.", "Weight Loss (The Office) The series—presented as if it were a real documentary—depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, the whole office participates in a company-wide weight loss contest. Pam (Jenna Fischer) is in New York City for art school, which causes her and Jim to have to adjust to being temporarily apart. An awkward tension between Michael (Steve Carell) and Holly (Ryan) develops after she accepts a date with another man. Meanwhile, Angela (Angela Kinsey) and Dwight (Rainn Wilson) continue their secret relationship despite Angela's upcoming wedding to Andy.", "Jack Hodgins (Bones) After time apart, it is made clear that Hodgins still has feelings for Angela. After Booth is hospitalized for a brain tumor near the end of Season 4, Hodgins proposes giving his and Angela's relationship a second shot.[26] While, in Season 5, they seem to be just friends, there are still signs of romantic tension between the two. In the episode \"The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken\", Angela mentions to Hodgins that her required celibacy period will soon be over and seems to hint that she would like to break it with Hodgins; Hodgins turns her down, despite her insistence that she was implying no such thing. In \"The X in the File\", when Wendell tells Hodgins of his relationship with Angela, Hodgins is shown to be very upset and hurt. During the next episode, \"The Proof in the Pudding\", Angela has a pregnancy scare; during this time, Hodgins tells her that he loves her and that he will be there to support her and the baby. While the pregnancy test was revealed to be a false positive at the end of the episode, Angela still tells Hodgins that she is grateful for his support and will never forget it. They were later imprisoned in \"The Witch in the Wardrobe\" for a variety of minor infractions by a local sheriff, which led to remembrance of their happiness together. They both realized that they regretted breaking up and shared a passionate kiss. When a judge arrived to post their bail, they were finally married in a private ceremony in the jail cell.[3] They announced their marriage to their colleagues soon after.[27]", "Dinner Party (The Office) The episode was the first original episode of The Office to be broadcast since the episode \"The Deposition\" on November 15, 2007, due to the effects of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.[3] The Writers Guild of America (WGA) went on strike at 12:01AM Eastern Standard Time on November 5, 2007.[4][5] Filming of The Office immediately halted on that date, as Steve Carell, who is a member of the WGA, refused to cross WGA picket lines.[6] Members of Writers Guild of America, East and Writers Guild of America, West voted to end the 100-day strike on February 12, 2008.[7] Writers were allowed to return to work on the same day.[8] The WGA allowed for show runners to return to work on February 11,[9] in preparation for the conclusion of the strike. The show runner for The Office, executive producer Greg Daniels, returned on February 11,[10] while the show's writers returned to work on February 13.[8] If not for the writers' strike, this episode would have completed filming successfully during the week of November 5, 2007.[11]", "Michael Scott (The Office) Shortly after the dissolution of his troubled relationship with Jan, Michael found love with Holly Flax (Amy Ryan), Toby's replacement as HR Representative, who appears for a while to be Michael's best chance at love, with the two sharing a similar sense of humor and social awkwardness. However, after David Wallace witnesses them kissing, Holly is transferred to the Nashua branch and she and Michael break up after choosing not to pursue a long-distance relationship. Despite the breakup and Holly's new relationship with another man, their affection for each other doesn't go away, as it's shown that Holly had been writing a note for Michael on her work computer, as well as their subtle romantic glances at one another during the summer company picnic. Throughout her absence in Season 5 (excluding Company Picnic) and carrying on into Season 7, Michael hooks up with a few other women, but ultimately he realizes that they're nothing compared to her. Around Christmas in Season 7, Toby is forced to leave the office due to being selected as part of the jury duty for a local murder case, resulting in Holly returning as the temporary HR replacement. There is initial tension between the two of them and hesitation on her side (mostly after her sudden break-up with A.J.), but Holly finally reunites with Michael after realizing they're both soulmates. The two continue dating for a few weeks, and on Valentine's Day, they tell each other they love each other, decide to move in together, and resolve that they will not allow Dunder Mifflin to interfere with their future together. With her time at the Scranton branch almost up and the recent knowledge that her aging parents need to be taken care of, they ultimately become engaged. Holly later moves back to Colorado and Michael follows her soon after. In the finale it is revealed that they have children together. It was revealed in a photo album on NBC that they have three children and are expecting their fourth child.", "The Duel (The Office) The episode was written by Jennifer Celotta and directed by Dean Holland, the show's long-time editor making his directorial debut. It featured the conclusion of the love triangle between Dwight, Andy and Angela, a subplot that had been going on since the end of the fourth season. David Wallace's meeting with Michael marked the show's first acknowledgment of the economic crisis facing much of the globalized nation at the time of the episode due to the financial crisis of 2007–2010.", "Jim Halpert In the season premiere, \"Fun Run\", Pam and Jim reveal to the camera crew that they have been dating for a few months and are very happy. In the episode \"Chair Model\", Jim reveals his plan to propose to Pam, showing the camera crew a diamond ring, explaining that \"[he] got it a week after [they] started dating\"." ]	[ "Angela Martin Dwight is the only person that Angela likes in the office. It is shown in \"E-mail Surveillance\" that Dwight and Angela have begun a romantic relationship. Although she has said she loves Dwight and cares about him, she refuses to tell anyone about their relationship, and is often made uncomfortable by Dwight's passion for her. Their relationship is seemingly summarized in \"A.A.R.M.\": when Dwight tells her that yelling through a megaphone expresses \"how loudly I love you\", Angela meekly whispers \"It's too loud.\" In \"Traveling Salesman\" Angela forgets to send an accounting folder to corporate, so Dwight drives to New York and gives the folder to them. After Dwight is told he would be fired if he didn't tell Michael why he went to New York, he keeps their relationship secret out of respect for Angela. Angela later tells Michael what happened, but still doesn't reveal their relationship. In \"Fun Run\" Angela asks Dwight to feed her cat Sprinkles, who is feeling sick, but Dwight kills it, which causes Angela to break up with him. After Angela begins a relationship with Andy in Season 4, she stops dating Dwight, but at the end of \"Goodbye Toby\" Phyllis sees Angela cheating on Andy with Dwight. Dwight ends their affair in \"The Duel\" after learning that she has been having sexual relations with Andy. In \"The Delivery\" Dwight, who wants to improve his sales by having a child, asks Angela to have his baby. The two write up a contract and plan to have a baby together, but in \"Happy Hour\", Dwight hooks up with Pam's friend Isabel, and tells Angela he doesn't want her to have his baby. In \"The Chump\" the two call in a lawyer, and Angela refuses to release him from the contract unless he agrees to have sex with her five times. She later voids the contract after meeting Senator Robert Lipton. After she gives birth (Jury Duty), Dwight realizes the baby was conceived before her marriage to Robert and makes the assumption that he, not Robert, is the father. Angela and Dwight go through a paternity test and in \"New Guys\" it is revealed that Dwight is not Philip's father. In \"A.A.R.M.\" Dwight proposes to Angela, and she accepts. She then tells Dwight that she lied before and Dwight is Philip's father. Angela tells him that she wanted to make sure that Dwight wanted to marry her for no other reason than for love.[1]" ]
test139	who created the very first adhesive postage stamp and what year	[ "doc5186", "doc5187" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc1023420", "doc1312416", "doc1023437", "doc1023441", "doc5186", "doc1023426", "doc1312415", "doc1023427", "doc233458", "doc1023425", "doc1023432", "doc5187", "doc1023447", "doc1023433", "doc233533", "doc233464", "doc1023438", "doc900417", "doc1370734", "doc1023440", "doc194781", "doc1023442", "doc1023428", "doc1023449", "doc5188", "doc192229", "doc194793", "doc1508782", "doc5189", "doc2412166", "doc1990075", "doc1023429", "doc1370741", "doc233446", "doc1929296", "doc1023418", "doc194795", "doc1023431", "doc233457", "doc1023443", "doc1983872", "doc900418", "doc1312414", "doc194791", "doc1023434", "doc2195086", "doc1023450", "doc1615051", "doc194800", "doc5190", "doc2466886", "doc233447", "doc1370735", "doc2054256", "doc1023439", "doc1370733", "doc233452", "doc233468", "doc194796", "doc2225991", "doc1023451", "doc5193", "doc2466887", "doc2130704", "doc194827", "doc194798", "doc233459", "doc233532", "doc1023446", "doc233445", "doc233453", "doc1990086", "doc192230", "doc42363", "doc194789", "doc2466897", "doc233481", "doc1023448", "doc2412167", "doc1023421", "doc233460", "doc1023435", "doc233517", "doc233467", "doc233454", "doc2278912", "doc233482", "doc233461", "doc2412188", "doc2407362", "doc2278914", "doc1007363", "doc194816", "doc1023452", "doc1023423", "doc194788", "doc2412164", "doc233478", "doc1508804", "doc1370732" ]	[ "Postage stamp Postage stamps have facilitated the delivery of mail since the 1840s. Before then, ink and hand-stamps (hence the word 'stamp'), usually made from wood or cork, were often used to frank the mail and confirm the payment of postage. The first adhesive postage stamp, commonly referred to as the Penny Black, was issued in the United Kingdom in 1840. The invention of the stamp was part of an attempt to reform and improve the postal system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,[1] which, in the early 19th century, was in disarray and rife with corruption.[2] There are varying accounts of the inventor or inventors of the stamp.[3]", "Self-adhesive stamp The United States Postal Service's first foray into self-adhesive stamps was in 1974 with the 10-cent dove weathervane,[1] produced by Avery Dennison,[3] that soon became discolored due to the instability of the adhesive. It was another 15 years (1989) before another such stamp was issued by the USPS.[2] Stamp collectors criticized the format, as the rubber base adhesive used tended to progressively yellow the stamps. They also found them difficult to remove from covers,[2] and to save in mint condition, though self-adhesives of recent years have improved in these respects. The British Post Office first issued self-adhesive stamps on October 19, 1993, with the introduction of books of 20 First Class stamps, later a 2nd class stamp was introduced. In later years other issues were produced in the self-adhesive format. Die cutting tools for the UK self adhesive stamps were manufactured by Arden Dies of Stockport, Cheshire using tools designed by Robert Clapham.[citation needed] Outside of the philatelic community, the stamps have been welcomed as more convenient; by 2002, virtually all new USPS stamps were issued as self-adhesives.[2]", "Postage stamp Although a number of people laid claim to the concept of the postage stamp, it is well documented that stamps were first introduced in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 May 1840 as a part of postal reforms promoted by Sir Rowland Hill. With its introduction, the postage fee was paid by the sender and not the recipient, though it was still possible to send mail without prepaying. From when the first postage stamps were used, postmarks were applied to prevent the stamps being used again.[29][30]", "Postage stamp In 1845 some postmasters in the United States issued their own stamps, but it was not until 1847 that the first official U.S. stamps were issued: 5 and 10 cent issues depicting Benjamin Franklin and George Washington. A few other countries issued stamps in the late 1840s. The famous Mauritius \"Post Office\" stamps were issued by Mauritius in September 1847. Many others, such as India, started their use in the 1850s, and by the 1860s most countries issued stamps.", "Penny Black The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, but not valid for use until 6 May. It features a profile of Queen Victoria.", "Postage stamp In 1835, the Slovene civil servant Lovrenc Košir from Ljubljana in Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia), suggested the use of \"artificially affixed postal tax stamps\"[12] using \"gepresste papieroblate\" which translates as \"pressed paper wafers\" but although the suggestion was looked at in detail, it was not adopted.[13][14]", "Self-adhesive stamp They were first issued by such tropical climates as Sierra Leone in February 1964[1] and Tonga in April 1969 in an attempt to avoid the tendency of traditional water-activated stamps to stick together in humid conditions.[2] They also made die cutting into fanciful and unique shapes easier.", "Postage stamp The Englishman Sir Rowland Hill began interest in postal reform in 1835.[15] In 1836, a Member of Parliament, Robert Wallace, provided Hill with numerous books and documents, which Hill described as a \"half hundred weight of material\".[16] Hill commenced a detailed study of these documents, leading him to the 1837 publication of a pamphlet entitled \"Post Office Reform its Importance and Practicability\". He submitted a copy of this to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Thomas Spring-Rice, on 4 January 1837.[17] This first edition was marked \"private and confidential,\" and was not released to the general public. The Chancellor summoned Hill to a meeting during which the Chancellor suggested improvements and changes to be presented in a supplement, which Hill duly produced and supplied on 28 January 1837.[18]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States It would be private enterprise, however, that brought stamps to the U. S. On February 1, 1842 a new carrier service called \"City Despatch Post\" began operations in New York City, introducing the first adhesive postage stamp ever produced in the western hemisphere, which it required its clients to use for all mail. This stamp was a 3Â¢ issue bearing a rather amateurish drawing of George Washington,[9] printed from line engraved plates in sheets of 42 images. The company had been founded by Henry Thomas Windsor, a London merchant who at the time was living in Hoboken, New Jersey. Alexander M. Greig was advertised as the post's \"agent,\" and as a result, historians and philatelists have tended to refer to the firm simply as \"Greig's City Despatch Post,\" making no mention of Windsor.[10] In another innovation, the company placed mail-collection boxes around the city for the convenience of its customers.", "Postage stamp In 1680 William Dockwra, an English merchant in London, and his partner Robert Murray established the London Penny Post, a mail system that delivered letters and small parcels inside the city of London for the sum of one penny. The postage for the mailed item was prepaid by the use of a hand-stamp to frank the mailed item, confirming payment of postage. Though this 'stamp' was applied to a letter instead of a separate piece of paper it is considered by many historians as the world's first postage stamp.[11]", "Postage stamp Scotsman Patrick Chalmers asserted the claim that his father, James Chalmers, was the inventor of the first postage stamp in the 1881 publication \"The Penny Postage Scheme of 1837.\"[23] In this book, the son claims James Chalmers first produced an essay describing and advocating a stamp in August 1834; however, no evidence for this is provided in the book. Until his death in 1891, Patrick Chalmers campaigned to gain recognition for his father as the inventor of the postage stamp.", "Penny Black In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to 1", "Postage stamp The United Kingdom was the first country to issue postage stamps with perforations. The first machine specifically designed to perforate sheets of postage stamps was invented in London by Henry Archer, an Irish landowner and railroad man from Dublin, Ireland.[40] The 1850 Penny Red[39][41][42] was the first stamp to be perforated during trial course of Archer's perforating machine. After a period of trial and error and modifications of Archer's invention, new machines based on the principles pioneered by Archer were purchased and in 1854 the U.K. postal authorities started continuously issuing perforated postage stamps in the Penny Red and all subsequent designs.", "Postage stamp The first independent evidence for Chalmers' claim is the essay and proposal he submitted for adhesive postage stamps to the General Post Office, dated 8 February 1838 and received by the Post Office on 17 February 1838.[24] In this approximately 800-word document concerning methods of indication letters postage-paid he states, \"Therefore, of Mr Hill’s plan of a uniform rate of postage ... I conceive that the most simple and economical mode ... would be by Slips ... in the hope that Mr Hill’s plan may soon be carried into operation I would suggest that sheets of Stamped Slips should be prepared ... then be rubbed over on the back with a strong solution of gum ...\". Chalmers' original document is now in the UK's National Postal Museum.", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States The first self-adhesive stamp was a 10 cent stamp from the Christmas issue of 1974. It was not considered successful, and the surviving stamps, though not rare, are all gradually becoming discolored due to the adhesive used. Self-adhesives were not issued again until 1989, gradually becoming so popular that as of 2004[update], only a handful of types are offered with the traditional gum (now affectionately called \"manual stamps\" by postal employees).", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Congress finally provided for the issuance of stamps by passing an act on March 3, 1847, and the Postmaster-General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson.[17] The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1, 1847, in New York City, with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter. They consisted of an engraved 5-cent red brown stamp depicting Benjamin Franklin (the first postmaster of the U.S.), and a 10-cent value in black with George Washington. Like all U.S. stamps until 1857, they were imperforate.", "Postage stamp The first stamp, the \"Penny black\", became available for purchase 1 May 1840, to be valid as of 6 May 1840. Two days later, 8 May 1840, the Two penny blue was introduced. The Penny black was sufficient for a letter less than half an ounce to be sent anywhere within the UK. Both stamps included an engraving of the young Queen Victoria, without perforations, as the first stamps were separated from their sheets by cutting them with scissors.", "Royal Mail In December 1839 the first substantial reform started when postage rates were revised by the short-lived Uniform Fourpenny Post.[18] Greater changes took place when the Uniform Penny Post was introduced on 10 January 1840 whereby a single rate for delivery anywhere in Great Britain and Ireland was pre-paid by the sender.[19] A few months later, to certify that postage had been paid on a letter, the sender could affix the first adhesive postage stamp, the Penny Black that was available for use from 6 May the same year.[20] Other innovations were the introduction of pre-paid William Mulready designed postal stationery letter sheets and envelopes.[21]", "Postage stamp separation Archer then abandoned this approach in favour of perforation, a process which used rows of small round pins to punch out the holes. In 1848 Archer patented his perforation machine which worked on the \"stroke\" principle. The arrangement of the pins enabled the top and sides of each stamp across the row to be perforated in a single operation, and this became known as \"comb\" perforation. Perforation trials were conducted in 1849 and 1850 under the auspices of the British Government and stamps from these trials were first issued towards the end of 1850. The Archer machine proved the viability of the process but never entered service. Archer's patent for his perforating machine (no. 12,340 of 1848, dated May 23, 1849) was purchased for Â£4,000 in June 1853.[1] New machines based on Archer's principles were constructed by David Napier and Son Ltd; these were initially used in October 1853 for revenue stamps and from January 1854 for postage stamps.[2]", "Postage stamp Other countries soon followed the UK with their own stamps. The Canton of Zürich in Switzerland issued the Zurich 4 and 6 rappen on 1 March 1843. Although the Penny black could be used to send a letter less than half an ounce anywhere within the UK, the Swiss did not initially adopt that system, instead continuing to calculate mail rates based on distance to be delivered. Brazil issued the Bull’s Eye stamp on 1 August 1843. Using the same printer used for the Penny black, Brazil opted for an abstract design instead of the portrait of Emperor Pedro II, so his image would not be disfigured by a postmark.", "Postage stamps and postal history of India Although the Indian Post Office was established in 1837, Asia's first adhesive stamp, the Scinde Dawk, was introduced in 1852 by Sir Bartle Frere, the British East India Company's administrator of the province of Sind. The Indian postal system developed into an extensive, dependable and robust network providing connectivity to almost all parts of India, Burma, the Straits Settlements and other areas controlled by the British East India Company (EIC). Based on the model postal system introduced in England by the reformer, Rowland Hill, efficient postal services were provided at a low cost and enabled the smooth commercial, military and administrative functioning of the EIC and its successor, the British Raj. The Imperial Posts co-existed with the several postal systems maintained by various Indian states, some of which produced stamps for use within their respective dominions, while British Indian postage stamps were required for sending mail beyond the boundaries of these states. Telegraphy and telephony made their appearance as part of the Posts before becoming separate departments. After the Independence of India in 1947, the Indian postal service continues to function on a countrywide basis and provides many valuable, low cost services to the public of India.", "Postage stamp Perforation of postage stamps began in January 1854.[33] The first officially perforated stamps were issued in February 1854. Stamps from Henry Archer's perforation trials were issued in the last few months of 1850; during the 1851 parliamentary session[33] at the House of Commons of the United Kingdom; and finally in 1853/54 after the UK government paid Mr. Archer Â£4,000 for his machine and the patent.[33]", "Postage stamp Rowland Hill then received a summons to give evidence before the Commission for Post Office Enquiry on 13 February 1837. During his evidence, he read from the letter he wrote to the Chancellor, including a statement the notation of paid postage could be created \"...by using a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp, and covered at the back with a glutinous wash...\".[19][20] This is the first publication of an unambiguous description of a modern adhesive postage stamp (though the term \"postage stamp\" did not yet exist at that time). Shortly afterward, the second edition of Hillâ€™s booklet, dated 22 February 1837, was published, and made available to the general public. This booklet, containing some 28,000 words, incorporated the supplement given to the Chancellor, and statements he made to the Commission.", "Postage stamp In 1856, under the direction of Postmaster General James Campbell, Toppan and Carpenter, (commissioned by the U.S. government to print U.S. postage stamps through the 1850s) purchased a rotary machine designed to separate stamps, patented in England in 1854 by William and Henry Bemrose, who were printers in Derby, England.[44] The original machine cut slits into the paper rather than punching holes, but the machine was soon modified.[41]", "Penny Black Postal delivery systems using what may have been adhesive stamps existed before the Penny Black. The idea had at least been suggested earlier in the Austrian Empire, Sweden, and possibly Greece.[1]", "India Post The first adhesive postage stamps in Asia were issued in the Indian district of Scinde in July 1852 by Bartle Frere, chief commissioner of the region.[10] Frere was an admirer of Rowland Hill, the English postal reformer who had introduced the Penny Post. The Scinde stamps became known as \"Scinde Dawks\"; \"Dawk\" is the Anglicised spelling of the Hindustani word Dak or (\"post\"). These stamps, with a value of 1⁄2-anna, were in use until June 1866. The first all-India stamps were issued on 1 October 1854.", "Postage stamps and postal history of India The use of the Scinde Dawk adhesive stamps to signify the prepayment of postage began on 1 July 1852 in the Scinde/Sindh district,[13] as part of a comprehensive reform of the district's postal system. A year earlier Sir Bartle Frere had replaced the postal runners with a network of horses and camels, improving communications in the Indus river valley to serve the military and commercial needs of the British East India Company.[14]", "Postage stamps and postal history of Pakistan The history of postage stamps in the region dates back to 1852, when Sir Bartle Frere of the British East India Company became the Chief Commissioner of Sind in 1851 and in 1852. Following the British example set by Rowland Hill, Frere improved upon the operations of the postal system of Sindh, introduced a cheap and uniform rate for postage (independent of distance travelled) and initiated the production of the Scinde Dawk stamps. These became the forerunners of the adhesive stamps to be used throughout India, Burma, the Straits Settlements and other areas controlled by the British East India Company.[2] Their usage ceased with the introduction of official British Indian stamps in 1854.", "Penny Black On 13 February 1837, Sir Rowland Hill proposed to a government enquiry both the idea of a pre-paid stamp and a pre-paid envelope, a separate sheet folded to form an enclosure for carrying letters. Hill was given a two-year contract to run the new system, and together with Henry Cole he announced a competition to design the new stamps. There were some 2,600 entries, but none was considered suitable; instead a rough design endorsed by Hill was chosen, featuring an easily recognisable profile of the former Princess Victoria. Hill believed this would be difficult to forge. An envelope bearing a reproduction of a design created by the artist William Mulready was also issued.", "Stamp collecting The first postage stamp, the Penny Black, was issued by Britain in May 1840 and pictured a young Queen Victoria. It was produced without perforations (imperforate) and consequently had to be cut from the sheet with scissors in order to be used. While unused examples of the Penny Black are quite scarce, used examples are quite common, and may be purchased for $20 to $200, depending upon condition.", "Mail In the United Kingdom, prior to 1840 letters were paid for by the recipient and the cost was determined by the distance from sender to recipient and the number of sheets of paper rather than by a countrywide flat rate with weight restrictions. Sir Rowland Hill reformed the postal system based on the concepts of penny postage and prepayment.[14] In his proposal Hill also called for official pre-printed envelopes and adhesive postage stamps as alternative ways of getting the sender to pay for the postage, at a time when prepayment was optional, which led to the invention of the postage stamp, the Penny Black.", "Postage stamp Hansard records that on 15 December 1837, Benjamin Hawes inquired to the Chancellor of the Exchequer \"whether it was the intention of the Government to give effect to the recommendation of the Commissioners of the Post-office, contained in their ninth report relating to the reduction of the rates of postage, and the issuing of penny stamps?\"[21]", "Postage stamp separation The first self-adhesive stamp was issued by Sierra Leone in 1964, and by the 1990s these stamps came into wide use. These are inevitably diecut, meaning that the stamps themselves are cut entirely apart, held together only by the backing paper. At first the backing paper was itself solid, but in a repeat of history, is now slightly rouletted so as to facilitate tearing off blocks of stamps without having to remove them from the backing. Since the diecut goes all the way through the stamp, any shape will work, and the original self-adhesives were straight-edged. However, the tradition of perforation is so strong that more recent self-adhesives have a wavy diecut simulating the perforation. It can be recognized by studying the edge of the stamp closely; true perforations will have torn paper fibers on each tooth, while simulated perforations are smooth.", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States In the earliest days, ship captains arriving in port with stampless mail would advertise in the local newspaper names of those having mail and for them to come collect and pay for it, if not already paid for by the sender. Postal delivery in the United States was a matter of haphazard local organization until after the Revolutionary War, when eventually a national postal system was established.[citation needed] Stampless letters, paid for by the receiver, and private postal systems, were gradually phased out after the introduction of adhesive postage stamps, first issued by the U.S. government post office July 1, 1847, in the denominations of five and ten cents, with the use of stamps made mandatory in 1855.", "List of postage stamps of India Though British rule in India began effectively in the mid-eighteenth century i.e.1860's, the first adhesive stamp was issued in 1852, 12 years after the first Penny Black was issued in England. This was the Scinde Dawk. It was followed by the East India company lithographed issues and a long series of engraved stamps portraying Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, King George V, and King George VI.", "Postage stamp A postage stamp is a small piece of paper that is purchased and displayed on an item of mail as evidence of payment of postage. Typically, stamps are printed on special custom-made paper, show a national designation and a denomination (value) on the front, and have an adhesive gum on the back or are self-adhesive. Postage stamps are purchased from a postal administration (post office) or other authorized vendor, and are used to pay for the costs involved in moving mail, as well as other business necessities such as insurance and registration. They are sometimes a source of net profit to the issuing agency, especially when sold to collectors who will not actually use them for postage.", "Postage stamps and postal history of India The first stamps valid for postage throughout India were placed on sale in October 1854 with four values: 1/2 anna, 1 anna, 2 annas, and 4 annas.[15] Featuring a youthful profile of Queen Victoria aet. 15 years, all four values were designed and printed in Calcutta, and issued without perforations or gum. All were lithographed except for the 2 annas green, which was produced by typography from copper clichÃ©s or from electrotyped plates. The 4 annas value (illustrated) was one of the world's first bicolored stamps, preceded only by the Basel Dove, a beautiful local issue.", "Postage stamp Rowland Hill and the postal reforms he introduced to the UK postal system are commemorated on several commemorative postage issues of the United Kingdom.[22]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States The introduction of postage stamps in the UK in May 1840 was received with great interest in the United States (and around the world). Later that year, Daniel Webster rose in the U.S. Senate to recommend that the recent English postal reforms—standardized rates and the use of postage stamps—be adopted in America.[8]", "Postage stamp When the first postage stamps were issued in the 1840s, they followed an almost identical standard in shape, size and general subject matter. They were rectangular in shape. They bore the images of Queens, Presidents and other political figures. They also depicted the denomination of the postage-paid, and with the exception of the United Kingdom,[34] depicted the name of the country from which issued.[35] Nearly all early postage stamps depict images of national leaders only.", "Post-it note In 1968, Dr. Spencer Silver, a scientist at 3M in the United States, was attempting to develop a super-strong adhesive. Instead he accidentally created a \"low-tack,\" reusable, pressure-sensitive adhesive.[1][2][3] For five years, Silver promoted his \"solution without a problem\" within 3M both informally and through seminars but failed to gain acceptance. In 1974 a colleague who had attended one of his seminars, Art Fry, came up with the idea of using the adhesive to anchor his bookmark in his hymn book.[4][5] Fry then utilized 3M's officially sanctioned \"permitted bootlegging\" policy to develop the idea.[5] The original notes' yellow color was chosen by accident, as the lab next-door to the Post-It team had only yellow scrap paper to use.[6]", "Royal Mail As Britain was the first country to issue prepaid postage stamps,[20] British stamps are the only stamps that do not bear the name of the country of issue on them.[22]", "Self-adhesive stamp A self-adhesive stamp is a postage stamp with a pressure-sensitive adhesive that does not require moistening in order to adhere to paper. They are usually issued on a removable backing paper.", "Postage stamps and postal history of India The Post Office Act XVII of 1837 provided that the Governor-General of India in Council had the exclusive right of conveying letters by post for hire within the territories of the East India Company. Section XX required all private vessels to carry letters at prescribed rates for postage.[8] A handstamp was applied to preadhesive ship letters.[9] The mails were available to certain officials without charge, which became a controversial privilege as the years passed. On this basis the Indian Post Office was established on 1 October 1837.[10]", "Postage stamp Given the postage denominations stated in James Chalmers' essay mirrored those proposed by Rowland Hill in February 1837, it is clear Chalmers was aware of Hill’s proposals. It is unknown whether Chalmers obtained a copy of Hill’s booklet, or simply read about it in The Times newspaper that on two occasions - 25 March 1837,[25] 20 December 1837[26] - reported in great detail Hill’s proposals. Neither of Hill's articles mention of \"a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp,\" hence available information at the time via the Times' article could not have made Chalmers aware Hill previously made such a proposal. This suggests either Chalmers previously read Hill's booklet and was merely expounding on Hill's idea, or he concurrently and independently developed the idea of the modern postage stamp.", "Adhesive tape Pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA), a key component of some adhesive tapes, was first developed in 1845 by Dr. Horace Day, a surgeon.[1] In 1901, the German Oscar Troplowitz invented an adhesive patch called Leukoplast for the German company Beiersdorf AG. In 1936, German company Beiersdorf AG invented a transparent adhesive patch called Tesa.[2]", "Postage stamp The first stamp issue to be officially perforated, the 3-cent George Washington, was issued by the U.S. Post Office on February 24, 1857. Between 1857 and 1861 all stamps originally issued between 1851 and 1856 were reissued with perforations. Initial capacity was insufficient to perforate all stamps printed, thus perforated issues used between February and July 1857 are scarce and quite valuable.[45][46]", "Franking \"Postage\" franking is the physical application and presence of postage stamps, or any other markings recognized and accepted by the postal system or systems providing service, which indicate the payment of sufficient fees for the class of service which the item of mail is to be or had been afforded. Prior to the introduction to the world's first postage stamps in Britain in 1840 (\"Penny Black\") and 1841 (\"Penny Red\"), pre-paid franking was applied exclusively by a manuscript or handstamped \"Paid\" marking and the amount of the fee collected.[7] The first US postage stamp was the red brown Five cent Franklin (SC-1) issued in 1847.", "Postage stamps and postal history of India New regulations removed the special postal privileges which had been enjoyed by officials of the East India Company. Stamps for official use were prepared and carefully accounted for to combat the abuse of privileges by officials. In 1854 Spain had printed special stamps for official communications, but in 1866 India was the first country to adopt the simple expedient of overprinting 'Service' on postage stamps and 'Service Postage' on revenue stamps. This innovation became widely adopted by other countries in later years.[20][21]", "Penny Black The portrait of Victoria was engraved by Charles Heath and his son Frederick, based on a sketch provided by Henry Corbould. Corbould's sketch was in turn based on the 1834 cameo-like head by William Wyon, which was used on a medal to commemorate the Queen's visit to the City of London in 1837.[2][3] This portrait of Victoria remained on British stamps until her death in 1901, although by then she was 81 years old. All British stamps still bear a portrait or silhouette of the monarch somewhere on the design. They are the only postage stamps in the world that do not indicate a country of origin; the monarch's image symbolises the United Kingdom.", "Postage stamps and postal history of Sri Lanka The first stamps for Ceylon were issued on 1 April 1857.[1] The stamp features a portrait of Queen Victoria and is brown in colour. It is a 6 pence value used to send a half ounce letter from Ceylon to England. Eight more stamps were issued in year 1857, all featuring the portrait of Queen Victoria. One of the 5 stamps that were issued on 23 April 1859 is considered to be the most valuable stamp in Sri Lanka: it is a 4 pence with a dark pink colour known as the 'Dull Rose'.[2]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States The issue and use of adhesive postage stamps continued during the 19th century primarily for first class mail. Each of these stamps generally bore the face or bust of an American president or another historically important statesman. However, once the Post Office realized during the 1890s that it could increase revenues by selling stamps as \"collectibles,\" it began issuing commemorative stamps, first in connection with important national expositions, later for the anniversaries of significant American historical events. Continued technological innovation subsequently prompted the introduction of special stamps, such as those for use with airmail, zeppelin mail, registered mail, certified mail, and so on.[citation needed] Postage due stamps were issued for some time and were pasted by the post office to letters having insufficient postage with the postage due to be paid to the postal carrier at the receiving address.", "Postage stamp separation Also in 1854 a \"rotary process\" was patented by William Bemrose and Henry Howe Bemrose. The Bemrose machine was designed as a rouletting machine. As such, it proved impracticable for stamp separation but in 1856 was successfully converted to a perforating machine by George C. Howard of Toppan Carpenter, stamp printers for the American Government.[3] Both the stroke and rotary processes have been refined since then, but are basically still the ones in use in the 21st century. The key decision for the perforator is the spacing of the holes; if too far apart, the stamps will not separate easily, and the stamps are likely to tear, but if too close, the stamps will tend to come apart in normal handling. In a few cases the size of the holes has been a factor. In the case of certain stamps produced by Australia for sale in rolls rather than sheets (coil stamps) a pattern can be seen on the stamp's short side of two small, ten large and two small holes.", "Christmas stamp It is a matter of some debate as to which is the first Christmas stamp. The Canadian map stamp of 1898 bears an inscription \"XMAS 1898\", but it was actually issued to mark the inauguration of the Imperial Penny Postage rate. The Christmas connection has long been reported to have been the result of quick thinking; William Mulock was proposing that it be issued on 9 November, to \"honor the Prince\" (meaning the Prince of Wales), but when Queen Victoria asked \"what Prince?\" in a displeased manner, Mulock realized the danger, and answered \"Why, madam, the Prince of Peace.\"[1]", "Postage stamp The first stamps did not need to show the issuing country, so no country name was included on them. The UK remains the only country to omit its name on postage stamps,[31][32] using the reigning monarchâ€™s head as country identification. Following the introduction of the postage stamp in the UK, prepaid postage considerably increased the number of letters mailed. Before 1839, the number of letters sent in the UK was typically 76 million. By 1850 this increased five-fold to 350 million, continuing to grow rapidly[5] until the end of the 20th century when newer methods of indicating the payment of postage reduced the use of stamps.", "Postage stamp separation In 1847, Henry Archer constructed the first (rouletting) machine, the \"Archer Roulette\", to separate stamps. His plan, submitted to the Postmaster General on 1 October 1847, was referred to the departments of the General Post Office and the Inland Revenue. Two such machines were built. After experimentation both machines proved to be failures. From one machine a few stamps from Plates 70 and 71 have survived. This machine consisted of lancet-shaped blades working on a fly-press principle and piercing the paper with a series of cuts.", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Officially sanctioned mail service began in 1692 when King William III granted to an English nobleman a delivery \"patent\" that included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds. (Years later, taxation implemented through the mandatory purchase of stamps was an issue that helped to spark the American Revolution.) The tax was repealed a year later, and very few were ever actually used in the thirteen colonies, but they saw service in Canada and the British Caribbean islands.[2]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States 1857 saw the introduction of perforation, and in 1860 24¢, 30¢ and 90¢ values (with still more images of Washington and Franklin) were issued for the first time. These higher denominations, especially the 90c value, were available for such a short time (a little over a year) that they had virtually no chance of being used. The 90c stamp used is a very rare item, and so frequently forged that authorities counsel collectors to shun cancelled copies that lack expert certification.[16]", "Postage stamps and postal history of India These stamps were issued following a Commission of Inquiry which had carefully studied the postal systems of Europe and America. In the opinion of Geoffrey Clarke, the reformed system was to be maintained \"for the benefit of the people of India and not for the purpose of swelling the revenue.\"[16] The Commissioners voted to abolish the earlier practice of conveying official letters free of postage (\"franking\"). The new system was recommended by the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, and adopted by the East India Company's Court of Directors. It introduced \"low and uniform\" rates for sending mail efficiently throughout the country within the jurisdiction of the East India Company.[17] The basic rate was 1/2 anna on letters not more than 1/4 tola in weight. The stamps were needed to show the postage was prepaid, a basic principle of the new system, like the fundamental changes of the British system advocated by Rowland Hill and the Scinde reforms of Bartle Frere. These reforms transformed mail services within India.", "Postmark In Great Britain the first postmark employed for the cancellation of the then new adhesive postage stamps was the Maltese Cross, so named because of its shape and appearance. This was used in conjunction with a date stamp which was applied, usually to the rear of the letter, which denoted the date of posting.", "Postage stamp In addition to the most common rectangular shape, stamps have been issued in geometric (circular, triangular and pentagonal) and irregular shapes. The United States issued its first circular stamp in 2000 as a hologram of the earth.[47][48] Sierra Leone and Tonga have issued stamps in the shapes of fruit. Stamps that are printed on sheets are generally separated by perforations, though, more recently, with the advent of gummed stamps that do not have to be moistened prior to affixing them, designs can incorporate smooth edges (although a purely decorative perforated edge is often present).", "Penny Black Although the stamps were not officially issued for sale until 6 May 1840, some offices such as those in Bath sold the stamps unofficially before that date. There are covers postmarked 2 May, and a single example is known on cover dated 1 May 1840.[7] All London post offices received official supplies of the new stamps but other offices throughout the United Kingdom did not, continuing to accept payments for postage in cash for a period.", "Postage stamps and postal history of Sri Lanka 1857 Victoria on 6 pence", "Birmingham Birmingham's tradition of innovation continued into the 19th century. Birmingham was the terminus for both of the world's first two long-distance railway lines: the 82 mile Grand Junction Railway of 1837 and the 112 mile London and Birmingham Railway of 1838.[76] Birmingham schoolteacher Rowland Hill invented the postage stamp and created the first modern universal postal system in 1839.[77] Alexander Parkes invented the first man-made plastic in the Jewellery Quarter in 1855.[78]", "Postage stamps and postal history of India Mahatma Gandhi, Rajkot 1896.[32]", "Postage stamps and postal history of India A new design for stamps, with Queen Victoria in an oval vignette inside a rectangular frame, was inscribed \"EAST INDIA POSTAGE\". These stamps were recess printed by De La Rue in England (who produced all the subsequent issues of British India until 1925).[18] The first of these became available in 1855. They continued in use well after the British government took over the administration of India in 1858, following the 1857 Rebellion against the East India Company's rule. From 1865 the Indian stamps were printed on paper watermarked with an elephant's head.", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States A few months after its founding, the City Despatch Post was sold to the U.S. Government, which renamed it the \"United States City Despatch Post.\" The government began operation of this local post on August 16, 1842, under an Act of Congress of some years earlier that authorized local delivery. Greig, retained by the Post Office to run the service, kept the firm's original Washington stamp in use, but soon had its lettering altered to reflect the name change. In its revised form, this issue accordingly became the first postage stamp produced under the auspices of a government in the western hemisphere.[citation needed]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States In 1866, about a year after Abraham Lincoln's assassination, the U.S. Post Office issued its first postage stamp honoring the fallen President. The Post Office stated that the release took place on June 17. Some sources, however, believe that the stamp was introduced on April 14, the one-year anniversary of Lincoln's death, and one notable expert made an (unverifiable) claim that the stamp first saw use on April 15.[24] In any case, it is considered by some as America's first commemorative stamp. From that point on Lincoln's portrait appeared on a variety of U.S. postage stamps and today exists on more than a dozen issues. Lincoln is also honored on commemorative stamps issued by Costa Rica and Nicaragua. With the exceptions of George Washington and Benjamin Franklin, Lincoln appears on US Postage more than any other famous American.[16]", "Postage stamp In the first decade of postage stamps' existence (depending on the country), stamps were issued without perforations. Scissors or other cutting mechanisms were required to separate a desired number of stamps from a full sheet. If cutting tools were not used, individual stamps were torn off. This is evidenced by the ragged edges of surviving examples. Mechanically separating stamps from a sheet proved an inconvenience for postal clerks and businesses, both dealing with large numbers of individual stamps on a daily basis. By 1850, methods such as rouletting wheels were being devised in efforts of making stamp separation more convenient, and less time consuming.[39]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States The history of postal service of the United States began with the delivery of stampless letters, whose cost was borne by the receiving person, later also encompassed pre-paid letters carried by private mail carriers and provisional post offices, and culminated in a system of universal prepayment that required all letters to bear nationally issued adhesive postage stamps.[1]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States In the years leading up to the American Revolution mail routes among the colonies existed along the few roads between Boston, New York and Philadelphia. In the middle 18th century, individuals like Benjamin Franklin and William Goddard were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post (the colonial mail system then) which was now becoming more distrusted as the American Revolution drew near.[citation needed] The postal system that Franklin and Goddard forged out of the American Revolution became the standard for the new U.S. Post Office and is a system whose basic designs are still used in the United States Postal Service today.[3][4]", "Mail In 2004 the Royal Mail in the United Kingdom introduced its SmartStamp Internet-based system, allowing printing on ordinary adhesive labels or envelopes. Similar systems are being considered by postal administrations around the world.", "India Post The volume of mail moved by the postal system increased significantly, doubling between 1854 and 1866 and doubling again by 1871. The Post Office Act XIV introduced reforms by 1 May 1866 to correct some of the more obvious postal-system deficiencies and abuses. Postal-service efficiencies were also introduced. In 1863, lower rates were set for \"steamer\" mail to Europe at (six annas, eight pies for a 1⁄2-ounce letter). Lower rates were also introduced for inland mail. New regulations removed special postal privileges enjoyed by officials of the East India Company. Stamps for official use were prepared and carefully accounted for, to combat abuses by officials. In 1854 Spain had printed special stamps for official communications, but in 1866 India was the first country to adopt the expedient of overprinting \"Service\" on postage stamps and \"Service Postage\" on revenue stamps. This innovation was later widely adopted by other countries.[11] Shortages developed, so stamps also had to be improvised. Some \"Service Postage\" overprinted rarities resulted from abrupt changes in postal regulations. New designs for the four-anna and six-anna-eight-pie stamps were issued in 1866. Nevertheless, there was a shortage of stamps to meet the new rates. Provisional six-anna stamps were improvised by cutting the top and bottom from a current foreign-bill revenue stamp and overprinting \"Postage\". India was the first country in the Commonwealth to issue airmail stamps.[12]", "United States Postal Service An Act of Congress provided for the issuance of stamps on March 3, 1847, and the Postmaster General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon, Wright, Hatch, and Edson. The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1, 1847, in New York City, with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter. The 5-cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1 oz (28 g) and traveling less than 300 miles, the 10-cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles, or twice the weight deliverable for the 5-cent stamp.", "Postage stamps and postal history of India The East India Company took constructive steps to improve the existing systems in India when, in 1688, they opened a post office in Bombay followed by similar ones in Calcutta and Madras. Lord Clive further expanded the services in 1766 and in 1774 Warren Hastings made the services available to the general public. The fee charged was two annas per 100 miles.[4] The postmarks applied on these letters are very rare and are named 'Indian Bishop Marks' after Colonel Henry Bishop, the Postmaster General of the United Kingdom who introduced this practice in Britain.[4] The Post Office Department of the East India Company was first established on 31 March 1774 at Calcutta,[5] followed in 1778 at Madras and in 1792 at Bombay.[6] After 1793, when Cornwallis introduced the Regulation of the Permanent Settlement, the financial responsibility for maintaining the official posts rested with the zamindars. Alongside these, private dawk mail systems sprang up for the commercial conveyance of messages using hired runners. Also, the East India Company created its own infrastructure for the expansion and administration of military and commercial power. The runners were paid according to the distance they travelled and the weight of their letters.", "Postage stamps and postal history of Sri Lanka On 1 April 2007 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the 1st postage stamp of Sri Lanka a souvenir sheet was issued in both perforate and imperforate types.[3]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States In 1868, the Post Office contracted with the National Bank Note Company to produce new stamps with a variety of designs. These came out in 1869, and were notable for the variety of their subjects; the 2¢ depicted a Pony Express rider, the 3¢ a locomotive, the 12¢ the steamship Adriatic, the 15¢ the landing of Christopher Columbus, and the 24¢ the signing of the Declaration of Independence.", "Postage stamp In the U.S. the use of postage stamps caught on quickly and became more widespread when on March 3, 1851, the last day of its legislative session, Congress passed the Act of March 3, 1851 (An Act to reduce and modify the Rates of Postage in the United States).[43] Similarly introduced on the last day of the Congressional session four years later, the Act of March 3, 1855 required the prepayment of postage on all mailings. Thereafter, postage stamp use in the U.S. quickly doubled, and by 1861 had quadrupled.[39]", "Stamp collecting People started to collect stamps almost immediately. One of the earliest and most notable was John Edward Gray. In 1862, Gray stated that he \"began to collect postage stamps shortly after the system was established and before it had become a rage\".[4]", "Postage stamp Before the introduction of postage stamps, mail in the United Kingdom was paid for by the recipient, a system that was associated with an irresolvable problem: the costs of delivering mail were not recoverable by the postal service when recipients were unable or unwilling to pay for delivered items, and senders had no incentive to restrict the number, size, or weight of items sent, whether or not they would ultimately be paid for.[4] The postage stamp resolved this issue in a simple and elegant manner, with the additional benefit of room for an element of beauty to be introduced. Concurrently with the first stamps, the UK offered wrappers for mail. Later related inventions include postal stationery such as prepaid-postage envelopes, post cards, lettercards, aerogrammes, postage meters, and, more recently, specialty boxes and envelopes provided free to the customer by the United States Postal Service for priority or express mailing.", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States An Act of Congress of March 3, 1845 (effective July 1, 1845), established uniform (and mostly reduced) postal rates throughout the nation, with a uniform rate of five cents for distances under 300 miles (500Â km) and ten cents for distances between 300 and 3000 miles.[11] However, Congress did not authorize the production of stamps for nationwide use until 1847; still, postmasters realized that standard rates now made it feasible to produce and sell \"provisional\" issues for prepayment of uniform postal fees, and printed these in bulk. Such provisionals included both prepaid envelopes and stamps, mostly of crude design, the New York Postmaster's Provisional being the only one of quality comparable to later stamps.", "Postage stamp James Chalmers organized petitions \"for a low and uniform rate of postage\". The first such petition was presented in the House of Commons on 4 December 1837 (from Montrose).[27] Further petitions organised by him were presented on 1 May 1838 (from Dunbar and Cupar), 14 May 1838 (from the county of Forfar), and 12 June 1839. In this period of time, other groups organized petitions and presented them to Parliament. All petitions for consumer-oriented, low-cost, volume based postal rates following the disclosure of Hill's proposals.", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Inventors: Eli Whitney - Samuel F. B. Morse - Cyrus Hall McCormick - Elias Howe - Alexander Graham Bell", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States The post office had become so efficient by 1851 that Congress was able to reduce the common rate to three cents (which remained unchanged for over thirty years), necessitating a new issue of stamps. Moreover, the common rate now applied to letters carried up to 3000 miles. This rate, however, only applied to prepaid mail: a letter sent without a stamp still cost the recipient five cents—clear evidence that Congress envisioned making stamp use mandatory in the future (it did so in 1855). The 1-cent drop-letter rate was also restored, and Post Office plans did not at first include a stamp for it; later, however, an essay for a 6-cent Franklin double-weight stamp was converted into a drop-letter value. Along with this 1¢ stamp, the post office initially issued only two additional denominations in the series of 1851: 3¢ and 12¢, the three stamps going on sale that July and August. Since the 1847 stamps no longer conformed to any postal rate, they were declared invalid after short period during which the public could exchange old stamps for new ones. Ironically, however, within a few years the Post Office found that stamps in the old denominations were needed after all, and so, added a 10¢ value to the series in 1855, followed by a 5¢ stamp the following year. The full series included a 1¢ profile of Franklin in blue, a 3¢ profile of Washington in red brown, a 5¢ portrait of Thomas Jefferson, and portraits of Washington for 10¢ green and 12¢ black values. The 1¢ stamp achieved notoriety, at least among philatelists, because production problems (the stamp design was too tall for the space provided) led to a welter of plate modifications done in piecemeal fashion, and there are no fewer than seven major varieties, ranging in price from $100 to $200,000 (the latter for the only stamp of the 200 images on the first plate that displays the design's top and bottom ornamentation complete). Sharp-eyed collectors periodically find the rare types going unrecognized.[citation needed]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States In 1775, when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first Postmaster General, the U.S. Post Office was born. So important was the Postmaster General that in 1829 this position was included among those in the President's Cabinet. As America began to grow and new towns and villages began to appear, so too did the Post Office along with them. The dates and postmarks generated from these places often has provided the historian with a window into a given time and place in question.[citation needed] Each postmark is uniquely distinctive with its own name of state and town, in addition to its distinctive date. Post Offices that existed along railroad lines and at various military posts have their own special historical aspect. Mail and postmarks generated from prisoner of war camps during the Civil War, or from aboard naval ships, each with a U.S. Post Office aboard, can and have offered amazing insights into United States history and are avidly sought after by historians and collectors alike.", "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps The paper postage stamp itself was born of utility (in England, 1840), as something simple and easy to use was needed to confirm that postage had been paid for an item of mail. People could purchase several stamps at one time and no longer had to make a special trip to pay for postage each time an item was mailed. The postage stamp design was usually printed from a fine engraving and were almost impossible to forge adequately. This is where the appearance of presidents on stamps was introduced. Moreover, the subject theme of a president, along with the honors associated with it, is what began to define the stamp issues in ways that took it beyond the physical postage stamp itself and is why people began to collect them. There exist entire series of stamp issues whose printing was inspired by the subject alone.", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Other innovations in what has become known as the 1869 Pictorial Issue included the first use of two-color printing on U.S. stamps, and as a consequence the first invert errors. Although popular with collectors today, the unconventional stamps were not very popular among a population who was accustomed to postage that bore classic portrayals of Washington, Franklin and other forefathers. Consequently, the Post Office recalled all remaining stocks after one year.[citation needed]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States The provisional issues of Baltimore were notable for the reproduced signature of the city's postmasterâ€”James M. Buchanan (1803-1876), a cousin to President James Buchanan. All provisional issues are rare, some inordinately so: at a Siegel Gallery auction in New York on March 2012, an example of the Millbury provisional fetched $400,000,[12] while copies of the Alexandria and Annapolis provisionals each sold for $550,000.[13][14] Eleven cities printed provisional stamps in 1845 and 1846:", "Stamp collecting One of the first two Mauritius Post Office stamps. This orange stamp was sold for CHF 1,725,000 (approx $1.2 million) in 1993.[10]", "British Guiana British Guiana is famous among philatelists for its early postage stamps that were first issued in 1850. These stamps include some of the rarest, most expensive stamps in the world, such as the unique British Guiana 1c magenta from 1856 which was sold in 2014 for US$9.5 million.[2]", "Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps Engraved portrayals of U.S. presidents were the only designs found on U.S. postage from 1847 until 1869, with the one exception of Benjamin Franklin, whose historical stature was comparable to that of a president, although his appearance was also an acknowledgement of his role as the first U. S. Postmaster General. During this period, the U.S. Post Office issued various postage stamps bearing the depictions of George Washington foremost, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, and Abraham Lincoln, the last of whom first appeared in 1866, one year after his death. After twenty-two years of issuing stamps with only presidents and Franklin, the Post Office[3] in 1869 issued a series of eleven postage stamps that were generally regarded by the American public as being abruptly different from the previous issues and whose designs were considered at the time to be a break from the tradition of honoring American forefathers on the nation's postage stamps. These new issues had other nonpresidential subjects and a design style that was also different, one issue bearing a horse, another a locomotive, while others were depicted with nonpresidential themes. Washington and Lincoln were to be found only once in this series of eleven stamps, which some considered to be below par in design and image quality. As a result, this pictographic series was met with general disdain and proved so unpopular that the issues were consequently sold for only one year where remaining stocks were pulled from post offices across the United States.[2][4][5]", "De La Rue Cape of Good Hope triangular postage stamp of 1853.", "Postage stamps and postal history of India From 1 January 1926 all printing and overprinting of India' postage stamps was conducted at India Security Press, Nasik. The possibility of printing postage stamps and other security items in India had been enquired into before the First World War but could not be pursued at that time. In 1922, the feasibility of this issue was explored in England by Lt Col C.H. Willis, C.I.E., then master of the Bombay Mint, and Mr F.D. Ascoti, I.C.S., Controller of Printing, Stationery and Stamps. Their favourable report, followed by a successful demonstration of production techniques in Delhi in 1923, led to the decision of the Government to establish a security press at Nashik. The responsibility of setting up the Press was entrusted to none other than the London firm of Thomas De La Rue which already had a six-decade long association with Indian stamps. The construction began in 1924 at an original estimate of Rs 27Â½ lakhs and was completed in 1925 with additional costs of Rs 67 and 1/400,000.[18]", "Postage stamp Stamps are most commonly made from paper designed specifically for them, and are printed in sheets, rolls, or small booklets. Less commonly, postage stamps are made of materials other than paper, such as embossed foil (sometimes of gold). Switzerland made a stamp that contained a bit of lace and one of wood. The United States produced one of plastic. East Germany issued a stamp of synthetic chemicals. In the Netherlands a stamp was made of silver foil. Bhutan issued one with its national anthem on a playable record.[49]", "Postage stamp As postage stamps with their engraved imagery began to appear on a widespread basis, historians and collectors began to take notice.[8] The study of postage stamps and their use is referred to as philately. Stamp collecting can be both a hobby and a form of historical study and reference, as government-issued postage stamps and their mailing systems have always been involved with the history of nations.[9][10]", "Postage stamps and postal history of India In the South of India, in 1672 Raja Chuk Deo of Mysore began an efficient postal service which was further improved upon by Haider Ali.[4]", "Stamp collecting It has been suggested that John Bourke, Receiver General of Stamp Dues in Ireland was the first collector. In 1774 he assembled a book of the existing embossed revenue stamps, ranging in value from 6 pounds to half a penny, as well as the hand stamped charge marks that were used with them. His collection is preserved in Dublin.[3]", "Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Widespread hoarding of coins during the Civil War created a shortage, prompting the use of stamps for currency. To be sure, the fragility of stamps made them unsuitable for hand-to-hand circulation, and to solve this problem, John Gault invented the encased postage stamp in 1862. A normal U. S. stamp was wrapped around a circular cardboard disc and then placed inside a coin-like circular brass jacket. A transparent mica window in the jacket allowed the face of the stamp to be seen. All eight denominations available in 1861-62, ranging from 1 cent to 90 cents, were offered in encased versions. Raised lettering on the metal backs of the jackets often advertised the goods or services of business firms; these included the Aerated Bread Company; Ayers Sarsaparilla and Cathartic Pills; Burnett's Cocoaine; Sands Ale; Drake's Plantation Bitters; Buhl & Co. Hats and Furs; Lord & Taylor; Tremont House, Chicago; Joseph L. Bates Fancy Goods; White the Hatter, New York City; and Ellis McAlpin & Co. Dry Goods, Cincinnati.[18][19][20] (See also: Fractional currency.)", "Postage stamps and postal history of Pakistan On 1 October 1947, the government released its first stamps, being from the 1940s British India series of King George VI stamps overprinted with the word Pakistan.[4] Known as the Nasik Overprints, after the place near Mumbai, India, where they were overprinted, this set consists of 19 stamps.[5]", "Postage stamp separation In the early years, from 1840 until 1850, all stamps were issued imperforate, and had to be cut from the sheet with scissors or knife. This was time-consuming and error-prone (as mangled stamps of the era attest). Once reliable separation equipment became available, nations switched rapidly. Imperforate stamps have been issued occasionally since then, either because separation equipment was temporarily unavailable (in newborn nations for instance), to makers of automatic stamp vending equipment (the United States did this in the 1900s and 1910s), as novelties for stamp collectors (particularly when stamps are issued in souvenir sheets), or as errors." ]	[ "Penny Black The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was first issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, but not valid for use until 6 May. It features a profile of Queen Victoria.", "Penny Black In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to 1" ]
test2488	who declared war on the united states four days after pearl harbor	[ "doc85898" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1820333", "doc253636", "doc2524019", "doc1568052", "doc2524044", "doc376173", "doc1568054", "doc253661", "doc1568055", "doc705928", "doc1568056", "doc2524021", "doc253655", "doc2608407", "doc2524038", "doc1374964", "doc60889", "doc1820338", "doc253638", "doc843363", "doc85898", "doc1820337", "doc2524042", "doc1568053", "doc60842", "doc1416284", "doc705926", "doc85912", "doc279523", "doc253659", "doc139380", "doc2524037", "doc85894", "doc136568", "doc253654", "doc2524040", "doc136629", "doc891759", "doc2524024", "doc218593", "doc2524022", "doc24018", "doc596654", "doc518054", "doc1820335", "doc843365", "doc2524036", "doc2524039", "doc2353189", "doc2524020", "doc253641", "doc1820334", "doc705791", "doc1820336", "doc253637", "doc85888", "doc2524035", "doc253652", "doc451943", "doc253639", "doc139399", "doc1684737", "doc279522", "doc1684736", "doc471437", "doc2524025", "doc2552649", "doc214595", "doc85910", "doc253657", "doc2524027", "doc253644", "doc376175", "doc268830", "doc1442587", "doc2524041", "doc85911", "doc214693", "doc253642", "doc85899", "doc843366", "doc1416283", "doc2524032", "doc214452", "doc649339", "doc253649", "doc279525", "doc843368", "doc843371", "doc843369", "doc843367", "doc1442567", "doc649341", "doc843364", "doc2524031", "doc705799", "doc253648", "doc596653", "doc1857298", "doc253656" ]	[ "United States declaration of war on Japan On December 8, 1941, the United States Congress declared war (Public Law 77-328, 55 STAT 795) on the Empire of Japan in response to that country's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor the prior day. It was formulated an hour after the Infamy Speech of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Japan had sent a message for the United States to its embassy in Washington earlier, but because of problems at the embassy in decoding the very long message – the high security level assigned to the declaration meant that only personnel with very high clearances could decode it, which slowed down the process – it was not delivered to the U.S. Secretary of State until after the Pearl Harbor attack. Following the U.S. declaration, Japan's allies, Germany and Italy, declared war on the United States, bringing the United States fully into World War II.", "German declaration of war against the United States On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler, apparently offhand, almost without consultation. Later that day, the United States declared war on Germany.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) On 11 December 1941, four days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the United States declaration of war against the Japanese Empire, Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, in response to what was claimed to be a series of provocations by the United States government when the US was still officially neutral during World War II. The decision to declare war was made by Adolf Hitler, apparently offhand, almost without consultation. Later that day, the United States declared war on Germany.", "United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941) December 11, 1941, the United States Congress declared war upon Germany (Pub.L. 77–331, Sess. 1, ch. 564, 55 Stat. 796), hours after Germany declared war on the United States after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.[1] The vote was 88–0 in the Senate and 393–0 in the House.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) December 11, 1941.", "Declaration of war by the United States In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[6][7]", "United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941) JOINT RESOLUTION Declaring That a State of War Exists Between The Government of Germany and the Government and the People of the United States and Making Provisions To Prosecute The Same", "German declaration of war against the United States December 11, 1941.", "United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941) Whereas the Government of Germany has formally declared war against the Government and the people of the United States of America: Therefore be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared; and the President is hereby authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Government of Germany; and, to bring the conflict to a successful termination, all of the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States.", "Axis powers Hitler declaring war on the United States on 11 December 1941", "United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941) (Signed) Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the House of Representatives\n(Signed) H. A. Wallace, Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate\nApproved December 11, 1941 3:05 PM E.S.T.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched an attack on the US naval and army base on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, beginning a war between Japan and the United States. Japan had not informed its ally, Germany, in advance of the attack, although the Japanese ambassador had informed the German Foreign Minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, at the beginning of December that relations between the US and the Japanese Empire were at a breaking point, and that war was imminent. He was instructed to ask Germany for commitment to declare war under the terms of the Tripartite Pact should that occur. Hitler and Ribbentrop had been urging Japan to attack and take over Singapore from the British, on the theory that doing so would not only hurt the UK, but would also serve to help keep the US out of the war.[2]", "German declaration of war against the United States On September 11, 1941, the President of the United States publicly declared that he had ordered the American Navy and Air Force to shoot on sight at any German war vessel. In his speech of October 27, 1941, he once more expressly affirmed that this order was in force. Acting under this order, vessels of the American Navy, since early September 1941, have systematically attacked German naval forces. Thus, American destroyers, as for instance the Greer, the Kearney and the Reuben James, have opened fire on German submarines according to plan. The Secretary of the American Navy, Mr. Knox, himself confirmed that-American destroyers attacked German submarines.", "National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day Canada declared war on Japan within hours of the attack on Pearl Harbor,[3] the first Western nation to do so. On December 8, the United States declared war on Japan and entered World War II on the side of the Allies. In a speech to Congress, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called the bombing of Pearl Harbor \"a date which will live in infamy.\"[2]", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) On September 11, 1941, the President of the United States publicly declared that he had ordered the American Navy and Air Force to shoot on sight at any German war vessel. In his speech of October 27, 1941, he once more expressly affirmed that this order was in force. Acting under this order, vessels of the American Navy, since early September 1941, have systematically attacked German naval forces. Thus, American destroyers, as for instance the Greer, the Kearney and the Reuben James, have opened fire on German submarines according to plan. The Secretary of the American Navy, Mr. Knox, himself confirmed that-American destroyers attacked German submarines.", "Timeline of United States military operations 1941â€“1945: World War II: On December 8, 1941, the United States declared war against Japan in response to the bombing of Pearl Harbor. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war against the United States.[5]", "Attack on Pearl Harbor The day after the attack, Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress, calling for a formal declaration of war on the Empire of Japan. Congress obliged his request less than an hour later. On December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, even though the Tripartite Pact did not require it.[nb 20] Congress issued a declaration of war against Germany and Italy later that same day. The UK actually declared war on Japan nine hours before the U.S. did, partially due to Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong, and partially due to Winston Churchill's promise to declare war \"within the hour\" of a Japanese attack on the United States.[119]", "United States declaration of war on Japan Whereas the Imperial Government of Japan has committed unprovoked acts of war against the Government and the people of the United States of America:", "German declaration of war against the United States On December 7, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched an attack on the US naval and army base on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, beginning a war between Japan and the United States. Japan had not informed its ally, Germany, in advance of the attack, although the Japanese ambassador had informed the German Foreign Minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, at the beginning of December that relations between the US and the Japanese Empire were at a breaking point, and that war was imminent. He was instructed to ask Germany for commitment to declare war under the terms of the Tripartite Pact should that occur. Hitler and Ribbentrop had been urging Japan to attack and take over Singapore from the British, on the theory that doing so would not only hurt the UK, but would also serve to help keep the US out of the war.[2]", "Declarations of war during World War II Attack on Pearl Harbor", "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor On December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, and the United States reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe.", "United States declaration of war on Japan Roosevelt signed the declaration at 4:10 p.m the same day.[5] The power to declare war is assigned exclusively to Congress in the United States Constitution, making it an open question whether his signature was technically necessary.[5] However, his signature was symbolically powerful and resolved any doubts.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) The German Government, consequently, discontinues diplomatic relations with the United States of America and declares that under these circumstances brought about by President Roosevelt Germany too, as from today, considers herself as being in a state of war with the United States of America.", "United States declaration of war upon Germany (1941) At the First Session Begun and held at the City of Washington, on Friday, the third day of January, 1941.", "Attack on Pearl Harbor The surprise attack came as a profound shock to the American people and led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and European theaters. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan,[20][21] and several days later, on December 11, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The U.S. responded with a declaration of war against Germany and Italy. Domestic support for non-interventionism, which had been fading since the Fall of France in 1940,[22] disappeared.[21]", "Declaration of war by Canada On December 7, 1941 (December 8 in Japan), the Empire of Japan began an undeclared war upon the United Kingdom (invading Hong Kong and Malaya), Canada, and the United States (attacking Pearl Harbor).[3] Mackenzie King and the Cabinet decided to go to war with Japan that evening and issued a proclamation the following day declaring that, as of December 7, a state of war existed between Japan and Canada.[2][3][14] One day later, the US and UK also declared war on the Japanese Empire.[3] These proclamations were presented by Mackenzie King to the House of Commons when parliament returned on January 21, 1942.[2]", "Axis powers On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the US naval bases in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. According to the stipulation of the Tripartite Pact, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked. Since Japan had made the first move, Germany and Italy were not obliged to aid her until the United States counterattacked. Nevertheless, following two days of intense discussions with Herman Göring, Wilhelm Keitel and Erich Raeder - all of whom urged him to declare war in view of Franklin D. Roosevelt confirming Rainbow Five in his Fireside Chat on 9 December 1941[186] - and expecting the US to declare war on Germany in any event,[187] Hitler ordered the Reichstag to formally declare war on the United States.[188] Italy also declared war.", "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor Now, therefore, we do hereby declare and proclaim that a state of war with Japan exists and has existed as and from the seventh day of December 1941.", "United States declaration of war on Germany (1917) WHEREAS, The Imperial German Government has committed repeated acts of war against the people of the United States of America; therefore, be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the state of war between the United States and the Imperial German Government, which has thus been thrust upon the United States, is hereby formally declared; and that the President be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Imperial German Government; and to bring the conflict to a successful termination all the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States.[1]", "German declaration of war against the United States The German Government, consequently, discontinues diplomatic relations with the United States of America and declares that under these circumstances brought about by President Roosevelt Germany too, as from today, considers herself as being in a state of war with the United States of America.", "Allies of World War II On 8 December 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Congress declared war on Japan at the request of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. This was followed by Germany and Italy declaring war on the United States on 11Â December, bringing the country into the European theatre.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) The Government of the United States having violated in the most flagrant manner and in ever increasing measure all rules of neutrality in favor of the adversaries of Germany and having continually been guilty of the most severe provocations toward Germany ever since the outbreak of the European war, provoked by the British declaration of war against Germany on September 3, 1939, has finally resorted to open military acts of aggression.", "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor On December 8, 1941, Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire. The Japanese document discussed world peace and the disruptive actions of the United States and the United Kingdom. The document claimed all avenues for averting war had been exhausted by the Government of Japan.", "Military history of the United States during World War II On 11 December 1941, Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany declared war against the United States, the same day that the United States declared war on Germany and Italy.[17]", "German declaration of war against the United States The Government of the United States having violated in the most flagrant manner and in ever increasing measure all rules of neutrality in favor of the adversaries of Germany and having continually been guilty of the most severe provocations toward Germany ever since the outbreak of the European war, provoked by the British declaration of war against Germany on September 3, 1939, has finally resorted to open military acts of aggression.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) The German Government therefore establishes the following facts:", "Military history of the United States during World War II Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt officially pronounced 7 December 1941, as \"a date which will live in infamy\" and asked for a declaration of war on Japan before a joint session of Congress on 8 December 1941. The motion passed with only one vote against it, in both chambers. Just three days later, on 11 December 1941 Adolf Hitler declared war on the United States, and had already remarked on the evening of the date of the Japanese attack that \"We can't lose the war at all. We now have an ally which has never been conquered in 3,000 years\".[25]", "Total war In late 1941, Japan's Army-dominated government decided to seize by military force the strategic resources of South-East Asia and Indonesia since the Western powers would not give Japan these goods by trade.[citation needed] Planning for this action included surprise attacks on American and British forces in Hong Kong, the Philippines, Malaya, and the U.S. naval base and warships at Pearl Harbor.[citation needed] In response to these attacks, the U.K. and U.S. declared war on the Empire of Japan the next day.[citation needed] Nazi Germany declared war on the U.S. a few days later, along with Fascist Italy; the U.S. found itself fully involved in a second world war.[citation needed]", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) When Pearl Harbor happened, we [Roosevelt's advisors] were desperate. ... We were all in agony. The mood of the American people was obvious â€“ they were determined that the Japanese had to be punished. We could have been forced to concentrate all our efforts on the Pacific, unable from then on to give more than purely peripheral help to Britain. It was truly astounding when Hitler declared war on us three days later. I cannot tell you our feelings of triumph. It was a totally irrational thing for him to do, and I think it saved Europe.\"[6]", "Japan–United States relations Japan attacked the American navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941. In response, the United States declared war on Japan. Japan's Axis allies, including Nazi Germany, declared war on the United States days after the attack, bringing the United States into World War II.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) According to the terms of their agreements, Germany was obliged to come to the aid of Japan if a third country attacked Japan, but not if Japan attacked a third country. Ribbentrop reminded Hitler of this, and pointed out that to declare war against the US would add to the number of enemies Germany was fighting against, but Hitler dismissed this concern as not being important,[2] and, almost entirely without consultation, chose to declare war against the US, wanting to do so before, he thought, Roosevelt would declare war on Germany.[3][4][5]", "World War II These attacks led the United States, Britain, China, Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan.[166] Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States[167] in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt.[125][168]", "Causes of World War II Four days later the U.S was brought into the European war when on December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States. Hitler chose to declare that the Tripartite Pact required that Germany follow Japan's declaration of war; although American destroyers escorting convoys and German U-boats were already de facto at war in the Battle of the Atlantic. This declaration effectively ended isolationist sentiment in the U.S. and the United States immediately reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe.[70]", "Pacific War Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the US vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United States,[71] the United Kingdom,[72] Canada,[73] and the Netherlands[74] declared war on Japan, followed by China[75] and Australia[76] the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war. This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder, as it abrogated both the benefit Germany gained by Japan's distraction of the US and the reduction in aid to Britain, which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation, which would otherwise have resulted.", "United States declaration of war on Japan The United Kingdom declared war on Japan nine hours before the US did, partially due to Japanese attacks on the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong; and partially due to Winston Churchill's promise to declare war \"within the hour\" of a Japanese attack on the United States.[4]", "Declarations of war during World War II Attack on Singapore", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) MR. CHARGE D'AFFAIRES:", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) Furthermore, the naval forces of the United States, under order of their Government and contrary to international law have treated and seized German merchant vessels on the high seas as enemy ships.", "First engagement of neutral United States in World War II before the attack on Pearl Harbor The first American-caused casualties occurred on 7 December 1941 when the USSÂ Ward attacked and sank a Japanese midget submarine near the entrance to Pearl Harbor prior to the commencement of the Japanese air attack upon Hawaii later that day. As a result of the attack on Hawaii, America declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) The course of relations between Germany and the United States had deteriorated since the beginning of World War II, inevitably so given the increasing cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom. The Destroyers for Bases Agreement, Lend-Lease, the Atlantic Charter, the hand-over of military control of Iceland from the United Kingdom to the United States, the extension of the Pan-American Security Zone, and many other results of the special relationship which had developed between the two countries had put a strain on relations between the US, still technically a neutral country, and Nazi Germany. US destroyers escorting American supply vessels bound for the UK were already engaged in a de facto war with German U-Boats.[1] Roosevelt's desire to help the UK, despite the objections of the influential US isolationist lobby, and legal impediments imposed by Congress which prevented direct involvement in the war, brought the US to push hard against the traditional boundaries of neutrality.", "German declaration of war against the United States When Pearl Harbor happened, we [Roosevelt's advisors] were desperate. ... We were all in agony. The mood of the American people was obvious â€“ they were determined that the Japanese had to be punished. We could have been forced to concentrate all our efforts on the Pacific, unable from then on to give more than purely peripheral help to Britain. It was truly astounding when Hitler declared war on us three days later. I cannot tell you our feelings of triumph. It was a totally irrational thing for him to do, and I think it saved Europe.\"[6]", "United States declaration of war on Japan The attack on Pearl Harbor took place before a declaration of war by Japan, but that was not the intent of the Japanese leadership. It was originally stipulated that the attack should not commence until thirty minutes after Japan had informed the United States that it was withdrawing from further peace negotiations.[1][2] It was the intent of the Japanese to uphold the conventions of war while still achieving surprise, but the attack began before the notice could be delivered. Tokyo transmitted the 5,000-word notification (known as the \"14-Part Message\") in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington. However, decoding and translation took too long for the ambassador to deliver it in time. Even so, the notification was worded so that it actually neither declared war nor severed diplomatic relations.[3]", "Axis powers Albania declared war on the United States in 1941.[114]", "United States declaration of war on Japan President Roosevelt formally requested the declaration in his Infamy Speech, addressed to a joint session of Congress and the nation at 12:30 p.m. on December 8.[5] The declaration was quickly brought to a vote; it passed the Senate, and then passed the House at 1:10 p.m.[5] The vote was 82 – 0 in the Senate and 388 – 1 in the House. Jeannette Rankin, a pacifist and the first woman elected to Congress (in 1916), cast the only vote against the declaration, eliciting hisses from some of her peers. Several colleagues requested she change her vote to make the resolution unanimous—or at least to abstain—but she refused.[6][7] \"As a woman, I can't go to war,\" she said, \"and I refuse to send anyone else.\" Nine other women held Congressional seats at the time. After the vote, an angry mob followed her from the Capitol building, forcing her to take refuge in a telephone booth until United States Capitol Police could rescue her. Two days later a similar war declaration against Germany and Italy came to vote; Rankin abstained. Nine other women voted in favor of the declaration of war.", "German declaration of war against the United States The course of relations between Germany and the United States had deteriorated since the beginning of World War II, inevitably so given the increasing cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom. The Destroyers for Bases Agreement, Lend-Lease, the Atlantic Charter, the hand-over of military control of Iceland from the United Kingdom to the United States, the extension of the Pan-American Security Zone, and many other results of the special relationship which had developed between the two countries had put a strain on relations between the US, still technically a neutral country, and Nazi Germany. US destroyers escorting American supply vessels bound for the UK were already engaged in a de facto war with German U-Boats.[1] Roosevelt's desire to help the UK, despite the objections of the influential US isolationist lobby, and legal impediments imposed by Congress which prevented direct involvement in the war, brought the US to push hard against the traditional boundaries of neutrality.", "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor The day after the attack, President Franklin D. Roosevelt addressed a joint session of the 77th United States Congress. Roosevelt called December 7 \"a date which will live in infamy\". Congress declared war on the Empire of Japan amid outrage at the attack, the deaths of thousands of Americans, and the late delivery of the note from the Japanese government breaking off relations with the U.S. government. Pacifist Representative Jeannette Rankin, a Republican from Montana, cast the only dissenting vote. Roosevelt signed the declaration of war later the same day. Continuing to intensify its military mobilization, the U.S. government finished converting to a war economy, a process begun by provision of weapons and supplies to the Soviet Union and the British Empire. Japanese Americans from the West Coast were sent to internment camps for the duration of the war.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) On December 11, 1941, American ChargÃ© d'Affaires Leland B. Morris, the highest ranking American diplomat in Germany, was summoned to Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop's office where Ribbentrop read Morris the formal declaration.[17] The text was:", "German declaration of war against the United States On December 11, 1941, American ChargÃ© d'Affaires Leland B. Morris, the highest ranking American diplomat in Germany, was summoned to Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop's office where Ribbentrop read Morris the formal declaration.[17] The text was:", "Neutrality Acts of 1930s After repeated attacks by German submarines on U.S. ships, Roosevelt announced on September 11, 1941, that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war vessels in the \"waters which we deem necessary for our defense\". Following the sinking of the U.S. destroyer Reuben James on October 31, many of the provisions of the Neutrality Acts were repealed on November 17, 1941: merchant vessels were allowed to be armed and to carry any cargoes to belligerent nations. The U.S. formally declared war on Japan on 8 December 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor of the previous day; Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on 11 December 1941, and the U.S. responded with a declaration of war on the same day.", "German declaration of war against the United States According to the terms of their agreements, Germany was obliged to come to the aid of Japan if a third country attacked Japan, but not if Japan attacked a third country. Ribbentrop reminded Hitler of this, and pointed out that to declare war against the US would add to the number of enemies Germany was fighting against, but Hitler dismissed this concern as not being important,[2] and, almost entirely without consultation, chose to declare war against the US, wanting to do so before, he thought, Roosevelt would declare war on Germany.[3][4][5]", "Allies of World War II Mexico declared war on Germany in 1942 after German submarines attacked the Mexican oil tankers Potrero del Llano and Faja de Oro that were transporting crude oil to the United States. These attacks prompted President Manuel Ávila Camacho to declare war on the Axis powers.", "Empire of Japan The Imperial Japanese Navy made its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii, on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. The Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy and its defending Army Air Forces and Marine air forces sustained significant losses. The primary objective of the attack was to incapacitate the United States long enough for Japan to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. However, as Admiral Yamamoto feared, the attack produced little lasting damage to the US Navy with priority targets like the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers out at sea and vital shore facilities, whose destruction could have crippled the fleet on their own, were ignored. Of more serious consequences, the U.S. public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Empire of Japan. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts.", "United States declaration of war on Germany (1917) On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson asked a special joint session of the United States Congress for a declaration of war against the German Empire. Congress responded with the declaration on April 6.", "Empire of Japan Our Empire, for the purpose of self-defense and self-preservation, will complete preparations for war ... [and is] ... resolved to go to war with the United States, Great Britain and the Netherlands if necessary. Our Empire will concurrently take all possible diplomatic measures vis-a-vis the United States and Great Britain, and thereby endeavor to obtain our objectives ... In the event that there is no prospect of our demands being met by the first ten days of October through the diplomatic negotiations mentioned above, we will immediately decide to commence hostilities against the United States, Britain and the Netherlands.", "Neutrality Acts of the 1930s After repeated attacks by German submarines on U.S. ships, Roosevelt announced on September 11, 1941, that he had ordered the U.S. Navy to attack German and Italian war vessels in the \"waters which we deem necessary for our defense\". Following the sinking of the U.S. destroyer Reuben James on October 31, many of the provisions of the Neutrality Acts were repealed on November 17, 1941: merchant vessels were allowed to be armed and to carry any cargoes to belligerent nations. The U.S. formally declared war on Japan on December 8, 1941 following the attack on Pearl Harbor of the previous day; Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11, 1941, and the U.S. responded with a declaration of war on the same day.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) Hitler's reasons for declaring war against the US when he was not obligated to were numerous. One was an emotional response: the Japanese tactic of using a surprise attack without making a declaration of war appealed to him – he had done the same thing when he attacked the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa in June 1941; indeed, he told the Japanese ambassador \"[O]ne should strike – as hard as possible – and not waste time declaring war.\"[2] Also, the prospect of a worldwide war fed Hitler's tendency towards grandiose thinking, and reinforced his feeling that he was a world-historical figure of destiny. As he said in his declaration speech to the Reichstag:", "Foreign relations of Cuba In 1941, Cuba declared war on Italy, Germany, and Japan.", "World War II by country During the war, Nicaragua was ruled by Anastasio Somoza García, who had assumed the presidency after a military coup in 1937. Somoza was an ally of the United States, and Nicaragua declared war on Japan immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Three days later, on 11 December, Nicaragua declared war on Germany and Italy, and, on 19 December, on Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungary.[citation needed]", "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor In the late evening of December 7, 1941, the Canadian Prime Minister, W. L. Mackenzie King, announced the Cabinet's decision to declare war on Japan. The King approved Canada's declaration of war in the following proclamation issued on December 8, 1941.", "German declaration of war against the United States The German Government therefore establishes the following facts:", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) Hitler's lack of knowledge about the US and its industrial and demographic capacity for mounting a war on two fronts also entered into his decision.[2] As early as mid-March 1941 – nine months before the Japanese attack – President Roosevelt was acutely aware of Hitler's hostility towards the United States, and the destructive potential it presented. Due to this attitude within the White House, and the rapidly progressing efforts of the Americans' industrial capacity before and through 1941 to start providing its armed forces with the ordnance, combat aircraft and ships that would be required to defeat the Axis as a whole, the US was already well on its way towards the full-scale wartime economy which would make it the \"arsenal of democracy\" for itself and its allies.", "German declaration of war against the United States Hitler's lack of knowledge about the US and its industrial and demographic capacity for mounting a war on two fronts also entered into his decision.[2] As early as mid-March 1941 – nine months before the Japanese attack – President Roosevelt was acutely aware of Hitler's hostility towards the United States, and the destructive potential it presented. Due to this attitude within the White House, and the rapidly progressing efforts of the Americans' industrial capacity before and through 1941 to start providing its armed forces with the ordnance, combat aircraft and ships that would be required to defeat the Axis as a whole, the US was already well on its way towards the full-scale wartime economy which would make it the \"arsenal of democracy\" for itself and its allies.", "Declaration of war by the United States Commune of Estonia\n Far Eastern Republic\n Latvia\n Mongolian People's Party\n Russia\n Ukraine", "Franklin D. Roosevelt On the morning of December 7, 1941, the Japanese struck the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor with a surprise attack, knocking out the main American battleship fleet and killing 2,403 American servicemen and civilians. Roosevelt called for war in his famous \"Infamy Speech\" to Congress, in which he said: \"Yesterday, December 7, 1941 — a date which will live in infamy — the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.\"", "Infamy Speech Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the declaration of war against Japan.", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) Although Germany on her part has strictly adhered to the rules of international law in her relations with the United States during every period of the present war, the Government of the United States from initial violations of neutrality has finally proceeded to open acts of war against Germany. The Government of the United States has thereby virtually created a state of war.", "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor Whereas by and with the advice of our Privy Council for Canada we have signified our approval of the issue of a proclamation in the Canada Gazette declaring that a state of war with Japan exists and has existed in Canada as and from the 7th day of December 1941.", "World War II by country The United States was neutral early in the fight, although it steadily grew ties with the Allies and began providing increased levels of assistance to them. The United States joined the Allies in December 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan.[112]Germany and Italy declared war on the United States three days later.", "German declaration of war against the United States Hitler's reasons for declaring war against the US when he was not obligated to were numerous. One was an emotional response: the Japanese tactic of using a surprise attack without making a declaration of war appealed to him – he had done the same thing when he attacked the Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa in June 1941; indeed, he told the Japanese ambassador \"[O]ne should strike – as hard as possible – and not waste time declaring war.\"[2] Also, the prospect of a worldwide war fed Hitler's tendency towards grandiose thinking, and reinforced his feeling that he was a world-historical figure of destiny. As he said in his declaration speech to the Reichstag:", "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor German dictator Adolf Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini were under no obligation to declare war on the United States under the mutual defense terms of the Tripartite Pact until the US counterattacked Japan. However, relations between the European Axis Powers and the United States had deteriorated since 1937. On December 4, 1941, the Germans learned of the U.S. military's contingency planning to get troops in Continental Europe by 1943; this was Rainbow Five, made public by sources unsympathetic to Roosevelt's New Deal, and published by the Chicago Tribune on that date.[14] Moreover, with Roosevelt's initiation of a Neutrality Patrol, which in fact also escorted British ships, as well as orders to U.S. Navy destroyers first to actively report U-boats, then \"shoot on sight\", American neutrality was honored more in the breach than observance.[15]", "Declarations of war during World War II Invasion of Hong Kong", "Declaration of war by Canada Parliament adjourned on November 14, 1941, and was not scheduled to return until January 21, 1942.[2] At the urging of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom declared war on Finland on December 6, 1941.[13] At the UK's urging, the Canadian Cabinet the next day issued a proclamation declaring war on Finland,[13] Hungary, and Romania.[2]", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) From the point of view of Hitler and much of the German political and military elite, declaring war against the U.S. in response to the Pearl Harbor attack was a calculated risk in fighting the U.S. before they were prepared to effectively defend themselves. By that time, the German leadership believed that the United States was effectively acting as a belligerent in the conflict, given actions such as Lend-Lease of supplies to Britain to sustain their war effort, President Roosevelt's public statements, the deployment of American soldiers and Marines to Iceland, and U.S. Navy escorts of convoys across the Atlantic, which sometimes came into contact with U-boats; these acts, as well as America's previous intervention in World War I, led to the assumption that war between them was inevitable. As such, the decision was made to use the attack as a rationale for an official declaration of war in order to drive Britain out of the conflict by widening submarine operations and directly attacking U.S. commercial shipping. While Hitler's declaration of war against the United States eventually led to his downfall, initially it seemed successful in its objective of more effectively cutting Britain's supply lines, as the U.S. military's lack of tactics, equipment, and procedures for fighting U-boats caused 1942 to be the most devastating year of the war for shipping losses;[14] the war declaration made the Second Happy Time possible for U-boats.[15]", "World War II by country Costa Rica joined the Allies on 8 December 1941. The leftist administration of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia was hostile to Nazism and introduced numerous measures to decrease German influence in the country. Costa Rica declared war on Japan the day after the attack on Pearl Harbor, and on Germany and Italy shortly afterwards.", "Japan during World War II Our Empire, for the purpose of self-defense and self-preservation, will complete preparations for war ... [and is] ... resolved to go to war with the United States, Great Britain, and the Netherlands if necessary. Our Empire will concurrently take all possible diplomatic measures vis-a-vis the United States and Great Britain, and thereby endeavor to obtain our objectives ... In the event that there is no prospect of our demands being met by the first ten days of October through the diplomatic negotiations mentioned above, we will immediately decide to commence hostilities against the United States, Britain and the Netherlands.", "German declaration of war against the United States From the point of view of Hitler and much of the German political and military elite, declaring war against the U.S. in response to the Pearl Harbor attack was a calculated risk in fighting the U.S. before they were prepared to effectively defend themselves. By that time, the German leadership believed that the United States was effectively acting as a belligerent in the conflict, given actions such as Lend-Lease of supplies to Britain to sustain their war effort, President Roosevelt's public statements, the deployment of American soldiers and Marines to Iceland, and U.S. Navy escorts of convoys across the Atlantic, which sometimes came into contact with U-boats; these acts, as well as America's previous intervention in World War I, led to the assumption that war between them was inevitable. As such, the decision was made to use the attack as a rationale for an official declaration of war in order to drive Britain out of the conflict by widening submarine operations and directly attacking U.S. commercial shipping. While Hitler's declaration of war against the United States eventually led to his downfall, initially it seemed successful in its objective of more effectively cutting Britain's supply lines, as the U.S. military's lack of tactics, equipment, and procedures for fighting U-boats caused 1942 to be the most devastating year of the war for shipping losses;[14] the war declaration made the Second Happy Time possible for U-boats.[15]", "United States declaration of war on Germany (1917) In the House, the resolution passed at 3 a.m. April 6 by a vote of 373â€“50.[2][3] One of the dissenters was Rep. Jeannette Rankin of Montana, who later became the only member of either chamber of Congress to vote against declaring war against the Japanese Empire on Monday, December 8, 1941.", "Declarations of war during World War II New Zealand's declaration", "Declarations of war during World War II New Zealand's declaration", "Declarations of war during World War II New Zealand's declaration", "Declarations of war during World War II Australian declaration\nCost Rican declaration\nDominican Republic's declaration\nSalvadorian declaration\nHaitian declaration\nHonduran declaration\nDutch declaration\nNew Zealand's declaration\nNicaraguan declaration\nPhilippine declaration", "Infamy Speech The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of the US Congress on December 8, 1941, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire.[1][2][3][4][5] The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as \"a date which will live in infamy\". The speech is also commonly referred to as the \"Pearl Harbor Speech\".", "Japan during World War II The Imperial Japanese Navy made its surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii Territory, on Sunday morning, December 7, 1941. The Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy and its defending Army Air Forces and Marine air forces sustained significant losses. The primary objective of the attack was to incapacitate the United States long enough for Japan to establish its long-planned Southeast Asian empire and defensible buffer zones. However, as Admiral Yamamoto feared, the attack produced little lasting damage to the US Navy with priority targets like the Pacific Fleet's aircraft carriers out at sea and vital shore facilities, whose destruction could have crippled the fleet on their own, were ignored. Of more serious consequences, the U.S. public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied against the Empire of Japan. The United States entered the European Theatre and Pacific Theater in full force. Four days later, Adolf Hitler of Germany, and Benito Mussolini of Italy declared war on the United States, merging the separate conflicts. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese launched offensives against Allied forces in East and Southeast Asia, with simultaneous attacks on British Hong Kong, British Malaya and the Philippines.", "Declarations of war during World War II Invasion of Malaya", "German declaration of war against the United States (1941) Regardless of Hitler's reasons for the declaration, the decision is generally seen as an enormous strategic blunder on his part, as it allowed the United States to enter the European war in support of the United Kingdom and the Allies without much public opposition, while still facing the Japanese threat in the Pacific. Hitler had, in fact, committed Germany to fight the US while in the midst of a war of extermination against Russia, and without having first defeated the UK, instead of taking the option of putting off a conflict with the US for as long as possible, forcing it to concentrate on the war in the Pacific against Japan, and making it much more difficult for it to become involved in the European war. At least to some extent he had held in his hands the power to control the timing of the intervention of the US, and instead, by declaring war against America, he freed Roosevelt and Churchill to act as they saw fit.[1][4][5][10][11][12][13]", "Axis powers Japan identified the American Pacific fleet based in Pearl Harbor as the principal threat to its designs to invade and capture Southeast Asia.[118] Thus Japan initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 as a means to inhibit an American response to the invasion of Southeast Asia, and buy time to allow Japan to consolidate itself with these resources to engage in a total war against the United States, and force the United States to accept Japan's acquisitions.[118] On 7 December 1941 Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire.", "German declaration of war against the United States Regardless of Hitler's reasons for the declaration, the decision is generally seen as an enormous strategic blunder on his part, as it allowed the United States to enter the European war in support of the United Kingdom and the Allies without much public opposition, while still facing the Japanese threat in the Pacific. Hitler had, in fact, committed Germany to fight the US while in the midst of a war of extermination against Russia, and without having first defeated the UK, instead of taking the option of putting off a conflict with the US for as long as possible, forcing it to concentrate on the war in the Pacific against Japan, and making it much more difficult for it to become involved in the European war. At least to some extent he had held in his hands the power to control the timing of the intervention of the US, and instead, by declaring war against America, he freed Roosevelt and Churchill to act as they saw fit.[1][4][5][10][11][12][13]", "Causes of World War II On 7 December 1941, without any prior declaration of war,[69] the Imperial Japanese Navy attacked Pearl Harbor with the aim of destroying the main American battle fleet at anchor. At the same time, other Japanese forces attacked the U.S.-held Philippines and the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong. These attacks led both the USA and the United Kingdom to declare war upon Japan the next day.", "Declaration of war In response to the September 11 attacks, the United States Congress passed the joint resolution Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists on September 14, 2001, which authorized the US President to fight the War on Terror.[46]", "German declaration of war against the United States Furthermore, the naval forces of the United States, under order of their Government and contrary to international law have treated and seized German merchant vessels on the high seas as enemy ships." ]	[ "Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor On December 11, 1941, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, and the United States reciprocated, formally entering the war in Europe." ]
test593	who did the original spirit in the sky	[ "doc21225" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc21225", "doc21226", "doc21228", "doc21235", "doc21227", "doc21236", "doc21237", "doc21238", "doc21231", "doc21241", "doc21240", "doc21229", "doc21230", "doc21233", "doc21239", "doc21234", "doc21232", "doc666535", "doc2533697", "doc1414219", "doc2643727", "doc150697", "doc1414223", "doc2630334", "doc106873", "doc28447", "doc632411", "doc20057", "doc970828", "doc1414220", "doc70591", "doc968236", "doc1720507", "doc2084906", "doc2596078", "doc2308606", "doc1223690", "doc1223685", "doc1957297", "doc1902415", "doc666528", "doc666531", "doc1594978", "doc18961", "doc370224", "doc28455", "doc1433114", "doc118488", "doc131225", "doc2456066", "doc765788", "doc644386", "doc1338245", "doc1024361", "doc644395", "doc106871", "doc2631848", "doc15826", "doc666530", "doc1169095", "doc1235260", "doc61716", "doc2133384", "doc1946382", "doc1024363", "doc370228", "doc1226716", "doc173395", "doc2631915", "doc1406578", "doc36796", "doc736161", "doc1547767", "doc365199", "doc2115089", "doc800606", "doc123192", "doc659430", "doc63837", "doc124587", "doc302891", "doc454395", "doc209420", "doc417795", "doc963874", "doc66934", "doc296380", "doc2630340", "doc644394", "doc1347675", "doc2630338", "doc417798", "doc498447", "doc112885", "doc1976873", "doc968235", "doc2643723", "doc940431", "doc483927", "doc1414221" ]	[ "Spirit in the Sky \"Spirit in the Sky\" is a song written and originally recorded[4] by Norman Greenbaum and released in late 1969. The single became a gold record, selling two million copies from 1969 to 1970 and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart (April 18, 1970), where it lasted for 15 weeks in the Top 100. Billboard ranked the record the No. 22 song of 1970.[5] It also climbed to number one on the UK, Australian and Canadian charts in 1970. Rolling Stone ranked \"Spirit in the Sky\" No. 333 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song was featured on the 1969 album of the same name. Cover versions by Doctor and the Medics and Gareth Gates have also made the number 1 spot in the UK.", "Spirit in the Sky Greenbaum had previously been a member of psychedelic jug band Dr. West's Medicine Show and Junk Band. When they split up he won a solo contract with producer Erik Jacobsen, who had previously worked successfully with The Lovin' Spoonful. He was inspired to write the song after watching Porter Wagoner on TV singing a gospel song. Greenbaum later said: \"I thought, 'Yeah, I could do that,' knowing nothing about gospel music, so I sat down and wrote my own gospel song. It came easy. I wrote the words in 15 minutes.\"[4]", "Spirit in the Sky The resulting sound was an innovative and compelling combination of gospel and psychedelic rock music, with loud drums, distorted electric guitar, clapping hands, and tambourines. The production team brought in the Stovall Sisters, an Oakland-based gospel trio, to sing backing vocals. Because of its unusual lyrics and style, the record company was initially reluctant to issue it, but was finally released as a single after two other singles from the album had poor sales. \"Spirit in the Sky\" became a worldwide hit, and was at the time the best-selling single ever for the Reprise label.[citation needed]", "Spirit in the Sky Elton John covered \"Spirit in the Sky\" in 1969.[28]", "Spirit in the Sky \"Spirit in the Sky\" contains lyrics about the afterlife, making several references to Jesus, although Greenbaum is Jewish. (In a VH1 episode about famous one-hit wonders, Alice Cooper said that he was surprised to hear someone with a Jewish-sounding last name performing a song that seemed to be about Jesus.) Greenbaum recorded his first solo album with Jacobsen for Reprise Records. The song's arrangement came together in the studio in San Francisco where lead guitarist Russell DaShiell, bass player Doug Killmer from the band Crowfoot and drummer Norman Mayell worked with Greenbaum. According to one source[4] and to DaShiell, Greenbaum used a Fender Telecaster with a fuzz box built into the body to generate the song's characteristic guitar sound. Moreover, DaShiell[6] explained how he created the song's distinctive \"beeping\" fills:", "Spirit in the Sky A version by Dorothy Combs Morrison reached #47 in Canada in November 1970.[29]", "Spirit in the Sky Bauhaus covered \"Spirit In the Sky\" on their 1983 single \"Sanity Assassin\".[30] In 1986 the group Doctor and the Medics reached No. 1 in the UK singles chart with their version of the song, while the same year punk band Fuzzbox released their own less successful version.", "Spirit in the Sky In 1991, The Kentucky Headhunters covered \"Spirit In the Sky\" on their album, Electric Barnyard.[31] The song was covered by DC Talk for Jesus: Music from & Inspired by the Epic Mini Series soundtrack and was released as a B side with LeAnn Rimes' song \"I Need You\".[32][33]", "Spirit in the Sky During John Lennon's scathing 1970 Rolling Stone \"Beatles break-up\" interview with Jann S. Wenner, while highly critical of the recent work of many of his peers, including Bob Dylan and ex-band mate Paul McCartney, Lennon professed to liking the then-current radio single, \"Spirit in the Sky\", stating that he \"always liked simple rock and nothing else\".[9]", "Spirit in the Sky \"Spirit in the Sky\" served as the first single from Pop Idol runner-up Gareth Gates' second studio album, Go Your Own Way. The single was released on March 14, 2003, and was the official Comic Relief charity single for 2003. The song features guest vocals from The Kumars. The song peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Gates' fourth number one single.", "Spirit in the Sky Goldfrapp sampled the song for their single \"Ooh La La\".[35]", "Spirit in the Sky There is a music video with Greenbaum singing the song.[7]", "Spirit in the Sky Of the song, Greenbaum observed: \"It sounds as fresh today as when it was recorded. Iâ€™ve gotten letters from funeral directors telling me that it's their second-most-requested song to play at memorial services, next to 'Danny Boy'.\"[8]", "Spirit in the Sky In the Ron Howard movie Apollo 13, the Fred Haise character opened the TV broadcast to Earth from the Odyssey Command Module with \"Spirit in the Sky\" instead of the planned theme from 2001 A Space Odyssey.[citation needed]", "Spirit in the Sky Howard Stern and his in-studio band The Losers performed the song in 2002 as part of a Battle of the Bands with actor Corey Feldman's band Truth Movement. A humorous version of the song recorded to raise money for the charity Comic Relief by The Kumars with Gareth Gates also reached No. 1 in 2003 becoming the third version of this song to top the UK singles chart. Christian band Stellar Kart covered the song on their 2010 album, Everything Is Different Now.[34]", "Spirit in the Sky The song appears in the second trailer for Guardians of the Galaxy,[10] as well as the soundtrack album, but is not heard in the film.", "Spirit in the Sky It was included on the list of songs deemed \"questionable\" by Clear Channel following the September 11, 2001 attacks.", "Jesus Is Just Alright The Doobie Brothers' version of \"Jesus Is Just Alright\" was first released on their second album, Toulouse Street, in 1972.[5] It was subsequently released in November 1972 as the second single from the album (b/w \"Rockin' Down the Highway\") and went on to become a U.S. hit, peaking at No.Â 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 in February 1973.[6][18] The single featured a shorter, edited version of the song compared to the one included on the album.[5] The Doobie Brothers' version of \"Jesus Is Just Alright\" was one of a number of religiously themed songs to reach the U.S. charts between 1969 and 1973, along with \"Spirit in the Sky\" by Norman Greenbaum,[19] \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" by Ocean,[20] \"Superstar\" by Murray Head,[21] \"Morning Has Broken\" by Cat Stevens, \"Jubilation\" by Paul Anka, \"Speak to the Sky\" by Rick Springfield, \"Jesus Was a Capricorn\" by Kris Kristofferson, \"My Sweet Lord\" by George Harrison and \"I Knew Jesus (Before He Was a Star)\" by Glen Campbell.[22] The song, along with its B-side, continue to be a staple of playlists on classic rock radio stations.", "Candi Staton Helen Hoffner's \"Summer of Love\"", "Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973,[1] but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.[2][3]", "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration The song was released in February 26, 1966,[9] and reached No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and stayed at the top for three weeks.[10] This was, however, the end of the group's peak in popularity. Although they entered the charts with their next single, the religiously-oriented \"He\" (No. 18 US), before briefly splitting in 1968, they did not enter the top-10 again until reuniting in 1974 with \"Rock and Roll Heaven\", an ode to deceased music artists.[1]", "I Got a Line on You \"I Got a Line on You\" is a rock song by American rock band Spirit, originally recorded during the sessions for their second album, The Family That Plays Together, between March 11 and September 18, 1968. The song was composed by guitarist/singer Randy California, recorded in sessions produced by Lou Adler. The single credits engineering by Eric Wienbang. Released as a single ahead of the album by Ode Records in the US in October 1968,[1] it began a slow rise up the charts.", "Rock and Roll Heaven It was rewritten with new lyrics in 1991 to mourn the passing of Elvis Presley (Love Me Tender), John Lennon (Give Peace a Chance), Roy Orbison (Oh, Pretty Woman), Jackie Wilson (Higher and Higher), Ricky Nelson (Lonesome Town), Dennis Wilson (Good Vibrations), Marvin Gaye (What's Going On), Sam Cooke (Wonderful World), Cass Elliot (Monday, Monday) who died a few months after the original version of the song was released, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. The rewritten song is included in compilation albums such as Reunion.[7]", "Bobby Hebb Robert Von \"Bobby\" Hebb (July 26, 1938 â€’ August 3, 2010)[1] was an American R&B/soul singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer known for his 1966 hit entitled \"Sunny\".", "Merry Clayton In 1970, Clayton recorded her own version of \"Gimme Shelter,\" and it became the title track of her debut solo album and peaked at #73,[9] released that year. Her version would be the first of five singles under her name to crack the Billboard Hot 100. That same year she performed a live version of \"Lift Every Voice and Sing\" for the soundtrack for Robert Altman film Brewster McCloud and also contributed vocals to Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg's film Performance. In 1971 she co-wrote the song \"Sho' Nuff\" about her mother.[10] She starred as the original Acid Queen in the first London production of The Who's Tommy in 1972. In 1973, she featured prominently on Ringo Starr's \"Oh My My\", which reached Billboard's Top 10 the following year.", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" is a song written by Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong for Motown Records in 1966. The first recording of the song to be released was produced by Whitfield for Gladys Knight & the Pips and released as a single in September 1967; it went to number two in the Billboard chart.", "Hooked on a Feeling “Hooked on a Feeling” is a 1968 pop song written by Mark James and originally performed by B. J. Thomas. Thomas's version featured the sound of the electric sitar, and reached number five in 1969 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1] It has been recorded by many other artists, including Blue Swede, whose version reached number one in the United States in 1974.[2] The Blue Swede version made singer Björn Skifs' \"Ooga-Chaka-Ooga-Ooga\" intro well known (and famous in Sweden at the time), although it had been used originally by British musician Jonathan King in his 1971 version of the song.[3]", "Angel of the Morning \"Angel of the Morning\" is a popular song, written and composed by Chip Taylor, that has been recorded numerous times by, or has been a hit single for, various artists including Evie Sands, Merrilee Rush, Juice Newton, Nina Simone, P. P. Arnold, Olivia Newton-John, The Pretenders/Chrissie Hynde, Dusty Springfield, Mary Mason, Melba Montgomery, Vagiant, Billie Davis, Bonnie Tyler, Rita Wilson, The New Seekers and Skeeter Davis.", "Don't Play That Song (You Lied) Aretha Franklin covered the song for her twenty-first album, Spirit in the Dark, released on Atlantic Records. Her version, performed with the Dixie Flyers, was released as a single in 1970 (see 1970 in music) and peaked at number 1 for five weeks on the R&B singles chart and number 11 on the pop chart.[1] Franklin's version was certified gold with sales over a million copies. It reached number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. This was the first of two covers Franklin did of songs made popular by King. The other was her cover of \"Spanish Harlem\" in 1971.", "Rock and Roll Heaven The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few weeks after they decided to reform the duo in 1974. They signed with Haven Records run by Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter and were given the song to record. Lambert and Potter rewrote a verse, updating the song to include Jim Croce and Bobby Darin who had died within three months of each other in late 1973.[4] According to Bill Medley, they were dubious about the song because they didn't think the song had the \"old Righteous Brothers feel\".[5] Nevertheless, it became a hit for them and quickly reached Number three on Billboard Hot 100. In Canada it spent three weeks at number four.[6]", "He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\" is a popular music ballad written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell. Originally recorded by Kelly Gordon in 1969, the song became a worldwide hit for The Hollies later that year and again for Neil Diamond in 1970. It has been covered by many artists in subsequent years. The Hollies' and Rufus Wainwright's versions of the song were featured in the film Zoolander.", "The Tremeloes as The Tremeloes[3]", "Brown Eyed Girl \"Brown Eyed Girl\" is a song by Northern Irish singer and songwriter Van Morrison. Written by Morrison and recorded in March 1967 for Bang Records owner and producer Bert Berns, it was released as a single in June 1967 on the Bang label, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. It featured the Sweet Inspirations singing back-up vocals and is considered to be Van Morrison's signature song.[1] \"Brown Eyed Girl\" has remained a staple on classic rock radio, and has been covered by hundreds of bands over the decades.", "Tommy James and the Shondells Tom and the Tornadoes", "Billy Preston William Everett Preston (September 2, 1946 â€“ June 6, 2006)[1] was an American musician whose work included R&B, rock, soul, funk, and gospel. Preston was a top session keyboardist in the 1960s, during which he backed artists such as Little Richard, Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, and the Beatles. He then went on to achieve fame as a solo artist, with hit pop singles including \"That's the Way God Planned It\", \"Outa-Space\", \"Will It Go Round in Circles\", \"Space Race\", and \"Nothing from Nothing\". Additionally, Preston co-wrote \"You Are So Beautiful\", which became a number 5 hit for Joe Cocker; Stephen Stills asked Preston if he could use his phrase \"if you can't be with the one you love, love the one you're with\" and created the hit song.[2]", "Spill the Wine \"Spill the Wine\" is a 1970 song performed by Eric Burdon and the band War. It was released as a single in May 1970, backed by the non-album track \"Magic Mountain\", and was War's first chart hit.[1]", "One Tin Soldier Singer Jinx Dawson of the band Coven performed the song at a 1971 session with the film's orchestra as part of the soundtrack for the Warner Bros. film Billy Jack. Dawson asked that her band, Coven, be listed on the recording and film, not her name as a solo artist. This Warner release, titled as \"One Tin Soldier (The Legend of Billy Jack)\", reached #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the fall of 1971.[1][2]", "One Tin Soldier \"One Tin Soldier\" is a 1960s counterculture era anti-war song written by Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter. Canadian pop group The Original Caste first recorded the song in 1969 for both the TA label and its parent Bell label. The track went to number 6 on the RPM Magazine charts, hit the number 1 position on CHUM AM in Toronto on 27 December 1969, and reached number 34 on the American pop charts in early 1970.", "Spiral Starecase Their first two singles, produced by Gary Usher, were regional successes in markets like Phoenix, Arizona. At this time, Sonny Knight was brought in to produce their first album. Usher had encouraged Upton to write original material for the group, and Upton had written \"More Today Than Yesterday,\" while the band was working the Flamingo Sky Room in Las Vegas.", "Jimmy Mack \"Jimmy Mack\" is a pop/soul song that in 1967 became a hit single by Martha and the Vandellas for Motown's Gordy imprint. Written and produced by Motown's main creative team, Holland–Dozier–Holland, \"Jimmy Mack\" was the final Top 10 hit for the Vandellas in the United States, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1967 and at number-one on the Billboard R&B Singles chart.[1] Billboard named the song #82 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.[2]", "Jesus Is Just Alright \"Jesus Is Just Alright\" is a gospel song written by Arthur Reid Reynolds and first recorded by Reynolds' own group, The Art Reynolds Singers, on their 1966 album, Tellin' It Like It Is.[1][2]", "Jesus Is Just Alright The Byrds' version of \"Jesus Is Just Alright\" was recorded on June 17, 1969 during the sessions for the band's eighth studio album, Ballad of Easy Rider.[10] It was first released as part of that album but was subsequently issued as a single on December 15, 1969.[11] The single stalled at No.Â 97 on the Billboard Hot 100 and failed to chart in the United Kingdom.[12][13] Despite this lack of commercial success, The Doobie Brothers' later hit version of the song featured an arrangement that was heavily influenced by The Byrds' own recording.[4]", "Johnny Nash John Lester \"Johnny\" Nash, Jr. (born August 19, 1940) is an American reggae and pop music singer-songwriter, best known in the US for his 1972 hit, \"I Can See Clearly Now\". He was also one of the first non-Jamaican singers to record reggae music in Kingston, Jamaica.[1]", "Blue Mink from \"Melting Pot\", Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway.[2]", "Three Dog Night Three Dog Night is an American rock band. They formed in 1967 with a line-up consisting of vocalists Danny Hutton, Cory Wells, and Chuck Negron. This lineup was soon augmented by Jimmy Greenspoon (keyboards), Joe Schermie (bass), Michael Allsup (guitar), and Floyd Sneed (drums). The band registered 21 Billboard Top 40 hits (with three hitting number one) between 1969 and 1975. It helped introduce mainstream audiences to the work of many songwriters, including Paul Williams (\"An Old Fashioned Love Song\"), Hoyt Axton (\"Joy to the World\", \"Never Been to Spain\"), Laura Nyro (\"Eli's Comin'\"), Harry Nilsson (\"One\"), Randy Newman (\"Mama Told Me Not to Come\"), and Leo Sayer (\"The Show Must Go On\").[4]", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine In 1968, Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers recorded a version for their debut album based on Gladys' recent hit; however, after hearing the Marvin Gaye version, they felt they'd made the wrong choice.[11] In 1969, Whitfield produced a version for the Temptations \"psychedelic soul\" album, Cloud Nine, in which he \"brought compelling percussion to the fore, and relegated the piano well into the wings\".[12] In 1971, the Undisputed Truth recorded the song in a Marvin-styled version as did Bettye Lavette on her 1982 Motown album, Tell Me a Lie.[13]", "The Man Who Fell to Earth Performed by John Phillips:", "Ain't No Mountain High Enough \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" is an R&B/soul song written by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson in 1966 for the Tamla label, a division of Motown. The composition was first successful as a 1967 hit single recorded by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, becoming a hit again in 1970 when recorded by former Supremes frontwoman Diana Ross. The song became Ross' first solo number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was nominated for a Grammy Award.", "Me and Bobby McGee \"Me and Bobby McGee\" is a song written by American singer-songwriter Kris Kristofferson and songwriter Fred Foster, originally performed by Roger Miller. A posthumously-released version by Janis Joplin topped the U.S. singles chart in 1971, making the song the second posthumously released No. 1 single in U.S. chart history after \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" by Otis Redding. Billboard ranked Joplin's version as the No. 11 song for 1971.", "Kenny Rogers and The First Edition At the end of 1970, the First Edition had their seventh Top 40 hit with the Vassy-penned \"Heed The Call\". Another song about the need for brotherhood, it was seen as an uptempo counterpart to the balladry of \"Tell It All Brother.\" The next single, \"Someone Who Cares\", was taken from the \"Fools\" movie soundtrack. A lushly arranged ballad, it may have charted higher if it had been included in the group's concurrent Greatest Hits LP which went on to sell two million copies. Though scoring high on the easy listening charts, \"Someone Who Cares\" failed to reach the pop top fifty. This ushered in a period during which the First Edition attempted to retool its image. Keyboard player John Hobbs was briefly in the lineup, but, though he played on future recordings, was not in the group long enough to appear on any album covers or publicity photos. His brief tenure was captured in the PBS television special \"Tell It All.\" The special provided an unusually in-depth look at the group, all of whom were at ease speaking in front of the camera. In mid-1971 the First Edition released a gospel single called \"Take My Hand\", which barely scraped into the bottom of the charts. While \"Spirit in the Sky\", \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" and \"Jesus Is Just Alright\" laid the foundation for \"Jesus rock\", the First Edition now seemed to be jumping on trends instead of creating them.", "Roberta Flack In 1971, Flack was a member of the legendary 1971 Soul to Soul concert film by Denis Sanders, which was headlined by soul singer Wilson Picket along with R&B duo Ike & Tina Turner, the Santana band featuring electric guitarist and Mexican-American Carlos Santana, gospel, soul, and R&B group The Staple Singers, soul pianist/vocalist Les McCann and saxophonist Eddie Harris, and The Voices of Harlem among others. The U.S. delegation of musical artists was invited to perform for 14th anniversary of African independence in Ghana.[13] The film was digitally reissued as DVD and CD packet in 2004 but Roberta Flack declined permission for her image and recording to be included for unknown reasons. Her captivating a cappella performance of the traditional spiritual \"Oh Freedom\" retitled \"Freedom Song\" on the original Soul to Soul LP soundtrack is only available in the VHS version of the film.[14][15]", "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\" is an R&B song written by Gary Jackson, Carl Smith, R. Miner and Raynard Miner, and produced by Carl Davis. It was originally performed and made a Top 10 Pop, number 1 R&B hit by Jackie Wilson in 1967.", "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue Others who have covered the song include Columbia Records contemporary Dion DiMucci (who recorded the song one half year prior to Them's version), The Country Gentlemen, Judy Collins, Joni Mitchell, Marianne Faithfull, Bryan Ferry, Manfred Mann's Earth Band, Energy Orchard.,[55] Turley Richards, Echo & the Bunnymen, Falco, Milltown Brothers, The Seldom Scene, Jon Fratelli, the Grateful Dead[56]\n, The West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band, The Chocolate Watchband, Richie Havens, Steve Howe, The 13th Floor Elevators, Hole, Graham Bonnet, The Last Drive, Hugh Masekela, and Chris Farlowe.[57][58] Gal Costa performed a version of the song in Portuguese under the title of \"Negro Amor\" on her 1977 album Caras e Bocas.[59] Link Wray also covered the song on his album Bullshot.[60]", "Yvonne Elliman Netherlands #20, New Zealand #12", "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher In 1970, the song was recorded under the title \"Higher and Higher\" by Canada Goose, a group from Ottawa who had been discovered by Jerry Ragovoy. This version, with a shared lead vocal by Barbra Bullard and John Matthews, became a hit in Canada (#44) and reached #92 on the Record World 100 Pop Chart.[10][11]", "Merry Clayton Clayton began her recording career in 1962 at the age of 14, singing \"Who Can I Count On? (When I Can't Count on You)\" as a duet with Bobby Darin on his album \"You're the Reason I'm Living.\" In 1963 she recorded the first version of \"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss),\" the same year that Betty Everett's version reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.[3] Early in her career Merry performed with Ray Charles (as one of the Raelettes), who was the only artist her father allowed her to see live.[4] Others include Pearl Bailey, Phil Ochs, Burt Bacharach, Tom Jones, Joe Cocker, Linda Ronstadt, Carole King, and on several tracks from Neil Young's debut album. Clayton is often credited as having recorded with Elvis Presley but her name does not appear in Elvis sessionographies.[5]", "Vanishing Point (1971 film) \"Nobody Knows\" is the first ever recording by Kim Carnes, credited on the soundtrack as \"Kim & Dave\" (with husband Dave Ellingson). Carnes also wrote the song performed by Big Mama Thornton. The pop music group Delaney, Bonnie & Friends had a small role as a Christian music band, which included singer Rita Coolidge and singer/songwriter David Gates at the piano. The baby held by one of the singers is Bekka Bramlett, who later replaced Stevie Nicks in Fleetwood Mac.", "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone \"Papa Was a Rollin' Stone\" is a psychedelic soul song, written by Motown songwriters Norman Whitfield and Barrett Strong as a single for Motown act The Undisputed Truth in 1971. This version of \"Papa\" was released as a single in early 1972 and peaked at #63 on the Pop Charts and #24 on the R&B Charts, and was included on The Undisputed Truth's 1973 album Law of the Land.", "Jesus Is Just Alright The first cover version of the song was recorded by the Los Angeles band The Byrds on their 1969 album, Ballad of Easy Rider.[4] The song was later recorded by The Doobie Brothers, who included it on their 1972 album, Toulouse Street.[5] The Doobie Brothers' version of the song was released as a single in November 1972 and it became a hit in the United States, peaking at No.Â 35 on the Billboard Hot 100.[6] In 1992, the Christian rock and hip hop group, DC Talk, released a version of \"Jesus Is Just Alright\" on their Free at Last album.[7] The song has also been covered by Robert Randolph on his Colorblind album, with guest artist Eric Clapton[8] and Stryper's 2013 release, No More Hell to Pay.[9]", "Black Night Once In Rock had been completed, EMI asked for a suitable single to be recorded to help promote the album. Though Roger Glover states that Ricky Nelson's 1962 hard rocking arrangement of the George Gershwin song \"Summertime\" was the basis for the Mk II Deep Purple single \"Black Night\",[4] it is also similar to Blues Magoos's 1966 psychedelic hit song \"(We Ain't Got) Nothin' Yet\".[5] In the BBC documentary Heavy Metal Britannia, keyboardist Jon Lord supports Glover's statement about the song's origin, stating \"Black Night was nicked from the bass line in Ricky Nelson's Summertime\" and then proceeds to play the bassline riff on his grand piano.[6]", "Soul music The most important female soul singer to emerge was Aretha Franklin, originally a gospel singer who began to make secular recordings in 1960 but whose career was later revitalised by her recordings for Atlantic. Her 1967 recordings, such as \"I Never Loved a Man (The Way I Love You)\", \"Respect\" (originally sung by Otis Redding), and \"Do Right Woman, Do Right Man\" (written by Chips Moman and Dan Penn), were significant and commercially successful productions.[21][22][23][24]", "Son of a Preacher Man In 1967, while working at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, songwriters John Hurley and Ronnie Wilkins, who had recently had a hit with \"Love of the Common People,\" were asked by Jerry Wexler to write a song for Aretha Franklin. Remembering the fact that Franklin's father was a preacher, as Wilkins's grandfather had been, Hurley and Wilkins quickly came up with the song \"Son of a Preacher Man.\" Wexler liked the song and recorded it with Aretha Franklin, but then decided that it did not fit with her other songs and passed the song on to Dusty Springfield for her album Dusty in Memphis.[1]", "Gary S. Paxton In the wake of his conversion to Christianity, Paxton focused his efforts on gospel music. He still kept one foot in the world of secular country during the early 1970s — writing and producing \"Woman (Sensuous Woman)\" for Don Gibson (a Grammy nominee and a million-plus seller in three different versions[9][20]) along with two other country-chart hits, and at one point signing with RCA Records as a solo country artist — but gospel was now his chief priority.[9] In 1973 he wrote and produced \"L-O-V-E\" for The Blackwood Brothers, who took home the Grammy for Best Gospel Performance.[20] In 1975, Paxton won the Best Inspirational Grammy for his album The Astonishing, Outrageous, Amazing, Incredible, Unbelievable, Different World of Gary S. Paxton, which contained his oft-recorded devotional song \"He Was There All the Time\".[21] Appearing on his gospel album covers in a halo of facial hair and a tall-top cowboy hat, Paxton infused his religious work with the same eccentricity, individuality, and hippie humor that had characterized his 60s material in Los Angeles: acting the role of the Jesus freak, likening himself to \"an armpit in the body of Christ\", and crafting song titles like \"When the Meat Wagon Comes for You\", \"Will There Be Hippies in Heaven?\", \"I'm a Fool for Christ (Whose Fool Are You?)\", and \"Jesus Is My Lawyer in Heaven\".[11][22]", "More Today Than Yesterday \"More Today Than Yesterday\" is a song written by Pat Upton and performed by Spiral Starecase. It reached number 6 in Canada,[1] number 7 on the Cashbox Top 100,[2] and number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1969.[3] It was also released in the United Kingdom as a single, but did not chart.[4] The song was featured on their 1969 album, More Today Than Yesterday.[5]", "Yvonne Elliman Netherlands #22", "Three Dog Night As its members wrote just a handful of songs on the albums, most songs Three Dog Night recorded were written by outside songwriters. Notable hits by outside writers include Harry Nilsson's \"One\" (US #5), the Gerome Ragni-James Rado-Galt MacDermot composition \"Easy to Be Hard\" (US #4) from the musical Hair, Laura Nyro's \"Eli's Comin'\" (US #10), Randy Newman's \"Mama Told Me Not to Come\" (US #1), Paul Williams' \"Out in the Country\" (US #15), \"The Family Of Man\" (US #12), and \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" (US #4), Hoyt Axton's \"Joy to the World\" (US #1) and \"Never Been to Spain\" (US #5), Arkin & Robinson's \"Black and White\" (US #1), Argent's Russ Ballard's \"Liar\" (US #7), Elton John and Bernie Taupin's \"Lady Samantha\" and \"Your Song\", Daniel Moore's \"Shambala\" (#3), Leo Sayer's \"The Show Must Go On\" (US #4), John Hiatt's \"Sure As I'm Sittin' Here\" (US #16), and Bush's \"I Can Hear You Calling\".", "I Don't Need No Doctor \"I Don't Need No Doctor\" is an R&B song written by Nick Ashford, Valerie Simpson, and Jo Armstead. First released by Nick Ashford on Verve in August 1966, it went nowhere.[1] It was then picked up and recorded by Ray Charles and released in October 1966. Over the years, it has been covered by bands such as garage rock band The Chocolate Watchband in 1969, Humble Pie in 1971, New Riders of the Purple Sage in 1972, metal band W.A.S.P. in 1986, by rock band Great White in 1987, and by the garage punk band The Nomads in 1989. Styx also covered this song. Humble Pie's version became an FM radio hit and reached #73 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.", "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay \"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper. It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967, including once just days before his death in a plane crash. The song was released on Stax Records' Volt label in 1968,[2] becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US.[3] It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart.", "Everlasting Love The second Love Affair recording of \"Everlasting Love\" in fact featured only one member of the group: lead vocalist Steve Ellis who fronted a session ensemble comprising arranger/ conductor Keith Mansfield's 40-piece orchestra plus a rhythm section, the session musicians including Peter Ahern (triangle percussion), Clem Cattini (drums), Alan Parker (guitar), Russ Stableford (bass), and a chorale comprising Madeline Bell, Kiki Dee, Lesley Duncan, and Kay Garner: the track was recorded in two takes.[9] Mike Smith would eventually attribute the non-utilization of the actual musicians in Love Affair to the need for expediency (quote - \"there just wasnâ€™t time for the group to learn the arrangement in time, so we used session musicians\"),[10] a UK release for the Robert Knight original version being imminent.[7]", "The Weight \"The Weight\" is one of The Band's best known songs though it was not a significant mainstream hit for the group in the U.S., peaking at only #63.[8] The Band's recording fared much better in Canada and the UK â€“ in those countries, the single was a top 40 hit, peaking at #35 in Canada and #21 in the UK in 1968. The song's popularity was greatly enhanced by three cover releases in 1968 and 1969 with arrangements that appealed to a diversity of music audiences. Aretha Franklin's 1969 soul music arrangement was included in her This Girl's in Love with You album, which peaked in the U.S. at #19 and #3 on the soul chart, and peaked in Canada at #12.[9] Jackie DeShannon's 1968 pop music arrangement, debuting on the Hot 100 one week before The Band's, peaked at #55 in the U.S., #35 in Canada. A joint single rhythm and blues arrangement released by Diana Ross & the Supremes and The Temptations in 1969, hit #46 in the U.S., and #36 in Canada. The Band's and Jackie DeShannon's versions never mentioned the title. The Band's version credits the group's individual members - Jaime Robbie Robertson, Rick Danko, Richard Manuel, Garth Hudson and Levon Helm - on the record label, rather than The Band as a single entity.", "Jeff Healey Norman Jeffrey \"Jeff\" Healey (March 25, 1966 â€“ March 2, 2008) was a Canadian jazz and blues-rock vocalist, guitarist, and songwriter who attained musical and personal popularity, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s. He hit Number 5 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart with \"Angel Eyes\" and reached the Top 10 in Canada with the songs \"I Think I Love You Too Much\" and \"How Long Can a Man Be Strong\".", "Mama Told Me Not to Come \"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)\" is a song by American singer-songwriter Randy Newman written for Eric Burdon's first solo album in 1966. Three Dog Night's 1970 cover of the song topped the US pop singles chart. Tom Jones and the Stereophonics' cover version also hit number four on the UK Singles Chart in 2000.", "Brewer & Shipley The Vice President of the United States, Spiro Agnew, named us personally as a subversive to American youth, but at exactly the same time Lawrence Welk performed the crazy thing and introduced it as a gospel song. That shows how absurd it really is. Of course, we got more publicity than we could have paid for.[1][2]", "The Spirit's in It With the help of Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, her frequent collaborator James Ellison and PIR staff producers such as Dexter Wansel and Cecil Womack, LaBelle produced The Spirit's in It, which included her forays into other genres such as country, rock and reggae. Among the notable singles from the album included her cover of the boogie-woogie hit, \"Rocking Pneumonia and the Boogie-Woogie Flu\", the club hit title track, \"Family\", \"Shoot Him on Sight\" (her first collaboration with songwriters Cynthia Biggs and Dexter Wansel) and \"Over the Rainbow\", the latter track becoming her solo cover of a tune she had previously recorded as member of Patti LaBelle and the Blue Belles in the sixties. LaBelle had been performing the song in concert after embarking on her solo career. The new recording was listed as the b-side of the single \"Family\" and became a standout in LaBelle's career, quickly becoming a signature song for LaBelle. This album would precede her commercial breakthrough a couple years later with the album, I'm in Love Again.", "Electric Music for the Mind and Body All songs by Country Joe McDonald, except where noted", "The Animals It was followed in June 1964 by the transatlantic number one hit \"House of the Rising Sun\". Burdon's howling vocals and the dramatic arrangement, featuring Alan Price's haunting organ riffs, created arguably the first folk rock hit.[7][8] There is ongoing debate regarding the Animals' inspiration for their arrangement of the song, which has variously been ascribed to prior versions by Bob Dylan, folk singer Dave Van Ronk, blues singer Josh White (who recorded it twice in 1944 and 1949), and singer/pianist Nina Simone (who recorded it in 1962 on Nina at the Village Gate)", "Killing Me Softly with His Song According to Lori Lieberman, who performed the original recording in 1971, the song was born of a poem she wrote after experiencing a strong reaction to the Don McLean song \"Empty Chairs\",[1][2] writing some poetic ideas on a napkin at the Troubadour Club after seeing him perform the song,[3] and then relating this information to Norman Gimbel, who took her feelings and converted them into song lyrics. Gimbel passed his lyrics to Charles Fox, who set them to music.[4]", "My Sweet Lord \"My Sweet Lord\" is a song by English musician George Harrison. It was released in November 1970 on his triple album All Things Must Pass. Also issued as a single, Harrison's first as a solo artist, \"My Sweet Lord\" topped charts worldwide and was the biggest-selling single of 1971 in the UK. In America and Britain, the song was the first number-one single by an ex-Beatle. Harrison originally gave the song to his fellow Apple Records artist Billy Preston to record; this version, which Harrison co-produced, appeared on Preston's Encouraging Words album in September 1970.", "The House of the Rising Sun \"The House of the Rising Sun\" is a traditional folk song, sometimes called \"Rising Sun Blues\". It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate. The most successful commercial version, recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals, was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France.[1] As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band, it has been described as the \"first folk rock hit\".[2][3]", "To Be Young, Gifted and Black Notable cover versions of the song were recorded by Donny Hathaway (on his 1970 album Everything Is Everything), Aretha Franklin (on her 1972 album Young, Gifted and Black) and Bob and Marcia (whose 1970 recording reached number 5 in the UK Singles Chart and number 15 in Ireland).[2] Jamaican rocksteady/reggae trio The Heptones recorded a version for Coxsone Dodd's Studio One label in 1970.", "Bee Gees No such chicanery was needed to boost the Bee Gees' second single, \"To Love Somebody\", into the US Top 20. Originally written for Otis Redding, \"To Love Somebody\", a soulful ballad sung by Barry, has since become a pop standard covered by many artists including the Flying Burrito Brothers, Rod Stewart, Bonnie Tyler, Janis Joplin, the Animals, Gary Puckett and the Union Gap, Nina Simone, Jimmy Somerville, Billy Corgan and Michael Bolton. Another single, \"Holiday\", released in the US, peaked at No. 16.", "Never Been to Spain \"Never Been to Spain\" is a song written by Hoyt Axton[1], originally released on his 1971 LP Joy to the World and later that year performed by Three Dog Night, with Cory Wells on lead vocal.[2] It was featured on their 1971 album, Harmony.[3] The song was produced by Richard Podolor.[4] In the US, \"Never Been to Spain\" peaked at #5 on the Billboard chart, and #18 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart in 1972.[5] Outside of the US, \"Never Been to Spain\" reached #3 in Canada.[6]", "Signs (Five Man Electrical Band song) \"Signs\" is a song by the Canadian rock group Five Man Electrical Band. It was written by the band's frontman, Les Emmerson and popularized the relatively unknown band, who recorded it for their second album, Good-byes and Butterflies, in 1970. \"Signs\" was originally released that year as the B-side to the relatively unsuccessful single \"Hello Melinda Goodbye\" (#55 Canada).", "Purple Haze \"Purple Haze\" is a song written by Jimi Hendrix and released as the second record single by the Jimi Hendrix Experience on March 17, 1967. As a record chart hit in several countries and the opening number on the Experience's debut American album, it was many people's first exposure to Hendrix's psychedelic rock sound.", "Clare Torry By the end of the 1960s, Clare Torry managed to start a career as a performer, mainly based on covers of popular songs.[2] Alan Parsons asked her to take part in Pink Floyd's recording of the album The Dark Side of the Moon, on the instrumental song penned by Richard Wright going under the name of \"The Great Gig in the Sky\". On 4 November 1973, Clare also sang \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" at the Rainbow Theatre in London. [2][3][4][5]", "Put Your Hand in the Hand \"Put Your Hand in the Hand\" is a gospel pop song composed by Gene MacLellan and first recorded by Canadian singer Anne Murray from her third studio album Honey, Wheat and Laughter.", "Gimme Some Lovin' \"Gimme Some Lovin'\" is a song written by Steve Winwood, Spencer Davis and Muff Winwood, although solely credited to Winwood on the UK single label, and performed by the Spencer Davis Group. The basic riff of the song was borrowed from the Homer Banks song \"(Ain't That) A Lot of Love\", written by Banks and Willie Dean \"Deanie\" Parker.[4]", "Bobby Hebb Hebb also had lesser hits with his \"A Satisfied Mind\" in 1966 (No. 39 on the Billboard chart and No. 40 on the R&B chart) and \"Love Me\" in 1967 (No. 84),[3] and wrote many other songs, including Lou Rawls' 1971 hit \"A Natural Man\" (co-written with comedian Sandy Baron). Six years prior to \"Sunny\", Hebb reached the New York City Top 50 with a remake of Roy Acuff's \"Night Train to Memphis\". In 1972, his single \"Love Love Love\" reached No. 32 on the UK charts.[4]", "(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher The Dells included the song on their 1968 hit album There Is;[7] their version, recorded in 1967, is reputed to have been the original version, and was recorded with slightly different lyrics than the better-known Jackie Wilson hit version, but was not released as a single.[8] In a recorded interview with famed Cleveland/New York Dee-Jay Norm N. Nite, Jackie stated that when he first heard a tape of the song, \"a vocal group was singing it\". That group was quite probably The Dells.[9]", "New Birth (band) As The Nite-Liters", "Bobby Hebb \"Sunny\" was recorded in New York City after demos were made with the record producer Jerry Ross. Released as a single in 1966, \"Sunny\" reached No. 3 on the R&B charts, No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, and No. 12 in the United Kingdom.[2][3][4] When Hebb toured with The Beatles in 1966 his \"Sunny\" was, at the time of the tour, ranked higher than any Beatles song then on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[citation needed] BMI rated \"Sunny\" number 25 in its \"Top 100 songs of the century\".", "Purple Haze By January 5, 1967, the Jimi Hendrix Experience's first single, \"Hey Joe\", backed with \"Stone Free\", peaked at number six on the UK record chart.[7] \"Hey Joe\" was not a Hendrix composition â€“ it was written by Billy Roberts and recorded by several groups prior to the Experience. Hendrix commented, \"That record isn't us. The next one's gonna be different. We're working on an LP which will mainly be our stuff.\"[8] The group recorded several demos of original material at studios in London, including \"Can You See Me\", \"Foxy Lady\", \"Third Stone from the Sun\", \"Red House\", and \"Remember\".[9] In the middle of December, producer Chas Chandler heard Hendrix toying around with a new guitar riff. \"I heard him playing it at the flat and was knocked out. I told him to keep working on that, saying, 'That's the next single!'\"[10] Chandler claimed that after some more urging, Hendrix wrote the rest of \"Purple Haze\" in the dressing room of a London club during the afternoon of December 26, 1966, before a gig.[11] In several interviews, Hendrix spoke about writing the song, but did not mention where or when he wrote it.[12]", "Proud Mary \"Proud Mary\" has, over the years, been covered by a number of artists, including an early recording by Solomon Burke, and Ed Ames on his 1969 Windmills of Your Mind album. Anthony Armstrong Jones' 1969 version reached number 22 on the U.S. country charts. Also in 1969, a version recorded by the Checkmates, Ltd. and produced by Phil Spector reached #30 on the U.K. Singles Chart and #69 on the Billboard Hot 100.[43] It was featured on their 1969 album, Love Is All We Have to Give. Spiral Starecase released a version of the song on their 1969 debut album, More Today Than Yesterday. Soul singer Billy Paul's version appears on his 1970 album Ebony Woman. The Osmonds released a version of the song on their 1971 album, The Osmonds Live.", "It's Gonna Take a Miracle The song was originally written and intended for Little Anthony & The Imperials, but they never recorded it due to a royalty dispute with the song's writers/label owners Teddy Randazzo and Don Costa at the group's record label, DCP (Don Costa Productions) Records.[3] Imperials member Sammy Strain recalls:", "Make It with You The Supremes, Aretha Franklin, Christian Bautista, Earth, Wind & Fire, Dusty Springfield, Cilla Black, the Originals, the Main Ingredient, the Whispers, Marc Anthony, Teddy Pendergrass, Don Julian & the Larks, Let Loose, Dennis Brown, Andy Williams, Lou Donaldson, Tony Mottola, The Pasadenas and Marc Cohn have all recorded cover versions of \"Make It with You.\" Ralfi Pagan reached #32 on the Billboard R&B chart in the summer of 1971 with a Latin-soul version of the song.[8]", "The Tremeloes as Brian Poole and the Tremeloes[2]", "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration \"(You're My) Soul And Inspiration\" is a song by American pop duo the Righteous Brothers. It was the group's first hit after leaving their long-time producer Phil Spector. The song was written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, who also wrote the group's first hit \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" along with Phil Spector. It is the title track of their album.[1] The single peaked at No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and reached No. 15 on the UK Singles Chart. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 single for 1966.[2]", "Aretha Franklin Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer and songwriter. Franklin began her career as a child singing gospel at the church of her father, minister C. L. Franklin's church. In 1960, at the age of 18, Franklin embarked on a secular career, recording for Columbia Records but only achieving modest success. Following her signing to Atlantic Records in 1967, Franklin achieved commercial acclaim and success with songs such as \"Respect\", \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman\", \"Spanish Harlem\" and \"Think\". By the end of the 1960s decade she had gained the title \"The Queen of Soul\". Franklin eventually recorded a total of 112 charted singles on Billboard, including 77 Hot 100 entries, 17 top ten pop singles, 100 R&B entries and twenty number-one R&B singles, becoming the most charted female artist in the chart's history. Franklin also recorded acclaimed albums such as I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You, Lady Soul, Young, Gifted and Black and Amazing Grace before experiencing problems with her record company by the mid-1970s. After her father was shot in 1979, Franklin left Atlantic and signed with Arista Records, finding success with her part in the film The Blues Brothers and with the albums Jump to It and Who's Zoomin' Who?. In 1998, Franklin won international acclaim for singing the opera aria \"Nessun dorma\", at the Grammys of that year replacing Luciano Pavarotti. Later that same year, she scored her final Top 40 recording with \"A Rose Is Still a Rose\". Franklin's other popular and well known hits include \"Rock Steady\", \"Think\", \"Jump to It\", \"Freeway of Love\", \"Who's Zoomin' Who\", \"Chain Of Fools\", \"I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)\" (with George Michael),and a remake of The Rolling Stones song \"Jumpin' Jack Flash\".", "If You Don't Know Me by Now \"If You Don't Know Me by Now\" is a song written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, and recorded by the Philly soul musical group Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. It became their first hit after being released as a single in 1972, topping the US R&B chart and peaking at number three on the US Pop chart.[1]", "Rock and Roll Heaven The lyrics involving Jim Croce and Bobby Darin replaced Climax's lyrics for Buddy Holly (\"Peggy Sue\") and Ritchie Valens (\"Donna\"), both of whom died in a plane crash that had already been commemorated by another hit song, Don McLean's \"American Pie.\"" ]	[ "Spirit in the Sky \"Spirit in the Sky\" is a song written and originally recorded[4] by Norman Greenbaum and released in late 1969. The single became a gold record, selling two million copies from 1969 to 1970 and reached number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart (April 18, 1970), where it lasted for 15 weeks in the Top 100. Billboard ranked the record the No. 22 song of 1970.[5] It also climbed to number one on the UK, Australian and Canadian charts in 1970. Rolling Stone ranked \"Spirit in the Sky\" No. 333 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. The song was featured on the 1969 album of the same name. Cover versions by Doctor and the Medics and Gareth Gates have also made the number 1 spot in the UK." ]
test2323	where does the term pop music come from	[ "doc80226" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc80222", "doc80226", "doc80225", "doc80227", "doc83032", "doc2016991", "doc80224", "doc80223", "doc80237", "doc80231", "doc2016990", "doc80233", "doc1834796", "doc1769832", "doc583976", "doc80228", "doc1769833", "doc1769835", "doc83018", "doc995713", "doc80229", "doc80236", "doc1840453", "doc982132", "doc1769831", "doc1164011", "doc1947819", "doc2156808", "doc618293", "doc583977", "doc1164009", "doc1769825", "doc80238", "doc2016993", "doc583980", "doc80230", "doc530445", "doc988029", "doc83024", "doc83025", "doc618295", "doc512239", "doc2652322", "doc1235246", "doc1840452", "doc1235252", "doc2017006", "doc1792355", "doc2160342", "doc2652327", "doc982162", "doc2156810", "doc829339", "doc1164010", "doc80235", "doc225563", "doc583982", "doc1840460", "doc80232", "doc1840454", "doc1779885", "doc2652326", "doc512213", "doc2016994", "doc1840470", "doc1460627", "doc530443", "doc2017002", "doc2016997", "doc1164021", "doc664931", "doc956879", "doc818964", "doc2016992", "doc512262", "doc2223962", "doc205084", "doc982127", "doc1779892", "doc311145", "doc2105013", "doc877500", "doc225573", "doc294305", "doc2188209", "doc391078", "doc982193", "doc225576", "doc529061", "doc936727", "doc982129", "doc225577", "doc512283", "doc2077605", "doc225568", "doc2156806", "doc1764984", "doc1971784", "doc1840459", "doc217019" ]	[ "Pop music Pop music is a genre of popular music that originated in its modern form in the United States and United Kingdom during the mid-1950s.[4] The terms \"popular music\" and \"pop music\" are often used interchangeably, although the former describes all music that is popular and includes many different styles. \"Pop\" and \"rock\" were roughly synonymous terms until the late 1960s, when they became increasingly differentiated from each other.", "Pop music According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, called Grove Music Online, the term \"pop music\" \"originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced\".[2] The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's \"earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience ... since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc\".[12] Grove Music Online also states that \"... in the early 1960s, [the term] 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music [in England], while in the USA its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of 'rock and roll'\".[2]", "Pop music Pop music continuously evolves along with the term's definition. According to The New Grove Dictionary Of Music and Musicians, popular music is defined as \"the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class.\"[9] The term \"pop song\" was first recorded as being used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music \"having popular appeal\".[10] Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music.[11]", "Pop music From about 1967, the term was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, a division that gave generic significance to both terms.[13] Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of popular music,[13] pop was more commercial, ephemeral and accessible.[14] According to British musicologist Simon Frith, pop music is produced \"as a matter of enterprise not art\", is \"designed to appeal to everyone\" and \"doesn't come from any particular place or mark off any particular taste\". It is \"not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward ... and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative\". It is, \"provided from on high (by record companies, radio programmers, and concert promoters) rather than being made from below ... Pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged\".[4]", "Rock music The term pop has been used since the early 20th century to refer to popular music in general, but from the mid-1950s it began to be used for a distinct genre, aimed at a youth market, often characterized as a softer alternative to rock and roll.[45][46] From about 1967, it was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, to describe a form that was more commercial, ephemeral and accessible.[21] In contrast rock music was seen as focusing on extended works, particularly albums, was often associated with particular sub-cultures (like the counterculture of the 1960s), placed an emphasis on artistic values and \"authenticity\", stressed live performance and instrumental or vocal virtuosity and was often seen as encapsulating progressive developments rather than simply reflecting existing trends.[21][45][46][47] Nevertheless, much pop and rock music has been very similar in sound, instrumentation and even lyrical content.[nb 1]", "Popular music The original application of the term is to music of the 1880s Tin Pan Alley period in the United States.[1] Although popular music sometimes is known as \"pop music\", the two terms are not interchangeable.[7] Popular music is a generic term for a wide variety of genres of music that appeal to the tastes of a large segment of the population,[8] whereas pop music usually refers to a specific musical genre within popular music.[9] Popular music songs and pieces typically have easily singable melodies. The song structure of popular music commonly involves repetition of sections, with the verse and chorus or refrain repeating throughout the song and the bridge providing a contrasting and transitional section within a piece.[10]", "Pop music David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as \"a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, and folk musics\".[5] According to Pete Seeger, pop music is \"professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music\".[3] Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. The music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately.[6] Thus \"pop music\" may be used to describe a distinct genre, designed to appeal to all, often characterized as \"instant singles-based music aimed at teenagers\" in contrast to rock music as \"album-based music for adults\".[4][8]", "Pop music Although much of the music that appears on record charts is seen as pop music, the genre is distinguished from chart music. Pop music is eclectic, and often borrows elements from other styles such as urban, dance, rock, Latin, and country; nonetheless, there are core elements that define pop music. Identifying factors include generally short to medium-length songs written in a basic format (often the verse-chorus structure), as well as common use of repeated choruses, melodic tunes, and hooks.", "Pop music Pop music has been dominated by the American and (from the mid-1960s) British music industries, whose influence has made pop music something of an international monoculture, but most regions and countries have their own form of pop music, sometimes producing local versions of wider trends, and lending them local characteristics.[38] Some of these trends (for example Europop) have had a significant impact of the development of the genre.[39]", "Pop music Throughout its development, pop music has absorbed influences from other genres of popular music. Early pop music drew on the sentimental ballad for its form, gained its use of vocal harmonies from gospel and soul music, instrumentation from jazz and rock music, orchestration from classical music, tempo from dance music, backing from electronic music, rhythmic elements from hip-hop music, and spoken passages from rap.[4][verification needed]", "Popular music Popular music is music with wide appeal[1][2][3] that is typically distributed to large audiences through the music industry. These forms and styles can be enjoyed and performed by people with little or no musical training.[1] It stands in contrast to both art music[4][5][6] and traditional or \"folk\" music. Art music was historically disseminated through the performances of written music, although since the beginning of the recording industry, it is also disseminated through recordings. Traditional music forms such as early blues songs or hymns were passed along orally, or to smaller, local audiences.[4][5][6]", "Pop music During the mid-1960s, pop music made repeated forays into new sounds, styles, and techniques that inspired public discourse among its listeners. The word \"progressive\" was frequently used, and it was thought that every song and single was to be a \"progression\" from the last.[26] Music critic Simon Reynolds writes that beginning with 1967, a divide would exist between \"progressive\" pop and \"mass/chart\" pop, a separation which was \"also, broadly, one between boys and girls, middle-class and working-class.\"[27] Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music.[28] Assisted by the mid-1960s economic boom, record labels began investing in artists, giving them freedom to experiment, and offering them limited control over their content and marketing.[29] This situation fell in disuse after the late 1970s and would not reemerge until the rise of Internet stars.[29] Indie pop, which developed in the late 1970s, marked another departure from the glamour of contemporary pop music, with guitar bands formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music without having to procure a record contract from a major label.[30] In 2014, pop music worldwide was permeated by electronic dance music.[31]", "Music of Japan J-pop, an abbreviation for Japanese pop, is a loosely defined musical genre that entered the musical mainstream of Japan in the 1990s. Modern J-pop has its roots in 1960s pop and rock music, such as The Beatles, which led to bands such as Happy End fusing rock with Japanese music.[13] J-pop was further defined by Japanese new wave bands such as Yellow Magic Orchestra and Southern All Stars in the late 1970s.[14] Eventually, J-pop replaced kayōkyoku (\"Lyric Singing Music\", a term for Japanese pop music from the 1920s to the 1980s) in the Japanese music scene.[15] The term was coined by the Japanese media to distinguish Japanese music from foreign music.", "Pop art According to the son of John McHale, the term \"pop art\" was first coined by his father in 1954 in conversation with Frank Cordell,[12] although other sources credit its origin to British critic Lawrence Alloway.[13][14] (Both versions agree that the term was used in Independent Group discussions by mid-1955.)", "Rock and roll Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s,[1][2] from African American musical styles such as gospel, jump blues, jazz, boogie woogie, and rhythm and blues,[3] along with country music.[4] While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s[5] and in country records of the 1930s,[4] the genre did not acquire its name until 1954.[6][7]", "Pop music According to Frith, characteristics of pop music include an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology, and an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal \"artistic\" qualities.[4] Music scholar Timothy Warner said it typically has an emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather than live performance; a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and aims to encourage dancing or uses dance-oriented rhythms.[14]", "Pop art \"Pop art\" as a moniker was then used in discussions by IG members in the Second Session of the IG in 1955, and the specific term \"pop art\" first appeared in published print in the article \"But Today We Collect Ads\" by IG members Alison and Peter Smithson in Ark magazine in 1956.[15] However, the term is often credited to British art critic/curator Lawrence Alloway for his 1958 essay titled The Arts and the Mass Media, even though the precise language he uses is \"popular mass culture\".[16] \"Furthermore, what I meant by it then is not what it means now. I used the term, and also 'Pop Culture' to refer to the products of the mass media, not to works of art that draw upon popular culture. In any case, sometime between the winter of 1954-55 and 1957 the phrase acquired currency in conversation...\"[17] Nevertheless, Alloway was one of the leading critics to defend the inclusion of the imagery of mass culture in the fine arts. Alloway clarified these terms in 1966, at which time Pop Art had already transited from art schools and small galleries to a major force in the artworld. But its success had not been in England. Practically simultaneously, and independently, New York City had become the hotbed for Pop Art.[17]", "Pop art Although pop art began in the early 1950s, in America it was given its greatest impetus during the 1960s. The term \"pop art\" was officially introduced in December 1962; the occasion was a \"Symposium on Pop Art\" organized by the Museum of Modern Art.[19] By this time, American advertising had adopted many elements and inflections of modern art and functioned at a very sophisticated level. Consequently, American artists had to search deeper for dramatic styles that would distance art from the well-designed and clever commercial materials.[6] As the British viewed American popular culture imagery from a somewhat removed perspective, their views were often instilled with romantic, sentimental and humorous overtones. By contrast, American artists, bombarded every day with the diversity of mass-produced imagery, produced work that was generally more bold and aggressive.[10]", "Rock music Rock music is a broad genre of popular music that originated as \"rock and roll\" in the United States in the early 1950s, and developed into a range of different styles in the 1960s and later, particularly in the United Kingdom and in the United States.[1][2] It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, a style which drew heavily on the African-American genres of blues and rhythm and blues, and from country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of other genres such as electric blues and folk, and incorporated influences from jazz, classical and other musical styles. Musically, rock has centered on the electric guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass and drums and one or more singers. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse–chorus form, but the genre has become extremely diverse. Like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political.", "K-pop K-pop (abbreviation of Korean pop;[1] Hangul: 케이팝) is characterized by a wide variety of audiovisual elements. Although it generally classifies \"popular music\" within South Korea, the term is often used in a narrower sense to describe a modern form of South Korean pop that is influenced by styles and genres from around the world, such as Western pop music, rock, experimental, jazz, gospel, Latin, hip hop, R&B, reggae, electronic dance, folk, country and classical on top of its uniquely traditional Korean music roots.[2] The more modern form of the genre emerged with one of the earliest K-pop groups, Seo Taiji and Boys, forming in 1992. Their experimentation with different styles and genres of music and integration of foreign musical elements helped reshape and modernize South Korea's contemporary music scene.[3]", "Pop music The main medium of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three and a half minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic element, a mainstream style and a simple traditional structure.[17] Common variants include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus on melodies and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically, rhythmically and harmonically with the verse.[18] The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment.[19] The lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions.[4]", "Pop music The latter half of the 20th-century included a large-scale trend in American culture in which the boundaries between art and pop music were increasingly blurred.[36] Between 1950 and 1970, there was a debate of pop versus art.[37] Since then, certain music publications have embraced its legitimacy. According to Popmatters' Robert Loss: \"There’s a strong argument for the 'rockist' mode in music criticism—that it exists, and that it’s harmful—and poptimism has positioned itself as a corrective, an antidote. ... In general, the Old Guard of rock critics and journalists is depicted as a bunch of bricklayers for the foundations of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. True in part, which is to say, false. Like film studies, rock criticism of the late ‘60s and the ‘70s was an attempt to make popular music worthy of study; it was poptimism before its day.\"[37]", "World music The term has been credited to ethnomusicologist Robert E. Brown, who coined it in the early 1960s at Wesleyan University in Connecticut, where he developed undergraduate through the doctoral programs in the discipline. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia and began a world music concert series.[8][9] The term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry.[10] There are several conflicting definitions for world music. One is that it consists of \"all the music in the world\", though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless.[11][12]", "Music The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; \"art of the Muses\").[1] In Greek mythology, the nine Muses were the goddesses who inspired literature, science, and the arts and who were the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, song-lyrics, and myths in the Greek culture. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the term \"music\" is derived from \"mid-13c., musike, from Old French musique (12c.) and directly from Latin musica \"the art of music,\" also including poetry (also [the] source of Spanish musica, Italian musica, Old High German mosica, German Musik, Dutch muziek, Danish musik).\" This is derived from the \"...Greek mousike (techne) \"(art) of the Muses,\" from fem. of mousikos \"pertaining to the Muses,\" from Mousa \"Muse\" (see muse (n.)). Modern spelling [dates] from [the] 1630s. In classical Greece, [the term \"music\" refers to] any art in which the Muses presided, but especially music and lyric poetry.\"[6]", "Pop art The Independent Group (IG), founded in London in 1952, is regarded as the precursor to the pop art movement.[2][10] They were a gathering of young painters, sculptors, architects, writers and critics who were challenging prevailing modernist approaches to culture as well as traditional views of fine art. Their group discussions centered on pop culture implications from elements such as mass advertising, movies, product design, comic strips, science fiction and technology. At the first Independent Group meeting in 1952, co-founding member, artist and sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi presented a lecture using a series of collages titled Bunk! that he had assembled during his time in Paris between 1947 and 1949.[2][10] This material of \"found objects\" such as advertising, comic book characters, magazine covers and various mass-produced graphics mostly represented American popular culture. One of the collages in that presentation was Paolozzi's I was a Rich Man's Plaything (1947), which includes the first use of the word \"pop\", appearing in a cloud of smoke emerging from a revolver.[2][11] Following Paolozzi's seminal presentation in 1952, the IG focused primarily on the imagery of American popular culture, particularly mass advertising.[6]", "Folk music A consistent definition of traditional folk music is elusive.[2] The terms folk music, folk song, and folk dance are comparatively recent expressions. They are extensions of the term folklore, which was coined in 1846 by the English antiquarian William Thoms to describe \"the traditions, customs, and superstitions of the uncultured classes\".[3] The term further derives from the German expression Volk, in the sense of \"the people as a whole\" as applied to popular and national music by Johann Gottfried Herder and the German Romantics over half a century earlier.[4] Traditional folk music also includes most indigenous music.[2]", "Musicology Popular music studies, known, \"misleadingly,\"[9] as popular musicology, emerged in the 1980s as an increasing number of musicologists, ethnomusicologists, and other varieties of historians of American and European culture began to write about popular musics past and present. The first journal focusing on popular music studies was Popular Music, which began publication in 1981. The same year an academic society solely devoted to the topic was formed, the International Association for the Study of Popular Music. The Association's founding was partly motivated by the interdisciplinary agenda of popular musicology though the group has been characterized by a polarized 'musicological' and 'sociological' approach also typical of popular musicology.[10]", "Names for soft drinks in the United States The earliest known usage of \"pop\" is from 1812; in a letter to his wife, poet Robert Southey says the drink is \"called pop because pop goes the cork when it is drawn, & pop you would go off too if you drank too much of it.\"[5] The two words were later combined into \"soda pop\" in 1863. Schloss gives the following years as the first attestations of the various terms for these beverages:[4]", "Country music Country music (/ˈkʌntri/), also known as country and western or simply country, is a genre of popular music that originated in the southern United States in the early 1920s.[1] It takes its roots from genres such as folk music (especially Appalachian folk music) and blues.", "Rock and roll According to Greg Kot, \"rock and roll\" refers to a style of popular music originating in the U.S. in the 1950s prior to its development by the mid-1960s into \"the more encompassing international style known as rock music, though the latter also continued to be known as rock and roll.\"[8] For the purpose of differentiation, this article deals with the first definition.", "Folk music Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century, but is often applied to music older than that. Some types of folk music are also called world music. Traditional folk music has been defined in several ways: as music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers, or music performed by custom over a long period of time. It has been contrasted with commercial and classical styles.", "Pop art Pop art is an art movement that emerged in Britain and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s.[1][2] The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane cultural objects. One of its aims is to use images of popular (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony.[3] It is also associated with the artists' use of mechanical means of reproduction or rendering techniques. In pop art, material is sometimes visually removed from its known context, isolated, or combined with unrelated material.[2][3]", "Pop music According to Grove Music Online, \"Western-derived pop styles, whether coexisting with or marginalizing distinctively local genres, have spread throughout the world and have come to constitute stylistic common denominators in global commercial music cultures\".[40] Some non-Western countries, such as Japan, have developed a thriving pop music industry, most of which is devoted to Western-style pop. Japan has for several years produced a greater quantity of music than everywhere except the USA.[clarification needed][40] The spread of Western-style pop music has been interpreted variously as representing processes of Americanization, homogenization, modernization, creative appropriation, cultural imperialism, or a more general process of globalization.[40]", "Popular music Scholars have classified music as \"popular\" based on various factors, including whether a song or piece becomes known to listeners mainly from hearing the music (in contrast with classical music, in which many musicians learn pieces from sheet music); its appeal to diverse listeners, its treatment as a marketplace commodity in a capitalist context, and other factors.[6] Sales of 'recordings' or sheet music are one measure. Middleton and Manuel note that this definition has problems because multiple listens or plays of the same song or piece are not counted.[2] Evaluating appeal based on size of audience (mass appeal) or whether audience is of a certain social class is another way to define popular music, but this, too, has problems in that social categories of people cannot be applied accurately to musical styles. Manuel states that one criticism of popular music is that it is produced by large media conglomerates and passively consumed by the public, who merely buy or reject what music is being produced. He claims that the listeners in the scenario would not have been able to make the choice of their favorite music, which negates the previous conception of popular music.[13] Moreover, \"understandings of popular music have changed with time\".[2] Middleton argues that if research were to be done on the field of popular music, there would be a level of stability within societies to characterize historical periods, distribution of music, and the patterns of influence and continuity within the popular styles of music.[14]", "Rock and roll The term \"rock and roll\" now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage. The American Heritage Dictionary[12] and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary[13] both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the other hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s and later developed \"into the more encompassing international style known as rock music\".[8]", "Pop music Harmony and chord progressions in pop music are often \"that of classical European tonality, only more simple-minded.\"[20] Clichés include the barbershop quartet-style harmony (i.e. ii – V – I) and blues scale-influenced harmony.[21] There was a lessening of the influence of traditional views of the circle of fifths between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, including less predominance for the dominant function.[22]", "Rhythm and blues Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term \"rhythm and blues\" as a musical term in the United States in 1948,[11] the term was used in Billboard as early as 1943.[12][13] It replaced the term \"race music\", which originally came from within the black community, but was deemed offensive in the postwar world.[14][15] The term \"rhythm and blues\" was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, when its \"Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles\" chart was renamed as \"Best Selling Soul Singles\".[16]\nBefore the \"Rhythm and Blues\" name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term \"race music\" with \"sepia series\".[17]", "Baroque music The term \"baroque\" comes from the Portuguese word barroco, meaning \"misshapen pearl\".[2] Negative connotations of the term first occurred in 1734, in a criticism of an opera by Jean-Philippe Rameau, and later (1750) in a description by Charles de Brosses of the ornate and heavily ornamented architecture of the Pamphili Palace in Rome. Although the term continued to be applied to architecture and art criticism through the 19th century, it was not until the 20th century that the term \"baroque\" was adopted from Heinrich Wölfflin's art-history vocabulary to designate a historical period in music.[1]", "Rock music Since the term rock began to be used in preference to rock and roll from the late-1960s, it has often been contrasted with pop music, with which it has shared many characteristics, but from which it is often distanced by an emphasis on musicianship, live performance and a focus on serious and progressive themes as part of an ideology of authenticity that is frequently combined with an awareness of the genre's history and development.[21] According to Simon Frith \"rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the romantic concept of art as artistic expression, original and sincere\".[21] In the new millennium the term rock has sometimes been used as a blanket term including forms such as pop music, reggae music, soul music, and even hip hop, with which it has been influenced but often contrasted through much of its history.[22]", "Rock music The foundations of rock music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country and western.[23] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music (then termed \"race music\") for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase \"rock and roll\" to describe the music.[24]", "Country music According to Lindsey Starnes, the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music; it came to encompass Western music, which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots, in the mid-20th century. In 2009, in the United States country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, and second most popular in the morning commute.[6]", "American popular music Rock and roll is a kind of popular music, developed primarily out of country, blues and R&B. Easily the single most popular style of music worldwide, rock's exact origins and early development have been hotly debated. Music historian Robert Palmer has noted that the style's influences are quite diverse, and include the Afro-Caribbean \"Bo Diddley beat\", elements of \"big band swing\" and Latin music like the Cuban son and \"Mexican rhythms\".[34] Another author, George Lipsitz claims that rock arose in America's urban areas, where there formed a \"polyglot, working-class culture (where the) social meanings previously conveyed in isolation by blues, country, polka, zydeco and Latin musics found new expression as they blended in an urban environment\".[35]", "Progressive rock Progressive rock (shortened as prog; sometimes called art rock, classical rock or symphonic rock) is a broad genre of rock music[7] that developed in the United Kingdom and United States throughout the mid to late 1960s. Initially termed \"progressive pop\", the style was an outgrowth of psychedelic bands who abandoned standard pop traditions in favour of instrumentation and compositional techniques more frequently associated with jazz, folk, or classical music. Additional elements contributed to its \"progressive\" label: lyrics were more poetic, technology was harnessed for new sounds, music approached the condition of \"art\" and the studio, rather than the stage, became the focus of musical activity, which often involved creating music for listening, not dancing.", "Soul music Soul music (often referred to simply as soul) is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues and jazz. Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music and the music of Africa.[1]", "World music The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music.[3][4] Globalization has facilitated the expansion of world music's audiences and scope.[citation needed] It has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion,[5] and worldbeat.[6][7]", "Soul music According to another source, \"Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the '60s.\"[9] The phrase \"soul music\" itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961.[10] The term 'soul' in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride and culture. Gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz. As singers and arrangers began using techniques from gospel and soul jazz in African-American popular music during the 1960s, soul music gradually functioned as an umbrella term for the African-American popular music at the time.[11][12]", "Popular music In contrast to Western popular music, a genre of music that is popular outside of a Western nation, is categorized into World music. This label turns otherwise popular styles of music into an exotic and unknown category. The Western concept of 'World Music' homogenizes many different genres of popular music under one accessible term for Western audiences.[15] New media technology has led urban music styles to filter into distant rural areas across the globe. The rural areas, in turn, are able to give feedback to the urban centers about the new styles of music.[14] Urbanization, modernization, exposure to foreign music and mass media have contributed to hybrid urban pop styles. The hybrid styles have also found a space within Western popular music through the expressions of their national culture.[13] Recipient cultures borrow elements from host cultures and alter the meaning and context found in the host culture. Many Western styles, in turn, have become international styles through multinational recording studios.[13]", "Doo-wop The term \"doo-wop\" first appeared in print in 1961 in The Chicago Defender; fans of the music coined the term during the height of a vocal harmony resurgence.[6] The phrase was attributed to radio disc jockey Gus Gossert but Gossert suggested \"doo-wop(p) was already in use [before me] to categorize the music in California.\"[2]", "Lyrics \"Lyric\" derives via Latin lyricus from the Greek λυρικός (lyrikós),[1] the adjectival form of lyre.[2] It first appeared in English in the mid-16th century in reference, to the Earl of Surrey's translations of Petrarch and to his own sonnets.[3] Greek lyric poetry had been defined by the manner in which it was sung accompanied by the lyre or cithara,[4] as opposed to the chanted formal epics or the more passionate elegies accompanied by the flute. The personal nature of many of the verses of the Nine Lyric Poets led to the present sense of \"lyric poetry\" but the original Greek sense—words set to music—eventually led to its use as \"lyrics\", first attested in Stainer and Barrett's 1876 Dictionary of Musical Terms.[5] Stainer and Barrett used the word as a singular substantive: \"Lyric, poetry or blank verse intended to be set to music and sung\". By the 1930s, the present use of the plurale tantum \"lyrics\" had begun; it has been standard since the 1950s for many writers.[1] The singular form \"lyric\" is still used to mean the complete words to a song by authorities such as Alec Wilder[6], Robert Gottlieb[7], and Stephen Sondheim[8]. However, the singular form is also commonly used to refer to a specific line (or phrase) within a song's lyrics.", "Progressive rock Progressive rock is varied and is based on fusions of styles, approaches and genres, tapping into broader cultural resonances that connect to avant-garde art, classical music and folk music, performance and the moving image.[16] Although a unidirectional English \"progressive\" style emerged in the late 1960s, by 1967, progressive rock had come to constitute a diversity of loosely associated style codes.[17] When the \"progressive\" label arrived, the music was dubbed \"progressive pop\" before it was called \"progressive rock\",[18][nb 2] with the term \"progressive\" referring to the wide range of attempts to break with standard pop music formula.[20] A number of additional factors contributed to the acquired \"progressive\" label: lyrics were more poetic; technology was harnessed for new sounds; music approached the condition of \"art\"; some harmonic language was imported from jazz and 19th-century classical music; the album format overtook singles; and the studio, rather than the stage, became the focus of musical activity, which often involved creating music for listening, not dancing.[21]", "Music In music, form describes how the overall structure or plan of a song or piece of music,[22] and it describes the layout of a composition as divided into sections.[23] In the early 20th century, Tin Pan Alley songs and Broadway musical songs were often in AABA 32 bar form, in which the A sections repeated the same eight bar melody and the B section provided a contrasting melody and/or harmony for 8 bars. From the 1960s onward, Western pop and rock songs are often in verse-chorus form, which is based around a sequence of verse and chorus (\"refrain\") sections, with new lyrics for most verses and repeating lyrics for the choruses. Popular music often makes use of strophic form, sometimes in conjunction with the twelve bar blues.[citation needed]", "Names for soft drinks in the United States \"Pop\" is most commonly associated with the Midwest, in states like Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Iowa.[8] The term is also more common in the Pacific Northwest and Mountain West.[6]", "Pop (U.S. TV network) Launched in 1981 by United Video Satellite Group, the network began its life as a simple electronic program guide (EPG) software application sold to cable system operators throughout the United States and Canada. Known simply as the Electronic Program Guide, the software was designed to be run within the headend facility of each participating cable system on a single, custom-modified consumer-grade computer supplied by United Video. Its scrolling program listings grid, which cable system operators broadcast to subscribers on a dedicated channel, covered the entire screen and provided four hours of listings for each system's entire channel lineup, one half-hour period at a time. Because of this, listings for programs currently airing would often be several minutes from being shown. Additionally, because the EPG software generated only video, cable operators commonly resorted to filling the EPG channel's audio feed with music from a local FM radio station, or with programming from a cable television-oriented audio service provider such as Cable Radio Network.", "Folk music Starting in the mid-20th century, a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the (second) folk revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. This form of music is sometimes called contemporary folk music or folk revival music to distinguish it from earlier folk forms.[1] Smaller, similar revivals have occurred elsewhere in the world at other times, but the term folk music has typically not been applied to the new music created during those revivals. This type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, folk metal and others. While contemporary folk music is a genre generally distinct from traditional folk music, in English it shares the same name, and it often shares the same performers and venues as traditional folk music.", "Pop music In the 1940s improved microphone design allowed a more intimate singing style[35] and ten or twenty years later inexpensive and more durable 45 r.p.m. records for singles \"revolutionized the manner in which pop has been disseminated\" and helped to move pop music to 'a record/radio/film star system'.[35] Another technological change was the widespread availability of television in the 1950s; with televised performances, \"pop stars had to have a visual presence\".[35] In the 1960s, the introduction of inexpensive, portable transistor radios meant that First World teenagers could listen to music outside of the home.[35] Multi-track recording (from the 1960s); and digital sampling (from the 1980s) have also been utilized as methods for the creation and elaboration of pop music.[4] By the early 1980s, the promotion of pop music had been greatly affected by the rise of music television channels like MTV, which \"favoured those artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna who had a strong visual appeal\".[35]", "Origins of rock and roll The phrase rocking and rolling originally described the movement of a ship on the ocean, but it was used by the early twentieth century, both to describe a spiritual fervor and as a sexual analogy. Various gospel, blues and swing recordings used the phrase before it became used more frequently – but still intermittently – in the late 1930s and 1940s, principally on recordings and in reviews of what became known as rhythm and blues music aimed at a black audience. In 1951, Cleveland-based disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the term rock and roll to describe it.[1]", "Rock and roll In 1934, the song \"Rock and Roll\" by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round. In 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term \"rock-and-roll\" to describe upbeat recordings such as \"Rock Me\" by Sister Rosetta Tharpe.[16] By 1943, the \"Rock and Roll Inn\" in South Merchantville, New Jersey, was established as a music venue.[17] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it.[18]", "World music The classic, original definition of world music was in part created to instill a perceived authenticity and distinction between indigenous music traditions and those that eventually become diluted by pop culture, and the modern debate over how possible it is to maintain that perception in the richly diverse genre of world music is ongoing.[16][17]", "Pop music In the 1960s, the majority of mainstream pop music fell in two categories: guitar, drum and bass groups or singers backed by a traditional orchestra.[23] Since early in the decade, it was common for pop producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with musical form, orchestration, unnatural reverb, and other sound effects. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spector's Wall of Sound and Joe Meek's use of homemade electronic sound effects for acts like the Tornados.[24] At the same time, pop music on radio and in both American and British film moved away from refined Tin Pan Alley to more eccentric songwriting and incorporated reverb-drenched rock guitar, symphonic strings, and horns played by groups of properly arranged and rehearsed studio musicians.[25]", "World music The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of non-Western music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music. It may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as \"local music from out there\",[13] or \"someone else's local music\".[14] It is a very nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture, including Western elements (examples noted in this section).", "Electronic dance music The origins of Electronic Dance Music go back to the 1960s [10]. Bands such as Silver Apples created electronic music that could be danced to [11]. In 1969, Gershon Kingsley released \"Popcorn\", considered by many to be an early example of Electronic Dance Music [12].", "Progressive rock The term \"progressive rock\" is synonymous with \"art rock\", \"classical rock\" and \"symphonic rock\".[10] Historically, \"art rock\" has been used to describe at least two related, but distinct, types of rock music.[11] The first is progressive rock as it is generally understood, while the second usage refers to groups who rejected psychedelia and the hippie counterculture in favour of a modernist, avant-garde approach.[11][nb 1] Similarities between the two terms are that they both describe a mostly British attempt to elevate rock music to new levels of artistic credibility. However, art rock is more likely to have experimental or avant-garde influences.[13] \"Prog\" was devised in the 1990s[14] as a shorthand term, but later became a transferable adjective, also suggesting a wider palette than that drawn on by the most popular 1970s bands.[15]", "American popular music The earliest songs that could be considered American popular music, as opposed to the popular music of a particular region or ethnicity, were sentimental parlor songs by Stephen Foster and his peers, and songs meant for use in minstrel shows, theatrical productions that featured singing, dancing and comic performances. Minstrel shows generally used African instruments and dance, and featured performers with their faces blackened, a technique called blackface.[1] By the middle of the 19th century, touring companies had taken this music not only to every part of the United States, but also to the UK, Western Europe, and even to Africa and Asia. Minstrel shows were generally advertised as though the music of the shows was in an African American style, though this was often not true.", "Popular music Anahid Kassabian separated popular music into four categories; \"popular as populist,\" or having overtones of liberation and expression; \"popular as folk,\" or stating that the music is written by the people, for themselves; \"popular as counterculture,\" or empowering citizens to act against the oppression they face; and \"popular as mass,\" or the music becomes the tool for oppression.[15] A society's popular music reflects the ideals that are prevalent at the time it is performed or published.[16] David Riesman states that the youth audiences of popular music fit into either a majority group or a subculture. The majority group listens to the commercially produced styles while the subcultures find a minority style to transmit their own values.[14] This allows youth to choose what music they identify with, which gives them power as consumers to control the market of popular music.[14]", "World music Although it primarily describes traditional music, the world music category also includes popular music from non-Western urban communities (e.g. South African \"township\" music) and non-European music forms that have been influenced by other so-called third-world musics (e.g. Afro-Cuban music), although Western-style popular song sourced from non-English-speaking countries in Europe (e.g. French pop music) would not generally be considered world music.[citation needed]", "1950s in music Rock and roll dominated popular music in the mid 1950s and late 1950s, and quickly spread to much of the rest of the world. Its immediate origins lay in a mixing together of various black musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music; with country and western and Pop.[1] In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, and is credited with first using the phrase \"rock and roll\" to describe the music.[2]", "Rhythm and blues Rhythm and blues, commonly abbreviated as R&B, is a genre of popular music that originated in African American communities in the 1940s.[1] The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans, at a time when \"urbane, rocking, jazz based music with a heavy, insistent beat\" was becoming more popular.[2]\nIn the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, the bands usually consisted of piano, one or two guitars, bass, drums, one or more saxophones, and sometimes background vocalists. R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy,[3] as well as triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, economics, aspirations, and sex.", "Popular music Radio broadcasting of music, which began in the early 1920s, helped to spread popular songs to a huge audience, enabling a much larger proportion of the population to hear songs performed by professional singers and music ensembles, including individuals from lower income groups who previously would not have been able to afford concert tickets. Radio broadcasting increased the ability of songwriters, singers and bandleaders to become nationally known. Another factor which helped to disseminate popular music was the introduction of \"talking pictures\"—sound films—in the late 1920s, which also included music and songs. In the late 1920s and throughout the 1930s, there was a move towards consolidation in the recording industry, which led several major companies to dominate the record industry.[18]", "Popular music The verse and chorus are usually repeated throughout a song, while the bridge, intro, and coda (also called an \"outro\") tend to be used only once. Some pop songs may have a solo section, particularly in rock or blues-influenced pop. During the solo section, one or more instruments play a melodic line which may be the melody used by the singer, or, in blues- or jazz-influenced pop, the solo may be improvised based on the chord progression. A solo usually features a single instrumental performer (e.g., a guitarist or a harmonica player) or less commonly, more than one instrumentalist (e.g., a trumpeter and a sax player).[10]", "Folk music Some believe that folk music originated as art music that was changed and probably debased by oral transmission, while reflecting the character of the society that produced it.[3] In many societies, especially preliterate ones, the cultural transmission of folk music requires learning by ear, although notation has evolved in some cultures. Different cultures may have different notions concerning a division between \"folk\" music on the one hand and of \"art\" and \"court\" music on the other. In the proliferation of popular music genres, some traditional folk music became also referred to \"World music\" or \"Roots music\".", "Hip hop Keith \"Cowboy\" Wiggins, a member of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, has been credited with coining the term[18] in 1978 while teasing a friend who had just joined the US Army by scat singing the made-up words \"hip/hop/hip/hop\" in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of marching soldiers. Cowboy later worked the \"hip hop\" cadence into his stage performance.[19][20] The group frequently performed with disco artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them \"hip hoppers\". The name was originally meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music and culture.[21]", "Ethnomusicology Through technological advances of the late twentieth century, recordings of music from around the world began to enter the Euro-American music industry. Timothy Taylor discusses the arrival and development of new terminology in the face of globalization. The term “World Music” was developed and popularized as a way to categorize and sell “non-Western” music. The term “world music” began in the 1990s as a marketing term to classify and sell records from other parts of the world under a unified label, and world music was introduced as a category in the Grammys shortly thereafter.[138] The term “world beat” was also employed in the 90s to refer specifically to pop music, but it has fallen out of use.[139] The issue that these terms present is that they perpetuate an “us” vs. “them” dichotomy, effectively “othering” and combining musical categories outside of the Western tradition for the sake of marketing.[140]", "Baby talk (\"Puppy\" is often erroneously thought to be a diminutive of pup made this way, but it is in fact the other way around: pup is a shortening of puppy, which comes from French popi or poupÃ©e which means \"doll\". \"Doll\" is such a shortening for \"dolly\", which started as a pet form for \"Dorothy\".)[citation needed]", "Popular music In the 2000s, with songs and pieces available as digital sound files, it has become easier for music to spread from one country or region to another. Some popular music forms have become global, while others have a wide appeal within the culture of their origin.[11] Through the mixture of musical genres, new popular music forms are created to reflect the ideals of a global culture.[12] The examples of Africa, Indonesia, and the Middle East show how Western pop music styles can blend with local musical traditions to create new hybrid styles.[clarification needed]", "American popular music By the 1960s, the term rhythm and blues had no longer been in wide use; instead, terms like soul music were used to describe popular music by black artists. In the 1980s, however, rhythm and blues came back into use, most often in the form of R&B, a usage that has continued to the present. Contemporary R&B arose when sultry funk singers like Prince became very popular, alongside dance-oriented pop stars like Michael Jackson and Madonna.[62]", "20th-century music Folk music, in the original sense of the term as coined in the 18th century by Johann Gottfried Herder, is music produced by communal composition and possessing dignity, though by the late 19th century the concept of ‘folk’ had become a synonym for ‘nation’, usually identified as peasants and rural artisans, as in the Merrie England movement and the Irish and Scottish Gaelic Revivals of the 1880s.[19] Folk music was normally shared and performed by the entire community (not by a special class of expert or professional performers, possibly excluding the idea of amateurs), and was transmitted by word of mouth (oral tradition).[20]", "Calypso music It is thought that the name \"calypso\" was originally \"kaiso\" which is now believed to come from Efik \"ka isu\" (\"go on!\") and Ibibio \"kaa iso\" (\"continue, go on\"), used in urging someone on or in backing a contestant.[2] There is also a Trinidadian term \"cariso\" that is used to refer to \"old-time\" calypsos.[3] The term \"calypso\" is recorded from the 1930s onwards. Alternatively, the insert for The Rough Guide to Calypso and Soca (published by World Music Network) favours John Cowley's arguments in Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making, that the word might be a corruption of the French carrouseaux and through the process of patois and Anglicization became caliso and then finally \"calypso\"; however, Cowley also notes that the first mention of the word \"calypso\" is given in a description of a dance in 1882 by Abbé Masse.[4]", "Music Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics (loudness and softness), and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (which are sometimes termed the \"color\" of a musical sound). Different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. Music is performed with a vast range of instruments and vocal techniques ranging from singing to rapping; there are solely instrumental pieces, solely vocal pieces (such as songs without instrumental accompaniment) and pieces that combine singing and instruments. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike; \"art of the Muses\").[1]", "Electronic dance music Synth-pop (short for 'synthesizer pop';[37] also called 'techno-pop')[38][39] is a subgenre of new wave music[40] that first became prominent in the late 1970s and features the synthesizer as the dominant musical instrument. It was prefigured in the 1960s and early 1970s by the use of synthesizers in progressive rock, electronic, art rock, disco, and particularly the \"Krautrock\" of bands like Kraftwerk. It arose as a distinct genre in Japan and the United Kingdom in the post-punk era as part of the new wave movement of the late 1970s to the mid-1980s.", "Music! Music! Music! However, at the time - before the popularity of the song - \"Nickelodeon\" in fact referred to a five-cent silent movie theater.[2]", "Song structure The foundation of popular music is the \"verse\" and \"chorus\" structure. \"Pop and rock songs nearly always have both a verse and a chorus. The primary difference between the two is that when the music of the verse returns, it is almost always given a new set of lyrics, whereas the chorus usually retains the same set of lyrics every time its music appears.\"[1] Both are essential elements, with the verse usually played first. Exceptions abound, with \"She Loves You\" by The Beatles being an early example in the rock music genre. Each verse usually employs the same melody (possibly with some slight modifications), while the lyrics usually change for each verse. The chorus (or \"refrain\") usually consists of a melodic and lyrical phrase that repeats. Pop songs may have an introduction and coda (\"tag\"), but these elements are not essential to the identity of most songs. Pop songs often connect the verse and chorus via a bridge, which as its name suggests, is a section that connects the verse and chorus at one or more points in the song.", "Hip hop music The creation of the term hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five.[21] However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was still known as disco rap.[22] It is believed that Cowboy created the term while teasing a friend who had just joined the U.S. Army, by scat singing the words \"hip/hop/hip/hop\" in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of soldiers marching.[21] Cowboy later worked the \"hip hop\" cadence into a part of his stage performance, which was quickly used by other artists such as The Sugarhill Gang in \"Rapper's Delight\".[21] Universal Zulu Nation founder Afrika Bambaataa is credited with first using the term to describe the subculture in which the music belonged; although it is also suggested that it was a derogatory term to describe the type of music.[23] The first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice,[24] by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop.[25]", "Origins of rock and roll According to the Oxford English Dictionary, an early use of the word \"rock\" in describing a style of music was in a review in Metronome magazine on July 21, 1938, which stated that \"Harry James' \"Lullaby in Rhythm\" really rocks.\"[28] In 1939, a review of \"Ciribiribin\" and \"Yodelin' Jive\" by the Andrews Sisters with Bing Crosby, in the journal The Musician, stated that the songs \"...Â rock and roll with unleashed enthusiasm tempered to strict four-four time\".[29]", "Bebop Some researchers speculate that it was a term used by Charlie Christian because it sounded like something he hummed along with his playing.[4] Dizzy Gillespie stated that the audiences coined the name after hearing him scat the then-nameless tunes to his players and the press ultimately picked it up, using it as an official term: \"People, when they'd wanna ask for those numbers and didn't know the name, would ask for bebop.\"[5] Another theory is that it derives from the cry of \"Arriba! Arriba!\" used by Latin American bandleaders of the period to encourage their bands.[6] At times, the terms \"bebop\" and \"rebop\" were used interchangeably. By 1945, the use of \"bebop\"/\"rebop\" as nonsense syllables was widespread in R&B music, for instance Lionel Hampton's \"Hey! Ba-Ba-Re-Bop\"..[citation needed]", "Out of left field Popular music historian Arnold Shaw wrote in 1949 for the Music Library Association that the term \"out of left field\" was first used in the idiomatic sense of \"from out of nowhere\" by the music industry to refer to a song that unexpectedly performed well in the market.[3] Based on baseball lingo, a sentence such as \"That was a hit out of left field\" was used by song pluggers who promoted recordings and sheet music, to describe a song requiring no effort to sell.[3] A \"rocking chair hit\" was the kind of song which came \"out of left field\" and sold itself, allowing the song plugger to relax.[3] A 1943 article in Billboard magazine expands the use to describe people unexpectedly drawn to radio broadcasting:", "Pop Muzik I was looking to make a fusion of various styles which somehow would summarise the last 25 years of pop music. It was a deliberate point I was trying to make. Whereas rock and roll had created a generation gap, disco was bringing people together on an enormous scale. That's why I really wanted to make a simple, bland statement, which was, 'All we're talking about basically (is) pop music.'[6]", "Music Rock music is a genre of popular music that developed in the 1960s from 1950s rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, and country music.[53] The sound of rock often revolves around the electric guitar or acoustic guitar, and it uses a strong back beat laid down by a rhythm section of electric bass guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, or, since the 1970s, analog synthesizers and digital ones and computers since the 1990s. Along with the guitar or keyboards, saxophone and blues-style harmonica are used as soloing instruments. In its \"purest form,\" it \"has three chords, a strong, insistent back beat, and a catchy melody.\"[54] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, it branched out into different subgenres, ranging from blues rock and jazz-rock fusion to heavy metal and punk rock, as well as the more classical influenced genre of progressive rock and several types of experimental rock genres.", "Origins of rock and roll These songs were generally classed as \"race music\" or, from the late 1940s, \"rhythm and blues\", and were barely known by mainstream white audiences.[37] However, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began broadcasting rhythm, blues, and country music for a multi-racial audience. Freed, familiar with the music of earlier decades, used the phrase rock and roll to describe the music he aired over station WJW (850Â AM); its use is also credited to Freed's sponsor, record store owner Leo Mintz, who encouraged Freed to play the music on the radio.[1][38] Originally Freed used the name \"Moondog\" for himself and any concerts or promotions he put on, because he used as his regular theme music a piece called \"Moondog Symphony\" by the street musician Louis \"Moondog\" Hardin. Hardin subsequently sued Freed on grounds that he was stealing his name and, since Freed was no longer allowed to use the term Moondog, he needed a new catchphrase. After a night of heavy drinking he and his friends came up with the name The Rock and Roll Party since he was already using the phrase Rock and Roll Session to describe the music he was playing.[citation needed] As his show became extremely popular, the term caught on and became widely used to describe the style of music.", "Jazz The origin of the word jazz has resulted in considerable research, and its history is well documented. It is believed to be related to jasm, a slang term dating back to 1860 meaning \"pep, energy\".[7] The earliest written record of the word is in a 1912 article in the Los Angeles Times in which a minor league baseball pitcher described a pitch which he called a jazz ball \"because it wobbles and you simply can't do anything with it\".[7]", "Boy band The earliest forerunner of boy band music began in the late 19th century as a cappella barbershop quartets.[2] They were usually a group of males and sang in four part harmonies. The popularity of barbershop quartets had been prominent into the earlier part of the 20th century. A revival of the male vocal group took place in the late 1940s and 1950s with the use of doo-wop music. Doo-wop bands sang about topics such as love and other themes used in pop music. The earliest traces of boy bands were in the mid-1950s although the term boy band was not used. African American vocal group The Ink Spots was one of the first of what would now be called boy bands. The term boy band was not established until the late 1980s as before that they were called male vocal groups or \"hep harmony singing groups.[3]", "Music The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Indeed, throughout history, some new forms or styles of music have been criticized as \"not being music\", including Beethoven's Grosse Fuge string quartet in 1825,[3] early jazz in the beginning of the 1900s[4] and hardcore punk in the 1980s.[5] There are many types of music, including popular music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies and work songs such as chanteys. Music ranges from strictly organized compositionsâ€“such as Classical music symphonies from the 1700s and 1800s, through to spontaneously played improvisational music such as jazz, and avant-garde styles of chance-based contemporary music from the 20th and 21st centuries.", "Origins of rock and roll Rock and roll music emerged from the wide variety of musical genres that existed in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century, among different ethnic and social groups. Each genre developed over time through changing fashion and innovation, and each one exchanged ideas and stylistic elements with all the others. The greatest contribution came from the musical traditions of America's black population, with an ancient heritage of oral storytelling through music of African origin, usually with strong rhythmic elements, with frequent use of \"blue notes\" and often using a \"call and response\" vocal pattern. African music was modified through the experience of slavery, and through contact with white musical styles such as the folk ballad, and instruments, such as the Spanish guitar. New styles of music emerged among black Americans in the early twentieth century, in the form of blues, ragtime, jazz, and gospel music.[16][39] According to the writer Robert Palmer:", "American popular music Rock has had a formative influence on popular music, which had the effect of transforming \"the very concept of what popular music\" is.[78] while Charlie Gillett has argued that rock and roll \"was the first popular genre to incorporate the relentless pulse and sheer volume of urban life into the music itself\".[79]", "Fan (person) Merriam-Webster, the Oxford dictionary and other sources define \"fan\" as a shortened version of the word fanatic. Fanatic itself, introduced into English around 1550, means \"marked by excessive enthusiasm and often intense uncritical devotion\". It comes from the Modern Latin fanaticus, meaning \"insanely but divinely inspired\". The word originally pertained to a temple or sacred place [Latin fanum, poetic English fane]. The modern sense of \"extremely zealous\" dates from around 1647; the use of fanatic as a noun dates from 1650. However, the term \"fancy\" for an intense liking of something, while being of a different etymology, coincidentally carries a less intense but somewhat similar connotation to \"fanatic\". The word emerged as an Americanism around 1889.[1] The Dickson Baseball Dictionary cites William Henry Nugent's work asserting that it was derived from the fancy, a term from England referring to the fans of a specific hobby or sport from the early 18th century to the 19th, especially to the followers of boxing.[2] According to that theory, it was originally shortened to fance then just to the homonym fans. The Great American Baseball Scrapbook attributes the term to Chris Von der Ahe, owner of the Saint Louis Brown Stockings in 1882. Von der Ahe sold tickets for 25 cents, hoping the many patrons would purchase his beer; the low ticket price helped him lead the stats in attendance. He called the fanatics filling his stands \"fans\". [3]", "Origins of rock and roll By the early twentieth century the words were increasingly used together in secular black slang with a double meaning, ostensibly referring to dancing and partying, but often with the subtextual meaning of sex.[16][17]", "Names for soft drinks in the United States Names for soft drinks in the United States vary regionally. \"Soda\" and \"pop\" are the most common terms for soft drinks nationally, although other terms are used, especially \"coke\" (a genericized name for Coca-Cola) in the South. Since individual names tend to dominate regionally, the use of a particular term can be an act of geographic identity.[1][2] The choice of terminology is most closely associated with geographic origin, rather than other factors such as race, age, or income. The differences in naming have been the subject of scholarly studies. Cambridge linguist Bert Vaux, in particular, has studied the \"pop vs. soda debate\" in conjunction with other regional vocabularies of American English.[3]", "Polka dot It is likely that the term originated in popularity of polka dance at the time the pattern became fashionable, just as many other products and fashions of the era also adopted the \"polka\" name.[1]", "Britpop Though Britpop is viewed as a marketing tool, and more of a cultural moment than a musical style or genre,[10] there are musical conventions and influences the bands grouped under the Britpop term have in common, such as showing elements from the British pop music of the Sixties, glam rock and punk rock of the Seventies, and indie pop of the Eighties in their music. Britpop was a media driven focus on bands which emerged from the independent music scene of the early 1990sâ€”and was associated with the British popular cultural movement of Cool Britannia which evoked the Swinging Sixties and the British guitar pop music of that decade.[11][12][13]", "World music Similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. This is especially true in the context of world music, where branches of ethnically influenced pop trends are as genre-defined by consumer perception as they are by the music industry forums that govern the basis for categorical distinction. Academic scholars tend to agree that, in today's world of consumer music reviews and blogging, global music culture's public perception is what ultimately distils a prevailing basis for definition from genre ambiguity, regardless of how clearly a category has been outlined by corporate marketing forums and music journalism. The world music genre's gradual migration from a clear spectrum of roots music traditions to an extended list of hybrid subgenres is a good example of the motion genre boundaries can exhibit in a globalizing pop culture.", "Classical music The term \"classical music\" did not appear until the early 19th century, in an attempt to distinctly canonize the period from Johann Sebastian Bach to Ludwig van Beethoven as a golden age.[7] The earliest reference to \"classical music\" recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary is from about 1829.[1][8]" ]	[ "Pop music According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, called Grove Music Online, the term \"pop music\" \"originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced\".[2] The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's \"earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience ... since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc\".[12] Grove Music Online also states that \"... in the early 1960s, [the term] 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music [in England], while in the USA its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of 'rock and roll'\".[2]" ]
test874	how did the great depression start in canada	[ "doc31197" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc31180", "doc31197", "doc31184", "doc383699", "doc1598692", "doc31199", "doc766310", "doc31183", "doc31200", "doc21914", "doc21911", "doc21976", "doc31201", "doc31204", "doc2247941", "doc458388", "doc31186", "doc31185", "doc31187", "doc104762", "doc31224", "doc31202", "doc1887074", "doc31205", "doc31221", "doc1278796", "doc31181", "doc21910", "doc104753", "doc31214", "doc31210", "doc31182", "doc1598694", "doc31196", "doc1598680", "doc31211", "doc1598689", "doc1637985", "doc2609945", "doc31223", "doc31213", "doc383700", "doc1181709", "doc2609948", "doc383705", "doc31192", "doc31198", "doc2356710", "doc31218", "doc467854", "doc31206", "doc1598703", "doc2381246", "doc104769", "doc1598695", "doc383701", "doc31189", "doc1638001", "doc2190687", "doc104760", "doc31209", "doc31215", "doc91148", "doc1637972", "doc1598642", "doc31208", "doc1637973", "doc458326", "doc31191", "doc458303", "doc458372", "doc31190", "doc1598663", "doc1598693", "doc458316", "doc228088", "doc31222", "doc458339", "doc458327", "doc21913", "doc1687524", "doc458336", "doc458304", "doc458376", "doc458419", "doc104764", "doc1598691", "doc104754", "doc458358", "doc828284", "doc21920", "doc31188", "doc458329", "doc458314", "doc2356712", "doc458318", "doc458328", "doc909710", "doc261113", "doc898087" ]	[ "Great Depression in Canada Canada was hit hard by the Great Depression. The worldwide depression that started in the United States in late 1929 quickly reached Canada. Between 1929 and 1939, the gross domestic product dropped 40% (compared to 37% in the US). Unemployment reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933. Many companies closed, as corporate profits of $398 million in 1929 turned into losses of $98 million as prices fell. Farmers in the Prairies were hit especially hard by the collapse of wheat prices. Despite the emergence of numerous radical parties, the government was run by the major parties. The Depression ended in 1939 as World War II began.[1]", "Great Depression in Canada The Stock Market crash in New York led people to hoard their money; as consumption fell, the American economy steadily contracted, 1929-32. Given the close economic links between the two countries, the collapse quickly affected Canada. Added to the woes of the prairies were those of Ontario and Quebec, whose manufacturing industries were now victims of overproduction. Massive lay-offs occurred and other companies collapsed into bankruptcy. This collapse was not as sharp as that in the United States, but was the second sharpest collapse in the world.", "Great Depression in Canada Canada's economy at the time was just starting to shift from primary industry (farming, fishing, mining and logging) to manufacturing. Exports of raw materials plunged, and employment, prices and profits fell in every sector. Canada was the worst-hit because of its economic position. It was further affected as its main trading partners were Britain and the U.S., both of which were badly affected by the worldwide depression.[2]", "History of Canada Canada was hard hit by the worldwide Great Depression that began in 1929. Between 1929 and 1933, the gross national product dropped 40% (compared to 37% in the US). Unemployment reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933.[174] Many businesses closed, as corporate profits of $396 million in 1929 turned into losses of $98 million in 1933. Canadian exports shrank by 50% from 1929 to 1933. Construction all but stopped (down 82%, 1929â€“33), and wholesale prices dropped 30%. Wheat prices plunged from 78c per bushel (1928 crop) to 29c in 1932.[174]", "Economic history of Canada Canada was hard hit by the Great Depression. When the American economy began to collapse in the late 1920s the close economic links and the central banking system meant that the malaise quickly spread across the border. The world demand fell for wheat, lumber and mining products; prices fell, profits plunged, and unemployment soared.", "Great Depression in Canada Canada was hurt badly because of its reliance on base commodities, whose prices fell by over 50%, and because of the importance of international trade. In the 1920s about 25% of the Canadian Gross National Product was derived from exports. The first reaction of the U.S. was to raise tariffs via the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, passed into law June 17, 1930. This hurt the Canadian economy more than most other countries in the world, and Canada retaliated by raising its own rates on American exports and by switching business to the Empire.[24]", "Cities in the Great Depression Canada's economy at the time was just starting to industrialize primary industries (agriculture, fishing, mining and logging) to manufacturing. Exports and prices of raw materials plunged, and employment, prices and profits fell in every sector. Canada was the worst-hit (after the United States) because of its economic position. It was further affected as its main trading partners were the U.S. and Britain.", "Great Depression in Canada In 1932, industrial production was only at 58% of the 1929 level, the second lowest level in the world after the United States, and well behind nations such as Britain, which only saw it fall to 83% of the 1929 level. Total national income fell to 55% of the 1929 level, again worse than any nation other than the U.S.[2]", "Great Depression in Canada In an angry response to Smootâ€“Hawley, Canada welcomed the British introduction of trade protectionism and a system of Commonwealth preference during the winter of 1931-32. It helped Canada avoid external default on their public debt during the Great Depression. Canada had a high degree of exposure to the international economy, which left Canada susceptible to any international economic downturn. The onset of the depression created critical balance of payment deficits, and it was largely the extension of imperial protection by Britain that gave Canada the opportunity to increase their exports to the British market. By 1938 Britain was importing more than twice the 1929 volume of products from Australia, while the value of products shipped from Canada more than doubled, despite the dramatic drop in prices. Thus, the British market played a vital role in helping Canada and Australia stabilize their balance of payments in the immensely difficult economic conditions of the 1930s.[25]", "Great Depression Economic historians usually attribute the start of the Great Depression to the sudden devastating collapse of U.S. stock market prices on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. However,[11] some dispute this conclusion and see the stock crash as a symptom, rather than a cause, of the Great Depression.[6][12]", "Great Depression The depression started in the United States after a major fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide gross domestic product (GDP) fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession.[4] Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II.[5]", "Great Depression Harshly affected by both the global economic downturn and the Dust Bowl, Canadian industrial production had fallen to only 58% of the 1929 level by 1932, the second lowest level in the world after the United States, and well behind nations such as Britain, which fell to only 83% of the 1929 level. Total national income fell to 56% of the 1929 level, again worse than any nation apart from the United States. Unemployment reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933.[107]", "Great Depression in Canada At the Depression, the provincial and municipal governments were already in debt after an expansion of infrastructure and education during the 1920s. It thus fell to the federal government to try to improve the economy. When the Depression began Mackenzie King was Prime Minister. He believed that the crisis would pass, refused to provide federal aid to the provinces, and only introduced moderate relief efforts. The government's reaction to The Great Depression is the focus of the 2013 documentary Catch The Westbound Train from Prairie Coast Films.", "Great Depression in Canada The Liberal Party lost the 1930 election to the Conservative Party, led by R.B. Bennett. Bennett, a successful western businessman, campaigned on high tariffs and large-scale spending. Make-work programs were begun, and welfare and other assistance programs became vastly larger. This led to a large federal deficit, however. Bennett became wary of the budget shortfalls by 1932, and cut back severely on federal spending. This only deepened the depression as government employees were put out of work and public works projects were cancelled.", "Great Recession in the Americas Canada was one of the last industrialized nations to enter into a downturn. GDP growth was negative in Q1, but positive in Q2 and Q3 of 2008. The recession officially started in Q4. The almost 1-year delay of the start of the recession in Canada relative to the U.S. is largely explained by two factors. First, Canada has a strong banking sector[7] not weighed-down by the same degree of consumer-related debt issues that existed in the United States.[8] The United States economy collapsed from within, while the Canadian economy was being hurt by its trade relationship with the United States. Second, commodity prices continued to rise through to June 2008, supporting a key component of the Canadian economy and delaying the start of recession. In early December 2008, the Bank of Canada, in announcing that it was lowering its central bank interest rate to the lowest level since 1958, also declared that Canada's economy was entering in recession.[9] The Bank of Canada has since announced that it has two consecutive months of GDP decline (Oct -0.1% & Nov -0.7%). The country's unemployment rate could rise to 7.5% in the next two years, according to the latest OECD report.[10]", "Causes of the Great Depression The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was instituted by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, and signed into law by President Hoover, to raise taxes on American imports by about 20 percent during June 1930. This tax, which added to already shrinking income and overproduction in the U.S., only benefitted Americans in having to spend less on foreign goods. In contrast, European trading nations frowned upon this tax increase, particularly since the “United States was an international creditor and exports to the U.S. market were already declining”.[75] In response to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, some of America’s primary producers and largest trading partner, Canada, chose to seek retribution by increasing the financial value of imported goods favoured by the Americans.", "Great Depression in Canada Urban unemployment nationwide was 19%; Toronto's rate was 17%, according to the census of 1931. Farmers who stayed on their farms were not considered unemployed.[5] By 1933, 30% of the labour force was out of work, and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance. Wages fell as did prices. In some areas, such as mining and lumbering areas, the decline was far worse.", "Great Depression in Canada One of the areas not affected was bush flying, which, thanks to a mining and exploration boom, continued to thrive throughout this period.[3] Even so, most bush flying companies lost money, impacted by the government's cancellation of airmail contracts in 1931-2.[4]", "Great Depression in Canada The Prairie Provinces and Western Canada were the hardest-hit. In the rural areas of the prairies, two thirds of the population were on relief. The region fully recovered after 1939. The fall of wheat prices drove many farmers to the towns and cities, such as Calgary, Alberta; Regina, Saskatchewan; and Brandon, Manitoba. Population in the prairie provinces fell below natural replacement level. There was also migration from the southern prairies affected by Dust Bowl conditions such as the Palliser's Triangle to aspen parkland in the north.[6]", "Great Depression in the United States The Stock Market Crash of 1929 is often cited as the beginning of the Great Depression. It began on October 24, 1929, and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States. Much of the stock market crash can be attributed to exuberance and false expectations. In the years leading up to 1929, the rising stock market prices had created vast sums of wealth for those invested, in turn encouraging borrowing to further buy more stock. However, on October 24 (Black Thursday), share prices began to fall and panic selling caused prices to fall sharply. On October 29 (Black Tuesday), share prices fell by $14 billion in a single day, more than $30 billion in the week. [9] The value that evaporated the week was 10x more than the entire federal budget and more than all of what the U.S. spent on World War I. By 1930 the value of shares had fallen by 90%. [10]", "Great Depression in Canada It took the outbreak of World War II to pull Canada out of the depression. From 1939, an increased demand in Europe for materials, and increased spending by the Canadian government created a strong boost for the economy. Unemployed men enlisted in the military. By 1939, Canada was in the first prosperity period in the business cycle in a decade. This coincided with the recovery in the American economy, which created a better market for exports and a new inflow of much needed capital.", "Great Depression in Canada The Bennett Government, which defeated Mackenzie King in the 1930 election, initially refused to offer large-scale aid or relief to the provinces, much to the anger of provincial premiers, but it eventually gave in and started a Canadian \"New Deal\" type of relief by 1935. By 1937, the worst of the Depression had passed, but it left its mark on the country's economic landscape. Atlantic Canada was especially hard hit. Newfoundland (an independent dominion at the time) was bankrupt economically and politically and gave up responsible government by reverting to direct British control.", "Economy of North America The Great Depression began in North America in October 1929. The start is often dated to the stock market collapse of Black Tuesday although this was not the cause of the Great Depression.[5] Canada and the United States experienced especially large declines, with the gross domestic product falling 37% from 1929 to 1933 in the United States, and 43% in Canada over the same period.[6] The economy reached its lowest point in 1933, however recovery was slow. The outbreak of World War II in 1939 created demand for war materials that brought about the end of the depression.", "Great Depression in Canada One of the greatest burdens on the government was the Canadian National Railway (CNR). The federal government had taken over a number of defunct and bankrupt railways during World War I and the 1920s. The debt the government assumed was over $2 billion, a massive sum at the time, but during the boom years it seemed payable. The Depression turned this debt into a crushing burden. Due to the decrease in trade, the CNR also began to lose substantial amounts of money during the Depression, and had to be further bailed out by the government.", "Great Depression in Canada The Canadian recovery from the Great Depression proceeded slowly. Economists Pedro Amaral and James MacGee find that the Canadian recovery has important differences with the United States.[36] In the U.S. productivity recovered quickly while the labour force remained depressed throughout the decade. In Canada employment quickly recovered but productivity remained well below trend. Amaral and MacGee suggest that this decline is due to the sustained reduction in international trade during the 1930s.", "Interwar period The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.[12] It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.[13] The depression originated in the United States, after a slow decline in lofty stock prices and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession.[14] Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II.[15]", "Great Depression in Canada By 1930, 30% of the labour force was out of work, and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance. Wages fell, as did prices. Gross National Expenditure had declined 42% from the 1929 levels. In some areas, the decline was far worse. In the rural areas of the prairies, two thirds of the population were on relief.", "Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, originating in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until 1941.[1] It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.[2] In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline.[3]", "Great Depression in the United States The Great Depression began in AugustÂ 1929, when the United States economy first went into an economic recession. Although the country spent two months with declining GDP, it was not until the Wall Street Crash in October 1929 that the effects of a declining economy were felt, and a major worldwide economic downturn ensued. The market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement. Although its causes are still uncertain and controversial, the net effect was a sudden and general loss of confidence in the economic future. [1]", "Great Depression in Canada During the Great Depression in Canada the demand for radical action peaked around 1934, after the worst period was over and the economy was recovering. Mortgage debt was significant because farmers could not meet their interest payments. The insecurity of farmers, whose debts were increasing and who had no legal protection against foreclosure, was a potent factor in creating a mood of political desperation. The radical farmers party, UFA was baffled by the depression and Albertans demanded new leadership.", "Great Depression in Canada With the worst of the Depression over, the government implemented some relief programs such as the National Housing Act and National Employment Commission, and it established Trans-Canada Airlines (1937, the predecessor to Air Canada). However, it took until 1939 and the outbreak of war for the Canadian economy to return to 1929 levels.", "Great Depression in Canada Further damage was the reduction of investment: both large companies and individuals were unwilling and unable to invest in new ventures.", "Economic history of Canada By 1933, 30% of the labour force was out of work, and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance. Wages fell as did prices; debts did not fall and they became more burdensome. Gross National Expenditure had declined 42% from the 1929 levels. In some areas, the decline was far worse. In the rural areas of the prairies two thirds of the population were on relief. Population growth contracted markedly as immigration slowed, and birth rates fell as people postponed marriage and family life until they were more secure. Crime rates increased, and a new class of unemployed vagrants appeared.[32]", "Great Depression in Canada Case studies of four Canadian textile firms—two cotton and two hosiery and knitting—demonstrate the range of business response to the economic crisis. Each faced a different array of conditions, and each devised the appropriate restructuring strategies. The large corporations responded by investing in more expensive machinery and automation, hiring less skilled workers to tend the automated equipment, and tweaking their product lines to changing consumer tastes. However the smaller hosiery and knitting firms lacked the capital to invest or the research needed to monitor consumer tastes. They used time-tested \"Taylorized\" scientific management or made piecemeal changes. Power shifted upward to management, as strikes were too risky in the early 1930s and the opportunity to find a better job had drastically narrowed.[22] By 1935, however, the influence of militant American unions spilled over the border and Canadian unions became more forceful and harmonious. The activity was most notable in Ontario's automobile factories, beginning in Windsor in late 1936, where the new Automobile Workers of America (UAW) chartered its first Canadian local at the Kelsey-Hayes factory.[23]", "Economic history of Canada In the years after Confederation, the once-buoyant BNA economy soured, an event some blamed on union or government railway policy, but was more likely caused by the Long Depression that was affecting the entire world. Demand for Canadian resources slumped, and protectionist policies in the United States and Europe hurt Canada's trade.[20]", "Great Depression in Canada After 1936 the prime minister lost patience when westerners preferred radical alternatives such as the CCF (Co-operative Commonwealth Federation) and Social Credit to his middle-of-the-road liberalism. Indeed, he came close to writing off the region with his comment that the prairie dust bowl was \"part of the U.S. desert area. I doubt if it will be of any real use again.\"[28] Instead he paid more attention to the industrial regions and the needs of Ontario and Quebec regarding the proposed St. Lawrence Seaway project with the United States. As for the unemployed, he was hostile to federal relief and reluctantly accepted a Keynesian solution that involved federal deficit spending, tax cuts and subsidies to the housing market.[29]", "Economic history of Canada Recklessness, greed, and overoptimism played a part in the early-20th-century financial crisis on the Canadian wheat frontier. Beginning in 1916, the Palliser Triangle, a semiarid region in Alberta and Saskatchewan, suffered a decade of dry years and crop failures that culminated in financial ruin for many of the region's wheat farmers. Overconfidence on the part of farmers, financiers, the Canadian Pacific, and the Canadian government led to land investments and development in the Palliser on an unprecedented and dangerous scale. A large share of this expansion was funded by mortgage and loan companies in Britain eager to make overseas investments. British money managers were driven by a complex set of global economic forces including a decline in British investment opportunities, excess capital, and massive investment expansion on the Canadian frontier. Reduced grain production in Europe and increased grain production in the Prairie Provinces also encouraged the export of capital from London. The mythical image of the Palliser as an abundant region, coupled with a growing confidence in technology, created a false sense of security and stability. Between 1908 and 1913 British firms lent vast sums to Canadian farmers to plant their wheat crops; only when the drought began in 1916 did it become clear that far too much credit had been extended.[28]", "Great Depression in Australia The James Scullin Labor Government had just assumed power with the commencement of the Scullin Ministry on 22 October following the 1929 federal election, however just a couple of days later, Black Thursday would mark the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent global onset of the Great Depression. From the outset the Scullin administration was buffeted by the effects of the global economic crisis.[12]", "Great Depression in India A global economic depression broke out in 1929 following the American stock market crash of 1929 and rising speculations among the investors.\nHowever, the causes were more diverse and multi-pronged, with the decrease in costs and economic deflation of the post-war period being one of the main reasons. This deflation was caused by excessive manufacturing activities during the First World War.[4] As a result, huge stocks of goods were piled up without being used.[4]", "Great Depression in Canada Both of these corporations were seen as positive moves by the Canadian government to help get the economy back on track. 1937 was an important year in the recovery from the Great Depression. The Bank of Canada was nationalized in that year, and the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC) became the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) in that same year. Both corporations were successful aids in the cultural and financial recovery of the Canadian economy during the Great depression.", "Great Depression in Canada Social Credit (often called SoCred) was a populist political movement strongest in Alberta and neighbouring British Columbia, 1930s-1970s. Social Credit was based on the economic theories of an Englishman, C. H. Douglas. His theories became very popular across the nation in the early 1930s. A central proposal was the free distribution of dividends (or social credit), called \"funny money\" by the opposition.[30]", "History of Canada Urban unemployment nationwide was 19%; Toronto's rate was 17%, according to the census of 1931. Farmers who stayed on their farms were not considered unemployed.[175] By 1933, 30% of the labour force was out of work, and one fifth of the population became dependent on government assistance. Wages fell as did prices. Worst hit were areas dependent on primary industries such as farming, mining and logging, as prices fell and there were few alternative jobs. Most families had moderate losses and little hardship, though they too became pessimistic and their debts became heavier as prices fell. Some families saw most or all of their assets disappear, and suffered severely.[176][177]", "Early 1980s recession Canada changed from a country producing and exporting mainly primary products to one producing and exporting more manufactured goods.[2] Jobs were lost to mechanization in industry. Moreover, globalization meant that Canadian firms had to downsize their workforce to stay efficient and compete internationally.[7] In early 1980s, Canada's unemployment rate peaked at 12%.[3] It took almost four years for the number of full-time jobs to be restored.[7] A slowdown in productivity also emerged during the recession. Real GDP declined by 5%[3] between June 1981 and December 1982, and average output per worker slowed to 1%.[3] The US decision to switch to a floating exchange rate devalued the Canadian dollar, which was worth US$0.85 by 1979, which made US imports more expensive. On the other hand, Canada's major exports declined in price. Combined with high inflation and interest rates, the high commodity prices reduced the standard of living.[7]", "Great Depression in India When the American stock market suffered its first crash on October 24, 1929, there was a dreadful psychological effect on the nation.[6] America stopped providing loans to foreign countries, thereby leading to a global financial disaster.[6]", "History of Canada Times were especially hard in western Canada, where a full recovery did not occur until the Second World War began in 1939. One response was the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, as well as popular protest in the form of the On-to-Ottawa Trek.[186]", "Great Depression in Canada Among the few women in the labor force, layoffs were less common in the white-collar jobs and they were typically found in light manufacturing work. However, there was a widespread demand to limit families to one paid job, so that wives might lose employment if their husband was employed.[10][11][12]", "Great Depression in Canada Canada did have some advantages over other countries, especially its extremely stable banking system that had no failures during the entire depression, compared to over 9,000 small banks that collapsed in the United States.", "Great Depression in the United Kingdom The Great Depression in the United Kingdom, also known as the Great Slump, was a period of national economic downturn in the 1930s, which had its origins in the global Great Depression. It was Britain's largest and most profound economic depression of the 20th century. The Great Depression originated in the United States in late 1929 and quickly spread to the world. Britain had never experienced the boom that had characterized the U.S., Germany, Canada and Australia in the 1920s, so its effect appeared less severe.[1] Britain's world trade fell by half (1929â€“33), the output of heavy industry fell by a third, employment profits plunged in nearly all sectors. At the depth in summer 1932, registered unemployed numbered 3.5 million, and many more had only part-time employment.", "Great Depression in Canada Once in office in Alberta Aberhart gave a high priority to balancing the provincial budget. He reduced expenditures and increased the sales tax and the income tax. The poor and unemployed got nothing.[34] The $25 monthly social dividend never arrived, as Aberhart decided nothing could be done until the province's financial system was changed, and 1936 Alberta defaulted on its bonds. He did pass a Debt Adjustment Act that cancelled all the interest on mortgages since 1932 and limited all interest rates on mortgages to 5%, in line with similar laws passed by other provinces. In 1937 backbenchers passed a radical banking law that was disallowed by the national government (banking was a federal responsibility). Efforts to control the press were also disallowed. The party was authoritarian and tried to exert detailed control over its officeholders; those who rebelled were purged or removed from office by the new device of recall elections. Although Aberhart was hostile to banks and newspapers, he was basically in favour of capitalism and did not support socialist policies as did the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan.[35]", "Canada The Great Depression in Canada during the early 1930s saw an economic downturn, leading to hardship across the country.[76] In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s.[77] On the advice of Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, war with Germany was declared effective September 10, 1939, by King George VI, seven days after the United Kingdom. The delay underscored Canada's independence.[73]", "Great Depression in Canada With falling support and the depression only getting worse, Bennett attempted to introduce policies based on the New Deal of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the United States. Bennett thus called for a minimum wage, unemployment insurance, and other such programs. This effort was largely unsuccessful; the provinces challenged the rights of the federal government to manage these programs. Some of the federal efforts were successful: the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act and Farmers' Creditors Arrangement Act, which provided alternatives to bankruptcy for distressed businesses, were held to be constitutional by the Reference Re Farmers' Creditors Arrangement Act.", "Economic history of Canada The global financial crisis of 2008 caused a major recession, which led to a significant rise in unemployment in Canada.[37]", "History of the United States (1918–45) Historians and economists still have not agreed on the causes of the Great Depression, but there is general agreement that it began in the United States in late 1929 and was either started or worsened by \"Black Thursday,\" the stock market crash of Thursday, October 24, 1929. Sectors of the US economy had been showing some signs of distress for months before October 1929. Business inventories of all types were three times as large as they had been a year before (an indication that the public was not buying products as rapidly as in the past), and other signposts of economic health—-freight carloads, industrial production, and wholesale prices—-were slipping downward.", "Great Depression in the United States With a lack of consumer confidence in the economic direction given by the federal government panic started to spread across the country shortly after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. President Hoover retained the Gold Standard as the country’s currency gauge throughout the following years. As a result, the American shareholders with the majority of the gold reserves began to grow wary of the value of gold in the near future. Europe’s decision to move away from the Gold Standard caused individuals to start to withdraw gold shares and move the investments out of the country or began to horde gold for future investment. The market continued to suffer due to these reactions, and in result caused several of the everyday individuals to speculate on the economy in the coming months. Rumors of market stability and banking conditions began to spread, consumer confidence continued to drop and panic begin to set in. Contagion spread like wild fire pushing Americans all over the country to withdraw their deposits in mass. This idea would continue from 1929-1933 causing the greatest financial crisis ever seen at the banking level pushing the economic recovery efforts further from resolution. An increase in the currency-deposit ratio and a money stock determinant forced money stock to fall and income to decline. This panic-induced banking failure took a mild recession to a major recession.[17]", "Economic history of Canada Like the United States, Canada remained in depression far longer, not passing 1929 levels until 1939, with the outbreak of the Second World War. There was no national recovery program similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.", "History of Canada In 1930, in the first stage of the long depression, Prime Minister Mackenzie King believed that the crisis was a temporary swing of the business cycle and that the economy would soon recover without government intervention. He refused to provide unemployment relief or federal aid to the provinces, saying that if Conservative provincial governments demanded federal dollars, he would not give them \"a five cent piece.\"[178] His blunt wisecrack was used to defeat the Liberals in the 1930 election. The main issue was the rapid deterioration in the economy and whether the prime minister was out of touch with the hardships of ordinary people.[179][180] The winner of the 1930 election was Richard Bedford Bennett and the Conservatives. Bennett had promised high tariffs and large-scale spending, but as deficits increased, he became wary and cut back severely on Federal spending. With falling support and the depression getting only worse, Bennett attempted to introduce policies based on the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in the United States, but he got little passed. Bennett's government became a focus of popular discontent. For example, auto owners saved on gasoline by using horses to pull their cars, dubbing them Bennett Buggies. The Conservative failure to restore prosperity led to the return of Mackenzie King's Liberals in the 1935 election.[181]", "Great Depression in Canada Numerous strikes and protests were led by the Communists, many of which culminated in violent clashes with the police. Some notable ones include a coal miners strike that resulted in the Estevan Riot in Estevan, Saskatchewan that left three strikers dead by RCMP bullets in 1931, a waterfront strike in Vancouver that culminated with the \"Battle of Ballantyne Pier\" in 1935, and numerous unemployed demonstrations up to and including the On-to-Ottawa Trek that left one Regina police constable and one protester dead in the \"Regina Riot.\" Although the actual number of Communist Party militants remained small, their impact was far disproportionate to their numbers, in large part because of the anticommunist reaction of the government, especially the policies of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett who vowed to crush Communism in Canada with an \"iron heel of ruthlessness.\"[7]", "Great Depression in Australia For Australians the decade of the 1930s began with problems of huge unemployment, because the fall of the stock markets on Wall Street reduced confidence throughout the world. Most governments reacted to the crisis with similar policies, aimed at slashing back government spending and paying back loans. The Australian government could do little to change the effects of the slump and the tough economic times ahead. This affected the country in many ways.[20]", "History of the United States (1918–1945) Historians and economists still have not agreed on the causes of the Great Depression, but there is general agreement that it began in the United States in late 1929 and was either started or worsened by \"Black Thursday,\" the stock market crash of Thursday, October 24, 1929. Sectors of the US economy had been showing some signs of distress for months before October 1929. Business inventories of all types were three times as large as they had been a year before (an indication that the public was not buying products as rapidly as in the past), and other signposts of economic health—-freight carloads, industrial production, and wholesale prices—-were slipping downward.", "Great Depression in the United States Banks began to fail in October 1930 (one year after the crash) when farmers defaulted on loans. There was no federal deposit insurance during that time as bank failures were considered quite common. This worried depositors that they might have a chance of losing all their savings, therefore, people started to withdraw money and changed it into currency. As deposits taken out from the bank increased, the money supply decreased because the money multiplier worked in reverse, forcing banks to liquidate assets (such as call in loans rather than create new loans.)[8] This caused the money supply to shrink and the economy to contract and a significant decrease in aggregate investment. The decreased money supply further aggravated price deflation, putting further pressure on already struggling businesses.", "Great Depression in Canada The public at large lost faith in both the Liberal Party of Canada and the Conservative Party of Canada. This caused the rise of a third party: the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (a socialist party that achieved some success before joining the Canadian Labour Congress in 1961, becoming the New Democratic Party).", "Great Depression in Canada Prairie farmers had always believed that they were being exploited by Toronto and Montreal. What they lacked was a prophet who would lead them to the promised land.[31] The Social Credit movement began in Alberta in 1932; it became a political movement in 1935 and suddenly burned like a prairie fire. The prophet and new premier was radio evangelist William Aberhart (1878â€“1943). The message was biblical prophecy. Aberhart was a fundamentalist, preaching the revealed word of God and quoting the Bible to find a solution for the evils of the modern, materialistic world: the evils of sophisticated academics and their biblical criticism, the cold formality of middle-class congregations, the vices of dancing and movies and drink. \"Bible Bill\" preached that the capitalist economy was rotten because of its immorality; specifically it produced goods and services but did not provide people with sufficient purchasing power to enjoy them. This could be remedied by the giving out money in the form of \"social credit\", or $25 a month for every man and woman. This pump priming was guaranteed to restore prosperity, he prophesied to the 1600 Social Credit clubs he formed in the province.", "Canadian Pacific Railway The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 until 1939, hit many companies heavily. While the CPR was affected, it was not affected to the extent of its rival CNR because it, unlike the CNR, was debt-free. The CPR scaled back on some of its passenger and freight services, and stopped issuing dividends to its shareholders after 1932. Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, as well as popular protest in the form of the On-to-Ottawa Trek.[40]", "Great Depression in Australia Australia suffered badly during the period of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Depression began with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. As in other nations, Australia suffered years of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement.", "Economic history of Canada Harold Innis (1894–1952), based in the history department at the University of Toronto, and William Archibald Mackintosh (1895–1970), based in the economics department at Queen's University developed the Staples thesis. They argued that the Canadian Economy (beyond the level of subsistence farming) was primarily based on exports of a series of staples—fish, fur, timber, wheat—that shipped to Britain and the British Empire. Industrialization came much later. The thesis explains Canadian economic development as a lateral, east-west conception of trade. Innis argued that Canada developed as it did because of the nature of its staple commodities: raw materials, such as fish, fur, lumber, agricultural products and minerals. This trading link cemented Canada's cultural links to Britain. The search for and exploitation of these staples led to the creation of institutions that defined the political culture of the nation and its regions. Innis, Influenced by the American historian Frederick Jackson Turner added a sociological dimension: different staples led to the emergence of regional economies (and societies) within Canada. For instance, the staple commodity in Atlantic Canada was cod fishing. This industry was very decentralized, but also very co-operative. In western Canada the central staple was wheat. Wheat farming was a very independent venture, which led to a history of distrust of government and corporations in that part of the country. (Also important, however, were the shocks caused by volatility in the market for wheat and by the weather itself on the growing season.) In Central Canada, the main staple was fur, and the fur trade dominated the economy for many years. This fur trade was controlled by large firms, such as the Hudson's Bay Company and thus produced the much more centralized, business-oriented society that today characterizes Montreal and Toronto.[2]", "Great Depression in Canada The failure to help the economy led to the federal Conservatives' defeat in the 1935 election when the Liberals, still led by Mackenzie King, returned to power.", "Great Depression in Australia The Australian economy and foreign policy largely rested upon its place as a primary producer within the British Empire, and Australia's important export industries, particularly primary products such as wool and wheat, suffered significantly from the collapse in international demand. Unemployment reached a record high of around 30% in 1932,[1][2][3] and gross domestic product declined by 10% between 1929 and 1931.[4][5]", "Causes of the Great Depression Irving Fisher argued the predominant factor leading to the Great Depression was over-indebtedness and deflation. Fisher tied loose credit to over-indebtedness, which fueled speculation and asset bubbles.[20] He then outlined nine factors interacting with one another under conditions of debt and deflation to create the mechanics of boom to bust. The chain of events proceeded as follows:", "Great Depression in Canada Women's primary role were as housewives; without a steady flow of family income, their work became much harder in dealing with food and clothing and medical care. The birthrates fell everywhere, as children were postponed until families could financially support them. The average birthrate for 14 major countries fell 12% from 19.3 births per thousand population in 1930, to 17.0 in 1935.[8] In Canada, half of Roman Catholic women defied Church teachings and used contraception to postpone births.[9]", "Causes of the Great Depression The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century have been extensively discussed by economists and remain a matter of active debate. They are part of the larger debate about economic crises. The specific economic events that took place during the Great Depression are well established. There was an initial stock market crash that triggered a \"panic sell-off\" of assets. This was followed by a deflation in asset and commodity prices, dramatic drops in demand and credit, and disruption of trade, ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment (over 13 million people were unemployed by 1932) and impoverishment. However, economists and historians have not reached a consensus on the causal relationships between various events and government economic policies in causing or ameliorating the Depression.", "Causes of the Great Depression Economists and historians debate how much responsibility to assign the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The timing was right; the magnitude of the shock to expectations of future prosperity was high. Most analysts believe the market in 1928â€“29 was a \"bubble\" with prices far higher than justified by fundamentals. Economists agree that somehow it shared some blame, but how much no one has estimated. Milton Friedman concluded, \"I don't doubt for a moment that the collapse of the stock market in 1929 played a role in the initial recession\".[69]", "Great Depression in Canada These conflicts diminished after 1935, when the Communist Party shifted strategies and Bennett's Conservatives were defeated. Agitation and unrest nonetheless persisted throughout the depression, marked by periodic clashes, such as a sit-down strike in Vancouver that ended with \"Bloody Sunday.\" These developments had far-reaching consequences in shaping the postwar environment, including the domestic cold war climate, the rise of the welfare state, and the implementation of an institutional framework for industrial relations.", "Economic history of Canada Capitalism, which would become the dominant philosophy for Canadian economic development, evolved from the economic activity of the colonial business elite. One of the most important manifestations of this ideology was the creation of an indigenous financial system. One of Canada's first banks, the Canada Banking Company was founded in Montreal in 1792. This was followed by others including the Bank of Montreal, in 1817, the Bank of New Brunswick in 1820 and the Bank of Upper Canada in 1821. By 1886, 38 banks had been chartered. The pace of this financial activity was marked by the newly formed Government of Canada with the passing of the Bank Act in 1871. Insurance companies, including, Sun Life, 1865, Mutual Life, 1870, Confederation Life, 1871 and London Life, 1874, were also founded during these years. Markets for the exchange of investments came to Canada as well, with the establishment of the Montreal Stock Exchange in 1832, the Toronto Stock Exchange in 1861 and the Winnipeg Commodity Exchange in 1904. The repeal of the Corn Laws by the Parliament of Britain in 1846, terminated colonial trading preferences and marked the symbolic end of mercantilism in Canada while ushering in the new era of capitalism.[11]", "Economic history of Canada In May 1930, US raised the tariff with the Smoot Hawley Tariff Act. Canada retaliated by imposing new tariffs on 16 products that accounted altogether for around 30% of U.S. exports to Canada.[30][31] Following Britain's lead, Canada then forged closer economic links with the British Empire via the British Empire Economic Conference of 1932.", "Causes of the Great Depression The U.S. economy during this period went through a number of cycles of boom and bust. The depressions often seemed to be set off by bank panics, the most significant occurring in 1873, 1893, 1901, 1907, and 1920.[8] Before the 1913 establishment of the Federal Reserve, the banking system had dealt with these crises in the U.S. (such as in the Panic of 1907) by suspending the convertibility of deposits into currency. Starting in 1893, there were growing efforts by financial institutions and business men to intervene during these crises, providing liquidity to banks that were suffering runs. During the banking panic of 1907, an ad-hoc coalition assembled by J. P. Morgan successfully intervened in this way, thereby cutting off the panic, which was likely the reason why the depression that would normally have followed a banking panic did not happen this time. A call by some for a government version of this solution resulted in the establishment of the Federal Reserve.[9]", "Canada–United States relations Relations with the United States were cordial until 1930, when Canada vehemently protested the new Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act by which the U.S. raised tariffs (taxes) on products imported from Canada. Canada retaliated with higher tariffs of its own against American products, and moved toward more trade within the British Commonwealth. U.S.–Canadian trade fell 75% as the Great Depression dragged both countries down.[75][76]", "Great Depression in Canada In the midst of the Great Depression, the Crown-in-Council attempted to uplift the people, and created two national corporations: the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), and the Bank of Canada. The former, established in 1932, was seen as a means to keep the country unified and uplifted in these harsh economic times. Many poor citizens found radio as an escape and used it to restore their own faiths in a brighter future. Broadcasting coast to coast mainly in English, with some French, primarily in Quebec, the CRBC played a vital role in keeping the morale up for Canadians everywhere. The latter was used to regulate currency and credit which had been horribly managed amongst Canadian citizens in the prior years. It was also set up to serve as a private bankerâ€™s bank and to assist and advise the Canadian government on its own debts and financial matters. The bank played an important role to help steer government spending in the right direction. The bank's effort took place through the tough years of the depression and on to the prosperity that followed into and after the Second World War.", "Causes of the Great Depression Hans Sennholz argued that most boom and busts that plagued the American economy in 1819–20, 1839–43, 1857–60, 1873–78, 1893–97, and 1920–21, were generated by government creating a boom through easy money and credit, which was soon followed by the inevitable bust. The spectacular crash of 1929 followed five years of reckless credit expansion by the Federal Reserve System under the Coolidge Administration. The passing of the Sixteenth Amendment, the passage of The Federal Reserve Act, rising government deficits, the passage of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, and the Revenue Act of 1932, exacerbated the crisis, prolonging it.[42]", "Causes of the Great Depression During the Crash of 1929 preceding the Great Depression, margin requirements were only 10%.[21] Brokerage firms, in other words, would lend $90 for every $10 an investor had deposited. When the market fell, brokers called in these loans, which could not be paid back. Banks began to fail as debtors defaulted on debt and depositors attempted to withdraw their deposits en masse, triggering multiple bank runs. Government guarantees and Federal Reserve banking regulations to prevent such panics were ineffective or not used. Bank failures led to the loss of billions of dollars in assets.[22]", "Great Depression Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%.[7][8][9] Facing plummeting demand with few alternative sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most.[10]", "Communist Party of Canada The stock market crash in late 1929 signalled the beginning of a long and protracted economic crisis in Canada and internationally. The crisis quickly led to widespread unemployment, poverty, destitution, and suffering among working families and farmers. The general election of 1930, brought to power the R.B. Bennett Conservative government who attacked the labour movement and established \"relief camps\" for young unemployed men.", "Causes of the Great Depression Austrian economists argue that the Great Depression was the inevitable outcome of the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve during the 1920s. In their opinion, the central bank's policy was an \"easy credit policy\" which led to an unsustainable credit-driven boom. In the Austrian view, the inflation of the money supply during this period led to an unsustainable boom in both asset prices (stocks and bonds) and capital goods. By the time the Federal Reserve belatedly tightened monetary policy in 1928, it was too late to avoid a significant economic contraction.[35] Austrians argue that government intervention after the crash of 1929 delayed the marketâ€™s adjustment and made the road to complete recovery more difficult.[36][37]", "Causes of the Great Depression Current mainstream theories may be broadly classified into two main points of view. There are also several heterodox explanations. Of the mainstream views, the first are the demand-driven theories, from Keynesian and institutional economists who argue that the depression was caused by a widespread loss of confidence that led to underconsumption. The demand-driven theories argue that the financial crisis following the 1929 crash led to a sudden and persistent reduction in consumption and investment spending.[1] Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money therefore became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand.", "Causes of the Great Depression Protectionism, such as the American Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, is often indicated as a cause of the Great Depression, with countries enacting protectionist policies yielding a beggar thy neighbor result.[73][74] The Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act was especially harmful to agriculture because it caused farmers to default on their loans. This event may have worsened or even caused the ensuing bank runs in the Midwest and West that caused the collapse of the banking system. A petition signed by over 1,000 economists was presented to the U.S. government warning that the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act would bring disastrous economic repercussions; however, this did not stop the act from being signed into law.", "Causes of the Great Depression The stock market crash was not the first sign of the Great Depression. “Long before the crash, community banks were failing at the rate of one per day”.[70] It was the development of the Federal Reserve System that misled investors in the ‘20s into relying on federal banks as a safety net. They were encouraged to continue buying stocks and to overlook any of the fluctuations. Economist Roger Babson tried to warn the investors of the deficiency to come, but was ridiculed even as the economy began to deteriorate during the summer of 1929. While England and Germany struggled under the strain on gold currencies after the war, economists were blinded by an unsustainable ‘new economy' they sought to be considerably stable and successful.[70]", "Great Depression in the United States A large contribution to the recession is due to the closure and suspension of thousands of banks across the country. The causation of these failing financial institutions come from several reasons including unregulated lending procedures, confidence in the Gold standard, consumer confidence in future economics, and agricultural defaults on outstanding loans. With these compacting issues the banking system struggled to keep up with the high demand of cash withdraws from the public. This impact overall decreased the money supply and forced the banks to result to short sale (real estate) and liquidation of existing loans.[8] In the race to liquidate assets the banking system began to fail on a wide scale. In November 1930 the first major banking crisis begun with over 800 banks closing their doors by January 1931; over 2100 banks will be suspended by October 1931, with the highest suspension rate recorded in the St. Louis Federal Reserve District with 2 out of every 5 banks suspended.[11] The economy in whole experienced a massive reduction in banking footholds across the country amounting to more than nine thousand closed banks by 1933.", "Economic history of Canada The immediate post-war years saw a short, but severe, recession as the economy readjusted to the end of wartime production. By 1921, the Canadian economy was back on its feet and rapidly expanding. In the 1920s, there was an unprecedented increase in the standard of living as items that had been luxury goods such as radios, automobiles, and electric lights—not to mention flush toilets—became common place across the nation. The boom lasted until 1929.", "Great Depression in the United States The usual explanations include numerous factors, especially high consumer debt, ill-regulated markets that permitted overoptimistic loans by banks and investors, and the lack of high-growth new industries,[2] all interacting to create a downward economic spiral of reduced spending, falling confidence and lowered production.[3]", "Causes of the Great Depression According to this view, the root cause of the Great Depression was a global overinvestment while the level of wages and earnings from independent businesses fell short of creating enough purchasing power. It was argued that government should intervene by an increased taxation of the rich to help make income more equal. With the increased revenue the government could create public works to increase employment and ‘kick start’ the economy. In the USA the economic policies had been quite the opposite until 1932. The Revenue Act of 1932 and public works programmes introduced in Hoover's last year as president and taken up by Roosevelt, created some redistribution of purchasing power.[62][63]", "Economic history of the United States Following the stock market crash, the worldwide economy plunged into the Great Depression. The U.S. money supply began to contract by one-third. The protectionist Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act incited retaliation by Canada, Britain, Germany and other trading partners. Congress, in 1932, worried about the rapidly growing deficit and national debt, and raised income tax rates. Economists generally agree that these measures deepened an already serious crisis. By 1932, the unemployment rate was 25%. Conditions were worse in heavy industry, lumbering, export agriculture (cotton, wheat, tobacco), and mining. Conditions were not quite as bad in white collar sectors and in light manufacturing.[251]", "Great Depression The two classical competing theories of the Great Depression are the Keynesian (demand-driven) and the monetarist explanation. There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists. The consensus among demand-driven theories is that a large-scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand. Monetarists believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but the shrinking of the money supply greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression.", "Great Depression in Canada During the depression, there was a rise of working class militancy organized by the Communist Party. The labour unions largely retreated in response to the ravages of the depression at the same time that significant portions of the working class, including the unemployed, clamoured for collective action.", "Causes of the Great Depression Bank failures snowballed as desperate bankers called in loans, which the borrowers did not have time or money to repay. With future profits looking poor, capital investment and construction slowed or completely ceased. In the face of bad loans and worsening future prospects, the surviving banks became even more conservative in their lending.[22] Banks built up their capital reserves and made fewer loans, which intensified deflationary pressures. A vicious cycle developed and the downward spiral accelerated.", "Causes of the Great Depression In their 1963 book A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960, Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz laid out their case for a different explanation of the Great Depression. Essentially, the Great Depression, in their view, was caused by the fall of the money supply. Friedman and Schwartz write: \"From the cyclical peak in August 1929 to a cyclical trough in March 1933, the stock of money fell by over a third.\" The result was what Friedman calls the \"Great Contraction\" — a period of falling income, prices, and employment caused by the choking effects of a restricted money supply. Friedman and Schwartz argue that people wanted to hold more money than the Federal Reserve was supplying. As a result, people hoarded money by consuming less. This caused a contraction in employment and production since prices were not flexible enough to immediately fall. The Fed's failure was in not realizing what was happening and not taking corrective action.[6]", "Great Depression in the United Kingdom The Great Depression of 1929â€“32 broke out at a time when the United Kingdom was still far from having recovered from the effects of the First World War. Economist Lee Ohanian showed that economic output fell by 25% between 1918 and 1921 and did not recover until the end of the Great Depression,[2] arguing that the United Kingdom suffered a twenty-year great depression beginning in 1918. Relative to the rest of the world, economic output declined mildly in the UK between 1929 and 1934.", "Causes of the Great Depression When this money shortage caused runs on banks, the Fed maintained its true bills policy, refusing to lend money to the banks in the way that had cut short the 1907 panic, instead allowing each to suffer a catastrophic run and fail entirely. This policy resulted in a series of bank failures in which one-third of all banks vanished.[11] According to Ben Bernanke, the subsequent credit crunches led to waves of bankruptcies.[12]", "Causes of the Great Depression Outstanding debts became heavier, because prices and incomes fell by 20â€“50% but the debts remained at the same dollar amount. After the panic of 1929, and during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 US banks failed. (In all, 9,000 banks failed during the 1930s). By April 1933, around $7 billion in deposits had been frozen in failed banks or those left unlicensed after the March Bank Holiday.[23]", "Unemployment In some towns and cities in the north east of England, unemployment reached as high as 70%; the national unemployment level peaked at more than 22% in 1932.[123] Unemployment in Canada reached 27% at the depth of the Depression in 1933.[124] In 1929, the U.S. unemployment rate averaged 3%.[125]", "Wall Street Crash of 1929 The stock market crash of October 1929 led directly to the Great Depression in Europe. When stocks plummeted on the New York Stock Exchange, the world noticed immediately. Although financial leaders in the United Kingdom, as in the United States, vastly underestimated the extent of the crisis that would ensue, it soon became clear that the world's economies were more interconnected than ever. The effects of the disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy were soon felt throughout Europe.[39]", "Economic collapse While arguably not a true economic collapse, the decade of the 1930s witnessed the most severe worldwide economic contraction since the start of the Industrial Revolution. In the US, the Depression began in the summer of 1929, soon followed by the stock market crash of October 1929. American stock prices continued to decline in fits and starts until they hit bottom in July 1932. In the first quarter of 1933, the banking system broke down: asset prices had collapsed, bank lending had largely ceased, a quarter of the American work force was unemployed, and real GDP per capita in 1933 was 29% below its 1929 value.[13] The ensuing rapid recovery was interrupted by a major recession in 1937-38. The USA fully recovered by 1941, the eve of its entry in World War II, which gave rise to a boom as dramatic as the Depression that preceded it." ]	[ "Great Depression in Canada The Stock Market crash in New York led people to hoard their money; as consumption fell, the American economy steadily contracted, 1929-32. Given the close economic links between the two countries, the collapse quickly affected Canada. Added to the woes of the prairies were those of Ontario and Quebec, whose manufacturing industries were now victims of overproduction. Massive lay-offs occurred and other companies collapsed into bankruptcy. This collapse was not as sharp as that in the United States, but was the second sharpest collapse in the world." ]
test2691	why is muharram the first month of the islamic calendar	[ "doc92260" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc92260", "doc92266", "doc92263", "doc655108", "doc655109", "doc92267", "doc2148338", "doc841020", "doc655101", "doc92262", "doc2148341", "doc92264", "doc655090", "doc343385", "doc1810154", "doc92261", "doc655093", "doc92270", "doc655107", "doc848687", "doc2148339", "doc655102", "doc655143", "doc2369624", "doc1886358", "doc339292", "doc848717", "doc516144", "doc655119", "doc2132360", "doc841019", "doc655099", "doc841018", "doc655126", "doc655113", "doc2677840", "doc92265", "doc2369743", "doc1828525", "doc655118", "doc2148340", "doc655096", "doc655145", "doc516139", "doc1086413", "doc1327563", "doc1983646", "doc655100", "doc655094", "doc655089", "doc76500", "doc61468", "doc1886357", "doc76491", "doc655103", "doc976362", "doc92269", "doc655106", "doc51305", "doc1886356", "doc655114", "doc655098", "doc1810153", "doc841012", "doc849562", "doc2369742", "doc962878", "doc1983643", "doc655131", "doc1886364", "doc2482804", "doc1912873", "doc655095", "doc516147", "doc1983678", "doc1912878", "doc516145", "doc1199778", "doc1299863", "doc2677845", "doc655127", "doc2132375", "doc655115", "doc339297", "doc2409905", "doc2051713", "doc655123", "doc1886359", "doc339304", "doc580733", "doc51270", "doc580727", "doc830336", "doc1810156", "doc655091", "doc841013", "doc51291", "doc2618419", "doc289574", "doc655124" ]	[ "Muharram Muḥarram (Arabic: مُحَرَّم‎ muḥarram) is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year.[1] It is held to be the holiest month, Ramadan coming after. The word \"Muharram\" means \"forbidden\". Since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, Muharram moves from year to year when compared with the Gregorian calendar.", "Muharram The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 10 to 11 days shorter than the solar year, Muharram migrates throughout the solar years. The estimated start and end dates for Muharram are as follows (based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia:[6])", "Muharram With the sighting of the new moon, the Islamic New Year is ushered in. The first month, Muharram, is one of the four sacred months that Allah has mentioned in the Quran: Muharram, Rajab, Dhu al-Qi'dah, and Dhu al-Hijjah. Even before Islam came, Quraish and Arabs as a whole knew the sanctity of the months and were forbidden to wage war on those months.", "Islamic calendar In AD 638 (17 AH), Abu Musa Ashaari, one of the officials of the Caliph Umar in Basrah, complained about the absence of any years on the correspondence he received from Umar, making it difficult for him to determine which instructions were most recent. This report convinced Umar of the need to introduce an era for Muslims. After debating the issue with his counsellors, he decided that the first year should include the date of Muhammad's arrival at Medina (known as Yathrib, before Muhammad's arrival). Uthman ibn Affan then suggested that the months begin with Muharram, in line with the established custom of the Arabs at that time. The years of the Islamic calendar thus began with the month of Muharram in the year of Muhammad's arrival at the city of Medina, even though the actual emigration took place in Safar and Rabi' I.[1] Because of the Hijra, the calendar was named the Hijra calendar.", "Islamic calendar The first day of the first month of the Islamic calendar (1 Muharram 1 AH) was set to the first new moon after the day the Prophet moved from Quba' to Medina (originally 26 Rabi' I on the pre-Islamic calendar[22]) i.e., Friday, 16 July AD 622, the equivalent civil tabular date (same daylight period) in the Julian calendar.[23][24] The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date (16 July) was determined by medieval Muslim astronomers by projecting back in time their own tabular Islamic calendar, which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year AD 1000.[25] Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin crescent moon would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated dark moon (astronomical new moon) on the morning of 14 July.[26]", "Muharram The approximate dates for the next Muharram is from 21 September 2017 to 20 October 2017.[7][8]", "Rabi' al-awwal Rabīʿ al-ʾawwal (ربيع الأوّل) is the third month in the Islamic calendar. During this month, many Muslims celebrate Mawlid - the birthday of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Although the exact date is unknown,[1][2] Sunni Muslims believe the date of birth of Muhammad to have been on the twelfth of this month, whereas Shi'a Muslims believe him to have been born on the dawn of the seventeenth day. The Prophet himself never celebrated the mawlid, instead encouraged Muslims to fast Monday’s of every week due to his birthday being “on a Monday”. The name Rabī‘ al-awwal means the first [month] or beginning of spring, referring to its position in the pre-Islamic Arabian calendar. Hence this is considered to be a very blessed month.", "Hegira Thus it is important to remember that whenever the tabular Islamic calendar invented by Muslim astronomers is extended back in time it changes all these dates by about 88 days or three lunar months as the first day of the year during which the Hijrah occurred, 1 Muharram AH 1, would be mistaken from Monday 19 April 622 to Friday 16 July 622. The Muslim dates of the Hijrah are those recorded in an original lunisolar Arabic calendar that were never converted into the purely lunar calendar to account for the three intercalary months inserted during the next nine years until intercalary months were prohibited during the year of Muhammad's last Hajj (AHÂ 10).", "Islamic calendar The three successive sacred (forbidden) months mentioned by Prophet Muhammad (months in which battles are forbidden) are Dhu al-Qaâ€˜dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram, months 11, 12, and 1 respectively. The single forbidden month is Rajab, month 7. These months were considered forbidden both within the new Islamic calendar and within the old pagan Meccan calendar.[citation needed]", "Muharram Shia Muslims During Muharram, Shia Muslims do different things and with different intentions. Shia Muslims observe and respect Muharram as the month that martyred Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad and son of Ali, in the Battle of Karbala. They mourn for Hussein ibn Ali and refrain from all joyous events. Unlike Sunni Muslims, Shias do not fast on the 10th day of Muharram.[3] In addition there is an important Ziyarat book, the Ziyarat Ashura about Hussein ibn Ali. In the Shia sect it is popular to read this ziyarat on the \"Day of Ashura\", although most of the Shias try to read Ziyarat Ashura every day and they send salutations to Hussein ibn Ali.[4]", "Rabi' al-awwal The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Rabī‘ al-Awwal migrates throughout the seasons. The estimated start and end dates for Rabī‘ al-Awwal are as follows (based on the Umm Al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia[5]):", "Muharram Muharram is a month of remembrance and modern Shia meditation that is often considered synonymous with Ashura. Ashura, which literally means the \"Tenth\" in Arabic, refers to the tenth day of Muharram. It is well-known because of historical significance and mourning for the murder of Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad.[5]", "Islamic calendar The Islamic calendar employs the Hijri era whose epoch was retrospectively established as the Islamic New Year of AD 622. During that year, Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Yathrib (now Medina) and established the first Muslim community (ummah), an event commemorated as the Hijra. In the West, dates in this era are usually denoted AH (Latin: Anno Hegirae, \"in the year of the Hijra\") in parallel with the Christian (AD) and Jewish eras (AM). In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H[1] from its Arabic form (سَنة هِجْريّة, abbreviated هـ). In English, years prior to the Hijra are reckoned as BH (\"Before the Hijra\").[2]", "Islam The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen, reportedly by Caliph Umar, to be the Hijra in 622 CE, which was an important turning point in Muhammad's fortunes. It is a lunar calendar with days lasting from sunset to sunset.[350] Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar, which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the Gregorian calendar. The most important Islamic festivals are Eid al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر‎) on the 1st of Shawwal, marking the end of the fasting month Ramadan, and Eid al-Adha (عيد الأضحى) on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah, coinciding with the end of the Hajj pilgrimage.[351]", "Safar The Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 11 to 12 days shorter than the solar year, Safar migrates throughout the seasons. The estimated start and end dates for Safar are as follows (based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia[1]):", "Muharram The tenth day of Muharram is the Day of Ashura, which to Shia Muslims is part of the Mourning of Muharram. Sunni Muslims fast during this day, because it is recorded in the hadith[2] that Musa (Moses) and his people obtained a victory over the Egyptian Pharaoh on the 10th day of Muharram; accordingly Muhammad asked Muslims to fast on this day that is Ashura and on a day before that is 9th (called Tasu'a). Shia Muslims mourn the death of Imam Hussein (as )and his family, respecting the sacrifice of the martyrs by praying in abundance and refraining from all joyous events.", "Islamic calendar The Islamic tradition is unanimous in stating that Arabs of Tihamah, Hejaz, and Najd distinguished between two types of months, permitted (ḥalāl) and forbidden (ḥarām) months. The forbidden months were four months during which fighting is forbidden, listed as Rajab and the three months around the pilgrimage season, Dhu al-Qa‘dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, and Muharram. Information about the forbidden months is also found in the writings of Procopius, where he describes an armistice with the Eastern Arabs of the Lakhmid al-Mundhir which happened in the summer of 541 AD. However, Muslim historians do not link these months to a particular season. The Qur'an links the four forbidden months with Nasī’, a word that literally means \"postponement\".[4] According to Muslim tradition, the decision of postponement was administered by the tribe of Kinanah,[5] by a man known as the al-Qalammas of Kinanah and his descendants (pl. qalāmisa).[6]", "Muharram There will be an Ayah (sign) in (the month of) Ramadan. Then, there will 'isabah (splitting into groups) in Shawwal. Then, there will be fighting in (the month of) Dhu al-Qi'dah. Then, the pilgrim will be robbed in (the month of) Dhu al-Hijjah. Then, the prohibitions will be violated in (the month of) al-Muharram. Then, there will be sound in (the month of) Safar, then the tribes will conflict with each other in the two months of Rabi' al-awwal & Rabi' al-thani. Then, the most amazing thing will happen between (the months of) Jumada and Rajab. Then, a well-fed she-camel will be better than a fortress (castle) sheltering a thousand (people).[11]", "Islamic calendar The first ten years of the Hijra were not numbered, but were named after events in the life of Muhammad according to Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī:[21]", "Calendar The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation (nasi') by Muhammad, in Islamic tradition dated to a sermon held on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah AH 10 (Julian date: 6 March 632). This resulted in an observation-based lunar calendar that shifts relative to the seasons of the solar year.", "Rabi' al-awwal The word \"Rabi\" means \"spring\" and Al-awwal means \"the first\" in Arabic language, so \"Rabi' al-awwal\" means \"the first spring\" in Arabic language. The names seems to have to do with the celebration events in the month as \"spring\" is the end to winter (symbol of sadness) and consequently the start of happiness. The Arabic calendar being lunar calendar, the month is naturally rotating over years and Rabī‘ al-awwal can be in spring or any other season every now and then, so the meaning can not be related to the actual season.[3]", "Islamic calendar Four of the twelve Hijri months are considered sacred: Rajab (7), and the three consecutive months of Dhū al-Qa‘dah (11), Dhu al-Ḥijjah (12) and Muḥarram (1).[19] As the lunar calendar lags behind the solar calendar by about ten days every Gregorian year, months of the Islamic calendar fall in different parts of the Gregorian calendar each year. The cycle repeats every 33 lunar years.[citation needed]", "Islamic calendar Because a hijri or Islamic lunar year is between 10 and 12 days shorter than a civil year, it begins 10â€“12 days earlier in the civil year following the civil year in which the previous hijri year began. Once every 33 or 34 hijri years, or once every 32 or 33 civil years, the beginning of a hijri year (1 Muharram) coincides with one of the first ten days of January. Subsequent hijri New Years move backward through the civil year back to the beginning of January again, passing through each civil month from December to January.", "Muslim world Muslim history involves the history of the Islamic faith as a religion and as a social institution. The history of Islam began in the Arabian Peninsula when the Islamic prophet Muhammad allegedly received the first revelation of the Quran in the 7th century in the cave of Hira in the month of Ramadan. According to tradition, he was supposedly commanded by Allah to convey this message to the people, and to be patient with those hostile to it. These included the leaders of the Quraysh, the ruling tribe of Mecca, who opposed the assertion of tawhid (monotheism) and abolishing what Muhammed branded \"idolatry\", meaning the worship of gods other than Allah at the Kaaba, such as Hubal and the goddesses al-Lāt, Al-‘Uzzá and Manāt. After 13 years of spreading this message, despite increased persecution by the Quraysh, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina to establish a new state under the prophet's leadership and away from persecution. This migration, called the Hijra, marks the first year of the Islamic calendar. Islam was then spread to other parts of the Arabian Peninsula over the course of Muhammad's life.", "Ramadan (calendar month) The calendar is a lunar calendar, and months begin when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. Since the Islamic lunar calendar year is 10 to 11 days shorter than the solar year and contains no intercalation, Ramadan migrates throughout the seasons. The Islamic day starts after sunset. The estimated start and end dates for Ramadan, based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia, are:[2]", "Ramadan Ramadan (/ˌræməˈdɑːn/; Arabic: رمضان‎ Ramaḍān, IPA: [ramaˈdˤaːn];[note 1] also known as Ramazan, romanized as Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar,[3] and is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (Sawm) to commemorate the first revelation of the Quran to Muhammad according to Islamic belief.[4][5] This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam.[6] The month lasts 29–30 days based on the visual sightings of the crescent moon, according to numerous biographical accounts compiled in the hadiths.[7][8]", "Calendar The Islamic calendar or Hijri calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in most of the Muslim countries (concurrently with the Gregorian calendar), and used by Muslims everywhere to determine the proper day on which to celebrate Islamic holy days and festivals. Its epoch is the Hijra (corresponding to AD 622) With an annual drift of 11 or 12 days, the seasonal relation is repeated approximately each 33 Islamic years.", "New moon The Islamic calendar has retained an observational definition of the new moon, marking the new month when the first crescent moon is actually seen, and making it impossible to be certain in advance of when a specific month will begin (in particular, the exact date on which Ramadan will begin is not known in advance). In Saudi Arabia, the new King Abdullah Centre for Crescent Observations and Astronomy in Makkah has a clock for addressing this as an international scientific project.[citation needed] In Pakistan, there is a \"Central Ruet-e-Hilal Committee\" whose head is Mufti Muneeb-ur-Rehman, assisted by 150 observatories of the Pakistan Meteorological Department, which announces the sighting of the new moon. Since its creation in 1974, the status of the Central Ruet-e-Hilal Committee has been controversial as it refused the \"Witnesses\" (Shahadats) from other sects.[16] In Iran a special committee receives observations of every new moon to determine the beginning of each month. This committee uses one hundred groups of observers.[citation needed]", "Islamic calendar However, some jurists see no contradiction between Muhammad's teachings and the use of calculations to determine the beginnings of lunar months.[36] They consider that Muhammad's recommendation was adapted to the culture of the times, and should not be confused with the acts of worship.[37][38][39]", "Month The Hellenic calendars, the Hebrew Lunisolar calendar and the Islamic Lunar calendar started the month with the first appearance of the thin crescent of the new moon.", "Hegira These dates are discussed by Al-Biruni, Alvi, Ibn Sa'd, Abu Ja'far and Ibn Hisham.[29] The hypothetical dates in the retro-calculated Islamic calendar extended back in time differ from the actual dates as they were on the Julian calendar. Annual celebration of the Hijrah has long been assigned to 1 Muharram, the first day of the Muslim year, causing many writers to confuse the first day of the year of the Hijrah with the Hijrah itself, erroneously stating that the Hijrah occurred on 1 Muharram AH 1[8] (which would be 19 April 622 in Fazlur Rehman Shaikh's system) or even the hypothetical Gregorian date from retro-calculating 26 Rabi' I in AH 1 to 16 July 622 (not to be confused with Julian 16 July 622, the retro-calculated start date for of the regular Hijri calendar system) even though the first visit to Medina for Friday prayers actually occurred on 16 Rabi' I (i.e., 2 July 622).", "Islamic calendar The prohibition of Nasī’ would presumably have been announced when the intercalated month had returned to its position just before the month of Nasi' began. If Nasī' meant intercalation, then the number and the position of the intercalary months between 1 AH and 10 AH are uncertain; Western calendar dates commonly cited for key events in early Islam such as the Hijra, the Battle of Badr, the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Trench, should be viewed with caution as they might be in error by one, two or even three lunar months. This prohibition was mentioned by Muhammad during the farewell sermon which was delivered on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah 10 AH (Julian date Friday 6 March, AD 632) on Mount Arafat during the farewell pilgrimage to Mecca.[citation needed]", "Hegira The Muslim year during which the Hijrah occurred was designated the first year of the Islamic calendar by Umar in 638 or 17Â AH (anno hegirae = \"in the year of the Hijrah\").[8] The following table lists the dates of various events of Muhammad's Hijrah as mentioned by Fazlur Rehman Shaikh and F.A. Shamsi in their works. Fazlur Rehman has listed other dates for the arrival of Muhammad in Quba' in his work, as proposed by modern scholars, ranging from 31 May 622 to 22 November 622.", "Islamic calendar Before AH 1420 (before 18 April 1999), if the moon's age at sunset in Riyadh was at least 12 hours, then the day ending at that sunset was the first day of the month. This often caused the Saudis to celebrate holy days one or even two days before other predominantly Muslim countries, including the dates for the Hajj, which can only be dated using Saudi dates because it is performed in Mecca.", "Islamic calendar The Islamic calendar, however, is based on a different set of conventions being used for the determination of the month-start-dates.[28] Each month still has either 29 or 30 days, but due to the variable method of observations employed, there is usually in no discernible order in the sequencing of either 29 or 30 day month lengths. Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day (beginning at sunset) of the first sighting of the hilal (crescent moon) shortly after sunset. If the hilal is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month (either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets), then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th. Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying before a committee of Muslim leaders. Determining the most likely day that the hilal could be observed was a motivation for Muslim interest in astronomy, which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries. Still, due to the fact that both lunar reckoning systems are ultimately based on the lunar cycle itself, both systems still do roughly correspond to one another, never being more than three days out of synch with one another.", "Mawlid Mawlid or Mawlid al-Nabi al-Sharif (Arabic: مَولِد النَّبِي‎ mawlidu n-nabiyyi, \"Birth of the Prophet\", sometimes simply called in colloquial Arabic مولد mawlid, mevlid, mevlit, mulud among other vernacular pronunciations; sometimes ميلاد mīlād) is the observance of the birthday of Islamic prophet Muhammad which is commemorated in Rabi' al-awwal, the third month in the Islamic calendar.[2] 12th Rabi' al-awwal[3] is the accepted date among most of the Sunni scholars, while Shi'a scholars regard 17th Rabi' al-awwal as the accepted date.", "Muharram Shiite begin mourning from the first night of Muharram and continue for ten nights, climaxing on the 10th of Muharram, known as the Day of Ashura. The last few days up until and including the Day of Ashura are the most important because these were the days in which Imam Hussein and his family and followers (including women, children and elderly people) were deprived of water from the 7th onward and on the 10th, Imam Hussain and 72 of his followers were killed by the army of Yazid I at the Battle of Karbala on Yazid's orders. The surviving members of Imam Hussein's family and those of his followers were taken captive, marched to Damascus, and imprisoned there.", "Muslim world The Solar Hijri calendar, also called the Shamsi Hijri calendar, and abbreviated as SH, is the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. It begins on the vernal equinox. Each of the twelve months corresponds with a zodiac sign. The first six months have 31 days, the next five have 30 days, and the last month has 29 days in usual years but 30 days in leap years. The year of Prophet Muhammad's migration to Medina (622 CE) is fixed as the first year of the calendar, and the New Year's Day always falls on the March equinox.", "Mourning In Shi’ah Islam, examples of mourning practices are held annually in the month of Muharram, i.e. the first month of Islamic Lunar calendar. This mourning is held in the commemoration of Imam Al Husayn ibn Ali, who was martyred along with his 72 companions by Yazid bin Muawiyah. Shi’ah Muslims wear black clothes and take out processions on road to mourn on the tragedy of Karbala.", "Islamic calendar A majority of theologians oppose the use of calculations (beyond the constraint that each month must be not less than 29 nor more than 30 days) on the grounds that the latter would not conform with Muhammad's recommendation to observe the new moon of Ramadan and Shawal in order to determine the beginning of these months.[33][34][35]", "Rabi' al-awwal Although historians and scholars disagree on the exact date of Muhammad's birth,[4] it is commonly celebrated on 12th or 17th of Rabi' al-awwal. The celebration of the Mawlid is done differently depending on the country. In some areas celebrations begin as early as the first of the month and can continue till the end of the month. Muslims generally put coloured lights on roads, streets, and their homes and put green flags as well to celebrate. In many countries a procession is also conducted on 12th or 17th of Rabi' al-awwal night and day. On these occasions sweets and drinks are also distributed widely from home to home and to the general public. In some areas Muslims also exchange gifts. It is the month of blessings.", "Islamic calendar Others concur that it was originally a lunar calendar, but suggest that about 200 years before the Hijra it was transformed into a lunisolar calendar containing an intercalary month added from time to time to keep the pilgrimage within the season of the year when merchandise was most abundant. This interpretation was first proposed by the medieval Muslim astrologer and astronomer Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi, and later by al-Biruni,[6][12] al-Mas'udi, and some Western scholars.[13] This interpretation considers Nasī’ to be a synonym to the Arabic word for \"intercalation\" (kabīsa). The Arabs, according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar, learned of this type of intercalation from the Jews.[5][6][12] The Jewish Nasi was the official who decided when to intercalate the Jewish calendar.[14] Some sources say that the Arabs followed the Jewish practice and intercalated seven months over nineteen years, or else that they intercalated nine months over 24 years; there is, however, no consensus among scholars on this issue.[15]", "Islamic calendar British author Nicholas Hagger writes that after seizing control of Libya, Muammar Gaddafi \"declared\" on 1 December 1978 \"that the Muslim calendar should start with the death of the prophet Mohammed in 632 rather than the hijra (Mohammed's 'emigration' from Mecca to Medina) in 622\". This put the country ten solar years behind the standard Muslim calendar.[56] However, according to the 2006 Encyclopedia of the Developing World, \"More confusing still is Qaddafi's unique Libyan calendar, which counts the years from the Prophet's birth, or sometimes from his death. The months July and August, named after Julius and Augustus Caesar, are now Nasser and Hannibal respectively.\"[57] Reflecting on a 2001 visit to the country, American reporter Neil MacFarquhar observed, \"Life in Libya was so unpredictable that people weren't even sure what year it was. The year of my visit was officially 1369. But just two years earlier Libyans had been living through 1429. No one could quite name for me the day the count changed, especially since both remained in play.Â ... Event organizers threw up their hands and put the Western year in parentheses somewhere in their announcements.\"[58]", "New moon In the above meaning[citation needed], the first crescent marks the beginning of the month in the Islamic calendar, and in some lunisolar calendars such as the Hebrew calendar. In the Chinese calendar, the beginning of the month is marked by the dark moon. The new moon is also important in astrology, as is the full moon.[citation needed]", "Iran Lunar Islamic public holidays include Tasua (Muharram 9; 30 September), Ashura (Muharram 10; 1 October), Arba'een (Safar 20; 10 November), the death of Muhammad (Safar 28; 17 November), the death of Ali al-Ridha (Safar 29 or 30; 18 November), the birthday of Muhammad (Rabi-al-Awwal 17; 6 December), the death of Fatimah (Jumada-al-Thani 3; 2 March), the birthday of Ali (Rajab 13; 10 April), Muhammad's first revelation (Rajab 27; 24 April), the birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi (Sha'ban 15; 12 May), the death of Ali (Ramadan 21; 16 June), Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1–2; 26–27 June), the death of Ja'far al-Sadiq (Shawwal 25; 20 July), Eid al-Qurban (Zulhijja 10; 1 September), and Eid al-Qadir (Zulhijja 18; 9 September).[473]", "History of calendars The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation (nasi') by Muhammad, in Islamic tradition dated to a sermon held on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah AH 10 (Julian date: 6 March 632). This resulted in an observationally based lunar calendar shifting relative to the seasons of the solar year.", "Muhammad in Islam Born about 570 into a respected Qurayshi family of Mecca, Muhammad earned the title \"al-Amin\" (الامين, meaning \"the Trustworthy\").[13][14] At the age of 40 in 610 CE, Muhammad is said to have received his first verbal revelation in the cave called Hira, which was the beginning of the descent of the Quran that continued up to the end of his life; and Muslims hold that Muhammad was asked by God to preach the oneness of God in order to stamp out idolatry, a practice overtly present in Arab society.[15][16] Because of persecution of the newly converted Muslims, upon the invitation of a delegation from Medina (then known as Yathrib), Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina in 622 CE, an event known as the Hegira.[17][18] A turning point in Muhammad's life, this Hegira also marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar. In Medina, Muhammad sketched out the Constitution of Medina specifying the rights of and relations among the various existing communities there, formed an independent community, and managed to establish the first Islamic state.[19] Despite the ongoing hostility of the Meccans, Muhammad, along with his followers, took control of Mecca in 630 CE, treated its citizens with generosity,[20][21] and ordered to destroy all the pagan idols.[22][23] In later years in Medina, Muhammad unified the different tribes of Arabia under Islam,[24] carried out social and religious reforms.[25] By the time he died in 632, almost all the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam.[26]", "Islamic calendar Certainly the Nasi’ is an impious addition, which has led the infidels into error. One year they authorise the Nasi’, another year they forbid it. They observe the divine precept with respect to the number of the sacred months, but in fact they profane that which God has declared to be inviolable, and sanctify that which God has declared to be profane. Assuredly time, in its revolution, has returned to such as it was at the creation of the heavens and the earth. In the eyes of God the number of the months is twelve. Among these twelve months four are sacred, namely, Rajab, which stands alone, and three others which are consecutive.", "Islamic calendar Different interpretations of the concept of Nasī’ have been proposed.[7] Some scholars, both Muslim[8][9] and Western,[4][5] maintain that the pre-Islamic calendar used in Central Arabia was a purely lunar calendar similar to the modern Islamic calendar. According to this view, Nasī’ is related to the pre-Islamic practices of the Meccan Arabs, where they would alter the distribution of the forbidden months within a given year without implying a calendar manipulation. This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers, like Ibn Hisham, Ibn Manzur, and the corpus of Qur'anic exegesis.[10]", "Islamic calendar The Islamic, Muslim, or Hijri calendar (Arabic: التقويم الهجري‎ at-taqwīm al-hijrī) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used (often alongside the Gregorian calendar) to date events in many Muslim countries. It is also used by Muslims to determine the proper days of Islamic holidays and rituals, such as the annual period of fasting and the proper time for the pilgrimage to Mecca.", "History of Islam According to tradition, the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca around the year 570.[24] His family belonged to the Quraysh. When he was about forty years old, he began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations delivered through the angel Gabriel, which would later form the Quran, enjoining him to proclaim a strict monotheistic faith, warn his compatriots of the impending Judgement Day, and castigate social injustices of his city.[5] Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing opposition from notables of Mecca.[6] In 618, after he lost protection with the death of his influential uncle Abu Talib, Muhammad took flight to the city of Yathrib (subsequently called Medina) where he was joined by his followers.[25] Later generations would count this event, known as the hijra, as the start of the Islamic era.[26]", "Leap year The Hijri-Shamsi calendar, also adopted by the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, is based on solar calculations and is similar to the Gregorian calendar in its structure with the exception that the first year starts with Hijra.[16]", "Ramadan (calendar month) Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The month is spent by Muslims fasting during the daylight hours from dawn to sunset. According to Islam, the Quran was sent down to the lowest heaven during this month, thus being prepared for gradual revelation by Jibreel (Gabriel) to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Therefore, Muhammad told his followers that the gates of Heaven would be open for the entire month and the gates of Hell (Jahannam) would be closed.[1] The first day of the next month, Shawwal, is spent in celebration and is observed as the \"Festival of Breaking Fast\" or Eid al-Fitr .", "History of Islam In 610 CE, Muhammad began receiving what Muslims consider to be divine revelations.[5] Muhammad's message won over a handful of followers and was met with increasing opposition from notables of Mecca.[6] In 618, after he lost protection with the death of his influential uncle Abu Talib, Muhammad migrated to the city of Yathrib (Medina). With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community which was eventually resurrected leading to the First Fitna. The dispute would intensify greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Muhammad's grandson Hussein ibn Ali was killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph YazidÂ I, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community.", "Islamic calendar Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle. Traditionally this is based on actual observation of the crescent (hilal) marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month. Consequently, each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the moon, astronomical positioning of the earth and weather conditions. However, certain sects and groups, most notably Bohras Muslims namely Alavis, Dawoodis and Sulaymanis and Shia Ismaili Muslims, use a tabular Islamic calendar (see section below) in which odd-numbered months have thirty days (and also the twelfth month in a leap year) and even months have 29.", "Rashidun Caliphate With the bounty secured from conquest, Umar was able to support its faith in material ways: the companions of Muhammad were given pensions on which to live, allowing them to pursue religious studies and exercise spiritual leadership in their communities and beyond. Umar is also remembered for establishing the Islamic calendar; it is lunar like the Arabian calendar, but the origin is set in 622, the year of the Hijra when Muhammad emigrated to Medina.", "Muharram In Islamic eschatology:", "Islamic calendar In pre-Islamic Arabia, it was customary to identify a year after a major event which took place in it. Thus, according to Islamic tradition, Abraha, governor of Yemen, then a province of the Christian Kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia), attempted to destroy the Kaaba with an army which included several elephants. The raid was unsuccessful, but that year became known as the Year of the Elephant, during which Muhammad was born (sura al-Fil). Most equate this to the year AD 570, but a minority use AD 571.", "Hebrew calendar Moses...appointed Nisan...as the first month for the festivals...the commencement of the year for everything relating to divine worship, but for selling and buying and other ordinary affairs he preserved the ancient order [i. e. the year beginning with Tishrei].\"[40]", "Ramadan (calendar month) Ramadan (Arabic: رمضان) or Ramadhan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and the month in which the Quran was revealed.", "Islamic calendar This traditional practice for the determination of the start-date of the month is still followed in the overwhelming majority of Muslim countries. Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly observation of the new moon (or, failing that, awaits the completion of 30 days) before declaring the beginning of a new month on its territory. But, the lunar crescent becomes visible only some 17 hours after the conjunction, and only subject to the existence of a number of favourable conditions relative to weather, time, geographic location, as well as various astronomical parameters.[29] Given the fact that the moon sets progressively later than the sun as one goes west, with a corresponding increase in its \"age\" since conjunction, Western Muslim countries may, under favorable conditions, observe the new moon one day earlier than eastern Muslim countries. Due to the interplay of all these factors, the beginning of each month differs from one Muslim country to another, during the 48 hour period following the conjunction. The information provided by the calendar in any country does not extend beyond the current month.", "Islamic calendar The number of the months, with God, is twelve in the Book of God, the day that He created the heavens and the earth; four of them are sacred. That is the right religion. So wrong not each other during them. And fight the unbelievers totally even as they fight you totally and know that God is with the godfearing. Know that intercalation (nasi) is an addition to disbelief. Those who disbelieve are led to error thereby, making it lawful in one year and forbidden in another in order to adjust the number of (the months) made sacred by God and make the sacred ones permissible. The evil of their course appears pleasing to them. But God gives no guidance to those who disbelieve.", "Safar Safar (صفر) is a word that means “empty.” This corresponds to a time where people’s houses were empty. It also means \"whistling of the wind\". When this name was assigned to this month, it was probably a windy time of the year. Most of the Islamic months were named according to weather conditions at the time. However, since they are based on the moon, the months shift about 11 days every year. So, the seasons do not necessarily correspond to the name of the month anymore.", "Hegira The Hijrah is also often identified with the start of the Islamic calendar, which was set to 19 April 622 in the Julian calendar.[not verified in body]", "Lunar calendar Lunar and lunisolar calendars differ as to which day is the first day of the month. In some lunisolar calendars, such as the Chinese calendar, the first day of a month is the day when an astronomical new moon occurs in a particular time zone. In others, such as some Hindu calendars, each month begins on the day after the full moon or the new moon. Others were based in the past on the first sighting of a lunar crescent, such as the Hebrew calendar and the Hijri calendar.", "Muslim world The Islamic calendar, Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar (AH) is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. It is used to date events in many Muslim-majority countries and determines the proper days on which to observe the annual fast (see Ramadan), to attend Hajj, and to celebrate other Islamic holidays and festivals.", "Muhammad in Mecca Muhammad was born in the month of Rabi' al-awwal. Tradition places the year of Muhammad's birth as 570, corresponding with the Year of the Elephant, which is named after the failed destruction of Mecca that year by the Aksumite king Abraha who had in his army a number of elephants. Recent scholarship has suggested alternative dates for this event, such as 568 or 569.[23] The precise date of Muhammad's birth is considered by Sunni Muslims to have been the 12th day of the month of Rabi'-ul-Awwal,[24] while Shi'a Muslims believe it to have been the dawn of 17th day of same month (26 April 570).[25]", "Muhammad in Islam Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿAbdul-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim (Arabic: مُـحَـمَّـد ابْـن عَـبْـد الله ابْـن عَـبْـد الْـمُـطَّـلِـب ابْـن هَـاشِـم‎) (c. 570 CE – 8 June 632 CE), in short form Muhammad, is considered to be the last Messenger and Prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam. Muslims also believe that the Quran, which is the central religious text of Islam, was revealed to Muhammad by God, and that Muhammad was sent to restore Islam, which they believe to be the unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Ibrahim, Musa, 'Isa, and other Prophets.[1][2][3][4] The religious, social, and political tenets that Muhammad established with the Quran became the foundation of Islam and the Muslim world.[5]", "Islamic calendar The Solar Hijri calendar is a solar calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan which counts its years from the Hijra or migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in AD 622.[citation needed]", "Ramadan (calendar month) There will be an Ayah (sign) in (the month of) Ramadan. Then, there will 'isabah (splitting into groups) in Shawwal. Then, there will be fighting in (the month of) Dhu al-Qi'dah. Then, the pilgrim will be robbed in (the month of) Dhu al-Hijjah. Then, the prohibitions will be violated in (the month of) al-Muharram. Then, there will be sound in (the month of) Safar, then the tribes will conflict with each other in the two months of Rabi' al-awwal & Rabi' al-thani. Then, the most amazing thing will happen between (the months of) Jumada and Rajab. Then, a well-fed she-camel will be better than a fortress (castle) sheltering a thousand (people).[6]", "Malays (ethnic group) Other major religious ceremonies celebrated by the Malays include Ramadhan, a month-long holy month devoted by daytime fasting and various religious activities; Maulidur Rasul, a special grand procession to honour the birth of Prophet Muhammad; Ashura, remembrance of Muharram where the Malays would solemnly prepared a special dish, known as Bubur Ashura; Nisfu Syaaban, the Mid-Sha'ban observance, a special day of fasting for forgiveness; Nuzul Quran, the first the revelation of the Quran; Israk dan Mikraj, the ascension Prophet Muhammed to the heavens and Awal Muharram, the Islamic New Year; the latter three celebrations are usually observed by holding a special sunat prayers, religious lectures and Islamic discussions in the mosque.", "Nowruz Naw-Rúz is one of nine holy days for adherents of the Bahá'í Faith worldwide. It is the first day of the Bahá'í calendar, occurring on the vernal equinox around March 21.[152] The Bahá'í calendar is composed of 19 months, each of 19 days,[153] and each of the months is named after an attribute of God; similarly each of the nineteen days in the month also are named after an attribute of God.[153] The first day and the first month were given the attribute of Bahá, an Arabic word meaning splendour or glory, and thus the first day of the year was the day of Bahá in the month of Bahá.[152][154] Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, explained that Naw-Rúz was associated with the Most Great Name of God,[152][154] and was instituted as a festival for those who observed the Nineteen day fast.[155][156]", "Islamic calendar This is corroborated by an early Sabaic inscription, where a religious ritual was \"postponed\" (ns'’w) due to war. According to the context of this inscription, the verb ns'’ has nothing to do with intercalation, but only with moving religious events within the calendar itself. The similarity between the religious concept of this ancient inscription and the Qur'an suggests that non-calendaring postponement is also the Qur'anic meaning of Nasī’.[4] Thus the Encyclopaedia of Islam concludes \"The Arabic system of [Nasī’] can only have been intended to move the Hajj and the fairs associated with it in the vicinity of Mecca to a suitable season of the year. It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed.\"[11]", "New moon The new moon signifies the start of every Jewish month, and is considered an important date and minor holiday in the Hebrew calendar. The modern form of the calendar is a rule-based lunisolar calendar, akin to the Chinese calendar, measuring months defined in lunar cycles as well as years measured in solar cycles, and distinct from the purely lunar Islamic calendar and the predominantly solar Gregorian calendar. The Jewish calendar is calculated based on mathematical rules designed to ensure that festivals are observed in their traditional season. Passover always falls in the springtime.[20] This fixed lunisolar calendar follows rules introduced by Hillel II and refined until the ninth century This calculation makes use of a mean lunation length used by Ptolemy and handed down from Babylonians, which is still very accurate: ca. 29.530594 days vs. a present value (see below) of 29.530589 days. This difference of only 0.0000005, or five millionths of a day, adds up to about only four hours since Babylonian times.[citation needed]", "Muhammad in Islam A key battle in the early days of Islam, the Battle of Badr was the first large-scale battle between the nascent Islamic community of Medina and their opponent Quraysh of Mecca where the Muslims won a decisive victory. The battle has some background. In 2 AH (623 CE) in the month of Rajab, a Muslim patrolling group attacked a Quraysh trading caravan killing its elite leader Amr ibn Hazrami. The incident happening in a sacred month displeased Muhammad, and enraged the Quraysh to a greater extent.[16][110] The Quran however neutralizes the effect saying that bloodshed in sacred month is obviously prohibited, but Quraysh paganism, persecuting on the Meccan converts, and preventing people from the Sacred Mosque are greater sins (Quran 2:217). Traditional sources say that upon receiving intelligence of a richly laden trading caravan of the Quraysh returning from Syria to Mecca, Muhammad took it as a good opportunity to strike a heavy blow on Meccan power by taking down the caravan in which almost all the Meccan people had invested.[111][112] With full liberty to join or stay back, Muhammad amassed some 313 inadequately prepared men furnished with only two horses and seventy camels, and headed for a place called Badr. Meanwhile, Abu Sufyan, the leader of the caravan, got the information of Muslim march, changed his route towards south-west along Red sea, and send out a messenger, named Damdam ibn Umar, to Mecca asking for immediate help. The messenger exaggerated the news in a frenzy style of old Arab custom, and misinterpreted the call for protecting the caravan as a call for war.[113][114]", "Nowruz The day upon which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Twelver Shia Muslims by Shia scholars, including Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, Ruhollah Khomeini[162] and Ali al-Sistani.[163] The day also assumes special significance for Shias as it has been said that it was on 21 March 656 AD that the first Shia Imam, Ali, assumed the office of caliphate.", "New moon An attempt to unify Muslims on a scientifically calculated worldwide calendar was adopted by both the Fiqh Council of North America and the European Council for Fatwa and Research in 2007. The new calculation requires that conjunction occur before sunset in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, and that moonset on the following day must take place after sunset. These can be precisely calculated and therefore a unified calendar is imminent if it becomes adopted worldwide.[17][18]", "Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Fitr was originated by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is observed on the first of the month of Shawwal at the end of the month of Ramadan, during which Muslims undergo a period of fasting.[7]", "Bilal ibn Rabah Muhammad chose Bilal as the first muezzin.[16]", "Mawlid The date of Muhammad's birth is a matter of contention since the exact date is unknown and is not definitively recorded in the Islamic traditions.[17][18][19][20] The issue of the correct date of the Mawlid is recorded by Ibn Khallikan as constituting the first proven disagreement concerning the celebration.[21] Among the most recognisable dates, Sunni Muslims believe the date to have been on the twelfth of Rabi' al-awwal, whereas Shi'a Muslims believe the date to have been on the seventeenth.", "Islamic calendar For AH 1420â€“22, if moonset occurred after sunset at Mecca, then the day beginning at that sunset was the first day of a Saudi month, essentially the same rule used by Malaysia, Indonesia, and others (except for the location from which the hilal was observed).", "Month See Islamic calendar for more information on the Islamic calendar.", "Islamic calendar A number of Muslim countries try to overcome some of these difficulties by applying different astronomy-related rules to determine the beginning of months. Thus, Malaysia, Indonesia, and a few others begin each month at sunset on the first day that the moon sets after the sun (moonset after sunset). In Egypt, the month begins at sunset on the first day that the moon sets at least five minutes after the sun. A detailed analysis of the available data shows, however, that there are major discrepancies between what countries say they do on this subject, and what they actually do. In some instances, what a country says it does is impossible.[30][31]", "Ramadan It is believed that the Quran was first revealed to Muhammad during the month of Ramadan which has been referred to as the \"best of times\". The first revelation was sent down on Laylat al-Qadr (The night of Power) which is one of the five odd nights of the last ten days of Ramadan.[22] According to hadith, all holy scriptures were sent down during Ramadan. It is further believed that the tablets of Ibrahim, the Torah, the Psalms, the Gospel and the Quran were sent down on 1st, 6th, 12th, 13th[note 2] and 24th Ramadan respectively.[23]", "Surah A number of verses are associated with particular events which helps date them. Muhammad's first revelation was chapter 96 (year 609). Verses 16:41 and 47:13 refer to migration of Muslims which took place in the year 622. Verses 8:1–7 and 3:120–175 refer to battles of Badr (624) and Uhud (625) respectively. Muhammad's last pilgrimage is mentioned in 5:3 which occurred in 632, a few months before he died. This method is of limited usefulness because the Qur'an narrates the life of Muhammad or the early history of the Muslim community only incidentally and not in detail. In fact, very few chapters contain clear references to events which took place in Muhammad's life.[8]", "Adoption of the Gregorian calendar The Islamic calendar is a lunar one, so that there are twelve lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days, being 11 days shorter than a solar year. Consequently, holy days in Islam migrate around the solar year on a 32-year cycle.[30] Some Islamic states use the Gregorian calendar (as the Common Era calendar) for civil purposes, while retaining the Islamic calendar for religious purposes.", "Islamic calendar Turkish Muslims use an Islamic calendar which is calculated several years in advance (currently up to 1444 AH/2022 CE) by the Turkish Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı). From 1 Muharrem 1400 AH (21 November 1979) until 29 Zilhicce 1435 (24 October 2014) the computed Turkish lunar calendar was based on the following rule: \"The lunar month is assumed to begin on the evening when, within some region of the terrestrial globe, the computed centre of the lunar crescent at local sunset is more than 5° above the local horizon and (geocentrically) more than 8° from the Sun.\" In the current rule the (computed) lunar crescent has to be above the local horizon of Ankara at sunset.[47]", "Ramadan (calendar month) Many Muslims insist on the local physical sighting of the moon to mark the beginning of Ramadan, but others use the calculated time of the new moon or the Saudi Arabian declaration to determine the start of the month. Since the new moon is not in the same state at the same time globally, the beginning and ending dates of Ramadan depend on what lunar sightings are received in each respective location. As a result, Ramadan dates vary in different countries, but usually only by a day. This is due to the cycle of the moon. The moon travels the same path all year round and when the moon is seen in the east, it is then seen traveling towards the west. All the countries around the world see the moon within a 24-hour period once spotted by one country in the east.", "Ramadan The Arabic Laylat al-Qadr, translated to English is \"the night of power\" or \"the night of decree\", is considered the holiest night of the year.[33][34] This is the night in which Muslims believe the first revelation of the Quran was sent down to Muhammad stating that this night was \"better than one thousand months [of proper worship]\", as stated in Chapter 97:3 of the Qu'ran.", "Hajj The date of Hajj is determined by the Islamic calendar (known as Hijri calendar or AH), which is based on the lunar year.[30][31] Every year, the events of Hajj take place in a five-day period, starting on 8 and ending on 12 Dhu al-Hijjah, the twelfth and last month of the Islamic calendar. Among these five days, the 9th Dhul-Hijjah is known as Day of Arafah, and this day is called the day of Hajj. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date for Hajj changes from year to year. Thus, each year in the Gregorian calendar, the pilgrimage starts eleven days (sometimes ten days) earlier than the preceding year.[31][32] This makes it possible for the Hajj season to fall twice in one Gregorian year, and it does so every 33 years. The last time this phenomenon occurred was 2006.[33] The table below shows the Gregorian dates of Hajj of recent years (the dates correspond to 9 Dhul-Hijjah of Hijri calendar):", "Hebrew calendar Num 10:10 stresses the importance in Israelite religious observance of the new month (Hebrew: ראש חודש‬, Rosh Chodesh, \"beginning of the month\"): \"... in your new moons, ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt-offerings...\" Similarly in Num 28:11. \"The beginning of the month\" meant the appearance of a new moon, and in Exod 12:2. \"This month is to you\".", "Hajj The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th (or in some cases 13th[10]) of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar. Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year. Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions.[7][11][12]", "Mosque The first mosque in the world is often considered to be the area around the Ka‘bah (Arabic: كَـعْـبَـة‎, 'Cube') in Mecca, which is now known as Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarâm (Arabic: ٱلْـمَـسْـجِـد الْـحَـرَام‎, the Sacred Mosque).[4] A Hadith in Sahih al-Bukhari states that the Kaaba was the First Mosque on Earth, and the Second Mosque was the Temple in Jerusalem[5]. Since as early as 638 AD, the Sacred Mosque has been expanded on several occasions to accommodate the increasing number of Muslims who either live in the area or make the annual pilgrimage known as Ḥajj (Arabic: حَـجّ‎) to the city.[6] Others regard the first mosque in history to be the Quba Mosque in present-day Medina since it was the first structure built by Muhammad upon his emigration from Mecca in 622,[7] though the Mosque of the Companions in the Eritrean city of Massawa may have been constructed at around the same time.[8]", "Safar There will be an Ayah (sign) in (the month of) Ramadan. Then, there will 'isabah (splitting into groups) in Shawwal. Then, there will be fighting in (the month of) Dhu al-Qi'dah. Then, the pilgrim will be robbed in (the month of) Dhu al-Hijjah. Then, the prohibitions will be violated in (the month of) al-Muharram. Then, there will be sound in (the month of) Safar, then the tribes will conflict with each other in the two months of Rabi' al-awwal & Rabi' al-thani. Then, the most amazing thing will happen between (the months of) Jumada and Rajab. Then, a well-fed she-camel will be better than a fortress (castle) sheltering a thousand (people).[2]", "Islamic calendar The current Islamic year is 1439 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1439 AH runs from approximately 21 September 2017 to 10 September 2018.[3][needs update]", "Hegira The first Hijrah is dated to 615[9][10] or Rajab (Septemberâ€“October) 613[11] when a group of Muslims counseled by Muhammad to escape persecution in Mecca arrived at the court of the Christian monarch (Negus) of the Ethiopian Empire, Ashama ibn-Abjar. Muhammad himself did not join this emigration. In that year, his followers fled Mecca's leading tribe, the Quraysh, who sent emissaries to Ethiopia to bring them back to the Arabian Peninsula. However, the Negus refused to send them back.[12]", "Hebrew calendar According to rabbinic reckoning, the beginning of \"year 1\" is not Creation, but about one year before Creation, with the new moon of its first month (Tishrei) to be called molad tohu (the mean new moon of chaos or nothing). The Jewish calendar's epoch (reference date), 1 Tishrei AM 1, is equivalent to Monday, 7 October 3761 BC/BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar, the equivalent tabular date (same daylight period) and is about one year before the traditional Jewish date of Creation on 25 Elul AM 1, based upon the Seder Olam Rabbah.[32] Thus, adding 3760 before Rosh Hashanah or 3761 after to a Julian year number starting from 1 CE (AD 1) will yield the Hebrew year. For earlier years there may be a discrepancy [see: Missing years (Jewish calendar)].", "Paganism Arabic paganism gradually disappeared during Muhammad's era through Islamization.[51][52][52] The sacred months of the Arab pagans were the 1st, 7th, 11th and 12th months of the Islamic calendar.[53] After Muhammad had conquered Mecca he set out to convert the pagans.[54][55][56] One of the last military campaigns that Muhammad ordered against the Arab pagans was the Demolition of Dhul Khalasa. It occurred in April and May 632 AD, in 10AH of the Islamic Calendar. Dhul Khalasa is referred to as both an idol and a temple, and it was known by some as the Ka'ba of Yemen, built and worshipped by pagan tribes.[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65]", "Caliphate The first caliphate, the Rashidun Caliphate, was established immediately after Muhammad's death in 632.[5] The four Rashidun caliphs, who directly succeeded Muhammad as leaders of the Muslim community, were chosen through shura, a process of community consultation that some consider to be an early form of Islamic democracy.[6] The fourth caliph, Ali, who, unlike the prior three, was from the same clan as Muhammad (Banu Hashim), is considered by Shia Muslims to be the first rightful caliph and Imam after Muhammad.[7] Ali reigned during the First Fitna (656â€“661), a civil war between supporters of Ali and supporters of the assassinated previous caliph, Uthman, from Banu Umayya, as well as rebels in Egypt; the war led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate under Muawiyah I in 661.", "Islamic calendar Saudi Arabia uses the sighting method to determine the beginning of each month of the Hijri calendar. Since AH 1419 (1998/99) several official hilal sighting committees have been set up by the government to determine the first visual sighting of the lunar crescent at the beginning of each lunar month. Nevertheless, the religious authorities also allow the testimony of less experienced observers and thus often announce the sighting of the lunar crescent on a date when none of the official committees could see it." ]	[ "Muharram Muḥarram (Arabic: مُحَرَّم‎ muḥarram) is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year.[1] It is held to be the holiest month, Ramadan coming after. The word \"Muharram\" means \"forbidden\". Since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, Muharram moves from year to year when compared with the Gregorian calendar." ]
test919	where does the band imagine dragons come from	[ "doc32705" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc32705", "doc32707", "doc624965", "doc32708", "doc32709", "doc32710", "doc32733", "doc145659", "doc32734", "doc624963", "doc32739", "doc32706", "doc32712", "doc32729", "doc32740", "doc624964", "doc32714", "doc32715", "doc624966", "doc1290336", "doc32716", "doc32724", "doc3794", "doc1195366", "doc3789", "doc624974", "doc624967", "doc32731", "doc145640", "doc624968", "doc1758691", "doc32711", "doc32718", "doc1758678", "doc32735", "doc32717", "doc32728", "doc32719", "doc32726", "doc32736", "doc32722", "doc295275", "doc1758682", "doc32725", "doc32723", "doc32721", "doc1903883", "doc2266859", "doc85024", "doc1758684", "doc2584455", "doc295276", "doc859303", "doc32738", "doc2018744", "doc414146", "doc1661643", "doc145662", "doc1157360", "doc32720", "doc1791463", "doc1411723", "doc145657", "doc32737", "doc145641", "doc2266858", "doc2584458", "doc1103647", "doc1758695", "doc32713", "doc295269", "doc1791474", "doc1758679", "doc32730", "doc145648", "doc891478", "doc1411720", "doc1111942", "doc1903881", "doc1445606", "doc891479", "doc3795", "doc1916883", "doc624969", "doc1791466", "doc891480", "doc1562858", "doc2018743", "doc145660", "doc1758683", "doc1758680", "doc2674832", "doc2674831", "doc1406472", "doc1252258", "doc1758685", "doc1964121", "doc1071360", "doc1758686", "doc2535873" ]	[ "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds, lead guitarist Wayne Sermon, bassist and keyboardist Ben McKee, and drummer Daniel Platzman.[1] The band first gained exposure with the release of single \"It's Time\", followed by their award-winning debut studio album Night Visions (2012), which resulted in the chart topping singles \"Radioactive\" and \"Demons\". Billboard placed them at the top of their \"Year In Rock\" rankings for 2013[2] and 2017[3] and named them their \"Breakthrough Band of 2013\". and \"Biggest Band of 2017.\"[4] Rolling Stone named their single \"Radioactive\", which holds the record for most weeks on the Hot 100, from Night Visions the \"biggest rock hit of the year\",[1][5][6] and MTV called them \"the year's biggest breakout band\".[7] The band's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors (2015) reached number one in the US, Canada and the UK.[8][9] After a brief hiatus, the band released their third studio album, Evolve (2017) which resulted in the chart-topping singles, \"Believer\" and \"Thunder\". While all three albums were commercially successful, critical reception was mixed.[10]", "Imagine Dragons In 2008, lead singer Dan Reynolds met drummer Andrew Tolman at Brigham Young University where they were both students.[13] Reynolds and Tolman added Andrew Beck, Dave Lemke, and Aurora Florence to play guitar, bass, and piano respectively for their band. Their name is an anagram for a phrase only known to members of the group, that Reynolds stated each member approved of.[14] The five-piece released an extended play titled Speak to Me that same year. Beck and Florence would also depart from the band's lineup that year. In 2009, Tolman recruited longtime high school friend Wayne Sermon, who had graduated from Berklee College of Music to play guitar. Tolman later recruited his wife, Brittany Tolman, to sing backup and play keys, and the band began to play shows together again. Lemke left the band later on, leading Sermon to recruit another Berklee music student, Ben McKee, to join the band as their bassist and complete the lineup.[15][16] The band garnered a large following in their hometown of Provo, Utah, before the members moved to Las Vegas, the hometown of Dan Reynolds, where the band recorded and released their first three EPs.[17]", "Dan Reynolds (singer) Reynolds was initially reluctant to become a professional musician, partially because future bandmate Wayne Sermon had once told him: \"Don't do music because you want to do music - do music if you have to do music\".[19] After he began attending Brigham Young University, Reynolds found that he could not \"do anything else\" and committed fully to a professional music career. In Utah, Reynolds met and recruited drummer Andrew Tolman to form Imagine Dragons.[20] With Reynolds as lead vocalist, Imagine Dragons won BYU's \"Battle of the Bands\" and other local competitions.[21] Bassist Ben McKee joined the band in Las Vegas and after Tolman's departure 2011 invited Daniel Platzman, also a friend of Wayne's from Berklee College of Music, to play drums, thus completing the group's current lineup. The band relocated to Las Vegas, where they began performing almost nightly as a lounge act.[13][22][23] It was there in 2010 that they caught their first big break when Train's frontman fell sick just prior to the Bite of Las Vegas Festival. Imagine Dragons were called to fill in for them and performed in front of a crowd of more than 26,000 people.[24] In November 2011, they signed with Interscope Records and began working with Grammy award-winning producer Alex da Kid.[25]", "Imagine Dragons The band released EPs titled Imagine Dragons[18] and Hell and Silence[19] in 2010, both recorded at Battle Born Studios, in Las Vegas. They returned to the studio in 2011.[20][21][22] The third EP, It's Time, was made before they signed a record deal.[23]", "Imagine Dragons They got their first big break when Train's frontman Pat Monahan fell sick just prior to the Bite of Las Vegas Festival 2009. Imagine Dragons were called to fill in and performed to a crowd of more than 26,000 people.[24] Local accolades including \"Best CD of 2011\" (Vegas SEVEN),[25] \"Best Local Indie Band 2010\" (Las Vegas Weekly),[26] \"Las Vegas' Newest Must See Live Act\" (Las Vegas CityLife),[27] Vegas Music Summit Headliner 2010,[28] and more sent the band on a positive trajectory. In November 2011 they signed with Interscope Records and began working with English Grammy winning producer Alex da Kid.[29] Eventually the Tolmans would leave the group and Daniel Platzman would be recruited in August 2011 by invitation from Ben McKee, prior to the signing of the band's label deal in November 2011, alongside keyboardist Theresa Flaminio.[30]", "Imagine Dragons Theresa Flaminio departed from Imagine Dragons in early 2012, leaving them as a four-piece. The band worked closely with Alex da Kid, with whom they recorded their first major label release at Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood, California. An EP entitled Continued Silence was released on Valentine's Day (February 14, 2012) digitally and peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200. The band also released an EP titled Hear Me in 2012.", "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons' musical style has mainly been described as alternative rock,[74][75][76][77] pop rock,[78][79][80][81] indie rock,[82][83] electronic rock,[84] dance-pop[76] electropop,[76] pop,[79][85] and arena rock.[76][85][86]. Their music also has some influences of folk, R&B, hip hop and EDM.[85][87]", "On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song) The video was filmed in Provo, Utah, Imagine Dragons' original hometown, and includes cameos from various celebrities associated with Provo or Brigham Young University, including Jon Heder, the cast of the TV show Studio C, guitarist Robbie Connolly, and members of The New Electric Sound. Whit Hertford plays Kubrick, and singer Aja Volkman, Imagine Dragons frontman Dan Reynolds' wife, appears as Reynolds' character's wife.[12]", "Imagine Dragons Dan Reynolds cites Arcade Fire, Nirvana, Muse, The Beatles, Paul Simon, Coldplay, Harry Nilsson, and U2 as some of his and the band's artistic influences. In terms of success, Reynolds credits bands like Foster the People and Mumford & Sons for bringing alternative pop music to a new level of commercial success in recent years.[88]", "Dan Reynolds (singer) Daniel Coulter Reynolds (born July 14, 1987)[4] is an American singer, songwriter, musician, multi-instrumentalist, and record producer. He is the lead vocalist for the rock band Imagine Dragons. Reynolds also released an EP in 2011, titled Egyptian â€“ EP,[5] as a duo with Aja Volkman under the moniker Egyptian.[6] He is a recipient of the Songwriters Hall of Fame Hal David Starlight Award.[7][8]", "Imagine Dragons In 2013, along with the family of Tyler Robinson, Imagine Dragons started a charity called the Tyler Robinson Foundation, helping young people battling cancer. Beginning in 2014, the first annual Tyler Robinson Foundation Gala was held in Las Vegas.[100] Imagine Dragons performed for \"Playing It Forward\" (S1 E2) to raise $100k for school music programs.[101] In 2013, the band partnered with mtvU to help choose four Fulbright-mtvU Fellowship recipients.[102] In 2013, Imagine Dragons partnered with Do the Write Thing: National Campaign to Stop Violence for a fundraising event.[103] Imagine Dragons performed as part of Amnesty International's \"Bringing Human Rights Home\" concert in Brooklyn on February 5, 2014.[104] In 2015, Imagine Dragons released the track \"I Was Me\" for the One4 project with all proceeds going to the UN Refugee Agency to support fleeing refugees, particularly in the Middle East.[105] Imagine Dragons also released cover track \"I Love You All The Time\" to benefit the victims of the terrorist attacks in Paris.[106] In 2017 the band helped organize the LoveLoud Fest to benefit LGBTQ organizations.[107]", "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons has won three American Music Awards, five Billboard Music Awards, one Grammy Award, and one World Music Award. In May 2014, the band was nominated for fourteen Billboard Music Awards, including Top Artist of the Year and a Milestone Award, which recognizes innovation and creativity of artists across different genres. Imagine Dragons have sold 12 million albums and 35 million singles worldwide.[11] In April 2018, the band was nominated eleven more times for Billboard Music Awards.[12]", "Imagine Dragons The band finished recording their debut album Night Visions in the summer of 2012 at Studio X inside Palms Casino Resort and released the album in the United States on the day after Labor Day (September 4, 2012). It peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 chart with first week sales in excess of 83,000 copies, the highest charting for a debut rock album since 2006.[34] The album also reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative and Rock Album charts as well as the top ten on the Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Dutch, German, Irish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Scottish, Spanish, and United Kingdom Albums charts. It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for the Juno Award for International Album of the Year.[35] Night Visions is certified platinum by the RIAA as well as in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK. The album produced three tracks that reached the Billboard Top 40, four tracks in the ARIA Top 40, and five tracks charting in the UK Top 40.", "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons were part of the Wayhome summer 2017 lineup in Oro-Medonte, Ontario.[68] The band also performed in NOS Alive, Portugal on July 8.[69]", "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons have received one Grammy Award,[111] three American Music Awards,[112][113] and five Billboard Music Awards.[114]", "Dan Reynolds (singer) Reynolds was born on July 14, 1987 in Las Vegas, the seventh of nine children of Christene M. (nÃ©e Callister) and Ronald Reynolds, a lawyer and author.[9] Both are natives of Nevada, and Reynolds is a 4th generation Nevadan.[10] As a Boy Scout, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout in 2005.[11][12] Reynolds is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. When he was 19 years old, he volunteered full-time as a missionary in Nebraska for two years.[13][14][15][16] Reynolds wrote the song \"I Bet My Life\" celebrating and reflecting on his enduring relationship with his parents.[17] Following his graduation from Bonanza High School, he attended University of Nevada, Las Vegas and then transferred to Brigham Young University after serving an LDS mission, where he studied communications, marketing, and music and excelled academically before leaving to pursue music full-time.[18]", "Imagine Dragons Billboard listed them as one of \"2012's Brightest New Stars\" and later \"The Breakout Band of 2013\".[42] Imagine Dragons won the 2014 Billboard Music Awards for Top Duo/Group, Top Hot 100 Artist, and Top Rock Artist. Amazon.com called the band their \"Favorite Rock artist of 2012\".[43]", "Imagine Dragons In 2013, Imagine Dragons returned to Europe and North America with the Night Visions Tour.[44] The band announced 13 additional US summer tour dates which also sold out.[45] The band then announced a North America Amphitheatre tour.[46] The band also confirmed that they were unable to fulfill the request of acting as support for Muse.[47] Pollstar listed the band in their Top 20 Concert Tours list by average box office gross despite their average ticket price being the third lowest on the list.[48]", "Dan Reynolds (singer) Imagine Dragons released their debut studio album Night Visions on September 4, 2012. The album was preceded by their first single \"It's Time\", released on August 18, 2012. Night Visions charted in the top ten albums in the U.S. in 2012, 2013, and 2014.[26] It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for a Juno Award for International Album of the Year.[27] The album's second single, \"Radioactive\", reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Radioactive\" set the all-time record for the longest reign at the top of the Billboard Rock Songs chart, with 23 consecutive weeks and the all-time record for longest run on the Billboard Hot 100, with 87 weeks.[28] Rolling Stone called it \"the biggest rock hit of the year\".[29][30] It is the best-selling rock song in digital history, with sales of more than 7.5 million copies in the United States, and was certified diamond by the RIAA.[31][32] The third single, \"Demons\", reached #6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and is the eighth best-selling rock song in digital history with sales in excess of 5 million copies in the United States. Imagine Dragons were nominated for two Grammy Awards, Record of the Year and Best Rock Performance, the latter of which they won. They also won two AMAs for Favorite Alternative Artist, a Teen Choice Award for Choice Rock Group, a World Music Award for World's Best Rock Act, and a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Artist. The band made their major festival headlining debut at the Made In America Music Festival in 2014 and also drew large crowds and positive reviews at festivals such as Lollapalooza Brazil in 2014.[33][34]", "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out The band was formed in 2004 in the suburban area of Summerlin, Las Vegas, by childhood friends Ryan Ross on guitar and Spencer Smith on drums. Both teens attended Bishop Gorman High School and they began playing music together in ninth grade. They invited their friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass guitar, and Wilson invited his classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar.[12] They soon began rehearsing in Smith's grandmother's living room.[13] Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on skipped rehearsals to go to church.[14] Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group, but on hearing Urie singing backing vocals during an early rehearsal, they unanimously decided to move him to lead.[15] They initially worked purely as a Blink-182 cover band.[16]", "Imagine Dragons The band released a live album, Live at Independent Records, in April 2013.[49]", "Imagine Dragons Working with Metric, which did a three-song acoustic set, Imagine Dragons played at the Mayan Theater in Los Angeles on February 5, 2015. The half-hour set included the breakthrough songs \"It's Time\" and \"Radioactive\" from Night Visions. The performance was the live debut for \"Summer\" and \"I'm So Sorry\", along with \"Gold\" and \"I Bet My Life\" from the album Smoke + Mirrors, which was released on February 17, 2015. The band's 2015 North American summer tour began in Portland, Oregon on June 3.", "Panic! at the Disco Panic! at the Disco was formed in 2004 in the suburban area of Summerlin, Las Vegas, by childhood friends Ryan Ross, who sang and played guitar, and Spencer Smith, who played drums. They both attended Bishop Gorman High School, and they began playing music together in ninth grade. They invited friend Brent Wilson from nearby Palo Verde High School to join on bass, and Wilson invited classmate Brendon Urie to try out on guitar.[3] The quartet soon began rehearsing in Smith's grandmother's living room.[4] Urie grew up in a Mormon family in Las Vegas and early on missed some rehearsals to go to church.[5] Ross initially was the lead vocalist for the group, but after hearing Urie sing back-up during rehearsals, the group decided to make him the lead.[6] Initially, Panic! at the Disco was a Blink-182 cover band.[7]", "Brendon Urie Urie was born in St. George, Utah, and his family moved to Las Vegas, Nevada, when he was two years old.[9] He is the fifth and youngest child born to Grace and Boyd Urie[10]. He was raised in an LDS family,[10] but left the faith around 17.[11][12][13] Urie attended Palo Verde High School in Las Vegas,[14] where he met future ex-Panic bassist Brent Wilson in his guitar class. Wilson asked Urie to try out for a band he was in, since they needed a replacement guitarist.[15]", "Panic! at the Disco Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 and featuring the current lineup of vocalist Brendon Urie, accompanied on tour by guitarist Kenneth Harris and drummer Dan Pawlovich. Founded by childhood friends Ryan Ross, Spencer Smith, Brent Wilson and Urie, Panic! at the Disco recorded its first demos while its members were in high school. Shortly after, the band recorded and released its debut studio album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005). Popularized by the second single, \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\", the album was certified double platinum in the US. In 2006, founding bassist Brent Wilson was fired from the band during an extensive world tour and subsequently replaced by Jon Walker.", "Dan Reynolds (singer) Since 2013, Imagine Dragons along with the family of Tyler Robinson have supported The Tyler Robinson Foundation, helping young people battling cancer.[70][71] Imagine Dragons have also partnered with Do The Write Thing: National Campaign to Stop Violence,[72] Amnesty International's \"Bringing Human Rights Home\",[73] OneOrlando Fund's \"All Is One Orlando Unity Concert\",[74] and Crackle's \"Playing It Forward\" (S1 E2).[75] In 2015, Imagine Dragons released track \"I Was Me\" with all proceeds going to the One4 project to help fleeing refugees, particularly in the Middle East.[76] He also helped organize the LoveLoud Fest to benefit LGBTQ organizations.[77]", "Dan Reynolds (singer) Imagine Dragons released their second album, Smoke + Mirrors, in February 2015. Smoke + Mirrors debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, UK Albums Chart, and Canadian Albums Chart.[35][36] Two of the album's four singles, \"I Bet My Life\" and \"Shots\", charted on the Billboard Hot 100.[37][38]", "Imagine Dragons On May 8, 2017, Imagine Dragons announced their third studio album Evolve, as well as a new track \"Whatever It Takes\", which was released on the same day.[71] A tour in support for the album was also announced within the same day. Evolve was released on June 23, 2017, worldwide. The album reached the top five in most countries but was met with mixed critical reception. \"Whatever It Takes\" was released as an official single off the album a few months later on October 6, 2017.[72]", "On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song) \"On Top of the World\" is a song by the American rock band Imagine Dragons for their major-label debut extended play Continued Silence (2012), where it appears as the third track. The song also appears on their debut studio album Night Visions (2012) as the fifth track. \"On Top of the World\" was released digitally as a single on March 18, 2013.", "Dan Reynolds (singer) Imagine Dragons released their third album Evolve on June 23, 2017. Evolve debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Canadian Albums Chart. Singles \"Believer\", \"Thunder\", and \"Whatever It Takes\", each of which have charted at number 4, number 4, and number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively.[39] Believer topped the Billboard Hot Rock Songs (29 weeks), Alternative Songs (13 weeks), and Adult Top 40 charts. Thunder also topped the Billboard Hot Rock Songs (21 weeks so far) and Alternative Songs chart (3 weeks so far), as well as the Mainstream Top 40 chart. Whatever It Takes topped the Billboard Rock Songs chart (8 weeks so far) and Alternative Songs chart (3 weeks).[40][41] In 2018, the band was nominated for two more Grammy Awards and received the iHeartRadio Music Award for Alternative Rock Artists of the Year.[42]", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) On May 9, 2017, the band announced on Twitter the Evolve World Tour,[15] which started on September 26, 2017 in Phoenix, Arizona. The tour was produced by Live Nation, with Grouplove and K.Flay as special guests.[16]", "Imagine Dragons Shortly after, \"It's Time\" was released as a single and peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100.[31] The music video debuted on April 17, 2012 on all MTV affiliates and was subsequently nominated for an MTV Video Music Award in the \"Best Rock Video\" category.[32] \"It's Time\" was certified a double platinum single by the RIAA.[33]", "Imagine Dragons The idea behind the second studio album, dubbed as their \"New Year's resolution\",[52] was to create music and finish it when the band feels that their work is done. Reynolds told MTV in 2014 that the band wanted to \"put out an album that we're really happy with\". He further said that \"we tend to be perfectionists, too hard on ourselves at times, and we don't want to rush anything because we know how we are with things. We don't want to put a record out until we really feel good about it, you know, and who knows how long that will take\".[53] Since the beginning of the Night Visions Tour, the band had been writing new material for an upcoming album, and, even as early as the start of the tour, had been recording demos for the album, before entering the studio.[54] By the time that they entered the studio to work on the album, they had amassed 50 demos to work from.[55] The demos had been described by Reynolds as \"definitely different\", but added that \"it’s still Imagine Dragons, but we’ve got a lot of growth and maturing to do as a band. I think the new material is going to hopefully be a step in the right direction. We’re just trying to create and do what comes out and what feels right\". Drummer Daniel Platzman added that the band are critical of themselves, with \"no room for external pressure\".[56]", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) Evolve (stylized as ÆŽVOLVE) is the third studio album by American rock band Imagine Dragons, released on June 23, 2017 through Kidinakorner and Interscope Records. The album is the band's new material follow-up to their second studio album, Smoke + Mirrors.", "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons has performed \"It's Time\" live on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2012) and Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2012) and Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2012), and Conan (2013). They performed \"Radioactive\" live on Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2012), The Late Show with David Letterman (2013), The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (2013), Late Night with Jimmy Fallon (2013), and the MTV Europe Music Awards (2013).[89] They also performed on Good Morning America (2013,[90] 2015[91]). The band performed an exclusive show for the sixth-season finale of the TV series Live from the Artists Den (2013).[92] The band also performed at the 2013 American Music Awards, MTV Europe Music Awards (2013), Grammy Awards (2014), on Saturday Night Live (2014), at the Billboard Music Awards (2014), and the MuchMusic Video Awards (2014).[93][94] They also headlined the MLB's Target All-Star Concert (2014) and the inaugural Made In America Music Festival Los Angeles.[95] Imagine Dragons performed a version of \"Revolution\" at The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles (2014).[96]", "Imagine Dragons At Lollapalooza in Sao Paulo, Brazil, the last date on the Into the Night Tour, the band announced a rest, and complemented saying, \"This is our last show for a while, and had no better place to end this tour\".[50] The conclusion of the Into the Night Tour signaled the end of the Night Visions album cycle. Lead singer Dan Reynolds joked about the end of the Night Visions cycle, saying that \"We're always writing on the road, [so] that second album will come, unless we die at the age of 27 next year. Hopefully we don't die and there will be a second album. I don't know when it will be, but it may come\".[51]", "Imagine Dragons On September 27, 2016, Imagine Dragons began teasing their third studio album with a tweet simply saying \"studio\". The band continued posting cryptic messages on their Twitter account for the next four months. On January 28, 2017, the band started posting a series of videos teasing the album's first single.[66] The time-lapse videos featured lead singer Dan Reynolds drawing surreal images on a drawing pad. Morse code was hidden in the videos and translated to \"objects of same color\". On February 1, 2017, Imagine Dragons released \"Believer\" as the lead single for their next album. \"Believer\" was used as part of the Super Bowl ad for the Nintendo Switch.[67]", "Imagine Dragons Inspired greatly by the band's travels on both their previous tours and the Night Visions Tour, the album explored world culture as a musical item and overall motif in the album. Dan Reynolds told New Orleans-based newspaper The Times-Picayune that there was \"a lot of inspiration to be drawn from [the world tour]. You kind of realize that you’re a lot smaller than you think\".[57] In addition, Reynolds stated to music magazine Rolling Stone that the next album will be \"different\" from Night Visions, and that the band intends the album to be \"stripped back quite a bit\". He added that \"we embraced a lot of hip-hop influences with Night Visions, but I think the next record will be more rock-driven. It’s too early to say, but there is some weird stuff going on in these songs\".[55]", "Imagine Dragons In an interview, Dan Reynolds told Billboard that the band would be taking a hiatus for the remainder of 2016, stating that \"This is the year we're going to actually take time off. We haven't stopped in, like, six years, so we've forced ourselves to at least take a year off.\"[63] The band released a one night only concert film, Imagine Dragons In Concert: Smoke + Mirrors, in select theaters on March 2, 2016. The film was released on DVD and Blu-Ray under the title Imagine Dragons: Smoke + Mirrors Live. They also released the song \"Not Today\" from the soundtrack for Me Before You on April 28. The band also appears on the soundtrack for the film Suicide Squad. The song, titled \"Sucker For Pain\", features Lil Wayne, Wiz Khalifa, Logic, Ty Dolla Sign, and X Ambassadors.[64]", "Imagine Dragons On October 24, 2013, Imagine Dragons guest-starred on an episode of truTV's Impractical Jokers, where losers Joe and Sal had to perform an opening act as \"SeÃ±ora Lanza\" at a packed concert in Nikon at Jones Beach Theater. Band members join Murr and Q on the hijinks.[97] The band has performed I Bet My Life at the 2014 American Music Awards,[98] and The Ellen DeGeneres Show[91] (2015). They have also performed \"Shots\" on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon (2015), Jimmy Kimmel Live! (2015), and The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2015).", "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons performed in Seoul World Cup Stadium, South Korea, at the 2014 League of Legends World Championship[61] and the halftime show at the 102nd Grey Cup in Vancouver, British Columbia.[62]", "It's Time (song) On July 16, 2012, Imagine Dragons performed \"It's Time\" on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[16][17] They also performed the song live on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on September 4, 2012 and on Conan on January 9, 2013. They also performed the song on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on October 29, 2012, notable for being broadcast during Hurricane Sandy. As a result, they performed the song to an empty audience, with only the cast and crew of Late Night being present. The band also performed and singer Dan Reynolds was interviewed on Norwegian and Swedish television show Skavlan on February 1, 2013.[18]", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) In February 2016, after the success of their second album Smoke + Mirrors and a ten month long world tour, the members of Imagine Dragons vowed to take time off from the band. In an interview with Billboard, lead singer Dan Reynolds stated that the group would be on hiatus for the remainder of the year, explaining \"We [Imagine Dragons] haven't stopped in, like, six years, so we've forced ourselves to at least take a year off.\"[2] Throughout 2016, the band contributed songs to the soundtracks for Me Before You, Suicide Squad and Passengers, as well as playing at several shows.", "Imagine Dragons During the band's tour, Imagine Dragons released two non-album singles. \"Roots\" was released on August 26, 2015 and \"I Was Me\" on October 12, 2015 via iTunes. The band also released a cover of \"I Love You All the Time\" by Eagles of Death Metal on December 18, 2015, in support of the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks. The Smoke + Mirrors Tour ended on February 5, 2016 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.", "Imagine Dragons On December 12, 2014, Imagine Dragons posted on social media a request that fans in the US look around their city for some surprises and post their findings. They also hinted about two locations in Las Vegas. Shortly, billboards featuring artwork, the band's name, a hashtag (\"#smoke+mirrors\"), and an additional titles, presumed to be the track names were discovered. The following titles were revealed \"Summer\", \"Shots\", \"Polaroid\", \"I'm So Sorry\", and \"Gold\". Next, the band direct messaged various fans puzzle pieces of the artwork for the album (each file numbered, at least 13 in total). When combined, the puzzle pieces appear to reveal the cover art and album title. The title, cover art, and release date were revealed on social media two days later.", "Imagine Dragons On October 24, they revealed the lead single to the upcoming album, \"I Bet My Life\" via several visual snippets on Facebook and Instagram. It was released on October 27.[59] It was sent to US Alternative radio for adds on November 3.[60]", "Pretty. Odd. The group, fresh off the major success of their debut A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, took a break after non-stop touring and began formulating ideas for their next record together during the winter of 2006.[2] After a short period of development regarding the ideas of the album, the band arrived at a cabin in the rural mountains of Mount Charleston, Nevada in March 2007 to begin the writing process for the new album.[3] At the time, the band set a tentative release date for autumn and had not yet settled on a producer.[4] By April, the band had four songs completed and planned to leave the cabin to head to Los Angeles to continue work on what Ross called \"a modern fairy tale with a romantic twist.\"[5] Shortly before departing from the area, bassist Jon Walker remarked the album would be similar to a concept album and that the entire band would be involved in writing (all previous material had been composed by guitarist Ryan Ross).[5] \"Nearly Witches (Ever Since We Met...)\" was also written for this album; however, it was rejected for inclusion for Pretty. Odd., due to not fitting within the concept of the album. Urie and Smith later finished the song for the band's next studio album Vices & Virtues.[6]", "Evolve World Tour After the successful five-year trek on the Night Visions Tour for Imagine Dragons' debut in 2012 Night Visions, the band embarked on a ten-month Smoke + Mirrors Tour for their second album, Smoke + Mirrors, which was released in 2015. Following the release of two singles, \"Believer\" on February 1 and \"Thunder\" on April 27, they announced their third studio album, Evolve, on May 9. Within that timespan, they also announced via a press release and Twitter the Evolve Tour in support for the album[3] alongside the single \"Whatever It Takes\". On September 18, 2017 they announced 23 further dates, extending the tour to Europe.[4] On October 11, they announced that K.Flay would be the opening act for their UK and Europe shows.[5] On January 22, the band announced six shows in Australia and New Zealand.[6] Singer-songwriter Grace VanderWaal is set to be the opening act in the tour's 2018 summer leg in North America.[7]", "Twenty One Pilots Twenty One Pilots (stylized as twenty one pilots, and sometimes as twenty øne piløts)[1] is an American musical duo originating from Columbus, Ohio. The band was formed in 2009 by lead vocalist Tyler Joseph along with former members Nick Thomas and Chris Salih, who left in 2011, and currently consists of Joseph and drummer Josh Dun. The duo rose to fame in the mid-2010s after several years of touring and independent releases.", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) Reynolds had noted that the album, compared to Night Visions and Smoke + Mirrors, is \"an evolution for Imagine Dragons\".[4] The album's sound has been described as pop rock[5] while containing elements of R&B, hip hop and EDM.[6][7]", "Demons (Imagine Dragons song) \"Demons\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. It was written by Imagine Dragons and Alex da Kid, and produced by Alex da Kid. The song appears on their major-label debut extended play Continued Silence and also makes an appearance on their debut studio album Night Visions as the fourth track. \"Demons\" was solicited to American triple-A radio stations on January 28, 2013 and to modern rock stations on April 1 and serves as the album's overall fifth single and was released as the third single from Night Visions in the United States,[1][2][3] and was later released to contemporary hit radio stations on 17 September 2013 as an official single.[4] The lyrics portray the protagonist warning the significant other of his or her flaws.", "It's Time (song) Imagine Dragons plays \"It's Time\" at its live concerts, and although it's a \"bigger single\", the band plays it early in their set list rather than last, as might be expected.[19]", "Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! The name of the album was lifted from Hunter S. Thompson's novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.[12] It is a reference to the central idea of the album, which was inspired by lead singer Brendon Urie and drummer Spencer Smith's home city of Las Vegas.", "Imagine Dragons The band collaborated with Khalid at the 2017 American Music Awards. They also performed \"Believer\" and \"Thunder\" at the New Years Eve party 2018 in New Orleans, which was broadcast live on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve.", "Born to Be Yours On 11 June 2018, Kygo teased the collaboration on social media with a picture of him and all members from Imagine Dragons, captioning the post with a musical notes emoji.[1][2] He revealed the song's artwork the following day.[3] On 14 June, both artists posted an audio preview and a release date for the song on social media.[4] \"'Born to Be Yours' feels to me like the perfect combination of my sound mixed with the band's iconic elements and vocals,\" Kygo said of the song in a statement. \"Imagine Dragons are one of my favorite bands and it's an honor to finally let everyone hear what we've been working on.\"[5]", "Believer (Imagine Dragons song) \"Believer\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. The song was released on February 1, 2017 through Interscope and Kidinakorner as the lead single from the band's third studio album, Evolve.[2]", "OneRepublic OneRepublic is an American pop rock band formed in Colorado Springs, Colorado[2] in 2002 by lead vocalist Ryan Tedder and guitarist Zach Filkins. It also consists of guitarist Drew Brown, bassist and cellist Brent Kutzle, and drummer Eddie Fisher. The band first achieved commercial success on Myspace as an unsigned act.[3] In late 2003, after OneRepublic played shows throughout the Los Angeles area, a number of record labels approached the band with interest, but the band ultimately signed with Velvet Hammer, an imprint of Columbia Records. They made their first album with producer Greg Wells during the summer and fall of 2005 at his studio, Rocket Carousel, in Culver City, California. The album was originally scheduled for release on June 6, 2006, but the group was dropped by Columbia two months before the album ever came out. The lead single of that album, \"Apologize\", was released on April 30, 2006 on Myspace and received some recognition there, becoming number one on the Myspace charts.", "On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song) Adapted from Night Visions liner notes.[15]", "The Perks of Being a Wallflower (film) Helping the film in its advertisement was the song Itâ€™s Time by the Las Vegas native band Imagine Dragons. This song found its way on the trailer for the movie, however, it was not in the film itself.[28]", "Imagine Dragons Prior to the album's release, Imagine Dragons released a number of singles for other projects including a song for the film Transformers: Age of Extinction, called \"Battle Cry\" (June 2014) and song \"Warriors\" for the 2014 League of Legends World Championship (September 2014).[58]", "Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song) \"Radioactive\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons for their major-label debut EP Continued Silence and later on their debut studio album, Night Visions (2012), as the opening track. \"Radioactive\" was first sent to modern rock radio on October 29, 2012,[1] and released to contemporary radio on April 9, 2013. Musically, \"Radioactive\" is an electronic rock and alternative rock song with elements of dubstep and contains cryptic lyrics about apocalyptic and revolutionist themes.", "I Bet My Life The beginning and end of the video take place at the Salt River in Arizona. A car is shown driving to the river. The occupants turn out to be the members of Imagine Dragons, and their relatives and friends. Somewhere else at the river, a boy in a shirt (DeHaan) and a boy in overalls (Neustaedter) are fighting at the waterbed. While walking away, Neustaedter eventually pushes DeHaan into the river, and it is implied that DeHaan swims away, while the former stares in shock. DeHaan is pulled towards a dam, in which he is sucked in. He lands in a house, and looks out the window and finds everything underwater. He finds a bed and goes to sleep. The next morning, DeHaan finds himself in a sailboat, and takes control of it. He tries unsuccessfully to avoid a waterfall, but ends up flying over the land in the boat when he goes over the waterfall. While looking over the boat, he decides to flip it over. He falls into a city, and a crowd is shown carrying him. They toss and turn him, until he realizes it was a vision and he was knocked unconscious in the dam. He is pulled back up to the surface by Neustaedter, and survives. The last shot of the video zooms out from the point where DeHaan is picked up, and the video ends.", "On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song) As a part of the Palladia documentary Imagine Dragons: The Making of Night Visions, which originally aired on November 7, 2012, the band filmed a video of themselves performing \"On Top of the World\" and subsequently uploaded it to YouTube.", "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons appeared on the first episode of the 2015 series The Muppets, to perform part of the song \"Roots\".[99] They returned twice to The Ellen DeGeneres Show in 2017: the first time they performed \"Believer\", and the second time they performed \"Thunder\". They also performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.", "On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song) \"On Top of the World\" primarily features guitar and piano instrumentation, with vocals performed by lead singer Dan Reynolds.[1] Originally published in the key of C major,[1] the song itself expresses a celebration of accomplishment for the band after striving for years to become successful.[2] The song incorporates the chord progression of C-F-C-Dm in the verses, and F-C-G-Dm in the chorus and bridge, with the pre-chorus using Am and G to create a different break in the song.[3] The song \"On Top of the World\" is found to be a positive, upbeat track, unlike other songs found on Night Visions, including \"Bleeding Out\" and \"Hear Me\".[citation needed]", "Evolve World Tour The Evolve World Tour[1] (stylized as ÆŽVOLVE World Tour) is the third concert tour by American pop rock band Imagine Dragons in support of their third studio album Evolve (2017). The tour began on September 26, 2017, in Phoenix, Arizona at the Talking Stick Resort Arena, and is scheduled to conclude on October 20, 2018, in Frisco, Texas at the Toyota Stadium.[2]", "Demons (Imagine Dragons song) An MTV report on the \"Demons\" music video stated that it would \"fit nicely with the artful imagery of 'It's Time' and the thoroughly out-there puppet grappling of 'Radioactive'.\"[7] Released on May 7, 2013 and shot in Las Vegas, Nevada at the band's performance at The Joint on February 9, 2013, the video features a mix of live footage of the band and a companion narrative.[3] Various characters with personal hardships are depicted, including a grieving daughter, a man with Marfan syndrome who stares at himself in a mirror, a victim of parental abuse and a military veteran.[3][8]The meaning imposed is that most don't see beyond the face that everyone puts on for the public. The clip ends with a dedication to Tyler Robinson (1995â€“2013), a fan of the band who died at the age of 17 in March 2013 following a battle with cancer.[3]", "Portugal. The Man Portugal. The Man is an American rock band from Wasilla, Alaska, currently residing in Portland, Oregon. The group consists of lead singer John Baldwin Gourley, Gourley's partner & back-up singer Zoe Manville, Zach Carothers, Kyle O'Quin, Jason Sechrist, and Eric Howk. Gourley and Carothers met and began playing music together in 2001 at Wasilla High School in Wasilla. Their first two albums, in 2006 and 2007, were released on Fearless Records.", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) Evolve debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 with 147,000 album-equivalent units, of which 109,000 were pure album sales.[29] It is Imagine Dragons' third top five album.[29] On October 31, 2017, the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA.[30]", "Imagine Dragons The album's second single \"Radioactive\" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Alternative Songs, Billboard Rock Songs, and Swedish singles chart and has sold more than seven million singles in the United States, smashing a record by spending 87 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Radioactive\" stayed at No. 1 on the Hot Rock Songs chart for a record-breaking 23 weeks and ultimately became the genre's biggest hit of 2013.[36] It peaked at No. 3, becoming their first top ten single in the United States and broke the record for the longest run into the top five. It is the best-selling rock song on the Nielsen SoundScan running list of best-selling rock songs in digital history.[37] By the end of 2013, \"Radioactive\" had already sold over 3 million copies.[38] Rolling Stone called it \"the biggest rock hit of the year\". It was also the most streamed song of 2013 on Spotify in the United States.[39] It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards, winning the latter of the two. In 2015, it was certified diamond by the RIAA for sales in excess of 10 million copies in the United States.[40] Third single \"Demons\" reached No. 1 on the Billboard Pop Songs and No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and has sold more than 5 million copies in the United States to date.[33][41]", "It's Time (song) \"It's Time\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons, taken from the band's 2011 EP It's Time, their major label debut EP Continued Silence as well as their major debut studio album Night Visions (2012) The song's production is handled by Brandon Darner, and its lyrics describe the narrator's resistance to change in the face of great turmoil.[not verified in body]", "Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song) In February 2013, the band started the 145-date[33] Night Visions Tour, which saw the band perform across North America and Europe. During the North American leg, the band made their first national television appearance, performing \"Radioactive\" on the February 22, 2013 airing of CBS late-night talk show Late Show with David Letterman.[34]", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) After the release of Smoke + Mirrors and its respective world tour, a self-imposed hiatus for 2016 and cryptic messages from the band through their social media gained anticipation for their third album. The album was finally announced on May 9, with the initiation of the album's pre-order. In comparison to Night Visions and Smoke + Mirrors, frontman Dan Reynolds explained that the album would be an \"evolution\" for the band.", "Imagine Dragons On April 27, 2017, Imagine Dragons released \"Thunder\" as the second single from their third album.[70]", "On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song) Hunter Hayes covered the song live on his US tour.[8]", "Next to Me (Imagine Dragons song) \"Next to Me\" is a song recorded by American rock band Imagine Dragons. Written by all four members of the band and producer Alex da Kid, it was released through Kidinakorner and Interscope Records on February 21, 2018, as the fourth single from the band's third studio album Evolve. It is their first new release since Evolve, and it appears as the first track on a re-issue of the album.", "I Bet My Life \"I Bet My Life\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. The track, written by band members Ben McKee, Daniel Platzman, Dan Reynolds and Wayne Sermon, was released as the lead single from their second studio album Smoke + Mirrors on October 27, 2014. The band's network debut performing the track occurred at the American Music Awards (2014), where they received the award for Favorite Alternative Artist.[2][3]", "Escape the Fate Escape the Fate is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2005 and originally from Pahrump, Nevada. They are signed to Eleven Seven Music. The group consists of Robert Ortiz (drummer), Craig Mabbitt (lead vocalist), TJ Bell (rhythm guitarist and vocalist), Kevin \"Thrasher\" Gruft (lead guitarist) and touring musician Max Georgiev (bassist). As of 2013[update], Ortiz is the last founding member in the current lineup of the group.", "Pretty. Odd. To begin work on the record, Panic at the Disco retreated to a cabin in the rural mountains of Mount Charleston, in the group's native state of Nevada. Upon growing dissatisfied with their final product, the band scrapped the entire album and spent time writing and recording Pretty. Odd. throughout the following winter. Production came together quickly and each song made the cut. Additional recording, such as strings and horns were produced at Abbey Road Studios. It is the first album to feature bassist Jon Walker, and last to feature vocalist and lead guitarist Ryan Ross; both left the band in 2009, a year later after the album's release.", "I'm So Sorry \"I'm So Sorry\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. The song serves as the second promotional single and fourth track from the band's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors. Along with the songs \"Hopeless Opus\" and \"Gold\" on Smoke + Mirrors, the song touches upon lead-singer Dan Reynolds' depression struggles.[1] The song has peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot Rock Songs chart.", "Next to Me (Imagine Dragons song) The band first teased the song on February 14, 2018, with a tweet that contains the cover artwork, which features two people in a canyon. They captioned the picture: \"2/21 the evolution begins.\"[1] The single premiered on Zane Lowe's Beats 1 radio show as the day's \"World Record\",[2][3] and was released alongside the announcement of extended summer tour dates.[4]", "Panic! at the Disco In the group's early experimental demos, the band created a sound that was different from the many death-metal groups that were performing in Las Vegas at the time. The band signed a recording contract without having performed a live show. \"We never went out and played shows before we got signed because the music scene in Las Vegas is so bad. There's not a lot going on,\" Smith said. \"In our practice space, there were something like 30 bands, and every day we'd walk into that room and hear the exact same death-metal bands. So it kind of influenced us to be different. And to get out of Las Vegas.\"[8] Urie began working at Tropical Smoothie Cafe in Summerlin to afford rent for the band's new practice space.[9] The four left their educations behind to concentrate on music; Ross had a falling out with his father when he dropped out of college,[4] and when Urie dropped out of high school his parents kicked him out of the house. He stayed with friends until he could afford to rent an apartment.[10]", "Thunder (Imagine Dragons song) \"Thunder\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. The song was released on April 27, 2017 through Interscope Records, as the second single from their third studio album, Evolve.[2] \"Thunder\" has peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming their fourth top ten hit. It became the ninth best-selling song of 2017 in the United States. The official remix features American singer K.Flay.", "Dan Reynolds (singer) Invited to perform an opening set for Nico Vega, Reynolds met Aja Volkman, the group's lead singer, in 2010. He invited her to help him finish some demos he was working on.[43][44][45][46] The two began a collaborative process which they titled Egyptian.[44] They recorded, produced, and released independently a four track eponymous EP digitally. They have performed this material only once live.[47][48]", "Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song) \"Radioactive\" was written by Imagine Dragons and producer Alex Da Kid.[9] It is one of the more electronically influenced tracks on Night Visions as well as one of the darkest, similar to fourth track \"Demons\". The song is an electronic rock and alternative rock song with elements of dubstep.[10][11] The song's lyrics speak of apocalyptic and revolutionist themes: 'I'm waking up to ash and dust' and 'This is it, the apocalypse'. Though the band has publicly maintained its secularity, NPR music critic Ann Powers has opined that the song features strong \"religious or spiritual imagery\", the likes of which have been common throughout the history of rock music.[12]", "Next to Me (Imagine Dragons song) \"Next to Me\" was referred to as the band's first love song. Dan Reynolds, lead singer of the song, admitted that it was an unexpected theme change in the interview with Lowe, saying: \"Yeah I don't typically write love songs. I started writing when I was about 13 years old and it was a source of an escape from school from depression from feeling lost and it was never a romance. So for me this is some of the first times that I've really explored diving into my mind and musicality and sonicality of romance.\" He regarded it as \"something everybody can relate to\", which is the \"feeling like you are going to fail sometimes in a relationship and the true value of a relationship is what happens then\".[5]", "List of Panic! at the Disco band members Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 and featuring the current lineup of lead vocalist Brendon Urie, accompanied on tour by lead guitarist Kenneth Harris, drummer Dan Pawlovich and bassist Nicole Row. The group was originally formed by former members Spencer Smith, Jonathan Walker, and Ryan Ross. The band has gone through multiple line-up changes in their career spanning five albums. There have been six official members of Panic! at the Disco, ten touring members and twenty-six session members.[1][2][3]", "Born to Be Yours \"Born to Be Yours\" is a song written and performed by Norwegian music producer Kygo and American band Imagine Dragons. Produced by Kygo, it was released by Sony and Ultra Music on 15 June 2018. Apart from being a single, this song will be included in the physical deluxe version of the fourth studio album from Imagine Dragons, titled Origins.", "On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song) The song peaked at 79 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and 10 on the Hot Rock Songs charts. It has also charted in the top ten in Australia (No. 10), Austria (No. 6), Netherlands (No. 10), New Zealand (No. 10), Poland (No. 7), and Portugal (No. 1). Despite having not yet been released to mainstream radio, it has received airplay on contemporary hit stations, such as 97.1 ZHT in Salt Lake City.", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) The band first began teasing their third album on September 13, 2016, with a picture of guitarist Wayne Sermon in the band's recording studio and continued releasing cryptic messages over the next four months. On January 24, 2017, the band tweeted \"goodnight +\",[3] effectively ending the Smoke + Mirrors album cycle.", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) The album peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200, and received mixed reviews from critics. The album was promoted by four singles: \"Believer\", \"Thunder\", \"Whatever It Takes\" and \"Next to Me\", as well as a world tour produced by Live Nation and supported with Grouplove and K.Flay that started in September 2017.", "X Ambassadors X Ambassadors released their debut major label EP, Love Songs Drug Songs in 2013. The EP included the track \"Stranger\" co-written by Dan Reynolds.[5] In promotion of the EP they toured supporting Imagine Dragons, Jimmy Eat World and The Mowglis. In 2014, the band released a second major label EP, The Reason. In promotion of the new EP, X Ambassadors supported Panic! at the Disco and Imagine Dragons on their respective tours. They also featured in The Knocks' single \"Comfortable\" from their second EP with the same name.", "X Ambassadors X Ambassadors began as a band titled simply Ambassadors, touring with artists such as LIGHTS. During this time, they self-released their debut EP, Ambassadors EP, creating a music video for its lead single, \"Tropisms\". Shortly after, the band self-released its debut LP, Litost, which included the song \"Litost\", which would later be used on the soundtrack for The Host. The band signed a music publishing deal in 2012 with SONGS Music Publishing.[1] The band started a Kickstarter account to shoot a video for the lead single, \"Unconsolable,\" which would be re-recorded later.[2] The group was noticed by Imagine Dragons while frontman Dan Reynolds was sick in the hospital in Norfolk, Virginia. Reynolds heard an acoustic version of \"Unconsolable\" on 96X WROX-FM and asked Interscope to sign the band as soon as possible.[3][4]", "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles) In 2014, Imagine Dragons performed a live cover of the song at the T in the Park music festival in Scotland. A YouTube video of the performance has more than 3.8 million views as of June 2017.[34]", "Walk the Moon Walk the Moon is an American rock band based in Cincinnati, Ohio.[5] Lead singer Nicholas Petricca started the band in 2006, while a student at Kenyon College, deriving the band's name from the song \"Walking on the Moon\" by The Police.[6] The group independently released their debut studio album, I want! I want!, in November 2010, receiving airplay for the track \"Anna Sun\" on multiple alternative radio stations.[7] Along with the success of \"Anna Sun\", Alt Nation named them a band you need to know for the summer of 2012. Influential music blog Neon Gold helped to break the band in January 2011, calling \"Anna Sun\", \"the kind of stuff British A&R dreams, and major label bidding wars, are made of.\"[8]", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) In the months leading up to the album's release, Imagine Dragons used the caption \"ÆŽE\" in multiple social media posts. The group announced the title of their third album on May 8, and started the album pre-order along with the release of \"Whatever It Takes\" at 9 PM PT.", "Cage the Elephant Cage the Elephant is an American rock band from Bowling Green, Kentucky, that formed in 2006 and relocated to London, England in 2008 before their first album was released. The band currently consists of lead vocalist Matt Shultz, rhythm guitarist Brad Shultz, lead guitarist Nick Bockrath, guitarist and keyboardist Matthan Minster, bassist Daniel Tichenor, and drummer Jared Champion.[1] Lincoln Parish served as the band's lead guitarist from their formation in 2006 until December 2013, when he left on good terms to pursue a career in producing. The band's first album, Cage the Elephant, was released in 2008 to much success, spawning several successful radio singles and gained the band a large following in both the United States and the United Kingdom.", "In Love and Death A DVD/CD package, Maybe Memories, followed as a stop-gap release to tide the group's fans over until their next album.[4] The band subsequently spent a few months in Orem, Utah writing material for the next album. McCracken said the group \"figured it would be best to be in an environment we were really used to\".[5] In January 2004, MTV reported that the group would begin working on their second album within the next month.[6] In February, it was reported that it would be released in June or July.[5]", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album) Starting on January 28, 2017, the band tweeted a series of four videos to tease the album's first single. The time-lapse videos featured lead singer Dan Reynolds drawing surreal images on a drawing pad. Morse code was hidden in the videos and translated to \"objects of same color\". On February 1, 2017, \"Believer\" was released as the lead single. To promote the single, it was used in a Super Bowl LI commercial for the Nintendo Switch. It was also used in the trailer for the 2017 film Murder on the Orient Express. The song has since peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100.[8] Its music video starring Reynolds and actor Dolph Lundgren was released on March 7, 2017.[9]", "alt-J alt-J (âˆ†) were formed when Gwil Sainsbury (guitar/bass), Joe Newman (guitar/lead vocals), Gus Unger-Hamilton (keyboards/vocals) and Thom Sonny Green (drums) met at Leeds University in 2007.[11] Unger-Hamilton (younger brother of Ferdy, head of A&R for Polydor Records) studied English, the other three Fine Art. According to Newman \"I basically went to art school to start a band.\"[12]" ]	[ "Imagine Dragons Imagine Dragons is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds, lead guitarist Wayne Sermon, bassist and keyboardist Ben McKee, and drummer Daniel Platzman.[1] The band first gained exposure with the release of single \"It's Time\", followed by their award-winning debut studio album Night Visions (2012), which resulted in the chart topping singles \"Radioactive\" and \"Demons\". Billboard placed them at the top of their \"Year In Rock\" rankings for 2013[2] and 2017[3] and named them their \"Breakthrough Band of 2013\". and \"Biggest Band of 2017.\"[4] Rolling Stone named their single \"Radioactive\", which holds the record for most weeks on the Hot 100, from Night Visions the \"biggest rock hit of the year\",[1][5][6] and MTV called them \"the year's biggest breakout band\".[7] The band's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors (2015) reached number one in the US, Canada and the UK.[8][9] After a brief hiatus, the band released their third studio album, Evolve (2017) which resulted in the chart-topping singles, \"Believer\" and \"Thunder\". While all three albums were commercially successful, critical reception was mixed.[10]" ]
test3066	who said i'll gladly pay you tuesday	[ "doc104923" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc104923", "doc104924", "doc438273", "doc171231", "doc2518873", "doc2399547", "doc171235", "doc171228", "doc223805", "doc336150", "doc516018", "doc1272233", "doc1283380", "doc171226", "doc1132151", "doc1009542", "doc171233", "doc1272230", "doc561545", "doc755066", "doc171227", "doc1780099", "doc2327081", "doc1598505", "doc171234", "doc1009543", "doc1668973", "doc1056464", "doc2173649", "doc1545136", "doc561542", "doc171237", "doc1116059", "doc1009540", "doc2277774", "doc494146", "doc1228949", "doc990954", "doc1341485", "doc1009545", "doc516020", "doc1354561", "doc1341478", "doc672774", "doc2283362", "doc388370", "doc66738", "doc516022", "doc104919", "doc2209860", "doc1529523", "doc929549", "doc1009548", "doc561543", "doc1341482", "doc29001", "doc1614337", "doc1468227", "doc976549", "doc104921", "doc1341474", "doc1354558", "doc976006", "doc1272231", "doc1668974", "doc171232", "doc2483562", "doc1160419", "doc766982", "doc1341476", "doc1020257", "doc1347702", "doc1780097", "doc527655", "doc2274906", "doc891358", "doc1468230", "doc2518871", "doc2266608", "doc2218274", "doc1468225", "doc2376580", "doc2564116", "doc2293928", "doc494145", "doc1020266", "doc516025", "doc1161616", "doc1513723", "doc171239", "doc29002", "doc406437", "doc1884296", "doc635210", "doc516023", "doc1132154", "doc28997", "doc1137280", "doc741489", "doc1513711" ]	[ "J. Wellington Wimpy Hamburgers are Wimpy's all-time favorite food, and he is usually seen carrying or eating one or more at a time – e.g., in Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor he is seen grinding meat or eating burgers almost the entire time – however, he is usually too cheap to pay for them himself. A recurring joke involves Wimpy's attempts to con other patrons of the diner into buying his meal for him. His best-known catchphrase started in 1931 as, \"Cook me up a hamburger. I'll pay you Thursday.\" In 1932, this then became the famous, \"I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.\"[5] The phrase was also slightly altered in the episode \"Spree Lunch\" to \"I'll have a hamburger, for which I will gladly pay you Tuesday.\" This phrase is now commonly used to illustrate financial irresponsibility[6][7][8] and still appears in modern comedies such as The Drew Carey Show and The Office. The initial part of the phrase was even the title of Episode 6 of the fourth season of Cheers \"I'll Gladly Pay You Tuesday.\"", "J. Wellington Wimpy In Robert Altman's 1980 live-action musical film Popeye, where Wimpy was played by veteran character actor Paul Dooley, one of Harry Nilsson's original songs, \"Everything Is Food,\" featured Dooley singing the catch-phrase, as he took a hamburger, as \"I would gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.\" The response from the chorus, as they reclaimed the same hamburger from him, uneaten, was \"He would gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.\" Later in the film, a sign in a restaurant reads \"Positively NO CREDIT. This means YOU, Wimpy.\"[citation needed]", "See a man about a dog The earliest confirmed publication is the 1866 Dion Boucicault play Flying Scud[2] in which a character knowingly breezes past a difficult situation saying, \"Excuse me Mr. Quail, I can't stop; I've got to see a man about a dog.\"[3][4] In a listing for a 1939 revival on the NBC Radio program America's Lost Plays, Time magazine observed that the phrase was the play's \"claim to fame\".[5]", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch According to Robert Caro, Fiorello La Guardia, on becoming mayor of New York in 1933, said \"Ãˆ finita la cuccagna!\", meaning \"Cockaigne is finished\" or, more loosely, \"No more free lunch\"; in this context \"free lunch\" refers to graft and corruption.[1] The earliest known occurrence of the full phrase (except for the \"a\"), in the form \"There ain't no such thing as free lunch\", appears as the punchline of a joke related in an article in the El Paso Herald-Post of June 27, 1938 (and other Scripps-Howard newspapers about the same time), entitled \"Economics in Eight Words\".[9][10]", "Law of holes It has been quoted by American humorist Will Rogers.[5]", "No soap radio The phrase \"no soap\" possibly originated around 1860 when it was first recorded, meaning \"I haven't any money\" or \"I will not lend you money\". Its contemporary connotation is \"not a chance\" or \"nothing doing\".[3] However, the phrase itself was being employed in an absurd and humorous context as early as the 1750s, when it appeared in a well-known piece of literary nonsense by English dramatist and actor Samuel Foote in order to test the memory of a rival: \"So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage-leaf to make an apple-pie; and at the same time a great she-bear, coming up the street, pops its head into the shop. 'What! No soap?' So he died, and she very imprudently married the barber.\"[4]", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch In 1950, a New York Times columnist ascribed the phrase to economist (and army general) Leonard P. Ayres of the Cleveland Trust Company: \"It seems that shortly before the General's death [in 1946]... a group of reporters approached the general with the request that perhaps he might give them one of several immutable economic truisms that he had gathered from his long years of economic study... 'It is an immutable economic fact,' said the general, 'that there is no such thing as a free lunch.'\"[14]", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch The \"free lunch\" refers to the once-common tradition of saloons in the United States providing a \"free\" lunch to patrons who had purchased at least one drink. Many foods on offer were high in salt (e.g., ham, cheese, and salted crackers), so those who ate them ended up buying a lot of beer. Rudyard Kipling, writing in 1891, noted how he", "Danegeld It is wrong to put temptation in the path of any nation,\n For fear they should succumb and go astray;\nSo when you are requested to pay up or be molested,\n You will find it better policy to say: –\n\n\"We never pay any-one Dane-geld,\n No matter how trifling the cost;\nFor the end of that game is oppression and shame,\n And the nation that plays it is lost!\"", "Ogden Nash Nash's poetry was often a playful twist of an old saying or poem. For one example, he expressed this playfulness in what is perhaps his most famous rhyme, a twist on Joyce Kilmer's poem \"Trees\" (1913): \"I think that I shall never see / a poem lovely as a tree,\" which drops \"billboard\" in place of poem and adds, \"Indeed, unless the billboards fall / I'll never see a tree at all.\"[14] That same playfulness produced a number of often quoted quips, including \"Progress might have been all right once, but it has gone on too long\" and \"People who work sitting down get paid more than people who work standing up.\"", "Curiosity killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back On 10 August 1905, the The Galveston Daily News newspaper (page 6) printed the following quotation without the word satisfaction:[1]", "Go ahead, make my day When speaking out against taxes at the 1985 American Business Conference, President Ronald Reagan, himself a former actor, stated \"I have my veto pen drawn and ready for any tax increase that Congress might even think of sending up. And I have only one thing to say to the tax increasers. Go aheadâ€”make my day.\"[2] Pierce reacted to this saying that his proudest moment was telling his father, \"Tonight the President Ronald Reagan of the United States just quoted you.\"[citation needed]", "The Ant and the Grasshopper Oh I owe the world a living....\nYou ants were right the time you said\nYou've got to work for all you get.[63]", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch \"There ain't no such thing as a free lunch\" (alternatively, \"There is no such thing as a free lunch\" or other variants) is a popular adage communicating the idea that it is impossible to get something for nothing. The acronyms TANSTAAFL, TINSTAAFL, and TNSTAAFL, are also used. Uses of the phrase dating back to the 1930s and 1940s have been found, but the phrase's first appearance is unknown.[1] The \"free lunch\" in the saying refers to the nineteenth-century practice in American bars of offering a \"free lunch\" in order to entice drinking customers.", "Finley Peter Dunne He coined numerous political quips over the years; one of the best-known aphorisms he originated is \"politics ain't beanbag\", referring to the rough side of political campaigns.[31]", "There's a sucker born every minute Some sources claim the quote is most likely from famous con-man Joseph (\"Paper Collar Joe\") Bessimer,[2] and other sources say it was actually uttered by David Hannum, spoken in reference to Barnum's part in the Cardiff Giant hoax.[citation needed] Hannum, who was exhibiting the \"original\" giant and had unsuccessfully sued Barnum for exhibiting a copy and claiming it was the original, was referring to the crowds continuing to pay to see Barnum's exhibit even after both it and the original had been proven to be fakes.", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch In 1949, the phrase appeared in an article by Walter Morrow in the San Francisco News (published on 1 June) and in Pierre Dos Utt's monograph TANSTAAFL: A Plan for a New Economic World Order,[12] which describes an oligarchic political system based on his conclusions from \"no free lunch\" principles.", "Go ahead, make my day \"Go ahead, make my day\" is a catchphrase written by Charles B. Pierce and spoken by the character Harry Callahan from the 1983 film Sudden Impact. In 2005, it was chosen as No. 6 on the American Film Institute list, AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes.[1]", "Said the actress to the bishop By 1973, \"that's what she said\" had already been characterized as an \"ancient one-liner\"[6] in the United States. In the early 1990s, it was popularized as a recurring joke in the Saturday Night Live sketch \"Wayne's World\". In the movie of the same name, the character, Wayne Campbell, uses the phrase after his partner Garth says, \"Hey, are you through yet? 'Cause I'm getting tired of holding this\", in regard to a picture he is holding.[2] An 1896 recording by Len Spencer of the song \"All Coons Look Alike to Me\" includes the suggestive line[original research?] \"That's what she said, yeah.\"[7]", "Monkey's uncle The term monkey's uncle, most notably seen in the idiom \"(well) I'll be a monkey's uncle\", is used to express complete surprise, amazement or disbelief.[1] It can also be used to acknowledge the impossibility of a situation, in the same way that \"pigs might fly\" is used. An example is if one says: \"I may agree that if two plus two equals five, then I am a monkey's uncle\". \"I'll be a monkey's uncle\" has been said to date from after 1925, the date of the widely publicized Scopes Trial in the United States, where the term first appears.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest example is the phrase If that's a joke I'm a monkey's uncle, from an Ohio newspaper on 8 February 1925.[3] It was originally a sarcastic remark made by creationists.[4] The notion \"that [people] were descended from apes was considered blasphemous...by Darwin's contemporaries\", and it was for this reason that the sarcastic phrase came into use.[5]", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch The phrase and the acronym are central to Robert Heinlein's 1966 science-fiction novel The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, which helped popularize it.[2][3] The free-market economist Milton Friedman also popularized the phrase[1] by using it as the title of a 1975 book,[4] and it is used in economics literature to describe opportunity cost.[5] Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is \"at the core of economics\".[6]", "Richard III (play) This quote is found in many translations of Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters. Vershinin, a cultured and philosophical character, makes reference to this famous quote when he says \"Half my kingdom for a glass of tea!\".", "A Night at the Opera (film) Fiorello: Hey, wait, wait. What does this say here, this thing here?\nDriftwood: Oh, that? Oh, that's the usual clause that's in every contract. That just says, uh, it says, uh, if any of the parties participating in this contract are shown not to be in their right mind, the entire agreement is automatically nullified.\nFiorello: Well, I don't know...\nDriftwood: It's all right. That's, that's in every contract. That's, that's what they call a sanity clause.\nFiorello: Ha-ha-ha-ha-ha! You can't fool me. There ain't no Sanity Clause!", "Hanns Johst The famous line is frequently misattributed, sometimes to Hermann Göring and sometimes to Heinrich Himmler. In December 2007, historian David Starkey misattributed it to Joseph Goebbels in comments criticizing Queen Elizabeth II for being \"poorly educated and philistine\".[1] It has also been adapted by, for example Stephen Hawking as \"When I hear of Schrödinger's cat, I reach for my pistol\" and by filmmaker Jean-Luc Godard in his 1963 film Le Mépris, when a producer says to Fritz Lang: \"Whenever I hear the word culture, I bring out my checkbook.\" Lang evokes the original line when he answers \"Some years ago—some horrible years ago—the Nazis used to take out a pistol instead of a checkbook.\" Songwriter Clint Conley of Mission of Burma titled a song he wrote in 1981 \"That's When I Reach for My Revolver\".[citation needed]", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch The 1938 and 1949 sources use the phrase in relating a fable about a king (Nebuchadnezzar in Dos Utt's retelling) seeking advice from his economic advisors. Morrow's retelling, which claims to derive from an earlier editorial reported to be non-existent,[13] but closely follows the story as related in the earlier article in the El Paso Herald-Post, differs from Dos Utt's in that the ruler asks for ever-simplified advice following their original \"eighty-seven volumes of six hundred pages\" as opposed to a simple failure to agree on \"any major remedy\". The last surviving economist advises that \"There ain't no such thing as free lunch.\"", "There's a sucker born every minute Another source credits late 1860s Chicago \"bounty broker, saloon and gambling-house keeper, eminent politician, and dispenser of cheating privileges...\" Michael Cassius McDonald as the originator of the aphorism. According to the book Gem of the Prairie: Chicago Underworld (1940) by Herbert Asbury, when McDonald was equipping his gambling house known as The Store (at Clark and Monroe Streets in Chicago) his partner Harry Lawrence expressed concern over the large number of roulette wheels and faro tables being installed and their ability to get enough players to play the games. McDonald then allegedly said, \"Don't worry about that, there's a sucker born every minute.\"[pageÂ needed]", "Juno and the Paycock \"Never tired o' lookin' for a rest\" â€“ Juno Boyle, Act I", "Laurel and Hardy The catchphrase most used by Laurel and Hardy on film is: \"Well, here's another nice mess you've gotten me into!\"[36] The phrase was earlier used by W. S. Gilbert in both The Mikado from 1885 and The Grand Duke from 1896. It was first used by Hardy in The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case in 1930. In popular culture the catchphrase is often misquoted as \"Well, here's another fine mess you've gotten me into.\" The misquoted version of the phrase was never used by Hardy and the misunderstanding stems from the title of their film Another Fine Mess.[41] Numerous variations of the quote appeared on film. For example, in Chickens Come Home Ollie says impatiently to Stan \"Well....\" with Stan replying, \"Here's another nice mess I've gotten you into.\" The films Thicker than Water and The Fixer-Uppers use the phrase \"Well, here's another nice kettle of fish you pickled me in!\" In Saps at Sea the phrase becomes \"Well, here's another nice bucket of suds you've gotten me into!\"", "Justice delayed is justice denied There are conflicting accounts of who first noted the phrase. According to Respectfully Quoted: A Dictionary of Quotations, it is attributable to William Ewart Gladstone, but such attribution was not verifiable.[1] Alternatively, it may be attributed to William Penn in the form \"to delay Justice is Injustice\".[2]", "Trickle-down economics This election was lost four and six years ago, not this year. They [Republicans] didn’t start thinking of the old common fellow till just as they started out on the election tour. The money was all appropriated for the top in the hopes that it would trickle down to the needy. Mr. Hoover was an engineer. He knew that water trickles down. Put it uphill and let it go and it will reach the driest little spot. But he didn’t know that money trickled up. Give it to the people at the bottom and the people at the top will have it before night, anyhow. But it will at least have passed through the poor fellows hands. They saved the big banks, but the little ones went up the flue.", "Said the actress to the bishop The phrase is frequently used by the fictional character Simon Templar (alias \"The Saint\") in a long-running series of mystery books by Leslie Charteris. The phrase first appears in the inaugural Saint novel Meet the Tiger, published in 1928.[1]", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch In 1966, author Robert A. Heinlein published his seminal work The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, in which TANSTaaFL was a central, libertarian theme, mentioned by name and explained. This brought its use and the idea into mainstream popularity.[2][3]", "Banana Now I don't think much of the man that throws a banana peelin' on the sidewalk, and I don't think much of the banana peel that throws a man on the sidewalk neither ... my foot hit the bananer peelin' and I went up in the air, and I come down ker-plunk, jist as I was pickin' myself up a little boy come runnin' across the street ... he says, \"Oh mister, won't you please do that agin? My little brother didn't see you do it.\"", "There's a sucker born every minute \"There's a sucker born every minute\" is a phrase closely associated with P. T. Barnum, an American showman of the mid-19th century, although there is no evidence that he said it. Early examples of its use are found instead among gamblers and confidence men.", "Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Entertainment/2012 July 7 Thanks all. The earliest mention seems to be 1929 at this stage (Churchill, per Melburnian). But there's no suggestion it was written for that occasion, so presumably it was already well known by then. I'll keep looking. -- ♬ Jack of Oz ♬ [your turn] 12:28, 8 July 2012 (UTC)", "When life gives you lemons, make lemonade \"He was a walking refutation of that dogmatic statement, Mens sana in corpore sano. His was a sound mind in an unsound body. He proved the eternal paradox of things. He cashed in on his disabilities. He picked up the lemons that Fate had sent him and started a lemonade-stand.\"[2]", "Rabbit's foot Humorist R. E. Shay is credited with the witticism, \"Depend on the rabbit's foot if you will, but remember it didn't work for the rabbit.\"[5]", "Nothing to fear but fear itself Also said by Barney in the episode of the Andy Griffith show entitled \"The Haunted House\"", "Betty Botter So Betty Botter bought a better bit of butter", "There's a sucker born every minute The phrase appears in print in the 1885 biography of confidence man Hungry Joe, The Life of Hungry Joe, King of the Bunco Men.[4][5]", "Curiosity killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back On 23 December 1912, the earliest known printed reference to this variation of the proverb is found in The Titusville Herald newspaper (page 6):[2]", "To rob Peter to pay Paul \"Robbing selected Peter to pay for collective Paul\" is Rudyard Kipling's adaptation of the phrase, used to criticize the concepts of income redistribution and collectivism.[12] Kipling included the expression in his \"Gods of the Copybook Headings\", and proposed that it should be featured in \"catechisms\" of the Conservative Campaign Headquarters. The lesson of the phrase in his version, and of the poem in general, was that \"only out of the savings of the thrifty can be made the wage-fund to set other men on the way to be prosperous.\"[13]", "Betty Botter Then she bought a bit oâ€™ butter", "Popeye In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named \"Swee'Pea.\" Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy, a hamburger-loving moocher who would \"gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today\" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly; Vickers Wellington bombers were nicknamed \"Wimpys\" after the character); George W. Geezil, a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep, a yellow, vaguely dog-like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag, a terrible pirate, as well as the last witch on earth (her even more terrible sister excepted); Alice the Goon, a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchwoman and continued as Swee'Pea's babysitter; and Toar, a caveman.", "Tongue-in-cheek It's not clear how Scott intended readers to understand the phrase.[1] The more modern ironic sense appears in the 1842 poem \"The Ingoldsby Legends\" by the English clergyman Richard Barham, in which a Frenchman inspects a watch and cries:", "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy While the proverb is used in several examples of popular media, from James Joyce's short story \"Araby\" to Jack Kerouac's Big Sur to the 1957 movie The Bridge on the River Kwai, the most famous use appears in the 1980 horror movie The Shining,[2] directed by Stanley Kubrick, in which the main character, Jack (played by Jack Nicholson), is found to have abandoned the play he was writing in favor of typing this sentence over and over onto reams of paper. Kubrick's addition of a psychotic edge to the proverb has had some effect on popular culture, inspiring several other works to include a direct homage to the scene.[3]", "Who's on First? Costello: Then who gets it?\nAbbott: Naturally.\nCostello: Naturally.\nAbbott: Now you've got it.\nCostello: I throw the ball to Naturally.\nAbbott: You don't! You throw it to Who!\nCostello: Naturally.\nAbbott: Well, that's itâ€”say it that way.\nCostello: That's what I said.\nAbbott: You did not.\nCostello: I said I throw the ball to Naturally.\nAbbott: You don't! You throw it to Who!", "Curiosity killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back By 15 May 1924, the proverb appears to have been well known, as this quote from The Jewell Record newspaper (page 3) indicates:[3]", "J. Wellington Wimpy J. Wellington Wimpy, generally referred to as Wimpy,[1] is one of the characters in the long-running comic strip Popeye, created by E. C. Segar in 1934 and originally called Thimble Theatre, and in the Popeye cartoons based upon the strip. Wimpy was one of the dominant characters in the newspaper strip, but when Popeye was adapted as an animated cartoon series by Fleischer Studios, Wimpy became a minor character; Dave Fleischer said that the character in the Segar strip was \"too intellectual\" to be used in film cartoons. Wimpy did appear in Robert Altman's 1980 live-action musical film Popeye, played by veteran character actor Paul Dooley.", "Dead Parrot sketch In Mark Twain's humorous short story \"A Nevada Funeral\", two characters use a series of euphemisms for death including 'kicked the bucket' and 'departed to that mysterious country from whose bourne no traveller returns'.[10]", "That's all there is, there isn't any more According to entertainment columnist Sidney Skolsky in March 1931, the line comes from a play Barrymore starred in, Thomas Raceward's Sunday, which opened at New York's Hudson Theatre on November 15, 1904. Barrymore portrayed an eastern girl on a western ranch. During one scene, she read a letter from home, and her line upon finishing a reading of the letter was \"That's all there isâ€”there isn't any more.\"[2] Barrymore would use the line after the play to quiet the thunderous applause beckoning her to do a curtain call. The phrase, which typified Ethel's blunt humor and distaste for attention, became a part of the national language. Ethel herself would parody it in a 1949 Christmas broadcast on Bing Crosby's radio show, though she couldn't finish the line reading without erupting into laughter.[3] Ethel Barrymore's last words were reportedly \"Is everybody happy? I know I'm happy. That's all there is, there isn't any more.\"[4]", "The rich get richer and the poor get poorer The phrase was popularized in 1921 in the wildly successful song \"Ain't We Got Fun?\", and the phrase is sometimes attributed to the song's lyricists, Gus Kahn and Raymond B. Egan.[6][7]\nThe line is sometimes mistakenly attributed to F. Scott Fitzgerald. It appears in The Great Gatsby, as", "There's a sucker born every minute In the 1930 John Dos Passos novel The 42nd Parallel, the quotation is attributed to Mark Twain.", "Said the actress to the bishop The version \"as the girl said to the soldier\" appears in a recorded sound test for Alfred Hitchcock's 1929 film Blackmail.[5]", "Betty Botter Bought a bit oâ€™ better butter.", "He who does not work, neither shall he eat In the spring of 1609, John Smith cited the aphorism to the colonists of Jamestown:", "Love means never having to say you're sorry IN THE 1972 movie What's Up Doc Barbara Stresisand charecter says it to Ryan O'Neal charecter who responds \"That's the Dumbest Thing I ever Heard\"", "Stinking badges The original version of the line appeared in B. Traven's novel The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1927):", "Thomas Hood \"Work! work! work! While the cock is crowing aloof! And work—work—work, Till the stars shine through the roof! It's Oh! to be a slave Along with the barbarous Turk, Where woman has never a soul to save, If this is Christian work!\"", "J. Wellington Wimpy Additional sources suggest that Segar composed the character's name from the names of two other acquaintances. According to fellow cartoonist Bill Mauldin, the name was suggested by that of Wellington J. Reynolds, one of Segar's instructors at the Chicago Art Institute.[3] In a brief 1935 interview in The Daily Oklahoman, H. Hillard Wimpee of Atlanta indicated that he was connected to the character, having worked with Segar at the Chicago Herald-Examiner in 1917. It became a custom in the office that whoever accepted an invitation for a hamburger would pay the bill. According to Wimpee, after seeing the character in the newspaper, he wrote Segar in 1922 about Wimpy, \"afraid of being connected with what [Segar] was doing with [the character].\" He said Segar replied, \"'You haven't seen anything yet.'\"[4]", "Betty Botter If I put it in my batter", "To rob Peter to pay Paul \"To rob Peter to pay Paul\",[1] or other versions that have developed over the centuries such as \"to borrow from Peter to pay Paul\", and \"to unclothe Peter to clothe Paul\",[2][3] are phrases meaning to take from one person or thing to give to another, especially when it results in the elimination of one debt by incurring another.[4] There are many other variants and similar phrases in numerous languages.[5] \"Maneuvering the Apostles\", which has the same meaning, was derived from this expression.[6][7] In patchwork, \"Rob Peter to pay Paul\" is an alternative name for the Drunkard's Path patchwork block.[8]", "Willie Sutton The irony of using a bank robber's maxim as an instrument for teaching medicine is compounded, I will now confess, by the fact that I never said it. The credit belongs to some enterprising reporter who apparently felt a need to fill out his copy. I can't even remember where I first read it. It just seemed to appear one day, and then it was everywhere.", "Go ahead, make my day The phrase \"go ahead, make my day\" was written by Charles B. Pierce, an independent filmmaker who is credited with \"story by\" in the film Sudden Impact. The actual origins of the phrase came from Pierce's father Mack, who used to tell him as a child, \"Just let me come home one more day, without you mowing that lawn, son just go ahead.....make my day\".[citation needed]", "Juno and the Paycock \"it's nearly time we had a little less respect for the dead, an' a little more regard for the living.\" â€“ Juno Boyle, Act II", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch In 1945, \"There ain't no such thing as a free lunch\" appeared in the Columbia Law Review, and \"there is no free lunch\" appeared in a 1942 article in the Oelwein Daily Register (in a quote attributed to economist Harley L. Lutz) and in a 1947 column by economist Merryle S. Rukeyser.[2][11]", "Talk:Robin Hood: Men in Tights Actually, the line in Spaceballs is \"Check, please!\" -67.163.95.236 20:42, 5 December 2006 (UTC)", "Fee-fi-fo-fum Fee-fi-fo-fum,\nI smell the blood of an Englishman,\nBe he alive, or be he dead\nI'll grind his bones to make my bread.[1]", "Anyone for tennis? The phrase Anyone for tennis? is thought to have originated from George Bernard Shaw's 1914 play Misalliance, in which Johnny Tarleton asks \"Anybody on for a game of tennis?\"[1] This phrase is often used to typify a particular genre of drawing room comedy about the leisured upper class.[citation needed]", "Betty Botter But a bit oâ€™ better butter", "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears \"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears\" is the first line of a speech by Mark Antony in the play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare. Occurring in Act III, scene II, it is one of the most famous lines in all of Shakespeare's works.[1]", "Great Green Gobs of Greasy, Grimy Gopher Guts That's what we had for lunch.", "Richard III (play) In the 1949 Looney Tunes cartoon A Ham in a Role, the dog actor says the Catesby and Richard III's lines, \"Rescue, fair lord, or else the day is lost! A horse, A horse, My kingdom for a horse!\" before being kicked out of the window by a Goofy Gophers-hauled horse.", "John Bradford Why does fate play such tricks with poor, helpless worms? I never hear of such a case as this that I do not think of Baxter's words, and say, \"There, but for the grace of God, goes Sherlock Holmes.\"", "I'll Make a Man of You On Sunday I walk out with a Soldier\nMonday I'm taken by a Tar\nTuesday I'm out with a baby Boy Scout\nOn Wednesday a Hussar\nOn Thursday I gang out wi' a Scottie\nOn Friday the Captain of the crew\nBut on Saturday I'm willing if you'll only take the shilling\nTo make a man of any one of you", "History of the hamburger The hamburger was very popular among Americans during the postwar period following World War I,[56] even in popular culture. An example of this was the prominent appearance of hamburgers in E. C. Segar's Thimble Theatre comic strip, which prominently featured a cartoon character named Popeye the Sailor who ate spinach to sustain his superhuman strength. Popeye's first appearance was as a supporting character on January 17, 1929 alongside many other characters. One of these characters was J. Wellington Wimpy (often shortened to just \"Wimpy\"), a lover of hamburgers who was both polite and gluttonous. His signature phrase, \"I will gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today\", became popular and widely known. During the height of his popularity in the 1930s, Wimpy introduced the hamburger to the youth of the time as a healthy food. It also resulted in the creation of a chain of fast food restaurants called Wimpy's in his honor, which sold hamburgers for ten cents.[50] In a similar fashion, the fictional character Jughead Jones, who first appeared in Archie Comics in 1941, was passionate about food generally, and hamburgers specifically.", "Stinking badges The line was popularized by John Huston's 1948 film adaptation of the novel, which was altered from its content in the novel to meet the Motion Picture Production Code regulations severely limiting profanity in film.[3] In one scene, a Mexican bandit leader named \"Gold Hat\"[4] (portrayed by Alfonso Bedoya) tries to convince Fred C. Dobbs (Humphrey Bogart)[5] that he and his company are Federales:", "Law of holes The adage has been attributed to a number of sources. It appeared in print on page six of The Washington Post dated October 25, 1911, in the form: \"Nor would a wise man, seeing that he was in a hole, go to work and blindly dig it deeper...\"[3] In The Bankers Magazine, it was published in 1964 as: \"Let me tell you about the law of holes: If you find yourself in a hole, stop digging.\"[4]", "The Seeds of Doom Scorby quotes Voltaire's line \"when it is a question of money, everybody is of the same religion\", but the Doctor seems to attribute it to Franklin Pierce Adams.[1]", "Albert B. Fall Sir, if you have a milkshake and I have a milkshake and my straw reaches across the room, I'll end up drinking your milkshake.[9]", "Stinking badges \"Badges? We don't need no stinkin' badges!\" is a widely quoted paraphrase of a line of dialogue from the 1948 film The Treasure of the Sierra Madre.[1] That line was in turn derived from dialogue in the 1927 novel, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, which was the basis for the film.", "Will Rogers Rogers's vaudeville rope act led to success in the Ziegfeld Follies, which in turn led to the first of his many movie contracts. His 1920s syndicated newspaper column and his radio appearances increased his visibility and popularity. Rogers crusaded for aviation expansion and provided Americans with first-hand accounts of his world travels. His earthy anecdotes and folksy style allowed him to poke fun at gangsters, Prohibition, politicians, government programs, and a host of other controversial topics in a way that was appreciated by a national audience, with no one offended.[5] His aphorisms, couched in humorous terms, were widely quoted: \"I am not a member of an organized political party. I am a Democrat.\"", "John D. Rockefeller I was early taught to work as well as play,\nMy life has been one long, happy holiday;\nFull of work and full of play—\nI dropped the worry on the way—\nAnd God was good to me everyday.", "Charles Dudley Warner This was quoted by Mark Twain in a lecture, and is still commonly misattributed to Twain.[5]", "When life gives you lemons, make lemonade The phrase was initially coined by Christian anarchist writer Elbert Hubbard in a 1915 obituary he penned and published for dwarf actor Marshall Pinckney Wilder.[1] The obituary, entitled The King of Jesters, praises Wilder's optimistic attitude and achievements in the face of his disabilities:", "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears In Monty Python's Life of Brian, the first line is quoted by Michael Palin as Pontius Pilate.[3] In Carry On Cleo (1964), the line is begun several times by Julius Caesar, played by actor Kenneth Williams.", "Curiosity killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back Curiosity killed the cat\nBut satisfaction brought it back\nIn terms of this cat, as a matter of fact\nI'll meet you at the old mouse hole\nI'll meet you at the old mouse hole", "Pelican A wonderful bird is the pelican,\nHis bill will hold more than his belican,\nHe can take in his beak\nFood enough for a week,\nBut I'm damned if I see how the helican.", "Henny Youngman Henny explained the origin of his classic line \"Take my wife, please\" as a misinterpretation: he took his wife to a radio show and asked a stagehand to escort his wife to a seat. But his request was taken as a joke, and Youngman used the line countless times ever after.[2]", "There ain't no such thing as a free lunch The free-market economist Milton Friedman subsequently increased the popularity of the phrase[1] by using it as the title of a 1975 book,[4] and it is used in economics literature to describe opportunity cost.[5] Campbell McConnell writes that the idea is \"at the core of economics\".[6]", "He who does not work, neither shall he eat Countrymen, the long experience of our late miseries I hope is sufficient to persuade everyone to a present correction of himself, And think not that either my pains nor the adventurers' purses will ever maintain you in idleness and sloth...", "You can't have your cake and eat it The phrase occurs with the clauses reversed in John Heywood's \"A dialogue Conteinyng the Nomber in Effect of All the Prouerbes in the Englishe Tongue\" from 1546, as \"wolde you bothe eate your cake, and have your cake?\".[9] In John Davies' \"Scourge of Folly\" of 1611, the same order is used, as \"A man cannot eat his cake and haue it stil.\"[10] In Jonathan Swift's 1738 farce \"Polite Conversation\", the character Lady Answerall says \"she cannot eat her cake and have her cake.\"[11]", "Macaronic language Lord Chancellor: Recollect yourself, I pray, / And be careful what you say- / As the ancient Romans said, festina lente...\nLord Tolloller: I have often had a use / For a thorough-bred excuse / Of a sudden (which is English for repente)...", "Charles Caleb Colton One of Colton's most famous quotes: \"Imitation is the sincerest [form] of flattery\".[1]", "Curiosity killed the cat, but satisfaction brought it back Come May 19th and 21st and see this puzzle completed. As the saying goes \"Curiosity killed a cat, satisfaction brought it back.\"", "Finley Peter Dunne According to an article in the November 5, 2006 edition of the New York Times, he coined the truism, often wrongly attributed to Tip O'Neill, that \"all politics is local.\"", "He who does not work, neither shall he eat He who does not work, neither shall he eat is a New Testament aphorism originally by Paul the Apostle, later cited by John Smith in Jamestown, Virginia, and by Lenin during the Russian Revolution.", "Jimmy Durante Durante contributed numerous catch-phrases to popular vernacular: \"Dat's my boy dat said dat!\"; \"Dat's moral turpentine!\"; \"It's a catastastroke!\" (for \"catastrophe\"); \"Everybody wants ta get inta the act!\"; \"Umbriago!\"; \"Ha-cha-cha-chaaaaaaa!\"; \"I got a million of 'em\"; \"Surrounded by assassins!\"; \"Am I mortified!\"[citation needed]", "I Used to Work in Chicago I used to work in Wisconsin\nBehind the smorgasbord\nIn the cafeteria.\nA lady came in the door.\nShe said she wanted a boiled egg.\nI said \"What part do you like?\"\n[Germanic accent] Yolk she vanted, a yoke I told.\nI'll never work there anymore....", "Henny Youngman Like many comedians, Henny Youngman treated his profession as a working job, one where it is difficult to make a living, and getting paid for the work is all-important. In numerous interviews, Youngman's advice to other entertainers was to \"nem di gelt\" (Yiddish for \"take the money\")." ]	[ "J. Wellington Wimpy Hamburgers are Wimpy's all-time favorite food, and he is usually seen carrying or eating one or more at a time – e.g., in Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor he is seen grinding meat or eating burgers almost the entire time – however, he is usually too cheap to pay for them himself. A recurring joke involves Wimpy's attempts to con other patrons of the diner into buying his meal for him. His best-known catchphrase started in 1931 as, \"Cook me up a hamburger. I'll pay you Thursday.\" In 1932, this then became the famous, \"I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.\"[5] The phrase was also slightly altered in the episode \"Spree Lunch\" to \"I'll have a hamburger, for which I will gladly pay you Tuesday.\" This phrase is now commonly used to illustrate financial irresponsibility[6][7][8] and still appears in modern comedies such as The Drew Carey Show and The Office. The initial part of the phrase was even the title of Episode 6 of the fourth season of Cheers \"I'll Gladly Pay You Tuesday.\"" ]
test1220	where does the term jack mormon come from	[ "doc43458", "doc43460" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc43458", "doc43464", "doc43467", "doc43461", "doc43459", "doc43460", "doc43462", "doc43466", "doc43465", "doc43470", "doc43463", "doc43468", "doc1751770", "doc43469", "doc1396989", "doc43473", "doc1751768", "doc1751765", "doc1751769", "doc1396988", "doc1751766", "doc1751764", "doc1751767", "doc43472", "doc2494112", "doc1751771", "doc1396991", "doc1751772", "doc602777", "doc1751773", "doc1751776", "doc2604970", "doc1396990", "doc602745", "doc43471", "doc602746", "doc1396998", "doc2309433", "doc1396994", "doc1396996", "doc1397032", "doc1751778", "doc2365441", "doc2249657", "doc1177990", "doc403228", "doc1397027", "doc1397016", "doc1663586", "doc602814", "doc602819", "doc602754", "doc602750", "doc2249581", "doc2249665", "doc602815", "doc602776", "doc602780", "doc1397021", "doc2249668", "doc1312640", "doc602805", "doc602795", "doc1397015", "doc2378976", "doc1397017", "doc1397030", "doc760732", "doc1991684", "doc1396995", "doc2579644", "doc2497296", "doc1312639", "doc515644", "doc2249594", "doc2365443", "doc2365446", "doc602751", "doc1069625", "doc1751774", "doc1991669", "doc1396992", "doc602757", "doc1397031", "doc2348399", "doc1397028", "doc515655", "doc1312711", "doc2494078", "doc110919", "doc2579672", "doc2368369", "doc2249586", "doc1199561", "doc706344", "doc2249651", "doc602812", "doc298930", "doc1397019", "doc409419" ]	[ "Jack Mormon The term Jack Mormon is a slang term originating in nineteenth-century America. It was originally used to describe a person who was not a baptized member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints but who was friendly to Church members and Mormonism, sympathized with them, and/or took an active interest in their belief system. Sometime in the early- to mid-twentieth century, however, the term began to refer to an individual deemed by adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to be an inactive or lapsed member of the LDS Church who, despite his personal religious viewpoint, maintained good relations with and positive feelings toward the LDS Church.[1][2]", "Jack Mormon The term is now used to describe a baptized member of the LDS Church who rarely or never practices the religion, but is still friendly toward the church. Alternatively, it can be used for someone that is of Mormon descent but unbaptized or non-religious. Some Jack Mormons still support the goals and beliefs of the LDS Church, but for various reasons choose not to attend services or participate in church activities. They are also colloquially known as Cultural Mormons, the LDS equivalent of a lapsed Catholic, a \"Christmas and Easter Christian\"/ \"Sunday Christian\"(or based on an adage \"Once a Baptist, Always a Baptist\") and a \"Yom Kippur Jew\" (or sometimes \"ethnic Jew\").", "Jack Mormon The term \"Jack Mormon\" was used by author Edward Abbey in his novel The Monkey Wrench Gang to describe a character, Seldom Seen Smith, who was a Mormon and had many wives, but was not active in the LDS Church nor its belief system: \"Born by chance into membership in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons), Smith was on lifetime sabbatical from his religion. He was a jack Mormon. A jack Mormon is to a decent Mormon what a jackrabbit is to a cottontail.\"[7]", "Jack Mormon During the early 1980s, it was also used as a description of the FLDS (Fundamental Latter Day Saints) who broke from the church, in part, over belief in plural marriage.[citation needed]", "Jack Mormon On April 18, 1845, the term \"Jack Mormon\" appeared in The Ottawa Free Trader to refer to J. B. Backenstos, the sheriff of Hancock County, who was \"friendly to the Mormons, though not one himself.\"[3] This early published use of the term marks perhaps the earliest appearance of \"Jack Mormon\" in print, though it was followed soon by other instances in papers such as the New-York Daily Tribune[4] and the Richmond Palladium.[5] Thomas C. Sharp, editor of the Warsaw Signal, also coined the term \"Jack-Mason\" to refer to those who were sympathetic toward Freemasons in the Anti-Masonic political movement. These sympathetic non-Mormons included Nauvoo Justice of the Peace Daniel H. Wells, who later joined the church, and soldier and diplomat Thomas L. Kane. Kane was identified as a sympathetic Jack Mormon by US Army officials and the media, some of whom asserted that he had been secretly baptised into the LDS faith. However friendly toward the LDS people, Kane remained a Presbyterian all of his life.", "Jack Mormon Several LDS historians[who?] believe that the term was used prior to Sharp's mention, and has ties to sympathetic Democrats in Jackson County, Missouri. Their belief is that the term originated in Missouri, during the Kirtland period of Latter Day Saint history, circa 1834. When Church members were expelled from Jackson County by a mob, many fled to Clay County, where local citizens, mostly Democrats, were sympathetic and friendly toward the Mormons. These citizens were pejoratively labeled \"Jack\" Mormons by the antagonistic citizens of Jackson County.", "Jack Mormon LDS Church membership was made up predominantly of liberal-leaning Democrats until the early 1900s, possibly due to anti-Mormon positions held by the Republican party during the latter half of the 19th Century. However, the church's conservative positions on social issues such as sexuality, drug use, traditional family values, and the role of religion in government caused large numbers of previously Democratic Latter-day Saints to shift to the Republican Party by the late 1970s. In the late 1970s and early 1980s the LDS church took a stand against the Equal Rights Amendment, and again increased the population's participation in the Republican party. At that time, many members who were registered Democrats were called \"Jack Mormons\", not as a negative term, but to distinguish them as traditional liberal Democrats. Because of the negative connotation of the term's modern context, this usage was short-lived. An alternative theory and contemporary usage holds that the term refers to a person who is a Mormon in \"name only\" (as in having a common Mormon surname) as though the \"Mormon\" label were nothing but a surname to this individual.", "Jack Mormon It is unclear how or why the meaning of the term changed to its current usage, which is almost the reverse of its original meaning. Preston Nibley, a mid-20th century LDS author who had a large impact on Mormon culture and folklore, mentioned the term in its modern context during the late 1940s and used it extensively in the 1950s. Today \"Jack Mormon\" is less commonly used, but using the term is not offensive when said in a self-joking or humorous sense.", "Jack Mormon Some modern LDS youth today use the term to describe a baptized member who chooses not to follow the ethical, moral and cultural guidelines common to Mormons. These guidelines include refraining from profanity and pre-marital sex. Other common cultural limitations include following the Word of Wisdom by consuming a healthy diet, seeking exercise, and avoiding the use of drugs, tobacco, alcohol, and coffee and tea. Often such individuals are noticeable for public consumption of tobacco or alcohol.", "Jack Mormon The term is used in its modern meaning by Wallace Stegner in his 1979 novel Recapitulation, set in Salt Lake City.", "Jack Mormon The term was made popular by heavyweight champion William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey, born in Manassa, Colorado, on June 24, 1895. During the 1920s the greatest American sports hero of the day was undoubtedly Babe Ruth; his closest rival was Dempsey, a tough heavyweight boxer from the mining West. Around 1880 an LDS Church missionary converted his parents and they moved to the Mormon village of Manassa, Colorado. While his father parted ways with the church, his mother remained a devoted member. Jack would write, \"I'm proud to be a Mormon. And ashamed to be the Jack Mormon that I am.\"[6]", "Jack Mormon In the play Angels In America by Tony Kushner, the character Harper Pitt identifies herself as a Jack Mormon, and postulates an alternate explanation for the origin of the term: \"Like jack rabbit...I ran.\"", "Mormon (word) The term is particularly embraced by adherents of Mormon fundamentalism, who continue to believe in and practice plural marriage,[8] a practice that the LDS Church officially abandoned in 1890.[9] Seeking to distance itself from polygamy and Mormon fundamentalism, the LDS Church has taken the position that the term Mormon should only apply to the LDS Church and its members, and not other adherents who have adopted the term.[10] The church cites the AP Stylebook, which states, \"The term Mormon is not properly applied to the other Latter Day Saints churches that resulted from the split after [Joseph] Smithâ€™s death.\"[11] Despite the LDS Church's position, the term Mormon is widely used by journalists and non-journalists to refer to adherents of Mormon fundamentalism.", "Jack Mormon In Episode 6 of Season 5 of the AMC television series Hell On Wheels, the character known as Eva identifies herself as a Jack Mormon to the Brigham Young character.", "Mormonism The word Mormon originally derived from the Book of Mormon, a religious text published by Smith, which he said he translated from golden plates with divine assistance. The book describes itself as a chronicle of early indigenous peoples of the Americas and their dealings with God. Based on the name of that book, early followers of Smith were more widely known as Mormons, and their faith was called Mormonism. The term was initially considered pejorative,[2] but Mormons no longer consider it so (although generally preferring other terms such as Latter-day Saint, or LDS).[3]", "Jack Mormon American actor Jason Cloud premiered a self-produced play titled Jack Mormon in December 2017 in Vienna, Austria.[8]", "Mormon (word) The terms \"Mormon\" and \"Mormonite\" were first used in the 1830s as pejoratives to describe those who followed Joseph Smith and believed in the divine origin of the Book of Mormon. The term was soon adopted by Mormons themselves, however, and has lost its generally pejorative status.[7]", "Mormon (word) The term derives from the Book of Mormon, a sacred text published in 1830 regarded by the faith as a supplemental Testament to the Bible. Adherents believe that the book was translated from an ancient record by Joseph Smith by the gift and power of God. The text claims to be an ancient chronicle of a fallen and lost indigenous American nation, compiled by the prophetâ€“warrior Mormon and his son Moroni, the last of his Nephite people. The term \"Mormon\" was initially a derogatory term applied to Latter Day Saints in the 1830s, but soon was embraced by the faith. Because the term became identified with polygamy in the mid-to-late-19th century, some Latter Day Saint denominations who never practiced polygamy have renounced the term.", "Mormon (word) The term \"Mormon\" is most often used to refer to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). However, the term is also adopted by other adherents of Mormonism, including adherents of Mormon fundamentalism. The term \"Mormon\" is generally disfavored by other denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement, such as the Community of Christ, which have distinct histories from that of the LDS Church since Smith's death in 1844.", "Mormonism Mormonism is the predominant religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity started by Joseph Smith in Western New York in the 1820s and 30s. After Smith was killed in 1844, most Mormons followed Brigham Young on his westward journey to the area that became the Utah Territory, calling themselves The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). Other sects include Mormon fundamentalism, which seeks to maintain practices and doctrines such as polygamy,[1] and various other small independent denominations. The second-largest Latter Day Saint denomination, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, since 2001 called the Community of Christ, does not describe itself as \"Mormon\", but instead follows a Trinitarian Christian restorationist theology, and also considers itself Restorationist in terms of Latter Day Saint doctrine.", "Mormon (word) The term \"Mormon\" is taken from the title of the Book of Mormon, a sacred text adherents believe to have been translated from golden plates which had their location revealed by an angel to Joseph Smith and published in 1830. According to the text of the Book of Mormon, the word Mormon stems from the Land of Mormon,[1] where the prophet Alma preached the gospel and baptized converts. Mormon—who was named after the land—was a 4th-century prophet–historian who compiled and abridged many records of his ancestors into the Book of Mormon.[2] The book is believed by Mormons to be a literal record of God's dealings with pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas from approximately 2600 BC through AD 420,[3] written by prophets and followers of Jesus Christ. The book records the teachings of Jesus Christ to the people in the Americas as well as Christ's personal ministry among the people of Nephi after his resurrection.[4] Mormons believe the Book of Mormon is another witness of Jesus Christ, \"holy scripture comparable to the Bible\".[5]", "Mormon (word) The word or term \"Mormon\" most commonly denotes an adherent, practitioner, follower, or constituent of Mormonism in restorationist Christianity. \"Mormon\" also commonly refers, specifically, to a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which is often colloquially, but imprecisely, referred to as the \"Mormon Church\". In addition, the term \"Mormon\" may refer to any of the relatively small sects of Mormon fundamentalism, and any branch of the Latter Day Saint movement that recognizes Brigham Young as the successor to founder Joseph Smith The term \"Mormon\" applies to the religion of Mormonism, as well as its culture, texts, and art.", "Mormon (word) According to the Oxford English Dictionary, one of the earliest published usages of the term \"Mormon\" to describe believers in the Book of Mormon was in 1833 by the Louisville (Kentucky) Daily Herald in an article, \"The Mormons and the Anti-Mormons\".[6]", "Jack Mormon Jack Mormon Coffee Company is a Salt Lake-based coffee roaster, located in the Historic Avenues district.", "Gentile In the terminology of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the word \"gentile\" takes on different meanings in different contexts which may confuse some and alienate others. Members of the LDS Church regard themselves as regathered Israelites, so sometimes use the word \"gentile\" to refer to all non-members. According to John L. Needham of Utah State University, \"Mormons in the American West applied 'gentile', as an adjective as much as a slur, to nearly everyone and everything that did not adhere to their faith or desert kingdom.\" Because they had suffered persecution, the word gentile was \"a call to circle the wagons socially and politically around the fold.\"[2] In such usage, Jews may be colloquially referred to as \"gentiles\" because they are not members of the LDS Church.[18] However, the traditional meaning is also to be found in the introduction to the Book of Mormon, in the statement written to both \"Jew\" (literal descendants of the House of Israel) and \"Gentile\" (those not descended from the House of Israel or those of the tribe of Ephraim scattered among the \"Gentiles\" throughout the earth). Needham writes that Mormons have \"outgrown the term.\"[2] The LDS website states this about the meaning of Gentile. \"As used in the scriptures, Gentiles has several meanings. Sometimes it designates people of non-Israelite lineage, sometimes people of non-Jewish lineage, and sometimes nations that are without the gospel, even though there may be some Israelite blood among the people. This latter usage is especially characteristic of the word as used in the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants.[19]", "Mormon (word) The official name of the Salt Lake City, Utah-based church is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. While the term \"Mormon Church\" has long been attached to the church as a nickname, it is an unauthorized title, and the Church's style guide says, \"Please avoid the use of 'Mormon Church', 'LDS Church' or the 'Church of the Latter-day Saints.'\"[12][13][14] The use of \"Mormon\" in other contexts is not generally considered offensive and is commonly used by the church's members. Leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints have encouraged members to use the church's full name to emphasize the church's focus on Jesus Christ.[15]", "Mormonism Mormonism originated in the 1820s in western New York during a period of religious excitement known as the Second Great Awakening.[4] After praying about which denomination he should join, Joseph Smith, Jr. said he received a vision in the spring of 1820.[5] Called the \"First Vision\", Smith claimed God the Father instructed him to join none of the existing churches because they were all wrong.[6] During the 1820s Smith reported several angelic visitations, and was eventually told that God would use him to re-establish the true Christian church, and that the Book of Mormon would be the means of establishing correct doctrine for the restored church. Smith, Oliver Cowdery, and other early followers, began baptizing new converts in 1829. Formally organized in 1830 as the Church of Christ.[7] Smith was seen by his followers as a modern-day prophet.[8]", "Mormon (word) J. Gordon Melton, in his Encyclopedia of American Religions, subdivides the Mormons into Utah Mormons, Missouri Mormons, Polygamy-Practicing Mormons, and Other Mormons.[16] In this scheme, the Utah Mormon group includes the non-polygamous organizations descending from those Mormons who followed Brigham Young to what is now Utah. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is by far the largest of these groups, with a membership count totaling over 15,000,000 worldwide, and the only group to initially reside in Utah. The Missouri Mormon groups include those non-polygamous groups that chose not to travel to Utah and are currently headquartered in Missouri, which Joseph Smith designated as the future site of the New Jerusalem. These organizations include Community of Christ, Church of Christ (Temple Lot), Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and others. Polygamy-Practicing Mormon groups are those that currently practice polygamy, regardless of location. Most notably, this category includes the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church) and the Apostolic United Brethren (AUB). Other Mormon groups include those that are not headquartered in Utah or Missouri and do not practice polygamy, such as The Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite).", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints In 1887, the LDS Church was legally dissolved in the United States by the Edmunds–Tucker Act because of the church's practice of polygamy.[102] In the United States, the church continues to operate as an unincorporated entity.[103] Accepted informal names for the church include the LDS Church, the Latter-day Saints, and the Mormons. The term Mormon Church is in common use,[104] but the church began discouraging its use in the late 20th century, though takes no issue with the term Mormon itself.[105] The church requests that the official name be used when possible or, if necessary, shortened to \"the Church\" or \"the Church of Jesus Christ\".[106]", "Mormon (word) The terms \"Utah Mormon\" and \"Missouri Mormon\" can be problematic if interpreted to mean more than the location of the various groups' headquarters.[citation needed] The majority of members of \"Utah Mormon\" groups and \"Missouri Mormon\" groups no longer live in either of these U.S. states. Although a majority of Utahns are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the LDS Church has a worldwide membership with the majority of its members outside the United States. Nor do most \"Missouri Mormons\" live in Missouri.", "Mormon (word) Whether Smith was the actual author of this passage is uncertain. Official LDS Church historian B. H. Roberts removed the quote from his History of the Church compilation, saying he found evidence that W. W. Phelps wrote that paragraph and that it was \"based on inaccurate premises and was offensively pedantic.\"[18] LDS Church apostle Gordon B. Hinckley noted that the \"more good\" translation is incorrect but added that \"Mormon means 'more good'\" is a positive motto for members of the LDS Church.[13]", "Apostasy Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (commonly called the Mormons) are considered by church leadership to engage in apostasy when they publicly teach or espouse opinions and doctrines contrary to the teachings of the church. Apostasy is also assumed in cases of a member engaging in activities forbidden by the church's teachings, such as adultery or homosexual relations. In such circumstances the church will frequently subject the non-conforming member to a disciplinary council which may result in disfellowshipment (a temporary loss of church participation privileges) or excommunication (a semi-permanent loss of church membership). The nature of the disciplinary council varies with the member's standing within the church as men's cases are often heard by a much larger group than women's.", "Mormonism Mormonism shares a common set of beliefs with the rest of the Latter Day Saint movement, including use of and belief in the Bible, as well as in other religious texts including the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants. It also accepts the Pearl of Great Price as part of its scriptural canon, and has a history of teaching eternal marriage, eternal progression, and polygamy (plural marriage) (although the LDS Church formally abandoned the practice of plural marriage in 1890). Cultural Mormonism, a lifestyle promoted by Mormon institutions, includes cultural Mormons who identify with the culture, but not necessarily with the theology.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), often informally known as the Mormon Church, is a nontrinitarian, Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah in the United States, and has established congregations and built temples worldwide. According to the church, it has over 67,000 missionaries[3] and a membership of over 16 million.[3] In 2012, it was ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States,[6] with over 6.5 million members reported by the church, as of January 2018.[7] It is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening.", "Jack Mormon Jerry Joseph and the Jackmormons is a rock band from Portland, Oregon in the United States.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Adherents, often referred to as \"Latter-day Saints\" or, less formally, \"Mormons\", view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion.[8][9] LDS theology includes the Christian doctrine of salvation only through Jesus Christ,[10] though LDS doctrines regarding the nature of God and the potential of mankind differ significantly from mainstream Christianity. The church has an open canon which includes four scriptural texts:[11] the Bible (both Old and New Testaments), the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price. Other than the Bible, the majority of the LDS canon constitutes revelation received by Joseph Smith and recorded by his scribes which includes commentary and exegesis about the Bible, texts described as lost parts of the Bible, and other works believed to be written by ancient prophets. Because of some of the doctrinal differences, Catholic, Orthodox, and several Protestant churches consider the LDS Church to be distinct and separate from mainstream Christianity.[12]", "Mormonism Mormonism describes itself as falling within world Christianity, but as a distinct restored dispensation; it characterizes itself as the only true form of the Christian religion since the time of a Great Apostasy that began not long after the ascension of Jesus Christ.[33] According to Mormons this Apostasy involved the corruption of the pure, original Christian doctrine with Greek and other philosophies,[34] and followers dividing into different ideological groups.[35] Additionally, Mormons claim the martyrdom of the Apostles led to the loss of Priesthood authority to administer the Church and its ordinances.[36][37]", "Christian denomination Most Latter Day Saint denominations are derived from the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints) established by Joseph Smith in 1830. The largest worldwide denomination, and the one publicly recognized as Mormonism, is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, although there are various considerably smaller sects that broke from it after its relocation to the Rocky Mountains in the mid-1800s. Several of these broke away over the abandonment of practicing plural marriage after the 1890 Manifesto. Most of the \"Prairie Saint\" denominations (see below) were established after Smith's death by the remnants of the Latter Day Saints who did not go west with Brigham Young. Many of these opposed some of the 1840s theological developments in favor of 1830s theological understandings and practices. Other denominations are defined by either a belief in Joseph Smith as a prophet or acceptance of the Book of Mormon as scripture. Mormons generally consider themselves to be restorationist, believing that Smith, as prophet, seer, and revelator, restored the original and true Church of Christ to the earth. Some Latter Day Saint denominations are regarded by other Christians as being nontrinitarian or even non-Christian, but the Latter Day Saints are predominantly in disagreement with these claims. Mormons see themselves as believing in a Godhead comprising the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost as separate personages united in purpose. Mormons regard traditional definitions of the Trinity as aberrations of true doctrine and emblematic of the Great Apostasy[17] but they do not accept certain trinitarian definitions in the post-apostolic creeds, such as the Athanasian Creed.", "Mormonism To avoid confrontation with New York residents, the members moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and hoped to establish a permanent New Jerusalem or City of Zion in Jackson County, Missouri.[14] However, they were expelled from Jackson County in 1833 and fled to other parts of Missouri in 1838. Violence between the Missourians and church members resulted in the governor of Missouri issuing an \"extermination order,\" again forcing the church to relocate.[15] The displaced Mormons fled to Illinois, to a small town called Commerce. The church bought the town, renamed it Nauvoo, and lived with a degree of peace and prosperity for a few years.[16] However, tensions between Mormons and non-Mormons again escalated, and in 1844 Smith was killed by a mob, precipitating a succession crisis.[17]", "Mormonism Because of the formal abolition of plural marriage in 1890, several smaller groups of Mormons broke with the LDS Church forming several denominations of Mormon fundamentalism.[21] Meanwhile, the LDS Church had become a proponent of monogamy and patriotism, has extended its reach internationally by a vigorous missionary program, and has grown in size to a reported membership of over 15 million.[22] The church is becoming a part of the American and international mainstream.[23] However, it consciously and intentionally retains its identity as a \"peculiar people,\"[24] believing their unique relationship with God helps save them from \"worldliness\" (non-spiritual influences).", "Mormonism Some LDS Church members have worked towards a more liberal reform of the church. Others have left the LDS Church and still consider themselves to be cultural Mormons. Others have formed new religions (many of them now defunct). For instance the Godbeites broke away from the LDS Church in the late 19th century, on the basis of both political and religious liberalism, and in 1985 the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ broke away from the LDS Church as an LGBT-friendly denomination, which was formally dissolved in 2010.", "Mormon (word) In some countries, Mormon and some phrases including the term are registered trademarks owned by Intellectual Reserve, Inc. (a holding company for the LDS Church's intellectual property).[21] In the United States, the LDS Church has applied for a trademark on \"Mormon\" as applied to religious services; however, the United States Patent and Trademark Office rejected the application, stating that the term \"Mormon\" was too generic, and is popularly understood as referring to a particular kind of church, similar to \"Presbyterian\" or \"Methodist\", rather than a service mark.[22] The application was abandoned as of August 22, 2007.[23] In all, the Intellectual Reserve, Inc. owns more than 60 trademarks related to the term Mormon.", "List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement The denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement are sometimes collectively referred to as Mormonism. Although some denominations opposed the use of this term because they consider it to be derogatory, it is especially used when referring to the largest Latter Day Saint group, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and offshoots of it. Denominations opposed to the use of the term consider it to be connected to the polygamy once practiced by the Utah church.[1]", "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints At the 1992 Sunstone Symposium, dissident Mormon scholar Lavina Fielding Anderson accused the Committee of being \"an internal espionage system,\" which prompted Brigham Young University professor and moderate Mormon scholar Eugene England to \"accuse that committee of undermining the Church,\" a charge for which he later publicly apologized.[58] The publicity concerning the statements of Anderson and England, however, prompted the church to officially acknowledge the existence of the Committee.[59] The Church explained that the Committee \"provides local church leadership with information designed to help them counsel with members who, however well-meaning, may hinder the progress of the church through public criticism.\"[60]", "History of Christianity The term \"Restorationist\" is also used to describe the Latter Day Saint movement, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the Community of Christ and numerous other Latter Day Saints sects. Latter Day Saints, also known as Mormons, believe that Joseph Smith was chosen to restore the original organization established by Jesus, now \"in its fullness\", rather than to reform the church.[90][91]", "Jack (device) The personal name Jack, which came into English usage around the thirteenth century as a nickname form of John, came in the sixteenth century to be used as a colloquial word for 'a man (of low status)' (much as in the modern usage 'jack of all trades, master of none'). From here, the word was 'applied to things which in some way take the place of a lad or man, or save human labour'. The first attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary of jack in the sense 'a machine, usually portable, for lifting heavy weights by force acting from below' is from 1679, referring to 'an Engine used for the removing and commodious placing of great Timber.'[2]", "Mormonism Mainstream Mormonism is defined by the leadership of the LDS Church which identifies itself as Christian.[61] Members of the LDS Church consider their top leaders to be prophets and apostles, and are encouraged to accept their positions on matters of theology, while seeking confirmation of them through personal study of the Book of Mormon and the Bible. Personal prayer is encouraged as well. The LDS Church is by far the largest branch of Mormonism. It has continuously existed since the succession crisis of 1844 that split the Latter Day Saint movement after the death of founder Joseph Smith, Jr.", "Mormonism Since its beginnings, the faith has proclaimed itself to be Christ's Church restored with its original authority, structure and power; maintaining that existing denominations believed in incorrect doctrines and were not acknowledged by God as his church and kingdom.[66] Though the religion quickly gained a large following of Christian seekers, in the 1830s, many American Christians came to view the church's early doctrines and practices[67] as politically and culturally subversive, as well as doctrinally heretical, abominable, and condemnable. This discord led to a series of sometimes-deadly conflicts between Mormons and others who saw themselves as orthodox Christians.[68] Although such violence declined during the twentieth century, the religion's unique doctrinal views and practices still generate criticism, sometimes vehemently so. This gives rise to efforts by Mormons and opposing types of Christians to proselytize each other.", "Jackson County, Missouri Leadership and members of the Latter Day Saint movement began moving to Jackson County as soon as word of the August 1831 dedication ceremony was published. Open conflict with earlier settlers ensued, driven by religious and cultural differences, and the perception by pro-slavery Missourians that the \"Yankee\" \"Mormons\" were abolitionists.[9] Vigilantes in the public and private sector used force to drive individual Saints from Jackson to nearby counties within Missouri; eventually, Latter Day Saints were given until the end of November 6, 1833 to leave the county en masse. On November 23, 1833, the few remaining Mormon residents were ordered to leave Jackson County.[10] By mid-1839, following the Missouri Mormon War, Mormons were driven from the state altogether, not to return to Jackson County or Missouri in significant numbers until 1867.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Academic critics have questioned the legitimacy of Smith as a prophet as well as the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon and the Book of Abraham. Criticism has expanded to include claims of historical revisionism, homophobia, racism, and sexist policies. Notable 20th-century critics include Jerald and Sandra Tanner and historian Fawn Brodie. Evangelical Christians continue to argue that Smith was either fraudulent or delusional.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Due to doctrinal differences, the LDS Church is generally considered to be distinct and separate from mainstream Christianity by Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches, which express differences with one another but consider each other's churches to be Christian.[12][189] Many have accused the LDS Church of not being a Christian church at all as a result of disagreements with Apostolic succession and the \"Great Apostasy\", the Nicene Creed, separation of the Godhead and, more so, Mormon cosmology and its Plan of Salvation including the doctrines of pre-mortal life, baptism for the dead, three degrees of heaven, and exaltation, the LDS view of theosis.[citation needed]", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints For two years after Smith's death, conflicts escalated between Mormons and other Illinois residents. Smith had predicted that the church would go to the West and be established in the tops of the Rocky Mountains.[46] Brigham Young took Smith's advice and led his followers, known in modern times as the Mormon pioneers, to Nebraska and then in 1847 to what became the Utah Territory.[47] As groups (over 60,000) arrived over a period of years, LDS settlers branched out and colonized a large region now known as the Mormon Corridor.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6, 1830, in western New York.[16] Initial converts were drawn to the church in part because of the newly published Book of Mormon, a self-described chronicle of indigenous American prophets that Smith said he had translated from golden plates.[17]", "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints After continued difficulties and persecution in Illinois, Young left Nauvoo in 1846 and led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, to the Great Salt Lake Valley. The group branched out in an effort to pioneer a large state to be called Deseret, eventually establishing colonies from Canada to present-day Mexico. Young incorporated The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as a legal entity, and governed his followers as a theocratic leader serving in both political and religious positions. He also publicized the previously secret practice of plural marriage, a form of polygamy. By 1857, tensions had again escalated between Mormons and other Americans, largely as a result of church teachings on polygamy and theocracy. The Utah Mormon War ensued from 1857 to 1858, which resulted in the relatively peaceful invasion of Utah by the United States Army, after which Young agreed to step down from power and be replaced by a non-Mormon territorial governor, Alfred Cumming. Nevertheless, the LDS Church still wielded significant political power in the Utah Territory as part of a shadow government. At Young's death in 1877, he was followed by other powerful members, who continued the practice of polygamy despite opposition by the United States Congress. After tensions with the U.S. government came to a head in 1890, the church officially abandoned the public practice of polygamy in the United States, and eventually stopped performing official polygamous marriages altogether after a Second Manifesto in 1904. Eventually, the church adopted a policy of excommunicating its members found practicing polygamy and today seeks to actively distance itself from “fundamentalist” groups still practicing polygamy.", "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints As part of the church's efforts to re-position its image as that of a mainstream religion, the church began to moderate its earlier anti-Catholic rhetoric. In Elder Bruce R. McConkie's 1958 edition of Mormon Doctrine, he had stated his unofficial opinion that the Catholic Church was part of \"the church of the devil\" and \"the great and abominable church\" because it was among organizations that misled people away from following God's laws. In his 1966 edition of the same book, the specific reference to the Catholic Church was removed.[64]", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Mormon apologetics organizations, such as the Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research (FAIR) and the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies (FARMS), have been founded to counter these criticisms. Most of the apologetic work focuses on providing and discussing evidence supporting the claims of Smith and the Book of Mormon. It also criticizes what it considers to be a lack of honesty when it comes to the scholarship of non-Mormon critics.[citation needed] Scholars and authors such as Hugh Nibley, Daniel C. Peterson, Jeff Lindsay, Orson Scott Card, and James E. Talmage are well-known apologists within the church.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The church teaches that it is a continuation of the Church of Christ established in 1830 by Joseph Smith. This original church underwent several name changes during the 1830s, being called the Church of Jesus Christ, the Church of God,[97] and then in 1834, the name was officially changed to the Church of the Latter Day Saints.[98] In April 1838, the name was officially changed to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.[99] After Smith died, Brigham Young and the largest body of Smith's followers incorporated the LDS Church in 1851 by legislation of the State of Deseret[100] under the name \"The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints\", which included a hyphenated \"Latter-day\" and a British-style lower-case \"d.\"[101]", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The church reports a worldwide membership of 16 million[3]; This is the church's own accounting, based on membership records. The church's definition of \"membership\" includes all persons who were ever baptized, or whose parents were members while the person was under the age of eight called \"members of record\" (LDS Church 2006, pp. 145–46), who have neither been excommunicated nor asked to have their names removed from church records (LDS Church 2006, pp. 116, 148–49).</ref> with approximately 8.3 million residing outside the United States, as of December 2011.[112][113] According to these statistics it is the fourth largest religious body in the United States.[114][115] The church membership report includes all baptized members and their children. Although the church does not release attendance figures to the public, researchers estimate that actual attendance at weekly LDS worship services globally is around 4 million.[59] Members living in the U.S. and Canada constitute 46% percent of membership, Latin America 38 percent, and members in the rest of the world 16 percent.[116] The 2012 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey, conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International, found that approximately 2 percent of the U.S. adult population self identified as Mormon.[111]", "Mormonism The Mormon affinity for Judaism is expressed by the many references to Judaism in the Mormon liturgy. For example, Smith named the largest Mormon settlement he founded Nauvoo, which means \"to be beautiful\" in Hebrew. Brigham Young named a tributary of the Great Salt Lake the \"Jordan River\". The LDS Church created a writing scheme called the Deseret Alphabet, which was based, in part, on Hebrew. The LDS Church has a Jerusalem Center in Israel, where students focus their study on Near Eastern history, culture, language, and the Bible.[77]", "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints According to Riess and Tickle, early Mormons rarely quoted from the Book of Mormon in their speeches and writings. It was not until the 1980s that it was cited regularly in speeches given by LDS Church leaders at the semiannual General Conferences. In 1982, the LDS Church subtitled the Book of Mormon \"another testament of Jesus Christ.\" LDS leader Boyd K. Packer stated that the scripture now took its place \"beside the Old Testament and the New Testament.[65] Riess and Tickle assert that the introduction of this subtitle was inteneded to emphasize the Christ-centered nature of the Book of Mormon. They assert that the LDS \"rediscovery of the Book of Mormon in the late twentieth century is strongly connected to their renewed emphasis on the person and nature of Jesus Christ.\"[66]", "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The church's most distinctive scripture, the Book of Mormon, was published by founder Joseph Smith in 1830. It is believed to be \"another testament of Jesus Christ\" and bears that subtitle as of 1982.[14] Smith stated that, under divine direction, he translated the Book of Mormon from metal plates having \"the appearance of gold\" found buried near his home.[15] Eight men signed a statement as witnesses that Smith possessed the plates and that they had seen them.[16] As of SeptemberÂ 2007[update], the full text of the Book of Mormon had been translated and published in 77 languages, and selections in an additional 28 for a total of 105 languages.[17] The introduction printed with the book says that it is a history of the ancestors of the \"American Indian\" peoples.[18]", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints While the church takes an apolitical approach to candidates, it encourages its members to play an active role as responsible citizens in their communities, including becoming informed about issues and voting in elections. It actively works to counter anti-Mormonism that may come up during political campaigns. A 2012 Pew Center on Religion and Public Life survey indicates that 74 percent of U.S. members lean towards the Republican Party.[149] Some liberal members say they feel that they have to defend their worthiness due to political differences.[150] Referring to the 2012 U.S Republican Presidential Primary, Michael Otterson, the LDS Church's managing director for public affairs stated, \"We now have two Latter-day Saints running, and the potential for misunderstanding or missteps is therefore twice what it was before.\"[151]", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Due to the differences in lifestyle promoted by church doctrine and history, members of the church have developed a distinct culture. It is primarily concentrated in the Intermountain West. Many of the church's more distinctive practices include adhering to the Word of Wisdom, a health law or code which outlines guidelines for maintaining good health. Among these guidelines are instructions prohibiting the consumption of tobacco, alcohol, coffee, tea, and improper drug use.[78] As a result of members adhering to the Word of Wisdom, areas of the world with a high concentration of LDS members practice these restrictions. They sometimes come into conflict with local retail businesses that serve non-members.[140][141]", "Mormonism Mormonism categorizes itself within Christianity, and nearly all Mormons self-identify as Christian.[60][61][62] For some who define Christianity within the doctrines of Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism, Mormonism's differences place it outside the umbrella of Christianity.[63][64][65]", "Temple garment Temple garments are sometimes derided as \"magic underwear\" by non-Mormons, but Mormons view this terminology to be both misleading and offensive.[11][12][13][14][15]", "Mormonism Mormons believe in Jesus Christ as the literal Son of God and Messiah, his crucifixion as a conclusion of a sin offering, and subsequent resurrection.[69] However, Latter-day Saints (LDS) reject the ecumenical creeds and the definition of the Trinity[70][71] (In contrast, the second largest Latter Day Saint denomination, the Community of Christ, is Trinitarian and monotheistic.) Mormons hold the view that the New Testament prophesied both the apostasy from the teachings of Christ and his apostles as well as the restoration of all things prior to the second coming of Christ.[72]", "Mormonism In distinction with the LDS Church, Mormon fundamentalists also often believe in a number of other doctrines taught and practiced by Brigham Young in the 19th century, which the LDS Church has either abandoned, repudiated, or put in abeyance. These include:", "Jack of all trades, master of none The \"master of none\" element appears to have been added later;[citation needed] which made the statement less flattering to the person receiving. Today, the phrase used in its entirety generally describes a person whose knowledge, while covering a number of areas, is superficial in all of them. When abbreviated as simply \"jack of all trades,\" it is an ambiguous statement; the user's intention is then dependent on context. However when \"master of none\" is added this is unflattering and sometimes added in jest.[6] In North America, the phrase has been in use since 1721,[7] typically in its short form.", "Utah Members of the LDS Church were viewed as un-American and rebellious when news of their polygamous practices spread. In 1857, particularly heinous accusations of abdication of government and general immorality were stated by former associate justice William W. Drummond, among others. The detailed reports of life in Utah caused the administration of James Buchanan to send a secret military \"expedition\" to Utah. When the supposed rebellion should be quelled, Alfred Cumming would take the place of Brigham Young as territorial governor. The resulting conflict is known as the Utah War, nicknamed \"Buchanan's Blunder\" by the Mormon leaders.", "Mormonism The largest group of Mormons (LDS Church) accepted Brigham Young as the new prophet/leader and emigrated to what became the Utah Territory.[18] There, the church began the open practice of plural marriage, a form of polygyny which Smith had instituted in Nauvoo. Plural marriage became the faith's most sensational characteristic during the 19th century, but vigorous opposition by the United States Congress threatened the church's existence as a legal institution. Further, polygamy was also a major cause for the opposition to Mormonism in the states of Idaho and Arizona.[19] In the 1890 Manifesto, church president Wilford Woodruff announced the official end of plural marriage.[20]", "Joseph Smith Smith was born in Sharon, Vermont. By 1817, he had moved with his family to what became known as the burned-over district of western New York, an area of intense religious revivalism during the Second Great Awakening. According to Smith, he experienced a series of visions, including one in which he saw \"two personages\" (presumably God the Father and Jesus Christ) and others in which an angel directed him to a buried book of golden plates inscribed with a Judeo-Christian history of an ancient American civilization. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the Book of Mormon. The same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called \"Latter Day Saints\", or \"Mormons\", and in 1838, Smith announced a revelation that renamed the church as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.", "Polygamy Enforcement of the 1890 Manifesto caused various splinter groups to leave the LDS Church in order to continue the practice of plural marriage.[107] Polygamy among these groups persists today in Utah and neighboring states as well as in the spin-off colonies. Polygamist churches of Mormon origin are often referred to as \"Mormon fundamentalist\" even though they are not a part of the LDS Church. Such fundamentalists often use a purported 1886 revelation to John Taylor as the basis for their authority to continue the practice of plural marriage.[108] The Salt Lake Tribune stated in 2005 there were as many as 37,000 fundamentalists with less than half of them living in polygamous households.[109]", "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints The church accepts the Holy Bible as the word of God as far as it is translated correctly.[8] Joseph Smith wrote, \"I believe the Bible as it read when it came from the pen of the original writers\".[9] The LDS Church uses the Authorized King James Version (KJV) for its English-speaking members and other translations to accommodate alternative languages. Smith did work on his own translation, but it is only used in conjunction with the KJV. Extract of his translation can be found in the Pearl of Great Price, called the Book of Moses and Joseph Smith—Matthew. For English-language speakers, the church encourages the use of the King James Version,[10][11] and the church publishes an edition of the KJV. The church regards parts of the Apocrypha,[12] the writings of some Protestant Reformers and non-Christian religious leaders, and the non-religious writings of some philosophers to be inspired, though not canonical.[13]", "Jack (given name) 'Jackie' has also been used among men (Jackie Coogan, Jackie Cooper, and Jackie Gleason were all formally named John). This diminutive of Jack is thought by some to have hailed from the earlier Jackin (from the name Jankin).[2][3] Alternatively, it may be derived from the name Jacques, the French form of the name James or Jacob.[2] There is also a theory that it is Celtic in origin, meaning \"healthy, strong, full of vital energy\" (compare the Welsh word iach, \"health\"), from a putative Ancient British Yakkios.[4] Whatever its origins, both the name and the word \"jack\" were long used as a term to refer to any man, especially of the common classes.[5][6]", "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints In 1856-1858, the Church underwent what is commonly called the Mormon Reformation.[11] In 1855, a drought struck the flourishing territory. Very little rain fell, and even the dependable mountain streams ran very low. An infestation of grasshoppers and crickets destroyed whatever crops the Mormons had managed to salvage. During the winter of 1855-56, flour and other basic necessities were very scarce and very costly. Heber C. Kimball wrote his son, \"Dollars and cents do not count now, in these times, for they are the tightest that I have ever seen in the territory of Utah.\"", "List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement Though a few small factions broke with Smith's organization during his lifetime, he retained the allegiance of the vast majority of Latter Day Saints until his death in June 1844. Following Smith's death, the movement experienced a leadership crisis which led to a schism within the church. The largest group, which would become the LDS Church, followed Brigham Young, settling in what would become the Utah Territory. The second-largest faction, the RLDS Church, coalesced around Joseph Smith III, eldest son of Joseph Smith. Other would-be leaders included the senior surviving member of the First Presidency, Sidney Rigdon; the newly baptized James Strang from Wisconsin; and Alpheus Cutler, one of the Council of Fifty. Each of these men still retains a following as of 2014—however tiny it may be in some cases—and all of their organizations have experienced further schisms.[4][5][6] Other claimants, such as Granville Hedrick, William Bickerton and Charles B. Thompson, later emerged to start still other factions, some of which have further subdivided.", "List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement In such studies, and in general Latter Day Saint parlance, the -ite-suffixed terms Josephite and Brighamite have been used for the Missouri-based Community of Christ and the Utah-based LDS Church respectively; these terms have sometimes been used to distinguish groups of denominations as well. Those denominations within each group share a common ancestry and basic beliefs that are different from groups sharing other provenances. The present article, in a similar fashion, distinguishes among groups of denominations by use of commonly understood names such as Mormon fundamentalist or else by short descriptions that often reference a founder of the first church within a factional groupâ€“for example, Joseph Smith III in reference to Community of Christ as well as various churches and factions that trace their origin to it.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion.[18] In 1831, the church moved to Kirtland, Ohio (the eastern boundary of Zion),[19] and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri (Zion's \"center place\"),[20] where he planned to eventually move the church headquarters.[21] However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County,[22] and the church was unable via a paramilitary expedition to recover the land.[23] Nevertheless, the church flourished in Kirtland[24] as Smith published new revelations and the church built the Kirtland Temple, culminating in a dedication of the building similar to the day of Pentecost.[25] The Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections.[26] Smith regrouped with the remaining church in Far West, Missouri,[27] but tensions soon escalated into violent conflicts with the old Missouri settlers.[28] Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be \"exterminated or driven from the State.\"[29] In 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the church's new headquarters.[30]", "Holy Spirit in Christianity Mormons believe that the Holy Ghost is the third member of the Godhead. He is a personage of spirit, without a body of flesh and bones.[79] He is often referred to as the Spirit, the Holy Spirit, the Spirit of God, the Spirit of the Lord, or the Comforter.[80] Mormons believe in a social trinitarianism and subordinationism, meaning that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are understood as being unified in will and purpose, but not in substance.[citation needed] The Holy Ghost is believed to be subordinate to the Father and the Son and operates under their direction. The Holy Ghost, like all intelligent beings, is believed to be fundamentally eternal, uncreated, and self-existent.[81] Mormonism teaches that the influence of the Holy Ghost can be received before baptism, but the gift, or constant companionship, of the Holy Ghost, which comes by the laying-on of hands by a properly ordained Priesthood Holder with a line of authority traced back to Christ through Peter, is obtained only after baptism.[82] Joseph Smith, the founding prophet of Mormonism, taught \"You might as well baptize a bag of sand as a man,\" he said, \"if not done in view of the remission of sins and getting of the Holy Ghost. Baptism by water is but half a baptism, and is good for nothing without the other half-that is, the baptism of the Holy Ghost\".[83]", "Mormon (word) The May 15, 1843 issue of the official Mormon periodical Times and Seasons contains an article, purportedly written by Joseph Smith, deriving the etymology of the name \"Mormon\" from English \"more\" + Egyptian mon, \"good\", and extolling the meaning as follows:", "Utah Approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS (Mormons), which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life.[9] The LDS Church's world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City.[10][11] Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church.[12]", "Mormonism Joseph Smith claimed The Book of Mormon was translated from writing on golden plates in a reformed Egyptian language, translated with the assistance of the Urim and Thummim and seer stones. Both the special spectacles and the seer stone were at times referred to as the \"Urim and Thummim\".[9][10] He said an angel first showed him the location of the plates in 1823, buried in a nearby hill, but he was not allowed to take the plates until 1827. Smith began dictating the text of The Book of Mormon around the fall of 1827 until the summer of 1828 when 116 pages were lost. Translation began again in April 1829 and finished in June 1829,[11] saying that he translated it \"by the gift and power of God\".[12] After the translation was completed, Smith said the plates were returned to the angel. During Smith's supposed possession, very few people were allowed to \"witness\" the plates.", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints At Young's death in 1877, he was followed by other church presidents, who resisted efforts by the United States Congress to outlaw Mormon polygamous marriages. In 1878, the United States Supreme Court, in Reynolds v. United States, decreed that \"religious duty\" to engage in plural marriage was not a valid defense to prosecutions for violating state laws against polygamy. Conflict between Mormons and the U.S. government escalated to the point that, in 1890, Congress disincorporated the LDS Church and seized most of its assets. Soon thereafter, church president Wilford Woodruff issued a manifesto that officially suspended the practice.[53] Although this manifesto did not dissolve existing plural marriages, so that families would not be split apart or damaged, no new polygamous marriages would be performed. Relations with the United States markedly improved after 1890, such that Utah was admitted as a U.S. state in 1896. Relations further improved after 1904, when church president Joseph F. Smith again disavowed polygamy before the United States Congress and issued a \"Second Manifesto\", calling for all plural marriages in the church to cease, as they were already against church doctrine since Woodruff issued the Manifesto. Eventually, the church adopted a policy of excommunicating its members found practicing polygamy and today actively distances itself from \"fundamentalist\" groups still practicing polygamy.[54]", "Mormonism Mormon fundamentalists believe that these principles were wrongly abandoned or changed by the LDS Church, in large part due to the desire of its leadership and members to assimilate into mainstream American society and avoid the persecutions and conflict that had characterized the church throughout its early years. Others believe that it was a necessity at some point for \"a restoration of all things\" to be a truly restored Church.", "Ward (LDS Church) The term ward originally referred to the political subdivision of some of the municipalities in the mid-western United States where members of the LDS Church resided, and in particular the political organization of Nauvoo, Illinois, in the 1840s. Bishops were assigned duties and responsibility over specific ward boundaries in these cities, and over time individual congregations were defined by these boundaries. After the Mormon Exodus to Utah, this same terminology was preserved in the establishment of communities throughout the western United States. Voting districts of several Utah communities still follow the historical boundaries of their original LDS Church congregations. Due to the religious connection of this term, traditional Mormon pioneer communities generally do not use the term ward to define voting districts for political purposes.[citation needed]", "Mormonism The LDS Church seeks to distance itself from other branches of Mormonism, particularly those that practice polygamy.[88] The church maintains a degree of orthodoxy by excommunicating or disciplining its members who take positions or engage in practices viewed as apostasy. For example, the LDS Church excommunicates members who practice polygamy or who adopt the beliefs and practices of Mormon fundamentalism.", "Jack (given name) The history of the word is linked to the name being used as a by-name for a man.[5]", "Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Good standing in the church requires that members follow the \"Word of Wisdom\",[138] a health code given by Joseph Smith which the church interprets as requiring abstinence from alcohol, tobacco, coffee, tea, and recreational drugs). Members must also obey the law of chastity and are strongly counseled against choosing an elective abortion, except in the cases of a pregnancy resulting from rape or incest, a pregnancy that seriously jeopardizes the life or health of the mother, or a pregnancy where a physician determines that the fetus has severe defects that will not allow the baby to survive beyond birth.[139] In general, members are encouraged obey the law of the country in which they live, although there have been notable exceptions.[140] The church discourages gambling in all forms, including lotteries.[141]", "Gentile The term is used by English translators for the Hebrew גוי‬ (goy) and נכרי‬ (nokhri) in the Hebrew Bible and the Greek word ἔθνη (éthnē) in the New Testament. The term \"gentiles\" is derived from Latin, used for contextual translation, and not an original Hebrew or Greek word from the Bible. The original words goy and ethnos refer to \"peoples\" or \"nations\" and is applied to both Israelites and non-Israelites in the Bible.[3] However, in most biblical uses, it denotes nations that are politically distinct from Israel. Since most of the nations at the time of the Bible were \"heathens\", goy or gentile became synonymous with heathen, although their literal translation is distinct. The term gentile thus became identical to the later term Ummot ha-olam (nations of the world). Latin and later English translators selectively used the term \"gentiles\" when the context for the base term \"peoples\" or \"nations\" referred to non-Israelite peoples or nations in English translations of the Bible. In Mormon contexts the word can be used to refer to people who are not members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "Word of Wisdom After Smith's death, several factions emerged from the Latter Day Saint movement. The largest of these groups, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), was led by Brigham Young. At a general conference of the church held on September 9, 1851, Young called on the attendees to \"leave off the use of\" items mentioned in the Word of Wisdom:", "Joseph Smith Political and religious differences between old Missourians and newly-arriving Mormon settlers provoked tensions between the two groups, much as they had years earlier in Jackson County. By this time, Smith's experiences with mob violence led him to believe that his faith's survival required greater militancy against anti-Mormons.[96] Around June 1838, recent convert Sampson Avard formed a covert organization called the Danites to intimidate Mormon dissenters and oppose anti-Mormon militia units.[97] Though it is unclear how much Smith knew of the Danites' activities, he clearly approved of those of which he did know.[98] After Rigdon delivered a sermon that implied dissenters had no place in the Mormon community, the Danites forcibly expelled them from the county.[99]", "Succession crisis (Latter Day Saints) David Whitmer had been ordained President of the High Council in Zion (Jackson County, Missouri), and Joseph had blessed him on July 7, 1834, \"to be a leader or a prophet to this Church, which (ordination) was on condition that he (J. Smith) did not live to God himself\".[21] Upon forming the High Council in Jackson County, Smith stated \"if he should be taken away that he had accomplished the great work which the Lord had laid before him, and that which he had desired of the Lord, and that he now had done his duty in organizing the High Council, through which Council the will of the Lord might be known\".[22] Whitmer, however, separated from the Mormons in June 1838.[23]", "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints After Missouri, Smith built the city of Nauvoo, Illinois as the new church headquarters, and served as the city's mayor and leader of the militia. As church leader, Smith also instituted the then-secret practice of plural marriage, and taught a form of Millennialism which he called \"theodemocracy\", to be led by a Council of Fifty which, allegedly, had secretly and symbolically anointed him as king of this Millennial theodemocracy.[5] Partly in response to these trends, on June 7, 1844, a newspaper called the Nauvoo Expositor, edited by dissident Mormon William Law, issued a scathing criticism of polygamy and Nauvoo theocratic government, including a call for church reform based on earlier Mormon principles.[6] Considering the paper to be libellous, Smith and the Nauvoo city council voted to shut down the paper as a public nuisance. Relations between Mormons and residents of surrounding communities had been strained, and some of them instituted criminal charges against Smith for treason. Smith surrendered to police in the nearby Carthage, Illinois, and while in state custody, he and his brother Hyrum Smith, who was second in line to the church presidency,[7] were killed in a firefight with an angry mob attacking the jail on June 27, 1844.[8]", "Under the Banner of Heaven After opening with the Lafferty case, Krakauer explores the history of Mormonism, starting with the early life of Joseph Smith, founder and first prophet of the Latter Day Saint movement. He follows his life from a criminal fraud trial to leading the first followers to Jackson County, Missouri, and Nauvoo, Illinois. While violence seemed to accompany the Mormons, Krakauer notes that they did not necessarily initiate it. Early Mormons faced severe religious persecution from mainstream Protestant Christians, due to their unorthodox beliefs, including polygamy. In addition they tended to conduct business and personal relations only with other Mormons. There were violent clashes between Mormons and non-Mormons, culminating in Smith's death on June 27, 1844. A mob shot him, pulling him from jail in Carthage, Illinois, where he was awaiting trial for destroying the printing press of a local publication that had portrayed him negatively.", "Saint The beliefs within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) with regard to saints are similar but not quite the same as the Protestant tradition. In the New Testament, saints are all those who have entered into the Christian covenant of baptism. The qualification \"latter-day\" refers to the doctrine that members are living in the \"latter days\", before the Second Coming of Christ, and is used to distinguish the members of the LDS Church, which considers itself the restoration of the ancient Christian church.[46] Members are therefore often referred to as \"Latter-day Saints\" or \"LDS\", and among themselves as \"saints\".[47]", "History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Some Church members have formed a number of unofficial support organizations, including Evergreen International, Affirmation: Gay & Lesbian Mormons, North Star,[52] Disciples2,[53] Wildflowers,[54] Family Fellowship, GLYA (Gay LDS Young Adults),[55] LDS Reconciliation,[56] Gamofites and the Guardrail foundation.[57]", "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints In the 1830s, the greatest criticism was for Smith's handling of a banking failure in Kirtland, Ohio. After the Mormons migrated west, there was fear and suspicion about the LDS Church's political and military power in Missouri, culminating in the 1838 Mormon War and the infamous Mormon Extermination Order (Missouri Executive Order 44) by Governor Lilburn Boggs. In the 1840s, criticism of the church centered on its theocratic aspirations in Nauvoo, Illinois. Criticism of the practice of plural marriage and other doctrines taught by Smith were published in the Nauvoo Expositor. Opposition led to a series of events culminating in murder of Smith and his brother while jailed in 1844.", "Christianity in the United States In 2010, around 13-14% of Mormons lived in Utah, the center of cultural influence for Mormonism.[61] Utah Mormons (as well as Mormons living in the Intermountain West) are on average more culturally and politically conservative and Libertarian than those living in some cosmopolitan centers elsewhere in the U.S.[62] Utahns self-identifying as Mormon also attend church somewhat more on average than Mormons living in other states. (Nonetheless, whether they live in Utah or elsewhere in the U.S., Mormons tend to be more culturally and politically conservative than members of other U.S. religious groups.)[63] Utah Mormons often place a greater emphasis on pioneer heritage than international Mormons who generally are not descendants of the Mormon pioneers.[64]", "Mormonism Much of the Mormon belief system is geographically oriented around the North and South American continents. Mormons believe that the people of the Book of Mormon lived in the western hemisphere, that Christ appeared in the western hemisphere after his death and resurrection, that the true faith was restored in Upstate New York by Joseph Smith, that the Garden of Eden was located in North America, and that the New Jerusalem would be built in Missouri. For this and other reasons, including a belief by many Mormons in American exceptionalism, Molly Worthen speculates that this may be why Leo Tolstoy described Mormonism as the \"quintessential 'American religion'\".[76]", "Apocalypticism Like many 19th-century American Protestant churches, the Mormon tradition teaches that adherents are living shortly before the Second Coming of Christ. The term \"latter days\" is used in the official names of several Mormon churches, including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. LDS president Wilford Woodruff preached multiple times that many then-living adherents \"would not taste death\" before witnessing the return of Christ." ]	[ "Jack Mormon The term Jack Mormon is a slang term originating in nineteenth-century America. It was originally used to describe a person who was not a baptized member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints but who was friendly to Church members and Mormonism, sympathized with them, and/or took an active interest in their belief system. Sometime in the early- to mid-twentieth century, however, the term began to refer to an individual deemed by adherents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to be an inactive or lapsed member of the LDS Church who, despite his personal religious viewpoint, maintained good relations with and positive feelings toward the LDS Church.[1][2]", "Jack Mormon Several LDS historians[who?] believe that the term was used prior to Sharp's mention, and has ties to sympathetic Democrats in Jackson County, Missouri. Their belief is that the term originated in Missouri, during the Kirtland period of Latter Day Saint history, circa 1834. When Church members were expelled from Jackson County by a mob, many fled to Clay County, where local citizens, mostly Democrats, were sympathetic and friendly toward the Mormons. These citizens were pejoratively labeled \"Jack\" Mormons by the antagonistic citizens of Jackson County." ]
test785	auditing is the process of verifying the accuracy of the financial statements	[ "doc28015" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc2474134", "doc1744823", "doc28014", "doc1744829", "doc28015", "doc28036", "doc2474135", "doc28019", "doc28017", "doc423471", "doc1744828", "doc1744831", "doc1744830", "doc1058353", "doc1058347", "doc1744824", "doc1744836", "doc1762685", "doc28033", "doc1744832", "doc1299469", "doc1281452", "doc1744826", "doc1744827", "doc1744835", "doc1058351", "doc1725479", "doc1281453", "doc1762674", "doc1299470", "doc1762661", "doc28029", "doc1762719", "doc1744839", "doc28018", "doc1762670", "doc311414", "doc972772", "doc1744849", "doc28032", "doc2474120", "doc423466", "doc1013833", "doc52108", "doc1297974", "doc52117", "doc1299481", "doc396912", "doc1281451", "doc1744847", "doc1299493", "doc2474129", "doc1762734", "doc1744837", "doc1762666", "doc1762673", "doc1297969", "doc2474121", "doc1762680", "doc2474139", "doc423463", "doc311415", "doc2652564", "doc1762684", "doc1140825", "doc1762681", "doc574419", "doc1762660", "doc52114", "doc28016", "doc1299478", "doc423467", "doc1762675", "doc1744833", "doc2423026", "doc1762712", "doc1762682", "doc1744825", "doc1151520", "doc28025", "doc1762663", "doc1058354", "doc2249073", "doc1762665", "doc28031", "doc667295", "doc1013824", "doc1299494", "doc1762701", "doc311417", "doc116659", "doc1013831", "doc2474126", "doc1058352", "doc1762687", "doc116644", "doc28030", "doc1762668", "doc2414103", "doc52149" ]	[ "Accounting Auditing is the verification of assertions made by others regarding a payoff,[33] and in the context of accounting it is the \"unbiased examination and evaluation of the financial statements of an organization\".[34] Audit is a professional service that is systematic and conventional.[35]", "Audit An audit is a systematic and independent examination of books, accounts, statutory records, documents and vouchers of an organization to ascertain how far the financial statements as well as non-financial disclosures present a true and fair view of the concern. It also attempts to ensure that the books of accounts are properly maintained by the concern as required by law. Auditing has become such a ubiquitous phenomenon in the corporate and the public sector that academics started identifying an \"Audit Society\".[1] The auditor perceives and recognises the propositions before them for examination, obtains evidence, evaluates the same and formulates an opinion on the basis of his judgement which is communicated through their audit report.[2]", "Financial audit A financial audit is conducted to provide an opinion whether \"financial statements\" (the information being verified) are stated in accordance with specified criteria. Normally, the criteria are international accounting standards, although auditors may conduct audits of financial statements prepared using the cash basis or some other basis of accounting appropriate for the organisation. In providing an opinion whether financial statements are fairly stated in accordance with accounting standards, the auditor gathers evidence to determine whether the statements contain material errors or other misstatements.[1]", "Audit Financial audits are performed to ascertain the validity and reliability of information, as well as to provide an assessment of a system's internal control. As a result of this, a third party can express an opinion of the person / organisation / system (etc.) in question. The opinion given on financial statements will depend on the audit evidence obtained.", "Financial audit The audit opinion is intended to provide reasonable assurance, but not absolute assurance, that the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, and/or give a true and fair view in accordance with the financial reporting framework. The purpose of an audit is to provide an objective independent examination of the financial statements, which increases the value and credibility of the financial statements produced by management, thus increase user confidence in the financial statement, reduce investor risk and consequently reduce the cost of capital of the preparer of the financial statements.[2]", "Financial audit The auditing firm's responsibility to check and confirm the reliability of financial statements may be limited by pressure from the audited company, who pays the auditing firm for the service. The auditing firm's need to maintain a viable business through auditing revenue may be weighed against its duty to examine and verify the accuracy, relevancy, and completeness of the company's financial statements. This is done by auditor.", "Accounting An audit of financial statements aims to express or disclaim an opinion on the financial statements. The auditor expresses an opinion on the fairness with which the financial statements presents the financial position, results of operations, and cash flows of an entity, in accordance with the generally acceptable accounting principle (GAAP) and \"in all material respects\". An auditor is also required to identify circumstances in which the generally acceptable accounting principles (GAAP) has not been consistently observed.[36]", "Financial audit Financial audits exist to add credibility to the implied assertion by an organisation's management that its financial statements fairly represent the organisation's position and performance to the firm's stakeholders. The principal stakeholders of a company are typically its shareholders, but other parties such as tax authorities, banks, regulators, suppliers, customers and employees may also have an interest in knowing that the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material aspects. An audit is not designed to provide absolute assurance, being based on sampling and not the testing of all transactions and balances; rather it is designed to reduce the risk of a material financial statement misstatement whether caused by fraud or error. A misstatement is defined in ISA 450 as an error, omitted disclosure or inappropriate accounting policy. \"Material\" is an error or omission that would affect the users decision. Audits exist because they add value through easing the cost of information asymmetry and reducing information risk, not because they are required by law (note: audits are obligatory in many EU-member states and in many jurisdictions are obligatory for companies listed on public stock exchanges). For collection and accumulation of audit evidence, certain methods and means generally adopted by auditors are:[5]", "Financial audit Financial audits are typically performed by firms of practicing accountants who are experts in financial reporting. The financial audit is one of many assurance functions provided by accounting firms. Many organizations separately employ or hire internal auditors, who do not attest to financial reports but focus mainly on the internal controls of the organization. External auditors may choose to place limited reliance on the work of internal auditors. Auditing promotes transparency and accuracy in the financial disclosures made by an organization, therefore would likely reduce such corporations concealmeant of unscrupulous dealings.[4]", "Financial statement Although laws differ from country to country, an audit of the financial statements of a public company is usually required for investment, financing, and tax purposes. These are usually performed by independent accountants or auditing firms. Results of the audit are summarized in an audit report that either provide an unqualified opinion on the financial statements or qualifications as to its fairness and accuracy. The audit opinion on the financial statements is usually included in the annual report.", "Audit Due to strong incentives (including taxation, misselling and other forms of fraud) to misstate financial information, auditing has become a legal requirement for many entities who have the power to exploit financial information for personal gain. Traditionally, audits were mainly associated with gaining information about financial systems and the financial records of a company or a business.", "Audit Cost accounting is a process for verifying the cost of manufacturing or producing of any article, on the basis of accounts measuring the use of material, labor or other items of cost. In simple words, the term, cost audit means a systematic and accurate verification of the cost accounts and records, and checking for adherence to the cost accounting objectives. According to the Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan, a cost audit is \"an examination of cost accounting records and verification of facts to ascertain that the cost of the product has been arrived at, in accordance with principles of cost accounting.\"[citation needed]", "Audit Due to constraints, an audit seeks to provide only reasonable assurance that the statements are free from material error. Hence, statistical sampling is often adopted in audits. In the case of financial audits, a set of financial statements are said to be true and fair when they are free of material misstatements â€“ a concept influenced by both quantitative (numerical) and qualitative factors. But recently, the argument that auditing should go beyond just true and fair is gaining momentum.[9] And the US Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has come out with a concept release on the same.[10]", "External auditor The primary role of external auditors is to express an opinion on whether an entity's financial statements are free of material misstatements.", "External auditor An external auditor performs an audit, in accordance with specific laws or rules, of the financial statements of a company, government entity, other legal entity, or organization, and is independent of the entity being audited.[1] Users of these entities' financial information, such as investors, government agencies, and the general public, rely on the external auditor to present an unbiased and independent audit report.", "Audit Any subject matter may be audited. Auditing is a safeguard measure since ancient times (Loeb & Shamoo,1989)[3]. Audits provide third party assurance to various stakeholders that the subject matter is free from material misstatement. The term is most frequently applied to audits of the financial information relating to a legal person. Other areas which are commonly audited include: secretarial & compliance audit, internal controls, quality management, project management, water management, and energy conservation.", "Audit Auditors of financial statements & non-financial information (including compliance audit) can be classified into three categories:", "Auditor's report An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors' judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity's preparation and fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity's internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements.", "Financial audit After the auditor has completed all procedures for each audit objective and for each financial statement account and related disclosures, it is necessary to combine the information obtained to reach an overall conclusion as to whether the financial statements are fairly presented. This highly subjective process relies heavily on the auditor’s professional judgment. When the audit is completed, the CPA must issue an audit report to accompany the client’s published financial statements.", "Audit In most nations, an audit must adhere to generally accepted standards established by governing bodies. These standards assure third parties or external users that they can rely upon the auditor's opinion on the fairness of financial statements, or other subjects on which the auditor expresses an opinion.", "Internal audit Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization's operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance processes.[1] Internal auditing is a catalyst for improving an organization's governance, risk management and management controls by providing insight and recommendations based on analyses and assessments of data and business processes.[2] With commitment to integrity and accountability, internal auditing provides value to governing bodies and senior management as an objective source of independent advice. Professionals called internal auditors are employed by organizations to perform the internal auditing activity.", "Vouching (financial auditing) It is the practice followed in an audit, with the objective of establishing the authenticity of the transactions recorded in the primary books of account. It essentially consists of verifying a transaction recorded in the books of account with the relevant documentary evidence and the authority on the basis of which the entry has been made; also confirming that the amount mentioned in the voucher has been posted to an appropriate account which would disclose the nature of the transaction on its inclusion in the final statements of account. Vouching does not include valuation.", "Audit The word audit is derived from a Latin word \"audire\" which means \"to hear\".[4][5] During the medieval times when manual book-keeping was prevalent, auditors in Britain used to hear the accounts read out for them and checked that the organisation's personnel were not negligent or fraudulent.[6] Moyer(1951)[7] identified that the most important duty of the auditor was to detect fraud. Chatfield(1974)[8] documented that early United States auditing was viewed mainly as verification of bookkeeping detail.", "Audit An information technology audit, or information systems audit, is an examination of the management controls within an Information technology (IT) infrastructure. The evaluation of obtained evidence determines if the information systems are safeguarding assets, maintaining data integrity, and operating effectively to achieve the organization's goals or objectives. These reviews may be performed in conjunction with a financial statement audit, internal audit, or other form of attestation engagement.", "Audit The purpose of an assessment is to measure something or calculate a value for it. Although the process of producing an assessment may involve an audit by an independent professional, its purpose is to provide a measurement rather than to express an opinion about the fairness of statements or quality of performance.[12]", "External auditor In the USA, the external auditor also performs reviews of financial statements and compilation. In review auditors are generally required to tick and tie numbers to general ledger and make inquiries of management. In compilation auditors are required to take a look at financial statement to make sure they are free of obvious misstatements and errors. An external auditor may perform a full-scope financial statement audit, a balance-sheet-only audit, an attestation of internal controls over financial reporting, or other agreed-upon external audit procedures.[6]", "Auditing Standards Board The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants has issued guidance to accountants and auditors since 1917, when, at the behest of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission and auspices of the Federal Reserve Board, it issued a series of pamphlets to the accounting community in regard to preparing financial statements and auditing (then referred to as \"verification\" and later \"examination\").[3] Verification of Financial Statements, the first pamphlet dedicated exclusively to providing guidance for audits, was issued in 1929.[4] With its opening paragraph, the guidance provided one of the most fundamental principles in auditing, stating that \"the responsibility for the extent of the (audit) work required must be assumed by the auditor.\"[5] In 1936 the AICPA revised its prior pronouncements and issued Examination of Financial Statements by Independent Public Accountants, which contained more detailed guidance on performing audit procedures for audits of small and mid-sized companies, while still emphasizing the need to perform the audit based on the nature of the client, its size, and its internal control structure, among other attributes.[6]", "Vouching (financial auditing) Vouching can be described as the essence or backbone of auditing. The success of an audit depends on the thoroughness with which vouching is done. After entering in all vouchers, only then can auditing start. Vouching is defined as the \"verification of entries in the books of account by examination of documentary evidence or vouchers, such as invoices, debit and credit notes, statements, receipts, etc. The object of vouching is to establish that the transactions recorded in the books of accounts are (1) in order and have been properly authorized and (2) are correctly recorded. â€œSimple routine checking cannot establish the same accuracy that vouching can. In routine checking, entries recorded in the books only show what information the bookkeeper chooses to disclose, however these entries can be fictitious without any vouching or vouchers. By using a vouching or a voucher system a company will have concrete and solid documentation and evidence of expenses, capital, and written proof in audits. Vouching is the essence or backbone of auditing because when performing an audit, an auditor must have proof of all transactions. Without the proof provided by vouching, the claims provided by the auditor are just that, only claims. In most cases, hard to detect frauds can only be discovered through the use of vouching. This means that the auditor must conduct vouching with great importance, if not, he can be charged with negligence which happened in the case of Armitage v. Brewer and Knott. Through this case, the importance of vouching was realized. In this case, the auditors were found to be guilty on negligence, because the auditors did not display enough reasonable care and skill in vouching the wage sheets and ended up failing to detect fraud in manipulation of these wage records and cash vouchers. When delivering the decision the Judge stated that \"It was clear that a good many documents were suspicious on either face and called for Inquiry\". It was declared that it was essential that due care and attention are to be given to vouching in auditing.", "Auditor's report We conducted our audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in (the country where the report is issued). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.", "Internal audit The scope of internal auditing within an organization is broad and may involve topics such as an organization's governance, risk management and management controls over: efficiency/effectiveness of operations (including safeguarding of assets), the reliability of financial and management reporting,[3][4] and compliance with laws and regulations. Internal auditing may also involve conducting proactive fraud audits to identify potentially fraudulent acts; participating in fraud investigations under the direction of fraud investigation professionals, and conducting post investigation fraud audits to identify control breakdowns and establish financial loss.", "Auditor's report It is important to note that auditor reports on financial statements are neither evaluations nor any other similar determination used to evaluate entities in order to make a decision. The report is only an opinion on whether the information presented is correct and free from material misstatements, whereas all other determinations are left for the user to decide.", "Financial audit A recent trend in audits (spurred on by such accounting scandals as Enron and Worldcom) has been an increased focus on internal control procedures, which aim to ensure the completeness, accuracy and validity of items in the accounts, and restricted access to financial systems. This emphasis on the internal control environment is now a mandatory part of the audit of SEC-listed companies, under the auditing standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) set up by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.", "Auditor's report A company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company's internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.", "Audit Quality audits are performed to verify conformance to standards through review of objective evidence. A system of quality audits may verify the effectiveness of a quality management system. This is part of certifications such as ISO 9001. Quality audits are essential to verify the existence of objective evidence showing conformance to required processes, to assess how successfully processes have been implemented, and to judge the effectiveness of achieving any defined target levels. Quality audits are also necessary to provide evidence concerning reduction and elimination of problem areas, and they are a hands-on management tool for achieving continual improvement in an organization.", "Financial audit Internationally, the International Standards on Auditing (ISA) issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) is considered as the benchmark for audit process. Almost all jurisdictions require auditors to follow the ISA or a local variation of the ISA.", "Auditor's report The first paragraph (commonly referred to as the introductory paragraph) states the audit work performed and identifies the responsibilities of the auditor and the auditee in relation to the financial statements. The second paragraph (commonly referred to as the scope paragraph) details the scope of audit work, provides a general description of the nature of the work, examples of procedures performed, and any limitations the audit faced based on the nature of the work. This paragraph also states that the audit was performed in accordance with the country's prevailing generally accepted auditing standards and regulations. The third paragraph (commonly referred to as the opinion paragraph) simply states the auditor's opinion on the financial statements and whether they are in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.[1]", "Audit in India Audit or Auditing in India is a system of independently reviewing the records/activities and expressing an opinion thereon.", "Auditor independence The purpose of an audit is to enhance the credibility of financial statements by providing written reasonable assurance from an independent source that they present a true and fair view in accordance with an accounting standard. This objective will not be met if users of the audit report believe that the auditor may have been influenced by other parties, more specifically company managers/directors or by conflicting interests (e.g. if the auditor owns shares in the company to be audited). In addition to technical competence, auditor independence is the most important factor in establishing the credibility of the audit opinion.", "Audit Also refer to forensic accountancy, forensic accountant or forensic accounting. It refers to an investigative audit in which accountants with specialised on both accounting and investigation seek to uncover frauds, missing money and negligences", "Financial audit The following are the stages of a typical audit:[1]", "Accounting Accounting can be divided into several fields including financial accounting, management accounting, external auditing, tax accounting and cost accounting.[6] Accounting information systems are designed to support accounting functions and related activities. Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information, including the preparation of financial statements, to the external users of the information, such as investors, regulators and suppliers;[7] and management accounting focuses on the measurement, analysis and reporting of information for internal use by management.[1][7] The recording of financial transactions, so that summaries of the financials may be presented in financial reports, is known as bookkeeping, of which double-entry bookkeeping is the most common system.[8]", "Financial statement \"The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions.\"[2] Financial statements should be understandable, relevant, reliable and comparable. Reported assets, liabilities, equity, income and expenses are directly related to an organization's financial position.", "Audit committee Audit committees typically approve selection of the external auditor. The external auditor (also called a public accounting firm) reviews the entity's financial statements quarterly and issues an opinion on the accuracy of the entity's annual financial statements. Changing an external auditor typically also requires audit committee approval. Audit committees also help ensure the external auditor is independent, meaning no conflicts of interest exist that might interfere with the auditor's ability to issue its opinion on the financial statements.", "Financial accounting Financial accounting (or financial accountancy) is the field of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions pertaining to a business.[1] This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public consumption. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes.", "Reconciliation (accounting) To ensure the reliability of the financial records, reconciliations must, therefore, be performed for all balance sheet accounts on a regular and ongoing basis. A robust reconciliation process improves the accuracy of the financial reporting function and allows the finance department to publish financial reports with confidence.[3]", "Financial accounting Financial accounting is the preparation of financial statements that can be consumed by the public and the relevant stakeholders using either Historical Cost Accounting (HCA) or Constant Purchasing Power Accounting (CPPA). When producing financial statements, they must comply to the following:[5]", "Internal audit Internal auditing professional standards require the function to evaluate the effectiveness of the organization's Risk management activities. Risk management is the process by which an organization identifies, analyzes, responds, gathers information about, and monitors strategic risks that could actually or potentially impact the organization's ability to achieve its mission and objectives.", "Financial statement analysis Financial statement analysis (or financial analysis) is the process of reviewing and analyzing a company's financial statements to make better economic decisions. These statements include the income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and a statement of changes in equity. Financial statement analysis is a method or process involving specific techniques for evaluating risks, performance, financial health, and future prospects of an organization.[1]", "Vouching (financial auditing) Vouching is a technical term, which refers to the inspection of documentary evidence supporting and substantiating a transaction, by an auditor. It is the essence of Auditing[1]", "Audit An operations audit is an examination of the operations of the client's business. In this audit the auditor thoroughly examines the efficiency, effectiveness and economy of the operations with which the management of the entity (client) is achieving its objective. The operational audit goes beyond the internal controls issues since management does not achieve its objectives merely by compliance of satisfactory system of internal controls. Operational audits cover any matters which may be commercially unsound. The objective of operational audit is to examine Three E's, namely:[citation needed] Effectiveness – doing the right things with least wastage of resources. Efficiency – performing work in least possible time. Economy – balance between benefits and costs to run the operations[citation needed]", "Internal audit Audit findings and recommendations may also relate to particular assertions about transactions, such as whether the transactions audited were valid or authorized, completely processed, accurately valued, processed in the correct time period, and properly disclosed in financial or operational reporting, among other elements.", "Accounting Financial accounting focuses on the reporting of an organization's financial information to external users of the information, such as investors, potential investors and creditors. It calculates and records business transactions and prepares financial statements for the external users in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).[7] GAAP, in turn, arises from the wide agreement between accounting theory and practice, and change over time to meet the needs of decision-makers.[1]", "Auditor's report The auditor's report on the financial statements typically provides very limited details on the procedures and findings of the audit. In contrast, auditors provide much more detail to the board of directors or to the audit committee of the board. Beginning in 2002, many countries have tasked the audit committee with primary responsibility over the audit.[10] For example, in the United States, section 204 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act passed in 2002[11] required auditors to communicate certain information to audit committees, which were required to be entirely independent, and also made the audit committee responsible for the auditor's hiring.[12] In August 2012, the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board finalized Auditing Standard No. 16,[13] which requires additional communications to the audit committee.[14]", "Audit The most commonly used external audit standards are the US GAAS of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants; and the ISA International Standards on Auditing developed by the International Auditing and Assurance Standard", "Auditor's report (2) The Financial Statements comply with relevant statutory requirements and regulations;", "Auditor's report We have audited the accompanying balance sheet of ABC Company, Inc. (the \"Company\") as of December 31, 20XX and the related statements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.", "Reconciliation (accounting) GAAP (The Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) are a set of accounting principles, procedures and standards that organisations use in order to compile their financial statements. GAAP states that the purpose of account reconciliation is to provide accuracy and consistency in financial accounts. To ensure all cash outlays and inlays match between cashflow statements and income statements it is necessary to carry out reconciliation accounts.[2]", "Accounting Accounting is facilitated by accounting organizations such as standard-setters, accounting firms and professional bodies. Financial statements are usually audited by accounting firms,[9] and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).[7] GAAP is set by various standard-setting organizations such as the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) in the United States[1] and the Financial Reporting Council in the United Kingdom. As of 2012, \"all major economies\" have plans to converge towards or adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).[10]", "Auditor's report We have audited the accompanying financial statements of ABC Company, Inc. (a California corporation), which comprise the balance sheet as of December 31, 20XX, and the related statements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended, and the related notes to the financial statements.", "Accounting Depending on its size, a company may be legally required to have their financial statements audited by a qualified auditor, and audits are usually carried out by accounting firms.[9]", "Financial statement Financial statements (or financial report) is a formal record of the financial activities and position of a business, person, or other entity.", "Audit in India Social audit is a process of reviewing official records and determining whether state reported expenditures reflect the actual monies spent on the ground.[1]", "Audit working papers Audit working papers are the documents which record all audit evidence obtained during financial statements auditing, internal management auditing, information systems auditing, and investigations. Audit working papers are used to support the audit work done in order to provide assurance that the audit was performed in accordance with the relevant auditing standards. They show the audit was:", "Auditor's report Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit in accordance with U.S. generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free from material misstatement.", "Risk The financial audit risk model expresses the risk of an auditor providing an inappropriate opinion (or material misstatement) of a commercial entity's financial statements. It can be analytically expressed as", "Auditor's report Management's Responsibility for the Financial Statements", "Data analysis As another example, the auditor of a public company must arrive at a formal opinion on whether financial statements of publicly traded corporations are \"fairly stated, in all material respects.\" This requires extensive analysis of factual data and evidence to support their opinion. When making the leap from facts to opinions, there is always the possibility that the opinion is erroneous.", "Auditor's report An auditor's report is considered an essential tool when reporting financial information to users, particularly in business. Since many third-party users prefer, or even require financial information to be certified by an independent external auditor, many auditees rely on auditor reports to certify their information in order to attract investors, obtain loans, and improve public appearance. Some have even stated that financial information without an auditor's report is \"essentially worthless\" for investing purposes.[1]", "Financial accounting To provide financial information about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity.[3]", "Financial audit In accordance with the US GAAP, auditors must release an opinion of the overall financial statements in the auditor's report. Auditors can release three types of statements other than an unqualified/unmodified opinion. The unqualified auditor's opinion is the opinion that the financial statements are presented fairly. A qualified opinion is that the financial statements are presented fairly in all material respects in accordance with US GAAP, except for a material misstatement that does not however pervasively affect the user's ability to rely on the financial statements. A qualified opinion can also be issued for a scope limitation that is of limited significance. Further the auditor can instead issue a disclaimer, because there is insufficient and appropriate evidence to form an opinion or because of lack of independence. In a disclaimer the auditor explains the reasons for withholding an opinion and explicitly indicates that no opinion is expressed. Finally, an adverse audit opinion is issued when the financial statements do not present fairly due to departure from US GAAP and the departure materially affects the financial statements overall. In an adverse auditor's report the auditor must explain the nature and size of the misstatement and must state the opinion that the financial statements do not present fairly in accordance with US GAAP.[3]", "Internal audit Internal auditing activity is primarily directed at evaluating internal control. Under the COSO Framework, internal control is broadly defined as a process, effected by an entity's board of directors, management, and other personnel, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of the following core objectives for which all businesses strive:", "Financial statement Financial statements are intended to be understandable by readers who have \"a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and accounting and who are willing to study the information diligently.\"[2] Financial statements may be used by users for different purposes:", "Auditor's report In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 20XX, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in (the country where the report is issued).", "Audit In the US, audits of publicly traded companies are governed by rules laid down by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), which was established by Section 404 of the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002. Such an audit is called an integrated audit, where auditors, in addition to an opinion on the financial statements, must also express an opinion on the effectiveness of a company's internal control over financial reporting, in accordance with PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5.[11]", "Computer-aided audit tools Evaluations of financial information made by studying plausible relationships among both financial and non-financial data to assess whether account balances appear reasonable (AU 329). Examples include ratio, trend, and Benford's Law tests.", "Auditor's report We were engaged to audit the accompanying balance sheet of ABC Company, Inc. (the \"Company\") as of December 31, 20XX and the related statements of income and cash flows for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management.", "Auditor's report Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of consolidated financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.", "Audit As a result of an audit, stakeholders may effectively evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and the governance process over the subject matter.", "International Financial Reporting Standards Financial statements are a structured representation of the financial positions and financial performance of an entity. The objective of financial statements is to provide information about the financial position, financial performance and cash flows of an entity that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. Financial statements also show the results of the management's stewardship of the resources entrusted to it.[4]", "Financial audit Auditing of UK government expenditure is now carried out by the National Audit Office. The Australian National Audit Office conducts all financial statement audits for entities controlled by the Australian Government.[13]", "Auditor's report An opinion is said to be unqualified when he or she does not have any significant reservation in respect of matters contained in the Financial Statements. The most frequent type of report is referred to as the \"Unqualified Opinion\", and is regarded by many as the equivalent of a \"clean bill of health\" to a patient, which has led many to call it the \"Clean Opinion\", but in reality it is not a clean bill of health, because the Auditor can only provide reasonable assurance regarding the Financial Statements, not the health of the company itself, or the integrity of company records not part of the foundation of the Financial Statements.[2] This type of report is issued by an auditor when the financial statements are free of material misstatements and are presented fairly in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), which in other words means that the company's financial condition, position, and operations are fairly presented in the financial statements. It is the best type of report an auditee may receive from an external auditor.", "External auditor Internal auditors who are members of a professional organization would be subject to the same code of ethics and professional code of conduct as applicable to external auditors. They differ, however, primarily in their relationship to the entities they audit. Internal auditors, though generally independent of the activities they audit, are part of the organization they audit, and report to management. Typically, internal auditors are employees of the entity, though in some cases the function may be outsourced. The internal auditor's primary responsibility is appraising an entity's risk management strategy and practices, management (including IT) control frameworks and governance processes. [7] They are also responsible for the internal control procedures of an organization and the prevention of fraud.[8]", "Forensic accounting Forensic accounting, forensic accountancy or financial forensics is the specialty practice area of accounting that describes engagements that result from actual or anticipated disputes or litigation. \"Forensic\" means \"suitable for use in a court of law\", and it is to that standard and potential outcome that forensic accountants generally have to work. Forensic accountants, also referred to as forensic auditors or investigative auditors, often have to give expert evidence at the eventual trial.[1] All of the larger accounting firms, as well as many medium-sized and boutique firms and various police and government agencies have specialist forensic accounting departments. Within these groups, there may be further sub-specializations: some forensic accountants may, for example, just specialize in insurance claims, personal injury claims, fraud, anti-money-laundering, construction,[2] or royalty audits.[3]", "Auditor's report (1) The Financial Statements have been prepared using the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles which have been consistently applied;", "Financial audit Some oversight organisations require auditors and audit firms to undergo a third-party quality review periodically to ensure the applicable GAAS is followed.", "Corporate governance Current accounting rules under International Accounting Standards and U.S. GAAP allow managers some choice in determining the methods of measurement and criteria for recognition of various financial reporting elements. The potential exercise of this choice to improve apparent performance increases the information risk for users. Financial reporting fraud, including non-disclosure and deliberate falsification of values also contributes to users' information risk. To reduce this risk and to enhance the perceived integrity of financial reports, corporation financial reports must be audited by an independent external auditor who issues a report that accompanies the financial statements.", "Audit committee Internationally, the audit committee is a committee of the board of directors responsible for oversight of the financial reporting process, selection of the independent auditor, and receipt of audit results both internal and external. The committee assists the board of directors fulfill its corporate governance and overseeing responsibilities in relation to an entityâ€™s financial reporting, internal control system, risk management system and internal and external audit functions. Its role is to provide advice and recommendations to the board within the scope of its terms of reference / charter. Terms of reference and requirements for an audit committee vary by country, but may be influenced by economic and political unions capable of passing legislation. The European Union directives are applied across Europe through legislation at the country level. Although specific legal requirements may vary by country in Europe, the source of legislation on corporate governance issues is often found at the European Union level and within the non-mandatory corporate governance codes that cross national boundaries.", "Internal audit Under the IIA standards, a critical component of the audit process is the preparation of a balanced report that provides executives and the board with the opportunity to evaluate and weigh the issues being reported in the proper context and perspective. In providing perspective, analysis and workable recommendations for business improvements in critical areas, auditors help the organization meet its objectives.", "Auditor's report An Adverse Opinion is issued when the auditor determines that the financial statements of an auditee are materially misstated and, when considered as a whole, do not conform with GAAP. It is considered the opposite of an unqualified or clean opinion, essentially stating that the information contained is materially incorrect, unreliable, and inaccurate in order to assess the auditee's financial position and results of operations. Investors, lending institutions, and governments very rarely accept an auditee's financial statements if the auditor issued an adverse opinion, and usually request the auditee to correct the financial statements and obtain another audit report.", "Audit in India Statutory audit refers to the audit based on the laws applicable on the entity for the time being in force. It is governed by the Indian Accounting Standards (Ind-AS) issued by Institute of Chartered Accountants of India from time to time. A Chartered accountant holding a certificate of practice in India is qualified to be a statutory auditor of an entity. It is mandatory for a company in India to get the Statutory Audit of its financial statements done according to the provisions of Companies Act 2013.[citation needed]", "Single Audit The Single Audit requires that a recipient prepare financial statements specifically for the single audit.[24] It also requires that a financial audit be performed on the recipient, which includes the federal assistance operations as well as the non-federal assistance operations. Tests of transactions and account balances are performed to ensure that the information presented in the financial statements, and notes thereof, are reasonably correct.[25] Additionally, the recipient must prepare a Schedule of Federal Expenditures, which is a supplementary financial statement unique to recipients of federal assistance that details all the federal assistance expended by the recipient during the year, categorized by federal program.[26] The auditor must then audit and report on this Schedule as if it were part of the standard financial statements.[25]", "Audit committee Audit committees typically review financial statements quarterly and annually in public companies. In addition, members will often discuss complex accounting estimates and judgments made by management and the implementation of new accounting principles or regulations. Audit committees interact regularly with senior financial management such as the CFO and Controller and are in a position to comment on the capabilities of these managers. Should significant problems with accounting practices or personnel be identified or alleged, a special investigation may be directed by the audit committee, using outside consulting resources as deemed necessary.", "Accounting Accounting has variously been defined as the keeping or preparation of the financial records of an entity, the analysis, verification and reporting of such records and \"the principles and procedures of accounting\"; it also refers to the job of being an accountant.[26][27][28]", "External auditor External auditors also undertake management consulting assignments. Under statute, an external auditor can be prohibited from providing certain services to the entity they audit. This is primarily to ensure that conflicts of interest do not arise. The independence of external auditors is crucial to a correct and thorough appraisal of an entity's financial controls and statements. Any relationship between the external auditors and the entity, other than retention for the audit itself, must be disclosed in the external auditor's reports. These rules also prohibit the auditor from owning a stake in public clients and severely limits the types of non-audit services they can provide.", "Auditor's report In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of ABC Company, Inc. as of December 31, 20XX, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.", "Single Audit A Single Audit encompasses an examination of a recipientâ€™s financial records, financial statements, federal award transactions and expenditures, the general management of its operations, internal control systems, and federal assistance it received during the audit period (the time period of recipient operations examined in the Single Audit, which is usually covers a natural or fiscal year).[3][9] The Single Audit is divided into two areas: Compliance and Financial.", "Financial audit Many countries have government sponsored or mandated organizations who develop and maintain auditing standards, commonly referred to generally accepted auditing standards or GAAS. These standards prescribe different aspects of auditing such as the opinion, stages of an audit, and controls over work product (i.e., working papers).", "Auditor's report (4) Any changes in the accounting principles or in the method of their application and the effects thereof have been properly determined and disclosed in the Financial Statements.", "Valuation (finance) Businesses or fractional interests in businesses may be valued for various purposes such as mergers and acquisitions, sale of securities, and taxable events. An accurate valuation of privately owned companies largely depends on the reliability of the firm's historic financial information. Public company financial statements are audited by Certified Public Accountants (USA), Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) or Chartered Accountants (UK and Canada) and overseen by a government regulator. Alternatively, private firms do not have government oversight—unless operating in a regulated industry—and are usually not required to have their financial statements audited. Moreover, managers of private firms often prepare their financial statements to minimize profits and, therefore, taxes. Alternatively, managers of public firms tend to want higher profits to increase their stock price. Therefore, a firm's historic financial information may not be accurate and can lead to over- and undervaluation. In an acquisition, a buyer often performs due diligence to verify the seller's information.", "Financial accounting The trial balance, which is usually prepared using the double-entry accounting system, forms the basis for preparing the financial statements. All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet. Accounting standards determine the format for these accounts (SSAP, FRS, IFRS). Financial statements display the income and expenditure for the company and a summary of the assets, liabilities, and shareholders' or owners' equity of the company on the date to which the accounts were prepared." ]	[ "Financial audit The audit opinion is intended to provide reasonable assurance, but not absolute assurance, that the financial statements are presented fairly, in all material respects, and/or give a true and fair view in accordance with the financial reporting framework. The purpose of an audit is to provide an objective independent examination of the financial statements, which increases the value and credibility of the financial statements produced by management, thus increase user confidence in the financial statement, reduce investor risk and consequently reduce the cost of capital of the preparer of the financial statements.[2]" ]
test2773	where can carbon be found in the biosphere	[ "doc95257" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc95257", "doc1602389", "doc95250", "doc95264", "doc1602403", "doc260575", "doc761200", "doc95255", "doc95253", "doc482315", "doc95259", "doc95265", "doc138064", "doc95260", "doc762786", "doc260590", "doc1602369", "doc138055", "doc392909", "doc260589", "doc1675322", "doc1602390", "doc95254", "doc253491", "doc1602407", "doc95258", "doc95269", "doc1317663", "doc150340", "doc95256", "doc260588", "doc2100010", "doc1299530", "doc1602397", "doc1602427", "doc1807973", "doc1391560", "doc260591", "doc2011307", "doc95261", "doc150341", "doc482480", "doc1675316", "doc1602371", "doc138059", "doc1602386", "doc1807971", "doc723910", "doc1807975", "doc1317675", "doc392989", "doc392910", "doc1602393", "doc392977", "doc1675317", "doc392993", "doc150364", "doc592552", "doc490522", "doc1582019", "doc1392476", "doc1023689", "doc761199", "doc1807969", "doc260607", "doc1602400", "doc1023690", "doc392985", "doc782565", "doc392908", "doc392986", "doc1317656", "doc1317670", "doc482339", "doc1618551", "doc1602375", "doc260608", "doc1602392", "doc1392482", "doc1299529", "doc260592", "doc392980", "doc392919", "doc1807970", "doc1317697", "doc2156133", "doc95262", "doc260578", "doc482305", "doc418039", "doc95273", "doc95252", "doc260603", "doc1602406", "doc1602388", "doc1602368", "doc482482", "doc1602408", "doc95271", "doc1317687" ]	[ "Carbon cycle The terrestrial biosphere includes the organic carbon in all land-living organisms, both alive and dead, as well as carbon stored in soils. About 500 gigatons of carbon are stored above ground in plants and other living organisms,[4] while soil holds approximately 1,500 gigatons of carbon.[8] Most carbon in the terrestrial biosphere is organic carbon,[9] while about a third of soil carbon is stored in inorganic forms, such as calcium carbonate.[10] Organic carbon is a major component of all organisms living on earth. Autotrophs extract it from the air in the form of carbon dioxide, converting it into organic carbon, while heterotrophs receive carbon by consuming other organisms.", "Carbon In combination with oxygen in carbon dioxide, carbon is found in the Earth's atmosphere (approximately 810 gigatonnes of carbon) and dissolved in all water bodies (approximately 36,000 gigatonnes of carbon). Around 1,900 gigatonnes of carbon are present in the biosphere. Hydrocarbons (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) contain carbon as well. Coal \"reserves\" (not \"resources\") amount to around 900 gigatonnes with perhaps 18,000 Gt of resources.[52] Oil reserves are around 150 gigatonnes. Proven sources of natural gas are about 175 1012 cubic metres (containing about 105 gigatonnes of carbon), but studies estimate another 900 1012 cubic metres of \"unconventional\" deposits such as shale gas, representing about 540 gigatonnes of carbon.[53]", "Carbon cycle The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon sinks.", "Carbon cycle Most of the earth's carbon is stored inertly in the earth's lithosphere.[2] Much of the carbon stored in the earth's mantle was stored there when the earth formed.[16] Some of it was deposited in the form of organic carbon from the biosphere.[17] Of the carbon stored in the geosphere, about 80% is limestone and its derivatives, which form from the sedimentation of calcium carbonate stored in the shells of marine organisms. The remaining 20% is stored as kerogens formed through the sedimentation and burial of terrestrial organisms under high heat and pressure. Organic carbon stored in the geosphere can remain there for millions of years.[15]", "Carbon Under terrestrial conditions, conversion of one element to another is very rare. Therefore, the amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant. Thus, processes that use carbon must obtain it from somewhere and dispose of it somewhere else. The paths of carbon in the environment form the carbon cycle. For example, photosynthetic plants draw carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (or seawater) and build it into biomass, as in the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation. Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, while some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; if bacteria do not consume it, dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which releases carbon when burned.[75][76]", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere. It is an integral part of the carbon cycle, a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the Earth's oceans, soil, rocks and the biosphere. Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis. Almost all other organisms depend on carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis as their primary source of energy and carbon compounds. CO2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a vital role in regulating Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.[1]", "Carbon-14 The inventory of carbon-14 in Earth's biosphere is about 300 megacuries (11Â EBq), of which most is in the oceans.[34] The following inventory of carbon-14 has been given:[35]", "Carbon cycle Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere primarily through photosynthesis and enters the terrestrial and oceanic biospheres. Carbon dioxide also dissolves directly from the atmosphere into bodies of water (ocean, lakes, etc.), as well as dissolving in precipitation as raindrops fall through the atmosphere. When dissolved in water, carbon dioxide reacts with water molecules and forms carbonic acid, which contributes to ocean acidity. It can then be absorbed by rocks through weathering. It also can acidify other surfaces it touches or be washed into the ocean.[7]", "Carbon cycle The carbon exchanges between reservoirs occur as the result of various chemical, physical, geological, and biological processes. The ocean contains the largest active pool of carbon near the surface of the Earth.[2]\nThe natural flows of carbon between the atmosphere, ocean, terrestrial ecosystems, and sediments is fairly balanced, so that carbon levels would be roughly stable without human influence.[4][5]", "Carbon group Carbon accumulates as the result of stellar fusion in most stars, even small ones.[12] Carbon is present in the earth's crust in concentrations of 480 parts per million, and is present in seawater at concentrations of 28 parts per million. Carbon is present in the atmosphere in the form of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. Carbon is a key constituent of carbonate minerals, and is in hydrogen carbonate, which is common in seawater. Carbon forms 22.8% of a typical human.[13]", "Carbon cycle Carbon leaves the terrestrial biosphere in several ways and on different time scales. The combustion or respiration of organic carbon releases it rapidly into the atmosphere. It can also be exported into the ocean through rivers or remain sequestered in soils in the form of inert carbon. Carbon stored in soil can remain there for up to thousands of years before being washed into rivers by erosion or released into the atmosphere through soil respiration. Between 1989 and 2008 soil respiration increased by about 0.1% per year.[11] In 2008, the global total of CO2 released by soil respiration was roughly 98 billion tonnes, about 10 times more carbon than humans are now putting into the atmosphere each year by burning fossil fuel (this does not represent a net transfer of carbon from soil to atmosphere, as the respiration is largely offset by inputs to soil carbon). There are a few plausible explanations for this trend, but the most likely explanation is that increasing temperatures have increased rates of decomposition of soil organic matter, which has increased the flow of CO2. The length of carbon sequestering in soil is dependent on local climatic conditions and thus changes in the course of climate change.", "Carbon cycle Carbon can leave the geosphere in several ways. Carbon dioxide is released during the metamorphosis of carbonate rocks when they are subducted into the earth's mantle. This carbon dioxide can be released into the atmosphere and ocean through volcanoes and hotspots.[16] It can also be removed by humans through the direct extraction of kerogens in the form of fossil fuels. After extraction, fossil fuels are burned to release energy, thus emitting the carbon they store into the atmosphere.", "Biosphere Life forms live in every part of the Earth's biosphere, including soil, hot springs, inside rocks at least 19 km (12 mi) deep underground, the deepest parts of the ocean, and at least 64 km (40 mi) high in the atmosphere.[17][18][19] Microorganisms, under certain test conditions, have been observed to thrive in the vacuum of outer space.[20][21] The total amount of soil and subsurface bacterial carbon is estimated as 5 × 1017 g, or the \"weight of the United Kingdom\".[17] The mass of prokaryote microorganisms—which includes bacteria and archaea, but not the nucleated eukaryote microorganisms—may be as much as 0.8 trillion tons of carbon (of the total biosphere mass, estimated at between 1 and 4 trillion tons).[22] Barophilic marine microbes have been found at more than a depth of 10,000 m (33,000 ft; 6.2 mi) in the Mariana Trench, the deepest spot in the Earth's oceans.[23] In fact, single-celled life forms have been found in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, by the Challenger Deep, at depths of 11,034 m (36,201 ft; 6.856 mi).[24][25][26] Other researchers reported related studies that microorganisms thrive inside rocks up to 580 m (1,900 ft; 0.36 mi) below the sea floor under 2,590 m (8,500 ft; 1.61 mi) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States,[25][27] as well as 2,400 m (7,900 ft; 1.5 mi) beneath the seabed off Japan.[28] Culturable thermophilic microbes have been extracted from cores drilled more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft; 3.1 mi) into the Earth's crust in Sweden,[29] from rocks between 65–75 °C (149–167 °F). Temperature increases with increasing depth into the Earth's crust. The rate at which the temperature increases depends on many factors, including type of crust (continental vs. oceanic), rock type, geographic location, etc. The greatest known temperature at which microbial life can exist is 122 °C (252 °F) (Methanopyrus kandleri Strain 116), and it is likely that the limit of life in the \"deep biosphere\" is defined by temperature rather than absolute depth.[citation needed] On 20 August 2014, scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living 800 m (2,600 ft; 0.50 mi) below the ice of Antarctica.[30][31] According to one researcher, \"You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are.\"[25]", "Carbon cycle The ocean contains the greatest quantity of actively cycled carbon in this world and is second only to the lithosphere in the amount of carbon stored.[2] Its surface layer holds large amounts of dissolved inorganic carbon that is exchanged rapidly with the atmosphere. The deep layer's concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is about 15% higher than that of the surface layer.[12] DIC is stored in the deep layer for much longer periods of time.[4] Thermohaline circulation exchanges carbon between these two layers.[2]", "Nature The biosphere is the part of Earth's outer shell – including land, surface rocks, water, air and the atmosphere – within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform. From the broadest geophysiological point of view, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere (rocks), hydrosphere (water), and atmosphere (air). The entire Earth contains over 75 billion tons (150 trillion pounds or about 6.8×1013 kilograms) of biomass (life), which lives within various environments within the biosphere.[45]", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Most sources of CO2 emissions are natural, and are balanced to various degrees by natural CO2 sinks. For example, the natural decay of organic material in forests and grasslands and the action of forest fires results in the release of about 439 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide every year, while new growth entirely counteracts this effect, absorbing 450 gigatonnes per year.[52] Although the initial carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the young Earth was produced by volcanic activity, modern volcanic activity releases only 130 to 230 megatonnes of carbon dioxide each year.[53] These natural sources are nearly balanced by natural sinks, physical and biological processes which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. For example, some is directly removed from the atmosphere by land plants for photosynthesis and it is soluble in water forming carbonic acid. There is a large natural flux of CO2 into and out of the biosphere and oceans.[54] In the pre-industrial era these fluxes were largely in balance. Currently about 57% of human-emitted CO2 is removed by the biosphere and oceans.[55][56] From pre-industrial era to 2010, the terrestrial biosphere represented a net source of atmospheric CO2 prior to 1940, switching subsequently to a net sink.[56] The ratio of the increase in atmospheric CO2 to emitted CO2 is known as the airborne fraction (Keeling et al., 1995); this varies for short-term averages and is typically about 45% over longer (5 year) periods.[56] Estimated carbon in global terrestrial vegetation increased from approximately 740 billion tons in 1910 to 780 billion tons in 1990.[57]", "Carbon Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen.[17]", "Biosphere The biosphere (from Greek βίος bíos \"life\" and σφαῖρα sphaira \"sphere\") also known as the ecosphere (from Greek οἶκος oîkos \"environment\" and σφαῖρα), is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. The two joined words are \"bio\" and \"sphere\". It can also be termed as the zone of life on Earth, a closed system (apart from solar and cosmic radiation and heat from the interior of the Earth), and largely self-regulating.[1] By the most general biophysiological definition, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The biosphere is postulated to have evolved, beginning with a process of biopoiesis (life created naturally from non-living matter) or biogenesis (life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion years ago.[2][3]", "Carbon dioxide As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste product.[6]", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, wildfires and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. Man-made sources of carbon dioxide include the burning of fossil fuels for heating, power generation and transport, as well as some industrial processes such as cement making. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by a process called photosynthesis. They gain the energy needed for this reaction from absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll and other pigments. Oxygen, produced as a by-product of photosynthesis, is released into the atmosphere and subsequently used for respiration by heterotrophic organisms and other plants, forming a cycle.", "Biogeochemical cycle Plants and animals utilize carbon to produce carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which can then be used to build their internal structures or to obtain energy. Plants and animals temporarily use carbon in their systems and then release it back into the air or surrounding medium. Generally, reservoirs are abiotic factors whereas exchange pools are biotic factors. Carbon is held for a relatively short time in plants and animals in comparison to coal deposits. The amount of time that a chemical is held in one place is called its residence.[2]", "Carbon Carbon is also found in methane hydrates in polar regions and under the seas. Various estimates put this carbon between 500, 2500 Gt,[54] or 3,000 Gt.[55]", "Carbon cycle Carbon in the Earth's atmosphere exists in two main forms: carbon dioxide and methane. Both of these gases absorb and retain heat in the atmosphere and are partially responsible for the greenhouse effect.[2] Methane produces a larger greenhouse effect per volume as compared to carbon dioxide, but it exists in much lower concentrations and is more short-lived than carbon dioxide, making carbon dioxide the more important greenhouse gas of the two.[6]", "Ecology The ecology of global carbon budgets gives one example of the linkage between biodiversity and biogeochemistry. It is estimated that the Earth's oceans hold 40,000 gigatonnes (Gt) of carbon, that vegetation and soil hold 2070 Gt, and that fossil fuel emissions are 6.3 Gt carbon per year.[214] There have been major restructurings in these global carbon budgets during the Earth's history, regulated to a large extent by the ecology of the land. For example, through the early-mid Eocene volcanic outgassing, the oxidation of methane stored in wetlands, and seafloor gases increased atmospheric CO2 (carbon dioxide) concentrations to levels as high as 3500Â ppm.[215]", "Carbon When combined with oxygen and hydrogen, carbon can form many groups of important biological compounds including sugars, lignans, chitins, alcohols, fats, and aromatic esters, carotenoids and terpenes. With nitrogen it forms alkaloids, and with the addition of sulfur also it forms antibiotics, amino acids, and rubber products. With the addition of phosphorus to these other elements, it forms DNA and RNA, the chemical-code carriers of life, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the most important energy-transfer molecule in all living cells.", "Carbon cycle Because carbon uptake in the terrestrial biosphere is dependent on biotic factors, it follows a diurnal and seasonal cycle. In CO2 measurements, this feature is apparent in the Keeling curve. It is strongest in the northern hemisphere, because this hemisphere has more land mass than the southern hemisphere and thus more room for ecosystems to absorb and emit carbon.", "Carbon cycle Humans also influence the carbon cycle indirectly by changing the terrestrial and oceanic biosphere.[23] Over the past several centuries, direct and indirect human-caused land use and land cover change (LUCC) has led to the loss of biodiversity, which lowers ecosystems' resilience to environmental stresses and decreases their ability to remove carbon from the atmosphere. More directly, it often leads to the release of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems into the atmosphere. Deforestation for agricultural purposes removes forests, which hold large amounts of carbon, and replaces them, generally with agricultural or urban areas. Both of these replacement land cover types store comparatively small amounts of carbon, so that the net product of the process is that more carbon stays in the atmosphere.", "Carbon sink Soils represent a short to long-term carbon storage medium, and contain more carbon than all terrestrial vegetation and the atmosphere combined.[7][8][9] Plant litter and other biomass including charcoal accumulates as organic matter in soils, and is degraded by chemical weathering and biological degradation. More recalcitrant organic carbon polymers such as cellulose, hemi-cellulose, lignin, aliphatic compounds, waxes and terpenoids are collectively retained as humus.[10] Organic matter tends to accumulate in litter and soils of colder regions such as the boreal forests of North America and the Taiga of Russia. Leaf litter and humus are rapidly oxidized and poorly retained in sub-tropical and tropical climate conditions due to high temperatures and extensive leaching by rainfall. Areas where shifting cultivation or slash and burn agriculture are practiced are generally only fertile for 2â€“3 years before they are abandoned. These tropical jungles are similar to coral reefs in that they are highly efficient at conserving and circulating necessary nutrients, which explains their lushness in a nutrient desert.[citation needed] Much organic carbon retained in many agricultural areas worldwide has been severely depleted due to intensive farming practices]].", "Carbon fixation Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms. The most prominent example is photosynthesis, although chemosynthesis is another form of carbon fixation that can take place in the absence of sunlight. Organisms that grow by fixing carbon are called autotrophs. Autotrophs include photoautotrophs, which synthesize organic compounds using the energy of sunlight, and lithoautotrophs, which synthesize organic compounds using the energy of inorganic oxidation. Heterotrophs are organisms that grow using the carbon fixed by autotrophs. The organic compounds are used by heterotrophs to produce energy and to build body structures. \"Fixed carbon\", \"reduced carbon\", and \"organic carbon\" are equivalent terms for various organic compounds.[1]", "Carbon cycle Human activities over the past two centuries have significantly increased the amount of carbon in the atmosphere, mainly in the form of carbon dioxide, both by modifying ecosystems' ability to extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and by emitting it directly, e.g., by burning fossil fuels and manufacturing concrete.[2]", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Atmospheric carbon dioxide plays an integral role in the Earth's carbon cycle whereby carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by some natural processes such as photosynthesis and deposition of carbonates, to form limestones for example, and added back to the atmosphere by other natural processes such as respiration and the acid dissolution of carbonate deposits. There are two broad carbon cycles on earth: the fast carbon cycle and the slow carbon cycle. The fast carbon cycle refers to movements of carbon between the environment and living things in the biosphere whereas the slow carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, oceans, soil, rocks and volcanism. Both carbon cycles are intrinsically interconnected and atmospheric gaseous carbon dioxide facilitates the carbon cycle.", "Gaia hypothesis Gaia scientists see the participation of living organisms in the carbon cycle as one of the complex processes that maintain conditions suitable for life. The only significant natural source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is volcanic activity, while the only significant removal is through the precipitation of carbonate rocks.[30] Carbon precipitation, solution and fixation are influenced by the bacteria and plant roots in soils, where they improve gaseous circulation, or in coral reefs, where calcium carbonate is deposited as a solid on the sea floor. Calcium carbonate is used by living organisms to manufacture carbonaceous tests and shells. Once dead, the living organisms' shells fall to the bottom of the oceans where they generate deposits of chalk and limestone.", "Period 2 element Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium and oxygen[31] and is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass after oxygen,[32] the third most abundant by number of atoms.[33] There are an almost infinite number of compounds that contain carbon due to carbon's ability to form long stable chains of C — C bonds.[34][35] The simplest carbon-containing molecules are the hydrocarbons, which contain carbon and hydrogen,[34] although they sometimes contain other elements in functional groups. Hydrocarbons are used as fossil fuels and to manufacture plastics and petrochemicals. All organic compounds, those essential for life, contain at least one atom of carbon.[34][35] When combined with oxygen and hydrogen, carbon can form many groups of important biological compounds[35] including sugars, lignans, chitins, alcohols, fats, and aromatic esters, carotenoids and terpenes. With nitrogen it forms alkaloids, and with the addition of sulfur also it forms antibiotics, amino acids, and rubber products. With the addition of phosphorus to these other elements, it forms DNA and RNA, the chemical-code carriers of life, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the most important energy-transfer molecule in all living cells.[35]", "Carbon Carbon-14 (14C) is a naturally occurring radioisotope, created in the upper atmosphere (lower stratosphere and upper troposphere) by interaction of nitrogen with cosmic rays.[65] It is found in trace amounts on Earth of 1 part per tetrillion (0.0000000001%) or more, mostly confined to the atmosphere and superficial deposits, particularly of peat and other organic materials.[66] This isotope decays by 0.158 MeV β− emission. Because of its relatively short half-life of 5730 years, 14C is virtually absent in ancient rocks. The amount of 14C in the atmosphere and in living organisms is almost constant, but decreases predictably in their bodies after death. This principle is used in radiocarbon dating, invented in 1949, which has been used extensively to determine the age of carbonaceous materials with ages up to about 40,000 years.[67][68]", "Carbon Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry). The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil (petroleum). Crude oil is distilled in refineries by the petrochemical industry to produce gasoline, kerosene, and other products. Cellulose is a natural, carbon-containing polymer produced by plants in the form of wood, cotton, linen, and hemp. Cellulose is used primarily for maintaining structure in plants. Commercially valuable carbon polymers of animal origin include wool, cashmere and silk. Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers, often with oxygen and nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main polymer chain. The raw materials for many of these synthetic substances come from crude oil.", "Oceanic carbon cycle Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key component of organic compounds such as – proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate (CO2, H2CO3, HCO3−, CO32− respectively).", "Bicarbonate Bicarbonate is the dominant form of dissolved inorganic carbon in sea water,[7] and in most fresh waters. As such it is an important sink in the carbon cycle.", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is essential to life and to the present planetary biosphere. Over the course of Earth's geologic history CO2 concentrations have played a role in biological evolution. The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide as sources of electrons, rather than water.[58] Cyanobacteria appeared later, and the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[59] which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. In recent geologic times, low CO2 concentrations below 600 parts per million might have been the stimulus that favored the evolution of C4 plants which increased greatly in abundance between 7 and 5 million years ago over plants that use the less efficient C3 metabolic pathway.[34] At current atmospheric pressures photosynthesis shuts down when atmospheric CO2 concentrations fall below 150 ppm and 200 ppm although some microbes can extract carbon from the air at much lower concentrations.[60][61] Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts,[62][63][64] which is about six times larger than the current power consumption of human civilization.[65] Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.[66][67]", "Carbon-based life Carbon is a key component of all known life on Earth, representing approximately 45-50% of all dry biomass[1]. Complex molecules are made up of carbon bonded with other elements, especially oxygen and hydrogen and frequently also with nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Carbon is abundant on Earth. It is also lightweight and relatively small in size, making it easier for enzymes to manipulate carbon molecules.[citation needed] It is frequently assumed in astrobiology that if life exists somewhere else in the universe, it will also be carbon-based.[2][3] Critics refer to this assumption as carbon chauvinism. [4]", "Carbon cycle Carbon enters the ocean mainly through the dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is converted into carbonate. It can also enter the ocean through rivers as dissolved organic carbon. It is converted by organisms into organic carbon through photosynthesis and can either be exchanged throughout the food chain or precipitated into the ocean's deeper, more carbon rich layers as dead soft tissue or in shells as calcium carbonate. It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or, eventually, returned to the surface waters through thermohaline circulation.[4]", "Carbon fixation It is estimated that approximately 258 billion tons of carbon dioxide are converted by photosynthesis annually. The majority of the fixation occurs in marine environments, especially areas of high nutrients. The gross amount of carbon dioxide fixed is much larger since approximately 40% is consumed by respiration following photosynthesis.[1] Given the scale of this process, it is understandable that RuBisCO is the most abundant protein on Earth.", "Sea Oceans contain the greatest quantity of actively-cycled carbon in the world and are second only to the lithosphere in the amount of carbon they store.[85] The oceans' surface layer holds large amounts of dissolved organic carbon that is exchanged rapidly with the atmosphere. The deep layer's concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon is about 15 percent higher than that of the surface layer[86] and it remains there for much longer periods of time.[87] Thermohaline circulation exchanges carbon between these two layers.[85]", "Biogeochemical cycle Ecological systems (ecosystems) have many biogeochemical cycles operating as a part of the system, for example the water cycle, the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle, etc. All chemical elements occurring in organisms are part of biogeochemical cycles. In addition to being a part of living organisms, these chemical elements also cycle through abiotic factors of ecosystems such as water (hydrosphere), land (lithosphere), and/or the air (atmosphere).[1]", "Carbon The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and transition metal carbonyl complexes. The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones, dolomites and carbon dioxide, but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal, peat, oil, and methane clathrates. Carbon forms a vast number of compounds, more than any other element, with almost ten million compounds described to date,[19] and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions. For this reason, carbon has often been referred to as the \"king of the elements\".[20]", "Biosphere Geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the \"biomass\" or \"biota\" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. When these four component spheres are combined into one system, it is known as the Ecosphere. This term was coined during the 1960s and encompasses both biological and physical components of the planet.[6]", "Carbon Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon is abundant in the Sun, stars, comets, and in the atmospheres of most planets.[47] Some meteorites contain microscopic diamonds that were formed when the solar system was still a protoplanetary disk.[48] Microscopic diamonds may also be formed by the intense pressure and high temperature at the sites of meteorite impacts.[49]", "Oceanic carbon cycle Earth’s plants and algae (primary producers) are responsible for the largest annual carbon fluxes. Although the amount of carbon stored in marine biota (~3 Gt C) is very small compared with terrestrial vegetation (~610 GtC), the amount of carbon exchanged (the flux) by these groups is nearly equal – about 50 GtC each.[2] Marine organisms link the carbon and oxygen cycles through processes such as photosynthesis.[2] The marine carbon cycle is also biologically tied to the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles by a near-constant stoichiometric ratio C:N:P of 106:16:1, also known as the Redfield Ketchum Richards (RKR) ratio,[4] which states that organisms tend to take up nitrogen and phosphorus incorporating new organic carbon. Likewise, organic matter decomposed by bacteria releases phosphorus and nitrogen.", "Life The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be termed as the zone of life on Earth, a closed system (apart from solar and cosmic radiation and heat from the interior of the Earth), and largely self-regulating.[135] By the most general biophysiological definition, the biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.", "Oceanic carbon cycle There are two main types of inorganic carbon that are found in the oceans. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is made up of bicarbonate (HCO3−), carbonate (CO32−) and carbon dioxide (including both dissolved CO2 and carbonic acid H2CO3). DIC can be converted to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) through precipitation of CaCO3 (biologically or abiotically). DIC can also be converted to particulate organic carbon (POC) through photosynthesis and chemoautotrophy (i.e. primary production). DIC increases with depth as organic carbon particles sink and are respired. Free oxygen decreases as DIC increases because oxygen is consumed during aerobic respiration.", "Carbon sink On longer timescales, oceans may be both sources and sinks – during ice ages CO2 levels decrease to ≈180 ppmv, and much of this is believed to be stored in the oceans. As ice ages end, CO2 is released from the oceans and CO2 levels during previous interglacials have been around ≈280 ppmv. This role as a sink for CO2 is driven by two processes, the solubility pump and the biological pump.[24] The former is primarily a function of differential CO2 solubility in seawater and the thermohaline circulation, while the latter is the sum of a series of biological processes that transport carbon (in organic and inorganic forms) from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's interior. A small fraction of the organic carbon transported by the biological pump to the seafloor is buried in anoxic conditions under sediments and ultimately forms fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas.", "Carbon dioxide Phototrophs use the products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules, such as polysaccharides, nucleic acids and proteins. These are used for their own growth, and also as the basis of the food chains and webs that feed other organisms, including animals such as ourselves. Some important phototrophs, the coccolithophores synthesise hard calcium carbonate scales.[94] A globally significant species of coccolithophore is Emiliania huxleyi whose calcite scales have formed the basis of many sedimentary rocks such as limestone, where what was previously atmospheric carbon can remain fixed for geological timescales.", "Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.[7] It is returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of air-breathing land animals, including humans. Carbon dioxide is produced during the processes of decay of organic materials and the fermentation of sugars in bread, beer and winemaking. It is produced by combustion of wood and other organic materials and fossil fuels such as coal, peat, petroleum and natural gas. On the other hand, it is an unwanted byproduct in many large scale oxidation processes, for example the production of acrylic acid (over 5 million tons/year).[8][9][10][11]", "Carbon As for individual carbon allotropes, graphite is found in large quantities in the United States (mostly in New York and Texas), Russia, Mexico, Greenland, and India. Natural diamonds occur in the rock kimberlite, found in ancient volcanic \"necks\", or \"pipes\". Most diamond deposits are in Africa, notably in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, the Republic of the Congo, and Sierra Leone. Diamond deposits have also been found in Arkansas, Canada, the Russian Arctic, Brazil, and in Northern and Western Australia. Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. Diamonds are found naturally, but about 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U.S. are now manufactured.", "Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide dissolves in the ocean to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3−) and carbonate (CO32−). There is about fifty times as much carbon dissolved in the oceans as exists in the atmosphere. The oceans act as an enormous carbon sink, and have taken up about a third of CO2 emitted by human activity.[72]", "Biogeochemical cycle The living factors of the planet can be referred to collectively as the biosphere. All the nutrients—such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur—used in ecosystems by living organisms are a part of a closed system; therefore, these chemicals are recycled instead of being lost and replenished constantly such as in an open system.[1]", "Carbon dioxide Plants also emit CO2 during respiration, and so the majority of plants and algae, which use C3 photosynthesis, are only net absorbers during the day. Though a growing forest will absorb many tons of CO2 each year, a mature forest will produce as much CO2 from respiration and decomposition of dead specimens (e.g., fallen branches) as is used in photosynthesis in growing plants.[104] Contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral, mature forests can continue to accumulate carbon[105] and remain valuable carbon sinks, helping to maintain the carbon balance of Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO2 from the atmosphere.[106]", "Carbon fixation Although almost all heterotrophs cannot synthesize complete organic molecules from carbon dioxide, some carbon dioxide is incorporated in their metabolism.[17] Notably pyruvate carboxylase consumes carbon dioxide (as bicarbonate ions) as part of gluconeogenesis, and carbon dioxide is consumed in various anaplerotic reactions.", "Soil organic matter Soil plays a major role in the global carbon cycle, with the global soil carbon pool estimated at 2500 gigatons. This is 3.3 times the size of the atmospheric pool (750 gigatons) and 4.5 times the biotic pool (560 gigatons). The pool of organic carbon, which occurs primarily in the form of SOM, accounts roughly 1550 gigatons of the total global C pool,[11][12] with the remainder accounted for by soil inorganic carbon (SIC). The pool of organic C exists in dynamic equilibrium between gains and losses; soil may therefore serve as either a sink or source of C, through sequestration or greenhouse gas emissions, respectively, depending on exogenous factors.[13]", "RuBisCO RuBisCO is important biologically because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon enters the organic biosphere. While many autotrophic bacteria and archaea fix carbon via the reductive acetyl CoA pathway, the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle, or the reverse Krebs cycle, these pathways are relatively smaller contributors to global carbon fixation than that catalyzed by RuBisCO. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, unlike RuBisCO, only temporarily fixes carbon. Reflecting its importance, RuBisCO is the most abundant protein in leaves, accounting for 50% of soluble leaf protein in C3 plants (20–30% of total leaf nitrogen) and 30% of soluble leaf protein in C4 plants (5–9% of total leaf nitrogen).[2] Given its important role in the biosphere, the genetic engineering of RuBisCO in crops is of continuing interest (see below).", "Natural environment A diverse variety of living organisms (life forms) can be found in the biosphere on Earth, and properties common to these organisms—plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria—are a carbon- and water-based cellular form with complex organization and heritable genetic information. Living organisms undergo metabolism, maintain homeostasis, possess a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and, through natural selection, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means.", "Carbon dioxide removal A carbon dioxide sink such as a concentrated group of plants or any other primary producer that binds carbon dioxide into biomass, such as within forests and kelp beds, is not carbon negative, as sinks are not permanent. A carbon dioxide sink of this type moves carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere or hydrosphere to the biosphere. This process could be undone, for example by wildfires or logging.", "Ocean acidification The carbon cycle describes the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) between the oceans, terrestrial biosphere, lithosphere,[27] and the atmosphere. Human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels and land use changes have led to a new flux of CO2 into the atmosphere. About 45% has remained in the atmosphere; most of the rest has been taken up by the oceans,[28] with some taken up by terrestrial plants.[29]", "Carbon-14 After production in the upper atmosphere, the carbon-14 atoms react rapidly to form mostly (about 93%) 14CO (carbon monoxide), which subsequently oxidizes at a slower rate to form 14CO2, radioactive carbon dioxide. The gas mixes rapidly and becomes evenly distributed throughout the atmosphere (the mixing timescale in the order of weeks). Carbon dioxide also dissolves in water and thus permeates the oceans, but at a slower rate.[15] The atmospheric half-life for removal of 14CO2 has been estimated to be roughly 12 to 16 years in the northern hemisphere. The transfer between the ocean shallow layer and the large reservoir of bicarbonates in the ocean depths occurs at a limited rate.[23] In 2009 the activity of 14C was 238 Bq per kg carbon of fresh terrestrial biomatter, close to the values before atmospheric nuclear testing (226 Bq/kg C; 1950).[33]", "Oceanic carbon cycle The oceanic carbon cycle (or marine carbon cycle) is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor. Carbon is an element that is essential to all living things; the human body is made up of approximately 18% carbon.[1] The carbon cycle is a result of many interacting forces across multiple time and space scales that circulates carbon around the planet, ensuring that carbon is available globally. The Oceanic carbon cycle is a central process to the global carbon cycle and contains both inorganic carbon (carbon not associated with a living thing, such as carbon dioxide) and organic carbon (carbon that is, or has been, incorporated into a living thing). Part of the marine carbon cycle transforms carbon between non-living and living matter.", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Biosphere CO2 flux in the northern hemisphere summer (NOAA Carbon Tracker).", "Carbon According to current physical cosmology theory, carbon is formed in the interiors of stars in the horizontal branch by the collision and transformation of three helium nuclei.[72] When those stars die as supernova, the carbon is scattered into space as dust. This dust becomes component material for the formation of second or third-generation star systems with accreted planets.[47][73] The Solar System is one such star system with an abundance of carbon, enabling the existence of life as we know it.", "Ocean acidification The carbon cycle involves both organic compounds such as cellulose and inorganic carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide, carbonate ion, and bicarbonate ion. The inorganic compounds are particularly relevant when discussing ocean acidification for they include many forms of dissolved CO2 present in the Earth's oceans.[31]", "Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is an end product of cellular respiration in organisms that obtain energy by breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism. This includes all plants, algae and animals and aerobic fungi and bacteria. In vertebrates, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the skin (e.g., amphibians) or the gills (e.g., fish), from where it dissolves in the water, or to the lungs from where it is exhaled. During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.", "Allotropes of carbon Diatomic carbon can also be found under certain conditions. It is often detected via spectroscopy in extraterrestrial bodies, including comets and certain stars.[9][10]", "Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless gas with a density about 50% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent (400 ppm) by volume.[4] Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, ice caps, glaciers and seawater. It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas.[5] Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations.", "Carbon dioxide Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and (cyanobacteria) into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose, thus creating their own food by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen is produced as a by-product.", "Carbon sink A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration. Public awareness of the significance of CO2 sinks has grown since passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which promotes their use as a form of carbon offset. There are also different strategies used to enhance this process.[1]", "Carbon sink Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air.[19] The solubility pump is the primary mechanism responsible for the CO2 absorption by the oceans.", "Carbon group Carbon is a key element to all known life. It is in all organic compounds, for example, DNA, steroids, and proteins.[3] Carbon's importance to life is primarily due to its ability to form numerous bonds with other elements.[12] There are 16 kilograms of carbon in a typical 70-kilogram human.[13]", "Tree planting Trees sequester carbon through photosynthesis, converting carbon dioxide and water into molecular dioxygen (O2) and plant organic matter, such as carbohydrates (e.g., cellulose). Hence, forests that grow in area or density and thus increase in organic biomass will reduce atmospheric CO2 levels. (Carbon is released as CO2 if a tree or its lumber burns or decays, but as long as the forest is able to grow back at the same rate as its biomass is lost due to oxidation of organic carbon, the net result is carbon neutral.) In their 2001 assessment, the IPCC estimated the potential of biological mitigation options (mainly tree planting) is on the order of 100 Gigatonnes of carbon (cumulative) by 2050, equivalent to about 10% to 20% of projected fossil fuel emissions during that period.[41]", "Carbon Carbon compounds form the basis of all known life on Earth, and the carbon-nitrogen cycle provides some of the energy produced by the Sun and other stars. Although it forms an extraordinary variety of compounds, most forms of carbon are comparatively unreactive under normal conditions. At standard temperature and pressure, it resists all but the strongest oxidizers. It does not react with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorine or any alkalis. At elevated temperatures, carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon oxides, and will rob oxygen from metal oxides to leave the elemental metal. This exothermic reaction is used in the iron and steel industry to smelt iron and to control the carbon content of steel:", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Biosphere CO2 flux in the northern hemisphere winter (NOAA Carbon Tracker).", "Carbon Carbon is a constituent (about 12% by mass) of the very large masses of carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite, marble and so on). Coal is very rich in carbon (anthracite contains 92–98%)[58] and is the largest commercial source of mineral carbon, accounting for 4,000 gigatonnes or 80% of fossil fuel.[59]", "Carbon dioxide removal Biochar is created by the pyrolysis of biomass, and is under investigation as a method of carbon sequestration. Biochar is a charcoal that is used for agricultural purposes which also aids in carbon sequestration, the capture or hold of carbon. It is created using a process called pyrolysis, which is basically the act of high temperature heating biomass in an environment with low oxygen levels. What remains is a material known as char, similar to charcoal but is made through a sustainable process, thus the use of biomass.[19] Biomass is organic matter produced by living organisms or recently living organisms, most commonly plants or plant based material.[20] The offset of GHG emission, if biochar were to be implemented, would be a maximum of 12%. This equates to about 106 metric tons of CO2 equivalents. On a medium conservative level, it would be 23% less than that, at 82 metric tons.[21] A study done by the UK Biochar Research Center has stated that, on a conservative level, biochar can store 1 gigaton of carbon per year. With greater effort in marketing and acceptance of biochar, the benefit would the storage of 5â€“9 gigatons per year of carbon in biochar soils.[22]", "Period 2 element Carbon is the chemical element with atomic number 6, occurring as 12C, 13C and 14C.[25] At standard temperature and pressure, carbon is a solid, occurring in many different allotropes, the most common of which are graphite, diamond, the fullerenes and amorphous carbon.[25] Graphite is a soft, hexagonal crystalline, opaque black semimetal with very good conductive and thermodynamically stable properties. Diamond however is a highly transparent colourless cubic crystal with poor conductive properties, is the hardest known naturally occurring mineral and has the highest refractive index of all gemstones. In contrast to the crystal lattice structure of diamond and graphite, the fullerenes are molecules, named after Richard Buckminster Fuller whose architecture the molecules resemble. There are several different fullerenes, the most widely known being the \"buckeyball\" C60. Little is known about the fullerenes and they are a current subject of research.[25] There is also amorphous carbon, which is carbon without any crystalline structure.[26] In mineralogy, the term is used to refer to soot and coal, although these are not truly amorphous as they contain small amounts of graphite or diamond.[27][28] Carbon's most common isotope at 98.9% is 12C, with six protons and six neutrons.[29] 13C is also stable, with six protons and seven neutrons, at 1.1%.[29] Trace amounts of 14C also occur naturally but this isotope is radioactive and decays with a half life of 5730 years; it is used for radiocarbon dating.[30] Other isotopes of carbon have also been synthesised. Carbon forms covalent bonds with other non-metals with an oxidation state of −4, −2, +2 or +4.[25]", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Photosynthetic organisms are photoautotrophs, which means that they are able to synthesize food directly from CO2 and water using energy from light. However, not all organisms that use light as a source of energy carry out photosynthesis, since photoheterotrophs use organic compounds, rather than CO2, as a source of carbon.[68] In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, photosynthesis releases oxygen. This is called oxygenic photosynthesis. Although there are some differences between oxygenic photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the overall process is quite similar in these organisms. However, there are some types of bacteria that carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis, which consumes CO2 but does not release oxygen.", "Carbon dioxide Most of the CO2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere,[86] forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. Some of these chemical species are consumed by photosynthetic organisms that remove carbon from the cycle. Increased CO2 in the atmosphere has led to decreasing alkalinity of seawater, and there is concern that this may adversely affect organisms living in the water. In particular, with decreasing alkalinity, the availability of carbonates for forming shells decreases,[87] although there's evidence of increased shell production by certain species under increased CO2 content.[88]", "Carbon dioxide The relative concentrations of CO\n2, H\n2CO\n3, and the deprotonated forms HCO−\n3 (bicarbonate) and CO2−\n3(carbonate) depend on the pH. As shown in a Bjerrum plot, in neutral or slightly alkaline water (pH > 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (>50%) becoming the most prevalent (>95%) at the pH of seawater. In very alkaline water (pH > 10.4), the predominant (>50%) form is carbonate. The oceans, being mildly alkaline with typical pH = 8.2–8.5, contain about 120 mg of bicarbonate per liter.", "Oceanic carbon cycle Three main processes (or pumps) that make up the marine carbon cycle bring atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into the ocean interior and distribute it through the oceans. These three pumps are: (1) the solubility pump, (2) the carbonate pump, and (3) the biological pump. The total active pool of carbon at the Earth's surface for durations of less than 10,000 years is roughly 40,000 gigatons C (Gt C, a gigaton is one billion tons, or the weight of approximately 6 million blue whales), and about 95% (~38,000 Gt C) is stored in the ocean, mostly as dissolved inorganic carbon.[2][3] The speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon in the marine carbon cycle is a primary controller of acid-base chemistry in the oceans.", "Carbon sink Examples of carbon sequestration at coal plants include converting carbon from smokestacks into baking soda,[54][55] and algae-based carbon capture, circumventing storage by converting algae into fuel or feed.[56]", "Oxygen cycle Oxygen is also cycled between the biosphere and lithosphere. Marine organisms in the biosphere create calcium carbonate shell material (CaCO3) that is rich in oxygen. When the organism dies, its shell is deposited on the shallow sea floor and buried over time to create the limestone sedimentary rock of the lithosphere. Weathering processes initiated by organisms can also free oxygen from the lithosphere. Plants and animals extract nutrient minerals from rocks and release oxygen in the process.", "Carbon cycle Oceanic absorption of CO2 is one of the most important forms of carbon sequestering limiting the human-caused rise of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. However, this process is limited by a number of factors. Because the rate of CO2 dissolution in the ocean is dependent on the weathering of rocks and this process takes place slower than current rates of human greenhouse gas emissions, ocean CO2 uptake will decrease in the future.[2] CO2 absorption also makes water more acidic, which affects ocean biosystems. The projected rate of increasing oceanic acidity could slow the biological precipitation of calcium carbonates, thus decreasing the ocean's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide.[13][14]", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Since global warming is attributed to increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases such as CO2, scientists closely monitor atmospheric CO2 concentrations and their impact on the present-day biosphere. The National Geographic wrote that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is this high \"for the first time in 55 years of measurementâ€”and probably more than 3 million years of Earth history.\"[23] The current concentration may be the highest in the last 20 million years.[6]", "Carbon group Carbon has multiple allotropes. The most common is graphite, which is carbon in the form of stacked sheets. Another form of carbon is diamond, but this is relatively rare. Amorphous carbon is a third allotrope of carbon; it is a component of soot. Another allotrope of carbon is a fullerene, which has the form of sheets of carbon atoms folded into a sphere. A fifth allotrope of carbon, discovered in 2003, is called graphene, and is in the form of a layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-shaped formation.[3][9][10]", "Soil The biological component of soil is an extremely important carbon sink since about 57% of the biotic content is carbon. Even on desert crusts, cyanobacteria, lichens and mosses capture and sequester a significant amount of carbon by photosynthesis. Poor farming and grazing methods have degraded soils and released much of this sequestered carbon to the atmosphere. Restoring the world's soils could offset the effect of increases in greenhouse gas emissions and slow global warming, while improving crop yields and reducing water needs.[473][474][475]", "Carbon cycle On 12 November 2015, NASA scientists reported that human-made carbon dioxide (CO2) continues to increase, reaching levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years: currently, the rate carbon dioxide release by the burning of fossil fuels is about double the net uptake by vegetation and the ocean.[18][19][20][21]", "Carbon cycle The global carbon cycle is now usually divided into the following major reservoirs of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange:[3]:5â€“6", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere Anthropogenic carbon emissions exceed the amount that can be taken up or balanced out by natural sinks.[90] As a result, carbon dioxide has gradually accumulated in the atmosphere, and as of 2013[update], its concentration is almost 43% above pre-industrial levels.[11][12] Various techniques have been proposed for removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in carbon dioxide sinks. Currently about half of the carbon dioxide released from the burning of fossil fuels is not absorbed by vegetation and the oceans and remains in the atmosphere.[91]", "Carbon Carbon occurs in all known organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. When united with hydrogen, it forms various hydrocarbons that are important to industry as refrigerants, lubricants, solvents, as chemical feedstock for the manufacture of plastics and petrochemicals, and as fossil fuels.", "Carbon It has been estimated that the solid earth as a whole contains 730 ppm of carbon, with 2000 ppm in the core and 120 ppm in the combined mantle and crust.[51] Since the mass of the earth is 7024597200000000000♠5.972×1024 kg, this would imply 4360 million gigatonnes of carbon. This is much more than the amount of carbon in the oceans or atmosphere (below).", "Carbon Carbon (from Latin: carbo \"coal\") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds.It belongs to group 14 of periodic table[14]. Three isotopes occur naturally, 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.[15] Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity.[16]", "Sea It can also enter as dissolved organic carbon through rivers and is converted by photosynthetic organisms into organic carbon. This can either be exchanged throughout the food chain or precipitated into the deeper, more carbon-rich layers as dead soft tissue or in shells and bones as calcium carbonate. It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or being returned to surface waters through thermohaline circulation.[87]", "Carbon Commonly carbon-containing compounds which are associated with minerals or which do not contain hydrogen or fluorine, are treated separately from classical organic compounds; the definition is not rigid (see reference articles above). Among these are the simple oxides of carbon. The most prominent oxide is carbon dioxide (CO2). This was once the principal constituent of the paleoatmosphere, but is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere today.[78] Dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid (H\n2CO\n3), but as most compounds with multiple single-bonded oxygens on a single carbon it is unstable.[79] Through this intermediate, though, resonance-stabilized carbonate ions are produced. Some important minerals are carbonates, notably calcite. Carbon disulfide (CS\n2) is similar.[23]", "Carbon cycle Humans also affect the oceanic carbon cycle.[23] Current trends in climate change lead to higher ocean temperatures, thus modifying ecosystems[24][25][26]. Also, acid rain and polluted runoff from agriculture and industry change the ocean's chemical composition. Such changes can have dramatic effects on highly sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs[27][28][29], thus limiting the ocean's ability to absorb carbon from the atmosphere on a regional scale and reducing oceanic biodiversity globally.", "Carbon sink Terra preta, an anthropogenic, high-carbon soil, is also being investigated as a sequestration mechanism. By pyrolysing biomass, about half of its carbon can be reduced to charcoal, which can persist in the soil for centuries, and makes a useful soil amendment, especially in tropical soils (biochar or agrichar).[47] [48]" ]	[ "Carbon cycle The terrestrial biosphere includes the organic carbon in all land-living organisms, both alive and dead, as well as carbon stored in soils. About 500 gigatons of carbon are stored above ground in plants and other living organisms,[4] while soil holds approximately 1,500 gigatons of carbon.[8] Most carbon in the terrestrial biosphere is organic carbon,[9] while about a third of soil carbon is stored in inorganic forms, such as calcium carbonate.[10] Organic carbon is a major component of all organisms living on earth. Autotrophs extract it from the air in the form of carbon dioxide, converting it into organic carbon, while heterotrophs receive carbon by consuming other organisms." ]
test3232	negative side effect of the tariff bill of 1890	[ "doc110656", "doc110657" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc145210", "doc145209", "doc145201", "doc340087", "doc110643", "doc110658", "doc110659", "doc1985425", "doc110649", "doc110657", "doc110651", "doc891531", "doc145213", "doc1669460", "doc1669456", "doc726038", "doc22018", "doc1550733", "doc528633", "doc458376", "doc110644", "doc110645", "doc1344289", "doc1985426", "doc110656", "doc145206", "doc1169995", "doc844735", "doc725", "doc110647", "doc458388", "doc528650", "doc2420589", "doc117244", "doc2007695", "doc312674", "doc340086", "doc458345", "doc1669463", "doc110655", "doc196296", "doc736", "doc110646", "doc528643", "doc2007696", "doc1211062", "doc21957", "doc286744", "doc2102906", "doc2583807", "doc1344301", "doc294734", "doc145208", "doc528636", "doc145207", "doc726050", "doc726027", "doc891532", "doc145254", "doc110653", "doc2261578", "doc340089", "doc1784150", "doc1158237", "doc1985424", "doc1162177", "doc1119845", "doc2038245", "doc528632", "doc621797", "doc110648", "doc1574809", "doc1514403", "doc762888", "doc752", "doc1169993", "doc486466", "doc1169994", "doc1344297", "doc528649", "doc1398414", "doc621800", "doc1162214", "doc1162213", "doc844711", "doc1784132", "doc891530", "doc1344302", "doc528652", "doc528645", "doc528651", "doc145177", "doc145188", "doc145232", "doc145220", "doc1441415", "doc747", "doc110654", "doc528657", "doc1299508" ]	[ "Tariffs in United States history McKinley campaigned heavily in 1896 on the high tariff as a positive solution to depression. Promising protection and prosperity to every economic sector, he won a smashing victory. The Republicans rushed through the Dingley tariff in 1897, boosting rates back to the 50 percent level. Democrats responded that the high rates created government sponsored \"trusts\" (monopolies) and led to higher consumer prices. McKinley won reelection by an even bigger landslide and started talking about a post-tariff era of reciprocal trade agreements. Reciprocity went nowhere; McKinley's vision was a half century too early.[53] The Republicans split bitterly on the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909. Republican President Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909) saw the tariff issue was ripping his party apart, so he postponed any consideration of it. The delicate balance flew apart on under Republican William Howard Taft. He campaigned for president in 1908 for tariff \"reform\", which everyone assumed meant lower rates. The House lowered rates with the Payne Bill, then sent it to the Senate where Nelson Wilmarth Aldrich mobilized high-rate Senators. Aldrich was a New England businessman and a master of the complexities of the tariff, the Midwestern Republican insurgents were rhetoricians and lawyers who distrusted the special interests and assumed the tariff was \"sheer robbery\" at the expense of the ordinary consumer. Rural America believed that its superior morality deserved special protection, while the dastardly immorality of the trusts—and cities generally—merited financial punishment. Aldrich baited them. Did the insurgents want lower tariffs? His wickedly clever Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909 lowered the protection on Midwestern farm products, while raising rates favorable to his Northeast.[54][55]", "Tariffs in United States history Democrats campaigned energetically against the high McKinley tariff of 1890, and scored sweeping gains that year; they restored Cleveland to the White House in 1892. The severe depression that started in 1893 ripped apart the Democratic party. Cleveland and the pro-business Bourbon Democrats insisted on a much lower tariff. His problem was that Democratic electoral successes had brought in Democratic congressmen from industrial districts who were willing to raise rates to benefit their constituents. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 did lower overall rates from 50 percent to 42 percent, but contained so many concessions to protectionism that Cleveland refused to sign it (it became law anyway).[52]", "Tariffs in United States history Democrats were divided on the issue, in large part because of pro-tariff elements in the Pennsylvania party who wanted to protect the growing iron industry, as well as pockets of high tariff support in nearby industrializing states.[41] However President Grover Cleveland made low tariffs the centerpiece of Democratic Party policies in the late 1880s. His argument is that high tariffs were an unnecessary and unfair tax on consumers. The South and West generally supported low tariffs, and the industrial East high tariffs.[42] Republican William McKinley was the outstanding spokesman for high tariffs, promising it would bring prosperity for all groups.[43][44]", "Benjamin Harrison Representative William McKinley and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich framed the McKinley Tariff that would raise the tariff even higher, including making some rates intentionally prohibitive.[104] At Secretary of State James Blaine's urging, Harrison attempted to make the tariff more acceptable by urging Congress to add reciprocity provisions, which would allow the president to reduce rates when other countries reduced their rates on American exports.[102] The tariff was removed from imported raw sugar, and sugar growers in the United States were given a two cent per pound subsidy on their production.[104] Even with the reductions and reciprocity, the McKinley Tariff enacted the highest average rate in American history, and the spending associated with it contributed to the reputation of the Billion-Dollar Congress.[102]", "McKinley Tariff The Tariff Act of 1890, commonly called the McKinley Tariff, was an act of the United States Congress framed by Representative William McKinley that became law on October 1, 1890. The tariff raised the average duty on imports to almost fifty percent, an act designed to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.[1] Protectionism, a tactic supported by Republicans, was fiercely debated by politicians and condemned by Democrats. The McKinley Tariff was replaced with the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act in 1894, which promptly lowered tariff rates.[2]", "McKinley Tariff The tariff was not well received by Americans who suffered a steep increase in the cost of products. In the 1890 election, Republicans lost their majority in the House with the number of seats they won reduced by nearly half, from 171 to 88.[15] Also, in the 1892 presidential election, Harrison was soundly defeated by Grover Cleveland, and the Senate, House, and Presidency were all under Democratic control. Lawmakers immediately started drafting new tariff legislation, and in 1894, the Wilson-Gorman Tariff passed, which lowered US tariff averages.[16]", "McKinley Tariff The tariff was poorly-received also abroad. Protectionists in the British Empire used it to argue for tariff retaliation and imperial trade preference.[17]", "Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 The converse argument is that if lowering prices alone is not the goal, and instead protecting competitions and markets as well as consumers is the goal, the law again arguably has the opposite effect — it could be protectionist. Economist Thomas DiLorenzo notes that Senator Sherman sponsored the 1890 William McKinley tariff just three months after the Sherman Act, and agrees with The New York Times which wrote on October 1, 1890: \"That so-called Anti-Trust law was passed to deceive the people and to clear the way for the enactment of this Pro-Trust law relating to the tariff.\" The Times went on to assert that Sherman merely supported this \"humbug\" of a law \"in order that party organs might say...'Behold! We have attacked the trusts. The Republican Party is the enemy of all such rings.'\" [35]", "McKinley Tariff After 450 amendments, the Tariff Act of 1890 was passed and increased average duties across all imports from 38% to 49.5%.[5] McKinley was known as the \"Napoleon of Protection,\" and rates were raised on some goods and lowered on others, always in an attempt to protect American manufacturing interests. Changes in duties for specific products such as tinplates and wool were the most controversial ones and were emblematic of the spirit of the Tariff of 1890.[7]", "McKinley Tariff Irwin concluded that the tariff hastened the development of domestic tinplate production by about a decade but also that the benefit to the industry was outweighed by the cost to consumers.[14]", "McKinley Tariff Tin-plates were a major import for the United States; tens of millions of dollars in these goods entered the country each year.[7] In the preceding 20 years, tariff rates had been raised and dropped multiple times on tin-plates with no change in import levels, and domestic production had remained inconsequential. In a last attempt to stimulate the infant domestic tin-plate industry, the Act raised the duty level from 30% to 70%.[8] It also included a unique provision that stated tin-plates should be admitted free of any duty after 1897 unless domestic production in any year reached one third of the imports in that year. The goal was for the duty to be protective or not to exist at all.", "Sherman Antitrust Act The converse argument is that if lowering prices alone is not the goal, and instead protecting competitions and markets as well as consumers is the goal, the law again arguably has the opposite effect — it could be protectionist. Economist Thomas DiLorenzo notes that Senator Sherman sponsored the 1890 William McKinley tariff just three months after the Sherman Act, and agrees with The New York Times which wrote on October 1, 1890: \"That so-called Anti-Trust law was passed to deceive the people and to clear the way for the enactment of this Pro-Trust law relating to the tariff.\" The Times went on to assert that Sherman merely supported this \"humbug\" of a law \"in order that party organs might say...'Behold! We have attacked the trusts. The Republican Party is the enemy of all such rings.'\" [36]", "Tariffs in United States history Efforts to restore free trade with Canada collapsed when Canada rejected a proposed reciprocity treaty in fear of American imperialism in the 1911 federal election. Taft negotiated a reciprocity agreement with Canada, that had the effect of sharply lowering tariffs. Democrats supported the plan but Midwestern Republicans bitterly opposed it. Barnstorming the country for his agreement, Taft undiplomatically pointed to the inevitable integration of the North American economy, and suggested that Canada should come to a \"parting of the ways\" with Britain. Canada's Conservative Party, under the leadership of Robert Borden, now had an issue to regain power from the low-tariff Liberals; after a surge of pro-imperial anti-Americanism, the Conservatives won. Ottawa rejected reciprocity, reasserted the National Policy and went to London first for new financial and trade deals. The Payne Aldrich Tariff of 1909 actually changed little and had slight economic impact one way or the other, but the political impact was enormous. The insurgents felt tricked and defeated and swore vengeance against Wall Street and its minions Taft and Aldrich. The insurgency led to a fatal split down the middle in 1912 as the GOP lost its balance wheel.[56]", "Tariff of Abominations Southern opponents generally felt that the protective features of tariffs were harmful to southern agrarian interests and claimed they were unconstitutional because they favored one sector of the economy over another.[citation needed] New England importers and ship owners also had reason to oppose provisions targeting their industriesâ€”provisions inserted by Democratic Party legislators to induce New England constituents to sink the legislation.[citation needed]", "Tariff of Abominations Industries in the northern United States were being driven out of business by low-priced imported goods; the major goal of the tariff was to protect these industries by taxing those goods. The South, however, was harmed directly by having to pay higher prices on goods the region did not produce, and indirectly because reducing the exportation of British goods to the U.S. made it difficult for the British to pay for the cotton they imported from the South.[1] The reaction in the South, particularly in South Carolina, led to the Nullification Crisis.[2] The tariff marked the high point of U.S. tariffs in terms of average percent of value taxed,[3] though not resulting revenue as percent of GDP.[4]", "Tariff Neoclassical economic theorists tend to view tariffs as distortions to the free market. Typical analyses find that tariffs tend to benefit domestic producers and government at the expense of consumers, and that the net welfare effects of a tariff on the importing country are negative. Normative judgements often follow from these findings, namely that it may be disadvantageous for a country to artificially shield an industry from world markets and that it might be better to allow a collapse to take place. Opposition to all tariff aims to reduce tariffs and to avoid countries discriminating between differing countries when applying tariffs. The diagrams to the right show the costs and benefits of imposing a tariff on a good in the domestic economy.", "Great Depression In June 1930 Congress approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act which raised tariffs on thousands of imported items. The intent of the Act was to encourage the purchase of American-made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. Other nations increased tariffs on American-made goods in retaliation, reducing international trade, and worsening the Depression.[148]", "Herbert Hoover The intent of the act was to encourage the purchase of American-made products by increasing the cost of imported goods, while raising revenue for the federal government and protecting farmers. However, economic depression had spread worldwide, and Canada, France and other nations retaliated by raising tariffs on imports from the U.S. The result was to contract international trade, and worsen the Depression.[146] Progressive Republicans such as Senator Borah were outraged when Hoover signed the bill, and Hoover’s relations with that wing of the party never recovered.[147]", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act The tariffs (this does not include duty-free imports – see Tariff levels below) under the act were the second-highest in the U.S. in 100 years, exceeded by a small margin by the Tariff of 1828.[3] The Act and following retaliatory tariffs by America's trading partners were major factors of the reduction of American exports and imports by more than half during the Depression.[4] Although economists disagree by how much, the consensus view among economists and economic historians is that \"The passage of the Smoot–Hawley Tariff exacerbated the Great Depression.\"[5]", "Causes of the Great Depression Protectionism, such as the American Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, is often indicated as a cause of the Great Depression, with countries enacting protectionist policies yielding a beggar thy neighbor result.[73][74] The Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act was especially harmful to agriculture because it caused farmers to default on their loans. This event may have worsened or even caused the ensuing bank runs in the Midwest and West that caused the collapse of the banking system. A petition signed by over 1,000 economists was presented to the U.S. government warning that the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act would bring disastrous economic repercussions; however, this did not stop the act from being signed into law.", "McKinley Tariff Tariffs, taxes on foreign goods entering a country, served two purposes for the United States in the late 19th century. One was to raise revenue for the federal government, and the other was to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition, which is known as protectionism.[3]", "McKinley Tariff In December 1887, President Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, devoted his entire State of the Union Address to the issue of the tariff and called emphatically for the reduction of duties and the abolition of duties on raw materials. The speech succeeded in making the tariff and the idea of protectionism a true party matter. In the 1888 election, the Republicans were victorious with the election of Benjamin Harrison and majorities in both the Senate and the House. For the sake of holding the party line, the Republicans felt obligated to pass stronger tariff legislation.[4]", "Free silver While all agreed that an expanded money supply would inevitably raise prices, at issue was whether or not this inflationary tendency would be beneficial. The issue peaked from 1893 to 1896, when the economy was wracked by a severe depression—remembered as the Panic of 1893—characterized by falling prices (deflation), high unemployment in industrial areas, and severe distress for farmers.[1]", "Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Dilorenzo writes: \"Protectionists did not want prices paid by consumers to fall. But they also understood that to gain political support for high tariffs they would have to assure the public that industries would not combine to increase prices to politically prohibitive levels. Support for both an antitrust law and tariff hikes would maintain high prices while avoiding the more obvious bilking of consumers.\"[36]", "McKinley Tariff After he examined the actual tariff revenue data, he concluded that revenue decreased by about 4% from $225 million to $215 million, after the Tariff of 1890 increased rates. Irwin explains that to be due to a provision for raw sugar be moved to the duty-free list. Sugar was then the item that raised the most tariff revenue and so making it duty-free reduced revenue. If sugar is excluded from import calculations, the tariff revenue increased by 7.8%, from $170 million to $183 million.", "Tariffs in United States history Nevertheless, some American manufacturers and union workers demanded the high tariff be maintained. The tariff represented a complex balance of forces. Railroads, for example, consumed vast quantities of steel. To the extent tariffs raised steel prices, they paid much more making possible the U.S steel industry's massive investment to expand capacity and switch to the Bessemer process and later to the open hearth furnace. Between 1867 and 1900 U.S. steel production increased more than 500 times from 22,000 tons to 11,400,000 tons and Bessemer steel rails, first made in the U.S that would last 18 years under heavy traffic, would come to replace the old wrought iron rail that could only endure two years under light service.[46] Taussig says that in 1881, British steel rails sold for $31 a ton, and if Americans imported them they paid a $28/ton tariff, giving $59/ton for an imported ton of rails. American mills charged $61 a ton—and made a huge profit, which was then reinvested into increased capacity, higher quality steels and more efficient production.[47] By 1897 the American steel rail price had dropped to $19.60 per ton compared to the British price at $21.00—not including the $7.84 duty charge—demonstrating that the tariff had performed its purpose of giving the industry time to become competitive.[48] Then the U.S. steel industry became an exporter of steel rail to England selling below the British price and during WW I would become the largest supplier of steel to the allies. From 1915 through 1918, the largest American steel company, U.S. Steel, alone delivered more steel each year than Germany and Austria-Hungary combined, totalling 99,700,000 tons during WW I.[49] The Republicans became masters of negotiating exceedingly complex arrangements so that inside each of their congressional districts there were more satisfied \"winners\" than disgruntled \"losers\". The tariff after 1880 was an ideological relic with no longer any economic rationale.[45]", "Cross of Gold speech The effects of the recession which began in 1893, and which continued through 1896, ruined many Americans. Contemporary estimates were an unemployment rate as high as 25%. The task of relieving the jobless fell to churches and other charities, as well as to labor unions.[14] Farmers went bankrupt; their farms were sold to pay their debts. Some of the impoverished died of disease or starvation; others killed themselves.[15]", "Grover Cleveland The bill was next considered in the Senate, where it faced stronger opposition from key Democrats led by Arthur Pue Gorman of Maryland, who insisted on more protection for their states' industries than the Wilson bill allowed.[199] The bill passed the Senate with more than 600 amendments attached that nullified most of the reforms.[200] The Sugar Trust in particular lobbied for changes that favored it at the expense of the consumer.[201] Cleveland was outraged with the final bill, and denounced it as a disgraceful product of the control of the Senate by trusts and business interests.[202] Even so, he believed it was an improvement over the McKinley tariff and allowed it to become law without his signature.[203]", "Protectionism There is a universal consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare,[1][2][3][4] while free trade, deregulation, and the reduction of trade barriers has a positive effect on economic growth.[2][5][6][7][8][9] However, trade liberalization can sometimes result in large and unequally distributed losses and gains, and can, in the short run, cause significant economic dislocation of workers in import-competing sectors.[6]", "McKinley Tariff In addition to the protectionist debate, politicians were also concerned about the high revenue accruing from tariffs.[6] After the American Civil War, tariffs remained elevated to raise revenue and to cover the high costs of the war. However, in the early 1880s, the federal government was running a large surplus. Both parties agreed that the surplus needed to lessen but disagreed about whether to raise or to lower tariffs to accomplish the same goal.", "Causes of the Great Depression The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was instituted by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, and signed into law by President Hoover, to raise taxes on American imports by about 20 percent during June 1930. This tax, which added to already shrinking income and overproduction in the U.S., only benefitted Americans in having to spend less on foreign goods. In contrast, European trading nations frowned upon this tax increase, particularly since the “United States was an international creditor and exports to the U.S. market were already declining”.[75] In response to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, some of America’s primary producers and largest trading partner, Canada, chose to seek retribution by increasing the financial value of imported goods favoured by the Americans.", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act Peter Temin, explains a tariff is an expansionary policy (favourable to economic growth), like a devaluation as it diverts demand from foreign to home producers. He notes that exports were 7 percent of GNP in 1929, they fell by 1.5 percent of 1929 GNP in the next two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic demand from tariff. He concludes that contrary the popular argument, contractionary effect of the tariff was small. (Temin, P. 1989. Lessons from the Great Depression, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass)[20]", "Tariff of 1816 Protectionists were eager to distance themselves from the revenue issue – if revenues were adequate, they could hardly argue for an increase in duties. Manufacturers sought a new argument to support higher tariffs – economic distress due to the downturn. In reality, the Panic had benefited manufacturing by causing a drop in the price of raw materials; even as the retail sales of the cotton goods plummeted, so did the wholesale cost of raw cotton - textile producers could still turn a profit. The primary producers in the agricultural South, however, saw the value of their goods decline and sell at a loss.[52]", "History of the United States The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers, workers, and businessmen who saw prices, wages, and profits fall.[136] Many railroads went bankrupt. The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party, whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame. Labor unrest involved numerous strikes, most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894, which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland's orders. The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers, as well as coal miners, but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement, which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply, leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression.[137]", "Emergency Tariff of 1921 In the 1920s, the most disconcerting economic issue was declining farm profits. From 1900-1920, American farmers had prospered while European agriculture suffered serious disruption due to World War I, therefore prices soared. Beginning in 1919, Europeans closed their markets by implementing tariff barriers. This period of American agricultural prosperity due to rising demand concluded by the early 1920s. While American farms continued to grow due to previous wartime price and technological advances, European demand for American farm products declined and prices plummeted.[1] Wheat price fell from $2.50 to under a dollar a bushel by late 1921. Many farmers found themselves unable to meet their loan repayments. Additionally, overproduction was depressing the profitability of the agriculture industry. With falling prices (due to low demand) and overproduction, farmers faced a serious problem.[2] The Emergency Tariff raised duties on most imported agricultural products, such as corn, wheat, sugar, wool, meat and more.[1]", "Long Depression The period preceding the Long Depression had been one of increasing economic internationalism, championed by efforts such as the Latin Monetary Union, many of which then were derailed or stunted by the impacts of economic uncertainty.[38] The extraordinary collapse of farm prices[15] provoked a protectionist response in many nations. Rejecting the free trade policies of the Second Empire, French president Adolphe Thiers led the new Third Republic to protectionism, which led ultimately to the stringent Méline tariff in 1892.[39] Germany's agrarian Junker aristocracy, under attack by cheap, imported grain, successfully agitated for a protective tariff in 1879 in Otto von Bismarck's Germany over the protests of his National Liberal Party allies.[39] In 1887, Italy and France embarked on a bitter tariff war.[40] In the United States, Benjamin Harrison won the 1888 US presidential election on a protectionist pledge.[41]", "Benjamin Harrison The tariff levels had been a major political issue since before the Civil War, and they became the most dominant matter of the 1888 election.[102] The high tariff rates had created a surplus of money in the Treasury, which led many Democrats (as well as the growing Populist movement) to call for lowering them. Most Republicans preferred to maintain the rates, spend the surplus on internal improvements and eliminate some internal taxes.[103]", "Causes of the Great Depression Henry Ford and Edward A. Filene were among prominent businessmen who were concerned with overproduction and underconsumption. Ford doubled wages of his workers in 1914. The over-production problem was also discussed in Congress, with Senator Reed Smoot proposing an import tariff, which became the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act. The Smoot–Hawley Tariff was enacted in June, 1930. The tariff was misguided because the U.S. had been running a trade account surplus during the 1920s.[46]", "Tariff of Abominations The Democratic Party had miscalculated: despite the insertion by Democrats of import duties calculated to be unpalatable to New England industries, most specifically on raw wool imports, essential to the wool textile industry, the New Englanders failed to sink the legislation, and their plan backfired.[8]", "McKinley Tariff Douglas Irwin's 1998 paper examines the validity of the opposite tariff hypotheses posed by the Republicans and Democrats in 1890. Irwin looked at historical data to estimate import demand elasticities and export supply elasticities for the US in the years before 1888. He then calculated that tariffs had not reached the maximum revenue rate and that a reduction, not a raise, in the tariff would have reduced revenue and the federal surplus. That confirmed the Democrats' hypothesis and refuted the Republicans'.", "Reciprocal Tariff Act After the Civil War, Democrats were generally the party of trade liberalization, while Republicans were generally for higher tariffs. This pattern was clear in congressional votes for tariffs from 1860 until 1930. Democrats were the congressional minority in the majority of Congresses between the Civil War and the election of Roosevelt. During their brief stints in the majority, Democrats passed several tariff reduction bills. Examples include the Wilson–Gorman Act of 1894 and the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913. However, subsequent Republican majorities always undid these unilateral tariff reductions.[2]", "Protectionism Political dynamics would lead people to see a link between tariffs and the economic cycle that was not there. A boom would generate enough revenue for tariffs to fall, and when the bust came pressure would build to raise them again. By the time that happened, the economy would be recovering, giving the impression that tariff cuts caused the crash and the reverse generated the recovery. Mr Irwin also methodically debunks the idea that protectionism made America a great industrial power, a notion believed by some to offer lessons for developing countries today. As its share of global manufacturing powered from 23% in 1870 to 36% in 1913, the admittedly high tariffs of the time came with a cost, estimated at around 0.5% of GDP in the mid-1870s. In some industries, they might have sped up development by a few years. But American growth during its protectionist period was more to do with its abundant resources and openness to people and ideas.", "McKinley Tariff William McKinley, of Ohio, was defeated by Thomas Brackett Reed to be Speaker of the House after the 1888 elections.[5] McKinley instead became chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee and was responsible for framing a new tariff bill. He believed that a protectionist tariff had been mandated by the people through the election and that it was necessary for Americaâ€™s wealth and prosperity.[5]", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act Hoover opposed the bill and called it \"vicious, extortionate, and obnoxious\" because he felt it would undermine the commitment he had pledged to international cooperation. However, in spite of his opposition, Hoover yielded to influence from his own party and business leaders and signed the bill.[15] Hoover's fears were well founded. Canada and other countries raised their own tariffs in retaliation after the bill had become law.", "Emergency Tariff of 1921 The Emergency Tariff increased rates on wheat, sugar, meat, wool and other agricultural products (see all in List of taxed items) brought into the United States from foreign nations, which provided protection for domestic producers of those items. Farm state representatives saw the tariff as only the first step in a campaign for permanent protection and more government aid.[3] Although the tariff was enacted in order to protect American products and attempt the diffuse the post-war recession, this type of protectionist legislation ultimately created an imbalance in international commerce by heightening economic nationalism.[4]", "Panic of 1819 A further effect of the Panic of 1819 was increased support for protective tariffs for American industry. Vocal protectionists, such as Philadelphia printer Mathew Carey, blamed free trade for the depression and argued that tariffs would protect American prosperity. In general, support for tariffs was strongest in the mid-Atlantic states and was opposed by export-heavy southern states.[114]", "Great Depression Many economists have argued that the sharp decline in international trade after 1930 helped to worsen the depression, especially for countries significantly dependent on foreign trade. In a 1995 survey of American economic historians, two-thirds agreed that the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act at least worsened the Great Depression.[65] Most historians and economists partly blame the American Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act (enacted June 17, 1930) for worsening the depression by seriously reducing international trade and causing retaliatory tariffs in other countries. While foreign trade was a small part of overall economic activity in the U.S. and was concentrated in a few businesses like farming, it was a much larger factor in many other countries.[66] The average ad valorem rate of duties on dutiable imports for 1921–25 was 25.9% but under the new tariff it jumped to 50% during 1931–35. In dollar terms, American exports declined over the next four (4) years from about $5.2 billion in 1929 to $1.7 billion in 1933; so, not only did the physical volume of exports fall, but also the prices fell by about 1/3 as written. Hardest hit were farm commodities such as wheat, cotton, tobacco, and lumber.", "History of the United States (1865–1918) With the landslide election victory of William McKinley, who had risen to national prominence six years earlier with the passage of the McKinley Tariff of 1890, a high tariff was passed in 1897 and a decade of rapid economic growth and prosperity ensued, building national self-confidence.[81] McKinley brought in a new governing philosophy, one that dominated the 20th century, in which politics was the arena in which compromises among interest groups were worked out for the national benefit. His system of politics emphasized economic growth, prosperity for all, and pluralism that provided benefits for every group. He rejected programs such as prohibition and immigration restriction that were designed to hurt an enemy. He felt parties had the duty to enact the people's will and educate them to new ideas.[82]", "William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896 The consequences of defeat, however, were severe for the Democratic Party. The 1896 presidential race is generally considered a realigning election, when there is a major shift in voting patterns, upsetting the political balance. McKinley was supported by middle-class and wealthy voters, urban laborers, and prosperous farmers; this coalition would keep the Republicans mostly in power until the 1930s.[146] The election of 1896 marked a transition as the concerns of the rural population became secondary to those of the urban; according to Stanley Jones, \"the Democratic Party reacted with less sensitivity than the Republicans to the hopes and fears of the new voters which the new age was producing\".[147] This was evidenced in the tariff question: Bryan spent little time addressing it, stating that it was subsumed in the financial issue; Republican arguments that the protective tariff would benefit manufacturers appealed to urban workers and went unrebutted by the Democrats.[148]", "Tariff of 1833 The Tariff of 1828, enacted on May 19, 1828, was a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress. It was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime history up to that point, enacting a 62% tax on 92% of all imported goods. The goal of the tariff was to protect northern U.S. industries by placing a tax on low-priced imported goods, which had been driving northern industries out of business. Nevertheless, the South strongly resisted the Tariff of 1828 for several reasons. Firstly, they were forced to pay higher prices on goods that the region did not produce, and secondly, the reduced importation of British goods made it difficult for the British to pay for cotton imported from the South. In essence, the South was simultaneously forced to pay more for goods and to face reduced income from sales of raw materials.[2] These unfortunate results caused many in the South to refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the Tariff of Abominations.", "Free silver The city voters—especially German Americans—overwhelmingly rejected the free-silver cause out of conviction that it would lead to economic disaster, unemployment, and higher prices. The diversified farmers of the Midwest and East opposed it as well, but the cotton farmers in the South and the wheat farmers in the West were enthusiastic for free silver. Bryan tried again in 1900 to raise the issue but lost by larger margins, and when he dropped the issue it fell out of circulation. Subsequent actions to revive the issue were unsuccessful.[11]", "Gilded Age The Bourbon Democrats supported a free-market policy, with low tariffs, low taxes, less spending and, in general, a laissez-faire (hands-off) government. They argued that tariffs made most goods more expensive for the consumer and subsidized \"the trusts\" (monopolies). They also denounced imperialism and overseas expansion.[92] By contrast, Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages, and warned that lowering the tariff would bring disaster because goods from low-wage European factories would flood American markets.[93]", "Tariffs in United States history \"Free foreign trade gives our money, our manufactures, and our markets to other nations to the injury of our labor, our tradespeople, and our farmers. Protection keeps money, markets, and manufactures at home for the benefit of our own people.\"", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act By the late 1920s the economy of the United States had made exceptional gains in productivity due to electrification, which was a critical factor in mass production. Horses and mules had been replaced by motorcars, trucks and tractors. One-sixth to one-quarter of farmland, previously devoted to feeding horses and mules, was freed up, contributing to a surplus in farm produce. Although nominal and real wages had increased, they did not keep up with the productivity gains. As a result, the ability to produce exceeded market demand, a condition that was variously termed overproduction and underconsumption. Senator Smoot contended that raising the tariff on imports would alleviate the overproduction problem; however, the US had actually been running a trade account surplus, and although manufactured goods imports were rising, manufactured exports were rising even faster. Food exports had been falling and were in trade account deficit; however the value of food imports were a little over half that of manufactured imports.[7]", "Tariffs in United States history Democratic President Grover Cleveland redefined the issue in 1887, with his stunning attack on the tariff as inherently corrupt, opposed to true republicanism, and inefficient to boot: \"When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise... it is plain that the exaction of more than [minimal taxes] is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice.\"[50] The election of 1888 was fought primarily over the tariff issue, and Cleveland lost.[51] Republican Congressman William McKinley argued,", "Tariff Unpopular tariffs are known to have ignited social unrest, for example the 1905 meat riots in Chile that developed in protest against tariffs applied to the cattle imports from Argentina.[12][13]", "Tariff In 1896, the GOP platform pledged to “renew and emphasize our allegiance to the policy of protection, as the bulwark of American industrial independence, and the foundation of development and prosperity. This true American policy taxes foreign products and encourages home industry. It puts the burden of revenue on foreign goods; it secures the American market for the American producer. It upholds the American standard of wages for the American workingman.”", "Sherman Antitrust Act Dilorenzo writes: \"Protectionists did not want prices paid by consumers to fall. But they also understood that to gain political support for high tariffs they would have to assure the public that industries would not combine to increase prices to politically prohibitive levels. Support for both an antitrust law and tariff hikes would maintain high prices while avoiding the more obvious bilking of consumers.\"[37]", "Tariffs in United States history [Free trade] destroys the dignity and independence of American labor… It will take away from the people of this country who work for a living—and the majority of them live by the sweat of their faces—it will take from them heart and home and hope. It will be self-destruction.[75]", "McKinley Tariff Also, the Act increased the tariff on carpet wool, a wool of very low quality not produced in the US. The government wanted to ensure that importers were not declaring higher-quality wool as carpet wool to evade the tariff.[10]", "Bourbon Democrat William L. Wilson, President Cleveland's Postmaster General, confided in his diary that he opposed Bryan on moral and ideological as well as party grounds. Wilson had begun his public service convinced that special interests had too much control over Congress and his unsuccessful tariff fight had burned this conviction deeper. He feared the triumph of free silver would bring class legislation, paternalism and selfishness feeding upon national bounty as surely as did protection. Moreover, he saw the proposed unlimited coinage of silver at a ratio of 16 to 1 to gold as morally wrong, \"involving as it does the attempt to call 50 cents a dollar and make it legal tender for dollar debts\". Wilson regarded populism as \"the product of protection founded on the idea that Government can and therefore Government ought to make people prosperous\".[6]", "Benjamin Harrison One of the most volatile questions of the 1880s was whether the currency should be backed by gold and silver, or by gold alone.[108] The issue cut across party lines, with western Republicans and southern Democrats joining together in the call for the free coinage of silver, and both parties' representatives in the northeast holding firm for the gold standard. Because silver was worth less than its legal equivalent in gold, taxpayers paid their government bills in silver, while international creditors demanded payment in gold, resulting in a depletion of the nation's gold supply. Owing to worldwide deflation in the late 19th century, however, a strict gold standard had resulted in reduction of incomes without the equivalent reduction in debts, pushing debtors and the poor to call for silver coinage as an inflationary measure.[109]", "Free trade Political dynamics would lead people to see a link between tariffs and the economic cycle that was not there. A boom would generate enough revenue for tariffs to fall, and when the bust came pressure would build to raise them again. By the time that happened, the economy would be recovering, giving the impression that tariff cuts caused the crash and the reverse generated the recovery. Mr Irwin also methodically debunks the idea that protectionism made America a great industrial power, a notion believed by some to offer lessons for developing countries today. As its share of global manufacturing powered from 23% in 1870 to 36% in 1913, the admittedly high tariffs of the time came with a cost, estimated at around 0.5% of GDP in the mid-1870s. In some industries, they might have sped up development by a few years. But American growth during its protectionist period was more to do with its abundant resources and openness to people and ideas.", "Panic of 1873 After the 1873 depression, agricultural and industrial groups lobbied for protective tariffs. The 1879 tariffs protected these interests, stimulated economic revival through state intervention and refurbished political support for the conservative politicians Bismarck and John A. Macdonald (the Canadian prime minister). Chancellor Bismarck gradually veered away from classical liberal economic policies in the 1870s, embracing many conservative and progressive policies, including high tariffs, nationalization of railroads, and compulsory social insurance.[38][39][40] This political and economic nationalism also reduced the fortunes of the German and Canadian classical liberal parties. France, like Britain, also entered into a prolonged stagnation that extended to 1897. The French also attempted to deal with their economic problems through the implementation of tariffs. New French laws in 1880 and in 1892 imposed stiff tariffs on many agricultural and industrial imports, an attempt at protectionism.[41] The U.S., still in the period after the Civil War, continued to be very protectionist.[42][43]", "Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 Other normative criticism of antitrust policy has been framed in utilitarian terms. Critics, having assumed that some kind of competition law is inevitable, argue as to what its central policy should be, and raise doubts as to whether it is accomplishing its goal. A common tactic is to choose a goal, and then cite evidence that it supports the opposite.[original research?] For example, during a debate over the act in 1890, Representative William Mason said \"trusts have made products cheaper, have reduced prices; but if the price of oil, for instance, were reduced to one cent a barrel, it would not right the wrong done to people of this country by the trusts which have destroyed legitimate competition and driven honest men from legitimate business enterprise.\"[34] Consequently, if the primary goal of the act is to protect consumers, and consumers are protected by lower prices, the act may be harmful if it reduces economy of scale, a price-lowering mechanism, by breaking up big businesses. Mason put small business survival, a justice interest, on a level concomitant with the pure economic rationale of consumer interest.", "United States presidential election, 1888 Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election. Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high, while Cleveland strenuously denounced high tariffs as unfair to consumers. Cleveland's opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers. On the other hand, he held a strong hand in the South and border states, and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps.", "Farmers' Alliance Included among these concerns to greater or lesser extent were the question of exploitative terms of credit, insufficient money supply to sustain the economic needs of society, super-profits extracted by merchants, millers, and other middlemen, systemically unfavorable terms of trade levied upon small-scale agricultural shippers by the railroad industry, negative impacts on land prices caused by speculation.", "Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt Many Republicans viewed the tariff as the key plank of their economic policy in the aftermath of the Panic of 1893.[81] The tariff protected domestic manufacturing against foreign competition, and was also a major source of government funding, constituting over one-third of federal revenue in 1901[82] McKinley had been a committed protectionist, and the Dingley Tariff of 1897 represented a major increase in tariff rates. McKinley also negotiated bilateral reciprocity treaties with France, Argentina, and other countries in an attempt to expand foreign trade while still keeping overall tariff rates high.[81] Unlike McKinley and other nineteenth-century Republican presidents, Roosevelt had never been a strong advocate of the protective tariff, nor did he place a high emphasis on tariffs in general.[83] When Roosevelt took office, McKinley's reciprocity treaties were pending before the Senate, and many assumed that they would pass. However, the treaties faced opposition from Aldrich and other conservatives, who tended to oppose any action that lowered import duties. After conferring with Aldrich, Roosevelt decided not to push Senate ratification of the treaties, as such an initiative would have opened an intra-party conflict.[84] He did, however, successfully pressure Congress to ratify reciprocal tariff treaties with the Philippines and, after overcoming domestic sugar interests, with Cuba.[85]", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act The Tariff Act of 1930 (codified at 19 U.S.C. ch. 4), commonly known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff or Hawley–Smoot Tariff,[1] was an Act implementing protectionist trade policies sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and was signed into law on June 17, 1930. The act raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods.[2]", "Panic of 1893 The Free Silver movement arose from a synergy of farming and mining interests. Farmers sought to invigorate the economy and thereby end deflation, which was forcing them to repay loans with increasingly valuable dollars. Mining interests sought the right to turn silver directly into money without a central minting institution. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, while falling short of the Free Silver movement's goals, required the U.S. government to buy millions of ounces of silver above what was required by the 1878 Bland–Allison Act (driving up the price of silver and pleasing silver miners). People attempted to redeem silver notes for gold. Ultimately, the statutory limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached and U.S. notes could no longer be successfully redeemed for gold.[8] Investments during the time of the panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high interest payments. Rumors regarding the National Cordage Company's financial distress (NCC was the most actively traded stock at the time) caused its lenders to call in their loans immediately, and NCC went into bankruptcy receivership as a result. The company, a rope manufacturer, had tried to corner the market for imported hemp. As demand for silver and silver notes fell, the price and value of silver dropped. Holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds, and many became worthless.[9]", "McKinley Tariff The Democrats' hypothesis stated that tariff revenue could be reduced by reducing the tariff rate. Conversely, the Republicans' belief was that by increasing the tariff, imports would be lessened, and total tariff revenue would drop. The debate would be known as the Great Tariff Debate of 1888.[6]", "Economic nationalism Consumer preference for local goods gives local producers monopoly power, affording them the ability to lift prices to extract greater profits. Firms that produce locally produced goods can charge a premium for that good. Consumers who favor products by local producers may end up being exploited by profit-maximizing local producers.[16] For example; a protectionist policy in America placed tariffs on foreign cars, giving local producers (Ford and GM market) market power that allowed them to raise the price of cars, which negatively affected American consumers who faced fewer choices and higher prices.[17]", "Trump tariffs According to economic experts canvassed by PolitiFact, the tariffs could help create new manufacturing jobs and lead to some concessions from the U.S.'s foreign trading partners, but consumer costs and production costs would almost certainly rise, the stock market would fall, interest rates could rise, and trade wars could occur.[32] PolitiFact noted that lower-income consumers in the United States would be hurt the most.[32] Similar concerns were expressed by the tariffs imposed by the Obama administration.[33]", "Andrew Carnegie >Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, United States trade tariffs were also working in favor of the steel industry. Carnegie spent energy and resources lobbying congress for a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned millions of dollars a year.[96] Carnegie tried to keep this information concealed, but legal documents released in 1900, during proceedings with the ex-chairman of Carnegie Steel, Henry Clay Frick, revealed how favorable the tariffs had been.[97] Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in business in the form of regulatory limitation, taxes, and tariffs as well. Spencer saw tariffs as a form of taxation that levied against the majority in service to \"the benefit of a small minority of manufacturers and artisans\".[98]", "Protectionism According to Dartmouth economist Douglas Irwin, \"that there is a correlation between high tariffs and growth in the late nineteenth century cannot be denied. But correlation is not causation... there is no reason for necessarily thinking that import protection was a good policy just because the economic outcome was good: the outcome could have been driven by factors completely unrelated to the tariff, or perhaps could have been even better in the absence of protection.\"[50] Irwin furthermore writes that \"few observers have argued outright that the high tariffs caused such growth.\"[50]", "Cross of Gold speech Implementation of the Bland–Allison Act did not end calls for free silver. The 1880s saw a steep decline in the prices of grain and other agricultural commodities. Silver advocates argued that this dropoff, which caused the price of grain to fall below its cost of production, was caused by the failure of the government to adequately increase the money supply, which had remained steady on a per capita basis. Advocates of the gold standard attributed the decline to advances in production and transportation. The late 19th century saw divergent views in economics as the laissez-faire orthodoxy was questioned by younger economists, and both sides found ample support for their views from theorists.[11]", "William McKinley McKinley had built his reputation in Congress on high tariffs, promising protection for American business and well-paid American factory workers. With the Republicans in control of Congress, Ways and Means chairman Dingley introduced the Dingley Act which would raise rates on wool, sugar, and luxury goods. McKinley supported it and it became law.[171]", "Cross of Gold speech In 1890, the Sherman Silver Purchase Act greatly increased government purchases of silver. The government pledged to stand behind the silver dollars and treasury notes issued under the act by redeeming them in gold. Pursuant to this promise, government gold reserves dwindled over the following three years.[12] Although the economic Panic of 1893 had a number of causes, President Grover Cleveland believed the inflation caused by Sherman's act to be a major factor, and called a special session of Congress to repeal it. Congress did so, but the debates showed bitter divides in both major parties between silver and gold factions. Cleveland tried to replenish the Treasury through issuance of bonds which could only be purchased with gold, with little effect but to increase the public debt, as the gold continued to be withdrawn in redemption for paper and silver currency. Many in the public saw the bonds as benefiting bankers, not the nation. The bankers' feeling was that they did not want loans repaid in an inflated currency—the gold standard was deflationary, and as creditors, they preferred to be paid in such a currency, whereas debtors preferred to repay in inflated currency.[13]", "Free silver The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, while falling short of free silver's goals, required the U.S. government to buy millions of ounces of silver (driving up the price of the metal and pleasing silver miners) for money (pleasing farmers and many others). However, the U.S. government paid for that silver bullion in gold notesâ€”and actually reduced their coinage of silver. The result was a \"run\" on the Treasury's gold reserves which was one of the many reasons for the Panic of 1893 and the onset of the 1890s Depression. Once he regained power, and after the Panic of 1893 had begun, Grover Cleveland engineered the repeal of the Act, setting the stage for the key issue of the next presidential election.", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act According to Paul Krugman, \"Protectionism was a result of the Depression, not a cause. Rising tariffs didnâ€™t even play a large role in the initial trade contraction\"; \"Where protectionism really mattered was in preventing a recovery in trade when production recovered\".[18][19]", "Presidency of William Howard Taft Immediately following his inauguration, Taft called a special session of Congress to convene in March 1909 for the purpose of revising the tariff schedules.[61] Rates at the time were being set in accordance with the 1897 Dingley Act, and were the highest in U.S. history. The Republican Party had made the high tariff the central plank of their economic policy since the end of the Civil War, but Taft and some other Republicans had come to believe that the Dingley Act had set the rates too high. Though the high tariff protected domestic manufacturing, it also hurt U.S. exports and raised the cost of living for the average American. Roosevelt had largely avoided the tariff issue, but Taft became the first Republican president to actively seek to lower tariff rates.[62]", "Panic of 1893 The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890, perhaps along with the protectionist McKinley Tariff of that year, has been partially blamed for the panic. Passed in response to a large overproduction of silver by western mines, the Sherman Act required the U.S. Treasury to purchase silver using notes backed by either silver or gold.", "United States presidential election, 1888 Besides the obvious economic dimensions, the tariff argument also possessed an ethnic dimension. At the time, the policy of free trade was most strongly promoted by the British Empire, and so any political candidate who ran on free trade instantly was under threat of being labelled pro-British and antagonistic to the Irish-American voting bloc. Cleveland neatly neutralized this threat by pursuing punitive action against Canada (which, although autonomous, was still part of the British Empire) in a fishing rights dispute.[citation needed]", "United States presidential election, 1888 The argument between protectionists and free traders over the size of the tariff was an old one, stretching back to the Tariff of 1816. In practice, the tariff was practically meaningless on industrial products, since the United States was the low-cost producer in most areas (except woolens), and could not be undersold by the less efficient Europeans. Nevertheless, the tariff issue motivated both sides to a remarkable extent.[citation needed]", "Grover Cleveland In 1886, a bill to reduce the tariff was narrowly defeated in the House.[127] The tariff issue was emphasized in the Congressional elections that year, and the forces of protectionism increased their numbers in the Congress, but Cleveland continued to advocate tariff reform.[128] As the surplus grew, Cleveland and the reformers called for a tariff for revenue only.[129] His message to Congress in 1887 (quoted at right) highlighted the injustice of taking more money from the people than the government needed to pay its operating expenses.[130] Republicans, as well as protectionist northern Democrats like Samuel J. Randall, believed that American industries would fail without high tariffs, and they continued to fight reform efforts.[131] Roger Q. Mills, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, proposed a bill to reduce the tariff from about 47% to about 40%.[132] After significant exertions by Cleveland and his allies, the bill passed the House.[132] The Republican Senate failed to come to agreement with the Democratic House, and the bill died in the conference committee. Dispute over the tariff persisted into the 1888 presidential election.", "Free trade This has three main effects on societal welfare. Consumers are made worse off because the consumer surplus (green region) becomes smaller. Producers are better off because the producer surplus (yellow region) is made larger. The government also has additional tax revenue (blue region). However, the loss to consumers is greater than the gains by producers and the government. The magnitude of this societal loss is shown by the two pink triangles. Removing the tariff and having free trade would be a net gain for society.[15][16]", "Sherman Antitrust Act Other normative criticism of antitrust policy has been framed in utilitarian terms. Critics, having assumed that some kind of competition law is inevitable, argue as to what its central policy should be, and raise doubts as to whether it is accomplishing its goal. A common tactic is to choose a goal, and then cite evidence that it supports the opposite.[original research?] For example, during a debate over the act in 1890, Representative William Mason said \"trusts have made products cheaper, have reduced prices; but if the price of oil, for instance, were reduced to one cent a barrel, it would not right the wrong done to people of this country by the trusts which have destroyed legitimate competition and driven honest men from legitimate business enterprise.\"[35] Consequently, if the primary goal of the act is to protect consumers, and consumers are protected by lower prices, the act may be harmful if it reduces economy of scale, a price-lowering mechanism, by breaking up big businesses. Mason put small business survival, a justice interest, on a level concomitant with the pure economic rationale of consumer interest.", "Free silver Free silver became increasingly associated with populism, unions, and the fight of ordinary Americans against the bankers, railroad monopolists, and the robber barons of the Gilded Age capitalism era and was referred to as the \"People's Money\" (as opposed to the gold-based currency, which was portrayed by the Populists as the money of \"exploitation\" and \"oppression\"). William H. Harvey's popular pamphlet Coin's Financial School, issued in the aftermath of the Panic of 1893, illustrated the \"restorative\" properties of silver; through devaluation of the currency, closed factories would reopen, darkened furnaces would be relit, and the like. But Henry Demarest Lloyd was much harsher, writing: \"The free silver movement is a fake. Free silver is the cow-bird of the reform movement. It waited until the nest had been built by the sacrifices and labor of others, and then it lay its own eggs in it, pushing out the others which lie smashed on the ground.\"[12]", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act Threats of retaliation by other countries began long before the bill was enacted into law in June 1930. As it passed the House of Representatives in May 1929, boycotts broke out and foreign governments moved to increase rates against American products, even though rates could be increased or decreased by the Senate or by the conference committee. By September 1929, Hoover's administration had received protest notes from 23 trading partners, but threats of retaliatory actions were ignored.[10]", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act The consensus view among economists and economic historians is that the passage of the Smootâ€“Hawley Tariff exacerbated the Great Depression,[16] although there is disagreement as to how much.", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act Nobel laureate Maurice Allais, thinks that tariff was rather helpful in the face of deregulation of competition in the global labor market and excessively loose credit prior to the Crash which, according to him, caused the crisis Financial and banking sectors.\t\nHe notes higher trade barriers were partly a means to protect domestic demand from deflation and external disturbances. He observes domestic production in the major industrialized countries fell faster than international trade contracted; if contraction of foreign trade had been the cause of the Depression, he argues, the opposite should have occurred. So, the decline in trade between 1929 and 1933 was a consequence of the Depression, not a cause. Most of the trade contraction took place between January 1930 and July 1932, before the introduction of the majority of protectionist measures, excepting limited American measures applied in the summer of 1930. It was the collapse of international liquidity that caused of the contraction of trade.[21]", "Tariffs in United States history In 1896, the GOP platform pledged to \"renew and emphasize our allegiance to the policy of protection, as the bulwark of American industrial independence, and the foundation of development and prosperity. This true American policy taxes foreign products and encourages home industry. It puts the burden of revenue on foreign goods; it secures the American market for the American producer. It upholds the American standard of wages for the American workingman.\"", "Tariffs in United States history Once industrialization and mass production started, the demand for higher and higher tariffs came from manufacturers and factory workers. They believed that their businesses should be protected from the lower wages and more efficient factories of Britain and the rest of Europe. Nearly every northern Congressman was eager to logroll a higher tariff rate for his local industry. Senator Daniel Webster, formerly a spokesperson for Boston's merchants who imported goods (and wanted low tariffs), switched dramatically to represent the manufacturing interests in the Tariff of 1824. Rates were especially high for bolts of cloth and for bar iron, of which Britain was a low-cost producer. The culmination came in the Tariff of 1828, ridiculed by free traders as the \"Tariff of Abominations\", with import custom duties averaging over 25 percent. Intense political opposition to higher tariffs came from Southern Democrats and plantation owners in South Carolina who had little manufacturing industry and imported some products with high tariffs. They would have to pay more for imports. They claimed their economic interest was being unfairly injured. They attempted to \"nullify\" the federal tariff and spoke of secession from the Union (see the Nullification Crisis). President Andrew Jackson let it be known he would use the U.S. Army to enforce the law, and no state supported the South Carolina call for nullification. A compromise ended the crisis included a lowering of the average tariff rate over ten years to a rate of 15% to 20%.[23]", "Tariffs in United States history In 1896, the GOP platform pledged to “renew and emphasize our allegiance to the policy of protection, as the bulwark of American industrial independence, and the foundation of development and prosperity. This true American policy taxes foreign products and encourages home industry. It puts the burden of revenue on foreign goods; it secures the American market for the American producer. It upholds the American standard of wages for the American workingman.”", "Tariffs in United States history Peter Temin, explains a tariff is an expansionary policy, like a devaluation as it diverts demand from foreign to home producers. He notes that exports were 7 percent of GNP in 1929, they fell by 1.5 percent of 1929 GNP in the next two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic demand from tariff. He concludes that contrary the popular argument, contractionary effect of the tariff was small. (Temin, P. 1989. Lessons from the Great Depression, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass)[61]", "Temperance movement Initially, prohibition had some positive effects in some states, with Ford reporting that absenteeism in his companies had decreased by half.[41] Alcohol consumption decreased dramatically. Also, statistical analysis has shown that the temperance movement during this time had a positive, though moderate, effect on later adult educational outcomes through providing a healthy pre-natal environment.[56]:162,165[30]:157 However, prohibition had negative effects on the American economy, with thousands of jobs being lost, the catering and entertainment industries losing huge profits. The US and other countries with prohibition saw their tax revenues decrease dramatically, with some estimating this at a loss of 11 billion dollars for the US.[9][71][note 6] Furthermore, enforcement of the alcohol ban was an expensive undertaking for the government. Because the Eighteenth Amendment did not prohibit consumption, but only manufacture, distribution and sale, illegal consumption became commonplace. Illegal production of alcohol rose, and a thousand people per year died of alcohol that was illegally produced with little quality control. Bootlegging was a profitable activity for the mafia, and crime increased rather than decreased as expected and advocated by proponents.[9]", "Protectionism There is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers has a positive effect on economic growth.[5][6][7][2][40][41]", "McKinley Tariff The Act removed tariffs on sugar, molasses, tea, coffee and hides but authorized the President to reinstate the tariffs if the items were exported from countries that treated U.S. exports in a \"reciprocally unequal and unreasonable\" fashion. The idea was \"to secure reciprocal trade\" by allowing the executive branch to use the mere threat of reimposing tariffs as a means to get other countries to lower their tariffs on U.S. exports. Although that delegation of power had the appearance of being an unconstitutional violation of the nondelegation doctrine, it was upheld by the Supreme Court in Field v. Clark in 1892, as it authorizing the executive to act merely as an \"agent\" of Congress, rather than a lawmaker itself.[11] The President did not use the delegated power to re-impose tariffs on the five types of imported goods, but he used the threat of doing so to pass 10 treaties in which other countries reduced their tariffs on U.S. goods.[12][13]", "Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act At first, the tariff seemed to be a success. According to historian Robert Sobel, \"Factory payrolls, construction contracts, and industrial production all increased sharply.\" However, larger economic problems loomed in the guise of weak banks. When the Creditanstalt of Austria failed in 1931, the global deficiencies of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff became apparent.[15]", "United States Senate Committee on Finance Not all Finance Committee legislation was as well received as the G.I. Bill. At the beginning of the Great Depression the committee passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. The act greatly increased tariffs and had a negative effect on the nation's economy. Following traditional economic practices the members of the committee, including Chairman Reed Smoot, felt that protection of American businesses was required in order to buoy them during the dire economic times. The effort backfired and the economic situation worsened. The Smoot-Hawley Tariff would eventually be replaced by the Reciprocal Tariff Act of 1934 which authorized the President to negotiate trade agreements. This act not only set up the trade policy system as it exists today but also effectively transferred trade making policy from the Congress to the President.[10]" ]	[ "McKinley Tariff After he examined the actual tariff revenue data, he concluded that revenue decreased by about 4% from $225 million to $215 million, after the Tariff of 1890 increased rates. Irwin explains that to be due to a provision for raw sugar be moved to the duty-free list. Sugar was then the item that raised the most tariff revenue and so making it duty-free reduced revenue. If sugar is excluded from import calculations, the tariff revenue increased by 7.8%, from $170 million to $183 million.", "McKinley Tariff Irwin concluded that the tariff hastened the development of domestic tinplate production by about a decade but also that the benefit to the industry was outweighed by the cost to consumers.[14]" ]
test2019	who are nominated for president of india 2017	[ "doc70579" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc70577", "doc70579", "doc1306296", "doc1296559", "doc70587", "doc1296571", "doc70589", "doc70576", "doc1306295", "doc353055", "doc70586", "doc70580", "doc70590", "doc1296572", "doc1296573", "doc70578", "doc731091", "doc70585", "doc70582", "doc1078287", "doc1306289", "doc2425663", "doc70581", "doc70583", "doc1306294", "doc1306286", "doc1306297", "doc1306285", "doc1439483", "doc193534", "doc1296570", "doc1439482", "doc1439481", "doc831810", "doc2425664", "doc70588", "doc1306288", "doc1340249", "doc1306291", "doc1306292", "doc1296569", "doc120015", "doc2651351", "doc1115920", "doc650967", "doc70584", "doc309211", "doc1296565", "doc650969", "doc831804", "doc353054", "doc731096", "doc1310955", "doc1078292", "doc353056", "doc424478", "doc823727", "doc353053", "doc2651375", "doc2303193", "doc472941", "doc823731", "doc1439480", "doc1439475", "doc1306293", "doc2651373", "doc1781478", "doc831803", "doc831811", "doc1881336", "doc650971", "doc1306287", "doc823729", "doc1115912", "doc731095", "doc1078291", "doc1296574", "doc1296561", "doc1296568", "doc2010965", "doc353060", "doc1310956", "doc125516", "doc353058", "doc125517", "doc473198", "doc75319", "doc1306290", "doc831805", "doc125513", "doc120014", "doc353057", "doc353059", "doc1115916", "doc2651377", "doc216476", "doc1310958", "doc118497", "doc1296567", "doc823728" ]	[ "Indian presidential election, 2017 Ram Nath Kovind\nBJP", "Indian presidential election, 2017 Governor of Bihar Ram Nath Kovind of the Bharatiya Janata Party had the backing of the governing National Democratic Alliance coalition, and went up against opposition candidate Meira Kumar of the Indian National Congress in the vote. Kovind secured roughly two thirds of the votes from the electoral college of elected members of federal, state and union territory legislatures and was elected to a five-year term as President.[3] Kovind's term of office began on 25 July 2017.", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 Gopalkrishna Gandhi was the candidate nominated by the United Progressive Alliance and had the support of 18 opposition parties. He is the grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari, two prominent figures of Indian freedom movement. A former diplomat, Gandhi is an alumni of St. Stephen's College and has also served as India's envoy to Sri Lanka, Norway and South Africa. He has also held the post of Governor of West Bengal and presided over the state during Nandigram violence.[11] Gandhi had the support of Indian National Congress, Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party and the Left Front.[12]", "Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind (born 1 October 1945) is the 14th and current President of India, in office since 25 July 2017[1]. Previously he had served as the Governor of Bihar from 2015 to 2017[2][3] and was a Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from 1994 to 2006. Kovind was nominated as a presidential candidate by the ruling NDA coalition and won the 2017 presidential election, becoming the second Dalit to be elected to the post of President.[4]", "Indian presidential election, 2017 Ram Nath Kovind", "Ram Nath Kovind After nomination for the post of 14th President of India, he resigned from his post as Governor of Bihar, and President of India Pranab Mukherjee accepted his resignation on 20 June 2017.[22] He won election on 20 July 2017.[23]", "Indian presidential election, 2017 Ram Nath Kovind was declared the winner after the counting of votes which was held on 20 July 2017.[22] He was administered oath by the Chief Justice of India Jagdish Singh Khehar, to take office as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017 at the Central Hall located in The Parliament House, New Delhi.[23]", "Indian presidential election, 2017 Pranab Mukherjee\nINC", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was nominated by National Democratic Alliance. He was the then Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation of India. He had also served as a party president of Bharatiya Janata Party. Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that Naidu was a \"fitting candidate\" for the post.[7] According to Indian Express leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party felt that if Naidu got elected then it would act as a morale booster for the party in south Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.[8] Besides the parties of the NDA, YSR Congress party, AIADMK and Telangana Rashtra Samiti parties also pledged to support Naidu. News18 wrote that Naidu was expected to get 489 votes compared to 394 votes required to win the election.[9]", "List of Presidents of India On 25 July 2017, Ram Nath Kovind took office as the 14th President of India.[10][11]", "Indian presidential election, 2017 Two candidates were nominated. Both the governing NDA coalition and the opposition UPA coalition put forward candidates from their dominant parties, the Bharatiya Janata Party and the Indian National Congress respectively.", "Indian presidential election, 2017 There was initial speculation that the incumbent, Pranab Mukherjee, would seek re-election. However, he decided not to run again in 2017, meaning that his term in office ended on 24 July 2017.[4]", "Indian presidential election, 2017 Immediately after the results were announced, Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted, \"Congratulations to Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji on being elected the President of India! Best wishes for a fruitful & inspiring tenure\". In another tweet he added \"Gladdened by the extensive support for Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji among MPs & across various parties. I thank members of the electoral college\".[22]", "Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind received 65.65% of the valid votes, against former Speaker of the Lok Sabha - Meira Kumar, the presidential candidate of the Opposition who received 34.35% of the total votes. Kovind received 2,930 votes (From MPs and MLAs) amounting to Electoral College votes of 702,044 (65.65%) as compared to 1,844 votes with a value of 367,314 (34.35%) votes for Meira Kumar lagging far behind with 367,314 votes, and 77 votes were invalid.[24] He became only the second Dalit representative to become President after K. R. Narayanan, and also is the first BJP candidate to be elected to the post.[25] The tally of votes (367,314) polled by Meira Kumar is only the second highest for a losing candidate, that of Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy or Neelam Sanjiva Reddy in the 1969 Presidential elections being the highest ever; he received 405,427 votes as against 420,077 by V V Giri, the winner.", "Ram Nath Kovind Ram Nath Kovind took the oath as the 14th President of India on 25 July 2017.[26]", "Indian presidential election, 2017 A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 with the votes counted and the results announced on 20 July 2017. President Pranab Mukherjee, whose term of office was due to expire on 24 July 2017,[2] declined to seek re-election due to health concerns.", "Vice-President of India Venkaiah Naidu is the current Vice President of India. He defeated UPA's candidate Gopalkrishna Gandhi on 5 August 2017 election.", "Indian presidential election, 2017 Although the election was not a popular vote, some general polling was performed to measure public opinion. In both Business Insider-Ipsos and NDTV polls comparing support of the two candidates, Kovind was the more popular choice with 71%[14] and 63%[15] support respectively.", "Indian presidential election, 2017 The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the single transferable vote system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution.[7][8]", "Vice President of India Venkaiah Naidu is the current Vice President of India. He defeated UPA's candidate Gopalkrishna Gandhi on 5 August 2017 election.", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari, completed his second term on 10 August 2017.[2] Venkaiah Naidu won the election and took oath as 13th Vice-President of India on 11 August 2017 at Darbar Hall, Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi.", "2017 elections in India A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 before the term of the President Pranab Mukherjee ended. Ramnath Kovind was elected as the President of India.", "Indian presidential election, 2017 The President of India is indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament, the elected members of the Legislative assemblies of the 29 states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry.[5] As of 2017, the electoral college comprises 777 MPs and 4,120 MLAs. The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members, such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population. Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes, yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes.[6]", "Indian presidential election, 2017 The returning officer for the election was Anoop Mishra, the Secretary General of Lok Sabha.[9]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 A candidate participating in the election needs the support of at least 20 electors who would be the proposers of the candidate and needs to get another additional support of at least 20 seconders. The candidate also has to deposit â‚¹15000 ($233) as a security deposit.[6] Two candidates were nominated for the election. One candidate was nominated by the National Democratic Alliance and another by United Progressive Alliance.", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 Venkaiah Naidu\nBJP", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 Following the election, Venkaiah Naidu was elected 13th Vice-President of India. He has sworn-in to the office on 11 August 2017.[14] Of 790 seats in Parliament, 5 seats were vacant during the election.", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 Mohammad Hamid Ansari\nINC", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2012 Though Mukul Roy of the All India Trinamool Congress had put before the names of Gopalkrishna Gandhi and Krishna Bose, they declined to contest.[11]", "List of Vice-Presidents of India On 11 August 2017 Venkaiah Naidu was sworn in as the 15th Vice-President of India, thus becoming the 13th person to hold the office.[3]", "Ram Nath Kovind Kovind's appointment was criticised by then Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar as it came months before State Assembly elections and the appointment made without consulting State Government as recommended by Sarkaria Commission.[20] However, Kovind's term as Governor, was praised for constituting a judicial commission to investigate irregularities in promotion of undeserving teachers, mis-management of funds and appointment of undeserving candidates in universities.[13] In June 2017, when Kovind was announced as candidate for Presidential election, Nitish Kumar backed Kovind's choice and praised Kovind as being unbaised and working closely with the State Government during his Governorship.[21]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2012 Ansari filed his nomination papers on 18 Jul United Progressive Alliance chairperson Sonia Gandhi, Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh Samajwadi Party leader Mulayam Singh Yadav, INC general secretary Rahul Gandhi, Nationalist Congress Party leader Sharad Pawar, RLD leader Ajit Singh, National Conference leader Farooq Abdullah, Finance Minister P Chidambaram, Defence MinisterA. K. Antony and RJD leader Lalu Prasad Yadav were among the political leaders who were present to support him at the time of his nomination.[10] His candidature was announced by Sonia Gandhi at a UPA meeting held at Singh's official residence. Sonia Gandhi proposed his nomination by saying: \"Mohd Hamid Ansari will complete shortly a term as Vice-President of India. He has presided over the Rajya Sabha with dignity and distinction. The UPA is honoured to nominate him as its candidate for a second term as Vice-President of India. \"[11] Sonia Gandhi, Mulayam Singh Yadav, Bahujan Samaj Party leader Satish Mishra and INCMP Motilal Vora then submitted one set of papers each to Viswanathan in support of Ansari's candidature. [12]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2012 Jaswant Singh had filed his nomination papers on 20 July in the presence of National Democratic Alliance coalition leaders. Three sets of papers- one each by L. K. Advani, Sumitra Mahajan and Yashwant Sinha, supporting Singh's candidature were submitted to the returning officer Viswanathan.[7] His candidature was announced by the NDA on 16 July.[8] He would meet All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam leader Jayalalithaa and Naveen Patnaik of Biju Janata Dal on 6 August asking them to support his candidature.[9]", "Mohammad Hamid Ansari On 20 July 2007, Ansari was named by the UPA-Left, the ruling coalition in India, as its candidate for the post of Vice-President for the upcoming election. When asked, Ansari said he felt \"humbled\" over the UPA-Left decision naming him as their candidate. \"I am humbled by the confidence reposed in me\". Ansari refused to say more when asked about his prospects in the August 2007 Vice-Presidential election.[15] Ansari secured 455 votes, and won the election by a margin of 233 votes against his nearest rival Najma Heptullah.", "2017 elections in India A Vice Presidential election were held in India on 5 August 2017 before the term of Vice President Mohammad Hamid Ansari ends. Venkaiah Naidu was elected as the Vice President of India.", "Indian presidential election, 2017 Member of the Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh (1994â€“2006)", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 Rajya Sabha Secretary-General Shumsher K. Sheriff served as the Returning Officer for the 15th Vice-Presidential election.[1]", "Fathima Beevi The left parties also discussed the nomination of the prospects of Fathima Beevi as the President of India, during which the NDA Government proposed the name of Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam.[28]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 During the election, the outgoing vice president was Mohammad Hamid Ansari. He was elected to the post in 2007 and re-elected in 2012. His term ends on 10th August 2017. The Election Commission of India announced that the election would be held on 5th August and the result would be declared on the same day.", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 The Vice President is elected by an electoral college which includes members of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian parliament) and the members of the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament). The nominated members of the mentioned houses are also eligible to vote in the election process.[4] In the election, voting will be done by a secret ballot and the members of parliament will use a \"special pen\" to mark their preference.[5]", "Ram Nath Kovind On 8 August 2015, the then President of India appointed Kovind as Governor of Bihar.[18] On 16 August 2015, the acting Chief Justice of Patna High Court, Iqbal Ahmad Ansari, administered the oath to Kovind as the 35th Governor of Bihar. The function took place at Raj Bhawan, Patna.[19]", "National Democratic Alliance (India) Jaswant Singh was named as the candidate for the post of Vice-President against UPA's Hamid Ansari. Ansari won his second term in office.[71]", "V. V. Giri As President, Giri was the only person to be elected as an independent candidate.[3] Giri was later succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed as President in 1974.[4] After the end of his full term, Giri was honoured by the Government of India with the Bharat Ratna in 1975. Giri died on 24 June 1980.", "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Nearing the expiry of the term of the 12th President Pratibha Patil on 24 July 2012, media reports in April claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.[68][69][70] After the reports, social networking sites witnessed a number of people supporting his candidature.[71][72] The BJP potentially backed his nomination, saying that the party would lend their support if the Trinamool Congress, Samajwadi Party and Indian National Congress proposed him for the 2012 presidential election.[73][74] A month ahead of the election, Mulayam Singh Yadav and Mamata Banerjee also expressed their support for Kalam.[75] Days afterwards, Mulayam Singh Yadav backed out, leaving Mamata Banerjee as the solitary supporter.[76] On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest the 2012 presidential poll. He said of his decision not to do so:", "Pratibha Patil Patil was announced as the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) candidate on 14 June 2007. She emerged as a compromise candidate after the left-wing parties of the alliance would not agree to the nomination of former Home Minister Shivraj Patil or Karan Singh.[8] Patil had been loyal to the INC and the Nehru-Gandhi family for decades and this was considered to be a significant factor in her selection by INC leader Sonia Gandhi, although Patil said that she had no intention of being a \"rubber-stamp president\".[5][9]", "Indian presidential election, 2017 At the time of the election the NDA coalition itself was short of a majority by about 25,000 votes, but was expected to be able to rely on other parties to breach the small deficit without difficulty.[6]", "Neelam Sanjiva Reddy The presidential election of 1977 was necessitated by the death in office of the incumbent Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. Although Prime Minister Morarji Desai wanted to nominate danseuse Rukmini Devi Arundale for the post, she turned down the offer.[58] Reddy was elected unopposed, the only President to be elected thus, after being unanimously supported by all political parties including the opposition Congress party. At 64, he became the youngest ever person to be elected President of India. He was also the only serious presidential candidate to have contested twice â€“ in 1969 against V V Giri and in 1977.[59][60] 37 candidates had filed their nominations for the presidency of whom 36 were rejected by the returning officer. Following these disqualifications, Reddy remained the only validly nominated candidate in the fray which made elections unnecessary. Reddy thus became the first person to be elected President of India without a contest and remains the only President to have been elected unopposed.[61][62]", "Ram Nath Kovind He joined the BJP in 1991.[13] He was President of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and President of the All-India Koli Samaj[when?]. He also served as national spokesperson of the party.[14] He donated his ancestral home in Derapur to the RSS.[13] Soon after joining the BJP, he contested for Ghatampur assembly constituency, but lost and later contested for Bhognipur(in 2007) (both in Uttar Pradesh) assembly constituency on the BJP ticket but lost again.[15]", "Pratibha Patil Due to the presidential role being largely a figurehead position, the selection of candidate is often arranged by consensus among the various political parties and the candidate runs unopposed.[13] Contrary to the normal pattern of events, Patil faced a challenge in the election. The BBC described the situation as \"the latest casualty of the country's increasingly partisan politics and [it] highlights what is widely seen as an acute crisis of leadership\". It \"degenerated into unseemly mud slinging between the ruling party and the opposition\".[14] Her challenger was Bhairon Singh Shekhawat, the incumbent vice-president and a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) veteran. Shekhawat stood as an independent candidate and was supported by the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a group led by the BJP,[15] although the Shiv Sena party, which was a part of NDA, supported her because of her Marathi origin.[16]", "Mohammad Hamid Ansari Ansari worked as an ambassador and served as the Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University from 2000 to 2002.[2] Later he was Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities[2] from 2006 to 2007. He was elected as the Vice-President of India on 10 August 2007 and took office on 11 August 2007. He was reelected on 7 August 2012 and was sworn-in by Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India. The oath taking ceremony was conducted at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 11 August 2012.[3] His second term ended in August 2017 since he was not offered another term,he decided not to run for a third term in the 2017 vice-presidential election. Upon the inauguration of Ram Nath Kovind as President of India in 2017, Ansari became the first Indian Vice-President to serve during the terms of three presidents.\nHe was the longest serving chairman of Rajya Sabha.", "List of Presidents of India Seven Presidents have been members of a political party before being elected. Six of these were active party members of the Indian National Congress. The Janata Party has had one member, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, who later became President. Two Presidents, Zakir Husain and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, have died in office. Their Vice-Presidents served as Acting Presidents until a new President was elected. Following Zakir Husain's death, two acting Presidents held office until the new President, V. V. Giri, was elected. When Giri resigned to take part in the presidential elections, he was succeeded by Mohammad Hidayatullah as acting President.[8] The 12th President, Pratibha Patil, is the first woman to serve as President of India, elected in 2007.[9]", "Vice-President of India The election is proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote by secret ballot. Voters stack-rank the candidates, assigning 1 to their first preference, 2 to their second preference, and so on. The number of votes required by a candidate to secure the election is calculated by dividing the total number of votes by two, and adding one to the quotient by disregarding any remainder. If no candidate obtains the required number of first-preference votes, the candidate with the least number of first-preference votes is eliminated and his/her second-preference votes are transferred. The process is repeated until a candidate obtains the requisite number of votes. Nominated members can also participate in the election.[4]", "Indian presidential election, 1969 The Congress Parliamentary Board met on July 11, 1969, to discuss the presidential candidate. The Syndicate had already decided on nominating Sanjiva Reddy, whose affinity to them was well known. Mrs Gandhi was naturally loath to do so. At the meeting, she suggested nominating the veteran dalit leader, Jagjivan Ram. When this was shot down, she asked that they postpone a decision to allow more time for arriving at a consensus. Nijalingappa, however, forced a vote in the six-member Parliamentary Board. Mrs Gandhi was outvoted four to two.", "Vice President of India The election is proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote by secret ballot. Voters stack-rank the candidates, assigning 1 to their first preference, 2 to their second preference, and so on. The number of votes required by a candidate to secure the election is calculated by dividing the total number of votes by two, and adding one to the quotient by disregarding any remainder. If no candidate obtains the required number of first-preference votes, the candidate with the least number of first-preference votes is eliminated and his/her second-preference votes are transferred. The process is repeated until a candidate obtains the requisite number of votes. Nominated members can also participate in the election.[4]", "List of Presidents of India This list is numbered based on Presidents elected after winning an Indian Presidential election. The terms of Varahagiri Venkata Giri, Mohammad Hidayatullah, and Basappa Danappa Jatti, who served as Acting President, are therefore not numbered or counted as actual terms in office. The President of India does not represent any political party. The colours used in the table indicate the following:", "Politics of India However, the role of the president of India is highly ceremonial. All the powers of the president mentioned above are exercised on recommendation of the Union Cabinet, and the president does not have much discretion in any of these matters. The president also does not have discretion in the exercise of his executive powers, as the real executive authority lies in the cabinet. The current President is Ram Nath Kovind.", "Indian presidential election, 1974 Varahagiri Venkata Giri\nIndependent", "List of Presidents of India There have been 14 Presidents of India since the post was established when India was declared as a republic with the adoption of the Indian constitution in 1950.[4] Apart from these fourteen, three Acting Presidents have also been in office for short periods of time. Varahagiri Venkata Giri became the Acting President in 1969 after Zakir Husain, died in office. Giri was elected President a few months later. He remains the only person to have held office both as a President and Acting President.[5] Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, is the only person to have held office for two terms.[6]", "V. V. Giri Giri was sworn in as President of India on 24 August 1969 and held office till 24 August 1974 when he was succeeded by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.[71] On his election, Giri became the only President to have also been an Acting President and the only person to be elected President as an independent candidate.[62]", "Banwarilal Purohit Banwarilal Purohit (born April 16, 1940) is an Indian politician from Nagpur region of Maharastra,born in Jhunjhunu District of Rajasthan. He is the incumbent 20th Governor of Tamil Nadu. Having been appointed by the President of India on 30 September 2017, he assumed office on October 6, 2017.[5][6][7] He was appointed as Governor of Assam State by President of India on 17 August 2016.[8] He was a Member of Parliament from the Nagpur (Lok Sabha constituency) three times, twice as an Indian National Congress member, once as a BJP member.[9][10]", "India A two-year period of political turmoil followed the general election of 1996. Several short-lived alliances shared power at the centre. The BJP formed a government briefly in 1996; it was followed by two comparatively long-lasting United Front coalitions, which depended on external support. In 1998, the BJP was able to form a successful coalition, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA). Led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the NDA became the first non-Congress, coalition government to complete a five-year term.[159] In the 2004 Indian general elections, again no party won an absolute majority, but the Congress emerged as the largest single party, forming another successful coalition: the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). It had the support of left-leaning parties and MPs who opposed the BJP. The UPA returned to power in the 2009 general election with increased numbers, and it no longer required external support from India's communist parties.[160] That year, Manmohan Singh became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1957 and 1962 to be re-elected to a consecutive five-year term.[161] In the 2014 general election, the BJP became the first political party since 1984 to win a majority and govern without the support of other parties.[162] The incumbent Indian prime minister is Narendra Modi, a former chief minister of Gujarat. On 20 July 2017, Ram Nath Kovind was elected India's 14th president and took the oath of office on 25 July 2017.[163][164][165]", "Indian presidential election, 1974 Source: Web archive of Election Commission of India website[1][2]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2012 Thirty-four candidates had filed their nomination papers for the election. Seven of them had filed nomination papers on the deadline day. Four nomination were rejected for failing to comply with the requirement of attaching a certified copy of the entry relating to the candidate's parliamentary constituency.[6]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2012 The 2012 Indian Vice-Presidential election was held on 7 August 2012[1] to elect Vice-President of India. Mohammad Hamid Ansari was the incumbent and the UPA candidate. The other prime candidate was the NDA's Jaswant Singh.[2][3]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 For the 2017 election, the electoral college consists of", "V. V. Giri The election of a new President became a contest between the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the old guard of the Congress Party known as the Syndicate.[64] The All India Congress Committee decided to support Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as the presidential candidate, disregarding the Prime Minister's opposition.[65] Giri, who was Vice President, resigned and decided to contest as an independent candidate.[65] Prime Minister Gandhi then decided to support him, endorsing a \"vote of conscience\" that allowed Congress legislators to vote for Giri.[66] The election, held on 16 August 1969, witnessed a contest between Reddy, Giri and the opposition candidate C D Deshmukh.[67] In the closely fought election V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected President.[68][69]", "German presidential election, 2017 Alternative for Germany proposed the former treasurer of Frankfurt Albrecht Glaser, and the Free Voters named the judge and TV celebrity Alexander Hold. Both were widely considered to have no real chance of winning the presidency, because their respective parties had few electors in the Federal Convention and it was unlikely that they would receive endorsements from other parties.[6][7] On 20 November 2016 The Left nominated the political scientist Christoph Butterwegge.[8] Martin Sonneborn, member of the satirical party Die PARTEI and state elector (North Rhine-Westphalia) for the Pirate Party proposed his father, the retired career consultant Engelbert Sonneborn.[9]", "Mohammad Hamid Ansari Mohammad Hamid Ansari ( pronunciation (help·info); born 1 April 1937) is an Indian politician who served as the 12th Vice-President of India from 2007 to 2017. He has also served as an Indian ambassador and is ex-chairman of Rajya Sabha. Ansari was the first person to be re-elected as Indian VP after Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan in 1957.[1] He served as President of the Indian Institute of Public Administration, Chancellor of Panjab University , Delhi University , Pondicherry University and the President of the Indian Council of World Affairs in his capacity as vice president", "Mohammad Hamid Ansari In 2012 VP election, the Congress-led UPA re-appointed Ansari as their candidate for the post of VP. The NDA nominated Jaswant Singh, former Finance, External Affairs and Defence minister as well as former Leader of Opposition.[16] The NDA cited Ansari's conduct in the Rajya Sabha during The Lokpal Bill, 2011 debate when he had abruptly adjourned the House sine die.[17] Hamid Ansari was re-elected for the second term on 7 August 2012, defeating the NDA's nominee Jaswant Singh by a margin of 252 votes.[18]", "Trinidad and Tobago presidential election, 2018 On 5 January 2018, the name of Paula-Mae Weekes, a judge of the Turks and Caicos Islands Court of Appeal, was put forward by the PNM government of Prime Minister Keith Rowley in hopes of reaching a consensus with the UNC-led parliamentary opposition of Kamla Persad-Bissessar, which later indeed endorsed her nomination as well. As Weekes was the only nominated candidate on election day, she was deemed elected without the need for a vote. Paula-Mae Weeks thus became the first woman to take office as president of Trinidad and Tobago on 19 March 2018.[1]", "Pratibha Patil Patil won the election held on 19 July 2007. She garnered nearly two-thirds of the votes[20] and took office as India's first woman president on 25 July 2007.[1]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 The elections to the next Vice-President of India, were held on 5 August 2017. The announcement was made by the Election Commission of India.", "Indian presidential election, 1974 The Election Commission of India held indirect 6th presidential elections of India on August 17, 1974. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, from Assam with 765,587 votes won over his nearest rival Tridib Chaudhuri, from West Bengal who got 189,196 votes.", "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Kalam served as the 11th President of India, succeeding K. R. Narayanan. He won the 2002 presidential election with an electoral vote of 922,884, surpassing the 107,366 votes won by Lakshmi Sahgal. His term lasted from 25 July 2002 to 25 July 2007.[38]", "Vice-President of India The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders. Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is a constitutional autonomous body, conducts the election. The election is to be held no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President. A Returning Officer is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, by rotation. The Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. Any person qualified to be elected and intending to stand for election is required to be nominated by at least twenty Members of Parliament as proposers, and at least twenty other Members of Parliament as seconders. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and the names of all eligible candidates are added to the ballot.", "Vice President of India The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders. Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is a constitutional autonomous body, conducts the election. The election is to be held no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President. A Returning Officer is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, by rotation. The Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. Any person qualified to be elected and intending to stand for election is required to be nominated by at least twenty Members of Parliament as proposers, and at least twenty other Members of Parliament as seconders. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and the names of all eligible candidates are added to the ballot.", "Ram Nath Kovind Kovind married Savita Kovind on 30 May 1974. They have a son, Prashant Kumar, and a daughter, Swati.[6]", "Ram Nath Kovind Kovind was born on 1st October, 1945 in Paraukh village in the Kanpur Dehat district, Uttar Pradesh.[6][7] His father Maikulal was a landless Kori (a Dalit weaving community) who ran a small shop to support his family. He was the youngest of five brothers and two sisters. He was born in a mud hut, which eventually collapsed. He was only five when his mother died of burns when their thatched dwelling caught fire. Kovind later donated the land to the community.[8]", "Ram Nath Kovind He has served on the Board of management of Dr. B.R Ambedkar University, Lucknow,[when?] and as on the Board of Governors of IIM Calcutta[when?]. He has also represented India at the UN and addressed the United Nations General Assembly in October 2002.[17]", "Bidhya Devi Bhandari Bidhya Devi Bhandari (Nepali: विद्या देवी भण्डारी; born 19 June 1961) is a communist politician, and the second and current President of Nepal and commander in chief of Nepalese Army. She is the first woman to hold the office.[1][2][3] She was the vice-chairperson[4] of the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)[5] and chair of the All Nepal Women Association before winning the presidential election on 28 October 2015.[6] She was elected as President in a parliamentary vote, receiving 327 votes out of 549 and defeating Kul Bahadur Gurung. In 2016, Forbes placed her 52 in their list of the world's 100 most powerful women.[5] She previously served as the Minister of Defence of the government of Nepal and was the first woman in Nepal to hold that post.[7][8][9] She was also the minister for Environment and population in 1990s, and has been presenting many environmental awareness campaign and women rights concern till dated.[10] On June 2017, she visited IUCN headquarters and Director General Inger Andersen in Gland, Switzerland to discuss opportunities for enhanced collaboration on nature conservation and sustainable development.[11]", "List of Presidents of India Bhairon Singh Shekhawat (2002â€“2007)", "Indian presidential election, 1969 Even as a brooding Indira Gandhi left for Bangalore, a fresh opening presented itself. The Vice-President V V Giri announced that he would contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate. Mrs Gandhi knew that before she could support Giri against her own party's nominee, she would have to regain the initiative within the party. This she did first by forcing Morarji Desai out of the Cabinet and then by nationalizing banks. She also went ahead and filed the nomination for Sanjiva Reddy, though she refrained from issuing a whip to Congress MPs.", "President of India Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament (M.P.s), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies(Vidhan Sabha) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (M.L.A.s) of two Union Territories (i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry). The election process of President is more extensive process than Prime Minister who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the Lok Sabha members only. Whereas President being constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy, is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure.", "List of Presidents of India Mohammad Hidayatullah (1979â€“1982)", "President of India The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of â‚¹15,000 (US$230) in the Reserve Bank of India.[41] The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.", "Indian general election, 2014 Celebrity candidates from non-political spheres were nominated in the election. These included: Raj Babbar (INC), Bhaichung Bhutia (AITC), Biswajit Chatterjee (AITC), Sandhya Roy (AITC), Smriti Irani (BJP), Jaaved Jaaferi (AAP), Prakash Jha (JD(U)), Mohammad Kaif (INC), Kamaal Rashid Khan (SP), Vinod Khanna (BJP), Ravi Kishan (INC), Kirron Kher (BJP), Bappi Lahiri (BJP), Hema Malini (BJP), Mahesh Manjrekar (MNS), Bhagwant Mann (AAP), Nandan Nilekani (INC), Gul Panag (AAP), Jaya Prada (RLD), Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (BJP), Paresh Rawal (BJP), Rakhi Sawant (RAP), Indranil Sen (AITC), Moon Moon Sen (AITC), Vijay Kumar Singh (BJP), Shatrughan Sinha (BJP), P. C. Sorcar, Jr. (BJP), Babul Supriyo (BJP), Manoj Tiwari (BJP), Innocent Vincent (LDF-IND), Nagma (INC), and Dev (AITC).[42][43][44][45]", "Singapore In 2017, Halimah Yacob was named the first female president of Singapore. She won on nomination day since all other candidates were declared ineligible for the election.[105]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017 The Vice President of India is the exofficio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Indian parliament) and functions as its speaker. He also assumes the post of the President of India in case a vacancy and stays in the post for a maximum period of six months and performs all the functions of the President. The Vice President also has a term of five years.[3]", "Mohammad Hamid Ansari Ansari was born on 1 April 1937 at Calcutta, Bengal Presidency (present day Kolkata in the state of West Bengal) to Mohammad Abdul Aziz Ansari and Aasiya Begum. Though his ancestral home is in the city of Ghazipur of the Uttar Pradesh state, he spent his formative years in Kolkata. He is a grand-nephew of former Indian National Congress president and freedom fighter Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari.[4] He is also related to the Uttar Pradeshi politicians Mukhtar Ansari, Afzal Ansari and Sibakatullah Ansari.[5]", "President of India Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952,[39] a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot.[40]", "National Democratic Alliance (India) NDA nominated P. A. Sangma as its presidential candidate who lost against UPA's Pranab Mukherjee.", "List of Presidents of India Basappa Danappa Jatti (1974â€“1977)", "List of Presidents of India Ramaswamy Venkataraman (1984â€“1987)", "A. P. J. Abdul Kalam The polling for the presidential election began on 15 July 2002 in Parliament and the state assemblies, with the media claiming that the election was a one-sided affair and Kalam's victory was a foregone conclusion; the count was held on 18 July.[46] Kalam became the 11th president of the Republic of India in an easy victory,[47] and moved into the Rashtrapati Bhavan after he was sworn in on 25 July.[48] Kalam was the third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour, before becoming the President. Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1954) and Dr Zakir Hussain (1963) were the earlier recipients of Bharat Ratna who later became the President of India.[49] He was also the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhawan.[50]", "V. V. Giri Giri is regarded as a President who completely subordinated himself to the Prime Minister and has been described as a \"Prime Ministerâ€™s President\",[78] a loyalist President and a rubber stamp President under whom the independence of the office eroded.[79][80][81] When Giri's term ended in 1974, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose not to renominate him to the Presidency and instead chose Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed who was elected in the Presidential election of 1974.[82]", "Attorney General of India The 15th and current Attorney General is K. K. Venugopal. He was appointed by Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India at that time. He was formally appointed as with effect from 30 June 2017[1] and shall have a tenure of 3 years.[2][3]", "Indian presidential election, 1969 V V Giri won the poll by a narrow margin. The voting figures showed that a majority of Congress members had actually voted for Reddy. Giri had edged through with a minority of Congress votes and support from a curious combination of opposition groups.[4]", "Kashmir conflict Ram Nath Kovind\n General Bipin Rawat\n General Pranav Movva\n Lt. Gen. P C Bhardwaj\n Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha", "Ram Nath Kovind He was elected and became a Rajya Sabha MP from the state of Uttar Pradesh in April 1994. He served a total of twelve years, two consecutive terms, until March 2006. As a member of parliament, he served on the Parliamentary Committee for Welfare of Scheduled Castes/Tribes, Home Affairs, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Social Justice and Empowerment, Law and Justice. He also served as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha House Committee. During his career as a parliamentarian, under the Members of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme, he focused on education in rural areas by helping in construction of school buildings in Uttar Pradesh and Uttrakhand. As a member of parliament, he visited Thailand, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Germany, Switzerland, France, the United Kingdom and the United States on study tours.[11]", "Indian presidential election, 1974 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed\nINC" ]	[ "Indian presidential election, 2017 Governor of Bihar Ram Nath Kovind of the Bharatiya Janata Party had the backing of the governing National Democratic Alliance coalition, and went up against opposition candidate Meira Kumar of the Indian National Congress in the vote. Kovind secured roughly two thirds of the votes from the electoral college of elected members of federal, state and union territory legislatures and was elected to a five-year term as President.[3] Kovind's term of office began on 25 July 2017." ]
test1234	what kind of metric system does the us use	[ "doc43796" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc43796", "doc224553", "doc1109193", "doc43801", "doc224552", "doc1246614", "doc1543286", "doc43795", "doc224556", "doc1246554", "doc1109190", "doc1543278", "doc224557", "doc43799", "doc224644", "doc43800", "doc1296902", "doc754100", "doc224622", "doc43831", "doc224561", "doc224614", "doc1543276", "doc224618", "doc885713", "doc1296938", "doc224554", "doc224567", "doc224604", "doc1246558", "doc1246582", "doc1246584", "doc1246557", "doc224605", "doc224572", "doc1246616", "doc224656", "doc224560", "doc1246615", "doc224576", "doc224654", "doc224562", "doc43830", "doc1723632", "doc43797", "doc224638", "doc224641", "doc754101", "doc224621", "doc1296915", "doc224596", "doc840770", "doc224608", "doc224575", "doc840773", "doc224607", "doc224558", "doc562365", "doc689444", "doc1296897", "doc224619", "doc224617", "doc224606", "doc1246598", "doc224563", "doc224629", "doc224623", "doc840785", "doc1296945", "doc224635", "doc840763", "doc1246595", "doc1296916", "doc1246575", "doc1246605", "doc631171", "doc224649", "doc224648", "doc224578", "doc226189", "doc1246604", "doc224615", "doc224655", "doc1543284", "doc224624", "doc224620", "doc1246599", "doc562357", "doc224568", "doc840790", "doc1246571", "doc1296898", "doc754103", "doc224591", "doc840774", "doc224636", "doc224585", "doc1246606", "doc1562958", "doc1543287" ]	[ "United States customary units The majority of U.S. customary units were redefined in terms of the meter and the kilogram with the Mendenhall Order of 1893 and, in practice, for many years before.[1] These definitions were refined by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959.[2] Americans primarily use customary units in commercial activities, as well as for personal and social use. In science, medicine, many sectors of industry and some of government and military, metric units are used. The International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system, is preferred for many uses by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).[3] For newer units of measure where there is no traditional customary unit, international units are used, sometimes mixed with customary units, such as electrical resistance of wire expressed in ohms (SI) per thousand feet.", "Metrication in the United States Although customary units are used more often than metric units in the U.S., the SI system is used extensively in some fields such as science, medicine, the military, automobile production and repair, and international affairs. Post 1994 federal law also mandates most packaged consumer goods be labeled in both customary and metric units.[4]", "Units of measurement Both the imperial units and US customary units derive from earlier English units. Imperial units were mostly used in the British Commonwealth and the former British Empire. US customary units are still the main system of measurement used in the United States despite Congress having legally authorised metric measure on 28 July 1866.[3] Some steps towards US metrication have been made, particularly the redefinition of basic US and imperial units to derive exactly from SI units. Since the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 the US and imperial inch is now defined as exactly 6998254000000000000♠0.0254 m, and the US and imperial avoirdupois pound is now defined as exactly 6999453592370000000♠453.59237 g.[4]", "United States customary units For measuring length, the U.S. customary system uses the inch, foot, yard, and mile, which are the only four customary length measurements in everyday use. Since July 1, 1959, these have been defined on the basis of 1 yard = 0.9144 meters except for some applications in surveying.[2] The U.S., the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries agreed on this definition, and so it is often termed international measure.", "Metrication in the United States Metrication (or metrification) is the process of introducing the International System of Units, also known as SI units or the metric system, to replace a jurisdiction's traditional measuring units. Although all U.S. customary units have been redefined in terms of SI units, as of 2018 the United States is one of only seven countries, including Myanmar (Burma), Liberia,[1] Palau, the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Samoa[2] that have not officially adopted the metric system as the primary means of weights and measures. However, both Myanmar and Liberia are reportedly essentially metric, even without official legislation in effect, while Palau, Micronesia, and the Marshall Islands are all administered by the United States under the Compact of Free Association.[3]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems Since its inception, the metric system has displaced the traditional system of units in many countries. In the 1960s a metrication program was initiated in most English-speaking countries, resulting in either the partial or total displacement of the imperial system or the US customary system of measure in those countries. The current status of imperial and US customary units, as summarised by NIST, is that \"the SI metric system is now the official system of units in the United Kingdom, while the customary units are still predominantly used in the United States\".[74]", "System of measurement Both imperial units and US customary units derive from earlier English units. Imperial units were mostly used in the former British Empire and the British Commonwealth, but in all these countries they have been largely supplanted by the metric system. They are still used for some applications in the United Kingdom but have been mostly replaced by the metric system in commercial, scientific, and industrial applications. US customary units, however, are still the main system of measurement in the United States. While some steps towards metrication have been made (mainly in the late 1960s and early 1970s), the customary units have a strong hold due to the vast industrial infrastructure and commercial development.", "United States customary units United States customary units are a system of measurements commonly used in the United States. The United States customary system (USCS or USC) developed from English units which were in use in the British Empire before the U.S. became an independent country. However, the United Kingdom's system of measures was overhauled in 1824 to create the imperial system, changing the definitions of some units. Therefore, while many U.S. units are essentially similar to their Imperial counterparts, there are significant differences between the systems.", "Metrication in the United States In 1832, the customary system of units was formalized.[6] \nIn the early 19th century, the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, the government's surveying and map-making agency, used a meter standard (\"Committee Meter\", French : Mètre des Archives) brought from Switzerland.[7][8] Shortly after the American Civil War, the 39th United States Congress protected the use of the metric system in commerce with the Metric Act of 1866[9] and supplied each state with a set of standard metric weights and measures.\nIn 1875 the United States solidified its commitment to the development of the internationally recognized metric system by becoming one of the original seventeen signatory nations to the Metre Convention, also known as the Treaty of the Metre. The signing of this international agreement concluded five years of meetings in which the metric system was reformulated, refining the accuracy of its standards. The Metre Convention established the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures, BIPM) in Sèvres, France, to provide standards of measurement for worldwide use.", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems US Customary units, developed and used in the United States after the American Revolution, are based on a subset of the English units used in the Thirteen Colonies, while the Imperial system of units was developed and used beginning in 1826 in the United Kingdom and subsequently used in the rest of the Commonwealth. US Customary units are the predominant system of units in the United States, but in all Commonwealth countries the metric system has, to varying degrees, replaced the imperial system.", "Units of measurement As of the 21st Century, multiple unit systems are used all over the world such as the United States Customary System, the British Customary System, and the International System. However, the United States is the only industrialized country that has not yet completely converted to the Metric System. The systematic effort to develop a universally acceptable system of units dates back to 1790 when the French National Assembly charged the French Academy of Sciences to come up such a unit system. This system was the precursor to the metric system which was quickly developed in France but did not take on universal acceptance until 1875 when The Metric Convention Treaty was signed by 17 nations. After this treaty was signed, a General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) was established. The CGPM produced the current SI system which was adopted in 1954 at the 10th conference of weights and measures. Currently, the United States is a dual-system society which uses both the SI system and the US Customary system.[2]", "System of measurement In the United States, metric units are used almost universally in science, widely in the military, and partially in industry, but customary units predominate in household use. At retail stores, the liter is a commonly used unit for volume, especially on bottles of beverages, and milligrams, rather than grains, are used for medications. Some other standard non-SI units are still in international use, such as nautical miles and knots in aviation and shipping.", "Metrication in the United States Under the Mendenhall Order in 1893, metric standards, developed through international cooperation under the auspices of BIPM, were adopted as the fundamental standards for length and mass in the United States. The definitions of United States customary units, such as the foot and pound, have been based on metric units since then.", "United States customary units The U.S. government passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975, which made the metric system \"the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce\". The legislation states that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry as it voluntarily converts to the metric system, i.e., metrification. This is most evident in U.S. labeling requirements on food products, where SI units are almost always presented alongside customary units. According to the CIA Factbook, the United States is one of three nations (along with Liberia and Burma) that have not adopted the metric system as their official system of weights and measures.[6]", "Metrication in the United States USA Weightlifting uses metric units to measure weight.", "United States customary units U.S. customary units are widely used on consumer products and in industrial manufacturing. Metric units are standard in science, medicine, as well as many sectors of industry and government, including the military.[6] There are anecdotal objections to the use of metric units in carpentry and the building trades, on the basis that it is easier to remember an integer number of inches plus a fraction than a measurement in millimeters,[7] or that foot-inch measurements are more suitable when distances are frequently divided into halves, thirds and quarters, often in parallel. The metric system also lacks a parallel to the foot.[8]", "Metric system Though other currently or formerly widespread systems of weights and measures continue to exist, such as the British imperial system and the US customary system of weights and measures, in those systems most or all of the units are now defined in terms of the metric system, such as the US foot which is now a defined decimal fraction of a metre.", "Measurement Before SI units were widely adopted around the world, the British systems of English units and later imperial units were used in Britain, the Commonwealth and the United States. The system came to be known as U.S. customary units in the United States and is still in use there and in a few Caribbean countries. These various systems of measurement have at times been called foot-pound-second systems after the Imperial units for length, weight and time even though the tons, hundredweights, gallons, and nautical miles, for example, are different for the U.S. units. Many Imperial units remain in use in Britain, which has officially switched to the SI systemâ€”with a few exceptions such as road signs, which are still in miles. Draught beer and cider must be sold by the imperial pint, and milk in returnable bottles can be sold by the imperial pint. Many people measure their height in feet and inches and their weight in stone and pounds, to give just a few examples. Imperial units are used in many other places, for example, in many Commonwealth countries that are considered metricated, land area is measured in acres and floor space in square feet, particularly for commercial transactions (rather than government statistics). Similarly, gasoline is sold by the gallon in many countries that are considered metricated.", "Metrication in the United States The medical field uses predominantly metric units. When interacting with patients certain data, such as their height and weight, is presented in customary units.", "United States customary units Other common ways of referring to the system in the U.S. are: \"Standard\", \"Customary\", or, erroneously: \"Imperial\", or \"English\" (which refers to the post-1824 reform measures used throughout the British Empire). Another term is the foot–pound–second (FPS) system, as opposed to centimeter–gram–second (CGS) and meter–kilogram–second (MKS) systems.", "Metrication in the United States On February 10, 1964, the National Bureau of Standards (now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology) issued a statement that it would use the metric system, except where this would have an obvious detrimental effect.[14]", "Metrication in the United States The U.S. military uses metric measurements extensively to ensure interoperability with allied forces, particularly NATO Standardization Agreements (STANAG). Ground forces have measured distances in \"klicks\", slang for kilometers, since 1918.[59] Most military firearms are measured in metric units, beginning with the M-14 which was introduced in 1957,[55] although there are a few legacy exceptions, such as .50-caliber guns. Aircraft ordnance is normally measured in pounds. Heavy weapon caliber is measured in millimeters. Military vehicles are generally built to metric standards. An exception is the U.S. Navy, whose guns are measured in inches and whose undersea fleet measures distances in terms of \"kiloyards\" (equivalent to 914.4 m), depth as \"feet\", and velocity, in some cases, as \"feet per second\". The Navy and Air Force continue to measure distance in nautical miles and speed in knots; these units are now accepted for use with SI by the BIPM.[60] Furthermore, in military aviation NATO countries use feet for flight heights, as they do in the civilian aviation.", "System of measurement Metrication is complete or nearly complete in almost all countries. US customary units are heavily used in the United States and to some degree in Liberia. Traditional Burmese units of measurement are used in Burma. U.S. units are used in limited contexts in Canada due to the large volume of trade; there is also considerable use of Imperial weights and measures, despite de jure Canadian conversion to metric.", "Metrication in the United States Earth sciences, such as hydrology and geology, continue to use customary units for field surveying, due both to the legacy of many decades of data collection and to the need to work with the construction industry, which has not adopted the metric system.[citation needed] American irrigation engineers, for example, talk in acre-feet and cubic feet per second, whereas their Australian counterparts would refer to gigaliters and cubic meters per second.", "English units Use of the term \"English units\" is ambiguous, as it is sometimes mistakenly used to refer to the Imperial units used in the UK, or to United States customary units, which retain some unit names of English Units, but has somewhat different definitions.[3] (The terms imperial units or imperial measurements are used in the UK to refer to the non-metric system since they were used as a standard throughout the British Empire and the Commonwealth.)", "Metric system The International System of Units has been adopted as the official system of weights and measures by all nations in the world except for Myanmar, Liberia, and the United States, while the United States is the only industrialised country where the metric system is not the predominant system of units.", "Metrication in the United States Immediately after independence, the thirteen United States used a variety of units of measure, including Dutch units and English units.[5] The 1789 Constitution grants Congress the authority to determine standards of measure, though it did not immediately use this authority to impose a uniform system.", "Metrication in the United States This legislation required most federal agencies to use the metric system in their procurement, grants, and other business-related activities by the end of 1992. While not mandating metric use in the private sector, the federal government has sought to serve as a catalyst in the metric conversion of the country's trade, industry, and commerce. Exceptions were made for the highway and construction industries. The Department of Transportation planned to require metric units by 2000, but this plan was canceled by the 1998 highway bill TEA21. The U.S. military has generally high use of the metric system, partly because of the need to work with other nations' militaries.[20]", "Metrication in the United States Most students are given some level of introduction to the metric system in elementary, middle, and high school, but the emphasis varies.[citation needed] Instruction primarily centers on the concepts of powers of 10, the associated prefixes, and the conversion from one prefix form to another. Units of length, volume, and mass are typically introduced through comparison with ordinary objects. The metric system is not reinforced much outside the classroom due to lack of popular metric use. Consequently, while students may understand some of the concepts underlying the metric system, they do not necessarily have an intuitive sense of the value of the units.", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems English units of measure, were derived from a combination of Roman, Carolignian and Saxon units of measure. They were a precursor to both the Imperial system of units (first defined in 1824, to take effect in 1826) and United States customary units which evolved from English Units from 1776 onwards.[1]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems In 1821 John Quincy Adams, then Secretary of State submitted a report based on research commissioned by the Senate in 1817 which recommended the adoption of the metric system. Congress did nothing and in 1832 the Treasury adopted the yard of 36 inches as the unit of length for customs purposes, the avoirdupois pound of 7000 grains as the unit of weight and the gallon of 231 cubic inches (the \"Queen Anne gallon\") and the bushel of 2150.42 cubic inches as the units of volume.[34] Congress did little to promote standards across the United States other than fixing the size of the yard and the gallon.[35]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems One of the actions taken by Congress was to permit the use of the metric system in trade (1866), made at the height of the metrication process in Latin America.[37] Other actions were to ratify the Metre Convention in 1875 and under the Mendenhall Order of 1897, to redefine the pound and the yard in terms of the International Prototype Kilogram and the International Prototype Metre respectively.[38]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems After the United States Declaration of Independence the units of measurement in the United States developed into what is now known as customary units. The United Kingdom overhauled its system of measurement in 1826, when it introduced the imperial system of units. This resulted in both countries having different gallons. Later in the century, efforts were made to align the definition of the pound and the yard in both countries by using copies of the standards adopted by the British Parliament in 1855. However, these standards were of poor quality compared with those produced for the Convention of the Metre. In 1960 both countries agreed to common definitions of the yard and the pound based on definitions of the metre and the kilogram. This change, which amounted to a few parts per million, had little effect in the United Kingdom, but resulted in the United States having two slightly different systems of linear measure â€“ the international system, and the surveyors system.", "Metrication in the United States In science education, students predominantly use metric measures in experiments and equations, allowing those interested in the sciences to become more familiar with the metric system. Science classes are requisites for an undergraduate degree in the U.S. which ensures most educated people have some familiarity with the metric system.[citation needed] Within higher education, the metric system is universal for classes in the sciences (see below), except for exercises designed to illustrate complex conversions. Some non-science textbooks in the U.S. use only the metric system without giving conversions in order to promote metrication.[citation needed]", "Metrication in the United States On December 31, 2012, a petition was created on the White House's petitioning system, petitioning the White House to \"Make the Metric system the standard in the United States, instead of the Imperial system.\" On January 10, 2013, this petition garnered over 25,000 signatures, exceeding the threshold needed to require the Obama Administration to officially respond to the petition.[28] Patrick D. Gallagher, director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, provided the official response stating that customary units were defined in the metric system, thus making the nation \"bilingual\" in terms of measurement systems.[29] Gallagher also said that using the metric system was a choice to be made by individuals.[29]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems As of June 2013[update] the imperial and US customary systems of measurement were dependent on the SI for their formal definitions, the yard being defined as 0.9144 metres exactly, the pound avoirdupois as 6999453592370000000♠0.45359237 kilograms exactly while both systems of measure share the definition of the second.", "Metrication in the United States Other units are based on customary units, but use power-of-ten factors and metric prefixes. For example, distance to target for a U.S. submarine is expressed in kiloyards rather than some combination of miles, yards, and feet. Telephone transmission line length and loop distances are measured in kilofeet.[94] In some fields of civil engineering (especially structural engineering), and architecture, large loads and forces (such as the weight of a building or the amount of load applied to a column) are measured in kips (kilopounds or 1000 pounds-force) instead of short tons-force (2000 pounds-force), which are used in virtually all other non-metric industries in the United States, as well as in common usage among the public, when dealing with large values of force.", "Metrication in the United States The General Conference on Weights and Measures is the governing body for the modern metric system and comprises the signing nations of the Treaty of the Metre. The General Conference on Weights and Measures approved an updated version of the metric system in 1960 named Le Système international d'unités (International System of Units) and abbreviated SI.", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems The situation is however not as clear-cut as this. In the United States, for example, the metric system is the predominant system of measure in certain fields such as automobile manufacture even though customary units are used in aircraft manufacture.[75] In the United Kingdom, metric units are required for almost all regulated [Note 11] use of units of measure except for a few specifically exempt areas such as road signs, speedometers and draught beer.[76] The NIST statement is also incomplete as it made no mention of metrication in the Commonwealth countries of Australia, India, New Zealand or South Africa where metrication is all but complete, nor did it mention the status of metrication in Canada where the imperial system has been displaced for many areas.[77]", "Metrication in the United States Use of SI derived units is widespread for many applications. Residential electric power plans use kilowatt hours,[35] The luminous flux from lamps is specified in lumens rather than candlepower.[36]", "Metrication in the United States Some measurements are reported in units derived from both customary and metric units. For example:", "Metrication in the United States In 1968 Congress authorized the U.S. Metric Study, a three-year study of systems of measurement in the United States, with emphasis on the feasibility of metrication. The United States Department of Commerce conducted the study. A 45-member advisory panel consulted and took testimony from hundreds of consumers, business organizations, labor groups, manufacturers, and state and local officials. The final report of the study concluded that the U.S. would eventually join the rest of the world in the use of the metric system of measurement.[15] The study found that metric units were already implemented in many areas and that their use was increasing. The majority of study participants believed that conversion to the metric system was in the best interests of the United States, particularly in view of the importance of foreign trade and the increasing influence of technology in the United States.", "United States customary units The United States Code refers to these units as \"traditional systems of weights and measures\".[19]", "History of the metric system In 1805 a Swiss immigrant Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler brought copies of the French metre and kilogram in the United States.[79] In 1830 the Congress decided to create uniform standards for length and weight in the United States.[80] Hassler was mandated to work out the new standards and proposed to adopt the metric system.[80] The Congress opted for the British Parlementiary Standard from 1758 and the Troy Pound of Great Britain from 1824 as length and weight standards.[80] Nevertheless the primary baseline of the U.S Coast Survey was measured in 1834 at Fire Island using four two-meter iron bars constructed after Hassler's specification in the United Kingdom and brought back in the United States in 1815.[81][82] All distances measured in the U.S. National Geodetic Survey were referred to the meter.[83] In 1866 the United States Congress passed a bill making it lawful to use the metric system in the United States. The bill, which was permissive rather than mandatory in nature, defined the metric system in terms of customary units rather than with reference to the international prototype metre and kilogram.[84][85]:10–13 By 1893, the reference standards for customary units had become unreliable. Moreover, the United States, being a signatory of the Metre Convention was in possession of national prototype metres and kilograms that were calibrated against those in use elsewhere in the world. This led to the Mendenhall Order which redefined the customary units by referring to the national metric prototypes, but used the conversion factors of the 1866 act.[85]:16–20 In 1896 a bill that would make the metric system mandatory in the United States was presented to Congress. Of the 29 people who gave evidence before the congressional committee who were considering the bill, 23 were in favor of the bill, but six were against. Four of the six dissenters represented manufacturing interests and the other two the United States Revenue service. The grounds cited were the cost and inconvenience of the change-over. The bill was not enacted. Subsequent bills suffered a similar fate.[71]", "United States customary units The United States system of units is similar to the British imperial system.[4] Both systems are derived from English units, a system which had evolved over the millennia before American independence, and which had its roots in Roman and Anglo-Saxon units.", "Metrication in the United States Measured distances as used in events such as shot put, high jump, and discus throw are, however, often in feet and inches, except at the national and international levels. In 2017, the Florida High School Athletic Association became the first to buck this trend and use metric measures for field events.[80] The field and court sizes for most popular team sports such as soccer were originally set in non-metric units. This is reflected in American football, in which the playing field is divided into yards, and many important statistics are measured in yards. Similarly, the dimensions for all baseball parks, basketball courts, tennis courts and ice hockey rinks are given in feet, golf courses in yards, auto racing tracks in miles (or fractions thereof), and horse racing in furlongs. The lengths of automobile races in the U.S. are generally set in miles. On the other hand, some sporting equipment, such as skis and poles, is sold in metric units.", "Metrication in the United States Common swimming pool dimensions are 25-yard, 25-meter, and 50-meter. The Olympic-size swimming pool is specified solely in meters. High schools and the NCAA conduct 25-yard competitions. USA Swimming (USA-S) swims in both metric and non-metric pools.[citation needed]", "Measurement The metric system is a decimal system of measurement based on its units for length, the metre and for mass, the kilogram. It exists in several variations, with different choices of base units, though these do not affect its day-to-day use. Since the 1960s, the International System of Units (SI) is the internationally recognised metric system. Metric units of mass, length, and electricity are widely used around the world for both everyday and scientific purposes.", "Metrication in the United States In early 2007, NASA announced that it would use metric units for all operations on the lunar surface upon its return to the Moon, then projected for 2020.[64] However, NASA's lunar return program was canceled in 2010.[65]", "Metric system Variations are also found with the spelling of unit names in countries using the same language, including differences in American English and British spelling. For example, meter and liter are used in the United States whereas metre and litre are used in other English-speaking countries. In addition, the official US spelling for the rarely used SI prefix for ten is deka. In American English the term metric ton is the normal usage whereas in other varieties of English tonne is common. Gram is also sometimes spelled gramme in English-speaking countries other than the United States, though this older usage is declining.[6]", "Metrication in the United States Clothing is measured in inches, not centimeters. American shoes sizes are measured on different scales for children, men, and women but all sizes are derived from inches.[49] Major multi-national apparel brands including Nike, Adidas, Hanes, and Levis often sell the same inventory worldwide, with tags containing both SI and customary units in addition to laundry care symbols and instructions in many languages.", "Imperial units British law now defines each imperial unit in terms of the metric equivalent. The metric system is in official use within the United Kingdom for most official applications with Imperial units remaining in widespread use amongst the public.[36] All UK roads use the imperial system except for weight limits, and newer height or width restriction signs give metric alongside imperial.[37]", "Metrication in the United States The United States was one of the first nations to adopt a decimal currency. Until 2001,[54] U.S. stocks were traded in binary fractions of dollars (1⁄2, 1⁄4, 1⁄8) based on the old Spanish pieces of eight, but the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ordered stocks to move to dollars and cents. However U.S. Treasury Notes and Bonds continue to be traded in 32nds, 64ths, and 128ths of a dollar. Some commodity market prices are quoted in customary units (such as barrels of oil, troy ounces of gold, pounds of frozen pork bellies, etc.). The federal government reports international production figures in metric units (for instance, wheat in metric tons) but in bushels for domestic production figures.", "Metrication in the United States Most Americans have studied the common metric units at school. Also, newer units introduced by engineers, such as kilovolts, megabytes, megapixels, and kilotons and megatons of TNT, are generally formulated in terms of powers of 10.", "Imperial units Most British people still use imperial units in everyday life for distance (miles, yards, feet and inches) and volume in some cases (especially milk and beer in pints) but rarely for canned or bottled soft drinks or petrol.[36][41] Though use of kilograms is increasing, most British people also still use imperial units in everyday life for body weight (stones and pounds for adults, pounds and ounces for babies).[citation needed] Some government documents aimed at the public give body weight and height not only in metric units (kilograms centimetres) but also in imperial units (stones and pounds, feet and inches).[42] A survey in 2015 found that many people did not know their body weight or height in one system or the other.[43] People under the age of 40 preferred the metric system but people aged 40 and over preferred the imperial system. [44] The height of horses in some English-speaking countries, including Australia,[1] Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States is usually measured in hands, standardized to 4 inches (101.6 mm). Fuel consumption for vehicles is commonly stated in miles per gallon, though official figures always include litres per 100 km equivalents. When sold draught in licensed premises, beer and cider must be sold in pints and half-pints. Cow's milk is available in both litre- and pint-based containers in supermarkets and shops. Areas of land associated with farming, forestry and real estate are commonly advertised in acres and square feet, but for official government purposes the units are always hectares and square metres.", "Metrication in the United States Energy is often measured in watt hours, BTUs, therms or calories rather than the SI joule. Residential and commercial electrical energy use is metered and billed in kilowatt hours, kW·h, as in most metric countries. Force measurements regularly use the pound instead of the SI newton; torque is measured in pound-feet. Fuel prices are mostly given in customary units, such as dollars per gallon, barrel, thousand cubic feet, or ton (short or long). Heating, cooling, and combustion are often measured in BTUs per hour or refrigeration tons and powerplant efficiency is often measured by its \"heat rate\", in BTU per kW·hour. The rated power of engines, electric motors, and power plant steam turbines is frequently measured in horsepower. Power plant output is generally expressed in megawatts.", "Metrication in the United States The 1895 Constitution of Utah, in Article X, Section 11, originally mandated that: \"The Metric System shall be taught in the public schools of the State.\" This section was repealed, effective July 1, 1987.[10][11]", "Metrication in Canada Today, Canadians typically use a mix of metric and imperial measurements in their daily lives. However the use of the metric and imperial systems varies according to generations. Newborns are measured in metric at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is also announced to family and friends in imperial units. Among the broader population, imperial units are sometimes informally used to indicate height and weight, especially by those of older generations. However, Canadian driver's licences give height in centimetres.[12][13] In addition, Fahrenheit is often used for cooking, as are imperial cooking measurements, due to the import of kitchen appliances from the United States. However, most appliances in Canada are labelled with degrees Celsius or are convertible, and metric cooking measures are widely available; imperial temperatures are also occasionally used outside of the kitchen, such as when measuring the water temperature in a pool. Stationery and photographic prints are also sold in sizes based on inches and the most popular paper sizes, letter and legal, are sized in imperial units. Canadian Football League games continue to be played on fields measured in yards (with a gridiron layout that measures 100.6 meters long from one goal line to the other); golfers also expect courses to be measured in yards. However newer generations are moving away from the imperial system.", "Metrication in Australia Before 1970, Australia mostly used the imperial system for measurement, which the Australian colonies had inherited from the United Kingdom. Between 1970 and 1988, imperial units were withdrawn from general legal use and replaced with SI metric units, facilitated through legislation and government agencies. SI units are now the sole legal units of measurement in Australia. Australia's largely successful transition to the metric system contrasts with the ongoing opposition to metrication in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.", "Metric system The metric system is an internationally recognised decimalised system of measurement. It is in widespread use, and where it is adopted, it is the only or most common system of weights and measures. It is now known as the International System of Units (SI). It is used to measure everyday things such as the mass of a sack of flour, the height of a person, the speed of a car, and the volume of fuel in its tank. It is also used in science, industry and trade.", "Metrication in the United States Meteorology extensively uses both metric and customary units. The METAR reporting system in use in the United States differs from the one used by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in that wind speeds are delivered in knots (instead of meters per second), water-equivalent precipitation in hundredths of an inch, and altimeter setting in the customary inches of mercury (instead of hectopascals). Furthermore, temperatures are reported in whole degrees Fahrenheit but are converted to Celsius when encoded in METAR reports. Most synoptic observation charts are expressed in SI units, except for the aforementioned wind speeds, which must be converted for the purposes of calculation. Upper-air temperature charts typically use the Celsius scale (the freezing line is of great importance at lower levels of the atmosphere in determining precipitation type) while potential temperature charts use the kelvin; both of these are in line with international usage. Atmospheric vorticity is typically measured in full rotations per 100,000 seconds (a rough metrication of the day) but does not use the SI-recommended radian.", "Metrication in the United States In science, metric use is essentially universal, though additional specialized units are often used for specific purposes in various disciplines (such as the parsec and light year in astronomy), consistent with worldwide use.", "Metrication in the United States There are no U.S. customary units for electric current, potential difference, or charge since these concepts were developed after the international adoption of metric in science. The metric units ampere, volt, ohm and coulomb are the only units used. The SI term hertz has replaced the term cycles per second as a unit of frequency.", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems This agreement was ratified by the United Kingdom in 1963 while Canada pre-empted the decision by adopting these values in 1951, nine years ahead of the full international agreement. The United States Congress has neither ratified nor repudiated the agreement.[35]", "Metrication in the United States The U.S. Metric Study recommended that the United States implement a carefully planned transition to the principal use of the metric system over a decade. Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 \"to coordinate and plan the increasing use of the metric system in the United States\". Voluntary conversion was initiated, and the United States Metric Board (USMB) was established for planning, coordination, and public education. The public education component led to public awareness of the metric system, but the public response included resistance, apathy, and sometimes ridicule.[16] In 1981 the USMB reported to Congress that it lacked the clear Congressional mandate necessary to bring about national conversion. Because of this ineffectiveness and an effort of the Reagan administration—particularly from Lyn Nofziger's efforts[17] as a White House advisor to the Reagan administration, to reduce federal spending—the USMB was disbanded in the autumn of 1982.", "Metrication in the United States Anthropometric data such as height may be recorded in centimeters.[72] The body mass index (BMI) is expressed in kg/m2, even though it may be computed from pounds and inches. Even if the medical practice takes height and weight data in terms of SI units, it is almost always discussed with the patient in terms of customary units. Exercise is commonly discussed with patients in terms of miles walked. Intake of sugar, sodium, and other nutrients is usually discussed in terms of grams and milligrams.", "Metrication in the United States Both prescription and non-prescription dosages of pills are always measured in the SI system with the most common unit being the milligram. Smaller dosages use micrograms. Because the SI prefix μ (mu) is not well known among many Americans and it isn’t available on most keyboards the medical industry uses the abbreviation mcg to denote micrograms.[66]", "Imperial units Imperial units are still used in ordinary conversation. Today, Canadians typically use a mix of metric and imperial measurements in their daily lives. However, the use of the metric and imperial systems varies by age. The older generation mostly uses the imperial system, while the younger generation more often uses the metric system. Newborns are measured in SI at hospitals, but the birth weight and length is also announced to family and friends in imperial units. Drivers' licences use SI units. In livestock auction markets, cattle are sold in dollars per hundredweight (short), whereas hogs are sold in dollars per hundred kilograms. Imperial units still dominate in recipes, construction, house renovation and gardening.[54][55][56][57][58] Land is now surveyed and registered in metric units, although initial surveys used imperial units. For example, partitioning of farm land on the prairies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was done in imperial units; this accounts for imperial units of distance and area retaining wide use in the Prairie Provinces. The size of most apartments, condominiums and houses continues to be described in square feet rather than square metres, and carpet or flooring tile is purchased by the square foot. Motor-vehicle fuel consumption is reported in both litres per 100Â km and statute miles per imperial gallon,[59] leading to the erroneous impression that Canadian vehicles are 20% more fuel-efficient than their apparently identical American counterparts for which fuel economy is reported in statute miles per US gallon (neither country specifies which gallon is used). Canadian railways maintain exclusive use of imperial measurements to describe train length (feet), train height (feet), capacity (tons), speed (mph), and trackage (miles).[60]", "Metric system The International System of Units (Système international d'unités or SI) is the current international standard metric system and is also the system most widely used around the world. It is an extension of Giorgi's MKSA system—its base units are the metre, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, candela and mole.[7]\nThe MKS (Metre, Kilogram, Second) system came into existence in 1889, when artefacts for the metre and kilogram were fabricated according to the convention of the Metre. Early in the 20th century, an unspecified electrical unit was added, and the system was called MKSX. When it became apparent that the unit would be the ampere, the system was referred to as the MKSA system, and was the direct predecessor of the SI.", "Metrication in the United States That said, U.S. track-and-field competitions are commonly run in increments of 400 meters, which roughly correspond to traditional mile-based lengths. In the Olympics, athletes run 1500 meters, not 1600 meters.[79]", "Imperial units These measurements were in use from 1826, when the new imperial gallon was defined, but were officially abolished in the United Kingdom on 1 January 1971.[19][20] In the USA, though no longer recommended, the apothecaries' system is still used occasionally in medicine, especially in prescriptions for older medications.[21][22]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems In 1866 the United States Government legalised use of metric units in contract law, defining them in terms of the equivalent customary units to five significant figures which was sufficient for purposes of trade.[59] In 1893, under the Mendenhall Order the United States abandoned the 1855 yard as a standard of length and the \"Mint pound\" as a standard of mass, redefining them in terms of the metre and kilogram using the values of the 1866 legislation.[60] In the United Kingdom fresh comparisons of the imperial and metric standards of length and mass were made and were used in the Weights and Measures Act 1897 to redefine the yard and pound in terms of the metre and kilogram respectively. In addition, the definitions of both the yard and the pound in terms of the artifacts held by the British Government was reaffirmed giving both the yard and the pound two different definitions.[19] The differences between the British and the US yard and pound was of the order of a few parts per million.", "Metric system In SI, which is a coherent system, the unit of power is the \"watt\", which is defined as \"one joule per second\".[7] In the US customary system of measurement, which is non-coherent, the unit of power is the \"horsepower\", which is defined as \"550 foot-pounds per second\" (the pound in this context being the pound-force).[8] Similarly, neither the US gallon nor the imperial gallon is one cubic foot or one cubic yard— the US gallon is 231 cubic inches and the imperial gallon is 277.42 cubic inches.[9]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems Metrication in the United Kingdom began in the mid-1960s. Initially this metrication was voluntary and by 1985 many traditional and imperial units of measure had been voluntarily removed from use in the retail trade. The Weights and Measures Act of 1985 formalized their removal for use in trade, though imperial units were retained for use on road signs and the most common imperial weights such as the foot, inch, pound, ounce, gallon and pint continued to be used in the retail trade for the sale of loose goods or goods measured or weighed in front of the customer.[20][21][Note 2] Since 1 January 2000 it has been unlawful to use imperial units for weights and measures in retail trade in the United Kingdom except as supplementary units or for the sale of draught beer and cider by the pint or milk that is sold in returnable containers.[22]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems Unless otherwise specified, the units of measure quoted below were used in both the United States, the United Kingdom. The SI equivalents are quoted to four significant figures.", "Metrication in the United Kingdom Metrication in the United Kingdom, the process of introducing the metric system of measurement in place of imperial units, has made steady progress since the midâ€“20th century but today remains equivocal and varies by context. Most of government, industry and commerce use metric units, but imperial units are officially used to specify journey distances, vehicle speeds and the sizes of returnable milk containers, beer and cider glasses (though fresh milk is often still sold in multiples of pints, with the metric equivalent also marked). Imperial units are also often used to describe body measurements and vehicle fuel economy. In schools metric units are taught and used as the norm and imperial units that remain in common usage in the UK must also be taught.[a]", "Metrication in the United States Gasoline and diesel fuel are sold by the U.S. gallon, and fuel economy is rated in miles per gallon (MPG). The metric unit is kilometers per liter but, with few exceptions, such as Denmark, metric countries use the inverse unit, l/100Â km, rather than km/l.[citation needed] Stations in Point Roberts, Washington, a short, noncontiguous peninsula that is accessible from the rest of the state of Washington only by crossing into Canada, sells its gasoline from pumps calibrated to dispense in liters. Gasoline is dispensed in liters in Puerto Rico. Automobile crankcase oil is sold by the quart, antifreeze by the gallon, brake fluid by the ounce (fluid), and air conditioning refrigerant by the ounce (mass). Windshield wiper replacement blades are measured in inches.", "Metrication in the United States The first signs in metric in the United States were posted on February 12, 1973, on Interstate 71 in Ohio.[86]", "Metrication in the United States Televised and radio weather reports are given in degrees Fahrenheit instead of Celsius for dew point and air temperatures, miles per hour for wind speed, inches of mercury for atmospheric pressure (millibars are used only when reporting tropical phenomena such as hurricanes), and other customary units. In some northern border states, temperatures are described in both Fahrenheit and Celsius for the benefit of the cross-border Canadian audience.", "Unit of length A unit of length refers to any discrete, pre-established length or distance having a constant magnitude which is used as a reference or convention to express linear dimension. The most common units in modern use are U.S. customary units in the United States and metric units elsewhere. British Imperial units are still used for some purposes in the United Kingdom and some other countries. The metric system is sub-divided into SI and non-SI units.[1][2][3]", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems The tables below catalogue the imperial units of measure that were permitted for use in trade in the United Kingdom on the eve of metrication (1976)[67][68] and the customary \"units of measurement that have traditionally been used in the United States\".[69] In addition, named units of measure that are used in the engineering industry are also catalogued. Prior to metrication, the units of measure used in the Ireland were the same as those used in the United Kingdom while those used in the British Commonwealth and in South Africa were in most cases a subset of those used in the United Kingdom with, in certain cases, local differences.", "Metrication in the United States Illegal drugs and controlled substances are often measured in metric quantities.[61] The federal law prohibiting them defines the penalties in metric masses.[62]", "Metrication in the United States For properties understood more recently, such as those related to electricity, there is no traditional unit; international units are always used, often in combination with U.S. customary units. One among many examples is in Table 8, chapter 9, of the National Electrical Code Handbook (8th ed.), where resistance of conductors per unit length is given in ohms per thousand feet.", "System of measurement The current international standard metric system is the International System of Units (Système international d'unités or SI) It is an mks system based on the metre, kilogram and second as well as the kelvin, ampere, candela, and mole.", "Metrication in the United States For vitamins, nutrient amounts are given in gram denominations or WHO standardized international units, known as IU.[67]", "Metrication in the United States National Weather Service and TV/radio broadcast public forecasts, however, are given almost exclusively in customary units: degrees Fahrenheit for temperature and dewpoint, fractions of an inch of rain or ice and whole inches of snow (less than an inch often indicated by fractions or informal terms like \"dusting\" when very low), inches of mercury; and for wind speeds, miles per hour, except in marine forecasts, in which knots are used and wave heights are measured in feet. Actual sleet and snowfall and their depths on the ground are measured in tenths of an inch, with actual rainfall in hundredths, and ice accretion in either fractions or decimals. Hailstone sizes are typically reported without a fixed unit of measure; they are instead compared to familiar round or spherical items (e.g. dime-sized or golf ball-sized). Barometer readings for hurricanes are usually given in millibars (mb), which are equal to hectopascals (hPa), or ten times the kilopascals (kPa) used in neighboring Canada; the use of inches of mercury in such applications is rapidly declining.", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems Prior to 1960 the imperial and customary yard and the pound were sufficiently close to each other[Note 5] that for most practical purposes the differences in the sizes of units of length, area, volume and mass could be disregarded, though there were differences in usage - for example, in the United States short road distances are specified in feet[63] while in the United Kingdom they are specified in yards[64] The introduction of the international yard in 1960 caused small but noticeable effects in surveying in the United States which resulted in some states retaining the original definitions of the customary units of measure which are now known as the survey mile, foot, while other states adopted the international foot.[65]", "Metrication in Canada Metrication in Canada began in 1970 and while Canada has converted to the metric system for many purposes, there is still significant use of non-metric units and standards in many sectors of the Canadian economy. This is mainly due to historical ties with the United Kingdom (before metrication), the traditional use of the imperial system of measurement in Canada, proximity to the United States, and to public opposition to metrication during the transition period.[1][2]", "Metrication in the United States Some members of Congress attempted to ban use of the metric system on federal highways in 1992 and 1993.[21][22] These bills were not popular in the House of Representatives and failed before a vote.", "Imperial units The aviation industry is one of the last major users of the imperial system: Altitude and airport elevation are measured in feet. Navigation is done in nautical miles (a unit accepted for use with the SI[63]); all other aspects (fuel quantity, aircraft weight, runway length, etc.) use metric.", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems The Weights and Measures Act of 1878 overhauled the inspection regime of weights and measures used in trade. The act also reaffirmed the use of the brass standard yard and platinum standard pound as the standards for use in the United Kingdom, reaffirmed the use of apothecaries measures in the pharmaceutical industry, reaffirmed the 1824 definition of the gallon, removed the Troy pound from the list of legal units of measure, added the fathom to the list of legal units and fixed the ratio of metric to imperial units at one metre being equal to 39.3708 inches and one kilogram being equal to 15432.3487 grains (1 lb = 0.453592654 kg).[13][16] Subsequent to the passing of the act, the volume of the gallon which had been defined as being the volume of 10 lb distilled water at 62 °F (17 °C) was remeasured and set at 277.42 cubic inches though HM Customs and Excise continued to use the 1824 definition for excise purposes.[14]", "Metric system In its modern form, it consists of a set of base units including metre for length, kilogram for mass, second for time and ampere for electrical current, and a few others, which together with their derived units, can measure any physical quantity. Metric system may also refer to other systems of related base and derived units defined before the middle of the 20th century, some of which are still in limited use today.", "Measurement The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI from the French language name Système International d'Unités) is the modern revision of the metric system. It is the world's most widely used system of units, both in everyday commerce and in science. The SI was developed in 1960 from the metre-kilogram-second (MKS) system, rather than the centimetre-gram-second (CGS) system, which, in turn, had many variants. During its development the SI also introduced several newly named units that were previously not a part of the metric system. The original SI units for the seven basic physical quantities were:[8]", "Metrication in the United States TV and computer screens are advertised and sold in inches (measured diagonally), although most boxes also state the size in centimeters.", "Imperial units Office space and industrial units are usually advertised in square feet. Steel pipe sizes are sold in increments of inches, while copper pipe is sold in increments of millimetres. Road bicycles have their frames measured in centimetres, while off-road bicycles have their frames measured in inches. The size (diagonal) of television and computer monitor screens is always denominated in inches. Food sold by length or width e.g. pizzas or sandwiches, is generally sold in inches. Clothing is always sized in inches, with the metric equivalent often shown as a small supplementary indicator. Gas is usually measured by the cubic foot or cubic metre, but is billed like electricity by the kilowatt hour.[45]", "Metrication in the United States Running races in the U.S. are usually run in metric distances (e.g., the 100 metres dash or the 5K run), although the mile distance remains popular. But even 5 and 10 kilometer races most often have mile markers on the course, and no kilometer markers. Long-distance races are often measured in kilometers, although exceptions exist (generally 10 mile races). The marathon is referred to as a 26.219-mile race (the official marathon standard distance originally being in English units — 26 miles, 385 yards) rather than 42.195 km. Ultramarathons are measured in either miles or kilometers, with little standardization either way.", "Metrication in the United States Nutritional food labels typically report serving sizes in both systems but only list metric values (g or mg) for the breakdown of individual nutrients.", "Imperial and US customary measurement systems In 1893 the United States fixed the yard at 3600⁄3937 metres, making the yard 0.9144018 metres and 1896 the British authorities fixed the yard as being 0.9143993 metres. At the time the discrepancy of about two parts per million was considered to be insignificant. In 1960, the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Canada and South Africa standardised their units of length by defining the \"international yard\" as being 0.9144 metres exactly. This change affected land surveyors in the United States and led to the old units being renamed \"survey feet\", \"survey miles\" etc. However the introduction of the metric-based Ordnance Survey National Grid Surveyors in the United Kingdom in 1938 meant that British surveyors were unaffected by the change.", "Apothecaries' system In the US, the metric system replaced the apothecaries' system in the United States Pharmacopoeia of 1971.", "System of measurement While imperial and US customary systems are closely related, there are a number of differences between them. Units of length and area (the inch, foot, yard, mile etc.) are identical except for surveying purposes.[clarification needed] The Avoirdupois units of mass and weight differ for units larger than a pound (lb). The imperial system uses a stone of 14 lb, a long hundredweight of 112 lb and a long ton of 2240 lb. The stone is not used in the US and the hundredweights and tons are short: 100 lb and 2000 lb respectively." ]	[ "United States customary units The majority of U.S. customary units were redefined in terms of the meter and the kilogram with the Mendenhall Order of 1893 and, in practice, for many years before.[1] These definitions were refined by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959.[2] Americans primarily use customary units in commercial activities, as well as for personal and social use. In science, medicine, many sectors of industry and some of government and military, metric units are used. The International System of Units (SI), the modern form of the metric system, is preferred for many uses by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).[3] For newer units of measure where there is no traditional customary unit, international units are used, sometimes mixed with customary units, such as electrical resistance of wire expressed in ohms (SI) per thousand feet." ]
test2013	which episode does gideon die in criminal minds	[ "doc70508" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc70496", "doc70507", "doc1211564", "doc70508", "doc70499", "doc1211565", "doc70495", "doc70502", "doc780238", "doc805587", "doc2616753", "doc2330633", "doc265160", "doc70498", "doc238824", "doc71402", "doc70501", "doc2084075", "doc273345", "doc265159", "doc70503", "doc917469", "doc1211591", "doc2327791", "doc173473", "doc370184", "doc188882", "doc70500", "doc1884961", "doc229876", "doc1510930", "doc2330631", "doc188883", "doc2084078", "doc70497", "doc1211559", "doc742994", "doc805585", "doc229873", "doc229880", "doc344855", "doc2616786", "doc265161", "doc265157", "doc273340", "doc238825", "doc217506", "doc370185", "doc2225121", "doc71388", "doc344866", "doc273332", "doc73466", "doc297041", "doc71405", "doc1211568", "doc805586", "doc2084077", "doc2525618", "doc70506", "doc1211589", "doc370196", "doc1211583", "doc273342", "doc924799", "doc2389877", "doc370203", "doc448869", "doc71383", "doc2195111", "doc743004", "doc2310842", "doc510980", "doc70504", "doc924801", "doc273328", "doc939179", "doc448868", "doc339658", "doc2207910", "doc344865", "doc1211587", "doc71403", "doc742997", "doc703676", "doc2221610", "doc486973", "doc370155", "doc1211592", "doc2193900", "doc551009", "doc265155", "doc2084074", "doc1211555", "doc1046933", "doc464940", "doc238828", "doc265158", "doc2576803", "doc939174" ]	[ "Jason Gideon Mandy Patinkin abruptly left the show in 2007 just as his character abruptly quit from the BAU due to emotional distress. In 2012, Patinkin opened up about why he left stating that the show \"was very destructive to my soul and my personality. After that, I didn't think I would get to work in television again.\" [1] Gideon's position is now held by his former partner and best friend, David Rossi, who has held it to this day. In Season Ten, Gideon was murdered by Donnie Mallick.", "Jason Gideon Gideon began to lose confidence in his profiling skills after Frank Breitkopf murdered his girlfriend, Sarah Jacobs. During his final case in Arizona, he further lost faith in his abilities when his decision to release the unsub resulted in the deaths of both the unsub and a young woman. As a result of his actions, Aaron Hotchner was suspended, which was the final straw for Gideon. He then left his cabin shortly afterwards, leaving his gun and badge behind along with a letter for Reid to find as he sought to regain a belief in happy endings. He then leaves and begins traveling abroad. Gideon is last seen going into a Nevada diner to make an order. When asked by a waitress where he is going, he replies that he doesn't know where he was going or how he would know when he got there. He then leaves the diner and subsequently drives off in his vehicle.", "List of Criminal Minds characters Played by Mandy Patinkin, Senior Supervisory Special Agent Jason Gideon was the BAU's best profiler. He helped Derek Morgan and Spencer Reid through their nightmares. He was shown to have a very close relationship with Reid, having hand-picked him from the FBI Academy for his team, helping Reid through many difficulties (including his implied drug use), and even leaving the good-bye letter for Reid to find. Gideon did not know Garcia well, as expressed through an episode wherein he is placed with her while he is on crutches; after they are placed, Garcia complains about him, and he doesn't know her name. Through the first two seasons, Gideon was portrayed to be very good at chess, winning against Reid many times (only exception being Reid's birthdayE104) and encouraging him to \"think outside the box\". Prior to the series, he was said to have had a \"nervous breakdown\" (or \"major depressive episode\") after he sent six men into a warehouse with a bomb in it; all six agents were killed, and he was heavily criticized about the event. He showed particular dislike for the practice of using religion as a defense or motivation for one's crimes. Gideon participated in some field operations during his time with the BAU and had the rest of his team \"think outside the box\" as well, as he made a major advancement by shouting at the top of his lungs with pleas of mercy and, when questioned by his team, he said that the victims were being threatened to be kept quiet as neighbors would have heard the pleas if they were unrestrained. He blamed himself for the torture Reid received from Tobias Hankel as he had ordered Penelope Garcia to add a virus warning to the videos Hankel posted.E215 Gideon also had a son named Stephen.E111 The nature of their relationship has not been directly stated, but it was implied that they have not seen each other very recently. Gideon began to lose confidence in his profiling skills after Frank Breitkopf murdered his girlfriend, Sarah Jacobs. During his final case in Arizona, he further lost faith in his abilities when his decision to release the unsub resulted in the deaths of both the unsub and a young woman. As a result of his actions, Aaron Hotchner was suspended, which was the final straw for Gideon. He then left his cabin shortly afterwards, leaving his gun and badge behind along with a letter for Reid to find as he sought to regain a belief in happy endings.", "Jason Gideon In the season ten episode \"Nelson's Sparrow\", Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer named Donnie Mallick (Arye Gross), which prompts the BAU team to investigate Gideon's murder. During the flashbacks focusing on a young version of him for the episode which show him working at the BAU in 1978, he is played by Ben Savage.", "Jason Gideon Through the first two seasons, Gideon was portrayed to be very good at chess, winning against Reid many times (only exception being Reid's birthdayE104) and encouraging him to \"think outside the box\". Prior to the series, he was said to have had a \"nervous breakdown\" (or \"major depressive episode\") after he sent six agents into a warehouse with a bomb in it; all six agents & a hostage were killed, and he was heavily criticized about the event. He showed particular dislike for the practice of using religion as a defense or motivation for one's crimes. Gideon participated in some field operations during his time with the BAU and had the rest of his team \"think outside the box\" as well, as he made a major advancement by shouting at the top of his lungs with pleas of mercy and, when questioned by his team, he said that the victims were being threatened to be kept quiet as neighbors would have heard the pleas if they were unrestrained. He blamed himself for the torture Reid received from Tobias Hankel as he had ordered Penelope Garcia to add a virus warning to the videos Hankel posted he also blamed himself that he was the one that got Elle Greenaway shot. Gideon also had a son named Stephen.E111 The nature of their relationship has not been directly stated, but it was implied that they have not seen each other very recently. Gideon also has an obsession for birds and bird-watching.", "List of Criminal Minds characters In the season ten episode \"Nelson's Sparrow\", Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer named Donnie Mallick (Arye Gross), which prompts the BAU team to investigate Gideon's murder. During the flashbacks focusing on a young version of him for the episode which show him working at the BAU in 1978, he is played by Ben Savage.", "Jason Gideon Jason Gideon was a fictional character in the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds, portrayed by Mandy Patinkin. Gideon was a Senior Supervisory Special Agent and the unit chief of the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit, and has appeared from the series' pilot episode \"Extreme Aggressor\", which was originally broadcast on September 22, 2005. He is also portrayed as a younger man by Ben Savage, in flashbacks.", "Jason Gideon In the show's first episode, \"Extreme Aggressor\", Gideon was called back to work to help profile a killer, called \"The Seattle Strangler\" by the media, who abducts women and holds them prisoner before strangling them and dumping their bodies. After solving the case of the Seattle Strangler, Gideon is seen at an old-fashioned gas station in Dumfries, Virginia. While inside, Gideon notices that the cashier fits his profile of the Footpath Killer, a serial killer he had been investigating prior to being called in for the Seattle Strangler case. The man notices Gideon's gun and threatens him with a shotgun, insisting that he tell him who he is. When Gideon reveals he is with the FBI, the gunman gets even more agitated. Gideon then tells the man that he can tell him the one thing no one has ever been able to tell him: why he stutters. However, Gideon did not truly know the answer but was merely trying to provoke a stutter in order to distract the killer. The killer forced Gideon down a hall and into a small room full of pictures of his many victims, an amount that was more than law enforcement had found. Gideon intentionally demeans and insults the killer, increasingly agitating him and making his stutter worse. He takes his eyes off Gideon just long enough for him to grab the gun and subdue the killer.", "Matthew Gray Gubler Gubler directed the Criminal Minds season 5 episode \"Mosley Lane\" (5x16), which originally aired March 3, 2010, along with the episode \"Lauren\" (6x18), which aired a year later on March 16, 2011. The episode \"Lauren\" included the exit of Criminal Minds series regular Paget Brewster, who maintains a friendship with Gubler outside of work on the show. Brewster specifically asked Gubler to direct her last episode, although it was announced later that she would return for season 7. Gubler has since directed the Criminal Minds episodes \"Heathridge Manor\" (7x19), which aired April 4, 2012, \"The Lesson\" (8x10), which aired December 5, 2012,[9] \"Alchemy\" (8x20),[10] \"Gatekeeper\"(9x07), \"Blood Relations\" (9x20), \"Mr. Scratch\" (10x21), \"A Beautiful Disaster\" (11x18), which included the departure of series regular Shemar Moore, \"Elliott's Pond\" (12x06), and \"The Capilanos\" (13x17), which aired March 21, 2018.", "Criminal Minds (season 12) Gibson's character's exit was explained in the sixth episode of the season, \"Elliot's Pond\", when it was revealed that his character retired and went into witness protection because of Mr. Scratch stalking his son.[14][15]", "Lance Sweets Daley first made three guest appearances as Sweets during the first eight episodes of Season 3, first appearing in \"The Secret in the Soil\". He was promoted to a series regular and appeared in the opening credits beginning with the episode \"The Santa in the Slush\". He also guest-starred on the spin-off The Finder. The character is killed off in the first episode of the show's tenth season, \"The Conspiracy in the Corpse\", making him the first main character of Bones to die.", "Mandy Patinkin He spoke of having planned to tour the world with a musical and wanting to inject more comedy into the entertainment business.[22] In later episodes, during the 2007â€“08 season, Jason Gideon was written out of the series and replaced by Special Agent David Rossi (played by Joe Mantegna). Gideon was later officially killed off, ending all chances of a guest appearance by Patinkin on the show.", "Criminal Minds After two seasons, Tripplehorn was released from the show.[11][12] Former Ghost Whisperer star Jennifer Love Hewitt joined the cast as Kate Callahan, a former undercover FBI agent who joins the BAU.[13] During season 10, Jason Gideon was killed off-screen. Executive producer and showrunner Erica Messer said CBS and ABC Studios were fine with the decision because it was clear that Patinkin would not come back again, but the show would feature him in a flashback if he were ever to return in the future.[14] Following the conclusion of season 10, Hewitt and Cook announced that they will both be on hiatus from the show due to their pregnancies. Hewitt did not return for season 11 or any of the following ones,[15] while Cook returned after the first seven episodes of season 11.[16] Aisha Tyler, who plays Dr. Tara Lewis, joined the show at the start of season 11 in a recurring role, though she appeared in most episodes.", "Jason Gideon While investigating the case of Adrian Bale, a.k.a. \"The Boston Shrapnel Bomber\", Gideon had reportedly suffered a nervous breakdown after he sent six men into a warehouse before Bale detonated a bomb inside. All six agents and a hostage were killed, and he was heavily criticized about the event. He took a six-month medical leave because he was suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder. Upon his return from medical leave, he was given the Senior Agent position, as Hotch was confirmed as Unit Chief. Not much is known about his personal life, other than he has a son named Stephen, with whom he was estranged because of his commitment to his job.", "Spencer Reid Gideon is Reid's closest confidante on the team during the first two seasons, and often serves as a mentor to Reid. Gideon's departure affects Reid deeply. He tries playing all possible chess moves in order to understand.[32]", "Emily Prentiss They eventually track them down to an abandoned building in Boston and arrive with a SWAT team. Prentiss reveals to Doyle that his son, whom Doyle believed had been killed, is actually alive, and that she staged photos of executing the boy in order to get Doyle to break under interrogation in North Korea. After an intense fight, Doyle manages to stab Prentiss in the abdomen with a broken table leg. Even though she is dying, she refuses to tell him where his son is hiding, and Doyle escapes shortly before Morgan reaches her. In the hospital, the BAU team is notified that Prentiss has died. They are seen attending her funeral. The last scene, however, reveals she is alive and in Paris, where JJ meets her and gives her an envelope with \"passports from three different countries, and a bank account in each one to keep [her] comfortable\".", "Jason Gideon He helped Derek Morgan and Spencer Reid through their nightmares. He was shown to have a very close relationship with Reid, having hand-picked him from the FBI Academy for his team, helping Reid through many difficulties (including his implied drug use), and even leaving the good-bye letter for Reid to find. Gideon did not know Garcia well, as expressed through an episode wherein he is placed with her while he is on crutches; after they are placed, Garcia complains about him, and he doesn't know her name.", "Criminal Minds (season 11) According to Matthew Gray Gubler, he will be directing an episode in which another BAU member will be leaving the cast this season,[7] that member being Derek Morgan (Shemar Moore). Shemar Moore left the show as Derek Morgan, which aired on March 23, 2016. On February 10, 2016, it was announced that Paget Brewster would return as Emily Prentiss for one episode later in season 11 episode 19, titled \"Tribute\".[8][9] The season ended on May 4, 2016, with the show's first cliffhanger finale since the fifth season. Messer said she felt it was time for another cliffhanger and thought that it served as a \"really fun launch pad\" into the twelfth season, which was officially ordered two days later.[10][11]", "Aaron Hotchner Hotchner requested to run the psych review on his team following Prentiss' \"death\". This request was granted by Strauss, and saw the different reactions from his team. Strauss questioned why he had not submitted a psych report for himself, he made an excuse. Hotch is also very protective of Spencer Reid, which is shown in small ways throughout the episodes. In the pilot episode \"Extreme Aggressor\", Hotch explains that they introduce him as Dr. Spencer Reid instead of Special Agent Spencer Reid so that people will respect him despite his youth. He has mostly taken over the fatherly role with Spencer after Gideon's departure. In the season seven premiere, it was revealed that Hotch was assigned to temporary duty with an investigative task force in Pakistan during the period between seasons. Once Hotch gets back, he tells JJ it's time for the team to learn that Prentiss is alive.", "Criminal Minds Later that season, Emily is seemingly killed off. Although she survives, she does not appear for the rest of the season. Cook and Brewster were both replaced by Rachel Nichols as Ashley Seaver, an FBI cadet. CBS's decision to release Cook and Brewster from their contracts resulted in numerous fans writing angry letters to the studio and signing protest petitions.[6] CBS rehired Cook and Brewster as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss, respectively; Nichols was released.[7][8] In February 2012 Brewster announced her departure from the show after the seventh season.[9] She was replaced in the eighth season by Jeanne Tripplehorn, who played Alex Blake, a linguistics expert.[10] Later in season nine, Paget Brewster made a special guest appearance, reprising her role as Emily Prentiss in the 200th episode.", "Jason Gideon In \"Won't Get Fooled Again\", a copycat bomber uses the methods of serial bomber Adrian Bale (the same criminal who committed the warehouse bombing that killed his six colleagues), and Gideon has to face his past and Bale, to find out who the bomber is and stop him. After saving the lives of more agents from a suicide bombing, Gideon was forced to make a deal with Bale to have him help them get a bomb off of an innocent man. When Gideon realizes that Bale is lying about how dismantle it, he calls his bluff, saving them all from a bomb going off. He then has the pleasure of returning Bale to prison, the burden of the six agents' deaths presumably gone, even mocking him while he was being placed in a cell by using Bale's own words (\"[A]n emotional release\") in a sentence; he states that he finds it an emotional release in putting away criminals like Bale.", "Gone Girl (The Vampire Diaries) Carrie Raisler from The A.V. Club gave an A- rate to the episode. \"The Vampire Diaries has a strange relationship with death. People die all of the time—largely because they are killed by one of the main characters—and often these deaths are treated with such blithe disinterest that the death becomes almost startling in its inconsequence. But once in a while, the show remembers the finality of death. And when it does, it always knocks the emotion of it out of the park.\"[3]", "List of Criminal Minds characters Strauss becomes more prominent in season eight. It is revealed in \"The Silencer\" that the newest member of the BAU team, Alex Blake, worked with her during the Amerithrax case, during which Strauss left her to take the fall when a linguistics flub led to the arrest of the wrong suspect. As a result, Blake did not get along with her afterwards. At the end of \"The Silencer\", Strauss tries apologizing to her, but Blake turns Strauss down. In \"Carbon Copy\", she specifically oversees the investigation into the Replicator, and by the end of the episode, she apologizes to Blake again, and this time, her apology is accepted. In \"Brothers Hotchner\", she is abducted by the Replicator, later revealed to be a former FBI agent named John Curtis, whom she left to take the blame along with Blake following the Amerithrax case. In \"The Replicator\", Curtis poisons her with spiked wine and leaves her to die. She is found on the streets by Hotch, and she admits that the Replicator forced her at gunpoint to drink again. She dies in Hotch's arms after begging him to stay with her as she does not want to die alone. Strauss indirectly helps defeat Curtis post mortem when Rossi uses her sobriety chip to escape his trap, leaving him to possibly die in an explosion. After her funeral, the team celebrates her life during dinner at Rossi's garden, discussing happy stories of her time with them and acknowledging her as a good woman, friend, and mother.", "G. F. Newman Series Eight, Episode 9[15]", "Seeley Booth Booth states in \"The Girl in the Gator\" that Howard Epps was his fiftieth kill. However, Booth is not technically responsible for Epps' death, so as of \"The Man in the Cell\" his official kill count is at 49. However, as of \"The Mastodon in the Room\", Booth's official kill count is at least 54, as he killed the serial killer dressed as a clown (50),[80] Gormogon[88] (51), a corrupt sheriff[21](52), a doctor[2] (53) and a terrorist[37] (54). He has also killed serial killer Christopher Pelant and two of the three Delta Force assassins sent to kill him in \"The Recluse in the Recliner\".", "Red John In the season 3 finale, \"Strawberries and Cream - Part 2\", the mole is identified as Grace Van Pelt's fiancÃ©, FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin (played by Eric Winter); O'Laughlin attempts to assassinate Hightower and instead shoots Lisbon, and is then himself shot dead by Hightower and Van Pelt in tandem. In a mall, after Gale Bertram (Michael Gaston) leaves in a huff over Jane's wasting of his time. Jane, on a call with Lisbon during the shootout, tells her to use O'Laughlin's cell phone to redial the last number and tell the one who answered that O'Laughlin is dead. When Lisbon does so, a phone rings near Jane and is answered by a man (Timothy Carter, played by Bradley Whitford) reading a newspaper and speaking in an odd, high-pitched voice. After ending the call, Jane approaches the man and questions him. At first, the man appears upset and threatens to call security, but then smiles and says he was joking and claims he is Red John. The two talk; the man reveals to Jane that he has a gun concealed in a folded newspaper and states that he is tired of killing and wants to start a new life, and encourages Jane to do the same. Jane says he will not be able to move on until Red John is dead. The man begins to leave, but at Jane's insistence answers a question, revealing details about Jane's wife and daughter that Jane mistakenly presumes only Red John could know. Jane vengefully shoots Carter with a gun he has hidden in his pocket. In season 4, Carter is shown to have been a Red John operative imposter.", "Criminal Minds (season 13) Matthew Gray Gubler will be directing the seventeenth episode of the season and it is said to be \"the spookiest episode of Season 13\" and will involve clowns.[7] On August 10, 2017, it was revealed that Aisha Tyler will make her television directing debut and direct the sixth episode of the season.[8] On August 12, 2017 it was revealed that Erica Messer and Kirsten Vangsness will be co-writing the eleventh episode of the season, which will be the fourth episode they have co-written together.[9] On October 31, 2017, it was announced that Adam Rodriguez will make his Criminal Minds directing debut and direct the sixteenth episode of the season.[10]", "Jason Gideon The character of Jason Gideon was partially based on real-life criminal profiler John E. Douglas, one of the founders of modern Behavioral Science.[2]", "Brenda Leigh Johnson In the series finale, episode 7.21 titled \"The Last Word\" (2012), two men trysting in a secluded park witness a masked man carrying a naked woman's body and flee the scene. The culprit chases and struggles with one of them (teenaged survival sex prostitute Rusty Beck), who pulls off the culprit's mask and uses his john's cellphone to dial 911 to report the crime. Brenda and her team find the body and use the clues found at the serial killer's burial ground and through the phone call to track down the two witnesses and tentatively identify the culprit as Stroh. To positively identify Stroh and close her final case, however, Brenda must employ nontraditional means that cost her her job and come close to costing Beck and Brenda their lives. Brenda lures Stroh to reveal himself by publicizing in the media pictures of Beck wearing the serial killer's mask as a hat and phoning 911, along with the audio and transcripts of that call. Stroh takes the bait, approaching Beck on the street, and is hauled into an investigation with MCD. There, Brenda threatens that she has his DNA, and Stroh, revealing he closely follows every detail of her life, taunts Brenda about her mother's recent death. Brenda attacks him, drawing blood and skin fragments that she and her friend at the DA's office convince the crime lab to match against DNA taken from Stroh's mask. That evening, when Fritz has left for Washington, D.C., to expedite the case, Stroh breaks into Brenda's house, holds Beck at knifepoint, and attacks Brenda. Brenda shoots him, but - although tempted as well as urged by Beck to kill Stroh - she is haunted by memories of the Turrell Baylor case and her own conscience and calls an ambulance, instead. Stroh offers a confession, but Brenda uncharacteristically does not want to hear it. This reflects a new kind of \"closer\", reflecting that she has learned from her mother's death and from Beck's comments and life story and must instead focus on the living, not the dead.[10]", "Criminal Minds (season 7) In the episode \"Painless\", Eric Jungmann guest-starred as Robert Adams, a survivor of a high school shooting who copied the murders committed by Randy Slade. Julia Campbell guest-starred as Randy's mother, Martha Slade, and Aaron Hill guest-starred as Jerry Holtz, another survivor of the shooting who is murdered by Robert. In the episode \"From Childhood's Hour\", Isabella Hofmann guest-starred as Carolyn Baker, David Rossi's first wife who dies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Heather Tom guest-starred as Connie Barton, a mother who is abducted by George Kelling. In the episode \"There's No Place Like Home\", Alex Weed guest-starred as Travis James, a serial killer who abducted male prostitutes.", "Elle Greenaway During the finale, Randall Garner, a criminal the unit is investigating, ambushed Greenaway in her apartment and shot her. He then reached his fingers into her bullet wounds and wrote the word \"RULES\" on the walls with her blood.", "Mandy Patinkin In September 2005, Patinkin debuted in the role of Jason Gideon, an experienced profiler just coming back to work after a series of nervous breakdowns, in the CBS crime drama Criminal Minds.[1]", "Criminal Minds (season 13) On June 11, 2017, it was announced that Damon Gupton had been let go from the show after one season.[4] CBS said his departure was \"part of a creative change on the show\".[4][5] His character Stephen Walker was killed off-screen in the season premiere.", "Criminal Minds (season 11) On January 14, 2016, CBS announced that actor Danny Glover will guest-star as Derek Morgan's deceased father in the episode \"Derek\".[16]", "Jason Gideon Gideon was the protege of Max, who taught him everything he knew about profiling, but he didn't escape the hazing of being a new recruit. One of Gideon's earliest cases was a bomber case, which was supervised by Max. As a prank for the new member, Max and the other investigators involved planted a list of the FBI director's whereabouts over the next 48 hours in the bomber's car for Gideon to find. When he found it, before Max could stop him, Gideon rushed up 25 flights of stairs and interrupted a meeting between the director and the U.S. Attorney General in an attempt to save him.E115", "List of Criminal Minds characters Played by Paget Brewster, SSA Emily Prentiss is the daughter of an ambassador and a U.S. diplomat. After Agent Elle Greenaway left the BAU permanently following a case when she had shot an unsub in cold blood, Prentiss showed up with papers stating she was the newest member of the BAU which caught both Hotch and Gideon off-guard as they hadn't signed off on her transfer. She became a permanent member of the team in \"Lessons Learned\" where it was revealed that she was fluent in Arabic. She also has a tough relationship with her mother. She got pregnant at the age of 15 and later chose to have an abortion. Prentiss is also skilled at chess. In \"The Thirteenth Step\" (episode 6.13), Prentiss receives some disturbing news from her previous boss at Interpol. In the following episode, \"Sense Memory\", after coming home from work, she notices that someone had been in her house because her cat's back was wet and her window was open. She also received several strange phone calls, with the caller ID saying \"Caller Unknown\". This also leaves Agent Morgan concerned for Prentiss. Prentiss appears in only 18 episodes of season 6. She faked her death to escape an old nemesis with the help of both Hotch and JJ while the rest of the team continued to assume she was dead. In season seven premiere (\"It Takes a Village\"), Emily returns to the team when Doyle resurfaces and she rejoins by the end of the episode. At the end of the season, she leaves the team to return and run Interpol in London. She returns for the 200th episode to help rescue a kidnapped SSA Jennifer Jareau and again in the episode \"Tribute\" (season 11), where she enlists the help of the BAU in catching a serial killer who had originally killed in Europe before killing in the United States. Paget Brewster was confirmed to return for a several episode arc in Season 12. Following the dismissal of Thomas Gibson, Brewster was promoted to a series regular again starting from Season 12, episode 3; later Prentiss is promoted to Hotch's position of unit chief.", "Zack Addy In \"The Pain in the Heart\", the final episode of Season 3, Zack receives third-degree burns and massive tissue damage on both hands after an explosion in the lab. It is later revealed he was working as the apprentice of the Gormogon, a cannibalistic serial killer, and the explosion was designed as a distraction so Gormogon could break into the lab and steal back the silver skeleton. Zack's weaker personality was easily manipulated by Gormogon so he believed his belief system irrefutable, even going as far as to divide the bones of a lobbyist killed by Gormogon's other apprentice among the 10,000 skeletons in the Jeffersonian's bone storage room called Limbo. However, Zack still maintained a loyalty to his friends. As pointed out by Brennan, he was willing to injure himself to keep Hodgins safe. He gives up the location of Gormogon's house after Brennan makes him realize his logic is faulty.", "Criminal Minds (season 12) During April 2017, it was revealed that Gia Mantegna would reprise her role as Lindsay Vaughn in the final 3 episodes of the season. It was also revealed that Beth Riesgraf would reprise her role as Maeve Donovan in the season finale.[11][12]", "Criminal Minds (season 7) The seventh season of Criminal Minds premiered on CBS in the United States on September 21, 2011.[1] Both A. J. Cook and Paget Brewster were rehired by CBS to reprise their roles as Jennifer Jareau and Emily Prentiss.[2][3] On February 15, 2012, Deadline.com reported that Paget Brewster (Emily Prentiss) would leave the series, definitively, once season seven was over. All other main actors on the show have secured deals to return for the eighth season.[4] The two-hour season finale, which took place on May 16, 2012, reveals Prentiss making the decision to leave the BAU.[5]", "Criminal Minds (season 7) In the episode \"The Company\", Shanola Hampton guest-starred as Cindi Burns, Derek Morgan's cousin who suffered from stockholm syndrome after marrying and giving birth to the son of her abductor, Malcolm Ford. In the episode \"Divining Rod\", Mackenzie Astin guest-starred as Dylan Kohler, the copycat killer of serial killer Rodney Baines Garrett. In the two-part season finale \"Hit & Run\", Josh Randall guest-starred as Matthew Downs, a member of the Face Cards and Izzy Rogers' lover, and Evan Jones guest-starred as Chris Stratton, another member of the Face Cards. Sebastian Roché reprises as Clyde Easter, Emily Prentiss' former partner at Interpol who offers her a job as Chief of the Interpol office in London, which she accepts, causing her departure from the BAU.", "Derek Morgan (Criminal Minds) Years later, Morgan's past would come back to haunt him when he was arrested by the Chicago Police Department for the murder of the unidentified boy and two others. The lead detective, who had arrested Morgan several times for juvenile misdemeanors when the latter was young, believed Morgan was guilty and used a BAU profile done by Jason Gideon (Mandy Patinkin) to support his case. Believing he was being framed by the real killer, the BAU searched through Morgan's life and background to prove him innocent, which discomfited Garcia as Morgan had been generally reticent about the details of his past. They later identified Carl Buford as the man who set Morgan up to take the fall (Buford was friends with the lead detective). When Hotch asked about Buford, Morgan told him to back off. He then escaped police custody and spoke to a local boy who was friends with the latest victim. The boy revealed he was currently being molested by Buford and that the latest victim knew about it. Morgan confronted Buford, who at first denied anything happened between them, and told Morgan the other boy was lying. Refusing to back down (and wishing that he had told someone about Buford when he was a kid), Morgan eventually got Buford to admit to the abuse. Buford's admission was overheard by Chicago PD detectives who were lying in wait nearby, and they arrested Buford. Buford pleaded with Morgan to help him, to which Morgan replies, \"You go to Hell,\" leaving the child molester to his fate.[2]", "Lance Sweets In the final moments of the premiere episode of season 10 titled \"The Conspiracy in the Corpse\", Booth and Bones arrive to a parking garage after Booth received a distressed call from junior FBI agent James Aubrey. They arrive to find Dr. Sweets lying on the ground, bloodied and bruised. Also on the scene is junior agent James Aubrey who arrived moments after the incident after hearing the shots Sweets fired at his assailant. After a brief discussion between Booth, Bones and a fading Sweets, he finally succumbs to his wounds and dies as an ambulance is heard arriving in the background. His last words to Brennan and Booth, are \"The world is a lot better than you think it is. It's...\"[28][29]", "Criminal Minds Later that season, Shemar Moore, who plays Derek Morgan, left the show after 11 seasons. He had thought to leave in the previous season when his contract ended but was persuaded to stay to give his character a proper sendoff.[17][18] Messer said the initial thought was for Moore to do six episodes, but when that didn't feel like enough, they settled on Moore doing the first 18 episodes of that season, and he departed in March 2016.[19] He is replaced in the twelfth season by former CSI: Miami star Adam Rodriguez, who plays Luke Alvez, a Fugitive Task Force Agent.[20] A week after Moore left, Paget Brewster made her second special guest appearance. In season 12, Brewster once again became a series regular.[21][22][23][24]", "Criminal Minds When the series premiered in September 2005, it featured FBI agents Jason Gideon, Aaron Hotchner, Elle Greenaway, Derek Morgan, Spencer Reid, Jennifer \"JJ\" Jareau, and Penelope Garcia. For season 1, Garcia was not a main cast member but rather had a recurring role, although she appeared in most episodes. In 2006, at the start of season 2, Lola Glaudini announced her departure from the show, as she wanted to return home to New York City.[4] Paget Brewster replaced her in the role of Emily Prentiss.", "Aaron Hotchner After being misled for a time, Hotch and the team finally identified the Reaper as George Foyet, the only one to have supposedly survived the Reaper by injuring himself. Hotch and the team arrested Foyet but he escaped from prison shortly afterward, going on the run. In the season four finale, \"...And Back\", Hotch was confronted in his apartment by the Reaper (identified by his trademark mask).E426 Foyet stabbed Hotch nine times and tortured him with a knife before delivering him to the hospital. Although Hotch survived, Foyet took Haley's and Jack's address from Hotch's apartment, requiring them to be placed in protective custody and unable to contact Hotch while Foyet was at large. Following the encounter with Foyet and subsequent loss of contact with Hotch's family, there was concern within the Bureau, and also on the part of Agent Morgan, that Agent Hotchner was suffering the effects of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Hotchner's actions were analyzed more closely.E502 In season 9, Hotch is hospitalized due to complications from the old stab wounds after collapsing in the team's conference room.", "Spencer Reid Reid is close to JJ, Morgan, and Emily Prentiss. JJ asks him to be godfather to her new born son Henry, and is the only one on the team who calls him \"Spence.\" It is implied in \"Plain Sight\" that Reid may have a slight crush on JJ, and Gideon even prods him to ask out JJ after giving him Washington Redskins football tickets for his birthday, but nothing comes from it, and they continue with their brother-sister relationship. However, Reid is very protective of her, and often blames himself if she is injured; even if there was nothing he could have done to prevent it. In \"Closing Time\", after she arrests an unsub, but gets hurt in the process, Spencer is seen counting her injuries as she sits in the ambulance and tells the paramedic that she should be going to get a CAT scan. Reid also shares a brotherly friendship with Derek Morgan. In season seven, he is comfortable enough to start a joke war with him, something that he probably would never do with anyone else, and he occasionally confides his secrets to Morgan. It is suggested in the episode \"Epilogue\" that Reid told Derek details about what Tobias Hankel did to him when he makes a remark about seeing the afterlife before Tobias saved him. Morgan looks surprised and says \"You never told me that.\" In the episode \"Elephant's Memory\", when approached by a fully armed Owen Savage, the unsub whom Reid identifies with, Reid gives Prentiss his gun and trusts her enough to back him up and not shoot at Owen as he tries talking Owen down. Although not shown, it is implied Reid and Prentiss spend time together outside of work heavily, along with riding the train home together when they return from cases. Prentiss is the only one who has beat Reid at poker, even correcting his statistic about her particular poker move. Reid and Prentiss are held hostage by a cult led by Benjamin Cyrus (portrayed by Luke Perry). Though he is not injured, Reid struggles with guilt over \"allowing\" Prentiss's beating at the hands of Cyrus in \"Minimal Loss\". Reid later becomes close to Alex Blake, whose forensic linguistics class he guest lectures in. Blake serves as a maternal figure within the BAU.", "Law & Order: Criminal Intent (season 7) Detectives Goren and Eames investigate the case of a student at an elite private school found dead. Preliminary findings indicate that the death appears to be suicide. Goren and Eames go talk to Jack Walker (Anthony Carrigan), who shows the detectives a grotesque cartoon the victim made. Later, police find video of a girls group attacking Paul, kicking and punching him furiously. Nevertheless, the investigators cannot prove their theories until meticulous research yields a lost clue that could be the missing link to resolve the case.", "Red John In reference to the season 3 finale, the series creator, Bruno Heller, has stated: \"What you get from that scene is what you should get. The viewer is supposed to be convinced. Patrick Jane is certain it's Red John... The thing is, Red John is a master of the mind game. If Red John wanted to die, maybe this is how he wanted to die. Or maybe he just wants Jane to think he's dead.\"[5]", "Aiden Burn After her dismissal from the crime lab, Aiden is apparently working on getting her private investigator's license while continuing to search for evidence that would conclusively tie Pratt to the Regina Bowen case. In the penultimate season 2 episode, \"Heroes\", Aiden, after shadowing Pratt for months, is lured, ambushed, and brutally murdered by him, her body incinerated inside a stolen car. However, knowing that her time is drawing short, she leaves behind critical evidence that she knows will help her former colleagues to close in on Pratt and finally see him arrested.", "Emily Prentiss Prentiss first appeared in the season two episode \"The Last Word\". Her appearance surprised both SSA Aaron Hotchner and Jason Gideon, as neither supervisor had signed off on the transfer. Hotchner was immediately suspicious of the new agent, but Prentiss, insisting that her mother had not pulled any strings for her to get the assignment, convinced him to let her join the team on a probationary basis, and eventually proved her competence and gained the team's trust.", "Derek Morgan (Criminal Minds) In \"Big Sea,\" Morgan gets personal on a case in Jacksonville, Florida when bodies are discovered buried in the ocean floor off the coast. His aunt Yvonne fears that her missing daughter, Cindi, was one of the victims. Rossi tells Seaver that Morgan's cousin escaped a stalker and was never heard from. After Morgan catches the Unsub, he shows him pictures of two of his victims during his interrogation. When Morgan showed Cindi's picture he claims that she cried for Morgan before her throat was sliced.\"The killer didn't know Cindi's name, but he knew those of the other victims\" Morgan said to Rossi. Even though Cindi wasn't one of the victims, Morgan lies to his aunt, and tells her that she was dead, to give her closure however, she is still missing. In the season six finale, he fatally shoots the unsub leader of the human trafficking ring who'd been pretending to be a victim and was about to shoot Rossi.", "Aaron Hotchner Gibson characterized Hotch as having \"moments of levity\", but continued: \"Unfortunately, he has a very, very, probably-dusty-it's-so-dry sense of humor. It's pretty dark. It's pretty bone dry. We all need a little levity, but I wouldn't necessarily look for him to break into song and dance. I think Hotch feels there's a lot at stake all the time.\"[3] Prior to the departure of Mandy Patinkin's Jason Gideon from the series, Gibson described Gideon and Hotch as \"an old married couple\", deeming them father figures to the rest of the BAU and professional peers to one another.[3] Of Hotch's relationship with the rest of the BAU team, Gibson commented:", "Jennifer Jareau Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster (Agent Emily Prentiss).[8] In the episode titled \"Lauren\", JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle. The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach. It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ's help, providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each \"to keep her comfortable\". In the season six finale, JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is \"coming back\".", "List of NCIS characters Lieutenant Jonas Cobb (Kerr Smith) is the real name of the \"Port-to-Port Killer\", or 'P2P' for short, the primary antagonist of season eight. Originally recruited into a CIA assassination team code-named Frankenstein, Cobb cracked under intense and inhumane training before escaping. He re-surfaced in Rota, Spain, where he began his pattern of killing Navy personnel when they made landfall. He has also killed victims in Guam, Japan, Norfolk, Washington, D.C and was in the process of killing another victim in Hawaii before being interrupted by CIA operative Trent Kort. A ruthless serial killer, he is responsible for the deaths of Mike Franks and NCIS Agent Gaven Levin (the latter one he fatally shoots with Franks's own gun instead of using a knife), and takes NCIS agent E.J. Barrett hostage. One body in the episode \"Baltimore\" resembles P2P's work, but is later found to be a copycat by Dr. Mallard because of the way the knot is tied. The killer is revealed to be Agent DiNozzo's former superior at Baltimore PD, and the victim is DiNozzo's former partner there, with whom he never got to reconcile. The real P2P, though not known to be Cobb at the time, makes the deception final through a fake Abby Scuito email. Cobb's modus operandi involves luring his victims into a trap before slashing their throats from behind. He then scrubs the body down with a hospital-grade cleanser before wrapping the bodies in plastic and dumping them in isolated areas. He has been known to dress seamen in the uniforms of officers, and often leaves personal effects of his victims behind frozen in ice that foreshadow his next kill, though his m.o. changes forever in \"Swan Song\". Psychological profiling of Cobb depicts him as methodical, intelligent, and opposed to authority, but not easily distracted by law enforcement. The threat posed by Cobb is deemed so great by Director Vance, that he deliberately changes NCIS policy to antagonize Gibbs in the hopes of setting Gibbs up as a figure Cobb will identify with, in an attempt to lure Cobb into a trap. Cobb, after abducting Ziva David, gives himself up to NCIS in order to start the next phase of his plan. While Gibbs interrogates him with Agent Barrett watching, he tells a story about the son of a Marine who was told that he had to have his horse put to sleep, which turns out to be a deadly seed planted into Cobb as a child, since the story was about him anyway. Cobb is killed in the season eight finale, \"Pyramid\", where it is revealed that everything he had done since his first kill in Rota has been a part of a larger plan to get revenge on those he holds responsible for Operation Frankensteinâ€”Leon Vance, Trent Kort and the Secretary of the Navy. He is aware that what he does is evil, but maintains that his actions have been for the greater good. He is shot and killed by Gibbs and Vance when he refuses to surrender. In death, he is said to have had a smile on his face while his corpse lay on a wrecked car.", "Emily Prentiss Brewster returned for guest appearances in the season 9 episode \"200\" in 2014 and the season 11 episode \"Tribute\" in early 2016 before returning as a regular cast member in the season 12 episode \"Taboo\" later in the year.[18]", "List of Criminal Minds characters Played by Rachel Nichols, Ashley Seaver is an FBI cadet assigned to the BAU. Her father, Charles Beauchamp, was a horrific serial killer from North Dakota known as \"the Redmond Ripper\" who killed 25 women over the course of 10 years before Ashley was a teenager. He was caught by David Rossi and Aaron Hotchner. Because North Dakota does not have capital punishment, he was sentenced to life in prison. She has not been to see him. Though he writes to her sometimes, she never reads his letters, though she does keep them and admittedly still finds herself unable to hate him for what he did. In the episode \"What Happens at Home\", the BAU investigate a series of murders in a gated community and bring Ashley along because of her understanding of the family dynamics of a serial killer. In the end, the suspect commits suicide by cop in front of her. In the next episode, she requests that the rest of her remedial training be done with the BAU and is attached to the team. In the season seven premiere \"It Takes a Village\", it was revealed that Ashley transferred to the Domestic Trafficking Task Force, which is led by Andi Swann.", "Criminal Minds (season 12) On August 11, 2016, Deadline reported that Thomas Gibson had been suspended and therefore written out from two episodes due to an on-set altercation with one of the producers. He was also cut from directing one of the episodes.[13] The following day, Gibson was fired following the on-set altercation. A joint statement from ABC Studios and CBS Television Studios read, \"Thomas Gibson has been dismissed from Criminal Minds.\"", "Criminal Minds (season 11) Aisha Tyler will join the cast in the wake of Hewitt's exit, and will be playing a recurring role as Dr. Tara Lewis, a forensic psychologist who has always wanted to study psychopaths up close, to understand the human being behind the evil acts. Her previous job was to interview serial killers and determine whether they were fit to stand trial.[3] It was announced that Tim Kang will guest-star on the show in the second episode of the season, \"The Witness\".[12] while Marisol Nichols is set to make an appearance.[13] It was announced on August 5, 2015, that an alum from Glee, Ashley Fink, will guest star in the third episode of the season, \"'Til Death Do Us Part\". Amber Stevens returned as Rossi's daughter, Joy Struthers, in episode seven, \"Target Rich\".[14] Aubrey Plaza also had a guest role in episode eleven, \"Entropy\".[15]", "Bones (season 6) Storylines for the sixth season include the final return of Heather Taffet, aka the Gravedigger (Deirdre Lovejoy), as well as the introduction of a new recurring antagonist, sniper named Jacob Broadsky (portrayed by Arnold Vosloo).[2][3] David Boreanaz directed episodes 11 (produced as 10) and 16 of this season.[4] Emily Deschanel was originally scheduled to make her directorial debut with episode 14 of this season, a Valentine's Day wedding episode, but this was postponed due to episodes 13 and 14 airing during February sweeps when Brennan's character would have had an unfavorably smaller presence, as Deschanel would have had to be prepping to direct her episode.[5] Deschanel did not end up directing an episode due to scheduling conflicts, and though she planned on directing an episode in the next season,[6] she did not direct until six years later, on season 12â€™s \"The Hope in the Horror\". After dropping the idea of a black-and-white episode the previous season, creator Hart Hanson revealed the \"out of the box\" episode this season would be a story shown completely from Brennan's point of view after she identifies a victim who resembles her, \"meaning we will see the world the way she sees it. We hope this will give a little insight into how Brennan perceives all around her\".[7] Ryan Cartwright, who portrayed intern Vincent Nigel-Murray since being introduced as a recurring character in season four, was killed off in the penultimate episode of this season, when the character was killed by sniper Jacob Broadsky. Series creator Hart Hanson explained the reasoning for this decision was due to the television series Alphas being picked up, in which Cartwright is a series regular. Hanson explained, \"We knew [his exit] would happen before the end of this season, so the story has been in the works for a while. We knew that one of our squints, who are [played by] very, very talented actors, would get a job\". Hanson also explained that, \"He's a well-beloved character... probably the favorite squint of the audience, so we decided to kill him for the heartbreak\".[8] Episode 4 features the character Professor Bunsen Jude \"The Science Dude\", which is inspired by real-life person Bill Nye \"the Science Guy\", having a similar name and a children's science show.", "Jason Gideon In \"No Way Out II: The Evilution of Frank\", while Gideon is trying to make up his mind about what flowers to buy his friend, Sarah Jacobs, he sees Jane. When he looks up again, she has disappeared. Gideon then receives a call from Frank, who is in Gideon's apartment, having murdered Sarah. He demands to have Jane back before hanging up. When the BAU begin to investigate, Gideon contacts Hotch from a payphone and tells him that Frank dumped something in the trash on the street, later revealed to be bloody clothing. During the investigation, it is deduced that Frank is hunting down people Gideon previously rescued. Frank later kills one such person, Rebecca Bryant, who was abducted by Randall Garner and held captive for two years before being rescued by the BAU. Later, Tracy Belle, the sole survivor of Jeffrey Charles, goes missing. Gideon and Garcia are later able to figure out that the only story that moved Frank the first time Gideon met him was the body of a woman who was found in an apartment on the Upper East Side of New York City because he was talking about his mother. Gideon then realizes that Frank was hiding his mother's existence from everyone. Later, the team manages to find Frank, who is calmly sitting on a bench at the Union Train Station, waiting for them to bring him Jane. The team brings in Jane, who refuses to go with Frank. Gideon shows up and tells Frank about Sarah, Frank's mother, whom Gideon claims was a whore. As Gideon and Hotch describe Frank's mother, JJ and Reid locate Tracy, who is bound and gagged but alive and unharmed. Frank convinces Jane to come back to him, and the two commit suicide. Later, Tracy calls Gideon and thanks him for saving her once again.", "List of Criminal Minds characters Played by Bodhi Elfman, Peter Lewis (aka Mr. Scratch) is a proxy killer who poisons his victims causing them to kill people for him. He is first hunted by the BAU in season 10. He escapes from prison in season 11 and continues killing in season 12. He and an unknown female accomplice, later revealed to be Lindsey Vaughan, framed Spencer Reid for the murder of Mexican doctor, Nadie Ramos and he was imprisoned pending trial. He also stalked SSA Aaron Hotchner's son, Jack, forcing them to go into witness protection. In the episode of September 27, 2017, he is cornered by the team and then falls to his death off the edge of a building.", "Red John Lorelei reappears in episode 16 of season 5, \"There Will Be Blood\". This episode reveals two new accomplices of Red John: Julia Howard and Jason Lennon, well-regarded citizens, a worker and a trustee of a women's shelter, respectively. Lorelei tortures Julia to get information about her sister's death. She kills Howard after brutally beating her. After Lorelei comes after Lennon, Jane appears to try to rescue Lennon (for Jane's own ends) and to acknowledge Lennon's and Red John's involvement in Miranda Martins' murder. Lorelei shoots Lennon, critically wounding him. After kissing Jane, she departs on a mission to kill Red John, breaking her pact to reveal Red John's identity. She tells Jane she has done \"much worse [than breaking a promise]\", and that she and Jane are both going to hell \"on two different roads\". Two weeks later, Lennon is revealed to have survived the shooting, although in a coma, while Lorelei is found dead under Red John's smiley face with Homeland Security and police at the scene. Jane apologizes to her corpse but, still peeved over Lorelei's breaking her promise to identify Red John, tells Lisbon (of Lorelei), \"She had it coming.\"", "List of Criminal Minds characters Played by Cade Owens, Jack Hotchner is the son of series regular Aaron Hotchner, his first appearance being in \"The Fox\". His mother, Haley Hotchner, is killed in season five by George Foyet (a.k.a. \"The Boston Reaper\") but is spared when his father gives him a secret signal to \"work the case\" (hide in the trunk in Hotch's office). It is shown in season seven's \"Painless\" that Jack is being bullied. Jack is shown to have become good friends with Beth Clemmons, his father's new girlfriend.", "Aaron Hotchner Upon arriving at the house, Hotch found Haley's body in the bedroom and noticed Foyet hiding behind the curtains. A full-out fight ensued, with Foyet's eventually surrendering, though Hotchner, enraged and afraid for his son's life, continued to beat him to death until the rest of the team arrived; Morgan had to physically restrain Hotch to get him to stop his rampage. During an inquiry by Section Chief Strauss, the team demonstrated complete support of Agent Hotchner, despite Strauss's persistence in painting Hotchner's actions as premeditated. Her position towards the events eventually changed upon speaking directly with Agent Hotchner who, when asked what he believed would have happened if Foyet had lived, responded: \"I don't have to think; I know that he would have tried to kill my son, too.\" Chief Strauss concluded that Hotchner's actions were entirely justifiable.", "Julie Finlay During the season-15 premier, Russell and Finlay are called to a crime scene in which all the evidence has been processed, much in the manner of a serial killer they hunted in Seattle. Though Finn originally thinks it may be the work of a copycat, her old colleague and recent love interest, Daniel Shaw, confirms that his partner has gone missing, and it may be the work of the Gig Harbor killer - whom D.B. and Finn supposedly apprehended in Seattle. As Finlay questions whether the original killer had a partner, she finds herself trapped inside a car rigged to explode. As the bomb squad fail to render the device inactive, D.B. receives a phone call from an anonymous suspect claiming to be the original Gig Harbor killer. He releases Finn in exchange for the reopening of the investigation into his crimes (\"The CSI Effect\"). As Russell and she continue to work on the investigation, they discover that their original suspect has an identical twin brother, though Finn stresses the importance of finding evidence of them meeting before the murders (\"Buzz Kill\"). Though Finn continues to work on other cases throughout the season, such as a suspected release of the Ebola virus (\"Bad Blood\"), the death of a man in a doll suit (\"Rubbery Homicide\"), a riot at a prison (\"Let's Make a Deal\"), the murder of a party girl (\"Road to Recovery\"), and the death of a chemistry teacher (\"The Book of Shadows\"), she remains wholly preoccupied with catching the Gig Harbor killer. \"Girls Gone Wilder\" has Finn accompany Sara and Morgan to a forensics conference when a shooting occurs. Though she was absent from the theater where the massacre took place, the killer tried to shoot Finn in an elevator as she was leaving a hotel room with a former lover; he is injured in the process, leaving Finn to tend to his wounds - successfully. She then contemplates embarking on a serious relationship with the criminalist.", "Alexander Mahone Mahone eventually tracks down John Abruzzi (Peter Stormare) and David \"Tweener\" Apolskis (Lane Garrison). Mahone orders his men to shoot Abruzzi to death when he fails to surrender, and later murders Tweener in cold blood.[7][8] When he returns to his office, Mahone is questioned by Internal Affairs Agent Richard Sullins (Kim Coates) about their suspicious deaths.", "Red John In the fifth season finale, Jane reveals to Lisbon that he has narrowed the Red John suspect list to seven names. Although those names aren't revealed until the end of the episode, Jane and the CBI investigate a Red John murder. Although it was initially believed that Red John wasn't involved in the murder, and that it was either the victim's husband or uncle, it is revealed that Red John committed the murder with the help of Miriam Gottlieb, a social worker who wanted Eileen Turner's child. Gottlieb tricked Turner into separating herself from her volatile husband and moving into a motel, where Red John struck. In transit after her arrest, Gottlieb commits suicide by swallowing a cyanide pill, refusing, like almost all Red John's operatives, to be taken alive. Before her arrest, she gave Jane a DVD from Red John, which featured the now dead Lorelei Martins, who recorded a video shortly before her own murder by Red John. Martins reveals that Red John is very angry with her for revealing that Patrick and Red John had shaken hands, and that, in exchange for her making the recording, Red John will not \"make her suffer so much\". The video reveals that Red John somehow knows the names of Patrick Jane's seven suspects:", "Criminal Minds (season 14) On September 21, 2018, it was revealed that Kirsten Vangsness and showrunner Erica Messer will be co-writing the fifteenth episode of this season which is also the season finale. This will be the fifth episode they have co-written together.[9]", "Emily Prentiss On February 15, 2012, Brewster revealed in a statement that the seventh season would be her final season on the show.[citation needed] Brewster's final episode as a main cast member on the show was on the May 16, 2012 episode \"Run\". Brewster reprised the role again in 2014 for the 200th episode.", "Criminal Minds (season 3) The third season of Criminal Minds premiered on CBS on September 26, 2007 and ended May 21, 2008. The third season was originally to have featured 25 episodes; however, only 13 were completed due to the Writers Guild of America strike (2007–08). Seven more episodes were produced after the strike, bringing the total number of episodes to 20 for the third season. Mandy Patinkin wanted to leave the series, since he loathed the violent nature of it.[1] He was replaced by Joe Mantegna several episodes later.", "Zack Addy The Season 12 premier of Bones concluded the mystery about Zack that was formed in the Season 11 finale. Zack has taken Brennan to the basement of the Jeffersonian (inside the Gormogon vault that was constructed there in Season 3), however he does this with the intention of protecting her from The Puppeteer and to reveal the truth about himself. Booth captures Zack and he is taken into custody. It is revealed that after the death of Lance Sweets, Zack harmed himself resulting in a large scar on his forehead and minor brain damage that sometimes causes black-outs. After being allowed to consult the evidence files of the Puppeteer case with Brennan, he concludes that he is guilty of the crimes (having committed them while blacked out) and wishes to return to the mental institution that is his home. In a surprise turn of events, the team at the Jeffersonian find out that it is Zack's doctor from the institution, Dr Mihir Roshan, that has been committing the murders and arranging the skeleton marionettes.[7] Booth arrives at the institution in time to save Zack. Dr Roshan intended to poison Zack, however Zack overpowered him but was unable to find the strength to kill him. Booth shoots Roshan, and Zack survives. After Zack incurs these events, he concludes he could not have committed murder under the order of Gormogon, and confesses his innocence to Brennan and Booth. This convinces them to re-examine the evidence, and the episode ends with the idea that Zack may become free of the institution in the future.[8] In \"The Flaw in the Saw\", Hodgins works to find evidence to exonerate Zack and while he finds something, Cam fears that Hodgins is planting it to free Zack and refuses to consider it. After Hodgins tells her to just throw it away then, Cam can't bring herself to do so and goes through the evidence Hodgins presented to her. In \"The Steal in the Wheels\", the Jeffersonian team is able to locate the body of the Gormogon's former apprentice, the true killer and match blood on it to the lobbyist Zack supposedly killed. In \"The Day in the Life\", Zack goes before a judge for his appeal. Based on this new evidence, Zack is exonerated of the murder charge but not of aiding a known killer. As a result, he will have to finish the remaining thirteen months on his sentence for that charge before he is released. While Brennan is sorry they couldn't get him released, Zack accepts this as thirteen months is nothing compared to the life sentence he was facing before.", "List of Criminal Minds episodes Criminal Minds is a police procedural that debuted on CBS on September 21, 2005. The series follows a team of profilers from the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU) based in Quantico, Virginia. The BAU is part of the FBI National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime. The show differs from many procedural dramas by focusing on profiling the criminal, called the unsub or \"unknown subject\", rather than the crime itself. The series follows special agents Dr. Spencer Reid, Jennifer \"JJ\" Jareau, Penelope Garcia, Emily Prentiss, David Rossi, Dr. Tara Lewis, Luke Alvez and Matt Simmons as they try to profile the unsub. Other former characters are Jason Gideon, Elle Greenaway, Jordan Todd, Ashley Seaver, Dr. Alex Blake, Kate Callahan, Stephen Walker, Derek Morgan, and Aaron Hotchner.", "Face Off (Breaking Bad) This episode marks the final appearance of Giancarlo Esposito as Gus Fring on this series. The plot wrapup was planned by the series' production team since the beginning of the season, partly because they were not certain at the time whether the series was going to renew for another season. Specifically, the visual effect of Gus Fring's massive facial wounds took months to prepare, with assistance from Greg Nicotero and the special effects team from fellow AMC drama The Walking Dead.[2] The effect was produced using elaborate makeup on Giancarlo Esposito's face, combined with CGI that took two separate shots and combined them seamlessly.", "Jason Gideon In \"No Way Out\", Gideon faces the scariest and most evil serial killer in his entire career, Frank Breitkopf (Keith Carradine). The BAU had received a call from Georgia Davis, the Sheriff of the Golconda, Nevada Sheriff's Department, who had recently found two murder victims, both missing their right rib bones, similar to a case that took place in 1996. However, Gideon realized that this unsub has been killing for thirty years. After studying one of the murder victims, he determined that the unsub has extensive medical knowledge, his victims are alive when he cut off their limbs, and that he uses Ketamine to immobilize his victims. With this information, Gideon and the team were able to build a profile of the killer. In order to find the unsub, the Sheriff's Department set up a road-block looking for an RV, truck, or trailer, which was believed was the killer's mode of transportation.", "Julie Finlay In the Season 15 finale, \"The End Game\", Finn, Russell, and the team continue their investigation into the Briscoe/Winthrop twins and \"The Gig Harbor Killer\" case. During the investigation, Finn and Russell decide to head to Seattle to find the twins' birth mother. Finn goes to her apartment to pack her bags. There, she is surprised by Paul Winthrop, who is masquerading as his deceased twin brother, Jared Briscoe. He beats her severely before placing her in the trunk of a car and staging a mock crime scene in the apartment to taunt Russell. Finn is soon found by Russell and the team and is taken to a hospital, where it's determined she is comatose indefinitely. She remains in a coma up to the point where Russell departs Las Vegas to work for the FBI's Cyber Division.", "Aaron Hotchner On August 12, 2016, CBS producers announced that Gibson had been dismissed from Criminal Minds following a physical altercation with one of the show's writers and that \"creative details\" regarding the character's departure would be announced at a later date.[1] After appearing in the first two episodes of the 2016-2017 season, the Hotchner character was removed from the opening credits of subsequent episodes. At the start of the third episode, one character explained Hotch's absence by remarking that he was on TDY.", "Caitlin Todd In \"Gut Check\" (S11E09), Abby states that Bishop is an excellent artist, but she's not \"Kate good.\" She later tells Bishop the story of Kate's death in order to prepare her for the news of the death of her own partner. In \"House Rules\" (S12E10), when McGee is explaining Gibbs' rules, scenes featuring Kate were prominent, and in \"Check\" (S12E11), Diane Sterling is assassinated in a manner that mirrors Kate's death in order to cause Gibbs significant pain. Kate's \"ghost\" overlooks Dorneget's funeral procession alongside Shepard, Cassidy, Pacci, Franks, and Dorneget himself in \"The Lost Boys\" (S12E23). During \"Scope\" (S13E18), a caricature of McGee drawn by Kate in \"Marine Down\" is featured, while when Kate's partner DiNozzo resigns from NCIS in \"Family First\" (S13E24), a photograph of the two of them is seen among his personal possessions. Kate's Agency ID Photograph and her badge are shown on a memorial wall as Gibbs mourns Ziva.", "Criminal Minds (season 14) On June 25, 2018, it was revealed that Matthew Gray Gubler, Joe Mantegna, Aisha Tyler and Adam Rodriguez will direct episodes this season and that A.J. Cook will make her directorial debut and direct an episode this season.[7][8]", "Gareth (The Walking Dead) In the episode \"Four Walls and a Roof,\" Bob, laughing hysterically, informs Gareth and the other Terminus survivors that they just consumed tainted meat as he was bitten by a walker (in \"Strangers\"). While the other members begin to react in horror and vomit, Gareth angrily kicks Bob unconscious and suggests that they will be fine as the meat was cooked. They later leave Bob on the lawn at Father Gabriel's church where the other survivors find him. Bob tells them that the place the Terminus group was at resembled a school and Rick, Sasha, Abraham, Tara, Glenn and Maggie set off to find an old elementary school while Eugene, Rosita, Tyreese, Bob, Carl and Judith are left behind. Gareth and the Terminus survivors ambush the church and prepare to shoot open the doors to the room they are hiding in after Judith's cry gives away their location. Before they can shoot the doors open, Rick shoots two Terminus members in the head, killing them, revealing that Rick expected the Terminus members would ambush the church once they departed. Rick shoots off two of Gareth's fingers, bringing him to his knees as he pleads with Rick that if he is let go, their paths will never cross again and that he knows what it's like to be hungry. Rick denies the request, knowing that Gareth's group will continue to kill others, and pulls out his red-handled machete that he had previously threatened to kill Gareth with while held captive at Terminus. Rick reminds Gareth of his earlier promise and then hacks Gareth to death with the machete.", "Frame (Law & Order: Criminal Intent) In a twist ending, it is revealed that Dr. Gage engineered this entire chain of events as an elaborate plan to \"free\" Goren from all of the negative people in Goren's troubled past—people who had created the metaphorical demons that have increasingly tortured Goren throughout his life. Goren realizes this after he notices someone has \"tried to glue the pieces of his life together\" throughout the case. He learns that Gage wrote a book on female serial killers (such as his daughter Jo, who, as it turns out, was in a coma after biting off her tongue, just before her father wanted to meet with her, an event which triggered Declan´s behaviour) to attract Wallace's attention. Knowing that she would try to seduce him, Gage spurned her advances to trick her into attempting to kill him. Gage suggested to her that he also hates Bobby, to manipulate her into killing Frank. Knowing that Wallace's next move would be to kill him, Gage killed Wallace, cut out her heart, mailed some flowers in her name (aside from the ones she herself mailed to Goren), and faked his own poisoning to set the scavenger hunt in motion. Gage thought that Frank was \"going down anyway\", and that such people in Bobby's life—including himself—were \"dead weight\" that would inevitably cause Bobby to completely self-destruct (since Goren felt too responsible for them to voluntarily shut them out of his life). In Gage's twisted view, he did this to give \"the son he never had\" (but always wanted) a \"clean slate\": a fair chance at having a healthy, happy life free of emotional baggage. Gage assures Goren that his nephew Donny is unharmed and still missing, as killing him would never have served his goal of \"helping\" Goren.", "Derek Morgan (Criminal Minds) Morgan also became close with Ellie Spicer, a little girl who was the daughter of a murder victim in the \"Prince of Darkness\" case. In the Season 6 premiere, Morgan was left injured and tied up after being attacked by the Prince of Darkness, Billy Flynn (played by Tim Curry), who also killed Matthew Spicer (a local LAPD detective) in the attack and kidnapped Spicer's daughter Ellie. After being treated by paramedics, Morgan rejoined his coworkers in hunting Flynn, who the team had identified as \"a pure psychopath\". Throughout the episode, Morgan snaps at several of his teammates, including Garcia, whom he is normally flirtatious with. After Flynn turns Ellie loose, the team arrives at a house where Flynn is holding two people hostage. Flynn calls Hotch's phone, and demands that Morgan enter. Hotch initially refuses, until Morgan steps to him and says, \"This one is mine.\" Morgan enters the house with his weapon drawn, and finds Flynn in a bedroom, with two victims tied up. Flynn tells Morgan that while he may not be afraid, the hostages were. Morgan responds by saying \"You point that gun at them, and I will kill you, and that is another promise.\" After a bit of attempted conversation, Flynn starts crying, and asks Morgan if he believes in heaven, causing the agent to raise his gun. Flynn stands up and aims his gun at the female victim, resulting in Morgan instantly opening fire, coldly shooting Flynn in the chest repeatedly until \"The Prince of Darkness\" dies, and falls back onto the bed. Morgan emerges from the house removing his Kevlar vest and is greeted by Ellie. He takes her into his arms and comforts her as her bravado cracks, and she begins to cry. Ellie is placed into a foster home following her father's death because her parents were separated and her aunt (Matt Spicer's sister, who had been caring for Ellie) was also killed by Flynn. When Ellie catches a boy in the home peeping at her as she bathes, she runs away, flies to D.C., seeks out Morgan and asks to live with him. Morgan declines, but he and the BAU team members are able to reunite Ellie with her mother.", "List of Criminal Minds characters It was revealed in \"200\" that the two had worked on a task force together in the Middle East. He was the only person to know of her pregnancy and her miscarriage during her time on the task force. In the same episode, they are both kidnapped by Tavin Askari, who was a traitor within the task force. They are both physically and mentally tortured into giving the access codes given to them during the mission. He is shocked to discover that Michael Hastings, one of the men they had worked with on the task force, was the mastermind behind the plan and threatened to rape JJ in order to give him the access codes. He gives in and is later stabbed by Askari, who was quickly killed by Hotch. Cruz is taken to the hospital following the incident and survives. Cruz later appears in the season nine finale \"Demons\", where he accepts a case from the sheriff who is a personal friend. When the sheriff is killed and Reid is shot, both Cruz and Garcia fly to Texas to meet with the rest of the team. He is next seen in the pilot episode for the upcoming spinoff, entitled Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders, which was the nineteenth episode of season ten. He enlists the BAU to help the international team find a vicious international killer in Barbados.", "Emily Prentiss In the season seven premiere, Morgan captures Doyle and Emily returns to the BAU to assist the team in finding who kidnapped Doyle's son.[16] The team comes under fire from the judiciary panel for their retaliatory actions to avenge Prentiss's death, but everyone stands their ground to protect the team. Section Chief Erin Strauss later reveals to them that the committee was persuaded by Prentiss' defense and eventually decided to lift the BAU's suspensions although they will still be \"keeping a close eye\" on the members. Reid, who is still angry over her 'death' refuses to speak to her or JJ or even look them in the eye. At the end of \"Proof\", Prentiss talks it through with him and they make amends.[17] In the premiere it is also revealed that Garcia has been taking care of her cat, Sergio, and when she inquires about him, Garcia jokingly states that she wants visitation rights.", "Zack Addy The episode \"The Perfect Pieces in the Purple Pond\" reveals Zack is receiving psychological treatment from FBI psychologist Dr. Lance Sweets. It is also shown at least Hodgins and Angela have both been in contact with Zack during his confinement. Hodgins is shown bringing him a mathematical riddle to solve. In his session with Sweets, Zack admits to feeling guilty for killing the lobbyist but claims he was not actually crazy, arguing he committed the crime for what had appeared to be perfectly logical reasons at the time. \"I was wrong, not delusional,\" he says. Sweets believes Zack should feel more guilty about killing the lobbyist and less about having been taken in by Gormogon's rhetoric.", "Warrick Brown In the Season 8 finale, \"For Gedda\", Warrick was held for questioning after the murder of mafia boss Lou Gedda. Earlier in the season, Warrick had become involved with a woman connected with Gedda. After she was killed, Warrick became a prime suspect in her murder. During the investigation, rumors spread that Gedda had been a mole in the LVPD. Gedda called Warrick to inform him that he was \"ready to talk\". When Gedda was murdered, Warrick was framed for his death. Grissom's team discovered that another LVPD officer was involved in Gedda's murder and the LVPD did not press charges against Warrick. After Warrick's release, he and the rest of Grissom's team ate at a local diner to celebrate his acquittal. As Warrick left the restaurant and headed to his car, Undersheriff Jeffrey McKeen - the mole in the LVPD - shot him twice, mortally wounding him.[8]", "John E. Douglas In January 2015, creators of the TV show Criminal Minds confirmed that the characters of FBI profilers Jason Gideon and David Rossi were based on Douglas.[8]", "Law & Order: Criminal Intent Balcer left the show at the end of Season 5, and the show was handed off to Warren Leight, a longtime Criminal Intent staffer. Under Leight's leadership, the show acquired a new, more melodramatic tone. The mystery aspect of the show was simplified in favor of more personal stories involving the detectives.[citation needed] For example, Goren endured his mother's long battle with cancer, culminating with her death in Goren's last episode in season six. The show's look and editing style also changed in an effort to attract viewers of the newer CSI franchise.", "Red John In the season 6 episode \"Red John\", the eponymous serial killer's identity is revealed to be Thomas McAllister, the sheriff of Napa County, portrayed by Xander Berkeley. After unmasking himself to Patrick Jane, McAllister discloses that he is the founder and overall leader of the secret organization known as the Blake Association.", "List of Criminal Minds characters Played by Meredith Monroe, Haley Hotchner was the wife of Aaron Hotchner. She and Hotchner have a son, Jack.E204 They divorced due to her inability to cope with Hotch's job and duties. In season three, Aaron Hotchner picks up his home phone when someone calls, but when he answers it, the caller hangs up. Haley's cellphone starts ringing immediately afterward. Hotch looks at Haley, but she does not say anything. It is implied that Haley might be cheating on Aaron, and that is why the person who called the home phone did not speak when a man answered. She is shot and killed by Hotch's nemesis, George Foyet (a.k.a. \"The Boston Reaper\").E509 She returned in season nine, episode five, in a vision while Hotch was recovering from complications from his stabbing 100 episodes earlier.E905 E501", "Gale Harold Reaction from journalists who saw the show's pilot episode was almost uniformly positive, with one writer predicting: \"We feel like Gale Harold is going to steal every single scene he's in on the show, just like he basically stole this extended trailer. He was creepy as hell threatening Adam's father (Adam Harrington) and even creepier when he was putting on the nice guy act for Cassie... after killing her mother. We already love to hate him.\"[5]\nUnfortunately, the ratings decline in the second half of the season and combined with the expensive cost of special effects, on May 11, 2012, the CW announced the cancellation of the series.[6]", "Gliding Over All This episode features several nods to earlier episodes, such as the fly at the beginning of the episode,[2] the painting Walt stares at during the planning of the prison murders (the same painting from Season 2, Episode 3), the damaged paper towel dispenser (caused by Walt punching it in Season 2, Episode 9) in the restroom of Walt's cancer clinic, and Lydia's telling Walt \"We're gonna make a lot of money together,\" reiterating Tuco's quote from the first season finale.[3] Walt tells Lydia \"Learn to take yes for an answer,\" which is exactly the same advice Mike gave him in the bar (Season 4, Episode 2). Series creator Vince Gilligan saw the ending somewhat as Gale's \"poetic justice from beyond the grave.\"[3]", "Criminal Minds The show has an ensemble cast, with Jason Gideon (Mandy Patinkin), Aaron Hotchner (Thomas Gibson), Elle Greenaway (Lola Glaudini), Derek Morgan (Shemar Moore), Spencer Reid (Matthew Gray Gubler), Jennifer Jareau (A. J. Cook), and Penelope Garcia (Kirsten Vangsness) as the original lineup. Throughout the show's later seasons, the characters Emily Prentiss (Paget Brewster), David Rossi (Joe Mantegna), Ashley Seaver (Rachel Nichols), Alex Blake (Jeanne Tripplehorn), Kate Callahan (Jennifer Love Hewitt), Tara Lewis (Aisha Tyler), Luke Alvez (Adam Rodriguez), Stephen Walker (Damon Gupton), and Matt Simmons (Daniel Henney) were introduced.", "Criminal Minds (season 11) Jennifer Love Hewitt left the show because of her pregnancy, and her character Kate Callahan, handed in her resignation at the end of the season ten finale, due to her pregnancy and decision to devote the next year to her baby. It was announced that Aisha Tyler will replace Hewitt in a recurring role as Dr. Tara Lewis.[3] A.J. Cook revealed herself to be pregnant, and it was later revealed in the tenth season finale that her character Jennifer \"JJ\" Jareau was also pregnant. She did not appear in the first six episodes (except the season premiere).[4] Showrunner Erica Messer expressed her desire about bringing back old characters from previous seasons, including Spencer Reid's mother played by Jane Lynch.[5] Cook appears in the first episode \"The Job\" holding her sleeping baby Michael, played by Phoenix Andersen, her child in real life.[6]", "List of Criminal Minds characters Played by Matthew Gray Gubler, SSA Dr. Spencer Reid is a genius who graduated from Las Vegas High School at age 12. He is almost always introduced as Dr. Reid, even though the others are introduced as agents, because SSA Jason Gideon understood that people would not otherwise take Spencer seriously because of his young age. After an introduction, he never shakes hands. It has been revealed that he holds Ph.D.s in Mathematics, Chemistry, and Engineering, B.A.s in Psychology and Sociology, and is working on a B.A. in Philosophy. He claims to have an eidetic memory, and hints that he could one day suffer from schizophrenia, since his mother does.E408 Matthew Gray Gubler confirmed that Reid has Asperger's Syndrome. In many episodes, Dr. Reid can be seen visiting his mother in her Las Vegas Mental Help/Nursing Home. In Season 4, \"Memoriam\", Reid experiences dreams, possibly nightmares, of a young boy being murdered. This was due to a series of events that happened in Reid's childhood. In the end, Reid saw his father after a 20-year absence, and found out that the murders in his dreams were indeed based on a real murder case and that his baseball coach, his mother, and his father were involved in the case, some criminally (his baseball coach), and some not criminally (his parents). Matthew Gray Gubler has been known for his many hairstyles throughout the continuing show. In almost every season his hair different, whether it is a long man bob, or short Albert Einstein hair.[2] Reid has also said that he was bullied when he was younger.", "Souls of the Departed This episode would become the final one that was produced by Scott Nimerfro, who died on April 17, 2016 after a battle with angiosarcoma, a cancer in the inner lining of the blood vessels.[1][2]", "Penelope Garcia Garcia is afraid of losing a partner, as she risked her career by taking down a federal website to stop her boyfriend, Kevin Lynch, from being transferred out of country for a job, though after she accidentally let a detail slip while talking to him, he was annoyed slightly, but happy for the action on her part. Her moment of truth came in the 9th season episode \"Demons\" when she was forced to shoot an assassin sent to kill Reid by a corrupt sheriffs deputy. Reid had been in a hospital after being shot in the previous episode. In an attempt to get some closure, she communicates with the man she shot while he's on death row and later goes to his execution.", "Spencer Reid In \"Lauren\", it is Reid and Garcia who react most strongly to the news of Emily's death. Reid's reaction is to run out of the room, and he ends up sobbing into JJ's shoulder telling her that he \"never got a chance to say goodbye.\"[36] In season seven, when Emily returns and Reid discovers Hotch and JJ faked her death, he is upset, especially with JJ. He tells her he feels betrayed because he came to her house \"for 10 weeks in a row, crying over losing a friend\" and \"not once did you have the decency to tell me the truth.\" She doesn't say anything. He asks J.J. \"what if\" he had started using Dilaudid again after Emily \"died.\".[37]", "Criminal Minds At the start of season 3, Mandy Patinkin announced his departure from the show because he was deeply disturbed by the content of the series.[5] He left letters of apology for his fellow cast members, explaining his reasons and wishing them luck. Joe Mantegna replaced him as David Rossi, a best-selling author and FBI agent who comes out of retirement. During season three, A. J. Cook became pregnant with her first child. Her pregnancy was written into the show. Cook's son, Mekhai Andersen, has been written into a recurring role as Jennifer's son Henry. Cook's void during maternity leave was filled by Meta Golding, who played Jordan Todd, an FBI agent who works with the agency's Counter Terrorism Unit. In season 6, JJ is forced to accept a promotion at The Pentagon, causing her to leave the BAU.", "Ozymandias (Breaking Bad) This episode marks the final appearance of Hank Schrader (Dean Norris) and Gomez (Steven Michael Quezada). On Talking Bad, Norris said that Hank's death was shot in just one take. Hank was originally supposed to die at the end of the previous episode, but it was moved to \"Ozymandias\" for better pacing.[13]", "Caitlin Todd Todd was assassinated during the season two episode \"Twilight\", after she and the team had successfully cleared a warehouse housing a known terrorist cell. After being officially relieved of the protection detail she had been assigned by Tom Morrow, Kate is shot in the head by sniper and Mossad double-agent Ari Haswari." ]	[ "Jason Gideon In the season ten episode \"Nelson's Sparrow\", Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer named Donnie Mallick (Arye Gross), which prompts the BAU team to investigate Gideon's murder. During the flashbacks focusing on a young version of him for the episode which show him working at the BAU in 1978, he is played by Ben Savage." ]
test2084	what is the silver box at elephant and castle	[ "doc72509" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc433316", "doc433315", "doc433286", "doc433318", "doc433308", "doc433317", "doc433313", "doc433283", "doc433306", "doc433311", "doc433295", "doc433301", "doc433302", "doc433314", "doc433296", "doc433292", "doc433300", "doc433294", "doc433282", "doc433307", "doc433287", "doc72509", "doc433309", "doc433305", "doc433304", "doc433297", "doc433303", "doc433310", "doc433281", "doc433284", "doc1619280", "doc433298", "doc433290", "doc433285", "doc72514", "doc433320", "doc433293", "doc433312", "doc433323", "doc433321", "doc227819", "doc1969120", "doc433299", "doc433322", "doc433319", "doc433288", "doc169184", "doc1529979", "doc227821", "doc433289", "doc208386", "doc1452148", "doc227825", "doc227828", "doc1791668", "doc1485520", "doc227835", "doc227822", "doc2555869", "doc433324", "doc1383029", "doc1619277", "doc510992", "doc2493621", "doc1656750", "doc2531233", "doc1523474", "doc1313748", "doc2361453", "doc1313757", "doc227826", "doc992323", "doc1521015", "doc433291", "doc2394692", "doc1724882", "doc1724883", "doc1656730", "doc1313749", "doc227832", "doc2361455", "doc2361465", "doc1619282", "doc2564797", "doc2528475", "doc2525142", "doc2564792", "doc1485548", "doc511002", "doc1656780", "doc72515", "doc227823", "doc1746495", "doc1485534", "doc1656791", "doc511006", "doc626767", "doc1212216", "doc2464228", "doc1656777" ]	[ "Elephant and Castle In 2015, after several u-turns from the previous owner, the new owners of the shopping centre, Delancey, announced that the building would be demolished and published redevelopment plans to be completed by the early 2020s. The scheme includes a new home for the nearby London College of Communication on the current site of the Coronet Theatre, a cinema (originally planned for the \"Elephant 1\" development), retail units and housing.[39]", "Elephant and Castle As of 2014, numerous tall residential buildings have been approved or are under construction, in addition to the 148m Strata SE1 tower completed in 2010. These include One The Elephant (124m),[33] the built-for-rent Highpoint (previously called 360 London) (134m)[34][35] and \"Two Fifty One\" (on the site of Eileen House) (134m)[36] and \"Elephant 1\" (a complex of three high-rise buildings on a \"podium\", formerly known as Oakmayne Plaza and later Tribeca Square).[37] Southwark Council is also building a new leisure centre due to open in 2015, to replace the previous Castle centre, which closed in 2012.[38]", "Elephant and Castle Local buildings include Skipton House, part of the Department of Health; Perronet House, an award-winning residential block owned by Southwark Council; a large part of the London South Bank University campus; the London College of Communication; the Ministry of Sound nightclub; and the Metropolitan Tabernacle. The Cuming Museum is nearby on Walworth Road.", "Elephant and Castle In the middle of the former northern roundabout, now Elephant Square, is the Michael Faraday Memorial, a large stainless steel box built in honour of Michael Faraday, who was born nearby. It contains an electrical substation for the Northern line of the London Underground.", "Elephant and Castle In 1974 the Brutalist Heygate Estate, designed by Tim Tinker,[20] was completed.[21] It was home to more than 3,000 people.[22] The estate was once a popular place to live, the flats being thought light and spacious,[23] but the estate later developed a reputation for crime, poverty and dilapidation.[24]", "Elephant and Castle London's growing Latin American population, which has largely resided at the Elephant since the 1980s, are also taking part in the regeneration project. Plans are being made to build new shops and homes to transform it into a \"Latin American corridor\".[40][41]", "Elephant and Castle The area is now subject to a master-planned redevelopment budgeted at £1.5 billion. A Development Framework was approved by Southwark Council in 2004. It covers 170 acres (688,000 m²) and envisages restoring the Elephant to the role of major urban hub for inner South London that it occupied before World War II.[32]", "Elephant and Castle \"The Elephant\", as locally abbreviated, consists of major traffic junctions connected by a short road called Elephant and Castle, part of the A3. Between these junctions, on the eastern side, is the Elephant and Castle Shopping Centre, with the Hannibal House office block above. To the north of this, bounded by Newington Causeway and New Kent Road is the Metro Central Heights. The Strata residential block lies just south of the shopping centre on Walworth Road.", "Elephant and Castle The shopping centre, designed by Boissevain & Osmond for the Willets Group, was opened in March 1965. It was the first covered shopping mall in Europe,[19] with 120 shops on three levels and a two-storey underground car-park. In the sales brochure (1963), Willets claimed it to be the \"largest and most ambitious shopping venture ever to be embarked upon in London. In design planning and vision it represents an entirely new approach to retailing, setting standards for the sixties that will revolutionise shopping concepts throughout Britain.\" When it opened, budget restrictions meant that the proportions and finishes of the building had had to be scaled down and only 29 out of a possible 120 shops were trading.", "Elephant and Castle However, in 2014 the Elephant & Castle junction was still \"Britain’s highest cycle casualty roundabout\",[29] prompting a TfL proposal to remove the northern roundabout as part of a £4bn package of road improvements targeting cyclists' safety.[30]TfL implemented its proposal in 2015, connecting the roundabout island to the shopping centre, thereby creating a new public space called Elephant Square.", "Elephant and Castle There is record of a 'hospital' before the Reformation. In 1601 the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers erected St Peter's Hospital, i.e. almshouses, on the site of the present London College of Communication. This expanded and survived until 1850, when it was removed to Wandsworth. The Drapers' livery company created Walters' Almshouses on a site now at the southern junction island in 1640, giving the tower block opposite the name Draper House. The almshouses were relocated to Brandon Street in the 1960s as part of the major redevelopment.", "Elephant and Castle In 1930, the Trocadero, a monumental neo-Renaissance style picture house seating over 3000 and fitted with the largest Wurlitzer organ imported to the United Kingdom, was built at the northern corner of the New Kent Road (a plaque commemorating the building was unveiled in 2008 by Denis Norden, who had worked there in his youth).[15] This was replaced in 1966 by a smaller cinema (the Odeon, known for a time after closure as an Odeon in 1982 as the Coronet, not to be confused with the Coronet below) which was demolished in 1988.", "Elephant and Castle In 1932, another cinema opened across the street, The Coronet. It is now mostly used as a night-club and concert venue.[16] At the time it seated over 2000 people, and was an art-deco conversion of the Elephant and Castle theatre, opened in 1879 on the site of the short-lived Theatre Royal (built in 1872 and burnt down six years later). It was reconstructed in 1882 and again in 1902.", "Elephant and Castle A substantial amount of post-World War II social housing that is deemed to have failed will be demolished, including the Heygate Estate, replaced with developments consisting of a mix of social and private-sector housing. This portion of the site is being developed by Lend Lease. There have also been moves to protect the last of the architecturally important tenement blocks nearby through the creation of a conservation area covering the Pullens buildings.", "Elephant and Castle The area became increasingly important after the building of Westminster Bridge in 1751 and the improvements to London Bridge in the same period. These required 'by-pass' roads across the south side approaches to each other and also to the main routes to the south and southeast coasts. These road improvements - Great Dover Street, Westminster Bridge, New Kent Road, St George's Road and Borough Road - connect to the older Kennington and Old Kent Roads to facilitate this traffic. In 1769 the new Blackfriars Bridge was connected to this system at what is now St George's Circus and Blackfriars Road (originally Great Surrey Road) and to the Elephant junction with the new London Road. As a result of these improvements, the area became a built-up part of the metropolis during the late Georgian and Victorian periods.[9][10]", "Elephant and Castle Known previously as Newington (Newington Butts and Newington Causeway are two of the principal roads of the area), in the medieval period it was part of rural Surrey, in the manor of Walworth. This is listed in the Domesday Book as belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury; the income from its rents and tithes supplied the monks at Christ Church Canterbury with their clothing, and a 'church' is mentioned.[6] The parish was called St Mary, Newington, which church occupied the southwest side of today's southern roundabout, near the Tabernacle, and was first recorded by name in 1222.[6]", "Elephant and Castle The area became the location for a thriving shopping area, known as \"the Piccadilly (Circus) of South London\",[14] with its own department store (William Tarn and Co) and many smaller outlets. Also featured were a shoe factory, a branch of Burton and a renowned hatter.", "Elephant and Castle St Mary's Church was rebuilt in 1720 and completely replaced in 1790, to a design of Francis Hurlbatt. Within another hundred years this too was to be demolished, with its replacement on Kennington Park Road ready in 1876.[8] It was destroyed by bombing in 1940 during the Second World War.[8] The remains of the tower and an arch were incorporated into its replacement of 1958. The open space is still known as St Mary's Churchyard, and the narrow pedestrian walk at its south end is Churchyard Row.", "Elephant and Castle The Elephant and Castle is an area around a major road junction in South London, England, in the London Borough of Southwark. Although the name also informally refers to the areas of Walworth and Newington, the proximity of the London Underground station of the same name has led to the area being more commonly known as \"Elephant and Castle\". The name is derived from a local coaching inn.", "Elephant and Castle The Elephant is the location of the London College of Communication, formerly the London College of Printing, an internationally renowned dedicated college, part of University of the Arts London. The present structure was constructed during the redevelopment of the area in the early 1960s.", "Elephant and Castle The name \"Elephant and Castle\" is derived from a coaching inn.[1] The earliest surviving record of this name relating to the area appears in the Court Leet Book of the Manor of Walworth, which met at \"Elephant and Castle, Newington\" on 21 March 1765.[2] Previously the site was occupied by a blacksmith and cutler â€“ the coat of arms of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers features an elephant with a castle (representing a howdah) on its back, which in turn was used because of the use of elephant ivory in handles.[2]", "Michael Faraday Memorial The stainless steel box-shaped structure was designed by modern movement architect Rodney Gordon in 1959 and built in 1961, on the centre of what was the northern roundabout of the Elephant and Castle gyratory system. It commemorates Michael Faraday's importance as a scientist and was placed at Elephant and Castle because Faraday's birthplace is nearby in Newington Butts.", "Elephant and Castle The Elephant was to have been served by the Cross-River Tram,[25] which was cancelled in 2008 due to budgetary constraints.[26]", "Elephant and Castle The major development of the 1960s consisted of post-war reconstruction to a larger metropolitan plan, much of it replacing properties destroyed by bombing in World War II. Alexander Fleming House (1959), originally a group of government office blocks and now Metro Central Heights residential complex, is a prime example of the work of the Hungarian modernist architect Ernő Goldfinger.", "Elephant and Castle The Elephant was the centre of the target zone for the German air raids on London on 10 May 1941 and suffered \"raging fires\".[17][18]", "Elephant and Castle The railway arrived here in 1863 and the first deep-level tube line, now part of the Northern line's City Branch, in 1890. The Bakerloo line terminus was created in 1906.[11] Both the middle-class and working-class populations increased, the first settling on the major roads, the latter on the streets behind these. However, the area declined socially at the Walworth side.", "Elephant and Castle One monument to cinema still remains just off the Elephant, the Cinema Museum is a volunteer-run museum with screenings of classic cinema and a vast collection of cinema memorabilia. It is located in the old workhouse where Charlie Chaplin spent time as a child.", "Elephant and Castle In 2010, the southern roundabout was converted to traffic light operation, with the creation of new cycle lanes and pedestrian crossings.[27] This included the removal of the pedestrian subways, described as \"unpopular and imtimidating\" by a local councillor.[28]", "Elephant and Castle List of places", "Elephant and Castle Traffic runs to and from the south-east of England along the A2 (New Kent Road and Old Kent Road), the south of England on the A3, to the West End via St George's Road, and to the City of London via London Road and Newington Causeway at the northern junction. Newington Butts and Walworth Road adjoin the southern junction. The whole junction forms part of the London Inner Ring Road and part of the boundary of the London congestion charge zone.", "Ministry of Sound Ministry of Sound's existence has been threatened on a number of occasions by nearby redevelopment in Elephant & Castle.[5] The most notable concerned the redevelopment of Eileen House, a tower block opposite the nightclub's entrance. From 2009 to 2014, Ministry of Sound fought various public campaigns to save the club from the threat of closure. These culminated in a hearing before then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson at City Hall in November 2013.[6] On 19 December 2013, a landmark legal deal was agreed between Ministry of Sound and the developer Oakmayne to enable Eileen House to be redeveloped without jeopardizing the club's future.[7]", "Elephant and Castle In the 19th century the nationally famed Baptist preacher Charles Haddon Spurgeon built the Metropolitan Tabernacle here.[12] The building, designed by William Wilmer Pocock,[12] was finished in 1861 and dedicated on 18 March. It was bombed in the blitz but the portico and basement survived and in 1957 the Tabernacle was rebuilt to a new but much smaller design accommodating surviving original features.", "Elephant and Castle The inn site was rebuilt in 1816 and again in 1898, and the present Elephant & Castle pub, at the junction of New Kent Road and Newington Causeway, was part of the 1960s comprehensive redevelopment.", "Elephant and Castle The Elephant has two linked London Underground stations, on the Northern and Bakerloo lines, and a National Rail station served by Southeastern (Kentish Town to Sevenoaks via Catford) and Thameslink (suburban loop to Sutton and Wimbledon), and other Thameslink services to Kent.", "Michael Faraday Memorial Plans in the early 2000s to redevelop the Elephant and Castle included turning the roundabout into a peninsula and moving the Michael Faraday Memorial 400 metres south-east to the Walworth Road, where it would stand next to the Cuming Museum and possibly become part of a proposed science museum. These plans were shelved as the regeneration of Elephant and Castle evolved into a scheme that retained the roundabout, before changing into a scheme that retained the memorial in its current position by \"peninsulaising\" it, in the process making it easier to access.[1]", "Elephant and Castle Gay rights activist Peter Tatchell lives on the Rockingham Estate, where the Council installed a blue plaque in his name in 2010.[44]", "Elephant and Castle In May 1557, William Morant, Stephen Gratwick and a man named King, known as the Southwark Martyrs, were burnt at the stake in St George's Field on the site of the present Tabernacle during the Marian Persecutions.[7]", "Elephant and Castle In recent times the area has had a reputation for successful ethnic diversity and centrality. The area's proximity to major areas of employment, including Westminster, the West End and the City, has meant that a certain amount of gentrification has taken place[31]", "Elephant and Castle London Underground Bakerloo and Northern lines serve the area from Elephant & Castle Station.", "Elephant and Castle The rock band The Maccabbees has its studio nearby, while its 4th album, Marks to Prove It, released on 31 July 2015, pays tribute to the area.[45]", "South Bank South Bank is an entertainment and commercial district in central London, next to the River Thames opposite the City of Westminster. It forms a narrow, disproportionate strip of riverside land within the London Borough of Lambeth and the London Borough of Southwark where it joins Bankside. As with most central London districts, its edges evolve and are informally defined. However, its central area is bounded by Westminster Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge. Its name was adopted during the Festival of Britain over the local less attractive name of 'Lambeth Marsh'; it includes the County Hall complex, the Sea Life London Aquarium, the London Dungeon, Jubilee Gardens and the London Eye, the Southbank Centre, Royal Festival Hall and National Theatre, among its long list of attractions. Both the County Hall and the Shell Centre have major residential uses.", "Howdah Today the symbol is most known from the Elephant and Castle intersection in south London, which derives its name from a pub, using the old site of a cutler's, who had used the symbol of the Worshipful Company of Cutlers. The Cutlers, in turn, used the symbol due to the use of ivory in handles.[4]", "Elephant and Castle During the late 19th century there was a cemetery in the vicinity,[13] but it was built over during London's rapid expansion. A few gravestones remain in St. Mary's Churchyard.", "Elephant and Castle Elephant & Castle is served by London Buses routes 1, 12, 35, 40, 45, 53, 63, 68, 133, 136, 148, 155, 168, 171, 172, 176, 188, 196, 333, 343, 344, 360, 363, 388, 415, 453, 468, C10, P5, N1, N35, N63, N68, N89, N133, N155, N171 and N343.", "Elephant and Castle Famous former residents include Charlie Chaplin[42] and Michael Caine, who were born and grew up locally.[43]", "Elephant and Castle Shakespeare mentions the Elephant Lodgings in \"Twelfth Night\". In Act 3 Scene 3 Antonio says \"In the south suburbs, at the Elephant, is best to lodge.\"[3] Although the play is set in Illyria in the Balkans, Shakespeare often used local London references. The theatres were all in Southwark, so Shakespeare's line may represent an advertisement for a local hostelry. \"The Elephant\" is a common present-day nickname for the Elephant and Castle.[4]", "London Underground In 1931 the extension of the Bakerloo line from Elephant & Castle to Camberwell was approved, with stations at Albany Road and an interchange at Denmark Hill. However, with post-war austerity, the plan was abandoned. In 2006 Ken Livingstone, the then Mayor of London, announced that within twenty years Camberwell would have a tube station.[148] Transport for London has indicated that extensions, possibly to Camberwell, could play a part in the future transport strategy for South London over the coming years.[149] However, no such planning of an extension has been revealed. There have also been many other proposals to extend the line to Streatham, Lewisham, and even beyond Lewisham, taking over the suburban Hayes line via Catford Bridge to relieve some capacity on the suburban rail network.", "Roundabout In the 21st century several of the gyratory systems in London have been removed, including Tottenham Hale[56] and Elephant & Castle.", "South Bank South Bank developed later than the 'North Bank' of the river due to its formerly often waterlogged condition in winter. Throughout its history, it has twice functioned as an entertainment district, interspersed by around a hundred years of wharfs, domestic industry and manufacturing being its dominant use.[1] Restoration began in 1917 with the construction of County Hall at Lambeth replacing the Lion Brewery. Its Coade stone symbol was retained and placed on a pedestal at Westminster Bridge and is known as the South Bank Lion.[1] The pedestrianised embankment is The Queen's Walk, which is part of the Albert Embankment built not only for public drainage but also to raise the whole tract of land to prevent flooding.[1]", "Elephant and Castle 'Newington' is one of the most common place names in England (see Newington Green and Stoke Newington in north London), and from 1750 the area became more important and the informal name, from the pub at this junction, was adopted. Compare 'Angel' at Islington, or Bricklayers Arms, a short distance along New Kent Road.", "London Other notable modern buildings include City Hall in Southwark with its distinctive oval shape[200] and the British Library in Somers Town/Kings Cross. What was formerly the Millennium Dome, by the Thames to the east of Canary Wharf, is now an entertainment venue called the O2 Arena.", "Urban renewal Currently there are two main Urban Regeneration projects going on in London, Elephant Park[9] at Elephant and Castle[10] and at Stratford.[10] These are both being done by Lendlease, a multinational company focusing on redeveloping neglected city areas.[10]", "South Bank There was a shift in use when the London County Council required a new County Hall, which was built between 1917 and 1922 on the south bank near North Lambeth's Lower Marsh.[1] The construction of County Hall returned the first section of river frontage to public use. This was extended eastwards in 1951 when the Festival of Britain caused a considerable area to be redeveloped.[1]", "South Bank There is a significant amount of public open space along the riverside. Between the London Studios and the Oxo Tower lies Bernie Spain Gardens, named after Bernadette Spain,[3] a local community activist who was part of the Coin Street Action Group.[4][5]", "Michael Faraday A statue of Faraday stands in Savoy Place, London, outside the Institution of Engineering and Technology. Also in London, the Michael Faraday Memorial, designed by brutalist architect Rodney Gordon and completed in 1961, is at the Elephant & Castle gyratory system, near Faraday's birthplace at Newington Butts. Faraday School is located on Trinity Buoy Wharf where his workshop still stands above the Chain and Buoy Store, next to London's only lighthouse.[71]", "London Bridge station The LB&SCR took over the unfinished joint station, which they demolished in 1849 and opened a temporary station in 1850.[26] This was rebuilt and enlarged in 1853-4 to deal with the additional traffic from the lines to Sydenham and Crystal Palace. A three-storey box-like structure in Italian style was erected, with the name of the railway emblazoned on the top parapet.[20]", "South Bank Part of the Southbank Centre under the Queen Elizabeth Hall is known as the undercroft, and has been used by the skateboarding community since the early 1970s. Originally an architectural dead-spot, it has become a landmark of British skateboarding culture. The size of the under-croft has been reduced in recent years and was supposed to be returned to original size. This now seems unlikely and the future of the whole space is completely unsure at present with campaigns for its future survival being fought by the Long Live Southbank campaign. Part of the Southbank Centre has been turned into shops looking out over the river.", "South Bank In 1951 the Festival of Britain redefined the area as a place for arts and entertainment. It now forms a significant tourist district in central London, stretching from Blackfriars Bridge in the east to Westminster Bridge in the west. A series of central London bridges connect the area to the northern bank of the Thames Golden Jubilee and Waterloo Bridge.[1]", "Attack the Block The name Wyndham Estates appears on the left of the entrance to the fictional block, referencing the English science-fiction writer John Wyndham. The science fiction writer J. G. Ballard is also referenced by one of the street names; Ballard wrote a number of novels set in large urban blocks. The film was shot across London from March to May 2010, with 6 weeks of night shoots[6] on the Heygate Estate in Elephant and Castle; Myatts Field, Brixton; Oval Underground station and the Bemerton Estate in Islington. Interior scenes were filmed at Three Mills Studios in Newham, part of the East End of London.[7]", "Elephant and Castle Southeastern and Thameslink services towards Ashford International, Bedford, Dover Priory, London Blackfriars, Luton, Sevenoaks, St Albans City, St Pancras, Sutton, West Hampstead and Wimbledon serve the area.", "Cultural depictions of elephants In Central London, England, an area known as the \"Elephant and Castle\" (or \"The Elephant\") is centered on a major road intersection and a station of the London Underground. The \"Castle\" in the location's name refers to a medieval perception of a Howdah. The heraldic elephant and castle has also been associated with the city of Coventry, England since medieval times, where it denotes religious symbolism[f] and with the town of Dumbarton, Scotland.[g] More recently in Britain, Welephant, a red elephant cartoon character with a fireman's helmet, was originally used as a mascot by fire brigades in the United Kingdom to promote fire safety for children and has become the mascot for the Children's Burn Trust.[36]", "Ministry of Sound Berkmann was introduced to James Palumbo, who was working in property finance at the time, by Humphrey Waterhouse to realise the concept.[3] The site, a disused bus garage,[1] is located in Elephant & Castle in Southwark, London. The club opened on 21 September 1991 and has remained in this location since.", "London Eye Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners assisted The Tussauds Group in obtaining planning and listed building consent to alter the wall on the South Bank of the Thames. They also examined and reported on the implications of a Section 106 agreement attached to the original contract, and also prepared planning and listed building consent applications for the permanent retention of the attraction, which involved the co-ordination of an Environmental Statement and the production of a planning supporting statement detailing the reasons for its retention.[26]", "Northern line With the exception of Morden and Clapham South, where more land was available, the new stations were built on confined corner sites at main road junctions in areas that had been already developed. Holden made good use of this limited space and designed impressive buildings. The street-level structures are of white Portland stone with tall double-height ticket halls, with the famous London Underground roundel made up in coloured glass panels in large glazed screens. The stone columns framing the glass screens are surmounted by a capital formed as a three-dimensional version of the roundel. The large expanses of glass above the entrances ensure that the ticket halls are bright and, lit from within at night, welcoming.[7] The first and last new stations on the extension, Clapham South and Morden, include a parade of shops and were designed with structures capable of being built above (like many of the earlier central London stations). Clapham South was extended upwards soon after its construction with a block of apartments; Morden was extended upwards in the 1960s with a block of offices. All the stations on the extension, except Morden itself, are Grade II listed buildings.", "Red telephone box With regards to create a new box with easier access, lower maintenance and brighter lighting, the Post Office introduced a prototype run of \"Croydon\" telephone boxes from 1972, named as such because they were erected in Croydon, Surrey.[16] The Croydon boxes, which featured a black handset silhouette with bright yellow paintwork, were erected as an experimental prototype to replace the red telephone boxes. However, whilst the trials were successful, the quality of the materials and design made it too expensive for the Post Office to mass-produce and the design was not adopted.[17]", "Television Centre, London Developers Stanhope said in April 2014 that the new Television Centre development would \"pay homage to the original use of the building\" and retain original features of the buildings including the \"doughnut\", atomic dot wall and Helios statue.[6] The new Television Centre will be opened up to the public and will offer entertainment and leisure facilities, including a new branch of members' club Soho House, offices aimed at the creative sector and approximately 1,000 new homes, together with pedestrian access through the site providing connectivity with the local area, including Hammersmith Park.[7][8]", "Economy of London A multibillion-pound 10-year construction programme has begun in Nine Elms on the South Bank of the river Thames in central London. This will develop the area from a semi-derelict, light industrial zone into a modern residential and business district. The programme includes regeneration of Battersea Power Station, construction of new embassies for the United States and the Netherlands, and regeneration of New Covent Garden Market which is the largest fresh produce market in the UK. Transport improvement plans include two new Northern line tube stations, riverbus piers, new bus services and a network of cycle lanes and footpaths. A new bridge across the river Thames will link Nine Elms to Pimlico on the opposite bank. Around 25,000 permanent jobs will be created once the new buildings are occupied and around 16,000 new homes.[86][87][88]", "Tate Modern Tate Modern is a modern art gallery located in London. It is Britain's national gallery of international modern art and forms part of the Tate group (together with Tate Britain, Tate Liverpool, Tate St Ives and Tate Online).[4] It is based in the former Bankside Power Station, in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark. Tate holds the national collection of British art from 1900 to the present day and international modern and contemporary art.[5] Tate Modern is one of the largest museums of modern and contemporary art in the world. As with the UK's other national galleries and museums, there is no admission charge for access to the collection displays, which take up the majority of the gallery space, while tickets must be purchased for the major temporary exhibitions.", "The Silver Box The Silver Box was first produced on 25 September 1906 at the Royal Court Theatre in London.[2] The play was among several new plays at this theatre from 1904 to 1907 directed by J. E. Vedrenne and Harley Granville-Barker, by notable dramatists including George Bernard Shaw. Although The Silver Box did not draw large audiences, it was much discussed.[1]", "Tate Modern The southern third of the building was retained by the French power company EDF Energy as an electrical substation. In 2006, the company released the western half of this holding[11] and plans were made to replace the structure with a tower extension to the museum, initially planned to be completed in 2015. The tower was to be built over the old oil storage tanks, which would be converted to a performance art space. Structural, geotechnical, civil, and faÃ§ade engineering and environmental consultancy was undertaken by Ramboll between 2008 and 2016.[12]", "South Bank It was renamed 'South Bank' as part of promoting the Festival. The legacy of the festival was mixed, with buildings and exhibits demolished to make way for Jubilee Gardens, whilst the Royal Festival Hall and The Queen's Walk were retained as part of the Southbank Centre.[1] During the years following the festival the arts and entertainment complex grew with additional facilities, including the Queen Elizabeth Hall, and other arts venues opened along the river such as the Royal National Theatre.", "Unilever House Interior of Unilever House. The sculpture is \"The Space Trumpet\" by Conrad Shawcross[12]", "Trafalgar Square Building work on the south side of the square in the late 1950s revealed deposits from the last interglacial. Among the findings were the remains of cave lion, rhinoceros, straight-tusked elephant and hippopotamus.[11][12][13]", "Elephant and Castle An incorrect folk etymology states that \"Elephant and Castle\" is a corruption of \"La Infanta de Castilla\" - allegedly a reference to a series of Spanish princesses such as Eleanor of Castile and María, the daughter of Philip III of Spain. However, Eleanor of Castile was not an infanta (the term only appeared in English about 1600). María has a strong British connection because she was once controversially engaged to Charles I, but she had no connection with Castile. \"Infanta de Castilla\" therefore seems to be a conflation of two Iberian royals separated by 300 years.[2][5] However, Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII, was indeed an Infanta de Castille. She lived well into the 1500s so it is possible that the original name 'Elephant and Castle' is an anglicisation of her title.", "Silver Spring, Maryland At the beginning of the 21st century, downtown Silver Spring began to see the results of redevelopment. Several city blocks near City Place Mall were completely reconstructed to accommodate a new outdoor shopping plaza called \"Downtown Silver Spring.\" New shops included national retail chains such as Whole Foods Market, a 20-screen Regal Theatres, Men's Wearhouse, Ann Taylor Loft, DSW Shoe Warehouse, Office Depot, and the now-closed Pier 1 Imports, as well as many restaurants, including Panera Bread, Red Lobster, Cold Stone Creamery, Fuddruckers, Potbelly Sandwich Works, Nando's Peri-Peri, and Chick-fil-a. A Borders book store was a popular spot until it closed when the chain went out of business; it was replaced by H&M. In addition to these chains, Downtown Silver Spring is home to a wide variety of family-owned restaurants representing its vast ethnic diversity. As downtown Silver Spring revived, its 160-year history was celebrated in a PBS documentary entitled Silver Spring: Story of an American Suburb, released in 2002.[29] In 2003, Discovery Communications completed the construction of its headquarters and relocated to downtown Silver Spring from nearby Bethesda. The same year also brought the reopening of the Silver Theatre, as AFI Silver, under the auspices of the American Film Institute. Development continues with the opening of new office buildings, condos, stores, and restaurants. In 2015-16, the long-struggling City Place Mall underwent a complete renovation, had its name changed to Ellsworth Place, and brought in new tenants, including TJ Maxx, Ross Dress for Less (a re-opening original tenant), Michaels, Forever 21, and Dave & Buster's. The restoration of the old B&O Passenger Station was undertaken between 2000 and 2002, as recorded in the documentary film Next Stop: Silver Spring.[30][31] In 2005 Downtown Silver Spring was awarded the Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence silver medal.[32]", "St George the Martyr, Southwark The red brick and Portland Stone structure of the church has suffered from considerable subsidence damage, and the nave was declared unsafe in 2000, although services continued in other parts of the building. In September 2005, St George the Martyr received funding via the Heritage Lottery Fund for repairs and refurbishments, which involve complete underpinning of the building, and the lowering of the floor levels in the crypt to create additional space. A large number of lead Georgian coffins were removed from the crypt to allow the works to take place. Subsequent archaeological investigations of the ground beneath the church found substantial Medieval and Roman structures. The destruction of some archaeological remains before a fuller excavation could be completed led to controversy.[6]", "St George the Martyr, Southwark The church was closed for restoration works between September 2005 and March 2007. During this time the congregation worshipped at nearby Guy's Chapel. The new 'crypt', in fact a church hall created by the underpinning works, provides a new conference venue in central London. Services at St George's resumed on Palm Sunday 1 April 2007.[7]", "Red telephone box The organisers invited entries from three respected architects and, along with the designs from the Post Office and from The Birmingham Civic Society, the Fine Arts Commission judged the competition and selected the design submitted by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott.[8] The invitation had come at the time when Scott had been made a trustee of Sir John Soane's Museum: his design for the competition was in the classical style, but topped with a dome reminiscent of Soane's self-designed mausoleums in St Pancras' Old Churchyard and Dulwich Picture Gallery, London.[9]", "Tate Modern Tate Modern is housed in the former Bankside Power Station, which was originally designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, the architect of Battersea Power Station, and built in two stages between 1947 and 1963. It is directly across the river from St Paul's Cathedral. The power station closed in 1981.", "South Bank Gabriel's Wharf is a redeveloped wharf on the South Bank, located at 56 Upper Ground, London. It has been converted into a shopping area. Nearby places include the Oxo Tower and Bernie Spain Gardens.", "The Silver Box Principal members of the original cast on 25 September 1906 at the Royal Court Theatre:[2]", "The Silver Box Act II, Scene I", "Ministry of Sound The Ministry is a new members club and shared workspace for creative businesses, which opened in 2018 in London. The first building at Borough Road will include four floors of tailored private offices and shared working areas, meeting spaces, soundproof studios, an immersive tech suite, a full-service restaurant, a bar 70 feet in length, an outdoor terrace, a 40-seater cinema and an events space with a diverse events programme.[10]", "Tottenham Court Road tube station To eliminate this congestion, Transport for London drastically reconstructed large parts of the station between 2009 and 2017.[8] This Â£500m station upgrade involved building a much larger ticket hall under the forecourt of Centre Point, new sets of escalators to reach the central section of the Northern line platforms from the ticket hall, step-free access to the platforms, as well as escalators down to the eastern end of the future Crossrail station. The subway to Andrew Borde Street was replaced as part of this development.[9] To enable this expansion to occur, both the Astoria theatres and the original Central line entrance were demolished.[9]", "Oxford Street Centre Point, just beyond the eastern end of Oxford Street next to Tottenham Court Road station, was designed by property developer Harry Hyams and opened in 1966. It failed to find a suitable tenant and sat empty for many years, eventually being occupied by squatters who used it as a centre of protest against the lack of suitable accommodation in Central London. In 2015, the building began to be converted into residential flats, with development expected to finish in 2017.[22]", "Earls Court Exhibition Centre Darren Johnson, a Green Party member of the London Assembly, wrote to the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, and argued that \"the Earl's Court demolition plans are a recipe for a disaster, with massive economic, social and environmental consequences. The winners will be the wealthy developers who will leave the houses empty and overseas property speculators while the losers will be the community, local businesses and Londoners who will lose one of the capital's key exhibition centres.\"[13]", "Tottenham Court Road tube station The original ticket office was on the south east corner of the junction of Oxford Street and Charing Cross Road, and its original lift shafts and emergency stairs are still extant. A set of emergency stairs can used as access down to the ends of the Northern line platform. The lift shafts are used for offices and station facilities. The original CCE&HR station buildings were destroyed when the Centre Point tower block was built.", "London Bridge station The first underground station at London Bridge was part of the second section of the City & South London Railway (C&SLR). The company had been formed on 28 July 1884 with the intention of constructing a line under the Thames from King William Street to Stockwell via Elephant and Castle and Kennington, which opened on 18 December 1890.[62][63] No station was provided at London Bridge; the first station south of the river was at Borough. King William Street was found to be an awkward to operate and badly placed station, limiting the capacity of the line. When the decision was made to extend the C&SLR northwards to Moorgate, a new pair of tunnels was constructed from north of Borough station on a new alignment providing a more convenient route and the opportunity to open a station at London Bridge. The tunnels to King William Street and the station were closed and the extension and London Bridge station opened on 25 February 1900.[63][64]", "London Eye On 12 August 2009 the London Eye saw another rebrand, this time being called \"The Merlin Entertainments London Eye\" to showcase Merlin Entertainments' ownership. A new logo was designed for the attractionâ€”this time taking the form of an eye made out of London's famous landmarks. This coincided with the launch of Merlin Entertainments 4D Experience preflight show underneath the ticket centre in County Hall. The refurbished ticket hall and 4D cinema experience were designed by architect Kay Elliott working with Merlin Studios project designer Craig Sciba. Merlin Studios later appointed Simex-Iwerks as the 4D theatre hardware specialists. The film was written and directed by 3D director Julian Napier and 3D produced by Phil Streather.[44]", "Red telephone box Scott's K2 wooden prototype is a working telephone box in the left entrance arch to the Royal Academy of Arts, London", "Michael Faraday Memorial In May 2012, the 16-year-old lighting scheme (which had long since stopped working) was replaced with a new disco theme[2] by Southwark Council, animating every evening after dark.", "South Bank During the Middle Ages this area developed as a place of entertainment outside the formal regulation of the City of London on the north bank; this included theatres, prostitution and bear-baiting.[1]", "Royal National Theatre Despite the controversy, the theatre has been a Grade II* listed building since 1994.[22] Although the theatre is often cited as an archetype of Brutalist architecture in England, since Lasdun's death the building has been re-evaluated as having closer links to the work of Le Corbusier, rather than contemporary monumental 1960s buildings such as those of Paul Rudolph.[23] The carefully refined balance between horizontal and vertical elements in Lasdun's building has been contrasted favourably with the lumpiness of neighbouring buildings such as the Hayward Gallery and Queen Elizabeth Hall. It is now in the unusual situation of having appeared simultaneously in the top ten \"most popular\" and \"most hated\" London buildings in opinion surveys. A recent lighting scheme illuminating the exterior of the building, in particular the fly towers, has proved very popular, and is one of several positive artistic responses to the building.", "London Bridge station Construction of The Shard adjacent to the station between 2009 and 2013 created a new entrance and roof for the terminal level concourse and a new, larger bus station in front of it.[48][49] This first step began a major transformation programme known as Masterplan, linked to the Thameslink programme[50] and providing many other benefits.", "Red telephone box K8 housing an internal telephone at Golders Green tube station", "London Eye On 25 May 2005, London mayor Ken Livingstone vowed that the landmark would remain in London. He also pledged that if the dispute was not resolved he would use his powers to ask the London Development Agency to issue a compulsory purchase order.[49] The land in question is a small part of the Jubilee Gardens, which was given to the SBC for Â£1 when the Greater London Council was broken up.", "Alison and Peter Smithson Robin Hood Gardens was a project under construction when B. S. Johnson made a short film about the couple for the BBC, The Smithsons on Housing (1970). Sukhdev Sandhu, in a blog entry for the London Telegraph website wrote that \"they drone in self-pitying fashion about vandals and local naysayers to such an extent that any traces of visionary utopianism are extinguished.\"[14] The finished flats suffered from high costs associated with the system selected and high levels of crime, all of which undermined the modernist vision of streets in the sky and the Smithsons' architectural reputation.[15]", "Camden Town To the north of Camden Town station and running along the canal is a modern pop art complex designed by Terry Farrell as the studios of the former TV-am, now used by MTV[5] but retaining TV-am's eggcup sculptures along the roof line. Associated Press Television News has its head office in a former gin warehouse near Camden Lock called \"The Interchange\".[35]", "Whipsnade Zoo In 1996, a new elephant house and paddock was opened to replace the architecturally outstanding but cramped original elephant house designed by Lubetkin and Tecton in 1935. The old house remains at the zoo as a Grade II* listed building[8] and its associated enclosure contains the zoo's lemurs.", "Red telephone box In 2012, BT helped celebrate the 25th anniversary of the free-phone charity ChildLine by commissioning eighty artists to design and decorate full-sized K6 replicas. These were displayed in public spaces across London and then auctioned by Sotheby's as BT Artboxes. Artists included Peter Blake, Willie Christie, David Mach, Denis Masi, Zaha Hadid and Ian Ritchie." ]	[ "Michael Faraday Memorial The stainless steel box-shaped structure was designed by modern movement architect Rodney Gordon in 1959 and built in 1961, on the centre of what was the northern roundabout of the Elephant and Castle gyratory system. It commemorates Michael Faraday's importance as a scientist and was placed at Elephant and Castle because Faraday's birthplace is nearby in Newington Butts." ]
test910	what is a buckeye the mascot for ohio state university	[ "doc32549" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc32548", "doc32549", "doc1973296", "doc372420", "doc32550", "doc2548711", "doc32552", "doc2548710", "doc32551", "doc372413", "doc372350", "doc372411", "doc579801", "doc372357", "doc116811", "doc2548713", "doc372352", "doc2005561", "doc774427", "doc372351", "doc372427", "doc372422", "doc1127202", "doc372416", "doc372418", "doc173002", "doc372358", "doc446390", "doc1973242", "doc1973241", "doc1127195", "doc1300383", "doc2293964", "doc1748791", "doc372356", "doc372454", "doc741490", "doc173087", "doc2516553", "doc1751338", "doc372421", "doc1973272", "doc1397678", "doc1973290", "doc1195571", "doc2516554", "doc2516556", "doc372359", "doc1195570", "doc372425", "doc418638", "doc1127243", "doc1127224", "doc741495", "doc1127242", "doc1743540", "doc372415", "doc1195587", "doc372398", "doc1349867", "doc372432", "doc372412", "doc2043835", "doc1397650", "doc2200871", "doc1973292", "doc372377", "doc372362", "doc372419", "doc372426", "doc372417", "doc918360", "doc1932225", "doc1973298", "doc2042848", "doc1665990", "doc809017", "doc2532469", "doc1127223", "doc1748790", "doc741494", "doc372471", "doc1300381", "doc372354", "doc854181", "doc372363", "doc372353", "doc372389", "doc495991", "doc604443", "doc372382", "doc918357", "doc372361", "doc372370", "doc2548706", "doc372373", "doc741491", "doc116812", "doc1397649", "doc1828396" ]	[ "Brutus Buckeye Brutus Buckeye is the athletics mascot of The Ohio State University. Brutus made his debut in 1965, with periodic updates to design and wardrobe occurring in the years since. As a member of the spirit squad, Brutus Buckeye travels to many events around the university and often makes appearances around Columbus.", "Brutus Buckeye Ohio State students Ray Bourhis and Sally Huber decided Ohio State needed a mascot in 1965 and convinced the athletic council to study the matter. At the time, mascots were generally animals brought into the stadium or arena. A buck deer was contemplated but rejected as impossible.[1] Instead, the buckeye was selected, as the buckeye is the official state tree of Ohio. A simple papier-mâché nut was constructed by students, worn over the head and torso, with legs sticking out. It made its appearance at the Minnesota vs. Ohio State homecoming football game on October 30, 1965. The heavy papier-mâché nut did not last and it was soon replaced by a fiberglass shell. On November 21, 1965, The Columbus Dispatch reported that judges picked Brutus Buckeye to be the new mascot's name after a campus-wide \"Name the Buckeye\" contest. The winning name was the idea of then Ohio State student Kerry J. Reed, 21. \"Block O\" agreed to care for Brutus in December.[2] In the early 2000s, the Brutus costume was stolen before a game. The mascot was forced to wear the old costume.", "Ohio State University Ohio State's intercollegiate sports teams are called the \"Buckeyes\" (derived from the colloquial term for people from the state of Ohio and after the state tree, the Ohio Buckeye, Aesculus glabra),[82] and participate in the NCAA's Division I in all sports (Division I FBS in football) and the Big Ten Conference in most sports. (The women's hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association). The school colors are scarlet and gray. Brutus Buckeye is the mascot. Ohio State currently has 36 varsity teams.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Beginning in 1965, Brutus Buckeye has appeared at all Ohio State football games as the live mascot of the Buckeyes. In 2007 he was inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame and is now one of the most recognized mascots in the United States.", "Brutus Buckeye Brutus has a buckeye head and block O hat, scarlet and grey shirt emblazoned \"Brutus\" and \"00\", red pants with an Ohio State towel hanging over the front, and high white socks with black shoes. Male and female students both serve as Brutus Buckeye.", "Aesculus glabra Subsequently, \"buckeye\" came to be used as the nickname and colloquial name for people from the state of Ohio[7] and The Ohio State University's sports teams. Ohio State adopted \"Buckeyes\" officially as its nickname in 1950,[8] and it came to be applied to any student or graduate of the university.", "Brutus Buckeye In a post-game interview, Hanning explained that this was his sole purpose in trying out to be the mascot. \"It was actually my whole plan to tackle Brutus when I tried out to be mascot,\" Hanning explained, \"I tried out about a year ago, and the whole reason I tried out was so I could come up here to Ohio State and tackle Brutus.\" When asked if the attack on Brutus was the first mascot brawl he had been in he replied with, \"Before this, I actually got in a fight with the Buffalo mascot. He's a bull. I started it. I was thinking I should go ahead and try out tackling another mascot. I brought a red square cape thing, like in a bullfight. He was just playing around, acting like he was charging me. I tackled him and put him on the ground. It was pretty funny. No one got upset because it wasn't Ohio State.\"", "Aesculus glabra The Ohio buckeye is the state tree of Ohio, and its name is an original term of endearment for the pioneers on the Ohio frontier, with specific association with William Henry Harrison. Capt. Daniel Davis[4] of the Ohio Company of Associates, under Gen. Rufus Putnam, traversed the wilderness in the spring of 1788, and began the settlement of Ohio. Davis was said to be the second man ashore at Point Harmar, on April 7, 1788. He declared later that he cut the first tree felled by a settler west of the Ohio River, a \"buckeye\" tree. Additionally, Colonel Ebenezer Sproat, another founder of that same pioneer city of Marietta, had a tall and commanding presence; he greatly impressed the local Indians, who in admiration dubbed him \"Hetuck\", meaning eye of the buck deer, or Big Buckeye.[5][6]", "Brutus Buckeye On September 18, 2010, the Ohio Bobcats football team played the Ohio State Buckeyes in Columbus. As the Buckeyes were running onto the field, Brandon Hanning, dressed as Rufus the Bobcat, saw Ohio State mascot Brutus Buckeye leading the team and charged into the field. Hanning failed in his initial sideswiping attempt on Brutus, losing his mascot head in the process.[4] Hanning then got back on his feet and ran after Brutus and jumped on his back and continued to hit the mascot in the head. Hanning was then pulled aside by security who told him to stop. Neither Rufus nor Brutus were harmed during the event. After the game, Hanning was terminated from his position as Ohio's mascot, and was banned from attending Ohio home athletic events.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football The winner of the Ohio State-Illinois game has been awarded the Illibuck Trophy since 1925.[48] Until 1927 the teams played for a live turtle, however, since the 1928 season the trophy is a carved wooden likeness of a turtle.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football The Ohio State Buckeyes football team is a college football team that competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, representing Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference. Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio since 1922.[3]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Ohio State football is rich in traditions.[46][47] The following are football traditions in chronological order of longevity:", "History of Ohio State University The bitter and sudden formation of Ohio State University in Columbus commenced a centuries-long conflict for funds ensue between the state’s oldest, established institution and the new agricultural and manufacturing university. In one incident, Ohio State attempted to use Ohio University's federally trademarked name “OHIO” on its athletic uniforms; however, during the subsequent legal dispute, presidents of the two schools agreed Ohio State should not be permitted the use of that name on uniforms.[7] More recently, the two universities have competed at athletic contests where the state funds received by Ohio State have helped it win. In 2010, the Rufus mascot tackled the Brutus mascot. Ohio students have urged the state government to fund state institutions based on their years in service as the fairest alternative to how the state currently funds its universities.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football As of 2017, the football program is valued at $1.5 billion,[11] the highest valuation of any such program in the country.[12]", "University of Wisconsin–Madison The school mascot is an anthropomorphized badger named Bucky who dons a sweater affixed with the UWâ€“Madison athletic logo (currently the red \"Motion W\"). Beginning in 1890, the university's first Bucky Badger was a live, temperamental and unruly badger who was quickly retired. Although the nickname of the Wisconsin teams remained the \"Badgers\", it was not until Art Evans drew the early caricature version of Bucky in 1940 that today's recognizable image of Bucky was adopted. In 1949, a contest was held to name the mascot, but no consensus was reached after only a few entries were received. In reaction, the contest committee chose the name Buckingham U. Badger, or \"Bucky\", for short.", "Aesculus glabra Buckeye candy, made to resemble the tree's nut, is made by dipping a ball of peanut butter fudge in milk chocolate, leaving a circle of the peanut butter exposed. These are a popular treat in Ohio, especially during the Christmas and college football seasons.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football The first Ohio State game was a 20-14 victory over Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, on May 3, 1890. The team was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) as a charter member in 1902.[4] The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the Big Ten Conference.[6]", "Smokey (mascot) Smokey is the mascot of the University of Tennessee sports teams. These teams, named \"The Volunteers\" and nicknamed \"the Vols\", use both a live and a costumed version of Smokey.", "History of Ohio Colonel Sproat, with his tall and commanding presence, was a notable member of the pioneer settlement of Marietta. He greatly impressed the local Indians, who in admiration dubbed him \"Hetuck\", meaning \"eye of the buck deer\" \"Big Buckeye\".[77][78][79] Historians believe this is how Ohio came to be known as the Buckeye State and its residents as Buckeyes.[80]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football The Buckeyes are recognized by the university and NCAA as having won eight national championships[4][5] along with 38 conference championships (including 36 Big Ten titles), six division championships, 10 undefeated seasons, and six perfect seasons of having no losses or ties.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football The Marching Band, often referred to as \"The Best Damn Band In The Land\" or by the acronym TBDBITL[62] is the most visible and possibly best-known tradition of Ohio State football.[63] Home games are preceded by three much-anticipated traditions, and a fourth, \"dotting the 'i'\" of Script Ohio, enjoys a reputation all its own:[48]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Since 1967, the helmets of Ohio State players have been adorned with white decals approximately the size of a quarter depicting a buckeye leaf, awarded for making significant plays and for consistency of performance.[48] In the 1970s, the decals were approximately the size of a Silver Dollar until the 1979 Season. Most believe that this practice began in 1968 when the Buckeyes switched to their present Silver Helmet design since the decals have become identified with that helmet.", "Ohio State University Marching Band The school fight songs—\"Buckeye Battle Cry\" and \"Fight the Team Across the Field\"—were first performed in the early 20th century. Other traditional songs performed by the band are the 1960s pop hit \"Hang on Sloopy\" and (aimed at its archrival, the University of Michigan) \"We Don't Give a Damn for the Whole State of Michigan\", which was popularized by James Thurber in the Broadway production of The Male Animal.[4] Other songs that are played commonly in the stands include: \"Night On Bald Mountain\", \"Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi\", \"Bully\", \"Talkin' Out the Side of Your Neck\", \"Seven Nation Army\", and a recently student-written and composed piece with a hip-hop feel called \"Buckeye Swag.\"", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Begun in 1934, each player who wins \"first-team All-America\" honors is recognized by the planting of a buckeye tree and installation of a plaque in Buckeye Grove, now located near the southwestern corner of Ohio Stadium next to Morrill Tower. Trees are planted in ceremonies held prior to the Spring Game. All 126 Buckeye All-Americans dating back to 1914 have been so honored.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Since 1938 the registered student organization Block O has been the \"Official Cheering Section\" of the Buckeyes. \"Known for spreading spirit, starting cheers and performing card stunts, Block 'O' was founded...by Clancy Isaac .\"[54] They occupy Section 39A in the South grandstand of Ohio Stadium, next to the band.[55][56]", "Ohio The state takes its name from the Ohio River. The name originated from the Iroquois language word ohi-yo, meaning \"great river\" or \"large creek\".[21][22][23] Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803.[10][24] Ohio is historically known as the \"Buckeye State\" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as \"Buckeyes\".[2]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football After early attempts at forming a team in 1886 (led by future Nebraska governor Chester Hardy Aldrich) and 1887, football was ultimately established at the university in 1890. On the site of the first OSU game, on the campus of Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware, Ohio, on May 3, 1890, the Delaware County Historical Society has set an historical marker.[13]", "Columbus, Ohio The Ohio State Buckeyes are a member of the NCAA's Big Ten Conference, and the football team plays home games at Ohio Stadium. The Ohio State-Michigan football game (known colloquially as \"The Game\") is the final game of the regular season and is played in November each year, alternating between Columbus and Ann Arbor, Michigan. In 2000, ESPN ranked the Ohio State-Michigan game as the greatest rivalry in North American sports.[127] Moreover, \"Buckeye fever\" permeates Columbus culture year-round and forms a major part of Columbus's cultural identity. Former New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner, an Ohio native who studied at Ohio State at one point and who coached in Columbus, was a big Ohio State football fan and donor to the university, having contributed for the construction of the band facility at the renovated Ohio Stadium, which bears his family's name.[128] During the winter months, the Buckeyes basketball and hockey teams are also major sporting attractions.", "Ohio State University The university has an extensive student life program, with over 1,000 student organizations; intercollegiate, club and recreational sports programs; student media organizations and publications, fraternities and sororities; and three student governments. Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I (Football Bowl Subdivision for football) of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes. Athletes from Ohio State have won 100 Olympic medals (44 gold, 35 silver, and 21 bronze). The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports. The Ohio State men's ice hockey program competes in the Big Ten Conference, while its women's hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. In addition, the OSU men's volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA). OSU is one of only 14 universities that plays Division I FBS football and Division I ice hockey.", "Ohio State University The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential,[5] public university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862,[6] the university was originally known as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College (Mech). The college began with a focus on training students in various agricultural and mechanical disciplines but was developed into a comprehensive university under the direction of then Governor (later, President) Rutherford B. Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to \"The Ohio State University\".[7] It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States.[8] Along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates a regional campus system with regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster.", "Ohio State University Marching Band The Ohio State University Marching Band (OSUMB) performs at Ohio State football games and other events during the fall semester. It is one of the few collegiate all-brass and percussion bands in the country, perhaps the largest of its type in the world.[1] Its nickname is The Best Damn Band in the Land (TBDBITL).[2])", "List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons Football was introduced to the university by George Cole and Alexander S. Lilley in 1890. Lilley led the Buckeyes to a record of three wins and five losses over his two seasons as head coach. Ohio State was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference (OAC) as a charter member in 1902.[2] The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1913 became members of the Big Ten Conference.[5] The school saw its first real success in football and in the Big Ten under head coach John Wilce, who spent sixteen years at the university and won three conference championships, with a Rose Bowl appearance in 1921. Ohio State won two more Big Ten titles under head coach Francis Schmidt and would win their first national championship in 1942 under legendary head coach Paul Brown.[2]", "Chief Illiniwek Chief Illiniwek was the mascot (often referred to by supporters as the \"symbol\") of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC), associated with the University's intercollegiate athletic programs, from 1926 to February 21, 2007. Chief Illiniwek was portrayed by a student to represent the Illiniwek, the state's namesake, although the regalia worn was from the Sioux. The student portraying Chief Illiniwek performed during halftime of Illinois football and basketball games, as well as during women's volleyball matches.", "Biff, the Michigan Wolverine In 1923, after seeing the University of Wisconsin football team carry live badgers at games, University of Michigan athletic director and football coach Fielding H. Yost decided to procure a wolverine.[1] Despite writing letters to 68 trappers, Yost was reportedly unable to find a wolverine. The best he could do in 1924 was to obtain a mounted and stuffed wolverine from the Hudson's Bay Company.[1][2] The stuffed wolverine was named “Biff” and was featured on the cover of a 1925 game program, along with team captain Robert J. Brown straining to hold Biff on a leash. The caption to the photograph read: “Capt. Bob Brown and Biff: The Wolverine Mascot of Michigan Athletic Teams Is Noted for Its Ferocity and Gameness in Battle, a Characteristic of Every Team that Wears the Maize and Blue.”[3]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football On November 28, 2011, two-time National Championship winning coach and Ohio native Urban Meyer became head coach.[8] Meyer led his team to five division championships in his first five seasons as well as a school record 24 straight victories, beginning with a perfect 12â€“0 in 2012. He led OSU to both the Big Ten and the first College Football Playoff National Championship of its kind in the 2014 season, giving Meyer his third national title overall and first at OSU.[9][10] OSU won the second Big Ten title in the Meyer era in 2017.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Through 2017, 199 Buckeyes have been named first team All-Americans since 1914. Of those 85 have been consensus picks. 388 have been named to the All-Big Ten team, and 16 have won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football, the Big Ten's Most Valuable Player award, including Troy Smith for 2006. The Athletic Directors of the Big Ten Conference voted Eddie George Big Ten-Jesse Owens Athlete of the Year for 1996.", "Otto the Orange Otto the Orange is the mascot for the Syracuse Orange, the athletic teams of Syracuse University in Syracuse, New York, USA. Otto is an anthropomorphic orange, wearing a large blue hat and blue pants. Otto can usually be seen at Syracuse sporting events in the Carrier Dome and other university sporting events.", "Ohio In Division I-A, representing the Big Ten, the Ohio State Buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all-time winningest programs,[citation needed] with seven national championships and seven Heisman Trophy winners. Their biggest rivals are the Michigan Wolverines, whom they traditionally play each year as the last game of their regular season schedule.", "Benny Beaver Benny Beaver is the official mascot of Oregon State University and winner of the 2011 Capital One Mascot of the Year write-in campaign. The exact date of when the name was first used as the university's mascot is not known, but photographs in the school's yearbook document its use as early as the 1940s.", "Nittany Lion The mascot was the creation of Penn State senior H. D. \"Joe\" Mason in 1907 since the Nittany Lion is not a real animal. While on a 1904 trip to Princeton University, Mason had been embarrassed that Penn State did not have a mascot. Mason did not let that deter him: he fabricated the Nittany Lion on the spot and proclaimed that it would easily defeat the Princeton Bengal tiger.[1] The Lion's primary means of attack against the Tiger would be its strong right arm, capable of slaying any foes (this is now traditionally exemplified through one-armed push-ups after the team scores a touchdown). Upon returning to campus, he set about making his invention a reality. In 1907, he wrote in the student publication The Lemon:", "Ohio State Buckeyes football First played at the Illinois game of October 9, 1965, the rock song Hang on Sloopy is now played by the marching band before the start of the fourth quarter, with fans performing an O-H-I-O chant in the intervals between the refrains. The song is also played to encourage the team's defensive players when opponents are moving the ball on offense late in a game. The 116th Ohio General Assembly designated \"Hang On Sloopy\" as the State rock song by House Concurrent Resolution 16 on November 20, 1985. It is also played before the fourth quarter at Cleveland Browns and Cincinnati Bengals games, as well as during Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Columbus Blue Jackets games.[48]", "Ohio State University The Office of Student Life also oversees the operation of. The RPAC is the main recreational facility on campus, and offers over half a million square feet of recreation, aquatic, fitness, and meeting space. The RPAC features two on-campus dining locations, a 50-meter competitive pool, 12 wood courts, 10 racquetball courts, 4 squash courts, a four-lane jogging/walking track, five multipurpose rooms, and approximately 27,500 square feet of fitness space with state-of-the-art equipment. is also located inside of the RPAC. The Wellness Center within the (RPAC) offers services such as nutrition counseling, financial coaching, HIV and STI testing, sexual assault services, and alcohol and other drug education.[55] The Outdoor Adventure Center (OAC) is another recreational facility on campus. The OAC features the Tom W. Davis Climbing Center with a 4,000-square-foot, 35-foot tall climbing structure and bouldering cave. The OAC also has an outdoor equipment rental office and a trip-planning resource center. [56] The marching band is also a longstanding tradition at Ohio State. It is the largest all-brass and percussion band in the world. The traditional school songs from \"Carmen Ohio\" to \"Hang on Sloopy\" to \"Fight the Team Across the Field\", are arranged to fit this instrumentation. The band is famous for \"Script Ohio\", during which the band marches single-file through the curves of the word \"Ohio\", much like a pen writes the word, all the while playing the French march \"Le Regiment de Sambre et Meuse.\" At the end of the performance, the \"i\" in \"Ohio\" is \"dotted\" by a high-stepping senior sousaphone player.", "Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball During the team's formative years the Buckeyes played their home games at the Armory. Built in 1897 at a cost of $115,000, the massive brick medieval style building was demolished in 1958 after damage caused by a fire.[10] From 1897 to 1917 the Buckeyes used the building known as \"Drill Hall\" or \"The Gymnasium\" as their home court, only being asked to leave due to the outbreak of World War I. The teams overall record at the Armory was 178-104. In 1919, without a definite home, the team played some of their games at Indianola Park as well as the Coliseum and the Armory. Finally, in 1920, the team officially moved to the Ohio State Fairgrounds and played in their home games at the Ohio Expo Center Coliseum. During their time at the Coliseum, the Buckeyes played in five national title games.[11]", "Ohio State University Block \"O\" is currently the largest student-run organization on the campus of Ohio State. With over 2,400 annual members, Block \"O\" serves as the official student cheering section at athletic events for the University. According to the Student Organization Office in the Ohio Union, Agricultural Education Society is the oldest student organization on campus. That claim is often disputed by Men's Glee Club, but after consultation with Ohio Union Staff, Agricultural Education Society was named as the university's oldest organization.", "Flag of Ohio In addition to resembling the letter O and a buckeye nut, the flag's annulus also represents \"the original territory of Ohio\" in the Northwest Territory.[2]", "Benny Beaver The university's school newspaper is the first known organization on campus to adopt the beaver as its namesake and did so as early as 1908.[1] The school yearbook's long use of the name, known as \"The Beaver\" starting in 1916, eventually helped solidify the beaver as the university's official mascot.[2] The popularity of the beaver was also shared by students at University of Oregon. For several early publishings, students at this school also used \"The Beaver\" as their yearbook's title.[3]", "Benny Beaver Prior to the beaver, Oregon State's mascot was an individual known as John Richard Newton Bell (1893–1928). A longtime member of the university's board of regents, Bell became hugely popular among the students for his ritual of marching to the Marys River after each of Oregon State's Civil War victories. He was said to have tossed his top hat into the water as a token of celebration. Earlier mascots include \"Jimmie\" the Coyote (1892–1893) and \"Bulldog\" (1906–1910, unofficial and for specific teams only, such as the Wrestling squad). The beaver mascot's name, \"Benny,\" was officially adopted in 1945. Two failed attempts to maintain a live beaver mascot include Bevo Beaver (rescued from Mary's River in 1921 and later stolen[5] ) and Billy Beaver (made mascot in 1935, and later fell ill and died).", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Some histories of Ohio State football credit George Cole, an undergraduate, and Alexander S. Lilley with introducing the sport to the campus. More recent research has challenged that claim, stating that George Cole persuaded Lilley to coach the football team during its first full season that fall.[13]", "Flag of Ohio The flag of the state shall be burgee-shaped. It shall have three red and two white horizontal stripes that represent the roads and waterways of the state. The union of the flag shall be seventeen five-pointed stars, white in a blue triangular field that represents the state's hills and valleys, the base of which shall be the staff end or vertical edge of the flag, and the apex of which shall be the center of the middle red stripe. The stars shall be grouped around a red disc superimposed upon a white circular \"O.\" The thirteen stars grouped around the \"O\" represent the original states of the United States and the four stars added to the peak of the triangle symbolize that Ohio was the seventeenth state admitted to the union. The \"O\" represents the \"O\" in \"Ohio\" and suggests the state's nickname, the buckeye state. The proportional dimensions of the flag and of its various parts shall be according to the official design on file in the office of the secretary of state.[1]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Instituted by Coach Tressel in 2001, at the conclusion of all home games the coaches, players and cheerleaders gather in the south end zone next to the marching band to sing the university's alma mater, Carmen Ohio, to the student section.[60]", "Iowa Hawkeyes football Iowa's mascot is Herky the Hawk, a black and gold caricature of a Hawk. Herky was created as a cartoon in 1948, and first appeared at a sporting event in 1959. Herky was actually named after the Greek God Hercules. The term \"Hawkeye\" originally appeared in the book The Last of the Mohicans and was later used in its plural form to describe the people of Iowa. The University of Iowa adopted this as the nickname for its athletic teams.", "Ohio State University Marching Band During the introduction and verse of \"Buckeye Battle Cry\", the drum major enters the stadium running down the ramp, then struts through the band and comes to the front of the ranks where they execute a back bend, forming their body into the shape of an O. After a dramatic pause, the drum majorâ€™s plume touches the turf while the band starts to play two choruses of the Buckeye Battle Cry while marching toward the South Stands. The drum major reaches the end zone and tosses the baton through the goal post as the band finishes the downfield march. The opposing team's fight song is played as a salute to their university returning the band to midfield before completing the pregame performance which typically includes the highly acclaimed Script Ohio.", "Ohio State University Marching Band The Script Ohio is the most identifiable trademark associated with Ohio State Football and The Ohio State University Marching Band. It was devised by band director Eugene J. Weigel, who based the looped \"Ohio\" script design on the marquee sign of the Loew's Ohio Theatre in downtown Columbus.[12]", "Otto the Orange For 17 years the university did not settle on an \"official\" mascot until the chancellor appointed a group of students and faculty to create a mascot and logo. University administration considered introducing a new mascot (a wolf or lion were likely candidates), but the student body supported Otto. He was recognized as the official mascot of Syracuse University by 1995.[1]", "Ohio State University Marching Band After the completion of the verse, the band proceeds to march southward down the field to two choruses of Buckeye Battle Cry. The band then executes a \"halt, kick, down\", followed by a \"step-forward about-face\". At this point, the Drum Major runs back through the band, blowing a short whistle to the lead snare drummer, who initiates a roll off to begin the rest of the pregame show, which includes playing the visiting team's fight song, Script Ohio, OSU's alma mater, Carmen Ohio, and the National Anthem, which is typically conducted by the visiting band's director, or a staff member of the OSU School of Music.", "University of California, Irvine While often attributed to the Johnny Hart comic strip B.C., the original anteater design was based on the Playboy bunny.[103] In November 1965, the UCI students officially voted on the anteater. In a special follow-up election, students opted for a mascot based on the B.C. anteater over the Playboy version.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football 1934 also saw the first gathering of former team captains for breakfast on the Sunday following the Homecoming game. The event began when local businessman Walter Jeffrey invited twenty former captains to the Scioto Country Club to honor them, and continues to welcome new captains and award them mugs bearing their names and season.[48][51]", "Flag of Ohio Ohio's flag is regularly flown during football games by The Ohio State University Marching Band's \"JI-Row\" as the percussion section's row mascot.[24] The Columbus Blue Jackets logo[25] and Cincinnati Bengals fan flag[26] are both based on the state flag.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Tressel's first season was difficult as the Buckeyes finished 7–5 (all but one loss was by a touchdown or less), but he made good on his promise, beating Michigan in Ann Arbor. While its fans were optimistic about the chance for success of the 2002 team, most observers were surprised by Ohio State's National Championship.[31][32] Ohio State used strong defense, ball-control play-calling, and field position tactics to win numerous close games, a style of play characterized as \"Tresselball\",[33] and disparaged by detractors as \"the Luckeyes\".[34] The 2006 and 2007 regular seasons ended with just one combined loss and consecutive appearances in the national championship game. The Buckeyes lost both by wide margins. On January 1, 2010, the Buckeyes defeated the Oregon Ducks in The Rose Bowl Game by a score of 26–17. This ended a 3-game BCS losing streak for Ohio State, having lost 2 national championships and one Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. Terrelle Pryor was named MVP of the contest with 2 touchdown passes for a career-high 266 passing yards. In addition, he had more total yards than the entire Oregon Ducks team.", "Badger In Europe, badgers were traditionally used to predict the length of winter.[52] The badger is the state animal of the US state of Wisconsin[53] and Bucky Badger is the mascot of the athletic teams at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The badger is also the official mascot of Brock University in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada; The University of Sussex, England; and St Aidan's College at the University of Durham.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football The Buckeyes have had 24 head coaches in their 121-year history. Of the team's eight national championships to date, Woody Hayes won five. Paul Brown, Jim Tressel, and Urban Meyer also each have one.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Begun in 1913 by head coach John Wilce, seniors on the team are recognized at the last practice of the season, either before the Michigan game or before departing Columbus to play in a bowl game, and hit the blocking sled a final time.[48]", "2016 Ohio State Buckeyes football team Baker Mayfield (the Sooners starting QB) claimed that the Ohio State team and fans who traveled to Norman sang their fight song after their win. Baker Mayfield cites this as his reasoning for spiking the flag on the Ohio State symbol at the 50 yard line in the 2017 rematch in Columbus.[14]", "Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball The Buckeyes play their home games at Value City Arena in the Jerome Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio, which opened in 1998. The official capacity of the center is 19,200. Ohio State ranked 28th in the nation in average home attendance as of the 2016 season.[2]", "Stanford Tree The Stanford Tree is the Stanford Band's mascot and the unofficial mascot of Stanford University. Stanford's team name is \"Cardinal\", referring to the vivid red color (not the common songbird as at several other schools), and the university does not have an official mascot. The Tree, in various versions, has been called one of America's most bizarre and controversial college mascots.[1] The tree regularly appears at the top of Internet \"worst mascot\" lists[2][3][4][5] but has also appeared on at least one list of top mascots.[6]", "Ohio State University Ohio State has several student managed publications and media outlets. The Makio is the official yearbook.[74] The Makio's sales plummeted by 60% during the early 1970s; the organization went bankrupt and stopped publication during the late 1970s. The book was revived from 1985 to 1994 and has since been revived again in 2000 thanks to several student organizations. The Lantern is the school's daily newspaper and has operated as a laboratory newspaper in the School of Communication (formerly the School of Journalism) since 1881. Mosaic is a literary magazine published by Ohio State, which features undergraduate fiction, poetry, and art. The Sundial is a student written and published humor magazine. Founded in 1911 it is one of the oldest humor magazines in the country. After a 17-year hiatus in which no magazine was published it has recently been revived, first in print form, and now in an online humor blog, as well as multiple social media outlets.[75][76] Ohio State has two improvisational comedy groups, The 8th Floor Improv and Fishbowl Improv, who regularly perform long and short-form improv around campus and across the U.S.[77][78] There are two student-run radio stations on campus. OHIO.FM is the music station and Scarlet and Gray Sports Radio broadcasts eleven different Ohio State sports.[79] Both stations broadcast on an Internet audio stream (no broadcast signals are available in Columbus). Students also operate a local cable TV channel known as Buckeye TV, which airs primarily on the campus closed cable system operated by the Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO).", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Hayes set the tone in spring practice in 1970, placing a rug at the entrance to the Buckeye dressing room emblazoned with the words: \"1969 MICH 24 OSU 12 — 1970 MICH:__ OSU:__\" as a constant reminder of their objective.[23] The \"super sophomores\", now seniors, used a strong fullback-oriented offense to smash their way through the season undefeated, struggling only with Purdue the week before the Michigan game. The return match in Columbus found both teams undefeated and untied, a \"first\" in the history of the rivalry, with Michigan ranked fourth and Ohio State fifth. Ohio State combined a powerful defense that held Michigan to only 37 yards rushing, a rushing offense employing two tight ends as blockers, and a 26-yard touchdown pass from Kern to Bruce Jankowski to win 20–9. The Buckeyes returned to the Rose Bowl to be upset by Stanford 27–17. The \"super sophomores\" had garnered a record of 27–2, the best winning percentage of any three-year period in team history, and won or shared the Big Ten title all three years. The National Football Foundation named Ohio State its national champion for 1970.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football In 1899 the university hired John Eckstorm to bring professional coaching skills to the program and immediately went undefeated.[15] In 1901, however, center John Segrist was fatally injured in a game against Western Reserve University and the continuation of football at Ohio State was in serious question. Although the school's athletic board let the team decide its future, Eckstorm resigned.[16] In 1912 football underwent a number of developments that included joining the Western Conference, making football as part of a new Department of Athletics, and hiring Lynn W. St. John to be athletic director.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football The Victory Bell is rung after every Ohio State victory by members of Alpha Phi Omega, a tradition that began after the Bucks beat California October 2, 1954. Reputedly the ringing can be heard five miles away \"on a calm day.\" Located 150 feet high in the southeast tower of Ohio Stadium, the bell was a gift of the classes of 1943, 1944 and 1945, and weighs 2,420 pounds.[48] The bell is rung for 15 minutes following a victory and for 30 minutes following a victory over Michigan.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Tressel brought to the Buckeye football program two pre-game traditions he developed at Youngstown State. Prior to its warmup routine before every football game, the team exits the locker room as a unit in a controlled manner, linked arm-in-arm in a group known as \"The Hive\". After warmups the team returns to the locker room, and when it next appears, runs onto the field and forms a circle of players around the strength coach, then they go through their warmup routine.[61]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Since 1935 the annual game against Michigan (known as \"that team up north\" for Ohio State fans) has been the final meeting of the regular season for both teams. The week prior to \"The Game\", known as Michigan Week, is characterized by scheduled school spirit and public service events, such as rallies, touch football games, and blood drives;[52] and by massive displays of school colors and banners in much of Ohio. In an unofficial culmination to Michigan Week, since 1990 on the Thursday night before \"The Game\" students have participated in the \"Mirror Lake jump\", an unofficial gathering at Mirror Lake, a pond between Pomerene Hall and The Oval, in which masses of students jump into the water.[53]", "Big Al (mascot) Despite the nickname, it would be nearly five decades before Alabama recognized the animal as its official mascot. However, elephants featured prominently to gameday tradition long before this point. [2] Throughout the 1940s, for instance, the University kept a live elephant mascot named \"Alamite\" that was a regular sight on game days, and it would carry the year's Homecoming queen onto the field every year prior to kickoff at the Homecoming game.[3] By the 1950s, keeping a live elephant year-round proved to be too expensive for the university. Instead, the UA spirit committee started hiring elephants, often from traveling circuses passing through or by Tuscaloosa, for every homecoming.[3]", "Colorado State University Over the years Colorado State University has had a few different mascots. In the early 1900s there was a black bear that served as the mascot until he was replaced by Peanuts the Bulldog in 1912. After Peanuts' death, Glenn Morris, an alum of Colorado State University donated a different Bulldog named Gallant Defender to the University. The first ram to be mascot of Colorado State University was Buck, introduced in 1946. It was during a basketball game half time contest that CAM the Ram became the name of the beloved mascot.[142]", "Ohio State University Outstanding sports figures that were student athletes at Ohio State include 1936 Olympics gold medalist Jesse Owens \"the Buckeye Bullet\" (track and field), John Havlicek, Jerry Lucas, Bobby Knight, and Larry Siegfried (basketball), 2010 Olympics silver medalist Ryan Kesler (ice hockey), Katie Smith and the first 3-time player of the year in Big Ten Basketball history Jessica Davenport (women's basketball), Frank Howard (basketball and baseball), Jack Nicklaus (golf); and Chic Harley (three-time All-American football running back). Ohio State football players have combined for seven Heisman Awards including the only two-time winner Archie Griffin in 1974 and 1975, Eddie George in 1995, and most recently Troy Smith in 2006. Hall of Fame coaches at Ohio State have included Paul Brown, Woody Hayes, and Jim Tressel in football, Fred Taylor in basketball, Larry Snyder in track and field, and Mike Peppe in swimming and diving. Hall of fame players, in pro-football, include Sid Gillman, Lou Groza, Dante Lavelli, Jim Parker, Paul Warfield, Dick LeBeau, and Bill Willis.", "University of California, Berkeley The official university mascot is Oski the Bear, who debuted in 1941. Previously, live bear cubs were used as mascots at Memorial Stadium until it was decided in 1940 that a costumed mascot would be a better alternative. Named after the Oski-wow-wow yell, he is cared for by the Oski Committee, whose members have exclusive knowledge of the identity of the costume-wearer.[181]", "Winged football helmet Early football helmet designs incorporated panels of leather, which were sometimes manufactured using strips of contrasting color. The Ohio State Buckeyes football featured with a winged front panel in a lighter color than the rest of the helmet. The team had returned to the single-tone leather helmets by 1934. The Indiana and Michigan State football teams also adopted variations on the design. Michigan State's helmet used a colored stripe (matching the color of the wings) running down the spine of the helmet, while Indiana's version featured three such stripes, nearly identical to the form used today. The Georgetown Hoyas also used a winged helmet for several seasons during the 1930s and 1940s.[1][2]", "Sebastian the Ibis Sebastian the Ibis is the official mascot for the University of Miami. He is an anthropomorphized American white ibis with a Miami Hurricanes football jersey, number 0. Sebastian is the first and only Hispanic-American college mascot and identifies as Cuban.[1]", "Arizona State University Sparky the Sun Devil is the mascot of Arizona State University and was named by vote of the student body on November 8, 1946.[191] Sparky often travels with the team across the country and has been at every football bowl game in which the university has participated. The university's mascot is not to be confused with the athletics department's logo, the Pitchfork or hand gesture used by those associated with the university. The new logo is used on various sport facilities, uniforms and athletics documents.[192][193] Arizona State Teacher’s College had a different mascot and the sports teams were known as the Owls and later, the Bulldogs. When the school was first established, the Tempe Normal School’s teams were simply known as the Normals.[194] Sparky is visible on the sidelines of every home game played in Sun Devil Stadium or other ASU athletic facilities. His routine at football games includes pushups after every touchdown scored by the Sun Devils. He is aided by Sparky's Crew, male yell leaders that must meet physical requirements to participate as members. The female members are known as the Spirit Squad and are categorized into a dance line and spirit line. They are the official squad that represents ASU. The spirit squad competes every year at the ESPN Universal Dance Association (UDA) College Nationals in the Jazz and Hip-Hop categories. They were chosen by the UDA to represent the USA at the World Dance Championship 2013 in the Jazz category.[195] Currently, ASU's varsity intercollegiate cheerleading team is not allowed to participate at athletic events (e.g. football and basketball games) due to dismissal regarding prior misconduct.[196] ASU Cheerleading has since become a club sport, through the Student Recreation Center, competing locally and nationally as a Collegiate Co-Ed Division IA-Level VI team. They have reestablished their commitment to excellence, winning various championships.[197] The team has a strict code of conduct and is seeking reinstatement from the university to participate at athletic events.[198]", "Ohio State University Marching Band Script Ohio, the signature formation of The Ohio State University Marching Band, is performed before home games. Script Ohio was first performed by The Ohio State Marching Band on October 24, 1936, at the Ohio State versus Indiana University football game. According to The Ohio State University Library, a similar floating formation was first performed during the 1932 season by the University of Michigan Marching Band.[10][11]", "Biff, the Michigan Wolverine BLUE, the Wolverine was a live wolverine who served as a team mascot at University of Michigan Wolverines football games and was later kept in a small zoo at the University of Michigan in the 1920s and 1930s. In the mid-1920s, before the acquisition of a live wolverine, the University of Michigan used a mounted and stuffed wolverine, also named \"Biff\", as the team mascot.", "Otto the Orange In the summer of 1990, the cheerleaders and mascots were at a UCA Cheerleading Camp in Tennessee and the students who were chosen to suit up in the costume narrowed the field down to two potential names -- \"Opie\" and \"Otto\"â€”as a new orange costume was made. It was concluded that the name \"Opie\" would lead to the inevitable rhyme with 'dopey', and settled on \"Otto.\" Later that fall, word got out that the cheerleaders were calling the latest mascot costume Otto, and the name stuck.[1][2]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football In 2011, New York Times reporter Nate Silver conducted a study of college football fans, and through his research determined that Ohio State has the most fans of any college football team in the country.[72]", "List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons The Ohio State Buckeyes college football team competes as part of the National Jonny Red Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, representing the Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference. Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio since 1922.[1]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Following World War II, Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 hired Woody Hayes to coach the team. Under Hayes, Ohio State won over 200 total games, 13 Big Ten championships and five national championships (1954, 1957, 1961, 1968 and 1970), and had four Rose Bowl wins in eight appearances.[4] Following Hayes' dismissal in 1978, Earle Bruce and later John Cooper coached the team to a combined seven conference championships between them.", "Bullseye (mascot) Bullseye (formerly known as Spot) is a Bull Terrier and the official mascot of Target Corporation. The dog is featured in Target's commercial campaigns and in store sale signage and is used in various marketing campaigns. The dog used in marketing campaigns is often female, but is used to play a male dog character. She has a pure white coat, and has Target Corporation's bullseye logo painted around her left eye hence her name. The makeup used on Bullseye is all natural and non-toxic.[1] Target also offers the dog as a stuffed toy for special events or employee recognition. The original Target dog was American Kennel Club Ch. Kingsmere Moondoggie, affectionately known as \"Smudgie.\"[2] The current mascot is a descendant from the breeder Skyline Bull Terriers, located in Massachusetts.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Chic Harley attended East High in Columbus and was one of the greatest players to attend an Ohio high school. He passed, ran, received, punted, kicked and played defense. Harley came to Ohio State in 1916 and Columbus fans instantly fell in love with the Chic. Harley and the Buckeyes won the very first Big Ten championship in school history in 1916 when the Buckeyes finished 7–0. He would repeat in 1917 finishing 8–0–1, giving the Buckeyes a second outright title. In 1918, he left to be a pilot in the air force for World War I. With Harley's return in 1919, the Buckeyes would only lose one game—to Illinois. Chic Harley left OSU with a career record of 22–1–1. At the time, OSU played at the small Ohio Field and Harley brought such record crowds it became necessary to open Ohio Stadium in 1922. The stadium was built entirely on fan donations and several stadium drives around the city where Harley would often appear. In 1951, when the College Football Hall of Fame opened, Harley was inducted as an inaugural member.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Ohio State won their first national championship in 1942 under head coach Paul Brown.[4]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football On the Monday of Michigan week, after a weekend of rumors and speculation, Ohio State President Edward Jennings fired Bruce but tried to keep the dismissal secret until after the end of the season. Bay, who had been instrumental in keeping Bruce at Ohio State, disregarded Jennings' orders and announced the firing and his own resignation in protest. Jennings made his own situation worse by refusing to give a reason for the firing and the circumstances have been the subject of controversy since.[25] The Buckeyes enjoyed an emotional come-from-behind victory over Michigan in Ann Arbor after the entire team wore headbands bearing the word \"EARLE\", then declined an invitation to play in the Sun Bowl.", "Don (honorific) The Don is the official mascot of the athletic teams fielded by the University of San Francisco.[15]", "Carmen Ohio \"Carmen Ohio\" (Latin: Song of Ohio) is the oldest school song still used by The Ohio State University. The song was composed by freshman athlete and Men's Glee Club member Fred Cornell in 1902 or 1903. According to some accounts, he composed it on the train ride home from Ann Arbor, Michigan after Ohio State suffered an 86-0 loss to the Michigan Wolverines.[1] Set to the tune Spanish Hymn, or Spanish Chant, the Men's Glee Club first performed the song in 1903; however, it did not gain popularity until after its October 10, 1906 publication in The Lantern. At the following Ohio State-Michigan football game on October 20, 1906, Carmen Ohio was published in the program. In 1915, Cornell recalled that he wrote the song in 1903 at the request of the Men's Glee Club, and other family members later stated that the train story might be an exaggeration or outright fabrication.[2] Currently, after every home football game in Ohio Stadium, win or lose, the football team and the crowd sing the first verse of Carmen Ohio, accompanied by The Ohio State University Marching Band. It is also sung by new graduates at the end of the university's commencement ceremonies, before diplomas are distributed.[3]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Hayes was replaced by a former protégé, Earle Bruce. Bruce inherited a strong team led by sophomore quarterback Art Schlichter but that had also lost eleven starters, and the 1979 squad exceeded pre-season expectations, ending the 3-year loss drought against Michigan and going to the Rose Bowl with an opportunity once again to be national champions. The Buckeyes lost both by a single point, 17–16, but Bruce was named Coach of the Year. His success was hailed by those in the media who saw it as a rebuke of Hayes and the start of a \"new era\".[24]", "Big Al (mascot) Big Al is the costumed elephant mascot of the University of Alabama Crimson Tide in Tuscaloosa, Alabama.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Over the next eight years, under a number of coaches, the team played to a cumulative record of 31 wins, 39 losses, and 2 ties. The first game against the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, was a 34–0 loss in 1897, a year that saw the low point in Buckeye football history with a 1–7–1 record. Jack Ryder was Ohio State's first paid coach, earning $150 per season, and lost his first game, against Oberlin College and John Heisman, on October 15, 1892.[14]", "Ohio State Buckeyes football Wayne Woodrow \"Woody\" Hayes beat out Paul Brown,[19] among others, to be named head coach on February 18, 1951. He instituted a demanding practice regimen and was both aggressive and vocal in enforcing it, alienating many players accustomed to Fesler's laid-back style. The 1951 Buckeyes won 4, lost 3, and tied 2, leaving many to question the ability of the new coach. In 1952 the team improved to 6â€“3, and recorded their first victory over Michigan in eight years, but after a 1953 loss to Michigan, critics called for the replacement of Hayes.", "Aesculus glabra The tree species Aesculus glabra is commonly known as Ohio buckeye, American buckeye, or fetid buckeye. A. glabra is one of 13â€“19 species of Aesculus also called horse chestnuts.", "Ohio State Buckeyes football In 1961 the team went undefeated to be named national champions by the FWAA but a growing conflict between academics and athletics over Ohio State's reputation as a \"football school\" resulted in a faculty council vote to decline an invitation to the Rose Bowl, resulting in much public protest and debate.[21] Over the next 6 seasons Ohio State finished no higher than 2nd, and had a losing season in 1966, and public speculation that Hayes would be replaced as coach grew to its highest point since 1953.", "Otto the Orange The Syracuse mascot was originally a Native American character named \"The Saltine Warrior\" (Syracuse's unofficial nickname is the Salt City) and \"Big Chief Bill Orange\".[1] The character was born out of a hoax in which it was claimed that a 16th-century Onondogan Indian chief was unearthed while digging the foundation for the women's gymnasium in 1928.", "University of Wisconsin–Madison At Wisconsin football games in the 1920s live mascots were used to inspire fans. The animals used included a black bear, a bonnet monkey, and live badgers. 1949 was the first year a student sporting a papier-mâché badger head appeared; this subsequently replaced the use of live badgers.[138]", "Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball The Ohio State men's basketball team represents Ohio State University in NCAA Division I college basketball competition. The Buckeyes are a member of the Big Ten Conference. The Buckeyes share a classic rivalry with the Michigan Wolverines, in which OSU has a 93â€“71 series lead.", "Banana slug The banana slug is the mascot of the University of California, Santa Cruz.[16]" ]	[ "Brutus Buckeye Ohio State students Ray Bourhis and Sally Huber decided Ohio State needed a mascot in 1965 and convinced the athletic council to study the matter. At the time, mascots were generally animals brought into the stadium or arena. A buck deer was contemplated but rejected as impossible.[1] Instead, the buckeye was selected, as the buckeye is the official state tree of Ohio. A simple papier-mâché nut was constructed by students, worn over the head and torso, with legs sticking out. It made its appearance at the Minnesota vs. Ohio State homecoming football game on October 30, 1965. The heavy papier-mâché nut did not last and it was soon replaced by a fiberglass shell. On November 21, 1965, The Columbus Dispatch reported that judges picked Brutus Buckeye to be the new mascot's name after a campus-wide \"Name the Buckeye\" contest. The winning name was the idea of then Ohio State student Kerry J. Reed, 21. \"Block O\" agreed to care for Brutus in December.[2] In the early 2000s, the Brutus costume was stolen before a game. The mascot was forced to wear the old costume." ]
test366	who plays addison shepherd on grey's anatomy	[ "doc13925", "doc13930" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc206527", "doc13925", "doc13930", "doc206537", "doc206528", "doc206529", "doc206530", "doc45939", "doc2540246", "doc206540", "doc435251", "doc13932", "doc206541", "doc206531", "doc45956", "doc46015", "doc206539", "doc1068008", "doc392276", "doc206526", "doc642958", "doc1118698", "doc769971", "doc266610", "doc2229836", "doc45976", "doc13931", "doc914149", "doc2229818", "doc150672", "doc914159", "doc1559976", "doc2454889", "doc206534", "doc914151", "doc497140", "doc1068009", "doc206533", "doc266614", "doc104313", "doc63614", "doc1068017", "doc1212112", "doc435254", "doc721346", "doc206532", "doc1322001", "doc341477", "doc536250", "doc1118710", "doc45990", "doc13933", "doc2229824", "doc2229835", "doc150673", "doc435261", "doc1046728", "doc1892295", "doc2229821", "doc642956", "doc392275", "doc1212113", "doc199273", "doc1092381", "doc1724990", "doc550308", "doc923917", "doc167327", "doc167333", "doc63638", "doc921683", "doc206536", "doc550313", "doc809870", "doc1322005", "doc2229825", "doc2229830", "doc2540248", "doc206538", "doc104312", "doc206535", "doc148890", "doc497139", "doc365439", "doc148898", "doc1638316", "doc46016", "doc876708", "doc1361649", "doc202570", "doc540532", "doc2360609", "doc497141", "doc1559978", "doc642957", "doc1825407", "doc956098", "doc315361", "doc456588", "doc63637" ]	[ "Addison Montgomery Dr. Addison Adrianne Forbes Montgomery[1] (formerly Montgomery-Shepherd) is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice played by Kate Walsh. Addison is a world-class neonatal surgeon[2] with board certifications in both Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Maternal and Fetal Medicine.[3] Additionally, she is a medical genetics fellow.[3][4] She works at the Oceanside Wellness Group, a fictional practice located in Santa Monica, California.", "Kate Walsh (actress) Kathleen Erin Walsh (born October 13, 1967)[1] is an American actress and businesswoman. Her roles include Dr. Addison Montgomery on the ABC television dramas Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice, Rebecca Wright on the short-lived NBC sitcom Bad Judge, and Olivia Baker on the Netflix drama series 13 Reasons Why.", "Kate Walsh (actress) In 2005, she was cast in her breakout role in the ABC series Grey's Anatomy, as Dr. Addison Montgomery, the estranged spouse of Derek Shepherd (\"Dr. McDreamy\", played by Patrick Dempsey).", "Addison Montgomery Kate Walsh first appeared as Addison on Grey's Anatomy. The character was initially planned to appear in several episodes but quickly became a regular on the show before leaving for Private Practice.[32] In June 2012, Kate Walsh announced on Bethenny that the upcoming sixth season of Private Practice would be her last one. \"It's been an incredible journey and an amazing ride and I'm hugely, hugely grateful. It's bittersweet. It's a huge chapter of my life. It's been eight years,\" she said.[33]", "Addison Montgomery Most of Addison's past is presented in a non-linear fashion, primarily revealed in the second season of Grey's Anatomy and the second and third season of Private Practice. Addison is the daughter of wealthy parents, and has a $25 million trust fund.[5] Addison's father is nicknamed \"The Captain\" and is a doctor who teaches medicine at a university where Addison would sit and watch as a child. Her father used spending time with his daughter as a pretense for his many affairs.[6] Addison's mother is Beatrice \"Bizzy\" Forbes Montgomery and her brother, Archer, is a world-class neurologist[7] and successful author.[5] Addison met her future husband, Derek Shepherd, in medical school.[8] Although never actually stated in the series, this would mean that she attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. She met future colleagues Sam and Naomi Bennett[9] there as well.[10] Addison and Derek each began their own practice in New York City, which placed a strain on their marriage. Their marriage was troubled in the years leading to Derek's decision to leave New York as it is eventually revealed in both Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice that Derek's mother did not approve of her (choosing to give her dead husband's ring to Derek's second wife, Meredith Grey) and Addison's brother Archer disliked Derek. Derek later admitted that he was at fault as he was an absent husband. Addison's affair with Derek's best friend Mark Sloan drove the wedge even further and Derek's departure to Seattle.[11] Addison briefly attempted to have a relationship with Mark, which resulted in her becoming pregnant. She had an abortion as she was still in love with Derek, and when Mark cheated on her, she moved to Seattle.[12]", "Addison Montgomery The character Addison first appears in the season one finale of Grey's Anatomy, arriving at Richard's behest. She tries to reconcile with Derek, despite his relationship with Meredith Grey, but he is still angry with her, and there is a period of antagonism between them. Addison's presence, however, does reinvigorate their relationship, and ultimately leads to Derek choosing Addison over Meredith, despite Derek eventually admitting that he fell in love with Meredith.[13] They attempt to return to their former life, taking residence in his trailer, and Addison becomes the head of a unique surgical service integrating neonatal surgery and obstetrics and gynecology.[14] She realizes that Derek still has feelings for Meredith, and their marriage is tested further when Mark arrives in Seattle looking for Addison. Mark makes Addison realize that Derek is in love with Meredith and that he (Mark) does love her.[15] Derek sleeps with Addison after he sees that Meredith has moved on. When Addison finds out that Derek had sex with Meredith, she gets drunk and sleeps with Mark. He asks for a relationship, but she rejects him.[16]", "Addison Montgomery During season two, Addison punishes Alex Karev, by putting him on her service, because he almost got her arrested. However, by season three, she begins to feel an attraction towards Alex and eventually sleeps with him, only to discover that he is not interested in a relationship with her.[17] Feeling alone, Addison decides to have a baby and visits Naomi, who is a fertility specialist.[18] This introduces Addison's transition from Grey's Anatomy to its spin-off, as it serves as the backdoor pilot for Private Practice.[19] Soon after, Addison decides to leave Seattle and move to Los Angeles, joining Oceanside Wellness, led by Sam and Naomi.[2] This marks Addison's departure from Grey's Anatomy as a regular, although she makes later guest appearances.[20]", "Grey's Anatomy In addition to Webber, Burke, and Shepherd, the surgical wing is primarily supervised by Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh), as head of OB/GYN, neonatal, and fetal surgery; Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), a resident who later becomes head of orthopedic surgery, who left Seattle at the end of the twelfth season; Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), as head of plastics; Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd), as head of trauma; Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), as head of pediatric surgery, and later head of fetal surgery; Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith), as head of cardio; Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), as head of cardio; and Amelia Shepherd (Caterina Scorsone), Derek's sister, who is hired to replace him as head of neuro.", "I Am a Tree Further story arcs which provided a particular focus on individual characters include Addison Montgomery-Shepherd (Kate Walsh) facing Derek Shepherd's (Patrick Dempsey) desire to divorce her, Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) coping with Denny Duquette's (Jeffrey Dean Morgan) death and the repercussions of her choice to quit the internship program, and Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) struggling with the choice between Shepherd and Finn Dandridge (Chris O'Donnell). Also dealt with was Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) attempting to have Stevens rejoin the program, Mark Sloan (Dane) arriving from New York City in order to resume his romantic relationship with Montgomery, and Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) being evacuated from the hospital.", "Addison Montgomery TV Guide said of Walsh's stint on Grey's Anatomy: \"Kate Walsh kicks butt as Addison, and I hope she sticks around. She adds spice to an already hot show.\"[40] Joel Keller of AOL TV was disappointed with the character's evolution from Grey's Anatomy to Private Practice during its first season, saying she \"went from strong and funny to whimpering and lovelorn.\" Keller was, however, happy to observe some maturity in the second season's storylines and that what he liked about her, \"the ability to perform complicated surgical procedures even while everything in her personal life is in chaos\", was reintroduced.[41] By the time Private Practice ended, Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine deemed the character \"fun\" and added: \"Even when tragedy befell her at every turn on PP, she was still sort of sassy and bright and interesting.\"[42] Montgomery appeared in Comcast's list of TV's Most Intriguing Characters.[43] Glamour named her one of the 12 Most Stylish TV Characters.[44] She was listed in Wetpaint's \"10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV\" and in BuzzFeed's \"16 Hottest Doctors On Television\".[45][46]", "Derek Shepherd Derek Christopher Shepherd,[1] M.D., also referred to as \"McDreamy\", is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey. He made his first appearance in the pilot episode, \"A Hard Day's Night\", which was broadcast on March 27, 2005.\nDerek was married to Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) for 12 years, before their divorce in 2006. Before his death in 2015, Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend and wife Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). The couple have three children together. Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West (now known as Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital), but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting. For his portrayal of Shepherd, Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role, and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series.", "Kate Walsh (actress) She continued playing the character of Addison Montgomery on the fourth season of Private Practice, for which ABC ordered a full season of episodes.[11] On January 10, 2011, ABC picked up Private Practice for the 2011â€“2012 fall season (5th season). Walsh guest-starred in \"Song Beneath The Song\", a musical episode of Grey's Anatomy.", "Addison Montgomery In 2006, Walsh was among the cast of Grey's Anatomy to win the Satellite Award for Best Ensemble in a Television Series.[47] The cast, including her, was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series,[48] which they won in 2007,[49] and were nominated for again the following year.[50] For her work on Private Practice, Walsh earned a nomination for Favorite TV Drama Actress at the 37th People's Choice Awards.[51]", "Addison Montgomery In the series' first episode, Addison is made to feel unwelcome by the other doctors but stays. Addison is attracted to Pete Wilder, the practice's alternative medicine specialist.[2][18] When Pete stands her up on a date, Addison decides they should be friends and nothing more, and instead accepts a date with Kevin, a police officer she met through work.[21] In a crossover episode, Addison briefly returns to Seattle Grace to help with a patient. Before she leaves, Addison advises Meredith not to let Derek get away.[22]", "Grey's Anatomy The second season marked the introduction of attending doctors Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez). They were initially cast as recurring characters, but both were given star billing at the opening of the third season.[32][33] Ramirez was cast after ABC executives offered her a role in the network show of her choice;[34] Dane had previously auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in the pilot episode.[33] Dr. Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) also joined the show in season two, after making a guest appearance in season one.[35]", "Grey's Anatomy On February 21, 2007, The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin-off medical drama television series for Grey's Anatomy featuring Walsh's character, Addison Montgomery.[37] Subsequent reports confirmed the decision, stating that an expanded two-hour broadcast of Grey's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin-off. The cast of Grey's Anatomy was reportedly unhappy about the decision, as all hoped the spin-off would have been given to them. Pompeo commented that she felt, as the star, she should have been consulted,[342] and Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin-off for Stevens.[343] The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3, 2007 sees Montgomery take a leave of absence from Seattle Grace Hospital, to visit her best friend from Los Angeles, Naomi Bennett (Merrin Dungey, later Audra McDonald), a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist. While in Los Angeles, she meets Bennett's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center.[122] The two-hour broadcast entitled \"The Other Side of This Life\" served as the twenty-second and twenty-third episodes of the third season, and was directed by Michael Grossman, according to Variety.[344] The cast included Amy Brenneman, Paul Adelstein, Tim Daly, Taye Diggs, Chris Lowell, and Merrin Dungey.[345]", "Addison Montgomery Walsh felt that Montgomery had become \"stronger\" and \"more centered\" between the first and the second season of Private Practice, \"Initially she's still getting her footing, still isn't quite sure and a little wobbly, and then you see that she's got her groove back.\"[37] Additionally, Walsh said of the character that \"she's flawed and arrogant and really good at what she does. And no matter what happens, she picks herself up and moves on. She keeps trying.\"[38] Walsh expressed satisfaction with the evolution of Montgomery's love life because \"the only thing we saw of her in Grey's Anatomy was the ugly side of the Derek/Meredith triangle. And then, of course, Mark Sloan, but there was no real love there.\"[39] She said the pairing of her character with Kevin Nelson (David Sutcliffe) is different than from what transpires with Pete Wilder (Tim Daly) or Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey); \"It's really fun to see this total other side of her come out that we never saw. It hit me, this little epiphany of like, 'Oh, we've never seen Addison into someone or someone that likes her back.'\"[37]", "Amelia Shepherd Amelia Shepherd, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC American television medical drama Private Practice, and the spinoff series' progenitor show, Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by Caterina Scorsone. In her debut appearance in season three, Amelia visited her former sister-in-law, Addison Montgomery, and became a partner at the Oceanside Wellness Group. After Private Practice ended its run, Scorsone recurred on the tenth season of Grey's Anatomy, before becoming a series regular in season eleven.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6) The sixth season introduces several new recurring characters who start to develop progressive and expansive storylines throughout the season. Mercy West surgical residents Reed Adamson, Charles Percy, April Kepner and Jackson Avery were portrayed by Nora Zehetner, Robert Baker, Sarah Drew and Jesse Williams, respectively. Jason George portrayed Miranda Bailey's love interest, anesthesiologist Ben Warren. Thatcher Grey (Jeff Perry) and Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin) have been part of the season's main story arcs, while numerous episodic characters have made guest appearances: Demi Lovato as Hayley, Sara Gilbert as Kim Allen, Marion Ross as Betty, Mandy Moore as Mary Portman, Ryan Devlin as Bill Portman, Nick Purcell as Doug, Michael O'Neill as Gary Clark, Danielle Panabaker as Kelsey, Adrienne Barbeau as Jodie Crawley, Héctor Elizondo as Mr. Torres, Amy Madigan as Dr. Wyatt, and Missi Pyle as Jasmine. Former series regular Kate Walsh returned to the series as a special guest star, portraying neonatal surgeon and obstetrician-gynecologist Addison Montgomery.", "Addison Montgomery Director Of Seaside Health & Wellness\nChief Of OB/GYN and Neonatal Surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital (former)", "Grey's Anatomy (season 4) Numerous supporting characters have been given recurring appearances in the progressive storyline, including former Gilmore Girls actor Edward Herrmann who appeared in three episodes. Seth Green of Buffy the Vampire Slayer guest starred in two episodes, whereas Lauren Stamile portrayed nurse Rose, a love interest for Derek.[10] Former regular Kate Walsh appeared for the first time since her departure on May 1, 2008 receiving a special guest star billing in the role of Addison Montgomery, now the main character of the spin-off Private Practice. Jeff Perry, Loretta Devine and Debra Monk reprised their roles as Thatcher Grey, Adele Webber and Louise O'Malley, respectively. Diahann Carroll and Elizabeth Reaser continued their season three-introduced roles as Jane Burke and Rebecca Pope, respectively.", "Patrick Dempsey Patrick Dempsey[2] (born January 13, 1966)[3] is an American actor, best known for his role as neurosurgeon Derek \"McDreamy\" Shepherd in Grey's Anatomy, starring with Ellen Pompeo (Dr. Meredith Grey). He saw early success as an actor, starring in a number of films in his early 20s, including Can't Buy Me Love (1987) and Loverboy (1989). In the 1990s, he mostly appeared in smaller roles in film, such as Outbreak (1995) and television, before landing a lead role in Sweet Home Alabama (2002), a surprise box office hit. He has since starred in other films, including Enchanted (2007), Made of Honor (2008), Valentine's Day (2010), Flypaper (2011), Freedom Writers (2007), Transformers: Dark of the Moon (2011), and Bridget Jones's Baby (2016).", "Into You Like a Train Kate Walsh as Dr. Addison Montgomery Monica Keena as Bonnie Crasnoff Bruce A. Young as Tom Maynard Kym Whitley as Yvonne Cynthia Ettinger as Jana Juliette Jeffers as Mary Michelle Arthur as Brooke Steven W. Bailey as Joe", "Caterina Scorsone Scorsone is best known for her roles on television. She starred as lead character in the Lifetime crime drama series, Missing from 2003 to 2006. She is best known for her role as Amelia Shepherd in the ABC medical dramas Private Practice and Grey's Anatomy. Scorsone also has starred in a number of television films, most notable Alice (2009) and sung with her husband Rob Giles \"I Play In Your Band\"", "Private Practice (TV series) In January, the show did another extensive crossover story with Grey's Anatomy. Addison comes to Seattle to operate on Mark's daughter, Sloan Riley (Leven Rambin). Then Mark and Sloan travel to Los Angeles for more surgery. Addison and Mark have an ongoing tryst during this crossover.", "Grey's Anatomy Introduced in the show's second season are obstetrician-gynecologist and neonatal surgeon, Addison Montgomery,[84] plastic surgeon Mark Sloan (nicknamed 'McSteamy' by the interns), from New York,[85] and orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres.[86] Montgomery is Shepherd's wife who arrives in Seattle seeking reconciliation with him,[87] Sloan is Shepherd's former best friend, who aided the breakdown of his marriage by having an affair with Montgomery,[88] while Torres is introduced as a love-interest, and eventual wife for O'Malley. The penultimate episode of season three introduces Lexie Grey, Meredith's half-sister who unexpectedly decides to pursue her internship at Seattle Grace Hospital after her mother's sudden death, and begins an on-again, off-again relationship with Sloan.[89] Burke and Yang, having been engaged,[90] endeavor to plan their wedding, while Montgomery departs the show at the conclusion of the third season, relocating to California, seeking a new life. The season three finale shows Burke's exit from the show, after leaving Yang at the altar on their wedding day.[91]", "Kate Walsh (actress) It was announced in February 2007 that Walsh's Grey's Anatomy character would be in a spin-off of Grey's Anatomy that began airing in September 2007. Taye Diggs, Tim Daly, Amy Brenneman, Chris Lowell, and Audra McDonald were cast in the spin-off, Private Practice.[9][10] Walsh returned to Seattle Grace as a special guest star for episode thirteen in Season 4 and episodes 15 and 16 in Season 5 of Grey's Anatomy. She also briefly returned for one episode in season 6 and two episodes in the seventh and eighth seasons.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) James Pickens, Jr. acted as Seattle Grace Hospital's Chief of Surgery, Richard Webber, who has to deal with the choice between his career and his marriage.[1] Kate Walsh played Addison Montgomery, obstetrician-gynecologist and neonatal surgeon, who comes to terms with her husband Derek Shepherd's desire to divorce, while dealing with the arrival of her former lover. Isaiah Washington played the role of attending physician and cardiothoracic surgeon, Preston Burke, who becomes engaged to intern Cristina Yang after their developing a relationship. Patrick Dempsey portrayed attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd, whose relationship with intern Meredith Grey has been the focal point of the series since its inception.[1] Sara Ramirez began receiving star billing in the season premiere, after numerous appearances during the last episodes of the second season.[2] She portrayed orthopedic surgeon and fifth-year resident, Calliope \"Callie\" Torres, whose relationship with intern George O'Malley evolves into a sudden marriage with unpleasant repercussions. Eric Dane was also promoted to the series regular status after a guest appearance in the eighteenth episode of the previous season, and an uncredited one in the second episode of this season.[2] He began receiving star billing in the third episode of the season, portraying attending physician, otolaryngologist and plastic surgeon Mark Sloan, whose arc, describing the attempt at resuming his relationship with Addison Montgomery, is heavily developed throughout the season.[3]", "Private Practice (TV series) Private Practice is an American medical drama television series which aired on ABC from September 26, 2007, to January 22, 2013. A spin-off of Grey's Anatomy, the series takes place at Seaside Wellness Center (formerly Oceanside Health & Wellness Group) and chronicles the life of Dr. Addison Montgomery, played by Kate Walsh, as she leaves Seattle Grace Hospital in order to join a private practice, located in Los Angeles. Private Practice also revolves around Addison's co-workers at Seaside Wellness Center, and how they deal with patients and the practice while still finding time to live their everyday lives.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 2) The second season had ten roles receiving star billing, out of whom nine were returning from the first season. All the actors who appear as series regulars portray physicians from the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, specialized in surgery. Ellen Pompeo acted as Meredith Grey, the protagonist and the narrator of the series, a surgical intern who struggles to balance the difficulties of the competitive career she has chosen, with her troubled personal background.[17] Sandra Oh portrayed highly competitive intern Cristina Yang, who suffers a miscarriage just as she starts accepting her upcoming motherhood.[17] Katherine Heigl played intern Izzie Stevens, in a continuous struggle to be looked upon as a doctor, not the model she used to be. Justin Chambers acted as Alex Karev, who begins to develop an emotional side of his personality, after being introduced as arrogant and selfish.[17] T.R. Knight played the role of intern George O'Malley, whose insecurity and lack of self-confidence evolve due to his unshared feelings for Meredith Grey. Chandra Wilson portrayed surgical resident and brilliant general surgeon Miranda Bailey, the mentor of the five interns, whose rudeness and cold attitude earns her the nickname \"The Nazi\".[17] James Pickens, Jr. portrayed Seattle Grace Hospital's Chief of Surgery, Richard Webber, whose relationship with Meredith Grey's mother, which occurred twenty-one years ago, threatens to ruin his marriage.[17] Isaiah Washington played the role of attending physician and cardiothoracic surgeon Preston Burke, who learns that Cristina, with whom he had a sexual relationship, is pregnant with his child. Patrick Dempsey portrayed attending neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd, whose relationship with intern Meredith Grey has been the focal point of the series since its inception. Although originally conceived as a guest star with a five-episode story arc,[18] Kate Walsh decided to extend her contract following positive reviews from critics and fans, resulting in her getting promoted to series regular status.[18] Being the first addition to the original cast from the first season, Walsh began receiving star billing in the seventh episode of the season, portraying obstetrician-gynaecologist and world-class neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery Shepherd, who comes in Seattle seeking reconciliation with her estranged husband, Derek Shepherd.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) On February 21, 2007, The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin-off medical drama television series for the series featuring Kate Walsh's character, Addison Montgomery.[37] Subsequent reports confirmed the decision, stating that an expanded two-hour broadcast of Grey's Anatomy would serve as a backdoor pilot for the proposed spin-off. The cast was reportedly unhappy about the decision, as all hoped the spin-off would have been given to them. Pompeo commented that she felt, as the star, she should have been consulted,[38] and Heigl, disclosed that she had hoped for a spin-off for Izzie.[39] The backdoor pilot that aired on May 3, 2007, sees Addison take \"a leave of absence\" from Seattle Grace Hospital, to visit her best friend from Los Angeles, Naomi Bennett, a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist, in order to get pregnant. While in Los Angeles, she meets Bennett's colleagues at the Oceanside Wellness Center and even becomes the clinic's obstetrician-gynecologist for the day.[4] The two-hour broadcast served as the twenty-second and the twenty-third episodes of the third season, and was directed by Michael Grossman, according to Variety.[40] The cast included Amy Brenneman, Paul Adelstein, Tim Daly, Taye Diggs, Chris Lowell and Merrin Dungey. ABC officially picked up Private Practice for its 2007 lineup on May 11, 2007. KaDee Strickland's character, Charlotte King, who would be introduced in the spin-off's first-season premiere, did not appear in the backdoor pilot. Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11, 2007, prior to the commencement of the first season.[41] She did not have to audition for the role, but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes.[42] Also not present in the backdoor pilot was Audra McDonald, due to her character, Bennett, being portrayed by a different actress, Merrin Dungey. However, on June 29, 2007, ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced, with no reason given for the change.[43] The premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars, and provided a lead-in to fellow freshman series, Dirty Sexy Money. Pushing Daisies, a third new series for the evening, rounded out the lineup as a lead-in to Private Practice.[44] The series aired a total of six seasons.[45]", "Jessica Capshaw Jessica Brooke Capshaw (born August 9, 1976) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Jamie Stringer in The Practice and Dr. Arizona Robbins on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. She was introduced in Grey's Anatomy's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new head of pediatric surgery.[1] Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season.", "Shonda Rhimes In 2007, Rhimes created and produced the Grey's Anatomy spin-off series Private Practice, which debuted September 26, 2007, on ABC. The show chronicled the life of Dr. Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) as she left Seattle Grace Hospital for Los Angeles to join a private practice. The series featured an ensemble cast, including Tim Daly, Amy Brenneman, Audra McDonald and Taye Diggs among others. The first season was shortened because of a writers' strike and consists of only nine episodes. In May 2012, ABC picked up Private Practice for the 2012-13 television season with 13 episodes. The series finale was aired January 22, 2013.[citation needed]", "Addison Montgomery Addison and Sam start developing feelings for each other. It is revealed that, back in college, Sam wanted to ask Addison out but was too nervous, and he ended up with Naomi. They share a kiss after a terrifying ordeal when they tried to save a married couple who got into a devastating car accident. They kiss again when Addison decides to sleep over at Sam's. Addison and Sam grow close, but she decides to put a halt on their developing relationship, worried about the consequences in her friendship with Naomi. Addison revealed that she was in love with Sam and Pete, but she decided to begin a relationship with Pete instead, while Sam was with another doctor. Despite them being with other people, they still show they harbor feelings for each other, including jealousy when they see the other with their current significant others. After Sam becomes single again, he kisses Addison again. Although she was with Pete, she kisses Sam back and Pete catches them. Despite this, they stay together. Naomi ends her friendship with Addison after she finds about Sam and Addison. In the season finale, Addison has to operate on Maya Bennett, her godchild, who got in a car accident on her way to the hospital to give birth. She and Naomi then make up. Addison breaks up with Pete, and she and Sam finally become a couple. Although Addison wants to have children, Sam tells her he's not ready to have more children, as he wants to take time in their romance. Sam and Addison end their relationship and Addison goes on a date with a man named Jake (played by Benjamin Bratt). He invites her to Fiji, and although she initially agrees, in the end she chooses to get back together with Sam.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 3) Elizabeth Reaser portrayed Rebecca \"Ava\" Pope, recurring character and love interest for Alex Karev. She arrives as a patient suffering from amnesia and severe facial injuries after being involved in a massive ferry crash. Loretta Devine acted as Adele Webber, Richard's wife, whose continuous struggle to have a normal marriage culminates in her asking her husband to retire. Other guest stars include Sarah Utterback in the role of nurse Olivia Harper, former love interest of both George O'Malley and Alex Karev, Kali Rocha portraying fifth-year resident Sydney Heron, who enters a competition against Miranda Bailey and Callie Torres for the position of Chief Resident, Roger Rees in the role of Colin Marlowe, a cardiothoracic surgeon and Cristina Yang's former professor and lover, Jeff Perry portraying Meredith Grey's father, Thatcher Grey; Mare Winningham in the role of Susan Grey, Embeth Davidtz playing Derek Shepherd's sister Nancy Shepherd, a surgeon who is revealed to have slept with Mark Sloan; Tsai Chin in the role of Helen Yang Rubenstein, Cristina's mother, and Diahann Carroll portraying Jane Burke, Preston Burke's overly protective mother.[3] Future Private Practice series regulars Amy Brenneman, Paul Adelstein, Tim Daly, Taye Diggs, Chris Lowell starred in the twenty-second and twenty-third episodes of the season, portraying Violet Turner, Cooper Freedman, Peter Wilder, Sam Bennett and William \"Dell\" Parker, respectively, in order to make the transition to the proposed spin-off.[4]", "List of Grey's Anatomy cast members The second season marked the introduction of Eric Dane as leading plastic surgeon Dr. Mark Sloan and Sara Ramirez as ortho-resident Dr. Callie Torres. They were initially cast as recurring characters, but both were given star billing at the opening of the third season. Ramirez was cast after ABC executives offered her a role in the network show of her choice, Dane had previously auditioned unsuccessfully for a role in the pilot episode.[8][9] Kate Walsh also joined the show in season two, after making a guest appearance in season one as Dr. Addison Montgomery the estranged wife of Derek.[10] and leaves the show at the end of the third, in order to launch her own spin-off medical drama Private Practice.[11] Burke departs at the conclusion of the third season, and is replaced by Erica Hahn played by Brooke Smith, who leaves the show during the fifth. Chyler Leigh, first appears in the third as the half-sister of Meredith, Lexie Grey.", "Amelia Shepherd Amelia Shepherd is the youngest sister of Dr. Derek Shepherd, and like her brother, an excellent neurosurgeon. Her ambition to prove herself equal to her brother is only surpassed by her surgical skill. After graduating in the top of her class at Harvard and completing her surgical residency at Johns Hopkins, she comes to Los Angeles on a medical case and decides to stay after she is fired from her fellowship. She asks Naomi Bennett for a job when the two practices merge. She has known Dr. Addison Montgomery for many years and views her as a close friend and surrogate sister. As a young woman, she was addicted to prescription medication and crashed Derek's car while high. When she came home, she overdosed and was dead for three minutes. Derek saved her life, but was and still is angry with her. Amelia ended up sleeping with Derek's best friend Mark Sloan, following in the footsteps of her sister Nancy and her ex sister-in-law Addison Montgomery after making peace with Derek following his own shooting.", "Addison Montgomery Addison's relationship with Kevin is tested when her brother Archer tells Kevin he is not good enough for her. Addison reassures him,[5] but it causes them to break up later.[26] Addison is surprised when Archer begins working for Pacific Wellcare Center, a rival practice.[27] When he experiences multiple seizures and believes he has a brain tumor, Addison asks Derek to treat Archer in another crossover episode with Grey's Anatomy.[28] Derek discovers he has parasites in his brain, and successfully removes them.[7] Naomi and Archer begin dating, which puts some strain on the friendship between Addison and Naomi. Addison also dates a man who is later revealed to be married. Also during this time, it is revealed that Addison's mother Bizzy is a lesbian who has been in a long term affair with her best friend. Addison is angry because she always blamed her father for his many affairs and was angry at how he treated Bizzy, not realizing that her mother was the one in a serious extramarital relationship. Addison's father is aware of her mother's affair, but they decided a long time ago that they would stay married to one another because Bizzy is not comfortable with others knowing about her sexuality. Although the relationship with her parents is strained from this, in the end they make peace.[29]", "Caterina Scorsone In 2010, Scorsone joined the cast of Shonda Rhimes' drama series Private Practice in the recurring role of Amelia Shepherd, the sister of Derek Shepherd from Grey's Anatomy.[8] She was cast after Eric Stoltz, who was directing one of the show's episodes, heard about the role of Amelia and remembered Scorsone from working with her on My Horrible Year! He mentioned her to Shonda Rhimes and commented on the resemblance Scorsone had to Patrick Dempsey (the actor who plays Derek Shepherd).[6] As of July 2010, Scorsone had been promoted to series regular for Private Practice.[9] She appeared in the third episode of the seventh season of Grey's Anatomy where Amelia and Derek started to reconcile their differences.[10]", "Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy) Mark first appears in season two, introduced as a highly respected otolaryngologist sub-specialized in plastic surgery and the childhood best friend of neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). In his first appearance, he flirts with Meredith Grey, and Derek punches him in the face. Derek explains that Mark had an affair with his wife, Addison (Kate Walsh) while they were living in New York. Mark travels to Seattle, intent on convincing Addison to return with him, but his offer is rejected and Derek declines to renew their friendship. Mark returns during season three at Addison's drunken behest, but she again rejects him once sober. Undeterred, Mark sells his successful private practice (which he previously shared with Derek) and takes over the plastics program at Seattle Grace Hospital. During Meredith's morphine rampage, Mark finds out about his nickname McSteamy which was given to him by her during his first trip to Seattle back when he attempted to get Addison back and earn Derek's friendship back. It is later revealed that Mark has at some point slept with all of Derek's sisters. Mark has a brief fling with Addison's friend, orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez), and develops a friendship with Derek's girlfriend, intern Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo). It is revealed that after Derek left New York, Mark and Addison continued their relationship for two months, during which she conceived and aborted his child. Just weeks after moving to Seattle he quickly observes that Derek's true love was Meredith and tries to convince Addison that her marriage with Derek was over. Mark enters into a sixty-day abstinence pact with Addison, agreeing that if they can remain celibate for that time, Addison will give their relationship another chance. Addison ultimately breaks the pact by having sex with intern Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), and soon thereafter departs from Seattle to work in Los Angeles.", "Meredith Grey Meredith resists Derek's advances throughout her internship, but is eventually charmed into starting a relationship with him despite misgivings about an intern dating an attending. She is therefore shocked by the arrival of Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh), Derek's wife, unaware that he was married. Derek struggles to choose between the two, but ultimately returns to Addison, despite Meredith begging to be chosen instead.", "Amelia Shepherd On June 23, 2014, Scorsone and her character was permanently added to the regular cast for Season 11, which began airing in September 2014.[1]", "Ellen Pompeo Ellen Kathleen Pompeo (born November 10, 1969) is an American actress, director, and producer. She is one of the highest paid television actresses, having signed a $20 million annual contract with the American Broadcasting Company in January 2018. She was honored with the 2007 Special Achievement in Entertaining by the National Italian American Foundation for her contributions to the entertainment industry.", "Derek Shepherd Derek's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode \"Ex-Life\" Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband.[15] Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles, spawning the spin-off Private Practice. In the season eight episode \"If/Then\", Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer's; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames \"Bad Shepherd\" and \"McDreary\".", "Alex Karev Alex helps Izzie recover from Denny's death and advances Izzie but Izzie backs away since she is still in the process of getting over her loss and they remain friends. Alex spends a period of time working under neonatal surgeon Dr. Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh), and though he is later released to work for plastic surgeon Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), he finds his interest returning to Addison's firm. Addison is attracted to Alex, and the two share a kiss and later sleep together. In the aftermath of a ferry accident, Alex rescues a pregnant woman (Elizabeth Reaser) who awakes with amnesia, and grows close to Alex as he helps her forging an identity for herself, picking out the name Ava. After she gives birth to her daughter, Ava's memory eventually returns, although she tries to hide it from Alex as she had recently left a bad marriage. He convinces her to tell him her true identity, and she reveals herself to be Rebecca Pope. Alex turns her down after realizing she's married, feeling that he is not good enough for her.", "Addison Montgomery In season two, Addison learns from Naomi that the practice is failing financially.[23] She tells Sam against Naomi's wishes, and, feeling betrayed, Naomi breaks off her friendship with Addison.[24] Addison inadvertently prompts the staff to vote between Sam and Naomi, and is surprised when instead, she is elected to lead the practice as its director.[25]", "Kim Raver Kimberly Jayne \"Kim\" Raver (born October 15, 1969) is an American actress. She is best known for television roles as Kim Zambrano on Third Watch, Audrey Raines on 24 and Teddy Altman on ABC's medical drama Grey's Anatomy.", "Didn't We Almost Have It All? The episode marked Isaiah Washington (Dr. Preston Burke)'s final appearance to the series until Season 10, Episode 22 entitled 'We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together'. It was Kate Walsh (Addison Montgomery)'s last episode with regular billing who became a main character in Grey's Anatomy's spin-off Private Practice and Chyler Leigh (Dr. Lexie Grey)'s last appearance with recurring billing as she would be upgraded to a series regular in season four. Loretta Devine (Adele Webber), Diahann Carroll (Jane Burke), Tsai Chin (Yang's mother), Elizabeth Reaser (Rebecca Pope), Steven W. Bailey (Joe), Jack Yang (Walter) all reprised their role as guest stars.", "Sarah Drew Sarah Drew (born October 1, 1980) is an American actress and director. She is known for playing Hannah Rogers in The WB family drama series Everwood (2004–2006) and Dr. April Kepner in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2009–2018).", "Patrick Dempsey Dempsey has received significant public attention for his role as Dr. Derek Shepherd (McDreamy) in the drama Grey's Anatomy next to Ellen Pompeo. Prior to landing the role, Dempsey auditioned for the role of Dr. Chase on another medical show, House. He also appeared in two episodes of the later Grey's spinoff Private Practice, playing the same character of Dr. Shepherd.[12]", "Grey's Anatomy The majority of the supporting cast of Grey's Anatomy have been well received as well, with the New York Post's Rorke deeming Stevens to be \"the heart and soul\" of Grey's Anatomy, whereas Eyder Peralta of the Houston Chronicle was critical of her character development, stating: \"[She's] the reason I don't watch Grey's Anatomy anymore.\"[190] Kelli Catana of The Huffington Post named Yang \"the best damn character\" and deemed \"the Meredith/Yang relationship the most true friendship on network television.\"[191] Television Without Pity writer Lauren Shotwell claimed Yang is \"the only one of these five [residents] that regularly acts like an actual doctor\". Analyzing Alex Karev, Rachel Simon called him \"underrated\", and she pointed out that his personal growth never seems to get acknowledged, as \"Alex has evolved, slowly and realistically, into a genuinely good person whose faults donâ€™t miraculously disappear, but take a backseat to much better qualities.\"[192] Robert Bianco of USA Today said Dempsey has a \"seemingly effortless way of humanizing Derek's 'dreamy' appeal with ego and vanity\".[193] His friendship with Mark Sloan has been well received. Victor Balta said \"they've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital.\"[194] Addison Montgomery was deemed \"sassy and bright and interesting.\"[195] TV Guide said of Walsh's stint on Grey's Anatomy that she \"adds spice to an already hot show.\"[196] Callie Torres, after having previously received mixed views, was praised for her bisexual storyline. Critics added that the character was anchored by stellar performances by Sara Ramirez. Lexie Grey, having initially been criticized, became a critics' favorite in the series. Keen of The Trades wrote that Chyler Leigh \"does a fantastic job of making the progression feel seamless. Lexie steals the show as one of the best characters on the series.\"[citation needed]", "Kate Walsh (actress) Beginning in September 2007, Walsh has appeared in television commercials for the 2008 Cadillac CTS.[12] She is also the current spokeswoman for Caress' Exotic Oil Infusions body wash.[13] On June 12, 2012, Walsh announced that the sixth season of Private Practice would be her final season.[14] However, she mentioned she'd be open to reprise her role in Grey's Anatomy for a few guest spots.", "Private Practice (TV series) On June 29, 2007 (2007-06-29), it was announced by ABC that Merrin Dungey, who played the role of Naomi Bennett, would be replaced by four time Tony winner Audra McDonald. ABC gave no reason for this change.[12] On July 11, 2007 (2007-07-11), it was announced that a new character, played by KaDee Strickland, had been added to the main cast.[13] Tony Award Winner Idina Menzel appeared in two episodes during the second season. Menzel was married to Private Practice star Taye Diggs. David Sutcliffe,[14] Jayne Brook,[15] and Josh Hopkins also appeared in Private Practice.", "Private Practice (TV series) In February, Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice did their first extensive crossover storyline. The 3-episode arc started on Grey's Anatomy when Addison, Naomi Bennett (Audra McDonald) bring Archer Montgomery (Grant Show) to Seattle Grace to meet with Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), and Richard to remove the parasites from Archer's brain. At first Derek says it's inoperable until Sam Bennett (Taye Diggs) later comes to Seattle and gives medical advice on how to remove the parasites. Derek and Meredith perform the operation successfully. The episode ends with Derek's patient Jen Harmon (Jennifer Westfeldt) having a complication from the brain surgery Derek performed on her shortly after Archer's surgery. The story continues on Private Practice where Sam has a sudden asthma attack and is treated by Naomi and Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). Richard wants to publicize Archer's case. Mark convinces Sam that he had an asthma attack because of the stress of Archer being with Naomi who he still has feelings for. Addison assists Derek and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) on Jen's case. The episode ends with Jen having another complication. The story concludes on Grey's Anatomy. At this point, Naomi, Sam and Archer have returned to L.A. but Derek asks Addison to stay. Derek and Addison have an argument on their course of action for Jen and Jen dies in surgery.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 2) Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive story line. Sara Ramirez appeared in a nine episode arc in the season, portraying orthopedic surgical resident Callie Torres, introduced and developed as a love interest for the character of George O'Malley.[9] Steven W. Bailey is introduced in the recurring role of Joe, the Bartender, often being portrayed as a confidant of the surgeons of Seattle Grace Hospital. Chris O'Donnell portrayed Veterinary physician Finn Dandridge, who became a love interest for Meredith Grey. Renowned surgeon Ellis Grey, Meredith's mother, who is suffering from Alzheimer's disease, continues her recurring role from the first season, being portrayed by Kate Burton. Brooke Smith portrayed Erica Hahn, a cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Presbyterian Hospital, who is revealed to have been a rival of Preston Burke ever since they attended medical school together.[19] Jeffrey Dean Morgan appears in six episodes throughout the season, portraying patient Denny Duquette, who begins a relationship with Izzie Stevens, but ultimately dies following an unsuccessful heart transplant surgery.[20] Loretta Devine acted as Adele Webber, Richard's wife, who is revealed to have been aware of her husband's affair since its inception.[21] Other guest stars include Sarah Utterback in the role of nurse Olivia Harper, love interest of both George O'Malley and Alex Karev, Kali Rocha portraying fifth-year resident Sydney Heron, who replaces Miranda Bailey temporarily when she takes a maternity leave, Jeff Perry portraying Meredith Grey's father, Thatcher Grey, Mare Winningham in the role of Susan Grey, Tsai Chin in the role of Helen Yang Rubenstein, Cristina's mother, Mandy Siegfried portraying Molly Grey Thompson, Meredith's half-sister and Tessa Thompson portraying Camille Travis, Richard Webber's niece, Christina Ricci portraying paramedic Hannah Davies, and Kyle Chandler in the role of Dylan Young, head of the bomb squad. Eric Dane, who would be promoted to a series regular in the third season,[9] appeared in the eighteenth episode, portraying attending physician, otolaryngologist and plastic surgeon Mark Sloan, Addison Montgomery's former lover, whose affair with her is presented as the reason behind the estrangement of her husband, Derek Shepherd.[22]", "Derek Shepherd When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes' first reaction was: \"The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo.\" Rhimes admitted that Dempsey's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings: \"I did not know about Patrick's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he didn't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful.\"[citation needed] Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like \"I'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules.\" Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke.[17] Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down.[18] Some of the character's medical cases were inspired by real-life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd's storylines and patients.[19]", "Eric Dane Eric Dane (born Eric T. Melvin, November 9, 1972)[1][2] is an American actor. After appearing in television roles throughout the 2000s such as Charmed, he became known for playing Dr. Mark Sloan on the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, as well as films, co-starring in Marley & Me (2008), Valentine's Day (2010), and Burlesque (2010). He stars as Captain Tom Chandler in the apocalyptic drama The Last Ship.", "Nora Zehetner From late 2009 to mid 2010, she portrayed the recurring role of Dr. Reed Adamson in the popular television series Grey's Anatomy.", "Private Practice (TV series) On February 21, 2007 (2007-02-21), The Wall Street Journal reported that ABC was pursuing a spin-off of Grey's Anatomy featuring Kate Walsh's character Addison Montgomery.[5] Subsequent reports confirmed the report, stating that an expanded two-hour broadcast of Grey's Anatomy (which aired May 3, 2007 (2007-05-03)) would serve as a backdoor pilot for the spinoff. The backdoor pilot episode features Montgomery on leave from Seattle Grace Hospital, the clinic in Los Angeles is named the Oceanside Wellness Centre.[6] The broadcast served as the 22nd and 23rd episodes of the season (out of 25), and was directed by Michael Grossman, according to Variety.[7] Gossip columnists Kristin Veitch and Michael Ausiello reported that the spinoff would be set in Los Angeles.[8][9]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 4) After Kate Walsh's transition the Grey's Anatomy spin-off, Private Practice, her character left the show after a two-year run. On June 7, 2007, it was announced that Isaiah Washington's contract had not been renewed.[5] Former Reunion star, Chyler Leigh, guest starred in the final two episodes of season three as Lexie Grey, a new intern and Meredith Grey’s younger half-sister. On June 11, 2007, it was announced that Leigh would become a series regular, instead of a 13 episode story arc as previously planned.[6] The character Dr. Erica Hahn, portrayed by Brooke Smith joined the main cast, reprising her antagonizing role in the season's fifth episode. She replaces Preston Burke as head of Cardiothoracics. Upon her return, she makes Sandra Oh's character, Cristina Yang work harder for her success in Cardiothoracics and initially served as a new love interest for Eric Dane's Mark Sloan. Even though a new male character was originally thought to be introduced as a rival for Dr. Derek Shepherd, the change didn't occur.[7] Former Dawson's Creek star Joshua Jackson was scheduled to make his return to television in a multi-episode arc as a doctor with his first appearance in the season's eleventh episode.[8] Jackson's appearance was cancelled due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, and the storyline of the character he was supposed to play has never been aired on the show.[9]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6) Sara Ramirez acted as bisexual orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres, Eric Dane played womanizer plastic surgeon Mark Sloan, Kevin McKidd continued his portrayal of trauma surgeon Owen Hunt, while Patrick Dempsey acted as chief of neurosurgery Derek Shepherd. Meredith's half-sister and second-year surgical resident Lexie Grey was portrayed by Chyler Leigh. After having previously appeared in a multi-episode arc in a guest star capacity in the show's fifth season, Jessica Capshaw began receiving star billing in the season's premiere episode in the role of attending pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins, love interest to Callie Torres. The ninth episode of the season marked the introduction of the new chief of cardiothoracic surgery Teddy Altman, portrayed by Kim Raver, whose mysterious romantic past with Owen Hunt develops into one of the season's main stories. Starting with the nineteenth episode of the season, Raver began receiving star billing.", "Ellen Pompeo Born in Everett, Massachusetts, Pompeo moved to New York City, where she was discovered by a casting director who signed her for an advertisement campaign for L'Oreal. She made her screen debut with NBC's legal drama Law & Order and then guest-starred in other television shows, including the comedy Strangers with Candy, the medical drama Strong Medicine and Friends. Pompeo made her feature film debut in 1999 with the romantic comedy Coming Soon, and went on to play minor roles in films like In the Weeds and Mambo CafÃ© but found little success initially. A turning point came in her career in 2002, when she gained wide recognition for her starring role in Brad Silberling's drama Moonlight Mile.", "Losing My Religion (Grey's Anatomy) Dr. Meredith Grey's (Ellen Pompeo) love interest Dr. Finn Dandrige (Chris O'Donnell), the vet of Doc—the dog she shares with Shepherd—informs her that Doc has had several seizures due to his bone cancer and that she and Shepherd have to make a decision. Webber interrogates the interns individually about Duquette's LVAD wire, but only learns about their personal problems instead. Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) finally accepts Duquette's marriage proposal. At Dandridge's office, Grey and Shepherd, joined by Dr. Addison Montgomery-Shepherd (Kate Walsh), decide to put Doc to sleep.", "Time Has Come Today (Grey's Anatomy) \"Time Has Come Today\" opens to a voice-over narration from Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) about the rapid passing of time. Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) has a mental collapse after the loss of her fiancÃ©, Denny Duquette (Jeffrey Dean Morgan), as she refuses to deal with the repercussions of her decision to leave the internship program, by lying on the bathroom floor. Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and Dr. George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) support Stevens during her grieving, becoming influential in her recovering. Dr. Addison Montgomery-Shepherd (Kate Walsh) finds Grey's underwear in Dr. Derek Shepherd's (Patrick Dempsey) shirt, and finds difficulty in conceiving a future for their already troubled marriage. Grey unwillingly finds herself in a love triangle involving Shepherd and Finn Dandridge (Chris O'Donnell). Dr. Richard Webber's (James Pickens, Jr.) wife, Adele Webber (Loretta Devine), gives him an ultimatum after spending the night in his office, giving him a choice between his career as a surgeon and his marriage to her. Dr. Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) faces the aftermath of being shot, which leads to him experiencing hand tremors that could lead to his giving up cardiothoracic surgery.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 1) The nine characters who appear as series regulars in the first season all work in the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. Five of the characters are interns: Meredith Grey portrayed by Ellen Pompeo, who is in a romantic relationship with her attending Derek Shepherd, and is the daughter of the renowned surgeon Ellis Grey, who now suffers from Alzheimer's; Cristina Yang portrayed by Sandra Oh, an extremely competitive intern who befriends Meredith and begins a sexual relationship with Preston Burke; Izzie Stevens portrayed by Katherine Heigl, an ex model who struggles to be recognized as a doctor; Alex Karev portrayed by Justin Chambers, an arrogant intern who initially irritates his colleagues, and George O'Malley portrayed by T.R. Knight, an insecure intern with a lack of confidence, who develops a crush on Meredith. The interns are mentored by their resident Miranda Bailey portrayed by Chandra Wilson, a disciplined woman who is nicknamed \"The Nazi\". The surgical program is led by the Chief of Surgery Dr. Richard Webber portrayed by James Pickens Jr.. In his employ are Preston Burke and Derek Shepherd from New York portrayed by Isaiah Washington and Patrick Dempsey respectively.[11] Guest stars include Meredith's mother Ellis, portrayed by Kate Burton, nurse Olivia Harper, portrayed by Sarah Utterback, who serves as a love interest for George and Alex, and Derek's estranged wife Addison Montgomery, played by Kate Walsh.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 5) Numerous supporting characters have been given expansive and recurring appearances in the progressive storyline, including: Melissa George as Sadie Harris, Kimberly Elise as Dr. Jo Swender, Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins, Amy Madigan as Dr. Wyatt, Mary McDonnell as Dr. Virginia Dixon, Eric Stoltz as William Dunn,[5] Jennifer Westfeldt as Jen Harmon, Ben Shenkman as Rob Harmon, Shannon Lucio as Amanda and Samantha Mathis as Melinda. Jeffrey Dean Morgan reappeared as the deceased Denny Duquette in Izzie's hallucinations due to a brain tumor. Former series regular Kate Walsh returned to the show with a special guest star billing as Dr. Addison Montgomery along with fellow Private Practice stars Audra McDonald portraying Naomi Bennett, Taye Diggs in the role of Sam Bennett and Grant Show portraying Dr. Archer Montgomery. Tyne Daly also appeared receiving a special guest star in the role of Carolyn Maloney Shepherd, Derek's mother, while Héctor Elizondo appeared as Carlos Torres, Callie's father.", "Leven Rambin Rambin appeared on NBC's new series, Lipstick Jungle (2008–09). Leven filmed a pilot presentation for the CW titled Austin Golden Hour, directed by Sanford Bookstaver. Leven made her feature film debut in Killer Film's independent picture, Gigantic (2008). The film starred Paul Dano. Rambin joined the cast of Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles (2008–09), playing the character Riley Dawson, a school friend and love interest of John Connor.[7] Rambin left the show after filming her last episode \"Ourselves Alone\".[citation needed]. Rambin landed a recurring role as Sloan Riley, the 18-year-old-daughter of Dr. Mark Sloan on the medical-drama, Grey's Anatomy (2005–present). Rambin briefly returned to All My Children as Lily Montgomery on January 5, 2010 for the show's 40th Anniversary.[8]", "Izzie Stevens Isobel Katherine \"Izzie\" Stevens, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and was portrayed by actress Katherine Heigl from 2005 to 2010. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, Izzie worked her way up to resident level, while her relationships with her colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series.", "Izzie Stevens Izzie was created by Grey's Anatomy producer Shonda Rhimes, with actress Katherine Heigl cast in the role. Heigl originally wanted to play Izzie as a brunette, but was requested to retain her natural blond for the part.[29] Heigl's comprehension of medical procedures and terminology is slight; the actress explained that while she has an admiration for doctors, she is not as fascinated by medicine as other cast members.[30] When Kate Walsh's character Addison Montgomery left Grey's Anatomy to launch the spin-off show Private Practice, Heigl disclosed that she had hoped for a spin-off for Izzie.[31]", "Meredith Grey Pompeo was cast as the program's titular character, described by Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times as \"a prickly, independent sort whose ambition, and ambivalence, is fueled by the fact that her mother was a gifted surgeon and now suffers from Alzheimer's.\"[7] Grey also serves as the show's narrator, and as such was likened in early reviews to Carrie Bradshaw (Sarah Jessica Parker), the narrator and protagonist of Sex and the City.[8][9] After her initial contract with Grey's Anatomy expired, Pompeo negotiated a new one, in which she would be paid US$200,000 per episode, making her and Dempsey the highest-paid cast members on the show.[10] In 2012, Forbes recognized Pompeo as the eighth highest-paid actress on television, with a salary of US$275,000 per episode for her role on Grey's Anatomy.[11]", "A Change Is Gonna Come (Grey's Anatomy) It is explained that, in the aftermath of her being left by Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) at the altar, Yang spent her honeymoon travelling with Meredith. Having just returned, she is shocked to learn that Burke has resigned from Seattle Grace, and relocated to an unknown location. Stevens has to deal with her romantic feelings for O'Malley, whose marriage to Torres is being threatened by his yet to be exposed affair. O'Malley, who finds himself in the unpleasant situation of repeating his internship, quickly gains support in Lexie, who decides not to tell the fellow interns about his failed exam. Karev is revealed to have visited Rebecca Pope (Elizabeth Reaser), following her departure. In the absence of Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh), who relocated to Los Angeles, California, Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) seeks reconciliation with Shepherd, formerly his closest friend and confidant. Initially unwilling to resume his friendship with Sloan, Shepherd ultimately gives him a second chance. Bailey manifests a cold attitude towards Webber, in order to express her disappointment in not being considered for the position of Chief Resident, in spite of her enviable reputation among the hospital staff. Lexie meets Meredith for the first time, but is demoralized when she becomes aware of her apparent discomfort. Meredith and Shepherd encounter difficulty in being broken up, realizing that their mutual romantic feelings are an impediment in their attempt at having separate lives.", "Addison Montgomery In the beginning of season 6, we find that Addison rejected Sam and is now pursuing a relationship with Jake. Jake and Addison move in together later in the season after she admits to being in love with him. She then proposes marriage. Although initially he does not give her an answer, over the course of the episode he gains closure with his wife and realizes that Addison is who he wants to spend his life with. When Addison gets home, Jake has lit candles and lined the living room with rose petals, leading to the deck where he is waiting for her in a suit and tie. He tells her to ask him again, and gives her a ring, after which point the two are engaged. In the finale episode of Private Practice, Jake and Addison get married and are beginning the rest of their lives with Henry.[30]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 5) Addison (Kate Walsh) arrives with her brother Archer (Grant Show), who has worms in his brain. Cristina learns of Owen's pre-Iraq past and Bailey considers a pediatric surgery fellowship. Izzie enlists the help of the attendings and her fellow residents in a game to boost camaraderie amongst the interns, and George finds out that Sadie is behind with her skills, forcing her to make a decision. Derek and Mark spend the evening reminiscing on their med school days with Addison, Naomi Bennett, and Sam Bennett.", "Preston Burke The character of Preston Burke was originally envisioned as a caucasian, to be played by Paul Adelstein, who starred in Grey's Anatomy's spin-off Private Practice. However, due to his commitment to a film whose shooting dates changed, the actor had to drop out at the last moment and his character was rethought.[5][6] Isaiah Washington was originally considered for the role of Derek Shepherd, which eventually went to Patrick Dempsey.[5] Washington later received a callback from Rhimes to play Burke. He commented: \"I knew I could never be wrong in my heart about something so good and so genuine. Her writing just seemed very complex, very honest.\"[7] \"I said that I would only do it if I didn't have to be like that guy on that other medical show who was always struggling with his anger.\"[8]", "Kim Raver The 1997 TV movie Soul Mates, starring Raver, is shown by market researchers at Television Preview.[citation needed] Raver joined Season 6 of Grey's Anatomy in a recurring role as Dr. Teddy Altman, a cardiothoracic surgeon brought in by Dr. Owen Hunt, who served with her in Iraq. She made her on-screen debut on November 12. It was announced on January 4, 2010 that Raver had become a series regular on the show.[2] On May 18, 2012, Grey's Anatomy creator, Shonda Rhimes, announced that Raver had decided to leave Grey's Anatomy after three seasons, \"I know this season’s finale had some surprises for viewers and the exit of Kim Raver was one of the big ones. But Kim’s series option was up and she was ready to give Teddy Altman a much-needed vacation. It’s been a pleasure working with someone as talented and funny and kind as Kim; everyone is going to miss her terribly. I like to imagine that Teddy is still out there in the Grey’s Anatomy universe, running Army Medical Command and building a new life.\"[3] When the news of her departure was released, Raver wrote on her Twitter, \"I've had one of the best times of my creative career working on Grey's with Shonda, Betsy and the best cast on Television,\" she wrote, adding: \"I feel fortunate and grateful to have worked with such an amazing team at GA [Grey's Anatomy]. [I] am going to miss everyone!! And to the GA [Grey's Anatomy] fans, you guys rock! I am sure S9 [season nine] will be great![4]", "Private Practice (TV series) Private Practice films a lot of their exterior shots (as well as some of their outdoor storylines) in Santa Monica, California. The Oceanside Group building can be found at the corner of 4th and Wilshire in Santa Monica, California. Addison Montgomery and Sam Bennett live in rare Malibu beachfront houses right on the sand, which in reality would cost upwards of $4 million each.[citation needed]", "Private Practice (TV series) On January 10, 2011, ABC renewed Private Practice for a fifth season.[17] Audra McDonald, who plays the character Naomi Bennett, did not return as a regular cast member in the fifth season of Private Practice. Following the departure of Audra McDonald, Benjamin Bratt was added to the series as a regular cast member. He plays Jake Reilly, a fertility specialist \"who is quite accomplished and up to speed with cutting-edge technology and procedures.\" The fifth season focuses on Amelia and her drug addiction, and the entire practice trying to save her life, ultimately deciding to have an intervention for her, and thus sending her to rehab. After rehab, Amelia finds out that she is pregnant by Ryan, a boyfriend who got her back into drugs and later died of an overdose. She finds out that the baby does not have a brain, but ultimately decides to take the baby to full term and donate the organs to save other children's lives. Later in the season, Cooper was revealed to have had an 8-year-old son from a previous one night stand. The son, who is named Mason, is portrayed by child actor Griffin Gluck. While Gluck initially served as a guest star, he was promoted to series regular later in the season. Gluck is notable for being the first child to be a series regular in Private Practice, or in the original series Grey's Anatomy. Mason's mother sought out Cooper after discovering that she was stricken with cancer, and she dies later in the season. Season 5 also deals with Addison not being able to have her own children, only to be able to adopt a child, Henry, just as Amelia's tragic news is given.", "I Am a Tree \"I Am a Tree\" opens to a voice-over narration from Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) about impulses, the episode's main theme. Having undergone surgery following the shooting in the season two finale, Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) received an unanticipated visit from his parents, Jane Burke (Diahann Carroll) and Donald Burke (Richard Roundtree). It is revealed that the main reason for their unannounced arrival is meeting Preston's love interest, Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh). Due to the Burkes' overprotective attitude and strict moral beliefs, Yang initially fails to impress them, determining a negative outlook on their romantic relationship. Following the exposure of his affair with his former love interest Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) begins considering and ultimately decides on divorcing his wife. Facing the devastating news, Addison Montgomery Shepherd (Kate Walsh) abandons her hospital duties for the day, turning to alcoholism as a means to deal with the depression.", "Addison Montgomery Montgomery was initially described as \"cold and unforgiving\".[34] As episodes passed, it was noted that the writers had \"softened\" the character.[34] Walsh summarized her as \"a girl you love to hate\".[35] She said of Montgomery's transition from the end of Grey's Anatomy's first season to the second: \"She started out so together. Now she's a cat without a whisker â€” a little off balance and leaving a mess all over the hospital. She's a little untethered now, she's coming unraveled.\"[36]", "Mark Sloan (Grey's Anatomy) Mark Everett Sloan,[1] M.D., F.A.C.S. is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by Eric Dane. Dr. Sloan is an attending specializing in plastic surgery. Dr. Sloan earned the nickname “McSteamy” for his good looks by the female interns of Seattle Grace later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital. He was good friends with Dr. Derek Shepherd, a fellow physician at Seattle Grace, but was the catalyst for the end of Shepherd's marriage when Shepherd caught Sloan sleeping with his wife, Addison. Later, he pursues a 'forbidden' relationship with Dr. Lexie Grey, straining his relationship with Derek yet again. He reveals that he loves Lexie in episodes \"Migration,\" \"Flight,\" \"Going, Going, Gone,\" and \"Remember The Time\"[2] In the show's ninth season, he dies of injuries sustained in a jet plane crash that also injured or killed several of his colleagues from the hospital. The hospital is later renamed Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital in his memory.", "Addison Montgomery At the beginning of season 5, Sam and Addison are back together, although they break up again as he is still not ready to commit to marriage and a family with her. Jake is hired at the practice, which at first makes Addison uncomfortable. Jake is a very gifted doctor whose speciality is helping women with fertility issues become pregnant. He becomes Addison's doctor and helps her attempt to conceive using IVF. Throughout the season, Addison and Jake grow closer. It is revealed that Jake had a wife, Anna, who was a drug addict and died from an overdose. He adopted her daughter Angela, who is featured in the final 2 seasons of the show. She is often shown advising her father and encourages him to pursue a relationship with Addison, whom he clearly has feelings for. Although Addison still has feelings for Sam, she also has feelings for Jake, the latter of whom wants to get married and have kids. On more than one occasion, Addison and Jake kiss, and both admit to have feelings for the other. However, Jake realizes that Addison is not over Sam and does not want to be a rebound, but tells her he will wait for her. Although Addison decides to stop fertility treatments, her dream of having a child finally comes true and she adopts a baby boy named Henry. Sam begins to regret his decision to leave Addison, and makes excuses to spend time with Henry, but Addison decides to focus on her baby instead of pursuing a relationship with either Sam or Jake. In the season finale, Addison and Jake have sex after Amelia delivers a brainless baby whose organs she donates so that her pregnancy will still be meaningful. When Addison arrives home, Sam is there with Henry and he proposes to Addison. It is not revealed what she says, but we also see that Jake is on his way to her house with flowers and Chinese food.[30]", "Arizona Robbins Arizona Robbins, M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by Jessica Capshaw. She was introduced in the show's fifth season as an attending surgeon and the new chief of pediatric surgery. Originally contracted to appear in three episodes, Capshaw's contract was extended to the remainder of the fifth season, with her becoming a series regular in the sixth season.", "List of Grey's Anatomy cast members The series was created to be racially diverse, utilizing a color-blind casting technique.[4] All roles for the series are cast without the characters' races being pre-specified, in keeping with Rhimes' vision of diversity.[4] The series' protagonist, Meredith Grey, is portrayed by Ellen Pompeo. Pompeo starred as the leading role in Moonlight Mile, which explains the significance of her being cast as Meredith.[5] Meredith is assigned to work under Miranda Bailey the only character developed with a racial description in mind, who is portrayed by Chandra Wilson. On Wilson's addition to the cast Rhimes reported, \"[Wilson] is exactly who Miranda is.\" The other interns working with Meredith under Bailey are along with Cristina Yang, George O'Malley, Izzie Stevens, and Alex Karev played by Sandra Oh, T.R. Knight, Katherine Heigl and Justin Chambers respectively. Chambers' character was not originally part of the pilot but was added later as the fifth and final intern. Oh was initially brought to play the character of Bailey, but pressed to read for the role of Cristina instead at the audition.[6] Many actors read for the role of Dr. Derek Shepherd including Isaiah Washington, but when Patrick Dempsey read for the part, \"he was just perfect\", according to Rhimes. Washington was cast as Burke, because the original actor to play Burke had to withdraw.[7][4]", "Dell Parker Dell later ends up arguing with Addison, who has since become the head of the practice, over whether or not he should have his own office; but he eventually ends up setting one aside for himself without permission. However, Addison does not punish him and allows him to keep the office when it is revealed that he has a six-year-old daughter, Betsy, from an unsuccessful relationship with Heather when he was seventeen; and he was just trying to impress his daughter.", "Arizona Robbins It was first reported in December 2008 that Capshaw would be joining the cast of Grey's Anatomy as pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins, for a multi-episode arc.[3] Initially scheduled to appear in three episodes of the show's fifth season, series creator Shonda Rhimes later extended Capshaw's contract to appear in all of the season's remaining episodes,[4] becoming a series regular in the sixth season.[5] Speaking of the new addition, Rhimes said:", "Tessa Ferrer Tessa Rose Ferrer (born March 30, 1986)[3] is an American actress. She is known for playing Dr. Leah Murphy, a surgical intern, in Grey's Anatomy.", "Grey's Anatomy KaDee Strickland's character, Charlotte King, who would be introduced in the spin-off's first-season premiere, did not appear in the backdoor pilot. Her addition to the main cast was announced on July 11, 2007, prior to the commencement of the first season.[346] She did not have to audition for the role, but was cast after a meeting with Rhimes.[347] Also not present in the backdoor pilot was McDonald, due to her character, Naomi Bennett, being portrayed by a different actress, Merrin Dungey. However, on June 29, 2007, ABC announced that Dungey would be replaced, with no reason given for the change.[348] The drama was titled Private Practice, and its premiere episode followed the second part of the season debut of Dancing with the Stars, and provided a lead-in to fellow freshman series Dirty Sexy Money. Pushing Daisies, a third new series for the evening, rounded out the lineup as a lead-in to Private Practice.[322] The series ended its run in January 2013 after six seasons.[349][350]", "Chyler Leigh Chyler Leigh West (pronounced /ˈkaɪlər/ KY-lər; born Potts; April 10, 1982), known professionally as Chyler Leigh, is an American actress, singer and model. She is known for portraying Janey Briggs in the comedy film Not Another Teen Movie (2001), Lexie Grey in the ABC medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2007–2012), and Alex Danvers in the DC Comics superhero series Supergirl (2015–present).", "Kate Burton (actress) Her recent recurring television roles have involved subplots concerning Alzheimer's disease. On FX network's Rescue Me, she played the role of Rose, a friend and possible romantic interest to Chief Jerry Reilly. Reilly, whose wife is in a facility suffering from Alzheimer's, hires Rose, a caregiver for her husband who was also a victim, to provide assistance and emotional support. In perhaps her most visible and well-known role to date as the mother of Dr. Meredith Grey (the titular character on the well-known ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy), Burton played Dr. Ellis Grey, the former trailblazing surgeon, who dies of Alzheimer's. In 2008, the New York City Chapter of the Alzheimer's Association singled her out for her compelling performances in both shows.[22] In 2006 and 2007, Burton received Emmy nominations for her Grey's Anatomy role.[23] In 2011, Burton appeared as Marie Kessler, a veteran monster hunter, and the aunt of Nick Burkhardt in the opening episodes of the NBC supernatural drama Grimm.[18] Since 2012, she plays the recurring role of Vice President Sally Langston in the ABC hit show Scandal, for which she again received an Emmy nomination.[24][23] In 2015 it was reported that Burton was cast in a leading role in the U.S. remake of the French-language film Martyrs, which opened theatrically in January 2016.[25][26] In March 2017 she reprised her role as Aunt Marie Kessler in the series finale of Grimm.[27]", "Vanessa Marano Vanessa Nicole Marano[1] (born October 31, 1992[2]) is an American actress. She has starred in television movies and had recurring roles in such series as Without a Trace, Gilmore Girls, Ghost Whisperer, Scoundrels, Grey's Anatomy and The Young and the Restless. From 2011-2017, she starred as Bay Kennish on the Freeform television series Switched at Birth.", "Rachael Taylor In 2009, she completed the Australian feature Cedar Boys and starred in the comedy Splinterheads. In 2010, she starred alongside Alex Dimitriades in the Australian romantic drama Summer Coda.[8] She has also signed to the HBO comedy series Washingtonienne and Melt, an Australian production. Taylor began a recurring role on Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Lucy Fields, an obstetrician and maternal-fetal fellow.[9][10][11]", "Samantha Sloyan In 2014, Sloyan guest starred in four television series including, Castle, Parks and Recreation, Hawaii Five-0 and Rizzoli & Isles. She began a recurring role in the ShondaLand produced show Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Penelope Blake. She first appeared in the eleventh season highly critical episode \"How to Save a Life\", which included the death of lead character, Derek Shepherd, played by Patrick Dempsey who had starred on the series since the beginning. She appeared again in the twelfth season, including the show's 250th episode \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner\" which was mostly focused on Sloyan's character.[2]", "List of Grey's Anatomy cast members Kevin McKidd playing Dr. Owen Hunt was signed as a series regular after originally being cast for a specific story arc joins the cast in season 5.[12] Jessica Capshaw is given series regular status at the beginning of the sixth season after plays peds-attending Arizona Robbins in the season 5. Following O'Malley's death and Stevens' departure, Jesse Williams and Sarah Drew joined the cast as new residents from Mercy West Jackson Avery and April Kepner both having made their series debuts as recurring characters in the sixth season. Kim Raver, who was cast as recurring character Dr. Teddy Altman in the sixth season, was given star billing later in the season.[13]", "Jessica Capshaw In the 2001 slasher film Valentine, Capshaw played Dorothy Wheeler. In 2009, she became a regular on the medical drama Grey's Anatomy. It was first reported in December 2008 that Capshaw would be joining the cast of Grey's Anatomy as pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins, for a multi-episode arc.[5] Initially scheduled to appear in three episodes of the show's fifth season, series creator Shonda Rhimes later extended Capshaw's contract to appear in all of the season's remaining episodes,[6] becoming a series regular in the sixth season.[7]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 4) The fourth season had twelve roles receiving star billing, with ten of them returning from the previous season, eight of whom are part of the original cast from the first one. All the actors who are billed as series regulars portray physicians from the surgical wing of the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital. The majority of the show's episodes are narrated by Ellen Pompeo, who portrayed protagonist Dr. Meredith Grey, a surgical resident whose storylines are the series' focal points. Sandra Oh acted as Meredith's best friend, highly competitive resident Dr. Cristina Yang. Fellow resident Dr. Isobel \"Izzie\" Stevens was portrayed by Katherine Heigl, while Dr. Alexander \"Alex\" Karev was played by Justin Chambers. T.R. Knight acted as insecure resident with self-confidence issues, Dr. George O'Malley, whereas Chandra Wilson portrayed Chief Resident and general surgeon Dr. Miranda Bailey, former mentor of the five residents during their internship. James Pickens, Jr. portrayed attending physician and general surgeon Dr. Richard Webber, who continues his position as Chief of Surgery, despite his former wishes of retirement. Orthopedic surgeon and fifth-year resident Dr. Calliope \"Callie\" Torres, who was portrayed by Sara Ramirez, has to face her husband's unfaithfulness and her unexpected bisexuality. Attending plastic surgeon, Dr. Mark Sloan was portrayed by Eric Dane, who is constantly seeking reconciliation with former best friend, attending physician and Chief of Neurosurgery Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), whose lasting relationship with Meredith Grey faces difficulties. Former Reunion star Chyler Leigh was promoted to series regular status, after short appearances in the final two episodes of the third season, portraying Meredith's half-sister Lexie Grey, who opts for a surgical internship at Seattle Grace Hospital against Massachusetts General Hospital, after her mother's sudden death. Silence of the Lambs star, Brooke Smith was upgraded to series regular status after multiple guest appearances in the second and third seasons. An antagonizing character at first, she replaces Preston Burke as the Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery, constantly displaying disrespect for Cristina's previous relationship with him.", "Sam Bennett (Private Practice) Sam and Addison are also friends dating back to medical school. Sam, Naomi, Addison, Derek and Mark were all medical students at Columbia. Sam and Addison now live next door to each other in Malibu.[2]", "Cristina Yang Cristina Yang, M.D., Ph.D., is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which has aired for over 13 years on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and is portrayed by actress Sandra Oh. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, Yang worked her way up to resident level, eventually becoming a cardiothoracic surgical fellow, while her relationships with colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), George O'Malley (T. R. Knight), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl), and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series. Yang earlier in the series got engaged to Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington), in the past had a relationship with renowned surgeon and mentor Colin Marlow, and wed but later divorced Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd).", "Tina Majorino She started filming for The Deep End, a television show for ABC in 2009. She played the role of Addy Fisher, a meek and insecure first-year associate at a high-profile law firm.[13][14][15] The show was canceled after only six episodes were aired.[16]", "Song Beneath the Song Torres goes into cardiac arrest and is taken into an operating room she is temporarily stabilized, pending further surgery. She is moved into intensive care, while neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery (Kate Walsh) is flown in by helicopter in case the baby has to be delivered prematurely. Robbins and Sloan argue over Torres's treatment; Robbins believes that Torres would not risk endangering the baby, but Sloan argues for saving Torres at all costs. The attending surgeons devise a treatment plan, led by trauma surgeon Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd). As they do so, Torres dreams about the moments preceding the accident. Her dream self sings to Robbins, interspersed with shots of the hospital staff singing and dancing with their own partners. Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) suggests treating Torres with a high-risk but potentially effective cardiothoracic procedure she learned from her old mentor, Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington). Her current mentor, Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), refuses to perform it, but when Torres's condition deteriorates and she is rushed back into surgery, Hunt agrees that Yang should attempt the procedure.", "Meredith Grey Pompeo discovered Grey's Anatomy after an extended period of doing nothing in the acting profession. Her agent suggested she audition amongst other projects.[2] While casting actresses for the part of Meredith Grey, series' creator Shonda Rhimes said: \"I kept saying we need a girl like that girl from Moonlight Mile, and after a while, they were like, 'We think we can get that girl from Moonlight Mile.' I spent time with her and got to know her, and then we started casting for the men.\" She reported that Grey was not an easy role to cast because of the strong verbal possibilities.[3] Rhimes was informed that the actress in question was Pompeo, who had a deal in place with ABC, having previously tested for a pilot show on the network.[4] It has been speculated that Pompeo was the first character to be cast, but when asked, she said she did not know of this.[5] When asked of how she created Pompeo's character, Rhimes said:" ]	[ "Kate Walsh (actress) Kathleen Erin Walsh (born October 13, 1967)[1] is an American actress and businesswoman. Her roles include Dr. Addison Montgomery on the ABC television dramas Grey's Anatomy and Private Practice, Rebecca Wright on the short-lived NBC sitcom Bad Judge, and Olivia Baker on the Netflix drama series 13 Reasons Why.", "Kate Walsh (actress) In 2005, she was cast in her breakout role in the ABC series Grey's Anatomy, as Dr. Addison Montgomery, the estranged spouse of Derek Shepherd (\"Dr. McDreamy\", played by Patrick Dempsey)." ]
test2184	who has made the most premier league appearances	[ "doc76201" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc76201", "doc76202", "doc1896170", "doc76203", "doc283084", "doc76200", "doc1506193", "doc268686", "doc111350", "doc1506178", "doc1506196", "doc1309904", "doc2509852", "doc1506195", "doc194442", "doc837778", "doc2391886", "doc405054", "doc1289625", "doc2010819", "doc202550", "doc2207202", "doc2331992", "doc268700", "doc925988", "doc126445", "doc405184", "doc56894", "doc2357946", "doc490617", "doc1620544", "doc2614153", "doc482784", "doc621872", "doc490619", "doc2339493", "doc1544201", "doc351995", "doc2541449", "doc308260", "doc1526226", "doc405055", "doc2614283", "doc202549", "doc2034993", "doc170020", "doc1309903", "doc1422220", "doc511061", "doc1425060", "doc516565", "doc2243311", "doc202552", "doc2034992", "doc202553", "doc1968306", "doc1133764", "doc925980", "doc411499", "doc947655", "doc1046347", "doc1506192", "doc405065", "doc405063", "doc2034966", "doc1389370", "doc1544196", "doc523955", "doc925918", "doc852350", "doc405057", "doc1620553", "doc280709", "doc111351", "doc1620575", "doc2225512", "doc1526223", "doc405119", "doc194443", "doc650458", "doc931320", "doc2614312", "doc268691", "doc1620543", "doc2614154", "doc1841553", "doc72589", "doc2614162", "doc2553784", "doc405121", "doc1323269", "doc1925401", "doc925987", "doc1526224", "doc2339511", "doc2357939", "doc2614220", "doc405101", "doc351970", "doc2357943" ]	[ "List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances The first player to reach the milestone was midfielder Gary Speed, in representation of Leeds United, Everton, Newcastle United and Bolton Wanderers; his 500th match was Bolton's 4–0 win over West Ham United on 9 December 2006.[1] Speed held the record for most appearances until 14 February 2009, when goalkeeper David James played his 536th match, for Portsmouth against his former team Manchester City.[2] James ended with 572 appearances, a record which was broken by Ryan Giggs on 14 May 2011, having played all of his matches for Manchester United.[3] On 25 September 2017, Gareth Barry broke Giggs' record by playing his 633rd match, West Bromwich Albion's 2–0 loss at Arsenal.[4] At the time of breaking the record, Barry ranked 8th in English top division appearances since the Second World War, trailing Giggs in 6th (672 total top division appearances) and six other players.[5][6]", "List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances The only player from outside the United Kingdom to play 500 Premier League games is Australia goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer, for Middlesbrough, Fulham, Chelsea and Leicester City.[7]", "List of Premier League players This is a list of Premier League players who have made 300 or more appearances in the Premier League. Statistics are updated as of 6 January 2018.[1] Current Premier League players are shown in bold.", "List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League. Correct as of 20 January 2018 (UTC)[8]", "List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics The club currently holds the record for the most Premier League titles with 13, and the highest number of English top-flight titles with 20. The club's record appearance maker is Ryan Giggs, who made 963 appearances between 1991 and 2014, and the club's record goalscorer is Wayne Rooney, who scored 253 goals in 559 appearances between 2004 and 2017.", "List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 12 players have managed to accrue 500 or more appearances in the Premier League.", "David James (footballer, born 1970) James has made the most league appearances[31] of any goalkeeper since the formation of the Premier League over fifteen seasons, in addition to conceding the most goals.[32] On 30 January 2008, in a league match against Manchester United, he became the third player (after Gary Speed and Ryan Giggs) to cross the 500-match threshold.", "List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics Arsenal have won 13 top-flight titles, and hold the record for the most FA Cup wins, also with 13. The club's record appearance maker is David O'Leary, who made 722 appearances between 1975 and 1993. Thierry Henry is Arsenal's record goalscorer, scoring 228 goals in total.", "Arsenal F.C. David O'Leary holds the record for Arsenal appearances, having played 722 first-team matches between 1975 and 1993. Fellow centre half and former captain Tony Adams comes second, having played 669 times. The record for a goalkeeper is held by David Seaman, with 564 appearances.[168]", "David James (footballer, born 1970) James is fourth on the list of all-time Premier League appearances, having played in 572 top-level matches, and held the Premier League record for most clean sheets with 170 until Petr Čech surpassed this record.[3]", "David James (footballer, born 1970) On 14 February 2009 against Manchester City, James made his 536th Premier League appearance, breaking Gary Speed's all-time record.[36]", "Rangers F.C. Most league appearances", "List of Manchester United F.C. players Manchester United's record appearance-maker is Ryan Giggs, who made a total of 963 appearances over a 23-year playing career; he broke Bobby Charlton's previous appearance record in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final.[2] Giggs also holds the record for the most starts, having started in 797 matches. Charlton was also the club's top goalscorer with 249 goals in his 17 years with the club. He held the mark for 45 years, until Charlton's mark was overtaken by Wayne Rooney scoring his 250th goal during the 2016–17 season; Rooney finished his 13-year tenure with Manchester United with 253 goals in 559 appearances. Other than Charlton, Giggs and Rooney, only seven players have made more than 500 appearances for the club, including three members of the 1968 European Cup-winning team (Tony Dunne, Alex Stepney and Bill Foulkes as well as Charlton) and three members of the 1999 Treble-winning team (Denis Irwin, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes as well as Giggs). Other than Charlton and Rooney, only two players (Denis Law and Jack Rowley) have scored more than 200 goals for the club.", "David James (footballer, born 1970) He holds the distinction of twice having been the record holder for consecutive Premier League appearances, with 159 during his Liverpool days from February 1994 to February 1998, and 166 between Manchester City and Portsmouth from 2006 to 2008; both streaks were eventually topped by Chelsea's Frank Lampard and Tottenham Hotspur's Brad Friedel, respectively.[35]", "Premier League records and statistics Further information: List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals", "List of Chelsea F.C. records and statistics Chelsea have won six top-flight titles. Upon winning the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League, Chelsea became the first English club to win all four European trophies and the only club to hold the Champions League and the Europa League at the same time.[1] The club's record appearance maker is Ron Harris, who made 795 appearances between 1961 and 1980. Frank Lampard is Chelsea's record goalscorer, scoring 211 goals in total.", "Scottish Premier League Most SPL appearances", "England national football team records and statistics Most appearances by an outfield player", "Chelsea F.C. Chelsea's highest appearance-maker is ex-captain Ron Harris, who played in 795 competitive games for the club between 1961 and 1980.[100] The record for a Chelsea goalkeeper is held by Harris's contemporary, Peter Bonetti, who made 729 appearances (1959â€“79). With 103 caps (101 while at the club), Frank Lampard of England is Chelsea's most capped international player.", "Teddy Sheringham Sheringham is currently the tenth-highest goalscorer in the history of the Premiership with 147 goals, and is the competition's 19th-highest appearance maker.[6] He holds the record as the oldest outfield player to appear in a Premier League match (40 years, 272 days)[7] and the oldest player to score in a Premier League match (40 years, 268 days).[8]", "List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets Petr Čech holds the record for most clean sheets kept in a single season, with 24.[1] The record for consecutive clean sheets was also set by Čech, who became the first goalkeeper to keep ten consecutive clean sheets; Edwin van der Sar later eclipsed this when he went 14 games without conceding in 2008–09 for Manchester United.[2]", "Southampton F.C. Most appearances\nTerry Paine – 815 : 1956–1974[42]", "2017–18 West Bromwich Albion F.C. season On 9 September 2017, West Brom's unbeaten record in the league came to an end after their 3–1 defeat away at Premier League newcomers Brighton & Hove Albion, who scored their first league goals and earned their first league win with the result. West Brom found themselves 3–0 down in the second half courtesy of a brace from Pascal Groß and a headed goal from Tomer Hemed. They did manage to pull a goal back through James Morrison late in the game, but it was not enough as West Brom fell to 9th in the table.[80] Albion's goalless draw at home to West Ham United was Tony Pulis' 100th Premier League game in charge of the club, making him the first Baggies head coach to reach that milestone.[81] On 25 September 2017, Gareth Barry became the all-time leading appearance maker in Premier League history after appearing against Arsenal, playing his 633th premier league game that made him surpass former Manchester United midfielder Ryan Giggs.[82] He was also given the armband in this game. But the team lost 2-0 from a brace of Alexandre Lacazette, stretching Tony Pulis's awful managerial records at the Emirates Stadium. Five days later, they squandered a 2-0 lead they had taken in the opening 20 minuntes through Rondón and Evans'goals against Watford at home, being equalized by Richarlison in the 95th minute.", "List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics Thierry Henry holds the club record for most appearances with 86, and is the club's record goalscorer in European competitions with 42 goals.[65][70]", "Premier League The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260.[171] Twenty-five players have reached the 100-goal mark.[172] Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.[173] Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively.[174] Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league.[175]", "Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Steve Perryman holds the appearance record for Spurs, having played 854 games for the club between 1969 and 1986, of which 655 were league matches.[139][140] Jimmy Greaves holds the club goal scoring record with 266 goals in 380 league, cup and European appearances.[141]", "England national football team records and statistics Most appearances as captain", "List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Harry Kane is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 141 games.[3]", "Ryan Giggs On 16 August 2010, Giggs kept up his record of scoring in every Premier League season since its inception as he netted United's third in their 3–0 home victory over Newcastle United in their opening fixture of the new campaign. As he found the net in the final two seasons of the old Football League First Division, he had now scored in 21 successive top division campaigns.[84] On 17 January 2011, Giggs reached 600 league appearances (all for Manchester United), as he played in their goalless draw against Tottenham at White Hart Lane.[85] Giggs signed a one-year contract extension with Manchester United on 18 February, keeping him at the club until June 2012.[86] On 6 March 2011, Giggs surpassed the Manchester United league appearance record of Bobby Charlton by playing his 607th game against Liverpool. On 26 April, against Schalke 04 in the Champions League semi-final first leg, Giggs scored the first goal from a Wayne Rooney pass, also making himself the oldest goalscorer in Champions League history to date.[87] Giggs also played in the 2011 Champions League final, where Manchester United were defeated 3–1 by Barcelona.[88]", "Everton F.C. Neville Southall holds the record for the most Everton appearances with 751 first-team matches between 1981 and 1997. The late centre half and former captain Brian Labone comes in second with 534 matches. The longest serving player is goalkeeper Ted Sagar, who played for 23 years between 1929 and 1953. This tenure covered both sides of the Second World War and included a total of 495 appearances. Southall also previously held the record for the most league clean sheets during a season with 15. However, this record was beaten during the 2008–09 season by American goalkeeper Tim Howard, who ended the season with 17 clean sheets.[109] The club's top goalscorer, with 383 goals in all competitions, is Dixie Dean; the second-highest goalscorer is Graeme Sharp with 159. Dean still holds the English national record of most goals in a season with 60.[110]", "Petr Čech Čech holds a number of goalkeeping records, including the Premier League record for fewest appearances required to reach 100 clean sheets, having done so in 180 league appearances, joint most number of clean sheets in a season (21), as well as the record for the most clean sheets in Premier League history. At the end of the 2016–17 season, the record stood at 190.[6] During the 2004–05 season, Čech went 1,025 minutes without conceding a goal – a Premier League record, until it was surpassed by Edwin van der Sar of Manchester United on 27 January 2009.", "England national football team records Most appearances by an outfield player", "List of Premier League seasons Six clubs have won the title: Manchester United (13 times), Chelsea (5), Arsenal (3), Manchester City (3), Blackburn Rovers and Leicester City; Manchester United was the first club to win the league three consecutive seasons in a row twice (1998–99 to 2000–01 & 2006–07 to 2008–09) and Arsenal was the only team to go an entire season without a single defeat in 2003–04. The record number of points accumulated by a team is 100 by Manchester City, who won the Premier League in 2017–18. Crystal Palace, Norwich and Sunderland have been relegated the most times (4) while Derby County accumulated the lowest ever points total with 11 in the 2007–08 season. 16 top goalscorers from 11 different clubs have been awarded the Premier League Golden Boot. Andy Cole and Alan Shearer have both scored 34 goals in a 42-game season – the most in a Premier League season, Mohamed Salah holds the record in a 38-game season with 32. Dutchman Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink was the first foreigner to win the award outright in 2000–01 having shared the accolade with Dwight Yorke of Trinidad and Tobago in 1998–99.", "List of Premier League winning players As of the end of the 2017–18 season, six clubs have won the title – Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Arsenal, Chelsea, Manchester City and Leicester City –[9] with 508 medals awarded to 262 players. Having won 13 Premier League championships, Manchester United have more title-winning players to their name than any other club, with 86 players awarded 247 medals. Ryan Giggs, who spent his entire career at the club,[10] has won more medals than any other player with 13. Over a third of medals have been awarded to English players and the next most frequent nationalities of winners are French and Brazilian.", "Everton F.C. Everton hold the record for the most seasons in England's top tier (Division One/Premier League), at 114 seasons out of 118 as of 2016–17 (the club played in Division 2 in 1930–31 and from 1951–54). They are one of six teams to have played in every season of the Premier League since its inception in August 1992 – the others being Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. Everton against Aston Villa is the most played fixture in England's top flight. As of the 2012–13 season, the two founding members of the Football League have played a record 196 league games.[112]", "Jamie Carragher He is currently a pundit and commentator for Sky Sports. A one-club man, he was Liverpool's vice-captain for 10 years, and is the club's second-longest ever serving player, making his 737th appearance for Liverpool in all competitions on 19 May 2013. Carragher also holds the record for the most appearances in European competition for Liverpool with 150.", "List of Rangers F.C. records and statistics John Greig holds Ranger's appearance record, having played 755 times over the course of 18 seasons from 1961 to 1978. He also holds the records for League Cup appearances, with 121 appearances.[1] Sandy Archibald is the holder of the most league appearances, having made 513, from 1917 to 1934.[1] The Scottish Cup appearance record holder is Alec Smith who made 74 in the competition. Barry Ferguson holds the record for the most European appearances, with 82.", "David Beckham Beckham had made 265 Premier league appearances for United and scored 61 goals. He also made 81 Champions league appearances, scoring 15 goals. Beckham won six Premier League titles, two FA Cups, one European Cup, one Intercontinental Cup and one FA Youth Cup in the space of 12 years. By this stage, he was their joint second longest serving player behind Ryan Giggs (having joined them at the same time as Nicky Butt, Gary Neville and Paul Scholes).", "Leicester City F.C. Graham Cross holds the record for the most Leicester appearances, with the defender playing 599 games between 1960–1976, although Adam Black holds the record for the most appearances in the league with 528 between 1920–1935.[110]", "Newcastle United F.C. To date, inclusive of the 2015–16 season, Newcastle United have spent 85 seasons in the top-flight. They are eighth in the All-time FA Premier League table and have the ninth-highest total of major honours won by an English club with 11 wins.[133] The holder of the record for the most appearances is Jimmy Lawrence, having made 496 first team appearances between 1904 and 1921.[134] The club's top goal scorer is Alan Shearer, who scored 206 goals in all competitions between 1996 and 2006.[135] Andy Cole holds the record for the most goals scored in a season: 41 in the 1993–94 season in the Premier League.[134] Shay Given is the most capped international for the club, with 134 appearances for Republic of Ireland.[134]", "Premier League 20 Seasons Awards Manchester United's Ryan Giggs was voted as the Best Player. Giggs had played and scored in every Premier League season since its inception and won twelve championship medals, the most by a player. (Since then he won his thirteenth championship medal)[11] Along with him, nine other players were short-listed for the panel of judges vote for Best Player, including four other players from Manchester United:[10]", "England national football team records and statistics First player to reach 100 appearances", "England national football team records Most appearances as captain", "List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets During the 1997–98 season, Peter Schmeichel became the first player to keep 100 Premier League clean sheets.", "Paul Scholes On 11 May 2013, Scholes announced that he would make his second and final retirement from football at the end of the season.[74] Scholes made his 499th and final league appearance on 19 May 2013 against West Bromwich Albion as a substitute. During the game, Scholes earned his 99th Premier League yellow card, at the time the third most in the history of the Premier League behind Lee Bowyer (102) and Kevin Davies (101).", "Premier League Player of the Month Steven Gerrard has been Player of the Month the most with six awards. Five players have won the award in consecutive months; Robbie Fowler (1995–96), Dennis Bergkamp (1997), Cristiano Ronaldo (2006), Harry Kane (2015) and Jamie Vardy (2015).[8] 12 individuals have won two awards in a season: Harry Kane, Ryan Giggs, Ruud van Nistelrooy, Thierry Henry, Wayne Rooney, Peter Odemwingie, Robin van Persie, Daniel Sturridge, Luis Suárez, Jamie Vardy, Sergio Agüero, Heung Min Son and Ashley Young, who is also the only player to win the award three times in a calendar year.[9] Robbie Keane has won the award while playing for three different clubs (Coventry City, Leeds United and Tottenham Hotspur). Nine other players have won the award playing for two different clubs. The award has been shared on six occasions: by Blackburn Rovers's Alan Shearer and Chris Sutton in November 1994, Liverpool's Robbie Fowler and Stan Collymore in January 1996, Southampton's Kevin Davies and Manchester United's Andy Cole in November 1997, Arsenal's Dennis Bergkamp and Edu in February 2004, Tottenham Hotspur strikers Dimitar Berbatov and Robbie Keane in April 2007 and Liverpool duo Steven Gerrard and Luis Suárez in April 2014.[10] Almost half of the Player of the Month awards have gone to English players,[nb 1] and the majority of foreign winners have been French or Dutch. Manchester United have had more Player of the Month awards than any other club.", "Rangers F.C. Dougie Gray, 940 appearances, 1925â€“1947[254]", "PFA Team of the Year The Professional Footballers' Association Team of the Year (often called the PFA Team of the Year, or simply the Team of the Year) is an annual award given to a set of 55 footballers across the top four tiers of men's English football; the Premier League, the Championship, League One and League Two, as well as the women's FA WSL, who are seen to be deserving of being named in a \"Team of the Year\". Peter Shilton currently holds the most appearances in the PFA Team of the Year in the top division with 10 appearances. Steven Gerrard currently holds the most appearances in the PFA Team of the Year in the Premier League era with eight appearances.", "List of Liverpool F.C. records and statistics The club have won 18 top-flight titles, and also hold the record for the most European Cup victories by an English team, winning the competition five times. The club's record appearance maker is Ian Callaghan, who made 857 appearances between 1958 and 1978. Ian Rush is the club's record goalscorer, scoring 346 goals in total.", "Steven Gerrard On 22 March, Gerrard was sent off 38 seconds after coming on as a half-time substitute in a match against Manchester United for stamping on Ander Herrera.[111] Gerrard made his 500th league appearance for Liverpool in a goalless draw against West Brom on 25 April; he became only the third player ever to achieve 500 or more Premier League appearances for one club, after Ryan Giggs and former teammate Jamie Carragher.[112] His final appearance for Liverpool at Anfield was on 16 May against Crystal Palace in a 1–3 loss.[113][114][115] His final appearance for the club was eight days later in a 6–1 defeat at Stoke although he scored in the game.[116]", "Arsenal F.C.–Manchester United F.C. rivalry Arsenal and Manchester United first played a competitive match in October 1894; as of December 2017, the two clubs have faced each other 227 times in total. United have won 95 to Arsenal's 82, and 50 matches have ended in a draw. Wayne Rooney has scored the most goals in the fixture with 12, while Ryan Giggs has made the highest number of appearances with 50. Several players have featured for both clubs at different stages of their career, including Brian Kidd, Andy Cole, David Platt, Robin van Persie, Danny Welbeck and former manager George Graham.[8]", "Sunderland A.F.C. The holder of the record for the most league appearances is Jimmy Montgomery, having made 527 first team appearances between 1961 and 1976.[143] The club's top league goal scorer is Charlie Buchan, who scored 209 goals from 1911–1925;[144] Bobby Gurney is the record goalscorer over all competitions with 227 goals between 1926 and 1939.[145] Dave Halliday holds the record for the most goals scored in a season: 43 in the 1928–29 season in the Football League First Division.[144] As of October 2014 John O'Shea is the most capped player for the club, making 100 appearances for the Republic of Ireland.[144]", "List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets Each year the goalkeeper who has kept the most clean sheets during the Premier League campaign is awarded the Premier League Golden Glove award. First presented in 2004–05, six goalkeepers have won the award, with Joe Hart and Petr Čech holding the joint record for most wins at four.", "Paul Scholes On 30 May, Scholes signed a one-year extension with Manchester United, keeping him at the club until summer 2013.[17][71][72] He marked his 700th appearance for Manchester United by scoring in a 4â€“0 win at home to Wigan Athletic on 15 September 2012.[73] This goal meant that he had scored in his 19th consecutive Premier League season, a feat only surpassed by teammate Ryan Giggs, who holds the record of 21 consecutive seasons.", "List of Premier League goalkeepers with 100 or more clean sheets On 28 December 2015, Petr ÄŒech became the goalkeeper with the highest number of clean sheets while playing against AFC Bournemouth.", "Peter Crouch Crouch set a record for the most number of appearances as substitute in the Premier League, on 20 November 2017 when he came off the bench for the 143rd time against Brighton & Hove Albion, breaking the record held by Shola Ameobi.[113][114] Crouch signed another one-year contract extension with the Potters in November 2017.[115]", "List of England international footballers The first player to be capped 10 times by England was Norman Bailey, who played his 10th match in an 8–1 away win against Ireland on 23 February 1884 in the 1883–84 British Home Championship.[2] His final match, in which he earned his 19th cap, was the 3–1 home defeat to Scotland on 19 March 1887.[2] The appearance record is held by goalkeeper Peter Shilton,[3] which he set on 7 June 1989 in a 1–1 away draw with Denmark in a friendly.[4] Shilton's last match for England was the third-place match against Italy on 7 July 1990 in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, finishing his England career on 125 caps.[3]", "Premier League The league's longest-serving manager was Alex Ferguson, who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012–13 season, meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League. Arsène Wenger is the league's longest-serving current manager, having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996.[150] As of the 22nd game-week of the 2017/2018 season, 7 managers have been sacked, the most recent being Mark Hughes of Stoke City.[151]", "Derby County F.C. Kevin Hector holds the record for Derby County appearances in all competitions, appearing 589 times in two separate spells with the club between 1966 and 1982. He sits ahead of Ron Webster, who played 535 times for the club, often in the same team as Hector. Just counting league appearances, Hector is again in the lead with 486 appearances, ahead of Jack Parry, who played 483 times for the club between 1948 and 1967.", "Frank Lampard Lampard made his Manchester City debut on 13 September in a 2–2 away draw against Arsenal; he received a yellow card and was substituted at half-time for Samir Nasri.[146] He scored his first goal for the club on 21 September with a volley from inside the box, after only being on the field for seven minutes as a substitute, to level the scoreline at 1–1 in a home draw against Chelsea. This ended Chelsea's perfect winning streak in the season, but it was a goal which he did not celebrate and described as a very emotional day.[147] In Lampard's first League Cup match for City three days later, he scored the first and last goals as the side defeated Sheffield Wednesday 7–0 at home in the third round.[148] On 27 September, Lampard came on in the 71st minute, only to score another goal to make it four goals in four matches and his fourth that week.[149] He made his first Champions League appearance on 30 September in Machester City's 1–1 draw with Roma.[150] On 1 January 2015, the day after extending his stay with the club, Lampard scored the winner for City in a Premier League encounter against Sunderland.[151] On 14 March 2015, Lampard made his 600th Premier League appearance, becoming the second player to do so after Ryan Giggs, coming on as a substitute during City's 1–0 defeat to Burnley.[152] On 24 May, Lampard captained Manchester City in their final match of the season and the last of his spell with the club. He scored his 177th Premier League goal to give City the lead in an eventual 2–0 win over Southampton at the City of Manchester Stadium and was substituted for Jesús Navas in the 77th minute.[153]", "Premier League Golden Glove Čech set the record for matches without conceding a goal in a single season – with 24 – to win the inaugural award in 2005.[7] During the 2008–09 season, Edwin van der Sar surpassed Čech's previous record of 10 consecutive clean sheets by reaching 14.[8][9] During his streak, Van der Sar went 1,311 minutes without conceding a goal.[9] In the process, he broke Čech's Premier League record (1,025 minutes),[10] Steve Death's Football League record (1,103 minutes)[11] and the all-time league record in Britain (1,155 minutes) for most consecutive scoreless minutes.[12] Manchester United keeper David de Gea is the winner for the 2017–18 season.", "David James (footballer, born 1970) James kept clean sheets in his first five appearances for Portsmouth.[29] On 22 April 2007, James kept his 142nd Premier League clean sheet in a goalless draw with Aston Villa, breaking the record of 141 previously held by David Seaman.[30] At the end of 2006–07, James was named Portsmouth's player of the season.", "England national football team records and statistics Most consecutive appearances comprising entire England career", "England national football team records and statistics Longest England career", "Paul Scholes Paul Scholes (/skoʊlz/ SKOHLZ; born 16 November 1974) is an English former footballer who played his entire professional career for Manchester United. He is currently co-owner of Salford City and a television pundit for BT Sport. He is the most decorated English footballer of all time, and one of the most successful footballers in history, having won a total of 25 trophies, featuring 11 Premier League titles and two Champions League titles.[3][4][5][6][7]", "Alan Shearer Alan Shearer,[1] CBE,[2] DL (/ˈʃɪərər/; born 13 August 1970)[1] is a retired English footballer. He played as a striker in the top level of English league football for Southampton, Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United and the England national team. He is Newcastle's and the Premier League's record goalscorer. He was named Football Writers' Association Player of the Year in 1994 and won the PFA Player of the Year award in 1995. In 1996, he was third in the FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2004 Shearer was named by Pelé in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players.[3]", "List of Rangers F.C. records and statistics The club's record appearance maker is John Greig, who made 755 appearances between 1961 and 1978 in all matches.[1] Ally McCoist is the club's record goalscorer, scoring 355 goals during his Rangers career.[2]", "List of Premier League hat-tricks Shearer has scored three or more goals eleven times in the Premier League, more than any other player. Robbie Fowler has scored nine hat-tricks; Thierry Henry and Michael Owen have scored eight hat-tricks each. Five players have each scored hat-tricks for three different clubs: Yakubu Aiyegbeni (Blackburn Rovers, Everton and Portsmouth); Nicolas Anelka (Arsenal, Chelsea and Manchester City); Kevin Campbell (Arsenal, Everton and Nottingham Forest); Les Ferdinand (Newcastle United, Queens Park Rangers and Tottenham Hotspur) and Teddy Sheringham (Manchester United, Portsmouth and Tottenham Hotspur).", "Premier League Forty-nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992. Six of them have won the title: Manchester United (13), Chelsea (5), Arsenal (3), Manchester City (3), Blackburn Rovers (1) and Leicester City (1).", "Blackburn Rovers F.C. Bob Crompton, 40 yrs and 150 days against Bradford, Division 1, 23 February 1920", "England national football team records and statistics Most consecutive appearances[note 2]", "Petr Čech On 5 March 2005, Čech set a new Premier League record of 1,025 minutes without letting in a goal, though his record has since been broken by Manchester United's Edwin van der Sar. Čech finally conceded to Leon McKenzie of Norwich City, after keeping a clean sheet in the league since 12 December 2004 when Thierry Henry scored for Arsenal.[19] Čech was given a special award by the Premier League for the new record, and he was also awarded the Golden Glove at the end of the 2004–05 season for keeping a record 21 clean sheets in the Premier League.[22] The team, having conceded only 15 league goals in the entire season, also set a new record.", "West Ham United F.C. The first award was presented to club-record appearance maker Billy Bonds, who picked up the award on the pitch at Upton Park before kick-off against Cardiff City on the opening day of the 2013–14 season.[213]", "Arsenal F.C. Thierry Henry is the club's top goalscorer with 228 goals in all competitions between 1999 and 2012,[169] having surpassed Ian Wright's total of 185 in October 2005.[170] Wright's record had stood since September 1997, when he overtook the longstanding total of 178 goals set by winger Cliff Bastin in 1939.[171] Henry also holds the club record for goals scored in the League, with 175,[169] a record that had been held by Bastin until February 2006.[172]", "Petr Čech On 19 October 2013, Čech made his 300th Premier League appearance for Chelsea, in a 4–1 home win over newly promoted side Cardiff City.[76] On 11 January 2014, he kept his 209th clean sheet for Chelsea in all competitions in a 2–0 away win at Hull City, beating the club record set by Peter Bonetti.[77]", "Thierry Henry In terms of goal-scoring awards, Henry was the European Golden Boot winner in 2004 and 2005 (sharing it with Villarreal's Diego Forlán in 2005).[21] Henry was also the top goalscorer in the Premier League for a record four seasons (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006).[2] In 2006, he became the first player to score more than 20 goals in the league for five consecutive seasons (2002 to 2006).[104] With 175, Henry is currently fifth in the list of all-time Premier League goalscorers, behind Alan Shearer, Andy Cole, Wayne Rooney and Frank Lampard. All of his Premier League goals were for Arsenal, giving him the record for most goals in the competition for one club, until it was broken by Rooney in 2016.[105] France's all-time record goalscorer was, in his prime in the mid 2000s, regarded by many coaches, footballers and journalists as one of the best players in the world.[15][106][107][108] In November 2007, he was ranked 33rd on the Association of Football Statisticians' compendium for \"Greatest Ever Footballers.\"[109]", "Premier League 20 Seasons Awards In all, 45 teams competed in the Premier League's first 20 seasons,[4] with only seven teams managing to stay in the league for the full 20 seasons – Arsenal, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Tottenham Hotspur. In that time, only five teams ever won the League title: Manchester United (twelve times), Arsenal (thrice), Chelsea (thrice), Manchester City (once) and Blackburn Rovers (once). Manchester United were also the most successful team overall, never finishing outside of the top-three positions.", "England national football team records and statistics Most appearances by a player from outside the English League system", "Premier League records and statistics Further information: Premier League Golden Boot", "Real Madrid C.F. Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances, having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010. Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances, followed by Manuel Sanchis, Jr., having played 710 times.[125] The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas, with 725 appearances. With 166 caps (162 while at the club), he is also Real's most capped international player while with 127 caps (47 while at the club).", "Wayne Rooney Wayne Mark Rooney (born 24 October 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays for Major League Soccer club D.C. United in the United States. He has played much of his career as a forward, and he has also been used in various midfield roles. He is the record goalscorer for the England national team and for Manchester United. At club level, he has won every honour available in English, European and Continental football, with the exception of the European Super Cup.[3] Along with Michael Carrick, he is the only English player to win the Premier League, FA Cup, UEFA Champions League, League Cup, UEFA Europa League and FIFA Club World Cup.[4]", "England national football team records Most appearances on aggregate from one club's players[note 151]", "List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics Thierry Henry is the all-time top goalscorer for Arsenal. He passed Ian Wright's eight-year record after scoring twice in a European tie against Sparta Prague in October 2005.[72] Henry was Arsenal's leading goalscorer for seven consecutive seasons, from 1999–2000 to 2005–06.[73]", "Petr Čech Čech joined Chelsea in 2004 and made 486 official appearances for the club, making him the clubs highest overseas appearance maker and sixth in its all-time appearances list.[5] With Chelsea, Čech won four Premier League titles, four FA Cups, three League Cups, one UEFA Europa League and one UEFA Champions League. Čech kept a club record 220 clean sheets for Chelsea in all competitions.", "England national football team records First player to reach 100 appearances", "List of A.C. Milan records and statistics Paolo Maldini holds Milan's appearance record, having played 902 times over the course of 25 seasons from 1985 to 2009. He also holds the records for league and European appearances, with 647 and 168 respectively. Franco Baresi holds the record for Coppa Italia appearances with 97.", "Premier League Golden Boot Thierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions, more than any other player. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners, respectively, when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999.[9] Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons.[10] Phillips, Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the Premier League Golden Boot,[10][11] with Henry achieving this on two occasions (2004 and 2005).[12] Shearer, Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs.[13]", "England national football team records Longest England career", "Ian Wright Wright scored 185 goals from 288 appearances (279 starts) for Arsenal.[3][27] As of the 2016â€“17 season[update], he is Arsenal's second highest goalscorer of all time, behind Thierry Henry who broke his record in 2005.[4][3] Wright placed fourth in a 2008 poll of fans conducted on the club's website to select the 50 Gunners Greatest Players.[12]", "England national football team records and statistics Most appearances per English club[note 60]", "North London derby Tottenham's record for goals scored against Arsenal is shared by Billy Minter and Bobby Smith, with nine goals each.[41] Arsenal's record is held jointly by Emmanuel Adebayor, Alan Sunderland and Robert Pires, with eight goals each.[1] Adebayor also holds the record for most goals by a player in the North London derby with ten: eight scored for Arsenal and two for Tottenham. Arsenal's long-time defender David O'Leary holds the record for most North London derbies played with 35, while Gary Mabbutt and Steve Perryman shared the corresponding record for Spurs, with 31.[1]", "FC Barcelona Xavi presently holds the team record for most number of total games played (767) and the record number of La Liga appearances (505), Andrés Iniesta comes second with 642 in all competitions and 420 in the League.", "Premier League Italics denotes players still playing professional football,\nBold denotes players still playing in the Premier League.", "Premier League 20 Seasons Awards The awards were divided into 11 categories. Fans could vote for Best Goal, Best Match, Best Save, Best Celebration and Fantasy XI of the 20 Seasons on the Premier League website. A panel selected winners for Best Player, Best Manager, Best Team, Best Season, Best Quote and created a second Fantasy XI Team to compare to the public vote.[5] In addition, a four fact-based awards were also given for Most Appearances, Top Goalscorer, Most Clean Sheets and Premier League 500 Club players. Barclays, the Premier League title sponsor also gave awards, for Best Photographer and Best Shot.[6]", "Jamie Carragher In Liverpool's Champions League semi-final second leg against Chelsea on 1 May 2007, Carragher set a new record for the most appearances in European competition for the club, his 90th European match taking him past Ian Callaghan's 89 matches between 1964 and 1978.[31]", "Ryan Giggs In the 2007–08 season, Alex Ferguson adopted a rotation system between Giggs and newcomers Nani and Anderson.[63] Giggs scored his 100th league goal for United against Derby County on 8 December 2007, which United won 4–1.[64] More landmarks have been achieved: on 20 February 2008 he made his 100th appearance in the UEFA Champions League in a game against Lyon[65] and on 11 May 2008, he came on as a substitute for Park Ji-sung to equal Sir Bobby Charlton's record of 758 appearances for United.[66] Giggs scored the second goal in that match, sealing his, and United's, 10th Premier League title. Ten days later, on 21 May 2008, Giggs broke Bobby Charlton's appearance record for United when coming on as an 87th-minute substitute for Paul Scholes in the Champions League Final against Chelsea.[67] United won the final, defeating Chelsea 6–5 on penalties after a 1–1 draw after extra time, with Giggs converting the winning penalty in sudden death.", "England national football team records Most appearances per English club[note 60]", "England national football team records and statistics Most appearances at the new Wembley", "David Beckham David Robert Joseph Beckham OBE[4] (/ˈbɛkəm/; born 2 May 1975) is an English retired professional footballer. He played for Manchester United, Preston North End, Real Madrid, Milan, LA Galaxy, Paris Saint-Germain and the England national team for which he held the appearance record for an outfield player until 2016 when Wayne Rooney surpassed his total. He is the first English player to win league titles in four countries: England, Spain, the United States and France. He announced his retirement in May 2013 after a 20-year career, during which he won 19 major trophies.[5][6]", "Ryan Giggs On 12 September 2009, Giggs made his 700th start for United.[77] Giggs scored his 150th goal for United, only the ninth player to do so for the club, against Wolfsburg in his first Champions League game of the season. On 28 November 2009, the eve of his 36th birthday, Giggs scored his 100th Premier League goal – all for Manchester United – scoring the final goal in a 4–1 victory over Portsmouth at Fratton Park, and becoming only the 17th player to reach the milestone in the Premier League.[78]" ]	[ "List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances The first player to reach the milestone was midfielder Gary Speed, in representation of Leeds United, Everton, Newcastle United and Bolton Wanderers; his 500th match was Bolton's 4–0 win over West Ham United on 9 December 2006.[1] Speed held the record for most appearances until 14 February 2009, when goalkeeper David James played his 536th match, for Portsmouth against his former team Manchester City.[2] James ended with 572 appearances, a record which was broken by Ryan Giggs on 14 May 2011, having played all of his matches for Manchester United.[3] On 25 September 2017, Gareth Barry broke Giggs' record by playing his 633rd match, West Bromwich Albion's 2–0 loss at Arsenal.[4] At the time of breaking the record, Barry ranked 8th in English top division appearances since the Second World War, trailing Giggs in 6th (672 total top division appearances) and six other players.[5][6]" ]
test1013	who wore number 7 for the green bay packers	[ "doc35769" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc35769", "doc35768", "doc429713", "doc35767", "doc429716", "doc35766", "doc140971", "doc429737", "doc429727", "doc429725", "doc429801", "doc429706", "doc1317461", "doc429744", "doc1317476", "doc429739", "doc1704927", "doc1381291", "doc429746", "doc1719302", "doc2660039", "doc429756", "doc429800", "doc429708", "doc429772", "doc32599", "doc429734", "doc429729", "doc35765", "doc429702", "doc1317477", "doc429778", "doc429712", "doc2046458", "doc2169348", "doc1317498", "doc1381287", "doc2318189", "doc1317462", "doc429743", "doc1381262", "doc666473", "doc2476665", "doc1967422", "doc1170932", "doc1381263", "doc1317474", "doc1317518", "doc1317478", "doc2476637", "doc1346798", "doc429793", "doc1317463", "doc2476655", "doc1049372", "doc305704", "doc2046472", "doc140992", "doc963029", "doc211360", "doc429780", "doc2645922", "doc429741", "doc1775187", "doc1704942", "doc1317524", "doc429723", "doc429785", "doc1317484", "doc1986764", "doc429707", "doc2476645", "doc2046465", "doc1381322", "doc429742", "doc1704944", "doc429718", "doc413628", "doc1317496", "doc1409854", "doc1967428", "doc2046461", "doc1317486", "doc429807", "doc1381296", "doc429731", "doc1838273", "doc1704943", "doc140972", "doc680147", "doc32598", "doc1381301", "doc429728", "doc1967442", "doc680149", "doc429720", "doc1814545", "doc2476689", "doc1317480", "doc1317495" ]	[ "List of Green Bay Packers retired numbers In the 2013 training camp pre-season games, jersey No. 1 has been worn by rookie wide receiver Alex Gillett, and No. 5 by rookie wide receiver Omarius Hines. Quarterback Don Majkowski wore No. 5 his rookie season (1987) before switching to No. 7.[7]", "List of Green Bay Packers retired numbers Paul Hornung's No. 5 was unofficially retired at the Packers' annual press party on July 10, 1967, although there has not been a ceremony to put his number on the wall of retired numbers at Lambeau Field.[6]", "Green Bay Packers The arrival of end Don Hutson from Alabama in 1935 gave Lambeau and the Packers the most-feared and dynamic offensive weapon in the game. Credited with inventing pass patterns, Hutson would lead the league in receptions eight seasons and spur the Packers to NFL championships in 1936, 1939 and 1944. An iron man, Hutson played both ways, leading the league in interceptions as a safety in 1940. Hutson claimed 18 NFL records when he retired in 1945, many of which still stand.[14] In 1951, his number 14 was the first to be retired by the Packers, and he was inducted as a charter member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1963.", "List of Green Bay Packers retired numbers Founder, coach and player Curly Lambeau is the only Packer credited with wearing jersey number 1. It has yet to be retired.[5]", "Green Bay Packers Former New York Giants assistant Vince Lombardi was hired as Packers head coach and general manager on February 2, 1959. Few suspected the hiring represented the beginning of a remarkable, immediate turnaround. Under Lombardi, the Packers would become the team of the 1960s, winning five World Championships over a seven-year span, including victories in the first two Super Bowls. During the Lombardi era, the stars of the Packers' offense included Bart Starr, Jim Taylor, Carroll Dale, Paul Hornung (as halfback and placekicker), Forrest Gregg, and Jerry Kramer. The defense included Willie Davis, Henry Jordan, Willie Wood, Ray Nitschke, Dave Robinson, and Herb Adderley.", "List of Green Bay Packers retired numbers Reggie White\n(right foreground)", "Super Bowl I Packers veteran quarterback Bart Starr was the top-rated quarterback in the NFL for 1966, and won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award, completing 156 of 251 (62.2%) passes for 2257 yards (9.0 per attempt), 14 touchdowns, and only 3 interceptions. His top targets were wide receivers Boyd Dowler and Carroll Dale, who combined for 63 receptions for 1,336 yards. Fullback Jim Taylor was the team's top rusher with 705 yards, adding 4 touchdowns, and caught 41 passes for 331 yards and 2 touchdowns. (Before the season, Taylor had informed the team that instead of returning to the Packers in 1967, he would become a free agent and sign with the expansion New Orleans Saints. Lombardi, infuriated at what he considered to be Taylor's disloyalty, refused to speak to Taylor the entire season.)[23] The team's starting halfback, Paul Hornung, was injured early in the season, but running back Elijah Pitts, a replacement, gained 857 all purpose yards. The Packers' offensive line was also a big reason for the team's success, led by All-Pro guards Jerry Kramer, and Fuzzy Thurston, and tackle Forrest Gregg.", "Green Bay Packers After missing the playoffs in 2006, Brett Favre announced that he would return for the 2007 season; it would turn out to be one of his best. The Packers won 10 of their first 11 games and finished 13–3, earning a first round bye in the playoffs. The Packers' passing offense, led by Favre and a very skilled wide receiver group, finished second in the NFC, behind the Dallas Cowboys, and third overall in the league. Running back Ryan Grant, acquired for a sixth-round draft pick from the New York Giants, became the featured back in Green Bay and rushed for 956 yards and 8 touchdowns in the final 10 games of the regular season. In the divisional playoff round, in a heavy snowstorm, the Packers beat the Seattle Seahawks 42–20. Grant rushed for three touchdowns and over 200 yards, while Favre tossed three touchdown passes and 1 snowball to receiver Donald Driver in celebration.", "Green Bay Packers Soon afterward, Wolf acquired quarterback Brett Favre from the Atlanta Falcons for a first-round pick. Favre got the Packers their first win of the 1992 season, stepping in for injured quarterback Don Majkowski and leading a comeback over the Cincinnati Bengals. He started the following week, a win against the Pittsburgh Steelers, and never missed another start for Green Bay through the end of the 2007 season. He would go on to break the record for consecutive starts by an NFL quarterback, starting 297 consecutive games including stints with the New York Jets and Minnesota Vikings with the streak finally coming to an end late in the 2010 season.", "Green Bay Packers For about a quarter century after Lombardi's departure the Packers had relatively little on-field success. In the 24 seasons from 1968 to 1991, they had only five seasons with a winning record, one being the shortened 1982 strike season. They appeared in the playoffs twice, with a 1–2 record. The period saw five different head coaches – Phil Bengtson, Dan Devine, Bart Starr, Forrest Gregg, and Lindy Infante – two of whom, Starr and Gregg, were Lombardi's era stars, while Bengtson was a former Packer coach. Each led the Packers to a poorer record than his predecessor. Poor personnel decisions were rife, notoriously the 1974 trade by acting GM Dan Devine which sent five 1975 or 1976 draft picks (two first-rounders, two second-rounders and a third) to the Los Angeles Rams for aging quarterback John Hadl, who would spend only 1½ seasons in Green Bay.[19] Another came in the 1989 NFL Draft, when offensive lineman Tony Mandarich was taken with the second overall pick ahead of Barry Sanders, Deion Sanders, and Derrick Thomas. Though rated highly by nearly every professional scout at the time, Mandarich's performance failed to meet expectations, earning him ESPN's ranking as the third \"biggest sports flop\" in the last 25 years.[20]", "Green Bay Packers In nearly nine decades of Packers football, the Packers have formally retired 6 numbers.[68] All six Packers are members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame and their numbers and names are displayed on the green facade of Lambeau Field's north endzone as well as in the Lambeau Field Atrium.", "Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers is a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) North division. It is the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, dating back to 1919,[7][8] and is the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States.[9] Home games have been played at Lambeau Field since 1957.", "Brett Favre Brett Lorenzo Favre (/ˈfɑːrv/ ( listen); born October 10, 1969) is a former American football quarterback who spent the majority of his career with the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He was a 20-year veteran of the NFL, having played quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons in 1991, Packers from 1992 to 2007, New York Jets in 2008, and Minnesota Vikings from 2009 to 2010. Favre was the first NFL quarterback to pass for 500 touchdowns, throw for 70,000 yards, complete 6,000 passes, and attempt 10,000 passes.", "Green Bay Packers During the 2009 NFL season, two match-ups between the franchise and its former legendary QB, Brett Favre, were highly anticipated after Favre's arrival with the division-rival Vikings in August. The first encounter took place in Week 4, on a Monday Night Football game which broke several TV audience records. The scheduling of this game was made possible when Baseball Commissioner and Packer Board of Directors member Bud Selig forced baseball's Minnesota Twins to play 2 games within a 12-hour span. The Vikings won the game 30–23. Brett Favre threw 3 TDs, no interceptions, and had a passer rating of 135.[23] The teams met for a second time in Week 8, Favre leading the Vikings to a second win, 38–26, in Green Bay. Rodgers was heavily pressured in both games, being sacked 14 times total, but still played exceptionally well, throwing five touchdowns and only one interception. The next week, the Packers were upset by the win-less Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Following a players only meeting, the team started to roll and found some stability on the offensive line with the return of tackle Mark Tauscher bringing a minor halt to sacks to Rodgers and opening the running game to Ryan Grant and the other running backs. Green Bay finished the season strongly, winning 7 out of their last 8 games, including winning their 16th regular season finale in the past 17 seasons, and earning a NFC wild-card playoff bid with an 11–5 regular-season record. The Packers defense was ranked No. 2 and the offense was ranked No. 6 with rookies Brad Jones and Clay Matthews III becoming sensations at linebacker and young players like James Jones, Brandon Jackson, Jermichael Finley and Jordy Nelson becoming threats on offense. Rodgers also became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for at least 4000 yards in each of his first two seasons as a starter. Also, cornerback Charles Woodson won NFL Defensive Player of the Year honors after recording 9 interceptions, forcing four fumbles, 3 touchdowns and registering 74 tackles and 2 sacks. In fact, Woodson's 9 interceptions were more than the 8 collected by all Packer opponents that season. Though the defense was ranked high, injuries to Al Harris, Tramon Williams, Will Blackmon, Atari Bigby and Brandon Underwood severely limited the depth of the secondary and teams like the Minnesota Vikings and Pittsburgh Steelers used that to their advantage by unleashing aerial assaults against inexperienced players with the NFL's best receivers. The season ended with an overtime loss in a wild card round shoot out at the Arizona Cardinals, 51–45.", "Brett Favre Favre played 16 seasons in Green Bay. During his time with the Packers, Favre was the first and only NFL player to win three consecutive AP MVP awards.[22] He helped the Packers appear in two Super Bowls, winning Super Bowl XXXI and losing Super Bowl XXXII. Favre started every Packers game from September 20, 1992 to January 20, 2008,[23] a streak of 253 games. The record would continue after he left the Packers, reaching 297 games in the regular season. This remains the all-time record for consecutive starts in the NFL.[24]", "Green Bay Packers Mike McCarthy coached the NFC team during the 2008 Pro Bowl in Hawaii. Al Harris and Aaron Kampman were also picked to play for the NFC Pro Bowl team as starters. Donald Driver was named as a third-string wideout on the Pro Bowl roster. Brett Favre was named the first-string quarterback for the NFC, but he declined to play in the Pro Bowl and was replaced on the roster by Tampa Bay Buccaneers' quarterback Jeff Garcia. The Packers also had several first alternates, including Chad Clifton and Nick Barnett.", "Lambeau Field The Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame is on the first level of the Atrium. The Hall of Fame is an independent, charitable association that promotes the history of the Green Bay Packers. Since 1970, 157 Packers have been inducted into the Hall, which attracts over 170,000 visitors annually.[47]", "Aaron Rodgers During the fourth week of the season, Rodgers's streak of 157 consecutive pass attempts without an interception ended when he was intercepted by Derrick Brooks of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The streak was the third-longest in franchise history behind Bart Starr (294) and Brett Favre (163).[56] Rodgers suffered a severe shoulder sprain in the game but continued to start and played well in a win against the Seattle Seahawks two weeks later, which to many proved his toughness.[57][additional citation needed] Despite early successes, Rodgers had been unable to win a close game during the season despite seven opportunities to do so.[57][58]", "Green Bay Packers The team lost Johnny Jolly to a season-long suspension after he violated the NFL drug policy. Their running corps suffered a blow when RB Ryan Grant sustained a season-ending ankle injury in Week 1.[24] By the end of the season, the team had 16 people on injured reserve, including 7 starters: running back Ryan Grant, tight end Jermichael Finley, linebacker Nick Barnett, safety Morgan Burnett, linebacker Brandon Chillar, tackle Mark Tauscher, and linebacker Brad Jones.", "Super Bowl XXXI Green Bay also had a number of offensive weapons. Wide receiver Antonio Freeman led the team with 933 yards and 9 touchdowns. Multi-talented veteran wide receiver Don Beebe was also a constant breakaway threat, catching 39 passes for 606 yards and adding another 403 yards and a touchdown returning kickoffs. Beebe was a member of the Buffalo Bills during their four Super Bowl losses, and was thus extremely eager for another shot at a Super Bowl win. Late in the season, Green Bay made another big addition to their receiving corps by signing Andre Rison, who had been cut by the Jacksonville Jaguars, and finished the season with 47 receptions for 593 yards and 3 touchdowns. The Packers also had two outstanding tight ends: Pro Bowler Keith Jackson recorded 40 catches for 504 yards and 10 touchdowns, and Mark Chmura had 28 receptions for 370 yards.", "List of National Football League annual receiving yards leaders Don Hutson led the league in receiving yards seven times, the most of any player; Jerry Rice is second with six. Hutson also recorded the most consecutive seasons leading the league in receiving, doing so for five seasons from 1941 to 1945, while Jerry Rice ranks second with three consecutive league-leading seasons from 1993 to 1995. A Green Bay Packers player has led the league in receiving yards eleven times, the most in the NFL; the Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams rank second with nine league-leading seasons. The most recent receiving yards leader was Antonio Brown of the Pittsburgh Steelers, who recorded 1,533 receiving yards over the 2017 season.[7]", "Green Bay Packers During Week 2 of the preseason against the Pittsburgh Steelers, wide receiver Jordy Nelson caught an eight-yard pass from Aaron Rodgers, but then fell to the turf without contact. A few days later, it was revealed that Nelson had torn his ACL. He would remain inactive for the rest of the 2015 season.[29] Even without Nelson, the Packers managed to get off to a 6-0 start. But the Packers then lost 4 of their next 5 games, falling to 7-4.[30]", "Green Bay Packers The Packers have the second most members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame with 24. They trail only the Chicago Bears (with 27).[67]", "Green Bay Packers The Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine pre-Super Bowl NFL titles in addition to four Super Bowl victories. The Packers won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League (AFL) prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers' coach Lombardi, who guided them to their first two Super Bowls. Their two additional Super Bowl wins came in 1997 and 2011.[11]", "Green Bay Packers During training camp in the summer months, held outside the Don Hutson Center, young Packers fans can bring their bikes and have their favorite players ride them from the locker room to practice at Ray Nitschke Field. This old tradition began around the time of Lambeau Field's construction in 1957. Gary Knafelc, a Packers end at the time, said, \"I think it was just that kids wanted us to ride their bikes. I can remember kids saying, 'Hey, ride my bike.'\" Each new generation of Packer fan delights at the opportunity.[46]", "List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks The Packers have had 46 starting quarterbacks (QB) in the history of their franchise. The Packers' past starting quarterbacks include Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Curly Lambeau, Tony Canadeo, Arnie Herber, Bart Starr and Brett Favre. The team's first starting quarterback was Norm Barry, while the longest serving was Brett Favre. The Packers' starting quarterback for the 2016 season was Aaron Rodgers, who was playing in his 12th season in the NFL. They are listed in order of the date of each player's first start at quarterback for the Packers.", "Green Bay Packers From 2001 to 2004, Sherman coached the Packers to respectable regular-season success, led by the spectacular play of Brett Favre, Ahman Green, and a formidable offensive line. But Sherman's teams faltered in the playoffs. Prior to 2003, the Packers had never lost a home playoff game since the NFL instituted a post-season in 1933 (they were 13–0, with 11 of the wins at Lambeau and two more in Milwaukee.). That ended January 4, 2003, when the Atlanta Falcons defeated the Packers 27–7 in an NFC Wild Card game. The Packers would also lose at home in the playoffs to the Minnesota Vikings two years later.", "Green Bay Packers In 1996, the Packers' turnaround was complete. The team posted a league-best 13–3 record in the regular season, dominating the competition and securing home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. They were ranked no. 1 in offense with Brett Favre leading the way, no. 1 in defense with Reggie White as the leader of the defense and no. 1 in special teams with former Heisman Trophy winner Desmond Howard returning punts and kickoffs for touchdowns. After relatively easy wins against the 49ers in a muddy 35–14 beatdown and Carolina Panthers 30–13 in what was referred to as \"Ice Bowl 2\", the Packers advanced to the Super Bowl for the first time in 29 years. In Super Bowl XXXI, Green Bay defeated the New England Patriots 35–21 to win their 12th world championship. Desmond Howard was named MVP of the game for his kickoff return for a touchdown that ended the Patriots' bid for a comeback. Then-Packers President Bob Harlan credited Wolf, Holmgren, Favre, and White for ultimately changing the fortunes of the organization and turning the Green Bay Packers into a model NFL franchise. A 2007 panel of football experts at ESPN ranked the 1996 Packers the 6th-greatest team ever to play in the Super Bowl.", "List of Green Bay Packers retired numbers The Green Bay Packers are an American football team in the National Football League.[1] Since their founding 99Â years ago in 1919, six players have had their uniform numbers officially retired.[2] All six are also members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame.[3]", "Green Bay Packers Dark Green, Gold, White[2][3]", "Brett Favre In the second game of the 1992 season, the Packers played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Buccaneers were leading 17–0 at halftime when head coach Mike Holmgren benched starting quarterback Don Majkowski and Favre played the second half. On his first regular season play as a Packer, Favre threw a pass that was deflected by Buccaneers player Ray Seals and caught by Favre.[19][25] Favre was tackled and the completion went for −7 yards. The Packers lost the game 31–3, chalking up only 106 yards passing.[26][27]", "Green Bay Packers By 1950, Green Bay had changed its colors to hunter green and gold. Navy blue was kept as a secondary color, seen primarily on sideline capes, but was quietly dropped on all official materials shortly thereafter. The team's current uniform combination of forest green or white jerseys and metallic gold pants was adopted soon after Vince Lombardi arrived in 1959. However, to celebrate the NFL's 75th anniversary in 1994, the Packers joined in a league-wide donning of \"throwback\" jerseys, back to navy blue and gold. The team would go throwback again for two Thanksgiving Day games against the Detroit Lions, in blue and gold 1930s-era uniforms in 2001, and 1960s green and gold (only slightly different from the current ones) in 2003.[51][52]", "Green Bay Packers After a near-miss in 1927, Lambeau's squad claimed the Packers' first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12–0–1 campaign, behind a stifling defense which registered eight shutouts. Green Bay would repeat as league champions in 1930 and 1931, bettering teams from New York, Chicago and throughout the league, with all-time greats and future Hall of Famers Mike Michalske, Johnny (Blood) McNally, Cal Hubbard and Green Bay native Arnie Herber. Among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers' streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat, an NFL record which still stands.[13]", "Julius Peppers Peppers signed with the Packers because he felt like they have a good chance at winning the Super Bowl and he felt like he could help them accomplish that goal. He also stated that he wanted to play in a versatile defense his entire career, and the Packers run a versatile 3-4 defense under their defensive coordinator Dom Capers.[58][59] Green Bay Packers head coach Mike McCarthy said that Peppers will be used as a hybrid multiple-position player along the defensive front in a position the Packers have labeled \"Elephant\" and will play linebacker, defensive end, and defensive tackle for them in 2014. [60] [61] [62] Julius Peppers wore jersey number 56 for the Packers in honor of former great New York Giants outside linebacker, and fellow North Carolina alumnus, Lawrence Taylor.[63]", "Portal:National Football League/Did you know Portal:National Football League/Did you know/7", "Brett Favre Favre began the 2007 season trailing in a number of career NFL passing records. On September 16, 2007, Favre and the Packers defeated the New York Giants to give Favre his record setting 149th win, passing John Elway. On September 30, Favre threw a 16-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Greg Jennings in a game against the Vikings. This was his 421st NFL touchdown pass, and set a new all-time record, surpassing Dan Marino's 420.[citation needed]", "Aaron Rodgers However, weeks after an emotional interview with NBC's Andrea Kremer, following the team's season-ending victory at Chicago, Favre announced that he would stay with the Packers for the 2007 season, again postponing Rodgers's hopes of becoming the Packers' starting quarterback.[49] Prior to the 2007 season, rumors surfaced about a potential trade involving Rodgers in which he would be traded to the Oakland Raiders for wide receiver Randy Moss.[50] However, Moss was traded to the New England Patriots during the second day of the 2007 NFL Draft, and Rodgers stayed in Green Bay.[51]", "Mike Webster While, at the time of his retirement, the Steelers were no longer officially retiring jerseys, Webster's No. 52 has not been reissued by the team since he retired. In 1999, he was ranked number 75 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. The football stadium at Rhinelander High School, his alma mater, is named Mike Webster Stadium in his honor.[6] Webster was elected to the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame in 2007.", "Brett Favre A graduate of the University of Southern Mississippi, Favre played college football for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles for four years, setting many school records. He was selected in the second round of the 1991 NFL Draft by the Falcons, with whom he spent one season as a backup before being traded to Green Bay for the Packers' first-round pick in the 1992 NFL Draft. Favre became the Packers' starting quarterback in the fourth game of the 1992 NFL season and started every game through the 2007 season. He played for the Packers for 16 years before being traded to the Jets for the 2008 season and spending his final two seasons with the Vikings. In that time, he made an NFL-record 297 consecutive starts, 321 including the playoffs.", "Green Bay Packers In March 2009, the organization assured fans that Brett Favre's jersey number would be retired, but not during the 2009 season. In April 2009, the Packers selected defensive lineman B. J. Raji of Boston College as the team's first pick in the draft. The team then traded three draft picks (including the pick the Packers acquired from the Jets for Brett Favre) for another first-round pick, selecting linebacker Clay Matthews III of the University of Southern California.", "Aaron Rodgers Aaron Charles Rodgers (born December 2, 1983) is an American football quarterback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). Rodgers played college football for California, where he set several career passing records, including lowest single-season and career interception rates.[1] He was selected in the first round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the Packers.[2]", "Duane Thomas In March 1979, Thomas was signed by the Green Bay Packers, but was waived before the season started.[13][14] He finished his NFL career with 2,038 rushing yards, 453 carries and 21 touchdowns. He also caught 38 passes for 297 yards and 3 touchdowns.", "2011 Green Bay Packers season Rodgers ended the day, completing 24 of 30 passes (including 13 for 13 to start the game), for 335 yards and 3 touchdowns, and now has an incredible league-leading 125.7 passer rating and 20 touchdown passes through the first 7 weeks. The Packers remained the only undefeated in the NFL at 7–0 heading into their bye week, and will play at San Diego following the bye. Minnesota falls to 1–6 and head to Carolina next Sunday.", "Clay Matthews III Kevin Greene, the former All-Pro linebacker who is third on the all-time sack list with 160 (most ever by a linebacker), was hired by Dom Capers in 2009 to coach the outside linebacker position. He saw a lot of himself in Matthews, but feared the Packers would not be able to draft him. Analysts were shocked when the Packers traded their second- and two third-round draft picks to the New England Patriots to secure Matthews and the fifth-round selection.[7] Analysts did not believe Matthews to be a first-round draft prospect due to his limited playing experience at USC (only starting the final ten games of his senior season.) Greene later stated that Matthews has a \"set of skills that I have not seen in an outside linebacker. Clay has a set of skills that I didn't have. He has another gear I didn't have. He's better than Kevin Greene was.\"[8]", "Super Bowl XVII But Miami's strength on offense was their running game, ranking 3rd in the league with 1,344 yards. Pro Bowl running back Andra Franklin was the team's top rusher with 701 yards (3rd in the NFL) and 7 touchdowns. Running back Tony Nathan rushed for 233 yards, and caught 16 passes for another 114 yards. Woodley himself also recorded 207 rushing yards and 2 touchdowns. One reason for the Dolphins' rushing success was the blocking of their offensive line, led by future Hall of Fame center Dwight Stephenson, along with Pro Bowlers Bob Kuechenberg (a starter on Miami's Super Bowl teams in the early 1970s) and Ed Newman.[13]", "Aaron Rodgers After backing up Brett Favre for the first three years of his NFL career, Rodgers became the Packers' starting quarterback in 2008 and led them to a victory in Super Bowl XLV after the 2010 NFL season; Rodgers was named Super Bowl MVP. He was named Associated Press Athlete of the Year in 2011,[3] as well as being voted league MVP by the Associated Press for the 2011 and 2014 NFL seasons. Rodgers has led the NFL three times in touchdown-to-interception ratio (2011, 2012, 2014);[4] twice in passer rating (2011, 2012), touchdown passing percentage (2011, 2012), and lowest passing interception percentage (2009, 2014); and once in touchdown passes (2016) and yards per attempt (2011).", "Brett Favre Green Bay Packers general manager Ron Wolf traded a first-round pick (19th overall, which would be used for running back Tony Smith) for Favre after the 1991 season. Wolf, while an assistant to the general manager of the New York Jets, had intended to take Favre in the 1991 NFL Draft, but Favre was taken by the Falcons on the previous pick.[18][19]", "Brett Favre Favre was inducted by the Green Bay Packers into the team Hall of Fame in July 2015.[111] On February 6, 2016, Favre was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of the class of 2016.[112]", "Brett Favre In the third game of the 1992 season, Majkowski injured a ligament in his ankle against the Cincinnati Bengals, an injury severe enough that he would be out for four weeks. Favre replaced Majkowski for the remainder of the game. Favre fumbled four times during the course of the game,[27] a performance poor enough that the crowd chanted for Favre to be removed in favor of another Packers backup quarterback at the time, Ty Detmer.[28] However, down 23–17 with 1:07 left in the game, the Packers started an offensive series on their own 8-yard line. Favre then completed a 42-yard pass to wide receiver Sterling Sharpe. Three plays later, Favre threw the game–winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Kitrick Taylor with 13 seconds remaining.[19][27]", "2011 Green Bay Packers season Statistics site Football Outsiders calculated that the Packers were, play for play, the best team in the NFL in 2011 (though they received the second-lowest rating for a number-1 team since the 1993 San Francisco 49ers). According to the site, the Packers' offense was historically prolific, ranking as the second-best pass offense and third-best total offense since they began calculating. Furthermore, quarterback Aaron Rodgers had the fourth-most-prolific season, play by play, since calculations began and some have called it one of the most efficient seasons ever by a quarterback[1] by setting the NFL record for highest passer rating in a season (122.5).[2] The 2011 Packers are one of only five teams in NFL history to score 35 points or more nine times in a single season[3][4] and one of only two teams to score 42 points or more in at least six games, the other being the 2013 Broncos. The Packers' 70 total touchdowns are tied with the 1984 Dolphins for the third-most touchdowns scored in a season, and their 51 total touchdown passes are tied with the 2004 Colts for second-most touchdown passes in a season. The defense was ranked last, 32nd, in the league in yards allowed and surrendered an NFL record 4,796 passing yards despite leading the league in interceptions, with 31.", "Dick LeBeau After retirement as a player, LeBeau immediately went into coaching with the Philadelphia Eagles as a special teams coach under coach Mike McCormack, spending three seasons in Philadelphia. In 1976, LeBeau coached the secondary for the Green Bay Packers under Pro Football Hall of Fame QB Bart Starr. In his first season, Willie Buchanon, Johnnie Gray, Steve Luke, and Perry Smith combined for 10 interceptions. In 1977, Mike C. McCoy replaced Smith, and that quartet combined for 11 interceptions. In 1979, Estus Hood replaced Buchanan, and the secondary combined for another 11 interceptions.", "Green Bay Packers The Packers have been league champions a record 13 times,[11] topping their nearest rival, the Chicago Bears, by four. The first three were decided by league standing, the next six by the NFL Title Game, and the final four by Super Bowl victories. The Packers are also the only team to win three consecutive NFL titles, having accomplished this twice â€“ from 1929 to 1931 under Lambeau, and from 1965 to 1967 under Lombardi.", "Brett Favre Favre's eleven Pro Bowl invitations is the third most among quarterbacks in NFL history. He is the only player to win the Associated Press NFL Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times, doing so from 1995 to 1997, and is one of only six quarterbacks to have won the award as well as the Super Bowl in the same season.[1] He led teams to eight division championships, five NFC Championship Games, and two Super Bowl appearances: Super Bowl XXXI and Super Bowl XXXII. He and the Packers won Super Bowl XXXI over the New England Patriots.", "2011 Green Bay Packers season The Green Bay Packers returned to Lambeau Field for the first time since their victory in the NFL opening kickoff game on September 8 and continued their early season success by defeating the visiting Denver Broncos, 49–23. The Packers jumped out to an early lead, as they led 21–3 with 12:18 remaining in the 2nd quarter. The Broncos countered with two straight touchdowns to cut the Packer lead to 21–17, but the Packers responded by scoring 28 unanswered points to win in blowout fashion. Packers QB Aaron Rodgers had a career day, completing 29 of 38 (76.3%) passes for a career-high 408 yards. He threw 4 touchdowns (one to each WR Jordy Nelson, WR Greg Jennings, WR James Jones, and WR Donald Driver) and an interception. Rodgers showed his versatility by rushing for scores of 11 and 8 yards as well. He became the only QB in NFL history to record at least 400 yards passing, with 4 touchdown passes, and 2 rushing touchdowns in one game. WR Greg Jennings caught 7 passes for 103 yards to go along with his touchdown and RB James starked added 63 yards rushing and 38 yards receiving. On defense, the Packers forced 4 turnovers (3 INT and 1 FF), most notably an interception by CB Charles Woodson in the first quarter returned 30 yards for a touchdown. Broncos QB Kyle Orton threw for 273 yards, 3 touchdowns, and 3 interceptions in the loss. This was the first-ever regular season game to end with a score of 49 to 23.", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football No uniform numbers have been retired by Notre Dame. Upon being issued a number, each player is given a card which lists some of the more famous players who have worn that particular number. Number 3 is perhaps the most famous number in Irish football history, having been worn by Ralph Guglielmi, George Izo, Daryle Lamonica, Coley O'Brien, Joe Montana, Michael Floyd, Rick Mirer and Ron Powlus, among others.[602] Number 5 is also notable, as it is the only number to be worn by one of the Four Horsemen (Elmer Layden) a Heisman Trophy Winner (Paul Hornung) and a National Title winning Quarterback (Terry Hanratty).[602] Number 7 has been worn by such Irish greats as 1964 Heisman Trophy winner John Huarte, 1970 Heisman runner-up Joe Theismann, Steve Beuerlein, Jimmy Clausen and Jarious Jackson.[602]", "Pro Bowl Some players have had a surprisingly small number of Pro Bowl selections despite distinguished careers. Hall of Fame running back John Riggins was selected only once in his career from 1971 to 1985. He was not selected in the year after which he set the record for rushing touchdowns in a season and his team made it to the Super Bowl (although he did make the All-Pro team). Hall of Fame linebacker Ray Nitschke only made the Pro Bowl once, despite being named All-Pro seven times and being the MVP of the 1962 NFL Championship Game. Defensive back Ken Riley never made the Pro Bowl in his 15 seasons, even though he recorded 65 interceptions, the fourth-highest total in NFL history at the time of his retirement. Former Jacksonville Jaguars halfback Fred Taylor, who is 15th in all-time rushing yards, was elected to his only Pro Bowl in 2007, despite averaging 4.6 yards per carry for his career, better than all but five running backs ranked in the top 30 in all-time rushing. Aaron Smith made it to the Pro Bowl once in 13 years (2004) despite winning two Super Bowl rings with the Pittsburgh Steelers and being named to the Sports Illustrated 2000s All Decade Team, despite defensive teammates such as Troy Polamalu, Casey Hampton, and James Harrison being named to multiple Pro Bowls during his career; Smith would often be ranked as one of the NFL's most underrated players during his career.[48]", "Julius Peppers In Week 13 on a snowy day in Green Bay Wisconsin, Julius Frazier Peppers made history against the Houston Texans when he lined up at Defensive Tackle across from Texans Right Guard Jeff Allen, Peppers used his hump move that he learned by watching film of former great Defensive End Reggie White, on Allen to record his 142.5 sack on Texans QB Brock Osweiler, and moved into the top five on the NFL's all-time sack list, passing former New York Giants Hall of Fame Defensive End Michael Strahan for fifth place. Peppers finished the game with 5 tackles and 1 sack in helping the Packers defeat the Texans by a score of 21-13. Peppers, who is considered one of the greatest defensive players in NFL history, made his case stronger to be a first ballot Hall of Famer after his retirement. In Week 15 against Peppers former team the Chicago Bears, he recorded 4 tackles and had a sack, forced fumble, and fumble recovery on the first play of the second half to help the Packers get momentum en route to a Packers win by a score of 30-27.", "Super Bowl I After both teams traded punts on their first possessions of the game, the Packers jumped out to an early 7â€“0 lead, driving 80 yards in six plays. The drive was highlighted by Starr's passes, to Marv Fleming for 11, to Elijah Pitts for 22 yards on a scramble, and to Carroll Dale for 12 yards. On the last play, Bart Starr threw a pass to reserve receiver Max McGee, who had replaced re-injured starter Boyd Dowler earlier in the drive. (Dowler had injured the shoulder the previous week after scoring a third quarter touchdown; Cowboys defensive back Mike Gaechter had upended him several steps after scoring and he landed awkwardly.) McGee slipped past Chiefs cornerback Willie Mitchell, made a one-handed catch at the 23-yard line, and then took off for a 37-yard touchdown reception (McGee had also caught a touchdown pass after replacing an injured Dowler in the NFL championship game). On their ensuing drive, the Chiefs moved the ball to Green Bay's 33-yard line, but kicker Mike Mercer missed a 40-yard field goal.", "List of Green Bay Packers stadiums In addition to Lambeau Field, the Green Bau Packers operate three separate practice facilities that are part of a large complex located across the street from the stadium.[citation needed] These facilities include two full-size outdoor football fields, Clarke Hinkle Field and Ray Nitschke Field, and an indoor training area called the Don Hutson Center.[citation needed] Clarke Hinkle Field, built in 1958, currently has a natural grass field reinforced with fibers using the Desso GrassMaster system, which is the same surface as Lambeau Field.[citation needed] Both the Don Hutson Center, built in 1994, and Ray Nitschke Field, built in 1997, have FieldTurf playing surfaces, which are used by many other stadiums within the NFL.[citation needed] The team has also hosted its yearly training camp at St. Norbert College since 1958.[9]", "Super Bowl XLV The offense was led by quarterback Aaron Rodgers, who was in his third year as a starter after taking over for the team's all-time leading passer Brett Favre. Rodgers finished the season completing 65.7% of his passes for 3,922 yards and 28 touchdowns, with only eleven interceptions, giving him his second consecutive season with a triple digit passer rating (101.2). He was also a good rusher, adding 356 yards and 4 touchdowns on the ground. His top target was pro bowl receiver Greg Jennings, who caught 76 passes for 1,265 yards and 12 touchdowns, giving him a 16.6 yards per catch average while also ranking him fourth in the NFL in yards and second in touchdown catches. Other reliable targets included receivers James Jones (50 receptions, 676 yards, 5 tds), Donald Driver (51 receptions, 565 yards, 4 tds), and Jordy Nelson (45 receptions, 582 yards, 496 kick return yards). The Packers lost star tight end Jermichael Finley (21 receptions 301 yards, 1 td) to injury in week five who was their leading receiver at the time. The Packers ground game was crippled by injuries, especially the Week 1 loss of Ryan Grant, who had rushed for over 1,200 yards in each of the last two seasons. In his absence, the team relied prominently on Brandon Jackson, who rushed for 703 yards and caught 43 passes for 342, and fullback John Kuhn, who added 281 yards on the ground. The team's offensive line was anchored by pro bowl tackle Chad Clifton, an 11-year veteran.", "Green Bay Packers While several NFL teams choose to wear white jerseys at home early in the season due to white's ability to reflect the late summer sun rays, the Packers have done so only twice, during the opening two games of the 1989 season. However, the team did wear an all-white uniform in 2016 versus the Chicago Bears during the two teams' designated Color Rush game, in which Chicago wore all-navy uniforms. Although alternate gold jerseys with green numbers are sold on a retail basis, the team currently has no plans to introduce such a jersey to be used in actual games.", "Steve Largent His #80 was retired in 1992; Largent is the first Seahawk player to be so honored (the team has retired number 12 in honor of the fans, the \"12th man\", the number 71 for offensive tackle Walter Jones, on December 5, 2010,[3] and the number 96 for defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy on October 14, 2012.)[4] During Jerry Rice's stint with the Seahawks in 2004, Largent's #80 was temporarily \"unretired\" after a conversation between Rice and Largent that was reportedly initiated by then Seahawks president Bob Whitsitt.[5] Largent remains the most prolific receiver in team history. On October 26, 2008, Largent's University of Tulsa #83 was also retired.[6]", "Green Bay Packers On March 4, 2008, Brett Favre tearfully announced his retirement. Within five months, however, he filed for reinstatement with the NFL on July 29. Favre's petition was granted by Commissioner Roger Goodell, effective August 4, 2008.[21] On August 6, 2008, it was announced that Brett Favre was traded to the New York Jets for a conditional draft pick in 2009.[22]", "Tony Dorsett Dorsett was the first Pitt player to have his jersey retired, after being a four-time 1,000-yard rusher and four-time All-American. He is considered one of the greatest running backs in college football history. In 2007, he was ranked #7 on ESPN's Top 25 Players in College Football History list.[9] In 1994, he was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame.", "Lambeau Field More famously a nickname for the city than its football field, \"Titletown, USA\" became popularized in 1961, even before Vince Lombardi won any of his championships. At the 1961 NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants, which the Packers won 37â€“0, fans hung up signs around the stadium that read Welcome to Titletown, USA. Then-Giants quarterback Y. A. Tittle joked that the honor was for him, just that his name was misspelled. By the mid-60s, Titletown, USA was registered as a trademark of the Green Bay Packers, Inc. Lambeau Field has been home to seven NFL world championship seasons, five under Lombardi, one under Mike Holmgren and one under Mike McCarthy, surpassing the six world championship seasons witnessed by its predecessor, City Stadium, under Curly Lambeau.", "Brett Favre Since first being named the starter of the Green Bay Packers before playing the Pittsburgh Steelers on September 27, 1992, Favre had never missed a game spanning over 181⁄2 consecutive seasons.[116] He holds the record for the most consecutive starts by any player in the NFL with 297 (321 including playoffs), and is one of eight quarterbacks to have started 100 consecutive games in NFL history. Favre has stated that of all the records he set, he is most proud of the consecutive starts accomplishment.[117]", "Green Bay Packers The 1967 season was the last for Lombardi as the Packers' head coach. The NFL Championship game, a rematch of the 1966 contest against Dallas, became indelibly known as the \"Ice Bowl\" as a result of the brutal conditions at Lambeau Field. Still the coldest NFL game ever played, it remains one of the most famous football games at any level in the history of the sport. With 16 seconds left, Bart Starr's touchdown on a quarterback sneak brought the Packers a 21–17 victory and their still unequaled third straight NFL Championship. They then won Super Bowl II with a 33–14 victory over the Oakland Raiders. Lombardi stepped down as head coach after the game, and Phil Bengtson was named his successor. Lombardi remained as general manager for one season, but left in 1969 to become head coach and minority owner of the Washington Redskins.", "Green Bay Packers Expanded seven times before the end of the 1990s, Lambeau Field capacity reached 60,890. In 2003, it was extensively renovated to expand seating, modernize stadium facilities, and add an atrium area. Even with a current seating capacity of 72,928, ticket demand far outpaces supply, as all Packers games have been sold out since 1960. About 86,000 names are on the waiting list for season tickets.[41]", "Brett Favre In Super Bowl XXXI, Favre completed 14-of-27 passes for 246 yards and two touchdown passes. On the second play of the game, Favre called an audible and threw a 54-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Andre Rison. In addition, Favre completed an 81-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Antonio Freeman in the second quarter (then a Super Bowl record for longest touchdown catch). Favre rushed for 12 yards and another touchdown, as the Packers won Super Bowl XXXI over the New England Patriots, 35–21. In their 19 games of the season, the Packers had a turnover ratio of plus 24, and outscored their opponents 100–48 in the playoffs.[37] Favre became the first and only quarterback to score three touchdowns in the Super Bowl and fail to win MVP honors.[citation needed]", "Wide receiver The wide receiver grew out of a position known as the end. Originally, the ends played on the offensive line, immediately next to the tackles. By the rules governing the forward pass, ends (positioned at the end of the line of scrimmage) and backs (positioned behind the line of scrimmage) are eligible receivers. Most early football teams used the ends as receivers sparingly, their position often left them in heavy traffic with many defenders around. By the 1930s, some teams were experimenting with moving one end far out near the sideline, to make them more open to receive passes. These split ends became the prototype for the modern wide receiver. Don Hutson, who played college football at the Alabama and professionally with the Green Bay Packers was the first player to exploit the potentials of the split end position, and is widely credited as inventing the wide receiver position.", "Green Bay Packers The Packers is the last of the \"small town teams\" which were common in the NFL during the 1920s and 30s. Founded in 1919 by Earl \"Curly\" Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, the franchise traces its lineage to other semi-professional teams in Green Bay dating back to 1896. Between 1919 and 1920, the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest, before joining the American Professional Football Association (APFA), the forerunner of today's NFL, in 1921. Although Green Bay is by far the smallest major league professional sports market in North America, its local fan and media base extends 120 miles south into Milwaukee, where it played selected home games between 1933 and 1994. And despite its small market, Forbes ranked the Packers as the world's 26th most valuable sports franchise in 2016, with a value of $2.35 billion.[10]", "2011 Green Bay Packers season With their Super Bowl XLV championship title to defend, the Green Bay Packers began their 2011 campaign against the previous champion (Super Bowl XLIV champion), the New Orleans Saints in the annual NFL Kickoff Game. Green Bay delivered the game's opening punch in the first quarter as reigning Super Bowl MVP Aaron Rodgers found wide receiver Greg Jennings on a 7-yard touchdown pass, followed by wide receiver Jordy Nelson on a 3-yard touchdown pass. The Saints answered with quarterback Drew Brees completing a 31-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Robert Meachem, yet the Packers came right back with Rodgers hooking up rookie wide receiver Randall Cobb on a 32-yard touchdown pass. It was Cobb's first career catch as well as touchdown, despite running the wrong route, later revealed by Rodgers. New Orleans crawled their way back in the second quarter as kicker John Kasay got a 30-yard field goal, followed by running back Darren Sproles returning a punt 72 yards for a touchdown. Afterwards, Green Bay struck back with a 17-yard touchdown run from running back James Starks.", "Julius Peppers In the Divisional playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys, Peppers would have a dominant performance by leading the Packers in tackles on the day with 6, sacking Dallas quarterback Tony Romo and forcing a fumble on the third play of the game, then drew a holding penalty, and later forced a fumble of running back DeMarco Murray in the third quarter that the Packers recovered and prevented what looked like a clear run to the end zone for Murray. It was yet another game changing play made by Peppers, who has made plays such as this all throughout his outstanding career, and has been one of the biggest playmakers in NFL history as a game wrecking dominant defensive force, the likes of which the NFL hasn't seen since the days of Lawrence Taylor and Reggie White. The Packers went on to defeat the Cowboys 26-21.[73][74]", "Aaron Rodgers After their loss to the Lions, the Packers went on a four-game win streak, during which, Rodgers threw 13 touchdowns with no interceptions. In Week 6 against Miami, Rodgers led the Packers to a game-winning drive with less than two minutes remaining. He completed a 4th & 10 pass to wide receiver Jordy Nelson and mimicked Dan Marino's famous \"fake spike\" play by completing a pass to wide receiver Davante Adams to get to within four yards of the endzone later in the drive.[129] Rodgers then completed a touchdown pass to tight end Andrew Quarless to win the game 27-24.[130] This play would later win Rodgers the GMC Never Say Never Moment of the Year Award.[130]", "Green Bay Packers The Packers began their 2008 season with their 2005 first-round draft pick, quarterback Aaron Rodgers, under center, as the first QB other than Favre to start for the Packers in 16 years. Rodgers played well in his first year starting for the Packers, throwing for over 4000 yards and 28 touchdowns. However, injuries plagued the Packers' defense, as they lost 7 close games by 4 points or less, finishing with a 6â€“10 record. After the season, eight assistant coaches were dismissed by McCarthy, including Bob Sanders, the team's defensive coordinator, who was replaced by Dom Capers.", "Lambeau Field Many Packer players will jump into the end zone stands after scoring a touchdown, in a celebration affectionately known as the \"Lambeau Leap\". The Lambeau Leap was invented by safety LeRoy Butler, who scored after a Reggie White fumble recovery and lateral against the L.A. Raiders on December 26, 1993. It was later popularized by wide receiver Robert Brooks.[60][61]", "Green Bay Packers The next year, the Packers, led by Paul Hornung's 176 points, won the NFL West title and played in the NFL Championship against the Philadelphia Eagles at Philadelphia. In a see-saw game, the Packers trailed by only four points when All-Pro Eagle linebacker Chuck Bednarik tackled Jim Taylor just nine yards short of the goal line as time expired. The Packers claimed that they did not \"lose\" the game, they were simply behind in the score when time ran out.", "National Football League uniform numbers Numbers 0 and 00 are no longer used, though they were issued in the NFL before the number standardization in 1973. Quarterback Johnny Clement, running back Johnny Olszewski and safety Obert Logan all wore a single-0 jersey in the NFL. Author George Plimpton famously wore 0 during a brief preseason stint at quarterback for the Detroit Lions. Jim Otto wore number \"00\" during most of his career with the Oakland Raiders as a play on his name, \"aught-oh.\" Wide receiver Ken Burrough of the Houston Oilers also wore \"00\" during his NFL career in the 1970s. More recently, linebacker Bryan Cox wore 0 in the 2001 preseason with the New England Patriots; for the regular season, he switched to 51. Numbers from 01 to 09, with a leading \"0\" digit, would theoretically be allowed (and be considered the same as numbers 1 to 9 for record-keeping purposes), but such a number has never been issued in professional football.", "Brett Favre In the 2006 season, Favre suffered his first career shutout against the Chicago Bears. Later in the season, the New England Patriots shut out the Packers in a game where he was injured before halftime and could not complete the game.[58][59] On September 24, 2006, he became just the second quarterback in NFL history to record 400 touchdown passes (Dan Marino being the first). He connected with rookie wide receiver Greg Jennings on a 5-yard pass that Jennings turned into a 75-yard touchdown play during a win against the Detroit Lions.[60] He also became the first player ever to complete 5,000 passes in his career.[citation needed] On December 31, 2006, the Packers played their last game of the season, winning 26–7 in the second game against the Chicago Bears. It was his 22nd career win versus the Bears, moving him to an all-time record of 22–8.[citation needed]", "Devin Hester Although NFL rules generally require wide receivers to wear jersey numbers in the 10-19 and 80-89 range, players who later change positions are allowed to keep their previous number, as long as it is not within the 50-79 range for eligible receiver purposes. Hester was allowed to keep number 23, a number normally used for cornerbacks, since it sits outside the 50-79 range. Along with former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Dwight Stone, who wore number 20 during his eight-year stint in Pittsburgh, Hester was one of two wide receivers to wear a 20's jersey number since the NFL adopted the current uniform numbering system in 1973.[43]", "Clay Matthews III He was added to the 2009 NFC Pro Bowl squad, replacing Bears LB Lance Briggs. He was the first Packers' rookie to earn a Pro Bowl selection since wide receiver James Lofton in 1978.", "Julius Peppers Peppers also became the first player since sacks became an official statistic in 1982 to record at least a half-sack and an interception-return touchdown in three different games.[65] Peppers said that he is having the time of his life playing outside linebacker for the Green Bay Packers.[66] In Week 10 Julius Peppers gave an inspiring speech to his teammates before playing his former team the Chicago Bears.[67][68] Peppers recorded 4 tackles, 2 passes defensed, and a sack, forced fumble, and fumble recovery on the same play against Bears quarterback Jay Cutler. The Packers blew out Peppers' former team by a score of 55-14.", "Brett Favre The Packers lost to the San Francisco 49ers in a Wild Card Round playoff game in 1998. Favre had rallied the team with a touchdown pass to wide receiver Antonio Freeman with 1:56 remaining in the game to put the Packers up 27â€“23. However, Steve Young responded with a touchdown of his own to wide receiver Terrell Owens with three seconds remaining to end the Packers season.[38] Favre and the Packers failed for the first time since 1994 to at least reach the NFC Championship.[39]", "Green Bay Packers The flagship station of the Packers Radio Network is Scripps Radio's WTMJ in Milwaukee, which was the former flagship of the Journal Broadcast Group before its merger with Scripps in April 2015. WTMJ has aired Packers games since 1929, the longest association between a radio station and an NFL team to date, and the only rights deal in American professional sports where a station outside of the team's main metro area is the radio flagship. While this might be unusual, the station can be heard at city-grade strength at all hours in Green Bay proper. Games air in Green Bay on WTAQ (1360/97.5) and WIXX-FM (101.1), and WAPL (105.7) and WHBY (1150) in Appleton and the Fox Cities.[70] Wayne Larrivee is the play-by-play announcer and Larry McCarren is the color analyst. Larrivee joined the team after many years as the Chicago Bears' announcer.[71] Jim Irwin and Max McGee were the longtime radio announcers before Larrivee and McCarren. When victory is assured for the Packers, either a game-winning touchdown, interception or a crucial 4th down defensive stop, Larrivee's trademark declaration of \"And there is your dagger!\" signifies the event. In limited circumstances where the Milwaukee Brewers are in either playoff or post-season contention and their play-by-play takes priority, WTMJ's sister FM station WKTI (94.5) currently airs Packer games to avert game conflicts.", "Aaron Rodgers The Packers set a new franchise record by scoring 461 total points (third in the league), breaking the previous record held by the 1996 Super Bowl team (456).[66][67] Rodgers also made the record books, becoming the first quarterback in NFL history ever to throw for 4,000 yards in both of his first two years as a starter.[68] He finished the season fourth in passing yards (4,434), touchdown passes (30), passer rating (103.2), and yards per attempt (8.2) as well as eighth in completion percentage (64.7%), while also coming second among quarterbacks in rushing yards (316).[69] His passing yardage made him second all-time in Packers history, behind only Lynn Dickey's all-time single-season record.[70] His passer rating of 103.2 was also third-highest in team history at the time, behind only Bart Starr's 105.0 rating in 1966 and 104.3 rating in 1968 (minimum 150 attempts).[71]", "Green Bay Packers In 1998, the Packers went 11â€“5 and met the San Francisco 49ers in the first-round of the NFC playoffs. It was the fourth consecutive year these teams had met in the playoffs, and the sixth overall contest since the 1995 season. The Packers had won all previous games, and the media speculated that another 49ers loss would result in the dismissal of San Francisco head coach Steve Mariucci. Unlike the previous playoff matches, this game was hotly contested, with the teams frequently exchanging leads. With 4:19 left in the 4th quarter, Brett Favre and the Packers embarked on an 89-yard drive, which concluded with a Favre touchdown pass to receiver Antonio Freeman. This play appeared to give Green Bay the victory. But San Francisco quarterback Steve Young led the 49ers on an improbable touchdown drive, which culminated when Terrell Owens caught Young's pass between several defenders to give the 49ers a lead with three seconds remaining. Afterwards, the game was mired in controversy. Many argued that during the 49ers game-winning drive, Niners receiver Jerry Rice fumbled the ball but officials stated he was down by contact. Television replays appeared to confirm these sentiments, and the next season the NFL re instituted an instant replay system. In the end, this game turned out to be the end of an era in Green Bay. Days later Mike Holmgren left the Packers to become Vice President, General Manager and Head Coach of the Seattle Seahawks. Much of Holmgren's coaching staff went with him, and Reggie White also retired after the season (but later played one season for the Carolina Panthers in 2000).", "Emlen Tunnell He next played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) as a defensive halfback and safety for the New York Giants (1948–1958) and Green Bay Packers (1959–1961). He was selected as a first-team All-Pro six times and played in nine Pro Bowls. He was a member of NFL championship teams in 1956 and 1961. When he retired as a player, he held NFL career records for interceptions (79), interception return yards (1,282), punt returns (258), and punt return yards (2,209).", "Lambeau Field Lambeau Field has frequently given a significant postseason home-field advantage for the Packers. Playoff games at Lambeau Field typically feature cold Wisconsin winters. The most famous example is the aforementioned Ice Bowl. More recently, in the 1997 NFL playoffs both the San Francisco 49ers in the divisional playoffs and the Carolina Panthers in the NFC Championship Game struggled to adapt to the muddy and the cold conditions respectively. The temperatures during the 2007 NFC Championship Game (in which the Packers lost in OT, 23–20, to the New York Giants) reached as low as −4 °F (−20 °C), with a wind chill of −24 °F (−31 °C). From its opening in 1957 until January 2003, when they fell 27–7 to the Atlanta Falcons, the Packers had never lost a postseason game at Lambeau Field. However, the Packers hosted just one postseason game (in the ad-hoc round-of-16 in the strike-shortened 1982 season) during a lean stretch of 27 years between the Ice Bowl of 1967 and a wild-card game in December 1994. Although the Packers have won only five of their last ten playoff games at Lambeau Field, their overall home post-season record is a respectable 16–5. The stadium has hosted five championship contests: three NFL title games in 1961, 1965 and 1967 (the \"Ice Bowl\"); two NFC championships after the 1996 and 2007 seasons.", "Super Bowl I Green Bay also had an excellent defense that displayed their talent in the NFL championship game, stopping the Dallas Cowboys on four consecutive plays starting from the Packers 2-yard line on the final drive to win the game. Lionel Aldridge had replaced Quinlan, but Jordan and Davis still anchored the defensive line; linebacker Ray Nitschke excelled at run stopping and pass coverage, while the secondary was led by defensive backs Herb Adderley and Willie Wood. Wood was another example of how Lombardi found talent in players that nobody else could see. Wood had been a quarterback in college and was not drafted by an NFL team. When Wood joined the Packers in 1960, he was converted to a free safety, and went on to make the All-Pro team 9 times in his 12-year career.[24]", "John Elway On September 13, 1999, Elway's number 7 jersey was retired by the Denver Broncos during halftime of a Monday Night game against the Miami Dolphins; that same night he was inducted into the Denver Broncos Ring of Fame. (Craig Morton, his direct predecessor in Denver, also wore number 7 and is in the Ring of Fame alongside Elway). He was the first Broncos player to have the five-year waiting period waived. Also in 1999 he was inducted into the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame.", "List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) and are the third-oldest franchise in the National Football League (NFL). The club was founded in 1919 by coach, player, and future Hall of Fame inductee Curly Lambeau and sports and telegraph editor George Whitney Calhoun. The Packers competed against local teams for two seasons before entering the NFL in 1921.", "Aaron Rodgers In Week 14 of the season, Rodgers sustained his second concussion of the season. Backup Matt Flynn was put into the game as Rodgers' replacement. The Packers lost the game 7â€“3 to the Detroit Lions.[79] Against the New England Patriots, Rodgers missed the next week's regular season start, ending his streak of consecutive starts at 45, which is tied for the second longest in team history.[80]", "Green Bay Packers The Packers had a 9–7 record in 1992, and began to turn heads around the league when they signed perhaps the most prized free agent in NFL history in Reggie White on the defense in 1993. White believed that Wolf, Holmgren, and Favre had the team heading in the right direction with a \"total commitment to winning.\" With White on board the Packers made it to the second round of the playoffs during both the 1993 and 1994 seasons but lost their 2nd-round matches to their playoff rival, the Dallas Cowboys, playing in Dallas on both occasions. In 1995, the Packers won the NFC Central Division championship for the first time since 1972. After a home playoff 37–20 win against Favre's former team, the Atlanta Falcons, the Packers defeated the defending Super Bowl champion San Francisco 49ers 27–17 in San Francisco on the road to advance to the NFC Championship Game, where they lost again to the Dallas Cowboys 38–27.", "Clay Matthews III On September 28, 2017, during the week-four game against the Chicago Bears, Matthews became the Packers' all-time sacks leader when he sacked the Bears' quarterback Mike Glennon.[24]", "John Elway Elway was named the greatest athlete wearing the #7 by Sports Illustrated. Current Pittsburgh Steelers' quarterback Ben Roethlisberger, who grew up idolizing Elway and Joe Montana, wears number 7 in honor of Elway.[30]", "Green Bay Packers The Packers stormed back in the 1962 season, jumping out to a 10–0 start, on their way to a 13–1 season. This consistent level of success would lead to Lombardi's Packers becoming one of the most prominent teams of their era, and even to their being featured as the face of the NFL on the cover of Time on December 21, 1962, as part of the magazine's cover story on \"The Sport of the '60s\".[18] Shortly after Time's article, the Packers faced the Giants in a much more brutal championship game than the previous year, but the Packers prevailed on the surprising foot of Jerry Kramer and the determined running of Jim Taylor. The Packers defeated the Giants in New York, 16–7.", "List of career achievements by Brett Favre Favre's legacy may be best known for his consecutive starts streak of 297 games (321 including playoffs) which is widely considered one of the most notable streaks in sports, so much so that the Pro Football Hall of Fame has as an exhibit displaying the jersey Favre wore during his record breaking 117th consecutive start as a quarterback, and a section of their website devoted to what the Hall of Fame calls an \"Iron man\".[1] Favre considers the consecutive starts feat to be the record he is most proud of.[2]", "2011 Green Bay Packers season With the win, the Packers would finish their season at 15â€“1 and also sweep the Lions for the first time since 2009. They also swept the NFC North for the first time ever since the NFL created divisions in 1967. This is also the highest-scoring game between the Lions and the Packers in the history of the rivalry between both teams with a combined total of 86 points. Aaron Rodgers, Charles Woodson, Greg Jennings, and Clay Matthews were put as inactive, after already securing the bye week, to avoid injury.[8]", "Brett Favre The following season, Favre helped the Packers to their first playoff berth since 1982 and was named to his second Pro Bowl. Favre had his first career 400 yard passing game and led the NFC in pass attempts, pass completions, and pass interceptions. Favre also had four game winning drives giving him seven for his career up to that point.[30] After the season, Favre became a free agent. General manager Ron Wolf negotiated Favre into a five-year, $19 million contract.", "Brett Favre For the 2005 season, the Packers, despite throwing for over 3,000Â yards for a record 14th consecutive time, Favre had a below average season with only 20 touchdown passes and a league-leading 29 interceptions. The loss of guards Marco Rivera and Mike Wahle to free agency along with key injuries to Javon Walker, Ahman Green, Bubba Franks, among others, hampered Favre and the team. His passer rating was 70.9, 31st in the NFL and the worst single season rating of his career.[55] After the disappointing season, many speculated that Favre would retire.[56] However, on April 26, 2006, Favre announced that he would remain with the team for the 2006 season. Despite earlier comments that the 2006 season would be his last, Favre announced in a press conference on May 6, 2006, that he had not ruled out the possibility of returning beyond the 2006 season.[57]" ]	[ "List of Green Bay Packers retired numbers In the 2013 training camp pre-season games, jersey No. 1 has been worn by rookie wide receiver Alex Gillett, and No. 5 by rookie wide receiver Omarius Hines. Quarterback Don Majkowski wore No. 5 his rookie season (1987) before switching to No. 7.[7]" ]
test24	who were farmers who kept a small portion of their crops & gave the rest to the landowners	[ "doc658" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1521270", "doc2599541", "doc766466", "doc658", "doc463904", "doc766467", "doc2599540", "doc682", "doc2599548", "doc2300232", "doc766449", "doc1521276", "doc1119814", "doc1445553", "doc766475", "doc463906", "doc2066358", "doc463905", "doc271162", "doc766488", "doc731355", "doc90396", "doc676", "doc731356", "doc731360", "doc233902", "doc766487", "doc502903", "doc766465", "doc1662520", "doc674", "doc766459", "doc660", "doc2599559", "doc301313", "doc766448", "doc670", "doc766464", "doc1238694", "doc215845", "doc474616", "doc766468", "doc1013054", "doc1119815", "doc766481", "doc766469", "doc1296248", "doc301314", "doc664", "doc2066359", "doc2074988", "doc2599555", "doc463921", "doc463910", "doc2066353", "doc766485", "doc2599552", "doc663", "doc654860", "doc766473", "doc661", "doc662", "doc1097745", "doc659", "doc463916", "doc1573912", "doc1238702", "doc2599542", "doc766472", "doc766471", "doc90407", "doc463919", "doc1643316", "doc2077325", "doc675", "doc766489", "doc513944", "doc1252644", "doc669", "doc1521274", "doc297281", "doc2250518", "doc122839", "doc1033481", "doc766456", "doc766446", "doc122823", "doc672", "doc550335", "doc135672", "doc2223281", "doc909366", "doc361834", "doc890179", "doc427024", "doc463913", "doc2599558", "doc971377", "doc1152870", "doc1427816" ]	[ "Peasant A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or farmer, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees or services to a landlord.[1][2] In Europe, peasants were divided into three classes according to their personal status: slave, serf, and free tenant. Peasants either hold title to land in fee simple, or hold land by any of several forms of land tenure, among them socage, quit-rent, leasehold, and copyhold.[3]", "Tenant farmer Historically, rural society utilised a three tier structure of landowners (nobility, gentry, yeomanry), tenant farmers, and farmworkers. Originally, tenant farmers were known as peasants. Under Anglo-Norman law almost all tenants were bonded to the land, and were therefore also villeins, but after the labour shortage occasioned by the Black Death in the mid 14th century, the number of free tenants substantially increased.[1] Many tenant farmers became affluent and socially well connected, and employed a substantial number of labourers and managed more than one farm. Tenancy could be either in perpetuity[2] or rotated by the owners.[3] Cottiers (cottagers) held much less land.[4]", "Serfdom Freemen, or free tenants held their land by one of a variety of contracts of feudal land-tenure and were essentially rent-paying tenant farmers who owed little or no service to the lord, and had a good degree of security of tenure and independence. In parts of 11th-century England freemen made up only 10% of the peasant population, and in the rest of Europe their numbers were small.", "Sharecropping Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have used a form of the system. Some are governed by tradition, and others by law. Legal contract systems such as the Italian mezzadria, the French métayage, the Spanish mediero, or the Islamic system of muqasat, occur widely.[citation needed]", "Open-field system The open-field system was the prevalent agricultural system in much of Europe during the Middle Ages and lasted into the 20th century in parts of western Europe, Russia, Iran and Turkey.[1] Under the open-field system, each manor or village had two or three large fields, usually several hundred acres each, which were divided into many narrow strips of land. The strips or selions were cultivated by individuals or peasant families, often called tenants or serfs. The holdings of a manor also included woodland and pasture areas for common usage and fields belonging to the lord of the manor and the church. The farmers customarily lived in individual houses in a nucleated village with a much larger manor house and church nearby. The open-field system necessitated co-operation among the inhabitants of the manor.", "Serfdom A villein (or villain) represented the most common type of serf in the Middle Ages. Villeins had more rights and higher status than the lowest serf, but existed under a number of legal restrictions that differentiated them from freemen. Villeins generally rented small homes, with or without land. As part of the contract with the landlord, the lord of the manor, they were expected to spend some of their time working on the lord's fields. The requirement often was not greatly onerous, contrary to popular belief, and was often only seasonal, for example the duty to help at harvest-time.[citation needed] The rest of their time was spent farming their own land for their own profit.", "Tenant farmer A tenant farmer is one who resides on land owned by a landlord. Tenant farming is an agricultural production system in which landowners contribute their land and often a measure of operating capital and management; while tenant farmers contribute their labor along with at times varying amounts of capital and management. Depending on the contract, tenants can make payments to the owner either of a fixed portion of the product, in cash or in a combination. The rights the tenant has over the land, the form, and measure of the payment varies across systems (geographically and chronologically). In some systems, the tenant could be evicted at whim (tenancy at will); in others, the landowner and tenant sign a contract for a fixed number of years (tenancy for years or indenture). In most developed countries today, at least some restrictions are placed on the rights of landlords to evict tenants under normal circumstances.", "Sharecropping Croppers were assigned a plot of land to work, and in exchange owed the owner a share of the crop at the end of the season, usually one half. The owner provided the tools and farm animals. Farmers who owned their own mule and plow were at a higher stage, and were called tenant farmers: They paid the landowner less, usually only a third of each crop. In both cases the farmer kept the produce of gardens.", "Tenant farmer Until about 1900, the majority of Ireland was held by landlords, as much as 97% in 1870, and rented out to tenant farmers who had to pay rent to landlords and taxes to the Church and State. The majority of the people had no access to land. 1.5% of the population owned 33.7% of the nation, and 50% of the country was in the hands of only 750 families. Absenteeism was common and detrimental to the country's progress. Tenants often sub-rented small plots on a yearly basis from local farmers paying for them by labour service by a system, known as conacre, most without any lease or land rights. Irish smallholders were indistinguishable from the cottiers of England.[12][13]", "Family farm In the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the largely self-sufficient villa-system of the latifundia remained among the few political-cultural centres of a fragmented Europe. These latifundia had been of great importance economically, until the long-distance shipping of wine and oil, grain and garum disintegrated, but extensive lands controlled in a single pair of hands still constituted power: it can be argued that the latifundia formed part of the economic basis of the European social feudal system, taking the form of Manorialism, the essential element of feudal society,[11] and the organizing principle of rural economy in medieval Europe.[12] Manorialism was characterised by the vesting of legal and economic power in a Lord of the Manor, supported economically from his own direct landholding in a manor (sometimes called a fief), and from the obligatory contributions of a legally subject part of the peasant population under the jurisdiction of himself and his manorial court. Manorialism died slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the open field system. It outlasted serfdom as it outlasted feudalism: \"primarily an economic organization, it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent.\"[13] The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution. In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II.[14] The common law of the leasehold estate relation evolved in medieval England. That law still retains many archaic terms and principles pertinent to a feudal social order. Under the tenant system, a farm may be worked by the same family over many generations, but what is inherited is not the farm's estate itself but the lease on the estate. In much of Europe, serfdom was abolished only in the modern period, in Western Europe after the French Revolution, in Russia as late as in 1861.", "Serfdom Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the lord of the manor who owned that land. In return they were entitled to protection, justice, and the right to cultivate certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence. Serfs were often required not only to work on the lord's fields, but also in his mines and forests and to labor to maintain roads. The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society, and the lord of the manor and the villeins, and to a certain extent serfs, were bound legally: by taxation in the case of the former, and economically and socially in the latter.", "Peasant The open field system of agriculture dominated most of northern Europe during medieval times and endured until the nineteenth century in many areas. Under this system, peasants lived on a manor presided over by a lord or a bishop of the church. Peasants paid rent or labor services to the lord in exchange for their right to cultivate the land. Fallowed land, pastures, forests, and wasteland were held in common. The open field system required cooperation among the peasants of the manor.[5] It was gradually replaced by individual ownership and management of land.", "Farmers' Alliance A new mode of production replaced the slave-based large-scale agriculture of the pre-war years. Now it would be small-scale agrarian enterprise that would proliferate and the emergence of the so-called \"share system\" or \"cropping system,\" in which non-landowners paid rent for the use of the land they farmed in the form of a fixed percentage of the output generated.[14] This system in theory served the needs of landowners and poor farmers alike, as the sharecroppers would have the incentive to produce more and benefit from increased output while landowners would be provided with a labor source to produce upon the land they held without the necessity of paying cash wages.[15]", "Peon After the American Civil War of 1861–1865, peonage developed in the Southern United States. Poor white farmers and formerly enslaved African Americans known as freedmen who could not afford their own land would farm another person's land, exchanging labor for a share of the crops. This was called sharecropping and initially the benefits were mutual. The land owner would pay for the seeds and tools in exchange for a percentage of the money earned from the crop and a portion of the crop. As time passed, many landowners began to abuse this system. The landowner would force the tenant farmer or sharecropper to buy seeds and tools from the land owner’s store, which often had inflated prices. As sharecroppers were often illiterate, they had to depend on the books and accounting by the landowner and his staff. Other tactics included debiting expenses against the sharecropper's profits after the crop was harvested and \"miscalculating\" the net profit from the harvest, thereby keeping the sharecropper in perpetual debt to the landowner. Since the tenant farmers could not offset the costs, they were forced into involuntary labor due to the debts they owed the land owner.", "Serfdom The usual serf (not including slaves or cottars) paid his fees and taxes in the form of seasonally appropriate labour. Usually a portion of the week was devoted to ploughing his lord's fields held in demesne, harvesting crops, digging ditches, repairing fences, and often working in the manor house. The remainder of the serf's time he spent tending his own fields, crops and animals in order to provide for his family. Most manorial work was segregated by gender during the regular times of the year; however, during the harvest, the whole family was expected to work the fields.", "Open-field system In medieval times, little land was owned outright. Instead the lord had rights given to him by the king and the tenant rented land from the lord. Lords demanded rents, often ruinous, and labour from the tenants, but the tenants had firm user rights to cropland and common land and those rights were passed down from generation to generation. A medieval lord could not evict a tenant nor hire labour to replace him without legal cause. Most tenants likewise were not free without penalty to depart the manor for other locations or occupations. The rise of capitalism and the concept of land as a commodity to be bought and sold led to the demise of the open-field system.[3] The open-field system was gradually replaced over several centuries by private ownership of land, especially after the 15th century in the process known as enclosure in England. France, Germany, and other northern European countries had systems similar to England, although open fields generally endured longer on the continent. Some elements of the open-field system were practised by early settlers in the New England region of the United States.[4]", "Farmer In developed nations, a farmer (as a profession) is usually defined as someone with an ownership interest in crops or livestock, and who provides land or management in their production. Those who provide only labor are most often called farmhands. Alternatively, growers who manage farmland for an absentee landowner, sharing the harvest (or its profits) are known as sharecroppers or sharefarmers. In the context of agribusiness, a farmer is defined broadly, and thus many individuals not necessarily engaged in full-time farming can nonetheless legally qualify under agricultural policy for various subsidies, incentives, and tax deductions.", "Open-field system The Lord of the Manor, his officials, and a Manorial court administered the manor and exercised jurisdiction over the peasantry. The Lord levied rents and required the peasantry to work on his personal lands, called a demesne.[2]", "Society Feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. Unlike today's farmers, vassals under feudalism were bound to cultivating their lord's land. In exchange for military protection, the lords exploited the peasants into providing food, crops, crafts, homage, and other services to the landowner. The estates of the realm system of feudalism was often multigenerational; the families of peasants may have cultivated their lord's land for generations.", "Serfdom These tenant farmers, eventually known as coloni, saw their condition steadily erode. Because the tax system implemented by Diocletian assessed taxes based on both land and the inhabitants of that land, it became administratively inconvenient for peasants to leave the land where they were counted in the census.[20]", "Villein A villein, otherwise known as cottar, torpare, crofter, is a serf tied to the land in the feudal system. Villeins had more rights and status than those in slavery, but were under a number of legal restrictions which differentiated them from the freeman.", "History of agriculture In the Greco-Roman world of Classical antiquity, Roman agriculture was built on techniques originally pioneered by the Sumerians, transmitted to them by subsequent cultures, with a specific emphasis on the cultivation of crops for trade and export. The Romans laid the groundwork for the manorial economic system, involving serfdom, which flourished in the Middle Ages. The farm sizes in Rome can be divided into three categories. Small farms were from 18-88 iugera (one iugerum is equal to about 0.65 acre). Medium-sized farms were from 80-500 iugera (singular iugerum). Large estates (called latifundia) were over 500 iugera.[62] The Romans had four systems of farm management: direct work by owner and his family; slaves doing work under supervision of slave managers; tenant farming or sharecropping in which the owner and a tenant divide up a farmâ€™s produce; and situations in which a farm was leased to a tenant.[62]", "Sharecropping Sharecroppers worked a section of the plantation independently, usually growing cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, and other cash crops, and receiving half of the parcel's output.[22][23] Sharecroppers also often received their farming tools and all other goods from the landowner they were contracted with.[24] Landowners dictated decisions relating to the crop mix, and sharecroppers were often in agreements to sell their portion of the crop back to the landowner, thus being subjected to manipulated prices.[25] In addition to this, landowners, threatening to not renew the lease at the end of the growing season, were able to apply pressure to their tenants.[26] Sharecropping often proved economically problematic, as the landowners held significant economic control.[27]", "Villein Villein, or villain, was a term used in the feudal era to denote a peasant (tenant farmer) who was legally tied to a lord of the manor – a villein in gross – or in the case of a villein regardant to a manor.[1] Villeins occupied the social space between a free peasant (or \"freeman\") and a slave. The majority of medieval European peasants were villeins. An alternative term is serf, from the Latin servus, meaning \"slave\". A villein was thus a bonded tenant, so could not leave the land without the landowner's consent.", "Villein Villeins generally rented small homes, with or without land. As part of the contract with their landlord, they were expected to use some of their time to farm the lord's demesne or provide other services, possibly in addition to a rent of money or goods. These services could be very onerous. Villeins might also be required to pay a fine on the marriage of their daughters outside of the manor, the inheritance of a holding by a son, or other circumstances. Villeins were tied to the land and could not move away without their lord's consent.", "History of agriculture in the United States Sharecropping became widespread in the South as a response to economic upheaval caused by the end of slavery during and after Reconstruction.[36][37] Sharecropping was a way for very poor farmers, both white and black, to earn a living from land owned by someone else. The landowner provided land, housing, tools and seed, and perhaps a mule, and a local merchant provided food and supplies on credit. At harvest time the sharecropper received a share of the crop (from one-third to one-half, with the landowner taking the rest). The cropper used his share to pay off his debt to the merchant. The system started with blacks when large plantations were subdivided. By the 1880s, white farmers also became sharecroppers. The system was distinct from that of the tenant farmer, who rented the land, provided his own tools and mule, and received half the crop. Landowners provided more supervision to sharecroppers, and less or none to tenant farmers. Poverty was inevitable, because world cotton prices were low.[38]", "Serfdom Social institutions similar to serfdom were known in ancient times. The status of the helots in the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta resembled that of the medieval serfs. By the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire faced a labour shortage. Large Roman landowners increasingly relied on Roman freemen, acting as tenant farmers, instead of slaves to provide labour.[20]", "France in the Middle Ages From the mid-8th century on, particularly in the north, the relationship between peasants and the land became increasingly characterized by the extension of the new \"bipartite estate\" system (manors, manorialism), in which peasants (who were bound to the land) held tenant holdings from a lord or monastery (for which they paid rent), but were also required to work the lord's own \"demesne\"; in the north, some of these estates could be quite substantial.[16] This system remained a standard part of lord-tenant relations into the 12th century.[17]", "Serfdom Lower classes of peasants, known as cottars or bordars, generally comprising the younger sons of villeins;[12][13] vagabonds; and slaves, made up the lower class of workers.", "Fengjian While all fields were aristocrat-owned,[citation needed], the private fields were managed exclusively by serfs and the produce was entirely the farmers'. It was only produce from the communal fields, worked on by all eight families, that went to the aristocrats, and which, in turn, could go to the king as tribute.", "Sharecropping Sharecropping became widespread in the South as a response to economic upheaval caused by the end of slavery during and after Reconstruction.[18][19] Sharecropping was a way for very poor farmers, both white and black, to earn a living from land owned by someone else. The landowner provided land, housing, tools and seed, and perhaps a mule, and a local merchant provided food and supplies on credit. At harvest time, the sharecropper received a share of the crop (from one-third to one-half, with the landowner taking the rest). The cropper used his share to pay off his debt to the merchant.[20]", "Serfdom A freeman became a serf usually through force or necessity. Sometimes the greater physical and legal force of a local magnate intimidated freeholders or allodial owners into dependency. Often a few years of crop failure, a war, or brigandage might leave a person unable to make his own way. In such a case he could strike a bargain with a lord of a manor. In exchange for gaining protection, his service was required: in labour, produce, or cash, or a combination of all. These bargains became formalized in a ceremony known as \"bondage\", in which a serf placed his head in the lord's hands, akin to the ceremony of homage where a vassal placed his hands between those of his overlord. These oaths bound the lord and his new serf in a feudal contract and defined the terms of their agreement.[11] Often these bargains were severe.", "Sharecropping In the U.S., \"tenant\" farmers own their own mules and equipment, and \"sharecroppers\" do not, and thus sharecroppers are poorer and of lower status. Sharecropping occurred extensively in Scotland, Ireland and colonial Africa, and came into wide use in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era (1865â€“1877). The South had been devastated by war - planters had ample land but little money for wages or taxes. At the same time, most of the former slaves had labor but no money and no land - they rejected the kind of gang labor that typified slavery. A solution was the sharecropping system focused on cotton, which was the only crop that could generate cash for the croppers, landowners, merchants and the tax collector. Poor white farmers, who previously had done little cotton farming, needed cash as well and became sharecroppers.[2]", "Tenant farmer A hired hand is an agricultural employee even though he or she may live on the premises and exercise a considerable amount of control over the agricultural work, such as a foreman. A sharecropper is a farm tenant who pays rent with a portion (often half) of the crop he raises and who brings little to the operation besides his family labor; the landlord usually furnishing working stock, tools, fertilizer, housing, fuel, and seed, and often providing regular advice and oversight.", "British Agricultural Revolution In Europe, agriculture was feudal from the Middle Ages. In the traditional open field system, many subsistence farmers cropped strips of land in large fields held in common and divided the produce. They typically worked under the auspices of the aristocracy or the Catholic Church, who owned much of the land.", "Serfdom Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage, which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.", "Sharecropping The practice was harmful to tenants with many cases of high interest rates, unpredictable harvests, and unscrupulous landlords and merchants often keeping tenant farm families severely indebted. The debt was often compounded year on year leaving the cropper vulnerable to intimidation and shortchanging.[13] Nevertheless, it appeared to be inevitable, with no serious alternative unless the croppers left agriculture.[14][15]", "Serfdom The social class of the peasantry can be differentiated into smaller categories. These distinctions were often less clear than suggested by their different names. Most often, there were two types of peasants:", "Yeoman During the late 14th to 18th centuries, yeomen were farmers who owned land (freehold, leasehold or copyhold). Their wealth and the size of their landholding varied. Sir Anthony Richard Wagner, Garter Principal King of Arms, wrote that \"a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres\" (40 hectares) \"and in social status is one step down from the Landed gentry, but above, say, a husbandman\".[1] Often it was hard to distinguish minor landed gentry from the wealthier yeomen, and wealthier husbandmen from the poorer yeomen.", "Bailiff Farm bailiffs exist on landed estates. The farm bailiff is employed by the proprietor and his managerial duties can include collecting rent, taxes and supervising both farm operations and labourers.[3] Historically, the estate would typically include a hall or manor house, a home farm managed by the bailiff, several smaller farms occupied by tenants and possibly a tiny village (a collection of small cottages) in which the farm labourers lived.[4]", "Crisis of the Third Century Made desperate by economic necessity, many of these former city dwellers, as well as many small farmers, were forced to give up hard-earned basic civil rights in order to receive protection from large land-holders. In doing so, they became a half-free class of Roman citizen known as coloni. They were tied to the land, and in later Imperial law, their status was made hereditary. This provided an early model for serfdom, the origins of medieval feudal society and of the medieval peasantry.", "Serfdom Like other types of serfs, villeins had to provide other services, possibly in addition to paying rent of money or produce. Villeins were somehow retained on their land and by unmentioned manners could not move away without their lord's consent and the acceptance of the lord to whose manor they proposed to migrate to. Villeins were generally able to hold their own property, unlike slaves. Villeinage, as opposed to other forms of serfdom, was most common in Continental European feudalism, where land ownership had developed from roots in Roman law.", "Roman agriculture The Romans had four systems of farm management: direct work by owner and his family; tenant farming or sharecropping in which the owner and a tenant divide up a farm's produce; forced labour by slaves owned by aristocrats and supervised by slave managers; and other arrangements in which a farm was leased to a tenant.[5]", "Farmers' Alliance In practice, however, a system of virtual slavery emerged, in which poor whites and freed blacks became enmeshed in the usury of merchants and landowners providing essential supplies on credit. A crop-lien system emerged in which future crops would be mortgaged to merchants or landowners (often one and the same) in exchange for credit for current purchases.[16] Written contracts made these loans legally enforceable and those so enmeshed frequently found themselves forced to pay inflated prices at high rates of interest.[17] If the value of the credit exceeded the cash value of the crop, the arrangement was automatically rolled over for another year and a never-ending cycle amounting to a condition of perpetual servitude resulted.[16]", "Serfdom A serf could grow what crop he saw fit on his lands, although a serf's taxes often had to be paid in wheat. The surplus he would sell at market.", "Serfdom A variety of kinds of villeinage existed in Europe in the Middle Ages. Half-villeins received only half as many strips of land for their own use and owed a full complement of labour to the lord, often forcing them to rent out their services to other serfs to make up for this hardship. Villeinage was not, however, a purely uni-directional exploitative relationship. In the Middle Ages, land within a lord's manor provided sustenance and survival, and being a villein guaranteed access to land, and crops secure from theft by marauding robbers. Landlords, even where legally entitled to do so, rarely evicted villeins because of the value of their labour. Villeinage was much preferable to being a vagabond, a slave, or an unlanded labourer.", "Land tenure Historically in the system of feudalism, the lords who received land directly from the Crown were called tenants-in-chief. They doled out portions of their land to lesser tenants in exchange for services, who in turn divided it among even lesser tenants. This process—that of granting subordinate tenancies—is known as subinfeudation. In this way, all individuals except the monarch were said to hold the land \"of\" someone else.", "British Agricultural Revolution As early as the 12th century, some fields in England tilled under the open field system were enclosed into individually owned fields. The Black Death from 1348 onward accelerated the break-up of the feudal system in England.[17] Many farms were bought by yeomen who enclosed their property and improved their use of the land. More secure control of the land allowed the owners to make innovations that improved their yields. Other husbandmen rented property they \"share cropped\" with the land owners. Many of these enclosures were accomplished by acts of Parliament in the 16th and 17th centuries.", "Sharecropping It can have more than a passing similarity to serfdom or indenture, particularly where associated with large debts at a plantation store that effectively tie down the workers and their family to the land. It has therefore been seen as an issue of land reform in contexts such as the Mexican Revolution. However, Nyambara states that Eurocentric historiographical devices such as 'feudalism' or 'slavery' often qualified by weak prefixes like 'semi-' or 'quasi-' are not helpful in understanding the antecedents and functions of sharecropping in Africa.[7]", "Farmer In the context of developing nations or other pre-industrial cultures, most farmers practice a meager subsistence agricultureâ€”a simple organic farming system employing crop rotation, seed saving, slash and burn, or other techniques to maximize efficiency while meeting the needs of the household or community. Historically, one subsisting in this way may have been known as a peasant.", "English land law Feudalism had not always been a part of English society, rather than being positively imposed by the monarchs prior to the Norman Invasion.[10] However, from 1348 everything changed as the Black Death swept through Europe, killing a third of the population. People like the poet Geoffrey Chaucer had seen subservience as part of a natural social order, ordained by God.[11] But if landowners had themselves survived the plague, the peasants' labour on the land had become very scarce. Ironically, the surviving peasants were in a greater position of economic power, in claims or bargaining for wages. Feudalism began to break down.[12] First, serfs could go undergo \"commutation\", where the lord simply agreed to accept money rents from tenants instead of labour services. This did not mean freedom itself, but abandoning forced labour and payments in kind to landlords meant the open evidence of servility was concealed. In disputes, royal courts were increasingly bias toward declaring a peasant was free. Second, through an act of manumission lords could voluntarily grant freedom and this was increasingly done, after the plague, if the serf or a relative made a payment of money. Third, the common law stated that if a serf lived on free soil, as in a chartered town or Royal demesne land, for a year and a day, they would become free.[13] The nobility and the King reacted to the rising bargaining power of the peasantry by fixing wages,[14] and violently suppressing any uprisings, like the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.[15] Yet this combination of factors, slowly but surely, meant that by 1485 just one per cent of the population were left in bondage.[16] Around 1481, a judge of the Common Pleas named Thomas de Littleton produced the first treatise organised by subject rather than writs, on property law, the Treatise on Tenures.[17] Formal subservience was increasingly seen as a social scar. In 1523 Justice Anthony Fitzherbert wrote that the remainder of bondmen was \"the greatest inconvenience that now is suffred by the lawe.\"[18] But if more people were formally free from a landlord, people's factual freedom was still constrained because they had no property themselves. More landlords were enclosing pastures that had been open for commoners to use, and destroying people's houses, especially for sheep farming. The crown, and Lord Chancellors like Sir Thomas More,[19] had opposed this to some extent, with a series of Anti-Enclosure Acts from 1489. These required that any houses destroyed be rebuilt, but if not half the additional profits would go to the Crown. The Crown itself claimed an inherent right to any valuable metals found on land in 1568,[20] and people who had less than four acres of land were prohibited from building homes by the Erection of Cottages Act 1588. The final, formal end of feudal land tenure in England came only after the English Civil War. When the monarchy was restored Parliament ensured with the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 that landlords' obligations of service and military provision were replaced by monetary payments and an annual payment financed by taxation.", "Tenant farmer The Swedish terms statare and Torpare refer to slightly different types of tenant farmers. Their situation was usually poor, but in theory they were always free to leave. In some cases the Torpare (crofter) was the owner of his own plot of land (typically less than a quarter mantal) and was also a subject to taxation. This taxation could be in the form of corvée, but payment in money was usually cheaper if possible. The Torpare could have contracts as long as 50 years. They would work their own land as well as that of a free farmer (bonde), noble or other. In some aspects their situation made them easy victims of impressment The statare was a class of people who received their income mostly from labour on the land of the landowner, not in money but subsistence, and would have a one-year contract ending in October or September. Their lives were described by prominent Swedish and Finnish novelists and writers such as Ivar Lo-Johansson, Jan Fridegård, Väinö Linna (Under the North Star trilogy) and Moa Martinson who helped end the system of the statare in 1945 (Sweden) and 1918 (Finland).[29][30]", "Open-field system The open-field system is considered by many economists to have been inefficient for agricultural production and resistant to technological innovation. \"Everyone was forced to conform to village norms of cropping, harvesting, and building.\"[21] The communal institutions, the manorial court, and the tenants regulated agricultural practices and economic behaviour. The manorial lord exercised control over the tenants by extracting rent for land or labour to cultivate his demesne lands. The scattered holdings of individual farmers increased the time needed to travel to and from fields.", "Open-field system The tenants on the manor did not have equal holdings of land. About one-half of adults living on a manor had no land at all and had to work for larger landholders for their livelihood. A survey of 104 13th-century manors in England found that, among the landholding tenants, 45 percent had less than 3 acres (1 ha). To survive they also had to work for larger landowners. 22 percent of tenants had a virgate of land (which varied in size between 24 acres (10 ha) and 32 acres (13 ha) and 31 percent had one-half virgate.[7] To rely on the land for a livelihood a tenant family needed at least 10 acres (4 ha).", "Farmer A farmer[1] (also called an agriculturer) is a person engaged in agriculture, raising living organisms for food or raw materials. The term usually applies to people who do some combination of raising field crops, orchards, vineyards, poultry, or other livestock. A farmer might own the farmed land or might work as a laborer on land owned by others, but in advanced economies, a farmer is usually a farm owner, while employees of the farm are known as farm workers, or farmhands. However, in the not so distant past, a farmer was a person who promotes or improves the growth of (a plant, crop, etc.) by labor and attention, land or crops or raises animals (as livestock or fish).", "Serfdom \"Per household\" means that every dwelling had to give a worker for the required number of days.[19] For example, in the 18th century, six people: a peasant, his wife, three children and a hired worker might be required to work for their lord one day a week, which would be counted as six days of labour.", "Tenant farmer In Japan, landowners turned over their land to families of tenant farmers to manage.[23] During the Meiji period, Japanese tenant farmers were traditionally cultivators rather than capitalistic or entrepreneurial venture by nature, paid in kind for their labors. Approximately 30% of land was held by tenants. Many aspects of Tokugawa feudalism continued.[24] After WWII, the Farm Land Reform Law of 1946 banned absentee landlordism, re-distributing land and permitted tenants to buy. By the 1950s, it virtually eliminated the landlord-tenant relationship.[25]", "Sharecropping Although there is a perception that sharecropping was exploitative, \"evidence from around the world suggests that sharecropping is often a way for differently endowed enterprises to pool resources to mutual benefit, overcoming credit restraints and helping to manage risk.\"[5] According to Dr. Hunter, \"a few acres to the cottage would make the labourers too independent.\"[6]", "Anglo-Saxons The Anglo-Saxon farms of this period are often falsely supposed to be \"peasant farms\". However, a ceorl, who was the lowest ranking freeman in early Anglo-Saxon society, was not a peasant but an arms-owning male with the support of a kindred, access to law and the wergild; situated at the apex of an extended household working at least one hide of land.[48] The farmer had freedom and rights over lands, with provision of a rent or duty to an overlord who provided only slight lordly input.[c] Most of this land was common outfield arable land (of an outfield-infield system) that provided individuals with the means to build a basis of kinship and group cultural ties.[49]", "Serfdom The bordars and cottars did not own their draught oxen or horses. The Domesday Book showed that England comprised 12% freeholders, 35% serfs or villeins, 30% cotters and bordars, and 9% slaves.[16]", "Sharecropping Jeffery Paige made a distinction between centralized sharecropping found on cotton plantations and the decentralized sharecropping with other crops. The former is characterized by political conservatism and long lasting tenure. Tenants are tied to the landlord through the plantation store. Their work is heavily supervised as slave plantations were. This form of tenure tends to be replaced by wage slavery as markets penetrate. Decentralized sharecropping involves virtually no role for the landlord: plots are scattered, peasants manage their own labor and the landowners do not manufacture the crops. Leases are very short which leads to peasant radicalism. This form of tenure becomes more common when markets penetrate.[3]", "Sharecropping Use of the sharecropper system has also been identified in England[4] (as the practice of \"farming to halves\"). It is still used in many rural poor areas today, notably in Pakistan and India.", "Capitalism The economic foundations of the feudal agricultural system began to shift substantially in 16th-century England; the manorial system had broken down, and land began to become concentrated in the hands of fewer landlords with increasingly large estates. Instead of a serf-based system of labor, workers were increasingly employed as part of a broader and expanding money-based economy. The system put pressure on both landlords and tenants to increase the productivity of agriculture to make profit; the weakened coercive power of the aristocracy to extract peasant surpluses encouraged them to try better methods, and the tenants also had incentive to improve their methods, in order to flourish in a competitive labor market. Terms of rent for land were becoming subject to economic market forces rather than to the previous stagnant system of custom and feudal obligation.[40][41]", "Sharecropping Sharecropping has benefits and costs for both the owners and the tenant. Everyone encourages the cropper to remain on the land, solving the harvest rush problem[clarification needed]. At the same time, since the cropper pays in shares of his harvest, owners and croppers share the risks of harvests being large or small and of prices being high or low. Because tenants benefit from larger harvests, they have an incentive to work harder and invest in better methods than in a slave plantation system. However, by dividing the working force into many individual workers, large farms no longer benefit from economies of scale. On the whole, sharecropping was not as economically efficient as the gang agriculture of slave plantations.[1]", "Open-field system The land-holding tenants also had livestock, including sheep, pigs, cattle, horses, oxen, and poultry. Pork was the principal meat eaten; sheep were primarily raised for their wool, a cash crop. Only a few rich landholders had enough horses and oxen to make up a ploughing-team of six to eight oxen or horses, so sharing among neighbours was essential.[12]", "Norway From 1000 to 1300 the population increased from 150,000 to 400,000, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms. While in the Viking Age all farmers owned their own land, by 1300 seventy percent of the land was owned by the king, the church, or the aristocracy. This was a gradual process which took place because of farmers borrowing money in poor times and not being able to repay. However, tenants always remained free men and the large distances and often scattered ownership meant that they enjoyed much more freedom than continental serfs. In the 13th century about twenty percent of a farmer's yield went to the king, church and landowners.[46]", "Yeoman In the United States, yeomen were identified in the 18th and 19th centuries as non-slaveholding, small landowning, family farmers. In Southern areas where land was poor, like East Tennessee,[3] the landowning yeomen were typically subsistence farmers, but some managed to grow some crops for market. Whether they engaged in subsistence or commercial agriculture, they controlled far more modest landholdings than those of the planters, typically in the range of 50â€“200 acres. In the North, practically all the farms were operated by yeoman farmers as family farms.", "Tenant farmer The 17th century to the early 19th century witnessed the growth of large estates, and the opportunity for a farmer to hold land other than by tenancy was significantly reduced,[5][6] with the result that by the 19th century about 90% of agricultural land area and holdings were tenanted, although these figures declined markedly after World War II, to around 60% in 1950, and only 35% of agricultural land area in 1994.[7] High rates of inheritance taxes in the postwar period led to the breakup or reduction of many large estates,[8] allowing many tenants to buy their holdings at favourable prices.", "Serfdom Status-wise, the bordar or cottar ranked below a serf in the social hierarchy of a manor, holding a cottage, garden and just enough land to feed a family. In England, at the time of the Domesday Survey, this would have comprised between about 1 and 5 acres (0.4 and 2.0 hectares).[16] Under an Elizabethan statute, the Erection of Cottages Act 1588, the cottage had to be built with at least 4 acres (0.02 km2; 0.01 sq mi) of land.[17] However, the later Enclosures Acts (1604 onwards) removed the cottars' right to any land: \"before the Enclosures Act the cottager was a farm labourer with land and after the Enclosures Act the cottager was a farm labourer without land\".[18]", "Serfdom In England the Domesday Book, of 1086, uses bordarii (bordar) and cottarii (cottar) as interchangeable terms, \"cottar\" deriving from the native Anglo-Saxon tongue whereas \"bordar\" derived from the French.[14]", "History of agriculture The Middle Ages saw further improvements in agriculture. Monasteries spread throughout Europe and became important centers for the collection of knowledge related to agriculture and forestry. The manorial system allowed large landowners to control their land and its laborers, in the form of peasants or serfs.[93] During the medieval period, the Arab world was critical in the exchange of crops and technology between the European, Asia and African continents. Besides transporting numerous crops, they introduced the concept of summer irrigation to Europe and developed the beginnings of the plantation system of sugarcane growing through the use of slaves for intensive cultivation.[94]", "Open-field system The population in Europe grew in the early centuries of the open-field system, doubling in Britain between 1086 and 1300, which required increased agricultural production and more intensive cultivation of farmland.[14] The open-field system was generally not practised in marginal agricultural areas or in hilly and mountainous regions. Open fields were well suited to the dense clay soils common in northwestern Europe. Heavy ploughs were needed to cut through the soil and the ox or horse teams which pulled the ploughs were expensive, and thus both animals and ploughs were often shared by necessity among farm families.[15]", "Economic history of Germany Peasants continued to center their lives in the village, where they were members of a corporate body and help manage the community resources and monitor the community life. Across Germany and especially in the east, they were serfs who were bound permanently to parcels of land.[12] In most of Germany, farming was handled by tenant farmers who paid rents and obligatory services to the landlord, who was typically a nobleman.[13] Peasant leaders supervised the fields and ditches and grazing rights, maintained public order and morals, and supported a village court which handled minor offenses. Inside the family the patriarch made all the decisions, and tried to arrange advantageous marriages for his children. Much of the villages' communal life centered around church services and holy days. In Prussia, the peasants drew lots to choose conscripts required by the army. The noblemen handled external relationships and politics for the villages under their control, and were not typically involved in daily activities or decisions.[14][15]", "Leasehold estate Many adverse effects come from this system. Tenants have to pay the landowner even though they are doing all of the agricultural work. In a sense, it is a cycle where the tenant is never really able to become a landowner because they constantly have to pay the landowner, as well as other expenses. If a crop does not flourish, the tenant will still have to pay for the use of the land. The landowner, since he is ultimately owner of the land, also can have a say in what the tenant uses the land for or what he can or cannot grow. On the contrary, rural tenancy has advantages. If a person owns too much land for just their family to use, tenants can rent it and make use of the land. Also, if a landowner rents out the land, it can be a source of economic income for the tenant which may not have previously existed. In poorer communities, rural tenancy can give the tenants a chance to grow crops to sell in markets and to feed their families.", "Sharecropping The system started with Blacks when large plantations were subdivided. By the 1880s, white farmers also became sharecroppers. The system was distinct from that of the tenant farmer, who rented the land, provided his own tools and mule, and received half the crop. Landowners provided more supervision to sharecroppers, and less or none to tenant farmers. Sharecropping in the United States probably originated in the Natchez District, roughly centered in Adams County, Mississippi with its county seat, Natchez.[21]", "Serfdom However, medieval serfdom really began with the breakup of the Carolingian Empire around the 10th century.[citation needed] During this period, powerful feudal lords encouraged the establishment of serfdom as a source of agricultural labor. Serfdom, indeed, was an institution that reflected a fairly common practice whereby great landlords were assured that others worked to feed them and were held down, legally and economically, while doing so.", "Society and culture of the Han dynasty Many scholars who needed additional funds for education or vied for political office found farming as a decent profession which, although humble, was not looked down upon by fellow gentrymen.[51] Wealthy nobles, officials, and merchants could own land, but they often did not cultivate it themselves and merely acted as absentee landlords while living in the city.[52] They mostly relied on poor tenant farmers (diannong 佃農) who paid rent in the form of roughly fifty percent of their produce in exchange for land, tools, draft animals, and a small house.[53] Wage laborers (gunong 雇農) and slaves were also employed on the estates of the wealthy, although they were not as numerous as tenants.[54] During Western Han, the small independent owner-cultivator represented the majority of farming peasants, yet their economic struggle to remain independent during times of war, natural disaster and crisis drove many into debt, banditry, slavery, and dramatically increased the number of landless tenants by late Eastern Han.[55] The social status of poor independent owner-cultivators was above tenants and wage laborers, yet below that of wealthy landowners.[56] While wealthy landowners employed tenants and wage laborers, landowners who managed small to medium-sized estates often acted as managers over their sons who tilled the fields and daughters who weaved clothes and engaged in sericulture to produce silk for the home or sale at market.[57]", "Serfdom in Russia In the black earth region, 70% to 77% of the serfs performed barshchina; the rest paid levies (obrok).[24]", "Sharecropping Landlords opt for sharecropping to avoid the administrative costs and shirking that occurs on plantations and haciendas. It is preferred to cash tenancy because cash tenants take all the risks, and any harvest failure will hurt them and not the landlord. Therefore, they tend to demand lower rents than sharecroppers.[12]", "Peasant Peasants typically made up the majority of the agricultural labour force in a pre-industrial society. The majority of the people in the Middle Ages were peasants.", "Three-field system The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation that was used in medieval and early-modern Europe. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. Under this system, the arable land of an estate or village was divided into three large fields: one was planted in the autumn with winter wheat or rye; the second field was planted with other crops such as peas, lentils, or beans; and the third was left fallow, in order to allow the soil of that field to regain its nutrients. With each rotation, the field would be used differently, so that a field would be planted for two out of the three years used, whilst one year it \"rested\". Previously a \"two field system\" had been in place, with half the land being left fallow. The three field system allowed farmers to plant more crops and therefore to increase production and legumes have the ability to fix nitrogen and so fertilize the soil. With more crops available to sell, this also helped the economy in general to thrive.[1]", "Landed gentry The agricultural sector's middle class, on the other hand, comprise the larger tenant farmers, who rent land from the landowners, and yeoman farmers, who were defined as \"a person qualified by possessing free land of forty shillings annual [feudal] value, and who can serve on juries and vote for a Knight of the Shire. He is sometimes described as a small landowner, a farmer of the middle classes.\"[5] Anthony Richard Wagner of the Richmond Herald wrote that \"a Yeoman would not normally have less than 100 acres\" (40 hectares) and in social status is one step down from the gentry, but above, say, a husbandman.[6] So while yeoman farmers owned enough land to support a comfortable lifestyle, they nevertheless farmed it themselves and were excluded from the \"landed gentry\" because they worked for a living, and were thus \"in trade\" as it was termed. Apart from a few \"honourable\" professions connected with the governing elite (the clergy of the established church, the officer corps of the British Armed Forces, the diplomatic and civil services, the bar or the judiciary), such occupation was considered demeaning by the upper classes, particularly by the 19th century, when the earlier mercantile endeavours of younger sons were increasingly discontinued. Younger sons, who could not expect to inherit the family estate, were instead urged into professions of state service. It became a pattern in many families that while the eldest son would inherit the estate and enter politics, the second son would join the army, the third son go into law, and the fourth son join the church.[7]", "Feudalism The classic François-Louis Ganshof version of feudalism[4][3] describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility, revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs. A lord was in broad terms a noble who held land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the use of the fief and the protection of the lord, the vassal would provide some sort of service to the lord. There were many varieties of feudal land tenure, consisting of military and non-military service. The obligations and corresponding rights between lord and vassal concerning the fief form the basis of the feudal relationship.[3]", "Economy of the Han dynasty Small and medium-sized estates were managed by single families. The father acted as the head manager, the sons as field workers. Wives and daughters worked with female servants to weave cloth and produce silk.[121] Very wealthy landowners who had a large peasant following often used a sharecropping system to similar to the government's system for state-owned lands. Under this system, peasants would receive land, tools, oxen, and a house in exchange for a third or a half of their crop yield.[122]", "Serfdom Serfs had a specific place in feudal society, as did barons and knights: in return for protection, a serf would reside upon and work a parcel of land within the manor of his lord. Thus the manorial system exhibited a degree of reciprocity.", "Serfdom Europe and North Asia", "Feudalism Feudalism was a combination of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour. Although derived from the Latin word feodum or feudum (fief),[1] then in use, the term feudalism and the system it describes were not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the Middle Ages.[2] In its classic definition, by François-Louis Ganshof (1944),[3] feudalism describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations among the warrior nobility revolving around the three key concepts of lords, vassals and fiefs.[3]", "Sharecropping In settler colonies of colonial Africa, sharecropping was a feature of the agricultural life. White farmers, who owned most of the land, were frequently unable to work the whole of their farm for lack of capital. They therefore allowed African farmers to work the excess on a sharecropping basis. In South Africa the 1913 Natives' Land Act[16] outlawed the ownership of land by Africans in areas designated for white ownership and effectively reduced the status of most sharecroppers to tenant farmers and then to farm laborers. In the 1960s, generous subsidies to white farmers meant that most farmers could afford to work their entire farms, and sharecropping faded out.", "Chinese social structure Farmers during the Ming dynasty had two groups. Self-sustained farmer accounted for 10% of all farmers while employee farmers of wealthy landlords made up as much as 90%. Employed farmers had more burdens and gained less harvest than self-sustained farmers.[19]", "Middle Ages The High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack of invasion have all been suggested.[157][158] As much as 90Â per cent of the European population remained rural peasants. Many were no longer settled in isolated farms but had gathered into small communities, usually known as manors or villages.[158] These peasants were often subject to noble overlords and owed them rents and other services, in a system known as manorialism. There remained a few free peasants throughout this period and beyond,[159] with more of them in the regions of Southern Europe than in the north. The practice of assarting, or bringing new lands into production by offering incentives to the peasants who settled them, also contributed to the expansion of population.[160]", "Tebhaga movement At that time sharecroppers had contracted to give half of their harvest to the landlords. The demand of the Tebhaga (sharing by thirds) movement was to reduce the landlord share to one third.[1]", "Examples of feudalism In the 18th century, peasants were dispossessed of the land to which they were bonded.[19]", "Zhou dynasty Agriculture in the Zhou dynasty was very intensive and, in many cases, directed by the government. All farming lands were owned by nobles, who then gave their land to their serfs, a situation similar to European feudalism. For example, a piece of land was divided into nine squares in the well-field system, with the grain from the middle square taken by the government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers. This way, the government was able to store surplus food and distribute it in times of famine or bad harvest. Some important manufacturing sectors during this period included bronze smelting, which was integral to making weapons and farming tools. Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who directed the production of such materials.", "Society of the Song dynasty There were varying types of land ownership and tenure depending on the topography and climate of one's locality. In hilly, peripheral areas far from trade routes, most peasant farmers owned and cultivated their own fields.[35] In frontier regions such as Hunan and Sichuan, owners of wealthy estates gathered serfs to till their lands.[35] The most advanced areas had few estates with serfs tilling the fields; these regions had long fostered wet-rice cultivation, which did not require centralized management of farming.[35] Landlords set fixed rents for tenant farmers in these regions, while independent small farming families also owned their own lots.[35]", "Collectivization in the Soviet Union Rumors circulated in the villages warning the rural residents that collectivization would bring disorder, hunger, famine, and the destruction of crops and livestock.[19] Readings and reinterpretations of Soviet newspapers labeled collectivization as a second serfdom.[20][21] Villagers were afraid the old landowners/serf owners were coming back and that the villagers joining the collective farm would face starvation and famine.[22] More reason for peasants to believe collectivization was a second serfdom was that entry into the kolkhoz had been forced. Farmers did not have the right to leave the collective without permission. The level of state procurements and prices on crops also enforced the serfdom analogy. The government would take a majority of the crops and pay extremely low prices. The serfs during the 1860s were paid nothing but collectivization still reminded the peasants of serfdom.[23] To them, this “second serfdom” became code for the Communist betrayal of the revolution. To the peasants, the revolution was about giving more freedom and land to the peasants, but instead they had to give up their land and livestock to the collective farm.", "Open-field system While selions were cultivated by individuals or families, the right of pasture on fallowed fields, land unsuitable for cultivation, and harvested fields was held in common with rules to prevent overgrazing enforced by the community.[8]", "Tenant farmer Tenant farming has been important in the U.S.A. from the 1870s to the present. Tenants typically bring their own tools and animals. To that extent it is distinguished from being a sharecropper, which is a tenant farmer who usually provides no capital and pays fees with crops.", "History of the Southern United States Many of the white farmers, and some of the blacks, were tenant farmers who owned their work animals and tools, and rented their land. Others were day laborers or impoverished sharecroppers, who worked under the supervision of the landowner. Sharecropping was a way for landless farmers (both black and white) to earn a living. The landowner provided land, housing, tools and seed, and perhaps a mule, and a local merchant loaned money for food and supplies. At harvest time the sharecropper received a share of the crop (from one-third to one-half), which paid off his debt to the merchant. By the late 1860s white farmers also became sharecroppers. The cropper system was a step below that of the tenant farmer, who rented the land, provided his own tools and mule, and received half the crop. Landowners provided more supervision to sharecroppers, and less or none to tenant farmers.[62]", "Great Famine (Ireland) The ability of middlemen was measured by the rent income they could contrive to extract from tenants.[11] They were described in evidence before the Commission as \"land sharks\", \"bloodsuckers\", and \"the most oppressive species of tyrant that ever lent assistance to the destruction of a country\".[11] The middlemen leased large tracts of land from the landlords on long leases with fixed rents, which they then sublet as they saw fit. They would split a holding into smaller and smaller parcels so as to increase the amount of rent they could obtain. Tenants could be evicted for reasons such as non-payment of rents (which were high), or a landlord's decision to raise sheep instead of grain crops. A cottier paid his rent by working for the landlord.[17]", "Incan agriculture In the Inca Empire, society was tightly organized. Land was divided in roughly equal shares for the emperor, the state religion, and the farmers themselves. Individual farmers were allocated land by the leader of the ayllu, the kinship group typical of both the Quechua and Aymara speakers of the Andes. The allocations of land to individual farmers depended upon kinship, social status, and number of family members.[4] The farmers were expected to produce their own sustenance from the land they were allocated. Rather than being taxed on their production, farmers were required to work on the lands of the emperor and the state religion for designated periods. On the state lands, the Incas provided the inputs -- seeds, fertilizer, and tools -- to farmers. They contributed their labor. Communities were essentially self-sufficient, growing a variety of crops, pasturing camelids, and weaving cloth.[5]" ]	[ "Sharecropping Sharecropping is a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have used a form of the system. Some are governed by tradition, and others by law. Legal contract systems such as the Italian mezzadria, the French métayage, the Spanish mediero, or the Islamic system of muqasat, occur widely.[citation needed]" ]
test1520	who sings the theme song for the proud family	[ "doc54315" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc54315", "doc1288242", "doc700928", "doc2498190", "doc700929", "doc2048351", "doc700933", "doc700930", "doc700936", "doc700934", "doc2498191", "doc1288234", "doc700937", "doc2048354", "doc1288235", "doc2048352", "doc700932", "doc1288236", "doc60620", "doc2425021", "doc700935", "doc700931", "doc438302", "doc1288243", "doc1303713", "doc498460", "doc498430", "doc1054810", "doc2623791", "doc1053327", "doc524457", "doc2227223", "doc1288240", "doc2593332", "doc2381761", "doc88928", "doc933524", "doc2425015", "doc203401", "doc498456", "doc47739", "doc2425013", "doc46246", "doc1597749", "doc2048356", "doc2623792", "doc63025", "doc1288244", "doc449329", "doc1288241", "doc2459423", "doc640944", "doc2210344", "doc524461", "doc663015", "doc2595244", "doc2412249", "doc2048357", "doc366600", "doc572017", "doc405045", "doc2656030", "doc2265854", "doc1359568", "doc1261384", "doc74446", "doc834116", "doc1303716", "doc1126276", "doc2227224", "doc906183", "doc74444", "doc926659", "doc498444", "doc498442", "doc2505700", "doc2439907", "doc604791", "doc1223468", "doc498434", "doc498443", "doc56677", "doc176375", "doc2521630", "doc158529", "doc405849", "doc1316443", "doc118117", "doc213592", "doc2170337", "doc2495578", "doc1137448", "doc1230242", "doc1511337", "doc2331793", "doc2595236", "doc1605015", "doc840562", "doc881519", "doc2425026" ]	[ "The Proud Family (soundtrack) The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name. A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show, popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys, Jhené Aiko, India Arie, and Solange Knowles & Destiny's Child (who perform the theme song), and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays.", "The Proud Family Movie The score to the film was composed by Elika Alvarez, Frank Fitzpatrick and Freddy Sheinfel. The film features new songs written by Frank Fitzpatrick, Jorge Corante, Robyn Johnson, Stephen Anderson and Jayne Houston, along with covers of calypso songs. The songs featured in the film are:", "The Proud Family The Proud Family is an American animated sitcom that ran on Disney Channel from September 15, 2001 to August 19, 2005.", "Proud (Heather Small song) \"Proud\" is a song by M People singer Heather Small, which was released in May 2000, peaking at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart.[1] It was the title track from her debut album Proud, and was released as her first single becoming a worldwide hit. The song was co-written with and produced by Peter-John Vettese.", "The Proud Family The Proud Family was created by Walt Disney Animation Studios animator Bruce W. Smith and was produced by Jambalaya Studios. Originally piloted for Disney's One Saturday Morning, then Nickelodeon, it was eventually picked up by Disney Channel and started airing in September 2001. An original pilot was made and produced by Nickelodeon in 1999 but was never shown to the public resulting in Nickelodeon passing the show on.[2] Many of the later episodes of The Proud Family were produced using Adobe Flash.[3]", "List of The Proud Family episodes The Proud Family is an American animated television series that aired on Disney Channel from September 15, 2001 to August 12, 2005. Originally piloted for Nickelodeon,[1] it was eventually picked up by Disney Channel in 2001. The show was created by Walt Disney Animation Studios animator Bruce W. Smith, and produced by his studio, Jambalaya Studios.", "The Proud Family The Proud Family reran on ABC as part of Disney's One Saturday Morning from May 4 until September 7, 2002. In 2011, reruns of the series were shown on Centric. The series was shown on Disney Channel as part of Disney Replay on October 1, 2015 and aired again on December 24, 2015 with the episode \"Seven Days of Kwanzaa.[4]", "The Proud Family The series is the first Disney children's cartoon which did not premiere on network/over-the-air television, which had been done since 1984 when the Television Animation unit was started. It marked the first animated Disney Channel Original Series, and, incidentally, the only original animated series from Disney Channel not associated with, and to be produced exclusively by Disney's Television Animation arm.", "The Proud Family for episode \"Culture Shock\" (Nominated)", "The Proud Family In 2002, ABC launched the series as a part of its Saturday morning block, ABC Kids. The series aired in syndication on BET in 2008. It also aired on Toon Disney until February 2009, when the channel shut down. The Proud Family was also broadcast on The Family Channel in Canada. In 2010, the series began airing on Centric. In Jamaica, it airs on TVJ.", "Proud (Heather Small song) In 2005, the song was adopted as the official theme for the London 2012 Olympic bid, and was featured in a widely seen promotional video for the bid.[2] Re-released in honour of this, and due to the fact a new M People greatest hits titled Ultimate Collection, which also included two of Small's solo songs, was released the same year, the song returned to the UK Singles Chart peaking at number 33 and remaining in the Top 75 for two more weeks.[3] The song was also re-released on The Biggest Loser soundtrack in 2006. It peaked at number 34.[4]", "The Proud Family Movie The Proud Family Movie is a Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered on August 19, 2005. The film served as the series finale for the Disney Channel animated series, The Proud Family.", "The Proud Family for episode \"Forbidden Date\" (Nominated)", "List of The Proud Family episodes Penny convinces her parents to let her have a party at their house, but LaCienega is also having a party on the same night. Penny is disappointed when her friends go to LaCienega's party instead. Myron and the Gross Sisters attend Penny's party, along with singer Lou Rawls, who is a friend of Suga Mama. Penny is depressed about her party and the absence of her friends, and is hesitant to partake in the party activities. Eventually, Lou Rawls cheers Penny up by singing his song, \"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine\". Later, Penny's friends ask her if they can join her party instead, saying that LaCienega's party was a disappointment. Although Penny is upset at her friends, she forgives them and agrees to let them come inside.", "The Proud Family Movie The film opens with a man named Dr. Carver, the great-great-grandson of George Washington Carver, trying to generate a super 'Gnome Warrior', a prototype for an army of humanoid peanut warriors, but it disintegrates. The scene then turns to Penny Proud, who is celebrating her 16th birthday in her hometown of Wizardville, California, and fails her driver's ed. She and her friends are excited to be a part of 15 Cent's (Sticky's cousin and parody of 50 Cent) dance group, Spare Change. When 15 Cent drives her home, Oscar Proud, her over-protective father, gets mad when he finds them kissing. After Oscar gives her the worst grounding of her life, and essentially forbids her from ever becoming an adult, Penny wishes he wasn't her father, to which he states he wished he never had her as a daughter. This marks the culmination of their relationship as seen over the entire series.", "List of The Proud Family episodes The Proud Family is about an African-American family and presents young audiences with different daily situations that many teenagers might have to face during their teenage and adult years. A television film, The Proud Family Movie, was released on August 19, 2005.", "The Proud Family The Proud Family Shorties is an Online Cartoon spin-off of The Proud Family created by Bruce W. Smith. It follows the adventures of BeBe & CeCe Proud and Puff the dog.", "The Proud Family Movie Oscar has invented an everlasting multiplying formula that was supposed to make his Proud Snacks tastier, but it instead causes the snack to expand and explode. As he is hauled away from his presentation, he proclaims that his formula has no expiration date. Dr. Carver, overhears Oscar's ranting, plots to get Oscar's formula since he has never gotten his experiment to stabilized. Disguising himself, Carver invites the Proud family to Legume Island. Trudy forces Oscar, Sugar Mama, and Penny to go in hopes they will re-bond. The family meets the inhabitants of the island, short peanut creatures called the Genomes.", "Destiny's Child In the wake of the September 11 attacks, Destiny's Child canceled a European tour and performed in a concert benefit for the survivors.[7] In October 2001, the group released a holiday album, 8 Days of Christmas, which contained updated versions of several Christmas songs.[31] The album managed to reach number thirty-four on the BillboardÂ 200.[15] In February 2001, Destiny's Child won two Grammy awards for \"Say My Name\": Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group and Best R&B Song.[32] They also earned an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Band/Duo.[7] Also in 2001, Destiny's Child sang backup vocals for Solange Knowles, who was the lead, on the theme song to the animated Disney Channel series The Proud Family. In March 2002, a remix compilation titled This Is the Remix was released to win fans over before a new studio album would be released.[33] The remix album reached number 29 in the United States.[15] The lead single \"Survivor\" was by some interpreted as a response to the strife between the band members, although Knowles claimed it was not directed at anybody. Seeing it as a breach of the agreement that barred each party from public disparagement, Roberson and Luckett once again filed a lawsuit against Destiny's Child and Sony Music, shortly following the release of This Is the Remix. In June 2002, remaining cases were settled in court.[7]", "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud with the James Brown Orchestra:", "The Proud Family In 2005, The Proud Family Movie premiered as a DCOM on Disney Channel. The film served as the series finale.", "The Proud Family The Proud Family visit Hawaii on an episode of Lilo & Stitch: The Series entitled \"Spats\" in which they stay at Jumba & Pleakley's Bed & Not Breakfast and Suga Mama inadvertently activates an experiment that causes spats.", "Colors of the Wind \"Colors of the Wind\" is a song written by lyricist Stephen Schwartz and composer Alan Menken for Walt Disney Pictures' 33rd animated feature film Pocahontas (1995). The film's theme song, \"Colors of the Wind\" was originally recorded by American singer and actress Judy Kuhn in her role as the singing voice of Pocahontas. American actress and recording artist Vanessa Williams's cover of the song was released as the lead single from the film's soundtrack on May 23, 1995. A pop and R&B ballad, produced by Grammy Award-winning producer Keith Thomas, the song's lyrics speak of respecting nature and living in harmony with the Earth's creatures. The song is also featured on her third studio album The Sweetest Days.", "The Proud Family Movie The Proud Family Movie was shown on Disney Channel on August 19, 2005 and was released on DVD December 6, 2005 with an extended ending.", "Kim Possible Written by musicians Cory Lerios and George Gabriel, the show's theme song \"Call Me, Beep Me\" (also known as \"Call Me, Beep Me! (The Kim Possible Song)\" or simply \"The Kim Possible Song\")[56] is performed by American recording artist Christina Milian.[57] Having already been working for Disney Channel at the time, appearing as a correspondent on the network's miniseries Movie Surfers after declining an offer to appear on their variety show The Mickey Mouse Club,[58][59] Milian learned about Kim Possible from Disney when the studio called her in recruitment of an artist to record the new show's theme song.[60] After meeting with the songwriters, who then proceeded to write the song, for the first time, Milian returned to the studio to record \"Call Me, Beep Me\" one week later.[60] Romano also contributed vocals to the song.[61] Described as a Motown-influenced R&B and teen pop track,[57][62] \"Call Me, Beep Me\" is heard during the show's opening title sequence, encouraging viewers and listeners to contact Kim for assistance should they ever find themselves in difficult situations,[57] featuring the lyrics \"Danger or trouble, I'm there on the double.\"[24] The sounds of mobile devices and modern-day technology are incorporated throughout the song.[56] Although \"Call Me, Beep Me\" begins \"I'm your basic, average girl\" in reference to Kim, these lyrics are paradoxical because there is little basic or average about its protagonist.[63] A music video was released for \"Call Me, Beep Me\", which features Milian and Romano recording the song in the recording studio interspersed with short scenes from the series.[61]", "Proud Mary The song was performed by The Chipettes in the Alvin and the Chipmunks episode \"Goin' Down To Dixie.\" An edited version of the song is sung by the slugs at the end of the movie Flushed Away.", "Proud Mary \"Proud Mary\" is a rock song written by John Fogerty and first recorded by his band Creedence Clearwater Revival. The song was released by Fantasy Records as a single from the band's second studio album, Bayou Country, which was released by the same record company in January 1969. The single is generally considered to have been released in early January 1969 [1][2] although at least one source[3] states that it came out just before Christmas 1968. The song became a major hit in the United States, peaking at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1969, the first of five non-consecutive singles to peak at #2 for the group.[5]", "Sofia the First \"Sofia The First!\", performed by Ariel Winter", "Kay Hanley She sings the main theme song[1] for My Friends Tigger & Pooh,[2] a half-hour Disney Channel TV show that premiered on Playhouse Disney on May 12, 2007 and \"We Are the Care Bears\" from Care Bears: Oopsy Does It! and Care Bears to the Rescue.", "Wayne Brady Brady wrote and sang the theme song for Disney's animated series The Weekenders. In 2005, he sang and recorded Jim Brickman's original Disney song \"Beautiful\" (a cover of All-4-One's 2002 hit \"Beautiful As You\") and its Christmas version.[8]", "That's So Raven The show's title theme song was written by John Coda, who also composed the music cues to signify scene changes and commercial breaks for this series as well as Even Stevens. It was produced by Jeffrey \"Def Jef\" Fortson and Christopher B. Pearman and was performed by Raven-Symoné, Anneliese van der Pol and Orlando Brown.", "Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids The theme song \"Gonna Have A Good Time\" was composed by Ricky Sheldon and Edward Fournier [9] and performed by Michael Gray (vocals), Kim Carnes (background vocals) and Edward Fournier (background vocals).[8][10]", "The Proud Family Movie 15 Cent has Penny and her friends sing instead of acting as his back-up dancers and the crowd loves them. On Legume Island, the real Carver and his peanut people along with the Proud clones listen as a radio announcer says that Penny and her friends' song has been popular for five weeks (35 days) in a row.", "Disney's House of Mouse The theme song is performed by Brian Setzer.", "Praise You The song features a prominent vocal sample from the opening of \"Take Yo' Praise\" by Camille Yarbrough,[2] as well as a prominent piano sample from the track \"Balance and Rehearsal\" from a test album entitled Sessions released by audio electronics company JBL.[3] The song also features a guitar sample from the opening of \"It's a Small World\" from the Disneyland Records-released album Mickey Mouse Disco[4] and the theme from the cartoon series Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids.[5]", "As Told by Ginger The opening theme, \"I'm in Between\", was written for the show by series composer, Jared Faber, and Emily Kapnek.[29] The song was first recorded with vocals by Melissa Disney, in character as Ginger. But this version was replaced before initial North American broadcasts with another version performed by Cree Summer. This would be used for half of the first season before a third version, featuring vocals by R&B artist Macy Gray,[2] which was used for the rest of the series' run.", "We are One (Simba's Pride) The song was written and composed by Marty Panzer, Thomas Snow, and Jack Feldman and was later performed by the four time Grammy Award winner Angelique Kidjo; this version is half English and half Swahili.", "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud In the song, Brown addresses the prejudice towards blacks in America, and the need for black empowerment. He proclaims that \"we demands a chance to do things for ourself/we're tired of beating our head against the wall/and workin' for someone else\". The song's call-and-response chorus is performed by a group of young children, who respond to Brown's command of \"Say it loud\" with \"I'm black and I'm proud!\"[3] The song was recorded in a Los Angeles area suburb with about 30 young people from the Watts and Compton areas.[4]", "Cory in the House The theme song to \"Cory in the House\", was written and produced by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil, and performed by Kyle Massey, Maiara Walsh, and Jason Dolley (though the closing credits of the show credit the performance of the theme song only to Massey). An alternate theme song \"Rollin' to D.C.\" is also sung by Massey and Walsh and was used in the music video to promote the series.", "Proud Mary Fictional character Lisa Simpson, voiced by Yeardley Smith, performs the tune in the 1992 episode of The Simpsons, \"Lisa the Beauty Queen.\"", "Jesse Frederick Jesse Frederick James Conaway (born 1948), known professionally as Jesse Frederick, is an American film and television composer and singer best known for writing and performing the themes to TGIF television shows such as Perfect Strangers, Full House, Family Matters, and Step By Step for ABC.[1]", "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud \"Say It Loud â€“ I'm Black and I'm Proud\" is a funk song performed by James Brown and written with his bandleader Alfred \"Pee Wee\" Ellis in 1968. It was released as a two-part single which held the number-one spot on the R&B singles chart for six weeks, and peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100.[1][2] Both parts of the single were later included on James Brown's 1968 album A Soulful Christmas and on his 1969 album sharing the title of the song. The song became an unofficial anthem of the Black Power movement.", "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody The show's theme song, \"Here I Am,\" was written by John Adair and Steve Hampton (who also wrote the theme for the show's spinoff The Suite Life on Deck, as well as for fellow Disney Channel series Phil of the Future, Wizards of Waverly Place, Good Luck Charlie, Shake It Up, Sonny with a Chance, Jonas, So Random!, A.N.T. Farm, PrankStars, and Austin & Ally and the ABC Kids series Power Rangers: RPM), with music composed by Gary Scott (who also composed the music cues to signal scene changes and promo breaks, which are styled similarly to the theme), and is performed by Loren Ellis and the Drew Davis Band (who also performed the theme to Phil of the Future, and whose performance is uncredited). The theme was remixed for the ending credits of \"Rock Star in the House\" in a form similar to \"Beautiful Soul\" to accompany the episode's guest appearance of Jesse McCartney.", "Family Affair The theme song was composed by veteran television composer Frank DeVol. The opening featured credits appearing over a kaleidoscope-patterned background.", "List of The Proud Family episodes In the series finale, the day before Penny's 16th birthday, her dad insists that she can't be a Spare Change dancer. However, Penny sneaks out of the house, and meets the rapper 15 Cent. Meanwhile, her dad failed to enter a snack academy. 15 Cent drives her home and Penny kisses him, and as her father yells, she's embarrassed. Penny is given the worst grounding she has ever received, and a rift begins between father and child, the culmination of the entire series. Her mom, Trudy, gives Penny the birthday present from her dad. All of a sudden, her family is invited on a cruise ship.", "Kay Hanley Hanley and longtime writing partner Michelle Lewis currently compose all original songs for the hit Disney series, Doc McStuffins.[3]", "You've Got a Friend in Me \"You've Got a Friend in Me\" is a song written and first recorded by Randy Newman. Originally written as the theme song for the 1995 Disney/Pixar animated film Toy Story, it has since become the theme song for its sequels, Toy Story 2 (1999) and Toy Story 3 (2010) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise. The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song, but lost both to \"Colors of the Wind\" from Disney's Pocahontas.", "The Proud Family Movie The film re-aired again on Disney Channel on May 28, 2016, as part of Disney Channel's 100 DCOM Marathon to celebrate the 100th film, Adventures in Babysitting.", "Disney Channel Circle of Stars Disney Channel Circle of Stars are a music group created by Disney Channel/The Walt Disney Company, that makes cover versions of Disney's songs. They recorded \"Circle of Life\" in 2003 and \"A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes\" in 2005. A group of actors and actresses who have appeared in Disney Channel television series and original movies, including Raven-Symoné, Orlando Brown, Anneliese van der Pol, and Kyla Pratt, were all part of the original line-up. One or the other of these songs appeared on Disneymania 2, Disneymania 4, DisneyRemixMania, The Lion King Special Edition, and Cinderella Platinum Edition DVD.", "The Proud Family Movie In an extended ending, the scene fast-forwards three days later where Cashew is now part of the Proud Family, Penny is receiving her driver's license and helps Oscar by driving through town advertising his new drink Pork-Nut-o-Rade, but Puff drank it back home earlier, turning him into a large and rampaging monster. He chases them around the world up to China, until Suga Mama, who also drank the concoction, takes him home.", "The Family-Ness Theme Tune Performed ByÂ", "Kari Kimmel \"Backyard Stuff Theme\"", "Piglet's Big Movie American singer-songwriter Carly Simon wrote seven new songs for the film, and performed six of them, as well as recording her own version of the Sherman brothers' \"Winnie the Pooh\" theme song.[3]", "That's So Raven Raven-Symoné performs most of the theme, while Brown performs a rap near the end of the theme and some scattered vocals in the beginning of the theme. Anneliese van der Pol sings the show's title in the chorus. A full-length version of this theme was heard in a music video which aired a few months before the show's U.S. premiere and also can be heard on the show's first soundtrack, released in 2004.", "Shark Tale Shark Tale: Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on September 21, 2004. The soundtrack features newly recorded music by various artists, including Justin Timberlake with Timbaland, Christina Aguilera, JoJo, Ludacris, Mary J. Blige, and Will Smith, and also features the first song recorded by pop group The Pussycat Dolls as well as the film's closing theme composed by Hans Zimmer.", "Paul Williams (songwriter) He wrote the music for a musical production of Happy Days that debuted in 2007 and also made a cameo appearance as an animated version of himself singing \"Breathe in the Sunshine\" in the hit animated series Dexter's Laboratory.[12][not in citation given] He wrote and sang \"What Would They Say\", the theme song from the made-for-television film The Boy in the Plastic Bubble (1976), a film starring John Travolta alongside Diana Hyland.", "Meet the Flintstones \"Meet the Flintstones\", also worded as \"(Meet) The Flintstones\", is the theme song from the 1960s television series The Flintstones. Composed in 1961 by Hoyt Curtin, Joseph Barbera and William Hanna. It is one of the most popular and best known of all theme songs, with its catchy lyrics; \"Flintstones, meet the Flintstones, they're the modern Stone Age family\".[1][2]", "List of The Proud Family episodes They later learn it's a plot by the evil Dr. Carver (Arsenio Hall), who wants Oscar's secret to his new Proud Snack. Since Oscar won't reveal the secret, Dr. Carver sends peanut-shaped clones of Penny, Oscar, Trudy, Bebe & Cece, Suga Mama, and Puff back home. And the only place they will find the secret to the snack was in Penny's birthday present her necklace. In the end, they use Penny's necklace to make peanut butter clones who later get destroyed, leaving the peanut family to their business of eating hotdogs and performing 15 Cent's song, featuring Penny, Dijonay, Lacienga, and Zoey.", "Circle of Life \"Circle of Life\"[note 1] is a song from Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King. Composed by Elton John, with lyrics by Tim Rice,[3] the song was performed by Carmen Twillie (the deep female lead vocals) and Lebo M. (opening Zulu vocals) as the film's opening song.[4] In an interview, Rice said he was amazed at the speed with which John composed: \"I gave him the lyrics at the beginning of the session at about two in the afternoon. By half-past three, he'd finished writing and recording a stunning demo.\"[5] Elton John sang a pop version (with alternative lyrics) of the song with the London Community Gospel Choir, which was included in the film's soundtrack and made into a music video. \"Circle of Life\" was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song in 1994, along with two other songs from The Lion King: \"Hakuna Matata\" and \"Can You Feel the Love Tonight\" [6][7] which won the award.[6]", "Punky Brewster The theme song for Punky Brewster is \"Every Time I Turn Around,\" written by Gary Portnoy and Judy Hart Angelo and sung by Portnoy.", "Good Times The gospel-styled theme song was composed by Dave Grusin with lyrics written by Alan and Marilyn Bergman. It was sung by Jim Gilstrap and Motown singer Blinky Williams with a gospel choir providing background vocals.", "Stomp the Yard \"Hall Of Fame\" written by Jason Horns & performed by Tha J-Squad Published by Tha J Squad Beat Mastaz (ASCAP) Courtesy of Tha J Squad Beat Mastaz Productionz[2]", "Perfect Strangers (TV series) The show's theme song, \"Nothing's Gonna Stop Me Now\", was written by Jesse Frederick and Bennett Salvay, who had composed the themes for other Miller-Boyett series, including Full House, Step by Step, and Perfect Strangers spin-off Family Matters. Frederick and Salvay also composed the show's musical score for the entire first two seasons; for the remaining seasons, the score compositions rotated between Frederick and Salvay, Steven Chesne and/or Gary Boren. The theme was performed by David Pomeranz. The music was rearranged and the lyrics re-recorded for season three and the music was rearranged slightly in season five.[5] The full opening theme used for season one and most episodes of season two lasted 90 seconds. Starting with season three, the repeat of the second chorus near the end of the theme was cut to allow more airtime, reducing it to 72 seconds.", "Family Ties The theme song,\"Without Us\" (credited in Season One as \"Us\"), was composed by Jeff Barry and Tom Scott in 1982. During the first season, it was originally performed by Dennis Tufano and Mindy Sterling.[9][10] For the rest of the show's run, the song was performed by Deniece Williams and Johnny Mathis.", "Orlando Brown (actor) Brown's roles as a child actor included Tiger in Major Payne and Nelson on The Jamie Foxx Show. He also did the voice of Sticky Webb on the animated TV series The Proud Family, and the lead character, Cornelius Fillmore, on the animated show Fillmore.", "Jason Paige Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon anime. He also sings \"Viridian City\" and sings as a background vocalist for the Pokémon 2.B.A. Master soundtrack. In an interview with the New York Post in 2016, Paige did not expect the song to become popular. In fact, he said that he \"didn’t really know much about Pokémon when I did the demo, other than [that] a scene in the cartoon caused a giant bout of epileptic seizures in Japan\", referring to the infamous episode \"Dennō Senshi Porygon.\"[1] As a vocalist Paige toured for a year as the lead singer for the band Blood Sweat & Tears[citation needed]. He has sung and beat-boxed with Aerosmith on tour and on the Howard Stern re-mix of the hit single “Pink”[citation needed]. Paige sang backgrounds for Michael Jackson and is the rap soloist for the song \"Black or White\", which was performed at Michael Jackson's 30th Anniversary concert at Madison Square Garden[citation needed]. His one-man show is filled with socio-political sexual-logical musical parody, con-fessions, and impersonations.", "Phineas and Ferb The title sequence music, originally named 'Today Is Gonna Be a Great Day' and performed by the American group Bowling for Soup,[15] was nominated for an Emmy award in 2008.[4] The creators originally wrote a slower number, more like a \"classic Disney song\", but the network felt changes were needed to appeal to modern children and commissioned a rock version which made the final cut.[12]", "Kim Possible An official Kim Possible soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on July 1, 2003, featuring \"Call Me, Beep Me\" and \"Could it Be\",[69] in addition to other musical contributions from the cast of Kim Possible in addition to various Disney recording artists, including Aaron Carter.[62] Romano also recorded a new song entitled \"Say the Word\" for the album.[70] A combination of teen pop, pop rock, power pop and R&B music,[70][71][72] the soundtrack also features appearances by musical groups A-Teens, Jump5 (performing a cover of Kool & the Gang's \"Celebration\"), LMNT and Smash Mouth, and Will Friedle and Nancy Cartwright's \"Naked Mole Rap\",[71] a rapped tribute to Ron's pet Rufus,[73] ultimately concluding with a \"work-you-up remix\" of the theme song by Tony Phillip.[70][73] Aimed primarily at the show's young fan base,[72] AllMusic writer Heather Phares reviewed the album as \"a better than average children's soundtrack.\"[71]", "Mama's Family The show's theme song is \"Bless My Happy Home\" by Emmy and Grammy award winner Peter Matz (music) and Vicki Lawrence (lyrics). The show's producers chose to use an instrumental version.[1]", "Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids A cover of the show's theme song, performed by Dig, is included on the 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records. The song's chorus (\"Na-na-na, gonna have a good time!\") was also sampled for Fatboy Slim's 1998 hit single \"Praise You\".", "The Lion King II: Simba's Pride The songwriters were Marty Panzer, Tom Snow, Kevin Quinn, Randy Petersen, Mark Mancina, Jay Rifkin, Lebo M, Jack Feldman, Scott Warrender, and Joss Whedon.", "Jason Paige Jason Paige (born January 6, 1969) is an American singer, writer, record producer, stage, film, and television actor. Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon television series.", "Growing Pains The show's theme song is \"As Long as We've Got Each Other\", which was written and composed by John Bettis (lyrics) and Steve Dorff (music). It was performed by:", "Proud Mary Ike & Tina Turner version", "Proud Mary Ike & Tina Turner version", "Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa The theme song was sung by country artist Billy Dean, who co-wrote it with Verlon Thompson.", "Sister, Sister (TV series) The series' original theme song was written and composed by Tim Heintz, Randy Petersen and Kevin Quinn. Season one was the only season using the full version, with the short middle instrumental portion, vocalizations and the line \"Living underneath one roof, no it won't be trouble-proof\" dropped in season 2, though the short instrumental and vocalizations were restored in season 3. An updated version of the theme song was used starting in Season 5, composed by Heintz, Petersen, Quinn and Kurt Farquhar, who composed the music score for most of the series (save for Season 3, when the score was composed by Paul A. Kreiling), and performed by Tia and Tamera Mowry; this version used the same tune, but a slower tempo and lyrics that emphasized the two characters' differences and increased maturity. The season 5 version of the theme began with the end of the original theme prior to the start of the theme song. An instrumental version of the final theme was used as a closing theme for the final two seasons, though with the exception of the episode \"Designer Genes\", it was generally played over a blooper reel during the closing credits.", "Hercules (1997 film) Hercules: An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack is the soundtrack for Hercules. It consists of music written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist David Zippel, orchestrated by Daniel Troob and Michael Starobin,[40] with vocals performed by Lillias White, LaChanze, Roz Ryan, Roger Bart, Danny DeVito, and Susan Egan among others. The album also includes the single version of \"Go the Distance\" by Michael Bolton. For the Spanish version of the film, \"Go the Distance\" was redone by Ricky Martin and released as a single under the title \"No Importa La Distancia\" and was also very successful, both inside and outside the United States. In the Turkish version of the film, \"Go the Distance\" was sung by Tarkan, who also performed the vocals for the adult Hercules.", "Phineas and Ferb (soundtrack) The artists on the soundtrack all are in Phineas and Ferb except for Bowling for Soup who performs the theme tune for the series. The song \"Gitchee Gitchee Goo\" performed by Vincent Martella & Ashley Tisdale featured in the episode \"Flop Starz\", was also included in the 2009 album Disney Channel Playlist.[2]", "Proud Mary John Fogerty, the song's composer, was impressed by Burke's version of his song: \"Two thousand miles away this man had crawled right up inside my head to learn what Proud Mary was all about. Sure, it's great when someone sings your song, but when he understands it, you listen like it was the first time.\" \"Reworked as a celebration of black consciousness, his potent mix of gospel and country – the kind that defined his earlier sides for Atlantic – and driven by a Southern funk-like strut, .... it returned Burke to the US R&B Top 20\",[21] with the single reaching #15 on the R&B charts and #45 on the pop charts. According to Burke in a 2002 interview: \"I was in Vegas for sixteen weeks at the Sands Hotel. I missed this record being a hit, because we weren’t there to promote the record, we had no backing. The greatest thing I ever did was tell Ike Turner, “Hey man, you should get on this record… I think you and Tina could tear this thing up.”[22] On 24 May 1969 Burke sang his version of \"Proud Mary\" on American Bandstand.[23][24][25]", "Proud Mary Tina Turner version", "You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine \"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine\" has been covered by singers Michael Bublé, Laura Pausini, reggae singer John Holt and by the Dub Pistols (who use a sample of John Holt's version) on their Speakers and Tweeters album. Jazz saxophonist Stanley Turrentine covered the song on his 1976 album The Man with the Sad Face.[12] as did Hank Crawford on Hank Crawford's Back. This song was also featured on The Proud Family Soundtrack.", "A Goofy Movie The songs \"I 2 I\" and \"Stand Out\" were performed by R&B singer Tevin Campbell. The soundtrack album for A Goofy Movie was released by Walt Disney Records on March 18, 1995.[11] Mitchell Musso covered the song \"Stand Out\" for the DisneyMania 7 album, which was released on March 9, 2010.[12]", "Carlos Ponce In 1999, Ponce recorded his second studio album, Todo lo que Soy (Everything that I Am). The World Athletic Games held in Seville, Spain adopted the song \"Amelia\" from Ponce's second album as its official theme. That same year, he was contracted by the Walt Disney Studios to vocalize the song \"Bella Notte\" for the animated film, Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure. He also appeared in ABC's drama series Once and Again.", "The Princess and the Frog During Disney's 2007 shareholder meeting, Randy Newman and the Dirty Dozen Brass Band performed the film's opening number, \"Down in New Orleans\", with famous New Orleans singer Dr.Â John singing, while slides of pre-production art from the film played on a screen.[19] Other songs in the film include \"Almost There\" (a solo for Tiana), \"Dig a Little Deeper\" (a song for Mama Odie), \"When We're Human\" (a song for Louis, Tiana and Naveen [as frogs]), \"Friends on the Other Side\" (a solo for Doctor Facilier), and \"Gonna Take You There\" and \"Ma Belle Evangeline\" (two solos for Ray).[19] Newman composed, arranged, and conducted the music for the film, a mixture of jazz, zydeco, blues, and gospel styles performed by the voice cast members for the respective characters while R&B singer-songwriter Ne-Yo wrote and performed the end title song \"Never Knew I Needed\", an R&B love song referring to the romance between the film's two main characters, Tiana and Naveen. Supported by a music video by Melina, \"Never Knew I Needed\" was issued to radio outlets as a commercial single from the Princess and the Frog soundtrack.[40]", "Ryan Toby Manager Marvin Thompson introduced Toby to then RCA Records A&R Director Kenny Ortiz, which eventually lead to a meeting with Disney & Buena Vista/Touchstone Pictures Executives. The company was looking for young actors/singers for their upcoming project titled Sister Act II: Back In The Habit (starring Whoopi Goldberg). Landing a principal role at 16 years old, the talented singer/actor was featured on the accompanying soundtrack. He wrote the rap part to the much loved single “Joyful, Joyful” which also featured newcomer Lauryn Hill and was a featured soloist on the single “Oh Happy Day”. After filming, Toby was put in touch with Jazzy Jeff (of The Fresh Prince and Jazzy Jeff fame) by his former Manager Marvin Thompson and was invited to Philadelphia. Jeff and Ryan bonded and he was asked to sign to his Touch of Jazz Production Company. It was during that time that Will Smith visited with Jeff. Smith was working on his upcoming album titled Big Willie Style. Smith heard Ryan and wanted him to work on his album. The music/rap turned into Smith’s hit single “Miami”. Ryan received writing credits for “Miami”, “Don’t Say Nothing”, “I Loved Her” and “Candy”. The album sold over 20 million copies.", "Kyle Massey Massey appeared on the Disney Channel Holiday soundtrack and the Shaggy Dog soundtrack where he performed \"Who Let The Dog Out\" and \"Jingle Bells (a Hip-Hop Carol)\". He sang the theme song for Cory in the House. Massey also raps a song called \"It's a Dog\" on the Life is Ruff soundtrack. He also sang the theme song for Yin Yang Yo!. Massey and his brother Christopher Massey have performed rap as the duo, The Massey Boyz. He also sang the music video for Disney's Underdog.", "The Princess and the Frog (soundtrack) The Princess and the Frog: Original Songs and Score is the soundtrack of the 2009 Disney animated film The Princess and the Frog. It was released by Walt Disney Records on November 23, 2009, just a day before the limited release of the film in New York City and Los Angeles. It contains ten original songs and seven score pieces, all but one of which were composed, arranged and conducted by composer Randy Newman.[1] \"Never Knew I Needed\" was written and performed by Ne-Yo. The song had an accompanying music video which featured rotation on Disney Channel. The song was also sent to rhythmic radio on October 27, 2009.[2] The songs are performed by various artists most of which lend their voices to characters in the film. The score features African-American-influenced styles including jazz, zydeco, blues and gospel.[3]", "Star vs. the Forces of Evil The theme song was done by Brad Breeck, who also did Gravity Falls' opening theme; Nefcy said: \"when we were listening to it we didn't know, because we just listened blind\". Brian Kim was chosen among a group of about ten people as the show's composer.[10][15] Kim describes the music for each dimension as having a different sound and relating it to indie rock in Los Angeles.[16]", "Raven-Symoné In 2003, Raven-Symoné recorded the classic Stevie Wonder, \"Superstition\", as the main theme for the film, The Haunted Mansion. She signed a deal with Hollywood Records, a Disney-owned label. The film soundtrack, The Cheetah Girls, debuted at No. 33 on the Billboard Top 200 and is certified for Double Platinum sales by the RIAA for sales of 2 million copies, was the second best selling soundtrack of 2004, behind Shrek. The following year, she released a five-track EP with Hollywood Records on January 1, 2004[15][16] prior to the release of This Is My Time, containing \"Backflip\", \"Bump\", \"Overloved\", \"What Is Love?\", and \"Mystify\".[17] Released to promote the full-length album, the EP was only available in select stores and is now very rare. On September 21, 2004, she released her third studio album, This Is My Time, which included the single \"Backflip\", which received heavy rotation on Disney Channel, and premiered on BET via an Access Granted special. This Is My Time debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and at number fifty-one on the official Billboard 200,[18] with moderately successful first week sales of 19,000 copies (best debut in the chart to date); making it Raven-Symoné's first album to enter the chart in the United States. It was in the top 100 for thirteen weeks, selling about 235,000 copies up to February 2, 2007, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[11] The four songs from the album were incorporated into soundtracks from Disney films: The Lion King 1½ (\"Grazing in the Grass\"); The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement (\"This Is My Time\"); Ice Princess (\"Bump\"); and Go Figure (\"Life Is Beautiful\"). In the same year, also recorded music for That's So Raven's first original television soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted and peaked at No. 44 on the Billboard 200 and is now certified Gold by the RIAA for sales of 500,000 copies.[19]", "The Country Bears The original music was composed by Christopher Young, and the songs were written by Brian Setzer, John Hiatt, Jimmy Tittle, Krystal Harris and Bela Fleck.[2]", "Martha Munizzi ''The Gospel'' (performs the song \"Glorious\" in the film and on the film's music soundtrack)", "Reflection (song) \"Reflection\" is a song written and produced by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel for the soundtrack of Disney's 1998 animated film Mulan. In the film, the song is performed by Filipina singer and actress Lea Salonga as Fa Mulan. An accompanying music video for \"Reflection\" was included as a bonus to the Disney Gold Classic Collection DVD release of the film in 1998.", "Perry the Platypus Perry has a theme song tentatively entitled \"Perry,\" performed by Randy Crenshaw and Laura Dickinson, and written by Povenmire and Marsh, who write the majority of songs in the series.[14][18] The song, along with the number \"Gitchee Gitchee Goo\" from the episode \"Flop Starz,\" was the first musical composition Povenmire and Marsh pitched to The Walt Disney Company. They were nervous doing so, because, as Povenmire explained, \"Disney has a big history of music -- what if they hate it?\" Their reaction, however, was considerably positive and the pair was asked to write a song for each episode, which they vehemently agreed to.[14] The opening lyrics for the song describe Perry as a standard textbook definition of a platypus: \"He's a semi-aquatic egg-laying mammal of action.\"[19]", "The Rascals Piano: Joe Bushkin", "Paul Williams (songwriter) Paul Hamilton Williams, Jr.[2] (born September 19, 1940)[3][4][5] is an American composer, singer, songwriter and actor. He is perhaps best known for writing popular songs performed by a number of acts in the 1970s, including Three Dog Night's \"An Old Fashioned Love Song\" and \"Out in the Country\", Helen Reddy's \"You and Me Against the World\", David Bowie's \"Fill Your Heart\", and the Carpenters' \"We've Only Just Begun\" and \"Rainy Days and Mondays\", as well as for his contributions to films, such as writing the lyrics to the #1 chart-topping \"Evergreen\", the love theme from A Star Is Born, starring Barbra Streisand, for which he won a Grammy for Song of the Year and an Academy Award for Best Original Song; and \"Rainbow Connection\" from The Muppet Movie. He also wrote the lyrics to the opening theme for The Love Boat, with music previously composed by Charles Fox, which was originally sung by Jack Jones and, later, by Dionne Warwick.", "Try Again (Aaliyah song) \"Try Again\" is a song by American recording artist Aaliyah. It was written by Static Major and Timothy Mosley, and produced by Timbaland. The song was released on February 22, 2000, as the lead single for the soundtrack to the film Romeo Must Die, and was later included on international pressings of the singer's self-titled album. \"Try Again\" features an intro in which Timbaland pays homage to Eric B. & Rakim by rapping the duo's opening verse from \"I Know You Got Soul\".", "Go the Distance \"Go the Distance\" is a song from Disney's 1997 animated feature film, Hercules. It was written by composer Alan Menken and lyricist David Zippel, and originally recorded by American actor Roger Bart in his film role as the singing voice of Hercules. American singer-songwriter Michael Bolton recorded a pop version of the song for the film's end credits. In the Spanish version, the song is performed by Hercules voicer Ricky Martin, both in the movie and in the credits; this version is included on Martin's album Vuelve. Both the song and its reprise featured in a stage production of Hercules, performed upon the Disney Wonder during 2007/2008.", "Gloria Loring In 1979 and 1980, Loring and then-husband Alan Thicke composed the theme songs to Diff'rent Strokes and The Facts of Life. There were two versions of the Facts of Life theme song that Loring sang.[3] One version was used from seasons two through six, and a second was used from seasons seven to nine.", "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud The song is referenced in an episode of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, inspired by Black Power protests, Will, the African-American male lead attempts to hold a protest (ironically, Will and his cousin Carlton are the only black people in the room) to get a popular teacher reinstated, he inspires \"Cornflake\", a white fellow student, who stands up and shouts passionately \"Fight the Power Will! Sing it loud, I'm black and I'm proud\", to which Will replies \"See, my man Conflake's got the spirit. He's a little confused but he's got the spirit\"." ]	[ "The Proud Family (soundtrack) The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name. A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show, popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys, Jhené Aiko, India Arie, and Solange Knowles & Destiny's Child (who perform the theme song), and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays." ]
test2437	why was the great schism important in the decline of medieval europe	[ "doc84081" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc84081", "doc84070", "doc108053", "doc392054", "doc135655", "doc432203", "doc575152", "doc178185", "doc884388", "doc2430908", "doc432210", "doc1741970", "doc2202562", "doc2202572", "doc27638", "doc1742010", "doc1254410", "doc392055", "doc743056", "doc444217", "doc980425", "doc628148", "doc743059", "doc2202570", "doc2609035", "doc2513105", "doc122106", "doc1271743", "doc392058", "doc2202563", "doc575190", "doc84069", "doc178179", "doc84073", "doc404347", "doc658357", "doc1064442", "doc1661961", "doc575189", "doc2202566", "doc135631", "doc230428", "doc392109", "doc392088", "doc295384", "doc743058", "doc1177958", "doc2309379", "doc492914", "doc2199581", "doc2446642", "doc954882", "doc1037937", "doc453101", "doc1254411", "doc1177931", "doc743053", "doc1837229", "doc2513078", "doc392056", "doc122087", "doc470771", "doc1271744", "doc2220936", "doc743075", "doc392070", "doc575161", "doc84078", "doc113753", "doc575159", "doc432188", "doc135630", "doc2430892", "doc1271746", "doc628149", "doc1741963", "doc799035", "doc2430890", "doc135710", "doc1741962", "doc799040", "doc178186", "doc2199582", "doc474619", "doc392087", "doc1162100", "doc392147", "doc2513100", "doc135636", "doc1741978", "doc1521466", "doc392112", "doc2317090", "doc766450", "doc325745", "doc84068", "doc392094", "doc799041", "doc432205", "doc1271745" ]	[ "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages The unity of the Roman Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. The Holy Roman Empire was also in decline in the aftermath of the Great Interregnum (1247â€“1273); the Empire lost cohesion, and politically the separate dynasties of the various German states became more important than their common empire.", "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe and civil wars between nobles within countries such as the Wars of the Roses were common—with France fighting internally nine times—and there were international conflicts between kings such as France and England in the Hundred Years' War. The unity of the Roman Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. The Holy Roman Empire was also in decline; in the aftermath of the Great Interregnum (1247–1273), the Empire lost cohesion and politically the separate dynasties of the various German states became more important than their common empire.", "High Middle Ages The East–West Schism of 1054 formally separated the Christian church into two parts: Western Catholicism in Western Europe and Eastern Orthodoxy in the east. It occurred when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, mainly over disputes as to the existence of papal authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, as well as disagreement over the filioque.", "East–West Schism The Eastâ€“West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.[1] The Schism was the culmination of theological and political differences between the Christian East and West which had developed over the preceding centuries.", "Middle Ages Christianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the Western Church. The Eastern Church used Greek instead of the Western Latin. Theological and political differences emerged, and by the early and middle 8th century issues such as iconoclasm, clerical marriage, and state control of the Church had widened to the extent that the cultural and religious differences were greater than the similarities.[86] The formal break, known as the East–West Schism, came in 1054, when the papacy and the patriarchy of Constantinople clashed over papal supremacy and excommunicated each other, which led to the division of Christianity into two Churches—the Western branch became the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern branch the Eastern Orthodox Church.[87]", "History of Europe The Great Schism between the Western (Catholic) and Eastern (Orthodox) Christian Churches was sparked in 1054 by Pope Leo IX asserting authority over three of the seats in the Pentarchy, in Antioch, Jerusalem and Alexandria. Since the mid-8th century, the Byzantine Empire's borders had been shrinking in the face of Islamic expansion. Antioch had been wrested back into Byzantine control by 1045, but the resurgent power of the Roman successors in the West claimed a right and a duty for the lost seats in Asia and Africa. Pope Leo sparked a further dispute by defending the filioque clause in the Nicene Creed which the West had adopted customarily. The Orthodox today state that the XXVIIIth Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople. The Orthodox also state that the Bishop of Rome has authority only over his own diocese and does not have any authority outside his diocese. There were other less significant catalysts for the Schism however, including variance over liturgy. The Schism of Roman Catholic and Orthodox followed centuries of estrangement between the Latin and Greek worlds.", "Late Middle Ages Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities.[2] Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was temporarily shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.[3]", "Europe Political intrigue within the Church in the mid-14th century caused the Western Schism. During this forty-year period, two popes—one in Avignon and one in Rome—claimed rulership over the Church. Although the schism was eventually healed in 1417, the papacy's spiritual authority had suffered greatly.[112]", "Western culture From Late Antiquity, through the Middle Ages, and onwards, while Eastern Europe was shaped by the Orthodox Church, Southern and Central Europe were increasingly stabilized by the Catholic Church which, as Roman imperial governance faded from view, was the only consistent force in Western Europe.[50] In 1054 came the so-called Great Schism that, following the Greek East and Latin West divide, separated Europe into religious and cultural regions present to this day. Until the Age of Enlightenment,[51] Christian culture took over as the predominant force in western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science for many years.[50][52] Movements in art and philosophy, such as the Humanist movement of the Renaissance and the Scholastic movement of the High Middle Ages, were motivated by a drive to connect Catholicism with Greek and Arab thought imported by Christian pilgrims.[53][54][55] However, due to the division in Western Christianity caused by the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment, religious influence—especially the temporal power of the Pope—began to wane.[56][57]", "Investiture Controversy While the monarchy was embroiled in the dispute with the Church, the monarchy declined in power and broke apart. Localized rights of lordship over peasants grew. This resulted in multiple effects: 1) increased serfdom that reduced human rights for the majority, 2) increased taxes and levies that royal coffers declined, and 3) localized rights of Justice where courts did not have to answer to royal authority. In the long term, the decline of imperial power would divide Germany until the 19th century. Similarly, in Italy, the investiture controversy weakened the emperor's authority and strengthened local separatist forces.[13]", "History of Europe Depopulation caused labor to become scarcer; the survivors were better paid and peasants could drop some of the burdens of feudalism. There was also social unrest; France and England experienced serious peasant risings including the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt. At the same time, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Great Schism. Collectively these events have been called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages.[39]", "History of Christianity during the Middle Ages The East-West Schism, or Great Schism, separated the Church into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, i.e., Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was the first major division since certain groups in the East rejected the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy), and was far more significant. Though normally dated to 1054, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between Latin and Greek Christendom over the nature of papal primacy and certain doctrinal matters like the filioque, but intensified by cultural and linguistic differences.", "Western Europe The division between these two was enhanced during Late antiquity and the Middle Ages by a number of events. The Western Roman Empire collapsed, starting the Early Middle Ages. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire, mostly known as the Greek or Byzantine Empire, survived and even thrived for another 1000 years. The rise of the Carolingian Empire in the west, and in particular the Great Schism between Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, enhanced the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe.", "Western Europe Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Christian (many times incorrectly labeled \"Greek Orthodox\") churches in the east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in \"Eastern Europe\", for a variety of reasons.[6]", "Western world However, the conquest of the Western parts of the Roman Empire by Germanic peoples and the subsequent dominance by the Western Christian Papacy (which held combined political and spiritual authority, a state of affairs absent from Greek civilization in all its stages), resulted in a rupture of the previously existing ties between the Latin West and Greek thought,[25] including Christian Greek thought. The Great Schism and the Fourth Crusade confirmed this deviation.", "History of Christianity during the Middle Ages The Western Schism, or Papal Schism, was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416, when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and there was conflict concerning the rightful holder of the papacy. The conflict was political, rather than doctrinal, in nature.", "History of the Balkans The East-West Schism, known also as the Great Schism (though this latter term sometimes refers to the later Western Schism), was the event that divided Christianity into Western Catholicism and Greek Eastern Orthodoxy, following the dividing line of the Empire in Western Latin-speaking and Eastern Greek-speaking parts. Though normally dated to 1054, when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius excommunicated each other, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between the two Churches.", "East–West Schism A succession of ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes between the Greek East and Latin West pre-dated the formal rupture that occurred in 1054.[2][3][4] Prominent among these were the issues of the source of the Holy Spirit, whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist,[a] the Bishop of Rome's claim to universal jurisdiction, and the place of the See of Constantinople in relation to the Pentarchy.[8]", "Eastern Europe The schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic from the 11th century, as well as from the 16th century also Protestant) churches. This division dominated Europe for centuries, in opposition to the rather short lived Cold War division of 4 decades.", "Crusades Europe was immersed in power struggles on many different fronts. The Christian Church split along Latin Orthodox lines in 1054 after centuries of disagreement leading to a permanent division called the East–West Schism.[28] Following the Gregorian Reform, an assertive, reformist papacy attempted to increase its power and influence over the laity. Beginning around 1075 and continuing during the First Crusade, the Investiture Controversy was a power struggle between Church and state in medieval Europe over whether the Catholic Church or the Holy Roman Empire held the right to appoint church officials and other clerics.[29][30] Antipope Clement III was an alternative pope for most of this period, and Pope Urban spent much of his early pontificate in exile from Rome. The result was intense piety and an increased interest in religious affairs amongst the general population in Catholic Europe and religious propaganda by the Papacy advocating a just war to reclaim Palestine from the Muslims. Participation in a crusade was seen as a form of penance that could counterbalance sin.[31]", "Decline of the Byzantine Empire In the 5th – 7th century, the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire was a continuation of the Roman Empire. The loss of the Western territories in the 5th century led to the loss of some important cities such as Rome. The creation of the Germanic states of the Franks, Visigoths, Ostrogoths and later of the Lombards out of the rubble of the Western Roman Empire meant that in time they would seek to challenge the authority of the Eastern Roman Empire. General Flavius Belisarius under Justinian I in the early 6th century made a serious attempt to recover the western half; however his gains were short-lived and poorly planned out – resources and troops that could have been used to defeat the Persians were diverted forcing the Byzantines into tribute and diplomacy to deal with this Eastern threat. The loss of the western territories led to the Patriarch of Rome achieving greater independence from Byzantium, which no longer provided adequate protection to the Pope. Consequently, the Holy See and Byzantium would have disagreements, culminating in the schism of 1054 and the disaster of the Fourth Crusade in the 13th century.", "Role of Christianity in civilization In 1054, after centuries of strained relations, the Great Schism occurred over differences in doctrine, splitting the Christian world between the Catholic Church, centered in Rome and dominant in the West, and the Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.", "Eastern Europe Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Christian (many times incorrectly labeled \"Greek Orthodox\") churches in the east. Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. A cleavage of this sort is, however, often problematic; for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in \"Eastern Europe\", for a variety of reasons, the most prominement being that Greece's history for the most part was more so influenced by Mediterranean cultures and contact.[15]", "Western Europe The schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic from the 11th century, as well as from the 16th century also Protestant) churches.", "Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty The 11th century was also momentous for its religious events. In 1054, relations between Greek and Slavic-speaking Eastern and Latin-speaking Western Christian traditions reached a terminal crisis. Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation, on July 16, when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of excommunication on the altar, the so-called Great Schism was a culmination of centuries of gradual separation. Although the schism was brought about by doctrinal disputes (in particular, Eastern refusal to accept the Western Church doctrine of the filioque, or double procession of the Holy Spirit), disputes over administration and political issues had simmered for centuries. The formal separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Western Catholic Church would have wide-ranging consequences for the future of Europe and Christianity.", "Post-classical history It is important to note that by the beginning of the postclassical period, Christianity had become the official religion in Roman territories. However, since the 4th century, many differences in culture, language, politics, and theology greatly contrasted the Christian clergy in Western Europe and Eastern Europe.[35] The innate Greek culture of the Byzantines played a part in this difference: for example, Latin was considered barbaric among the Byzantines and they instead spoke Greek.[33] Theological disputes also arose, such as what type of bread should be used in the Eucharist, whether priests ought to be celibate, and the source of the Holy Spirit, filioque. Rivalry between the Western Pope and the Eastern Patriarchs also contributed to the estrangement, as well as Byzantine loyalty to the Ecumenical Patriarch rather than the Pope, rejecting Papal supremacy.[36] This eventually culminated in the East-West Schism which officially began in 1054 with the excommunication of Patriarch Michael Cerularius by Cardinal Humbert, when the Cerularius refused to submit to Rome. Cardinal Humbert was subsequently excommunicated by Michael Cerularius. The dispute would intensify until the formation of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, and many attempts to reunify the churches would fail.", "History of Western civilization In 1054, after centuries of strained relations, the Great Schism occurred over differences in doctrine, splitting the Christian world between the Catholic Church, centered in Rome and dominant in the West, and the Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire. The last pagan land in Europe was converted to Christianity with the conversion of the Baltic peoples in the High Middle Ages, bringing them into Western civilization as well.", "Western Schism The Western Schism or Papal Schism was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417[1] in which three men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418). For a time these rival claims to the papal throne damaged the reputation of the office. The affair is sometimes referred to as the Great Schism, although this term is typically reserved for the East–West Schism (1054) between the Western Churches answering to the See of Rome and the Orthodox Churches of the East.", "East–West Schism The schism between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Christians resulted from a variety of political, cultural and theological factors which transpired over centuries.[18] Historians regard the mutual excommunications of 1054 as the terminal event.[19] It is difficult to agree on an exact date for the event where the start of the schism was apparent.[20] It may have started as early as the[21] Quartodeciman controversy at the time of Victor of Rome (c. 180). Orthodox apologists point to this incident as an example of claims by Rome to papal primacy and its rejection by Eastern Churches.", "Western Europe After the conquest of the Byzantine Empire, center of the Eastern Orthodox Church, by the Muslim Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, and the gradual fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire (which had replaced the Carolingian Empire), the division between Roman Catholic and Protestant became more important in Europe than that with Eastern Orthodoxy.", "Late Middle Ages At the Council of Constance (1414â€“1418), the Papacy was once more united in Rome.[103] Even though the unity of the Western Church was to last for another hundred years, and though the Papacy was to experience greater material prosperity than ever before, the Great Schism had done irreparable damage.[104] The internal struggles within the Church had impaired her claim to universal rule, and promoted anti-clericalism among the people and their rulers, paving the way for reform movements.[105]", "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages A series of famines and plagues, beginning with the Great Famine of 1315–17 and especially the Black Death of 1348, reduced the population perhaps by half or more as the Medieval Warm Period came to a close and the first century of the Little Ice Age began. It took 150 years for the European population to regain the levels of 1300.[3]", "Europe The Papacy reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages. An East-West Schism in 1054 split the former Roman Empire religiously, with the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Catholic Church in the former Western Roman Empire. In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade against Muslims occupying Jerusalem and the Holy Land.[75] In Europe itself, the Church organised the Inquisition against heretics. In Spain, the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Granada in 1492, ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule in the Iberian Peninsula.[76]", "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages Their scarcity resulted in malnutrition, which increases susceptibility to infections due to weakened immunity. In the autumn of 1314, heavy rains began to fall, which were the start of several years of cold and wet winters.[7] The already weak harvests of the north suffered and the seven-year famine ensued. In the years 1315 to 1317 a catastrophic famine, known as the Great Famine, struck much of North West Europe. It was arguably the worst in European history, perhaps reducing the population by more than 10%.[7]", "Eastern Orthodox Church In the 11th century what was recognised as the Great Schism took place between Rome and Constantinople, which led to separation between the Church of the West, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Eastern Byzantine Churches, now the Orthodox. There were doctrinal issues like the filioque clause and the authority of the Roman Pope involved in the split, but these were greatly exacerbated by political factors of both Church and state, and by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. Regarding Papal supremacy, the Eastern half grew disillusioned with the Pope's centralization of power, as well as his blatant attempts of excluding the Eastern half in regard to Papacy approvals. It used to be that the Emperor would at least have say when a new Pope would be elected, but towards the high Middle Ages, the Christians in Rome were slowly consolidating power and removing Byzantine influence. However, even before this exclusionary tendency from the West, well before 1054, the Eastern and Western halves of the Church were in perpetual conflict, particularly during the periods of Eastern iconoclasm and the Photian schism.[186]", "History of the Byzantine Empire The 11th century was also momentous for its religious events. In 1054, relations between Greek-speaking Eastern and Latin-speaking Western traditions within the Christian Church reached a terminal crisis. Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation, on 16 July, when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of excommunication on the altar, the so-called Great Schism was actually the culmination of centuries of gradual separation. Although the schism was brought about by doctrinal disputes (in particular, Eastern refusal to accept the Western Church doctrine of the filioque, or double procession of the Holy Spirit), disputes over administration and political issues had simmered for centuries. The formal separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Western Catholic Church would have wide-ranging consequences for the future of Byzantium.", "Christianity in the 15th century Historical upheaval usually yields much new thinking as to how society should be organized. This was the case leading up to the Protestant Reformation. Following the breakdown of monastic institutions and scholasticism in late medieval Europe, accentuated by the \"Babylonian Captivity\" of the Avignon Papacy, the Great Schism, and the failure of the Conciliar movement, the 16th century saw the fomenting of a great cultural debate about religious reforms and later fundamental religious values. Historians would generally assume that the failure to reform (too many vested interests, lack of coordination in the reforming coalition) would eventually lead to a greater upheaval or even revolution, since the system must eventually be adjusted or disintegrate, and the failure of the Conciliar movement helped lead to the Protestant Reformation in Europe. These frustrated reformist movements ranged from nominalism, devotio moderna (modern devotion), to humanism occurring in conjunction with economic, political and demographic forces that contributed to a growing disaffection with the wealth and power of the elite clergy, sensitizing the population to the financial and moral corruption of the secular Renaissance church.", "History of Protestantism Following the breakdown of monastic institutions and scholasticism in late medieval Europe, accentuated by the \"Babylonian Captivity\" of the Papacy, the Papal Schism, and the failure of the Conciliar movement, the sixteenth century saw a great cultural debate about religious reforms and later fundamental religious values (See German mysticism). Historians would generally assume that the failure to reform (too many vested interests, lack of coordination in the reforming coalition) would eventually lead to a greater upheaval or even revolution, since the system must eventually be adjusted or disintegrate, and the failure of the Conciliar movement helped lead to the Protestant Reformation in Europe. These frustrated reformist movements ranged from nominalism, devotio moderna (modern devotion), to humanism occurring in conjunction with economic, political and demographic forces that contributed to a growing disaffection with the wealth and power of the elite clergy, sensitizing the population to the financial and moral corruption of the secular Renaissance church.", "Late Middle Ages The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309.[100] When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378â€“1417).[101] The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes.[102]", "Western Europe The East–West Schism, which has lasted since the 11th century, divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity.", "Middle Ages The Late Middle Ages was marked by difficulties and calamities including famine, plague, and war, which significantly diminished the population of Europe; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of Europeans. Controversy, heresy, and the Western Schism within the Catholic Church paralleled the interstate conflict, civil strife, and peasant revolts that occurred in the kingdoms. Cultural and technological developments transformed European society, concluding the Late Middle Ages and beginning the early modern period.", "Byzantine Empire In 1054, relations between the Eastern and Western traditions within the Christian Church reached a terminal crisis, known as the East–West Schism. Although there was a formal declaration of institutional separation, on 16 July, when three papal legates entered the Hagia Sophia during Divine Liturgy on a Saturday afternoon and placed a bull of excommunication on the altar,[110] the so-called Great Schism was actually the culmination of centuries of gradual separation.[111] Unfortunately the legates did not know that the Pope had died, an event that made the excommunication void and the excommunication only applied to the Patriarch who responded by excommunicating the legates.", "East–West Schism Starting from the late 11th century, dependency of Byzantine Empire on the naval forces of Republic of Venice and, to a lesser extent, Republic of Genoa and Republic of Pisa led to predominance of Roman Catholic merchants in Byzantium (they were getting major trading concessions starting from 1080s), subsequently causing economic and social upheaval. Together with the perceived arrogance of the Italians, it fueled popular resentment amongst the middle and lower classes both in the countryside and in the cities.[155]", "East–West Schism The dominant language of the West was Latin, while that of the East was Greek. Soon after the fall of the West to invaders, the number of individuals who spoke both languages dwindled, and communication between East and West grew much more difficult. With linguistic unity gone, cultural unity began to crumble as well. The two halves of the Church were naturally divided along similar lines; they developed different rites and had different approaches to religious doctrines. Although the schism was still centuries away, its outlines were already perceptible.[85]", "Charlemagne Charlemagne has been called the \"Father of Europe\" (Pater Europae),[c] as he united most of Western Europe for the first time since the classical era of the Roman Empire and united parts of Europe that had never been under Frankish rule. His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance, a period of energetic cultural and intellectual activity within the Western Church. All Holy Roman Emperors considered their kingdoms to be descendants of Charlemagne's empire, up to the last Emperor Francis II and the French and German monarchies. However, the Eastern Orthodox Church views Charlemagne more controversially, labeling as heterodox his support of the filioque and the Bishop of Rome's recognizing him as legitimate Roman Emperor rather than Irene of Athens of the Eastern Roman Empire. These and other machinations led to the eventual split of Rome and Constantinople in the Great Schism of 1054.[5][d]", "Eastern Europe Religious division in 1054[14]", "History of Christianity The Western Schism, or Papal Schism, was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416, when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and there was conflict concerning the rightful holder of the papacy. The conflict was political, rather than doctrinal, in nature.", "Christian denomination Although the church as a whole did not experience any major divisions for centuries afterward, the Eastern and Western groups drifted until the point where patriarchs from both families excommunicated one another in about 1054 in what is known as the Great Schism. The political and theological reasons for the schism are complex, but one major controversy was the inclusion and acceptance in the West of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed, which the East viewed as erroneous. Another was the definition of papal primacy.", "Catholic Church In the 7th and 8th centuries, expanding Muslim conquests following the advent of Islam led to an Arab domination of the Mediterranean that severed political connections between that area and northern Europe, and weakened cultural connections between Rome and the Byzantine Empire. Conflicts involving authority in the church, particularly the authority of the Bishop of Rome finally culminated in the East–West Schism in the 11th century, splitting the church into the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Earlier splits within the church occurred after the Council of Ephesus (431) and the Council of Chalcedon (451). However, a few Eastern Churches remained in communion with Rome, and portions of some others established communion in the 15th century and later, forming what are called the Eastern Catholic Churches.", "Christianity in the 11th century The East-West Schism, or Great Schism, separated the Church into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, i.e., Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was the first major division since certain groups in the East rejected the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy) and was far more significant. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.[2]", "Ecumenism The political and theological reasons for the schism are complex and multifaceted. Aside from the natural rivalry between the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire and the Franco-Latin Holy Roman Empire, one major controversy was the inclusion and acceptance in the West in general - and in the diocese of Rome in particular - of the Filioque clause (\"and the Son\") into the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, which the East viewed as a violation of ecclesiastical procedure at best, an abuse of papal authority as only an Ecumenical Council could amend what had been defined by a previous council, and a heresy at worst, inasfar as the Filioque implies that the essential divinity of the Holy Spirit is derived not from the Father alone as arche (singular head and source), but from the perichoretic union between the Father and the Son. That the hypostasis or persona of the Spirit either is or is produced by the mutual, preeternal love between God and His Word is an explanation which Eastern Christian detractors have alleged is rooted in the medieval Augustinian appropriation of Plotinian Neoplatonism. (See Augustine of Hippo, De Trinitate)", "Timeline of the Catholic Church Over time, schisms have disrupted the unity of Christianity. The major divisions occurred in c.144 with Marcionism,[3] 318 with Arianism, 1054 to 1449 (see East–West Schism) during which time the Orthodox Churches of the East parted ways with the Western Church over doctrinal issues (see the filioque) and papal primacy, and in 1517 with the Protestant Reformation. This Church has been the driving force behind some of the major events of world history including the Christianization of Western and Central Europe and Latin America, the spreading of literacy and the foundation of the universities, hospitals, the Western tradition of monasticism, the development of art and music, literature, architecture, contributions to the scientific method, just war theory and trial by jury. It has played a powerful role in global affairs, including the Reconquista, the Crusades, the Inquisition, the Investiture Controversy, the establishment of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe in the late 20th century.", "Great Divergence After the Viking, Muslim and Magyar invasions waned in the 10th century, Europe entered a period of prosperity, population growth and territorial expansion known as the High Middle Ages. Trade and commerce revived, with increased specialization between areas and between the countryside and artisans in towns. By the 13th century the best land had been occupied and agricultural income began to fall, though trade and commerce continued to expand, especially in Venice and other northern Italian cities. The 14th century brought a series of calamities: famines, wars, the Black Death and other epidemics. The resulting drop in the population led to falling rents and rising wages, undermining the feudal and manorial relationships that had characterized Medieval Europe.[30]", "Pope With the East–West Schism, the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church split definitively in 1054. This fracture was caused more by political events than by slight divergences of creed. Popes had galled the Byzantine emperors by siding with the king of the Franks, crowning a rival Roman emperor, appropriating the Exarchate of Ravenna, and driving into Greek Italy.[59]", "History of the Balkans The primary claimed causes of the Schism were disputes over papal authority—the Pope claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, while the patriarchs claimed that the Pope was merely a first among equals—and over the insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed. Most serious (and real) cause of course, was the competition for power between the old and the new capitals of the Roman Empire (Rome and Constantinople). There were other, less significant catalysts for the Schism, including variance over liturgical practices and conflicting claims of jurisdiction.", "History of Christianity The East-West Schism, or Great Schism, separated the Church into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, i.e., Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was the first major division since certain groups in the East rejected the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy), and was far more significant. Though normally dated to 1054, the East-West Schism was actually the result of an extended period of estrangement between Latin and Greek Christendom over the nature of papal primacy and certain doctrinal matters like the Filioque, but intensified by cultural and linguistic differences.", "Eastern Europe The Eastâ€“West Schism (which began in the 11th century and lasts until the present) divided Christianity in Europe, and consequently the world, into Western Christianity and Eastern Christianity.", "11th century In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the High Middle Ages, an age subsequent to the Early Middle Ages. The century began while the translatio imperii of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the Investiture Controversy. It saw the final Christianisation of Scandinavia and the emergence of the Peace and Truce of God movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the Crusades which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism rent the church in two, however.", "Post-classical history In Europe, a new form of Western civilization was reconstructed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire which plunged it into the Dark Ages; during this time the area was generally controlled by the Catholic Church. The Early Middle Ages saw the continuation of trends set in Late Antiquity: depopulation, deurbanization, and increased barbarian invasion. In Eastern Europe, the Eastern Roman Empire survived as what is now called the Byzantine Empire. Ruled by a religious Christian Orthodox emperor, Byzantium flourished as the leading power and trade center in its region until it was overshadowed by the Islamic Empires. Later in the period, the establishment of the feudal system allowed a return to systemic agriculture. There was sustained urbanization in northern and western Europe. Their later developments were marked by manorialism and feudalism, and evolved into the prosperous High Middle Ages. During the High Middle Ages (c. 1000â€“1300), Christian-oriented art and architecture flourished and Crusades were mounted to recapture the Holy Land from Muslim control. The influence of the emerging nation-state was tempered by the ideal of an international Christendom. The codes of chivalry and courtly love set rules for proper behavior, while the Scholastic philosophers attempted to reconcile faith and reason. This time would be a major underlying cause for the Renaissance.", "East–West Schism In 1053, the first step was taken in the process which led to formal schism: the Greek churches in southern Italy were forced either to close or to conform to Latin practices.[9][10][11] In retaliation, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius ordered the closure of all Latin churches in Constantinople. In 1054, the papal legate sent by Leo IX travelled to Constantinople for purposes that included refusing to Cerularius the title of \"Ecumenical Patriarch\" and insisting that he recognize the Pope's claim to be the head of all the churches.[2] The main purpose of the papal legation was to seek help from the Byzantine Emperor in view of the Norman conquest of southern Italy and to deal with recent attacks by Leo of Ohrid against the use of unleavened bread and other Western customs,[12] attacks that had the support of Cerularius. Historian Axel Bayer says the legation was sent in response to two letters, one from the Emperor seeking assistance in arranging a common military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the Normans, and the other from Cerularius.[13] On the refusal of Cerularius to accept the demand, the leader of the legation, Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., excommunicated him, and in return Cerularius excommunicated Humbert and the other legates.[2] This was only the first act in a centuries-long process that eventually became a complete schism.[14]", "History of Western civilization Following the 5th century Fall of Rome, Western Europe entered the Middle Ages, during which period the Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left in the West by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, while the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) endured in the East for centuries, becoming a Hellenic Eastern contrast to the Latin West. By the 12th century, Western Europe was experiencing a flowering of art and learning, propelled by the construction of cathedrals and the establishment of medieval universities. Christian unity was shattered by the Reformation from the 16th century. A merchant class grew out of city states, initially in the Italian peninsula (see Italian city-states), and Europe experienced the Renaissance from the 14th to the 17th century, heralding an age of technological and artistic advance and ushering in the Age of Discovery which saw the rise of such global European Empires as those of Spain, Portugal and Britain.", "Holy Roman Empire Simultaneously, the Catholic Church experienced crises of its own, with wide-reaching effects in the Empire. The conflict between several papal claimants (two anti-popes and the \"legitimate\" Pope) ended only with the Council of Constance (1414â€“1418); after 1419 the Papacy directed much of its energy to suppressing the Hussites. The medieval idea of unifying all Christendom into a single political entity, with the Church and the Empire as its leading institutions, began to decline.", "Western Schism The schism in the Western Roman Church resulted from the return of the papacy to Rome under Gregory XI on January 17, 1377,[2] ending the Avignon Papacy, which had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged major parts of Western Christendom. This reputation can be attributed to perceptions of predominant French influence and to the papal curia's efforts to extend its powers of patronage and increase its revenues.", "Schism A schism (pronounced /ˈsɪzəm/ SIZ-əm, /ˈskɪzəm/ SKIZ-əm or, less commonly, /ˈʃɪzəm/ SHIZ-əm[1]) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination. The word is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as the East–West Schism or the Great Western Schism. It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc.", "Eastern Europe The earliest known distinctions between east and west in Europe originate in the history of the Roman Republic. As the Roman domain expanded, a cultural and linguistic division appeared between the mainly Greek-speaking eastern provinces which had formed the highly urbanized Hellenistic civilization. In contrast the western territories largely adopted the Latin language. This cultural and linguistic division was eventually reinforced by the later political east–west division of the Roman Empire. The division between these two spheres was enhanced during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages by a number of events. The Western Roman Empire collapsed starting the Early Middle Ages. By contrast, the Eastern Roman Empire, mostly known as the Byzantine Empire, managed to survive and even to thrive for another 1,000 years. The rise of the Frankish Empire in the west, and in particular the Great Schism that formally divided Eastern and Western Christianity, enhanced the cultural and religious distinctiveness between Eastern and Western Europe. Much of Eastern Europe was invaded and occupied by the Mongols.", "East–West Schism Disunion in the Roman Empire contributed to disunion in the Church. Theodosius the Great, who in 380 established Nicene Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire (see Edict of Thessalonica), was the last Emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire. Following the death of Theodosius in 395, the Empire was divided for the final time into western and eastern halves. In the 4th century, the Roman emperor (reigning in Constantinople) started to control the Church in his territory.[54]", "Late Middle Ages The situation gradually led to the consolidation of central authority and the emergence of the nation state.[17] The financial demands of war necessitated higher levels of taxation, resulting in the emergence of representative bodies – most notably the English Parliament.[18] The growth of secular authority was further aided by the decline of the papacy with the Western Schism and the coming of the Protestant Reformation.[19]", "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages As Europe moved out of the Medieval Warm Period and into the Little Ice Age, a decrease in temperature and a great number of devastating floods disrupted harvests and caused mass famine. The cold and the rain proved to be particularly disastrous from 1315 to 1317 in which poor weather interrupted the maturation of many grains and beans and flooding turned fields rocky and barren.[8][9] Scarcity of grain caused price inflation, as described in one account of grain prices in Europe in which the price of wheat doubled from twenty shillings per quarter in 1315 to forty shillings per quarter by June of the following year.[8] Grape harvests also suffered, which reduced wine production throughout Europe. The wine production from the vineyards surrounding the Abbey of Saint-Arnould in France decreased as much as eighty percent by 1317.[9] During this climatic change and subsequent famine, Europe's cattle were struck with Bovine Pestilence, a pathogen of unknown identity (although some modern interpretations cite anthrax, foot-and-mouth disease, or rinderpest).[10] The pathogen began spreading throughout Europe from Eastern Asia in 1315 and reached the British Isles by 1319.[10] Manorial accounts of cattle populations in the year between 1319 and 1320, places a sixty-two percent loss in England and Wales alone.[10] In these countries, some correlation can be found between the places where poor weather reduced crop harvests and places where the bovine population was particularly negatively affected.[10] It is hypothesized that both low temperatures and lack of nutrition lowered the cattle populations immune system and made them vulnerable to disease.[10] The proliferation of dead or unhealthy cattle drastically affected dairy production, and the output did not return to its pre-pestilence amount until 1331.[10] Much of the medieval peasants' protein was obtained from dairy, and milk shortages likely caused nutritional deficiency in the European population. Famine and pestilence, exacerbated with the prevalence of war during this time, lead to the death of an estimated ten to fifteen percent of Europe's population.[9][10]", "Constantinople Constantine's foundation gave prestige to the Bishop of Constantinople, who eventually came to be known as the Ecumenical Patriarch, and made it a prime center of Christianity alongside Rome. This contributed to cultural and theological differences between Eastern and Western Christianity eventually leading to the Great Schism that divided Western Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy from 1054 onwards. Constantinople is also of great religious importance to Islam, as the conquest of Constantinople is one of the signs of the End time in Islam.[citation needed]", "Late Middle Ages Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now generally acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and the term \"Late Middle Ages\" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography.[13] The term \"Renaissance\" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch.[14] The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterized by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world.[14]", "History of Europe The Middle Ages are commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire (or by some scholars, before that) in the 5th century to the beginning of the early modern period in the 16th century, marked by the rise of nation states, the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation, the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance, and the beginnings of European overseas expansion which allowed for the Columbian Exchange.[18][19]", "Middle Ages During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the Gothic architecture of cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period and into the Late Middle Ages.", "Investiture Controversy After the decline of the Western Roman Empire, and prior to the Investiture Controversy, while theoretically a task of the church, investiture was in practice performed by members of the religious nobility.[3] Many bishops and abbots were themselves usually part of the ruling nobility. Since the eldest son would inherit the title, siblings often found careers in the church. This was particularly true where the family may have established a proprietary church or abbey on their estate. Since Otto the Great (936-72) the bishops had been princes of the empire, had secured many privileges, and had become to a great extent feudal lords over great districts of the imperial territory. The control of these great units of economic and military power was for the king a question of primary importance, affecting as it did imperial authority.[4] It was essential for a ruler or nobleman to appoint (or sell the office to) someone who would remain loyal.[3]", "Western Schism The conflicts quickly escalated from a church problem to a diplomatic crisis that divided Europe. Secular leaders had to choose which claimant they would recognize:", "Role of Christianity in civilization Relations between the major powers in Western society: the nobility, monarchy and clergy, sometimes produced conflict. Pope's were powerful enough to challenge the authority of kings. The Investiture Controversy was perhaps the most significant conflict between Church and state in medieval Europe. A series of Popes challenged the authority of monarchies over control of appointments, or investitures, of church officials. The Court of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, based in Sicily, saw tension and rivalry with the Papacy over control of Northern Italy.[65] The Papacy had its court at Avignon from 1305â€“78[66] This arose from the conflict between the Italian Papacy and the French crown.", "History of Christianity during the Middle Ages The transfer of the Roman capital to Constantinople inevitably brought mistrust, rivalry, and even jealousy to the relations of the two great sees, Rome and Constantinople. It was easy for Rome to be jealous of Constantinople at a time when it was rapidly losing its political prominence. Estrangement was also helped along by the German invasions in the West, which effectively weakened contacts. The rise of Islam with its conquest of most of the Mediterranean coastline (not to mention the arrival of the pagan Slavs in the Balkans at the same time) further intensified this separation by driving a physical wedge between the two worlds. The once homogenous unified world of the Mediterranean was fast vanishing. Communication between the Greek East and Latin West by the 600s had become dangerous and practically ceased.[7]", "Church and state in medieval Europe After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, there emerged no single powerful secular government in the West. There was however a central ecclesiastical power in Rome, the Catholic Church. In this power vacuum, the Church rose to become the dominant power in the West. The Church started expanded in the beginning 10th century, and as secular kingdoms gained power at the same time, there naturally arose the conditions for a power struggle between Church and Kingdom over ultimate authority.", "Investiture Controversy The age of the investiture controversy may rightly be regarded as the turning-point in medieval civilization. It was the fulfillment of the early Middle Ages because in it the acceptance of the Christian religion by the Germanic peoples reached its final and decisive stage â€¦ The greater part of the religious and political system of the high Middle Ages emerged out of the events and ideas of the investiture controversy.[1]", "Middle Ages During the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1309–76,[294] also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews),[295] and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there were two and later three rival popes, each supported by several states.[296] Ecclesiastical officials convened at the Council of Constance in 1414, and in the following year the council deposed one of the rival popes, leaving only two claimants. Further depositions followed, and in November 1417 the council elected Martin V (pope 1417–31) as pope.[297]", "History of Christianity during the Middle Ages The cracks and fissures in Christian unity which led to the East-West Schism started to become evident as early as the fourth century. Cultural, political, and linguistic differences were often mixed with the theological, leading to schism.", "Church and state in medieval Europe The conflict between Church and state was in many ways a uniquely Western phenomenon originating in Late Antiquity (see Saint Augustine's masterpiece City of God (417)). Contrary to Augustinian theology, the Papal States in Italy, today downsized to the State of Vatican, were ruled directly by the Holy See. Moreover, throughout the Middle Ages the Pope claimed the right to depose the Catholic kings of Western Europe, and tried to exercise it, sometimes successfully (see the investiture controversy, below), sometimes not, as with Henry VIII of England and Henry III of Navarre.[5] However, in the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as the Byzantine Empire, Church and state were closely linked and collaborated in a \"symphony\", with some exceptions (see Iconoclasm).", "Europe The Church's power was further weakened by the Protestant Reformation (1517–1648), initially sparked by the works of German theologian Martin Luther, an attempt to start a reform within the Church. The Reformation also damaged the Holy Roman Emperor's influence, as German princes became divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths.[113] This eventually led to the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), which crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much of Germany, killing between 25 and 40 percent of its population.[114] In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia, France rose to predominance within Europe.[115]", "Christianity in the 11th century There were doctrinal issues like the filioque clause and the authority of the Pope involved in the split, but these were exacerbated by cultural and linguistic differences between Latins and Greeks. Prior to that, the Eastern and Western halves of the Church had frequently been in conflict, particularly during the periods of iconoclasm and the Photian schism.[1] The Orthodox East perceived the Papacy as taking on monarch type characteristics that were not in line with the church's historical tradition.[3]", "Crisis of the Third Century The decline in commerce between the imperial provinces put them on a path toward increased self-sufficiency. Large landowners, who had become more self-sufficient, became less mindful of Rome’s central authority, particularly in the Western Empire, and were downright hostile toward its tax collectors. The measure of wealth at this time began to have less to do with wielding urban civil authority and more to do with controlling large agricultural estates in rural regions, since this guaranteed access to the only economic resource of real value — agricultural land and the crops it produced. The common people of the empire lost economic and political status to the land-holding nobility, and the commercial middle classes waned along with their trade-derived livelihoods. The Crisis of the Third Century thus marked the beginning of a long gradual process that would transform the ancient world of Classical antiquity into the medieval one of the Early Middle Ages.", "East–West Schism In 476, when the last emperor of the western part of the Roman Empire was deposed and the western imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople, there was once again a single Roman Emperor. However, he had little power in the West, which was ruled almost entirely by various Germanic tribes. In the opinion of Randall R. Cloud, the permanent separation of the Greek East from the Latin West was \"the fundamental reason for the estrangement that soon followed between the Greek and the Latin Christians\".[84]", "Religion in Europe The Great Schism of the 11th century and Reformation of the 16th century were to tear apart Christendom into hostile factions, and following the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, atheism and agnosticism have spread across Europe. 19th-century Orientalism contributed to a certain popularity of Buddhism, and the 20th century brought increasing syncretism, New Age, and various new religious movements divorcing spirituality from inherited traditions for many Europeans. The latest history brought increased secularisation, and religious pluralism.[4]", "East–West Schism Jaroslav Pelikan emphasizes that \"while the Eastâ€“West schism stemmed largely from political and ecclesiastical discord, this discord also reflected basic theological differences\". Pelikan further argues that the antagonists in the 11th century inappropriately exaggerated their theological differences whereas modern historians tend to minimize them. Pelikan asserts that the documents from that era evidence the \"depths of intellectual alienation that had developed between the two sections of Christendom.\" While the two sides were technically more guilty of schism than heresy, they often charged each other with allegations of heresy. Pelikan describes much of the dispute as dealing with \"regional differences in usages and customs\" some of which were adiaphorus (i.e. neither right nor wrong). However, he goes on to say that while it was easy in principle to accept the existence of adiaphora, it was difficult in actual practice to distinguish customs which were innocuously adiaphoric from those that had doctrinal implications.[224]", "Post-classical history Then with arrival of year 1300, prosperity suddenly slowed. The Late Middle Ages began, marked by several hardships and tragedies from 1300 to 1500. The Western Schism of the Catholic church occurred around this time, caused by two men both claiming the title of pope in 1378. Although it was resolved in 1417, the scandal damaged the reputation of the papacy. The Hundred Years' War between England and France over territorial disputes in 1337, also started in this period and brought to fame Joan of Arc. The war would add to the many famines already occurring due to overpopulation.[29] Epidemics also began to spread, including the infamous Black Death, which began to spread throughout Europe in 1347, as a direct result of increased trade between Europe and Asia due to the Mongol Empire's secured travel and their catapulting of infected corpses into besieged cities. Ships coming from the Crimea put into port at Messina, Sicily in early October 1347, bringing with them rats in their cargo.[30] These rodents carried fleas infected with the bacillus Yersinia pestis in the form of the bubonic plague. The disease cut the European population by 30 to 60 percent â€“ killing between 75 and 200 million people.[31]", "Middle Ages The Emperor Diocletian (r. 284–305) split the empire into separately administered eastern and western halves in 286; the empire was not considered divided by its inhabitants or rulers, as legal and administrative promulgations in one division were considered valid in the other.[23][C] In 330, after a period of civil war, Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) refounded the city of Byzantium as the newly renamed eastern capital, Constantinople.[24] Diocletian's reforms strengthened the governmental bureaucracy, reformed taxation, and strengthened the army, which bought the empire time but did not resolve the problems it was facing: excessive taxation, a declining birthrate, and pressures on its frontiers, among others.[25] Civil war between rival emperors became common in the middle of the 4th century, diverting soldiers from the empire's frontier forces and allowing invaders to encroach.[26] For much of the 4th century, Roman society stabilised in a new form that differed from the earlier classical period, with a widening gulf between the rich and poor, and a decline in the vitality of the smaller towns.[27] Another change was the Christianisation, or conversion of the empire to Christianity, a gradual process that lasted from the 2nd to the 5th centuries.[28][29]", "History of Christianity during the Middle Ages The Investiture Controversy, or Lay investiture controversy, was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and Pope Gregory VII concerning who would appoint bishops (investiture). The end of lay investiture threatened to undercut the power of the Empire and the ambitions of noblemen for the benefit of Church reform.", "European science in the Middle Ages European science in the Middle Ages comprised the study of nature, mathematics and natural philosophy in medieval Europe. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the decline in knowledge of Greek, Christian Western Europe was cut off from an important source of ancient learning. Although a range of Christian clerics and scholars from Isidore and Bede to Buridan and Oresme maintained the spirit of rational inquiry, Western Europe would see a period of scientific decline during the Early Middle Ages. However, by the time of the High Middle Ages, the region had rallied and was on its way to once more taking the lead in scientific discovery. Scholarship and scientific discoveries of the Late Middle Ages laid the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution of the Early Modern Period.", "East–West Schism During the Fourth Crusade Latin crusaders and Venetian merchants sacked Constantinople itself, looting The Church of Holy Wisdom and various other Orthodox Holy sites,[157] and converting them to Latin Catholic worship. The Norman Crusaders also destroyed the Imperial Library of Constantinople.[158][159][160] Various holy artifacts from these Orthodox holy places were taken to the West. The crusaders also appointed a Latin Patriarch of Constantinople.[157] This event and the final treaty established the Latin Empire of the East and the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (with various other Crusader states). Later some religious artifacts were sold in Europe to finance or fund the Latin Empire in Byzantium as can be seen, when Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople sold the relic of the Crown of Thorns while in France trying to raise new funds to maintain his hold on Byzantium.[161] The Latin Empire was terminated in 1261 by Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. This attack on the heart of the Byzantine Empire is seen as a factor that led to its conquest by Ottoman Muslims.", "History of Hungary After the Great Schism between Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity was formalized in 1054, Hungary viewed itself as the easternmost bastion of Western civilisation, a judgment affirmed in the fifteenth century by Pope Pius II, who expressed himself to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III in these terms: \"Hungary is the shield of Christianity and the protector of Western civilization\".[9]", "Serfdom The decline of serfdom in Western Europe has sometimes been attributed to the widespread plague epidemic of the Black Death, which reached Europe in 1347 and caused massive fatalities, disrupting society.[1] The decline had begun before that date. Serfdom became increasingly rare in most of Western Europe after the Renaissance. But, conversely it grew stronger in Central and Eastern Europe, where it had previously been less common (this phenomenon was known as \"later serfdom\").", "European Union During the centuries following the fall of Rome in 476, several European States viewed themselves as translatio imperii of the defunct Roman Empire: the Frankish Empire (481–843) and the Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) were attempts to resurrect Rome in the West.[g] The Russian Tsardom, and ultimately the Empire (1547–1917), declared Moscow to be Third Rome and inheritor of the Eastern tradition after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.[27] The gap between Greek East and Latin West had already been widened by the political scission of the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Great Schism of 1054; and would be eventually widened again by the Iron Curtain (1945–91).[28]", "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages The crisis of the Late Middle Ages refers to a series of events in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries that brought centuries of European prosperity and growth to a halt.[1] Three major crises led to radical changes in all areas of society: demographic collapse, political instabilities and religious upheavals.[2]", "East–West Schism The primary causes of the schism were disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority—Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs— and over the insertion of the Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014.[103] Eastern Orthodox today state that Council of Chalcedon canon 28 explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople.[104] Council of Ephesus canon 7 declared:", "Church and state in medieval Europe Before the Age of Absolutism, institutions, such as the Church, legislatures, or social elites,[6] restrained monarchical power. Absolutism was characterized by the ending of feudal partitioning, consolidation of power with the monarch, rise of state, rise of professional standing armies, professional bureaucracies, the codification of state laws, and the rise of ideologies that justify the absolutist monarchy. Hence, Absolutism was made possible by new innovations and characterized as a phenomenon of Early Modern Europe, rather than that of the Middle Ages, where the clergy and nobility counterbalanced as a result of mutual rivalry.", "History of Europe After the East–West Schism, Western Christianity was adopted by the newly created kingdoms of Central Europe: Poland, Hungary and Bohemia. The Roman Catholic Church developed as a major power, leading to conflicts between the Pope and Emperor. The geographic reach of the Roman Catholic Church expanded enormously due to the conversions of pagan kings (Scandinavia, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary), the Christian Reconquista of Al-Andalus, and the crusades. Most of Europe was Roman Catholic in the 15th century.", "Western Schism After Pope Gregory XI died in 1378, the Romans rioted to ensure the election of a Roman for pope. At the same time a large group of Italians demanded an Italian pope. On April 8, 1378 the cardinals elected a Neapolitan because of the coercion of the Italian mob.[3] Urban VI, born Bartolomeo Prignano, the Archbishop of Bari, was elected. Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope he proved suspicious, reformist, and prone to violent outbursts of temper. Many of the cardinals who had elected him soon regretted their decision: the majority removed themselves from Rome to Anagni, where, even though Urban was still reigning, they elected Robert of Geneva as a rival pope on September 20 of the same year. Robert took the name Clement VII and reestablished a papal court in Avignon. The second election threw the Church into turmoil. There had been rival antipopeclaimants to the papacyâ€”before, but most of them had been appointed by various rival factions; in this case, a single group of leaders of the Church had created both the pope and the antipope. This greatly confused the European people, who had seen the pope as a sacred position. With two popes people had trouble having faith in either leader.[4]" ]	[ "Crisis of the Late Middle Ages The unity of the Roman Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. The Holy Roman Empire was also in decline in the aftermath of the Great Interregnum (1247â€“1273); the Empire lost cohesion, and politically the separate dynasties of the various German states became more important than their common empire." ]
test451	how did peaks of otter get its name	[ "doc16737" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc16737", "doc16738", "doc16734", "doc16739", "doc16736", "doc16741", "doc16735", "doc1336815", "doc16740", "doc428600", "doc1943439", "doc436964", "doc1472858", "doc2637502", "doc269522", "doc1188978", "doc277713", "doc551035", "doc967934", "doc1954017", "doc763687", "doc1954046", "doc2364568", "doc1954042", "doc1954040", "doc1704034", "doc159179", "doc428419", "doc2299460", "doc359233", "doc906940", "doc908572", "doc726921", "doc1704042", "doc269510", "doc1217992", "doc1954037", "doc2650017", "doc1704038", "doc436974", "doc1704035", "doc967936", "doc1691345", "doc1704037", "doc1954018", "doc428418", "doc157587", "doc2610879", "doc606026", "doc269511", "doc633018", "doc436971", "doc1083319", "doc1445970", "doc2508640", "doc906937", "doc2404708", "doc1704041", "doc906939", "doc2560903", "doc1083315", "doc1093952", "doc617933", "doc1638049", "doc906941", "doc1954038", "doc206276", "doc277721", "doc1781577", "doc436968", "doc1704039", "doc1224344", "doc418920", "doc416817", "doc1954041", "doc251780", "doc436920", "doc1781559", "doc269509", "doc2488199", "doc2516473", "doc251839", "doc551030", "doc1190114", "doc2470502", "doc1704040", "doc1593388", "doc551036", "doc2248503", "doc2616685", "doc2266951", "doc436970", "doc906943", "doc884752", "doc2111432", "doc1704043", "doc2508648", "doc436963", "doc330163", "doc882288" ]	[ "Peaks of Otter At milepost marker 86 of the Blue Ridge Parkway stands the Peaks of Otter. Archaeological evidence under Abbott Lake indicates that Native Americans have been visiting the Peaks of Otter for at least 8,000 years for hunting, travel, and rest. European settlers started establishing the area in the mid-1700s. In 1766 Thomas Wood and his family from Pennsylvania settled a homestead on the area; National Park Service documents[1] indicate other early residents included brothers Charles and Robert Ewing, who are asserted by some to have named the Peaks after the Ewing surname as it is pronounced in Scottish Gaelic – Clann Eóghain na h-Oitrich, or \"Clan Ewing of Otter.\"[2] This view may be given credence by similarly Otter-themed place names in Scotland, and the resemblance of Flat Top to Beinn Dorain in the ancestral Ewing area of Argyll and Bute. Other theories for the naming off the Peaks of Otter include the anglicizing of the Cherokee word \"Otari\" meaning \"high places\" or the naming of the mountains after the Otter River, which starts nearby and presumably got named for otters downstream.", "Peaks of Otter In 1834 the first local inn was created by Polly Wood, a widower who opened an \"Ordinary\" in her log cabin where settlers could stay the night and get a warm meal. By the 1870's, Benjamin Wilkes had opened the famous Mons Hotel, and the Peaks of Otter was home to over 20 families, a school, a church, and the hotel. One of the families included the Johnson family, which lived for 3 generations until the 1930's on the now-preserve Johnson farmstead. By the early 1900's the Peaks of Otter became a popular local tourist spot and became especially noticed by the National Park Service. Abbott Lake, the lake at the base of the peaks, was man made and created in 1964 along with the official Peaks of Otter Lodge, which still stands today.[3][4]", "Peaks of Otter The Peaks of Otter are three mountain peaks in the Blue Ridge Mountains, overlooking the town of Bedford, Virginia, which lies nine miles (14Â km) to the southeast along State Route 43. These peaks are Sharp Top, Flat Top, and Harkening Hill.", "Peaks of Otter The primary activity at Peaks of Otter is hiking. There are three main peaks; Flat Top, Sharp Top, and Harkening Hill in order from highest peak altitude to lowest peak altitude. Sharp Top is the most famous hike with its spectacular 360° view at the top. There is also a separate cliff formation on the other side of Sharp Top called Buzzard’s Roost, which also has good views. For those who cannot hike 1.5 mile and 1,300 ft elevation gain trail up to the top of Sharp Top, there is a shuttle service that people up to within a 15 minute walk from the top. Combined within the three peaks is a little over 12 miles of hiking and extra attractions along the way.[5] There is a flat, one-mile paved trail around Abbott Lake along with a 1.6-mile-loop trail to a waterfall roughly 2 miles north on the Blue Ridge Parkway. Johnson Farm is a historically restored site along one of the side trails towards Harkening Hill. The house and outbuildings are preserved in their 1930's form along with gardens and a small orchard. Visitors can take free tours of the farmhouse from June-September. From June-October the National Park Service provides various Ranger programs. There is also a small visitor center run by the National Park Service.", "Peaks of Otter Thomas Jefferson once wrote that \"the mountains of the Blue Ridge, and of these the Peaks of Otter, are thought to be of a greater height, measured from their base, than any others in our country, and perhaps in North America.\" Of course this later turned out not to be the case, but not before Virginia had sent stones from the peaks to be its part of the Washington Monument.", "Peaks of Otter From atop the peaks the very close town of Bedford can be seen within eyesight. On the summit of the far side of the main peak; Sharp Top, there is a famed crash site of a World War II B-25 bomber that crashed into the side of the mountain during a training exercise. The wreckage was never removed, as it is too heavy and the side of the mountain it crashed on is too steep to work on. There is a small memorial on a rock at the top of the site for the crew that died, it is a hike off trail, but the majority of the plane can still be found along the mountain with bigger parts further down as you go over an estimated area of 500x600 feet.[6][7] There is also a bigger, more put-together World War II Memorial in nearby Bedford. This memorial is a D-Day memorial dedicated to all men who died in the Normandy landings, but especially to the ones from Bedford, who had the highest percentage of men killed in the initial landings, the most out any other single area in the whole country.[8] You can also visit the orchards and vineyards of the descendants of the historic Peaks of Otter Johnson and Gross families. These families had apple orchards on the Peaks of Otter back in the 1800's and early 1900's and now have Gross Orchard and Peaks of Otter Winery halfway between the Peaks of Otter and Bedford.", "Peaks of Otter Manmade Abbott Lake lies in the valley between the three peaks, behind the Peaks of Otter Lodge and restaurant. The National Park Service preserves the peaks and lake as part of the Blue Ridge Parkway.", "White Mountains (New Hampshire) It is not clear where the name \"White Mountains\" came from. There is no record of what Native Americans called the range, although pre-Colonial names for many individual peaks are known.[1] The name and similar ones such as \"White Hills\" or \"Wine Hills\" are found in literature from Colonial times. According to tradition, the mountains were first sighted from shipboard off the coast near the Piscataqua estuary. The highest peaks would often be snow-capped, appearing white. An alternate theory is that the mica-laden granite of the summits looked white to observers.", "Peaks of Otter Lodging includes the Peaks of Otter Lodge and the Peaks of Otter campground. There is also a large picnic area with outdoor grills.", "Pikes Peak \"Tava\" or \"sun,\" is the Ute word that was given by these first people to the mountain that we now call Pikes Peak. The band of Ute people who called the Pikes Peak region their home were the \"Tabeguache,\" meaning the \"People of Sun Mountain.\"[4] The Ute people first arrived in Colorado about 500 A.D., although their traditions state they were created on Pikes Peak. In the 1800s, when the Arapaho people arrived in Colorado, they knew the mountain as \"Heey-otoyoo' \" meaning \"Long Mountain\".[5] Early Spanish explorers named the mountain \"El CapitÃ¡n\" meaning \"The Leader\". American explorer Zebulon Pike named the mountain \"Highest Peak\" in 1806, and the mountain was later commonly known as \"Pike's Highest Peak\". American explorer Stephen Harriman Long named the mountain \"James Peak\" in honor of Edwin James who climbed to the summit in 1820. The mountain was later renamed \"Pike's Peak\" in honor of Pike. The name was simplified to \"Pikes Peak\" by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1890.", "Teton Range Early French voyageurs named the range les trois tÃ©tons (\"the three nipples\") after the distinct breast-like shapes of its peaks, from which the modern name is derived.[2] It is likely that the local Shoshone people once called the whole range Teewinot, meaning \"many pinnacles\".[3]", "Great Smoky Mountains By the time the first English explorers arrived in Southern Appalachia in the late 17th century, the Cherokee controlled much of the region, and the Great Smoky Mountains lay at the center of their territory. One Cherokee legend tells of a magical lake hidden deep within the range, but inaccessible to humans.[53] Another tells of a captured Shawnee medicine man named Aganunitsi who, in exchange for his freedom, travels to the remote sections of the range in search of the Uktena.[54] The Cherokee called Gregory Bald Tsitsuyi, or \"rabbit place,\" and believed the mountain to be the domain of the Great Rabbit.[55] Other Cherokee place names in the Smokies included Duniskwalgunyi, or \"forked antlers\", which referred to the Chimney Tops, and kuwahi, or \"mulberry place\", which referred to Clingmans Dome.[56]", "Shenandoah River Various accounts tell the origin of the name. According to one, General George Washington named the valley (and river) in honor of Skenandoa (or Shenandoah), an Oneida \"pine tree chief\" based in New York, who led hundreds of Oneida and Tuscarora warriors in support of the American rebels on the frontier during the Revolutionary War. He also sent much needed corn to Washington and his troops during their hard winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania in 1777-1778.[10][11] However, the name was in use when Washington was a child, as evidenced in land grants and correspondence.[12] It is also said to be named after the Senedo people, a little-documented tribe said to have lived on the north fork of the river and destroyed by the Catawba, some time between 1650 and 1700.", "Hungry Mother State Park It has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names.[3] A legend states[4] that when the Native Americans destroyed several settlements on the New River south of the park, Molly Marley and her small child were among the survivors taken to the raiders’ base north of the park. They eventually escaped, wandering through the wilderness eating berries. Molly finally collapsed, and her child wandered down a creek. Upon finding help, the only words the child could utter were \"Hungry Mother.\" When the search party arrived at the foot of the mountain where Molly had collapsed, they found the child's mother dead. Today, that mountain is Molly’s Knob (3,270 feet), and the stream is Hungry Mother Creek.", "Appalachian Mountains The Blue Ridge Mountains, rising in southern Pennsylvania and there known as South Mountain, attain elevations of about 2,000 ft (600 m) in that state. South Mountain achieves its highest point just below the Mason-Dixon line in Maryland at Quirauk Mountain 2,145 ft (654 m) and then diminishes in height southward to the Potomac River. Once in Virginia the Blue Ridge again reaches 2,000 ft (600 m) and higher. In the Virginia Blue Ridge, the following are some of the highest peaks north of the Roanoke River: Stony Man 4,031 ft (1,229 m), Hawksbill Mountain 4,066 ft (1,239 m), Apple Orchard Mountain 4,225 ft (1,288 m) and Peaks of Otter 4,001 and 3,875 ft (1,220 and 1,181 m). South of the Roanoke River, along the Blue Ridge, are Virginia's highest peaks including Whitetop Mountain 5,520 ft (1,680 m) and Mount Rogers 5,729 ft (1,746 m), the highest point in the Commonwealth.", "Catskill Mountains The confusion over the origins of the name led over the years to variant spellings such as Kaatskill and Kaaterskill, both of which are also still used: the former in the regional magazine Kaatskill Life, the latter as the name of a mountain peak and a waterfall. The supposed Indian name for the range, Onteora (\"land in the sky\"), was actually created by a white man in the mid-19th century to drum up business for a resort. It, too, persists today as the name of a school district and as the name of a Boy Scout summer camp (Onteora Scout Reservation).", "Lookout Mountain The name Lookout Mountain is said to have come from General Andrew Jackson's troops, but more likely comes from the Cherokee term for \"two mountains looking at each other\".[3]", "Blue Ridge Mountains The English who settled colonial Virginia in the early 17th century recorded that the native Powhatan name for the Blue Ridge was Quirank. At the foot of the Blue Ridge, various tribes including the Siouan Manahoacs, the Iroquois, and the Shawnee hunted and fished. A German physician-explorer, John Lederer, first reached the crest of the Blue Ridge in 1669 and again the following year; he also recorded the Virginia Siouan name for the Blue Ridge (Ahkonshuck).", "Clingmans Dome The Cherokee name for Clingmans Dome was Kuwa'hi, or \"mulberry place.\" According to a Cherokee myth recorded by ethnologist James Mooney in the late 19th century, the mountain was the home of the White Bear, the great chief of all bears, and the location of one of the bears' councilhouses. The enchanted lake of Ataga'hi (\"Gall Place\"), the waters of which could cure wounded bears, was believed by the Cherokee to be located somewhere between Clingmans Dome and the headwaters of the Oconaluftee River to the east.[5]", "Allegheny Mountains The name is derived from the Allegheny River, which drains only a small portion of the Alleghenies in west-central Pennsylvania. The meaning of the word, which comes from the Lenape (Delaware) Indians, is not definitively known but is usually translated as \"fine river\". A Lenape legend tells of an ancient tribe called the \"Allegewi\" who lived on the river and were defeated by the Lenape.[1] Allegheny is the early French spelling (as in Allegheny River, which was once part of New France), and Allegany is closer to the early English spelling (as in Allegany County, Maryland, Allegany County, New York, or Alleghany County, Virginia).", "Piedmont, South Carolina Native Americans and early settlers of Piedmont called the area \"Big Shoals of the Saluda\" after the Saluda River. The Native Americans used the shoals as a crossing. David Garrison established a grist mill around 1850 upon the shoals changing the name of the area to Garrison Shoals. Henry Pinckney Hammett bought this property for his cotton mill that used water power of the shoals. The name of the area changed again to Piedmont, \"Foot of the Mountains\" and became a mill town. The American Civil War disrupted Hammett's project until 1876 when his plant began operations. Piedmont was added to Hammett's charter for Piedmont Manufacturing Company and a railroad station. Water power from the Saluda River was also used to produce electricity to run the machinery from the 1880s to the 1920s. The machinery of the Piedmont Manufacturing Company was from Saco Lowell and Whitin Machine Works that helped finance Hammett's company.[4] In 1946 the mills were sold to J.P. Stevens and Company where it then was updated with modern features. Manufacturing continued until 1977 and in 1983 most of Piedmont Manufacturing Company burned down.[5]", "Allegheny Mountains Among the first whites to penetrate into the Allegheny Mountains were surveyors attempting to settle a dispute over the extent of lands belonging to either Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron or to the English Privy Council. An expedition of 1736 by John Savage established the location of the source of the North Branch Potomac River. In March 1742, a frontiersman named John Howard—along with his son and others—had been commissioned by Governor Gooch to explore the southwest of Virginia as far as the Mississippi River. Following Cedar Creek through the Natural Bridge, they floated in buffalo-skin boats down the New, Coal, Kanawha, and Ohio Rivers to the Mississippi. Although captured by the French before he reached Natchez, Howard was eventually released and (in 1745) was interviewed by Fairfax. Howard's description of the South Branch Potomac River resulted in the definite decision by Fairfax to secure his lands in the region.[17] An expedition under Peter Jefferson and Thomas Lewis in the following year emplaced the \"Fairfax Stone\" at the source of the North Branch and established a line of demarcation (the \"Fairfax Line\") extending from the stone south-east to the headwaters of the Rappahannock River. Lewis' journal of that expedition provides a valuable view of the Allegheny country before its settlement.[18] Jefferson and Joshua Fry's \"Fry-Jefferson Map\" of 1751 accurately depicted the Alleghenies for the first time. In the following decades, pioneer settlers arrived in the Alleghenies, especially during Colonial Virginia's Robert Dinwiddie era (1751–58). These included squatters by the Quit-rent Law. Some had preceded the official surveyors using a \"hack on the tree and field of corn\" marking land ownership approved by the Virginia Colonial Governor who had to be replaced with Governor John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore.", "Bluefield, West Virginia In 1882, the descendants of the Davidson and Bailey family sold a portion of their land, when Captain John Fields of the Norfolk and Western Railway pioneered the area and began building a new railroad through the hills of Bluefield. The city is traditionally thought to be named after the chicory flowers in the area, which give the fields a purplish blue hue during the summer. Research has shown that this settlement, also known as Higginbotham's Summit in the 1880s, was probably named for the coal fields that were developed in the area of the Bluestone River.[citation needed]", "Allegheny Mountains Prior to European exploration and settlement, trails through the Alleghenies had been transited for many generations by American Indian tribes such as the Iroquois, Shawnee, Delaware, Catawba and others, for purposes of trade, hunting and, especially, warfare.[13] Western Virginia \"Cherokee\" were reported at Cherokee Falls, today's Valley Falls of the Tygart Valley.[14] Indian trader Charles Poke's trading post dates from 1731 with the Calicuas of Cherokee Falls still in the region from the previous century.", "Allegheny Mountains The proto-historic Alleghenies can be exampled by the earliest journals of the colonists. According to Batts and Fallows' September, 1671 Expedition, they found Mehetan Indians of Mountain \"Cherokee-Iroquois\" mix on the New River tributaries. This journal does not identify the \"Salt Village\", but, that the \"Mehetan\" were associated with these and today thought to be \"Monetons\", Siouans. However, this journal does not identify the \"Salt Village\" below the Kanawha Falls, but, that simply the \"Mehetan\" were associated with these. He explained, below the \"Salt Villages\", a mass of hostile Indians had, implied, arrived and some believe these to be \"Shanwans\" of Vielles Expedition of 1692~94, ancient Shawnee. In 1669, John Lederer of Maryland for the Virginia Colony and the Tennessee Cherokee had visited the mouth of the Kanawha and reported no hostilities on the lower streams of the Alleghenies. The Mohetan representative through a Siouan translator explained to Mr Batts and Mr Fallon, Colonel Abraham Woods explorers 1671-2, that he (Moheton Native American) could not say much about the people below the \"Salt Village\" because they (Mountain Cherokee) were not associated with them. The Mohetan was armed by this time of 1671 for the Mohetan Representative was given several pouches of ammunition for his and the other's weapons as a token of friendship. Somebody had already been trading within the central Alleghenies before the Virginians historical record begins in the Allegheny Mountains. Some earlier scholars found evidence these Proto-historics were either Cistercians of Spanish Ajacan Occuquan outpost on the Potomac River or Jesuits and their Kahnawake Praying Indians (Mohawk) on the Riviere de la Ronceverte. The \"Kanawha Madonna\" may date from this period or earlier. Where the New River breaks through Peters' Mountain, near Pearisburg Virginia the 1671 journal mentions the \"Moketans had formerly lived\".", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) The Hernando de Soto expedition, which was attempting to travel from the Florida coast to the Pacific Ocean, is believed to have passed through the North Toe River valley in May 1540, and thus would have included the first Europeans to see the Black Mountains.[11] An expedition led by Juan Pardo probably crossed the Blue Ridge at Swannanoa Gap in October 1567. Both expeditions spent considerable time at Joara.[12]", "Cherokee Many theories—though none proven—abound about the origin of the name \"Cherokee\". It may have originally been derived from the Choctaw word Cha-la-kee, which means \"people who live in the mountains\", or Choctaw Chi-luk-ik-bi, meaning \"people who live in the cave country\".[14] The earliest Spanish transliteration of the name, from 1755, is recorded as Tchalaquei.[15] Another theory is that \"Cherokee\" derives from a Lower Creek word, Cvlakke (\"chuh-log-gee\").[16] The Iroquois Five Nations based in New York have historically called the Cherokee Oyata’ge'ronoñ (\"inhabitants of the cave country\").[17]", "Cascade Range In early 1792, British navigator George Vancouver explored Puget Sound and gave English names to the high mountains he saw. Mount Baker was named for Vancouver's third lieutenant, Joseph Baker, although the first European to see it was Manuel Quimper, who named it la gran montaÃ±a del Carmelo (\"Great Mount Carmel\") in 1790.[17] Mount Rainier was named after Admiral Peter Rainier. Later in 1792, Vancouver had his lieutenant William Robert Broughton explore the lower Columbia River. He named Mount Hood after Lord Samuel Hood, an admiral of the Royal Navy. Mount St. Helens was sighted by Vancouver in May 1792, from near the mouth of the Columbia River. It was named for Alleyne FitzHerbert, 1st Baron St Helens, a British diplomat.[18] Vancouver's expedition did not, however, name the mountain range which contained these peaks. He referred to it simply as the \"eastern snowy range\". Earlier Spanish explorers called it sierra nevadas, meaning \"snowy mountains\".[17]", "French Broad River The French Broad River was named by European settlers centuries ago because it was one of the two broad rivers in western North Carolina. The one which flowed into land claimed by France at that time was named the \"French Broad River\", whereas the other, which stayed in land claimed by England – the Colony of North Carolina – was named the \"English Broad River\". (The latter was later renamed simply the \"Broad River\"). The Indigenous Americans of this area, the Cherokee Indians, called it different names: Poelico, Agiqua (broad) in the mountains, Tahkeeosteh (racing waters) from Asheville down and Zillicoah above Asheville.[8] The French called it the Agiqua, borrowing one of the Cherokee names.", "Mount Rushmore As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of military campaigns from 1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie (see section \"Controversy\" below). Among American settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of Carrie Ingalls), and Bill Challis.[14]", "Black Elk Peak The mountain was named Harney Peak in 1855 by American Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren in honor of US General William S. Harney, his commander in a regional military expedition. In punitive retaliation for other Sioux raids, in September 1855 Harney's forces killed BrulÃ© Sioux warriors, women and children in what Americans called the Battle of Blue Water Creek in Garden County, Nebraska.[6]", "Great Smoky Mountains National Park As white settlers arrived, logging grew as a major industry in the mountains, and a rail line, the Little River Railroad, was constructed in the late-19th Century to haul timber out of the remote regions of the area. Cut-and-run-style clearcutting was destroying the natural beauty of the area, so visitors and locals banded together to raise money for preservation of the land. The U.S. National Park Service wanted a park in the eastern United States, but did not have much money to establish one. Though Congress had authorized the park in 1926, there was no nucleus of federally owned land around which to build a park. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., contributed $5 million, the U.S. government added $2 million, and private citizens from Tennessee and North Carolina pitched in to assemble the land for the park, piece by piece. Slowly, mountain homesteaders, miners, and loggers were evicted from the land. Farms and timbering operations were abolished to establish the protected areas of the park. Travel writer Horace Kephart, for whom Mount Kephart was named, and photographer George Masa were instrumental in fostering the development of the park.[5] Former Governor Ben W. Hooper of Tennessee was the principal land purchasing agent for the park,[6] which was officially established on 15 June 1934. During the Great Depression, the Civilian Conservation Corps, the Works Progress Administration, and other federal organizations made trails, fire watchtowers, and other infrastructure improvements to the park and Smoky Mountains.", "Potomac River \"Potomac\" is a European spelling of Patowmeck, the Algonquian name of a Native American village, perhaps meaning \"something brought\".[3] Native Americans had different names for different parts of the river, calling the river above Great Falls Cohongarooton, meaning \"honking geese\"[4][5] and \"Patawomke\" below the fall, meaning \"river of swans\".[6] The spelling of the name has taken many forms over the years from \"Patawomeke\" (as on Captain John Smith's map) to \"Patawomeck\", \"Patowmack\", and numerous other spellings in the 18th century and now \"Potomac\".[5] The river's name was officially decided upon as Potomac by the Board on Geographic Names in 1931.[7]", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) As forests in the north were cut down to meet the growing demand for lumber in the late 19th century, logging firms turned to the virgin forests of Southern Appalachia. Between 1908 and 1912, northern lumber firms, namely Dickey and Campbell (later Perley and Crockett), Brown Brothers, Carolina Spruce, and Champion Fibre, bought up timber rights to most of the Black Mountains and began a series of massive logging operations in the area. In 1911, Dickey and Campbell managed to construct a narrow-gauge railroad line connecting the Swannanoa Valley with Clingmans Peak. Other narrow-gauge lines quickly followed. Between 1909 and 1915, much of the forest on the upper slopes and crest was cut down. An increase in demand for red spruce during World War I led to the rapid deforestation of much of the spruce-fir forest in the higher elevations. As forests were removed, forest fires (caused by the ignition of dried brush and slash left by loggers) and erosion denuded what was left of the landscape.[20]", "Appalachian Mountains After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutierrez's map of 1562; the first use for the mountain range is the map of Jacques le Moyne de Morgues in 1565.[12]", "The Rocky Mountains, Lander's Peak The painting shows Lander's Peak, a mountain with a summit of 10,456 feet (3,187Â m) in the Wind River Range in modern-day Wyoming. The peak was named after Frederick W. Lander on Bierstadt's initiative, after Lander's death in the Civil War.[7] In one description of the painting, \"Sharply pointed granite peaks and fantastically illuminated clouds float above a tranquil, wooded genre scene.\"[8] The foreground is dominated by the campsite of a tribe of Native Americans. The landscape in the painting is not the actual landscape as it appears at Lander's Peak, but rather an ideal landscape based on nature, altered by Bierstadt for dramatic effect.[4]", "Allegheny Mountains The indigenous people inhabiting the Allegheny Mountains emerged from the greater region's archaic and mound building cultures, particularly the Adena and Eastern Woodland peoples with a later Hopewellian influence. These Late Middle Woodland culture people have been called the Montaine (c. A.D. 500 to 1000) culture.[6][7] Their neighbors, the woodland Buck Garden culture, lived in the western valleys of the central Allegheny range. The Montaine sites extend from the tributaries of the upper Potomac River region south to the New River tributaries. These also were influenced by the earlier Armstrong culture of the more southwestern portions northern sub-range of the Ouasioto (Cumberland) Mountains and by the more easterly Virginia Woodland people. The Late Woodland Montaine were less influenced by Hopewellian trade from Ohio, although similarly polished stone tools have been found among the Montaine sites in the Tygart Valley.[8] Small groups of Montaine people appear to have lingered much beyond their classically defined period in parts of the most mountainous valleys.[9]", "Standing Stone State Park Native Americans were living in substantial semi-permanent villages and rock shelters in Northern Overton County as early as the Archaic period (c. 8000-1000 BC).[3] According to Native American legends, the Overton area was part of a vast region long disputed by Algonquian-speaking tribes (such as the Shawnee) and Iroquoian-speaking tribes (such as the Cherokee).[4] By the time the first Euro-American explorers arrived in Overton County in the mid-18th century, the Cherokee were in control of the area. The Cherokee chief Nettle Carrier operated out of a camp located along the creek that now bears his name a few miles east of the park. Nettle Carrier left the area in the Fall of 1799.[5]", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) Mitchell returned to the Blacks in 1838 and 1844, gaining a higher measurement on each trip. Several surveyors visited the Blacks in subsequent years, including Nehemiah Blackstock (1794–1880) in 1845, Arnold Guyot (1807–1884) in 1849, and Robert Gibbes in the early 1850s. As early as Mitchell's third trip (1844) to the Blacks, the locals were calling what is now Clingmans Peak 35°44′06″N 82°17′10″W / 35.735°N 82.286°W / 35.735; -82.286 \"Mount Mitchell\", as they believed this was the summit measured by Mitchell as the highest. In 1855, Thomas Lanier Clingman (1812–1897), a politician and former student of Mitchell's, climbed a summit north of Stepps Gap known as Black Dome (what is now Mount Mitchell) and measured its elevation at 6,941 feet (2,116 m). Clingman reported his findings to Joseph Henry, the head of the Smithsonian Institution. Henry, using Guyot's more careful and accurate measurements taken several years earlier, agreed with Clingman that Black Dome was higher (although Guyot noted Clingman's measurement of 6,941 feet was off by 200 feet), and the highest mountain in the Appalachians was to be named for Clingman.[16]", "Great Smoky Mountains While no major engagements took place in the Smokies, minor skirmishes were fairly common. Cherokee chief William Holland Thomas formed a Confederate legion made up mostly of Cherokee soldiers.[citation needed] Thomas' Legion crossed the Smokies in 1862 and occupied Gatlinburg for several months to protect salt peter mines atop Mount Le Conte. Residents of predominantly Union Cades Cove and predominantly Confederate Hazel Creek routinely crossed the mountains to steal one another's livestock.[68] Residents of Cosby and Cataloochee did likewise. One notable Civil War incident in the Smokies was the murder of long-time Cades Cove resident Russell Gregory (for whom Gregory Bald is named), which was carried out by bushwhackers in 1864 shortly after Gregory had led an ambush that routed a band of Confederates seeking to wreak havoc in the cove.[69] Another incident was George Kirk's raid on Cataloochee, in which Kirk killed or wounded 15 Union soldiers recovering at a makeshift hospital.[70]", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) For much of the 18th century, the Black Mountains were a hunting ground on the eastern fringe of Cherokee territory. By 1785, however, the Cherokee had signed away ownership of the Black Mountains to the United States, and Euro-American settlers moved into the Cane and South Toe valleys shortly thereafter. The early settlers farmed the river valleys and sold animal furs, ginseng, tobacco, liquor, and excess crops at markets in nearby Asheville. The early farmers also brought large herds of cattle and hogs, which thrived in the valleys and mountain areas.[13]", "Clingmans Dome The mountain was dubbed \"Smoky Dome\" by American settlers moving in from other areas. In 1859, the mountain was renamed by Arnold Guyot for compatriot Thomas Lanier Clingman[7] (1812–1897), an American Civil War general who explored the area extensively in the 1850s and then spent many years promoting it. Guyot named the mountain for Clingman because of an argument between Clingman and a professor at the University of North Carolina, Elisha Mitchell, over which mountain was actually the highest in the region. Mitchell contended that a peak by the name of Black Dome (now known as Mount Mitchell) was the highest, while Clingman asserted that Smoky Dome was the true highest peak. Guyot determined that Black Dome was 39 feet (12 m) higher than Smoky Dome.", "Pigeon Forge, Tennessee The name \"Pigeon Forge\" comes from an iron forge built by Isaac Love (1783â€“1854) sometime around 1820. The name of this forge referred to its location along the Little Pigeon River, in the vicinity of what is now the Old Mill. The name of the river comes from the flocks of passenger pigeons that frequented its banks at the time of the first Euro-American settlers' arrival.[5]", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) In the early 19th century, Mount Washington in New Hampshire was believed to be the highest summit in the Eastern United States, an assumption many North Carolinians began to question in light of Michaux's findings (Michaux believed that Grandfather Mountain was the highest). In 1835, the state dispatched North Carolina professor Elisha Mitchell (1793–1857) into the western part of the state to measure the elevation of Grandfather, the Roan Highlands, and the Black Mountains. Using a crude barometer, Mitchell gained measurements for Grandfather and Roan with apparent ease, although he struggled to discern which of the Blacks was the highest. After measuring Celo Knob, Mitchell descended to the Cane River Valley to obtain advice from the valley's residents. Two local guides (one of whom was William Wilson, a cousin of the later renowned mountain guide, Thomas \"Big Tom\" Wilson) led Mitchell up a bear trail to what they believed to be the highest summit. Although exactly which mountain they summited has long been disputed, it was likely Mount Gibbes, Clingmans Peak, or Mount Mitchell. Nevertheless, Mitchell obtained a measurement of 6,476 feet (1,974 m) (later determined to be too low), placing the Blacks at a higher elevation than Mount Washington and thus the highest in the Eastern United States.[15]", "Allegheny Mountains The word \"Allegheny\" was once commonly used to refer to the whole of what are now called the Appalachian Mountains. John Norton used it (spelled variously) around 1810 to refer to the mountains in Tennessee and Georgia.[2] Around the same time, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either \"Appalachia\" or \"Alleghania\".[1] In 1861, Arnold Henry Guyot published the first systematic geologic study of the whole mountain range.[3] His map labeled the range as the \"Alleghanies\", but his book was titled On the Appalachian Mountain System. As late as 1867, John Muir—in his book A Thousand Mile Walk to the Gulf—used the word \"Alleghanies\" in referring to the southern Appalachians.", "Cascade Range Indigenous peoples have inhabited the area for thousands of years and developed their own myths and legends about the Cascades. In these legends, St. Helens with its pre-1980 graceful appearance, was regarded as a beautiful maiden for whom Hood and Adams feuded.[14] Native tribes also developed their own names for the High Cascades and many of the smaller peaks, including \"Tahoma\", the Lushootseed name for Mount Rainier,[15], \"Koma Kulshan\" or simply \"Kulshan\" for Mount Baker,[16] and \"Louwala-Clough\", meaning \"smoking mountain\" for Mount St. Helens.[14]", "Kentucky In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County,[6] named for the Kentucky River.[citation needed] The precise etymology of the name is uncertain,[7] but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning \"(on) the meadow\" or \"(on) the prairie\"[8][9] (cf. Mohawk kenhtà:ke, Seneca gëdá'geh (phonemic /kẽtaʔkeh/), \"at the field\").[10]", "Grand Teton The origin of the name is disputed. The most common explanation is that \"Grand Teton\" means \"large teat\" or \"large nipple\" in French, named by either French-Canadian or Iroquois members of an expedition led by Donald McKenzie of the North West Company.[5] However, other historians disagree, and claim that the mountain was named after the Teton Sioux tribe of Native Americans.[6]", "Cumberland Gap The gap was named for Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, son of King George II of Great Britain, who had many places named for him in the American colonies after the Battle of Culloden.[10] The explorer Thomas Walker gave the name to the Cumberland River in 1750, and the name soon spread to many other features in the region, such as the Cumberland Gap. In 1769 Joseph Martin built a fort nearby at present-day Rose Hill, Virginia, on behalf of Walker's land claimants. But Martin and his men were chased out of the area by Native Americans, and Martin himself did not return until 1775.[11]", "Appalachian Mountains The name was not commonly used for the whole mountain range until the late 19th century. A competing and often more popular name was the \"Allegheny Mountains\", \"Alleghenies\", and even \"Alleghania\". In the early 19th century, Washington Irving proposed renaming the United States either Appalachia or Alleghania.[13]", "Green Mountains Lemon Fair runs through the towns of Orwell, Sudbury, Shoreham, Bridport, and Cornwall, Vermont, before flowing into Otter Creek.[citation needed][clarification needed] The story is that its name derives from early English-speaking settlers' phonetic approximation of 'Les Monts Vert'.[citation needed]", "Great Smoky Mountains Cades Cove was settled largely by families who had purchased lots from land speculator William \"Fighting Billy\" Tipton. The first of these settlers, John and Lucretia Oliver, arrived in 1818.[62] Two Cades Cove settlers, Moses and Patience Proctor, crossed over to the North Carolina side of the Smokies in 1836 to become the first Euro-American settlers in the Hazel Creek area.[63] The Cataloochee area was first settled by the Caldwell family, who migrated to the valley in 1834.[64]", "Appalachia European migration into Appalachia began in the 18th century. As lands in eastern Pennsylvania, the Tidewater region of Virginia and the Carolinas filled up, immigrants began pushing further and further westward into the Appalachian Mountains. A relatively large proportion of the early backcountry immigrants were Ulster Scots—later known as \"Scotch-Irish\"— who were seeking cheaper land and freedom from Quaker leaders, many of whom considered the Scotch-Irish \"savages\". Others included Germans from the Palatinate region and English settlers from the Anglo-Scottish border country. Between 1730 and 1763, immigrants trickled into western Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah Valley area of Virginia, and western Maryland. Thomas Walker's discovery of Cumberland Gap in 1750 and the end of the French and Indian War in 1763 lured settlers deeper into the mountains, namely to upper east Tennessee, northwestern North Carolina, upstate South Carolina, and central Kentucky. Between 1790 and 1840, a series of treaties with the Cherokee and other Native American tribes opened up lands in north Georgia, north Alabama, the Tennessee Valley, the Cumberland Plateau regions, and the Great Smoky Mountains along what is now the Tennessee-North Carolina border.[7]:30–44 The last of these treaties culminated in the removal of the bulk of the Cherokee population (as well as Choctaw, Chickasaw and others) from the region via the Trail of Tears from 1831 until 1838.", "Asheville, North Carolina The United States Census of 1790 counted 1,000 residents of the area, excluding the Cherokee Native Americans. Buncombe County was officially formed in 1792. The county seat, named \"Morristown\" in 1793, was established on a plateau where two old Indian trails crossed. In 1797, Morristown was incorporated and renamed \"Asheville\" after North Carolina Governor Samuel Ashe.[36][37]", "New River (Kanawha River) The origins of the name are unclear. Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia, an Indian name meaning \"new waters\", or the surname of an early settler.[9] Despite its name, the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically.[10]", "Black Elk Peak The U.S. Board on Geographic Names, which has jurisdiction in federal lands, officially changed the mountain's name from \"Harney Peak\" to \"Black Elk Peak\" on August 11, 2016, honoring Black Elk, the noted Lakota Sioux medicine man for whom the Wilderness Area is named.[6]", "Charles E. Rushmore In 1883, a tin mine, the Etta, was opened, which caused excitement among Eastern investors.[2] In 1885 Rushmore was in the Black Hills of South Dakota to check the titles to properties for an eastern mining company owned by James Wilson. Although an Easterner, Rushmore quickly made friends among the miners and prospectors. One day he was returning to headquarters of the Harney Peak Consolidated Tin Co., Ltd., located at Pine Camp, which was north of the great granite peak soon to bear his name. With him were a local business man, and William W. Challis, a prospector and guide. As they neared the mountain, Rushmore turned to Challis and asked its name. Challis jestingly replied: \"Never had any but it has now - we'll call the thing Rushmore.\"", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) The revelation that the Black Mountains were the highest in the Appalachian Range made them an immediate tourist attraction. By the 1850s, a lodge had been established in the southern part of the range, and locals such as Jesse Stepp and Tom Wilson had built several rustic cabins on the higher mountain slopes and were thriving as mountain guides. The American Civil War (1861â€“1865) brought a temporary halt to the tourism boom, but by the late 1870s, the industry had recovered. In the 1880s, brothers K.M. and David Murchison established a large game preserve in the Cane River Valley which was managed by Tom Wilson.[19]", "Black Elk Peak This peak was called Hiŋháŋ Káǧa (\"Owl maker\", after rock formations that look like owls[9] and the association of owls with impending death by the Lakota Sioux).[10] They dominated this region and occupied the territory at the time of European colonization. They considered it a sacred site within the Black Hills, which they call Pahá Sápa and Ȟé Sápa.[10]", "Mount Mazama Mount Mazama received its English name from William G. Steel in 1896, the founder of the climbing club The Mazamas, which formed at Mount Hood in 1894.[4] The word comes from an obsolete Native American word meaning \"mountain goat\",[27][b] derived from an Aztec term to refer to \"small deer.\"[4] Steel gave United States Geological Survey geologist Joseph S. Diller the idea for Mazama's name to help promote national park status for the vicinity by using his organization as the inspiration for the mountain's name. Crater Lake is called Giiwas in the Klamath language.[4] Steel had helped map Crater Lake in 1886 with Clarence Dutton of the United States Geological Survey. The conservation movement in the United States was gaining traction, so Steel's efforts to preserve the Mazama area were achieved on two scales, first with the creation of the local Cascade Range Forest Reserve in 1893, and then on May 22, 1902 with the recognition of Crater Lake National Park.[22]", "Appalachia While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida, whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen (IPA: [apaˈlatʃen]). The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled \"Appalachian\", it is the fourth oldest surviving European place-name in the U.S.[9] After the de Soto expedition in 1540, Spanish cartographers began to apply the name of the tribe to the mountains themselves. The first cartographic appearance of Apalchen is on Diego Gutiérrez' map of 1562; the first use for the mountain range is the map of Jacques le Moyne de Morgues in 1565.[10] Le Moyne was also the first European to apply \"Apalachen\" specifically to a mountain range as opposed to a village, native tribe, or a southeastern region of North America.[11]", "Stone Mountain Europeans first learned of the mountain in 1567, when Spanish explorers were told of a mountain farther inland which was \"very high, shining when the sun set like a fire.\"[further explanation needed] By this time, the Stone Mountain area was inhabited by the Creek and (to a lesser extent) Cherokee peoples.", "Mount Washington (New Hampshire) Before European settlers arrived in the region, the mountain was known by various indigenous peoples as Kodaak Wadjo (\"the top is so hidden\" or \"summit of the highest mountain\") or Agiochook or Agiocochook (\"the place of the Great Spirit\" or \"the place of the Concealed One\").[6] The Algonquians called it Waumbik, \"white rocks\".[6]", "North American river otter The North American river otter was first described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1777.[8] The mammal was identified as a species of otter and has a variety of common names, including North American river otter, northern river otter, common otter and, simply, river otter.[8] Other documented common names are American otter, Canada otter, Canadian otter, fish otter, land otter, nearctic river otter, and Prince of Wales otter.[9]", "Black Elk Peak Harney later commanded the United States military in the Black Hills area in the late 1870s.[11] The Lakota have tried to get the name of the peak changed for 50 years,[12] as Harney had massacred their people.[13]", "Allegheny Mountains The watershed of the Monongahela River is within the northwestern Alleghenies, and it is from it that the Monongahela culture takes its name. The Godwin-Portman site (36AL39) located in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, had a possible Fort Ancient (c. AD 850 to 1680) presence during the 15th century.[10] Washington Boro ceramics have been found on the Barton (18AG3) and Llewellyn (18AG26) sites in Maryland on the northeastern slopes of the late Susquehannock sequence. The early Monongahela (c. AD 900 to 1630) are called the Drew Tradition in Pennsylvania. According to Richard L. George: \"I believe that some of the Monongahela were of Algonquin origin.... Other scholars have suggested that Iroquoian speakers were interacting with Late Monongahela people, and additional evidence is presented to confirm this. I conclude that the archaeologically conceived term, Monongahela, likely encompasses speakers of several languages, including Siouan.\"[11] According to Dr Maslowski of West Virginia in 2009: \"The New River Drainage and upper Potomac represents the range of the Huffman Phase (Page) hunting and gathering area or when it is found in small amounts on village sites, trade ware or Page women being assimulated into another village (tribe).\" Finally, according to Prof Potter of Virginia, they [the people represented by the Huffman Phase of Page pottery] had occupied the eastern slopes of the Alleghenies on the upper Potomac to the northern, lower Shenandoah Valley region before the A.D. 1300 Luray Phase (Algonquian) peoples' \"invasion\". It is thought that these ancient Alleghenians were pushed from the classic Huffman Phase of the eastern slopes of the Alleghenies to the Blue Ridge Mountains in western Virginia, which was eastern Siouan territory.", "Greenville, South Carolina The land of present-day Greenville was once the hunting ground of the Cherokee, which was forbidden to colonists. A wealthy settler from Virginia named Richard Pearis arrived in South Carolina around 1754 trading with Cherokee. Pearis had a child with a Cherokee woman and received about 100,000 acres (40,000Â ha) from the Cherokee around 1770. Pearis established a plantation on the Reedy River called the Great Plains in present-day downtown Greenville. The American Revolution divided the South Carolina country between the Loyalists and Patriots. Pearis supported the Loyalists and together with their allies; the Cherokee attacked the Patriots. The Patriots retaliated by burning down Pearis' plantation and jailing him in Charleston. Pearis never returned to his plantation but Paris Mountain is named after him.[10] The Treaty of Dewitt's Corner in 1777 ceded almost all Cherokee land, including present-day Greenville, to South Carolina.[11]", "Lookout Mountain A branch of Cherokee Native Americans lived in Chattanooga, the Chickamauga people. The Chickamauga called the mountain Chat-a-nu-ga; hence the name of the city. Research suggests the mountain was inhabited, although no physical evidence has been found. On top of the mountain, the pattern of boulders suggest lanes or walls were once there.[12]", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) The fur trading Batts-Fallam expedition of 1671, sent by Colonel Abraham Wood, was the first recorded exploration of the river.[17][18] Variant names of the New River include \"Wood's River\", after Abraham Wood. Mary Draper Ingles traversed the gorge during her 1755 escape from captivity among the Shawnees.[19] Hiking or driving through New River Gorge today will provide glimpses of old stone walls, foundations of homes and buildings, coal mine entrances, and coke ovens decaying alongside the railroad tracks.[20]", "Great Smoky Mountains The Middle towns, including Kittuwa, were burned by General Griffith Rutherford, and several of the Overhill towns were burned by John Sevier. By 1805, the Cherokee had ceded control of the Great Smokies to the U.S. government. Although much of the tribe was forced west along the Trail of Tears in 1838, a few—largely through the efforts of William Holland Thomas—managed to retain their land on the Qualla Boundary and today comprise the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians.[59]", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) When Mitchell learned of Clingman's find, he claimed that the mountain he had measured in 1844 was in fact Black Dome, and that locals had mistakenly named the summit to the south (the modern Clingmans Peak) after him. Clingman rejected Mitchell's claim, arguing that the route Mitchell took led south of Stepps Gap (i.e., to what is now Mount Gibbes or Clingmans Peak), and that a broken barometer found by Blackstock on Mount Gibbes in 1845 could only have been Mitchell's. The two bickered back and forth in the local newspapers throughout 1856, each claiming to have been the first to summit and measure the higher Black Dome. The debate was intensified by the political climate of the 1850s, as Mitchell was a Whig supporter and Clingman had recently left the Whig party to join the pro-secession Democrats. Zebulon Vance, a Whig politician and friend of Mitchell's, located the two guides Mitchell had recruited for his 1844 excursion, and when the two described the route they had followed, it appeared that Mitchell had indeed summited Mount Gibbes. Finally, in 1857, Mitchell returned to the Blacks in an attempt to gain still more accurate measurements. One evening, while attempting to reach the Cane River Valley, he slipped and fell into a gorge along Sugar Camp Fork, near the waterfall that now bears his name. His body was found 11 days later by the legendary mountain guide Thomas \"Big Tom\" Wilson (1825â€“1909).[17]", "Wasatch Range According to the Utah History Encyclopedia, Wasatch in Ute means \"mountain pass\" or \"low pass over high range.\"[2] According to William Bright the mountains were named for a Shoshoni leader who was named with the Shoshoni term wasattsi, meaning \"blue heron\".[3]", "Tar Heel According to this legend, the troops of British General Cornwallis during the American Revolutionary War were fording what is now known as the Tar River between Rocky Mount and Battleboro when they discovered that tar had been dumped into the stream to impede the crossing of British soldiers. When they finally got across the river, they found their feet completely black with tar. Thus, the soldiers observed that anyone who waded through North Carolina rivers would acquire \"tar heels.\"[1]", "Peak District Theories as to the derivation of the Peak District name include the idea that it came from the Pecsaetan or peaklanders, an Anglo-Saxon tribe who inhabited the central and northern parts of the area from the 6th century AD when it fell within the large Anglian kingdom of Mercia.[47][48]", "Allegheny Mountains According to a number of early 17th century maps, the Messawomeake or \"Mincquas\" (Dutch) occupied the northern Allegheny Mountains. The \"Shatteras\" (an ancient Tutelo) occupied the Ouasioto Mountains and the earliest term Canaraguy (Kanawhans otherwise Canawest[12]) on the 1671 French map occupied the southerly Alleghenies. They were associated with the Allegheny \"Cherokee\" and Eastern Siouan as trade-movers and canoe transporters. The Calicuas, an ancient most northern Cherokee, migrated or was pushed from the Central Ohio Valley onto the north eastern slopes of the Alleghenies of the ancient Messawomeake, Iroquois tradesmen to 1630s Kent Island, by 1710 maps. Sometime before 1712, the Canawest (\"Kanawhans\"-\"Canallaway\"-\"Canaragay\") had moved to the upper Potomac and made a Treaty with the newly established trading post of Fort Conolloway which would become a part of western Maryland during the 1740s.", "History of Virginia Many of the Siouan peoples of the state seem to have originally been a collection of smaller tribes with uncertain affiliation. Names recorded throughout the 17th century were the Monahassanough, Rassawek, Mowhemencho, Monassukapanough, Massinacack, Akenatsi, Mahoc, Nuntaneuck, Nutaly, Nahyssan, Sapon, Monakin, Toteros, Keyauwees, Shakori, Eno, Sissipahaw, Monetons & Mohetons living & migrating throughout what is now West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina & South Carolina.[13][14][15][16][17] All were said to have spoken, at least two distinct languages—Saponi (which appears to be a missing link language existing between the Chiwere & Dhegihan variants) & Catawba (which is most closely related to Biloxi & the Gulf Coast Siouan languages).[18][19][20] John Smith was the first to note two groups in the Virginian interior—the Monaghans & the Monahoacs. The words came from the Powhatan [21] & translations are uncertain, however Monaghan seems similar to a known Lenape word, Monaquen, which means \"to scalp.\" [22] They were also commonly referred to as the Eastern Blackfoot, which explains why some Saponi today identify as the Siouan-Blackfoot people,[13][23] and later still as the Christannas.", "Great Smoky Mountains The name \"Smoky\" comes from the natural fog that often hangs over the range and presents as large smoke plumes from a distance. This fog is caused by the vegetation exhaling volatile organic compounds, chemicals that have a high vapor pressure and easily form vapors at normal temperature and pressure.[6]", "New River (Kanawha River tributary) The origins of the name are unclear. Possibilities include being a new river that was not on the Fry-Jefferson map of Virginia, an Indian name meaning \"new waters\", or the surname of an early settler.[9] Despite its name, the New River is one of the five oldest rivers in the world geologically.[10]", "Appalachian Mountains While exploring inland along the northern coast of Florida in 1528, the members of the Narváez expedition, including Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, found a Native American village near present-day Tallahassee, Florida whose name they transcribed as Apalchen or Apalachen [a.paˈla.tʃɛn]. The name was soon altered by the Spanish to Apalachee and used as a name for the tribe and region spreading well inland to the north. Pánfilo de Narváez's expedition first entered Apalachee territory on June 15, 1528, and applied the name. Now spelled \"Appalachian,\" it is the fourth-oldest surviving European place-name in the US.[11]", "Norfolk and Western Railway Mahone married Otelia Butler, from Smithfield in Isle of Wight County, Virginia, a daughter of Robert Butler (1784–1853), a Virginia state treasurer. Popular legend has it[citation needed] that Otelia and William Mahone traveled along the newly completed N&P naming stations along the 52-mile (84 km) tangent between Suffolk and Petersburg from Ivanhoe, a book she was reading by Walter Scott. From Scott's historical Scottish novels, Otelia chose the place names of Windsor, Waverly and Wakefield. She tapped the Scottish Clan \"McIvor\" for the name of Ivor, a small Southampton County town. When they could not agree, it is said that the young couple invented a new word in honor of their \"dispute\", which is how the tiny community of Disputanta was named. The N&P was completed in 1858.", "Amicalola Falls State Park Little was known by European Americans about the falls before the 19th century. Until 1832, the Cherokee, an Iroquoian-speaking tribe believed to have migrated in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, controlled a large territory that included this area of the state park. That year they signed the Treaty of New Echota with the United States, which forced the Cherokee to remove into the Ozarks in Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River. They called their mass removal and overland journey the Trail of Tears, during which many people died of the thousands traveling. Nearby settlers knew a Cherokee woman who lived in the area until the 1850s; she refused to leave when her tribe was removed.[3]", "History of Virginia In 1716, Governor Alexander Spotswood led the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition, reaching the top ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Swift Run Gap (elevation 2,365 feet (721Â m)).[72][73] Spotswood promoted Germanna, a settlement of German immigrants brought over for the purpose of iron production, in modern-day Orange County.[74]", "Blue Ridge Mountains The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America south of Baffin Island. About 125 peaks exceed 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in elevation.[5] The highest peak in the Blue Ridge (and in the entire Appalachian chain) is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m). There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher than 6,000 feet (1,800 m); by comparison, in the northern portion of the Appalachian chain only New Hampshire's Mt. Washington rises above 6,000 feet. Southern Sixers is a term used by peak baggers for this group of mountains.[6]", "Wilderness Road The first recorded English explorations of the mountains were those of Abraham Wood, which began around 1650. Later, Wood sent exploring parties into the mountains. The Batts-Fallam expedition reached the New River Valley in 1671. In 1673, Wood sent Gabriel Arthur and James Needham to the Overhill Cherokee of modern Tennessee. The purpose was to try to make direct contact with the Cherokee for trade, so as to bypass the Ocaneechee \"middlemen\" traders. The expedition did reach the Overhill Cherokee area, but Needham was killed on the return. Gabriel Arthur was almost killed, but was rescued by being adopted by a Cherokee chief. For his own safety, Arthur was then sent with one of the chief's raiding parties. For about a year, he traveled with the Cherokee, throughout the Appalachians. He was probably the first European to visit modern West Virginia and cross the Cumberland Gap.[1]", "Blowing Rock, North Carolina The Blowing Rock area was once fought over by the Cherokee and Catawba Native American tribes. According to legend, two lovers - one from each tribe - were walking near the rocks when the man received a notice to report to his village and go into battle. When his lover urged him to stay with her, he became so distraught that he threw himself off the blowing rock into the gorge. The woman prayed to the Great Spirit to return her lover, and the Spirit complied by sending a gust of wind which blew the man back up the cliff and landed him safely on the blowing rock itself. This story of course is fictional but it was used as a draw for the attraction. In the 1980s, a billboard in Wilkesboro for Blowing Rock showed two Indians holding hands, one standing on the rock and one \"floating\". Today \"The Blowing Rock\" is a tourist attraction and is known for its superb views of the surrounding Blue Ridge Mountains.", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) Mitchell's death sparked an outpouring of public sympathy across North Carolina. Zebulon Vance led a movement to verify Mitchell as the first to summit the highest mountain in the Eastern United States, and to have the mountain named for him. Vance convinced several mountain guides to change previous statements and claim the route they had taken actually led to Black Dome, rather than Mount Gibbes. Mitchell was buried atop Black Dome on land donated by former governor David Lowry Swain. Clingman continued to deny that Mitchell had measured Black Dome first, but was unable to overcome the shift in public sentiment. By 1858, Black Dome had been renamed \"Mitchell's High Peak.\" In subsequent decades, Mount Mitchell was renamed \"Clingmans Peak\", and Mitchell's High Peak was renamed \"Mount Mitchell.\" Clingman eventually turned to the Great Smoky Mountains to the west, which he claimed were higher. Guyot's measurements in the Smokies rejected Clingman's assertions, although Guyot did manage to have the highest mountain in that range, known as Smoky Dome, renamed Clingmans Dome.[18]", "Johnson City, Tennessee Founded in 1856 by Henry Johnson as a railroad station called \"Johnson's Depot\"[15], Johnson City became a major rail hub for the Southeast, as three railway lines crossed in the downtown area.[16] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Johnson City served as headquarters for the narrow gauge East Tennessee and Western North Carolina Railroad (the ET&WNC, nicknamed \"Tweetsie\") and the standard gauge Clinchfield Railroad. Both rail systems featured excursion trips through scenic portions of the Blue Ridge Mountains and were engineering marvels of railway construction. The Southern Railway (now Norfolk Southern) also passes through the city.[citation needed][17]", "Blue Ridge Mountains At the Treaty of Albany negotiated by Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood (1676-1740), of Virginia with the Iroquois between 1718 and 1722, the Iroquois ceded lands they had conquered south of the Potomac River and east of the Blue Ridge to the Virginia Colony. This treaty made the Blue Ridge the new demarcation point between the areas and tribes subject to the Six Nations, and those tributary to the Colony. When colonists began to disregard this by crossing the Blue Ridge and settling in the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730s, the Iroquois began to object, finally selling their rights to the Valley, on the west side of the Blue Ridge, at the Treaty of Lancaster in 1744.", "Lassen Volcanic National Park White immigrants in the mid-19th century used Lassen Peak as a landmark on their trek to the fertile Sacramento Valley. One of the guides to these immigrants was a Danish blacksmith named Peter Lassen, who settled in Northern California in the 1830s. Lassen Peak was named after him.[8] Nobles Emigrant Trail was later cut through the park area and passed Cinder Cone and the Fantastic Lava Beds.", "Grand Teton National Park John Colter is widely considered the first mountain man and, like those that came to the Jackson Hole region over the next 30 years, he was there primarily for the profitable fur trapping; the region was rich with the highly sought after pelts of beaver and other fur bearing animals. Between 1810 and 1812, the Astorians traveled through Jackson Hole and crossed Teton Pass as they headed east in 1812.[14] After 1810, American and British fur trading companies were in competition for control of the North American fur trade, and American sovereignty over the region was not secured until the signing of the Oregon Treaty in 1846. One party employed by the British North West Company and led by explorer Donald Mackenzie entered Jackson Hole from the west in 1818 or 1819. The Tetons, as well as the valley west of the Teton Range known today as Pierre's Hole, may have been named by French speaking Iroquois or French Canadian trappers that were part of Mackenzie's party.[15] Earlier parties had referred to the most prominent peaks of the Teton Range as the Pilot Knobs. The French trappers' les trois tétons (the three breasts) was later shortened to the Tetons.[16]", "Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar The first European-descended settlers inhabited the land around Stone Mountain, Georgia, today in the east Atlanta suburbs, around 1790. They called the large outcropping, about 2 miles (3.2 km) long and 1,686 feet (514 m) high, \"Rock Mountain\". Rev. Adrel Sherwood of Macon, Georgia, first named it Stone Mountain in 1825. The town of New Gibraltar was founded nearby in 1839; its name would be changed to Stone Mountain by the Georgia Legislature in 1947. From about the time of the American Civil War, the mountain was used as a quarry; this would not entirely cease until the 1970s.[1]", "Great Smoky Mountains In 1802, Edgefield, South Carolina resident William Ogle (1751â€“1803) arrived in White Oak Flats where he cut and prepared logs for cabin construction. Although Ogle died shortly after returning to Edgefield, his wife, Martha Jane Huskey, eventually returned with her family and several other families to White Oak Flats, becoming the first permanent settlers in what would eventually become Gatlinburg. Their children and grandchildren spread out southward into the Sugarlands and Roaring Fork areas.[61]", "Black Elk Peak Some Lakota requested state officials in 2015 to reinstate their original name Hinhan Kaga for the peak. The Lakota Council of the Pine Ridge Reservation and descendants of Black Elk, a noted medicine man, supported naming it for him, as the national wilderness area around the peak is named for the shaman.[12]", "Mount Hood The mountain was given its present name on OctoberÂ 29, 1792, by Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouver's exploration expedition. Lt. Broughton observed its peak while at Belle Vue Point of what is now called Sauvie Island during his travels up the Columbia River, writing, \"A very high, snowy mountain now appeared rising beautifully conspicuous in the midst of an extensive tract of low or moderately elevated land [location of today's Vancouver, Washington] lying S 67 E., and seemed to announce a termination to the river.\" Lt. Broughton named the mountain after Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, a British Admiral at the Battle of the Chesapeake.[8]", "Lassen Peak Lassen Peak was named in honor of a Danish blacksmith, Peter Lassen,[9] who guided immigrants past the peak to the Sacramento Valley during the 1830s. The trail that Lassen blazed never found generalized long-term use because it was considered unsafe. This trail was replaced by the Nobles Emigrant Trail, named for the guide William Nobles, which linked the Applegate Trail in northwestern Nevada to the northern part of the Sacramento Valley.", "Black Mountains (North Carolina) Many North Carolinians, among them Governor Locke Craig and state forester John Simcox Holmes, were alarmed at the abusive logging practices that were stripping bare the Black Mountains. After the North Carolina state legislature rejected an initial attempt to create a state park at the summit of Mount Mitchell in 1913, Craig began negotiating with (and may have threatened) Perley and Crockett to preserve the forest atop Mitchell while he and Holmes lobbied for the creation of a state park. The state legislature finally approved the purchase of a stretch of land between Stepps Gap and the summit of what is now Big Tom in 1915, which became the core of Mount Mitchell State Park. The Pisgah National Forest, established in 1916, also began buying up and replanting lands that had been logged over.[21]", "New River (Kanawha River) Despite its name, the New River is considered by some geologists to be one of the oldest rivers in the world.[10][13] The New River flows in a generally south-to-north course, at times cutting across the southwest-to-northeast-trending ridges and geological texture of the Appalachian Mountains, contrasting with the west-to-east flow of most other major rivers to the east and northeast in Virginia and North Carolina. This peculiar direction, together with the river's many cuts through various erosion-resistant Appalachian rocks, reveal that the New River's formation preceded uplift of the Appalachian Mountains themselves.[10]", "Great Smoky Mountains Most of these villages were part of a minor chiefdom centered on a large village known as Chiaha, which was located on an island now submerged by Douglas Lake. The 1540 expedition of Hernando de Soto and the 1567 expedition of Juan Pardo passed through the French Broad River valley north of the Smokies, both spending a considerable amount of time at Chiaha. The Pardo expedition followed a trail across the flanks of Chilhowee Mountain to the Mississippian-period villages at Chilhowee and Citico (Pardo's notary called them by their Muskogean names, \"Chalahume\" and \"Satapo\").[52]", "West Virginia In 1671, General Abraham Wood, at the direction of Royal Governor William Berkeley of the Virginia Colony, sent a party from Fort Henry led by Thomas Batts and Robert Fallam to survey this territory. They were the first Europeans recorded as discovering Kanawha Falls. Some sources state that Governor Alexander Spotswood's 1716 Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition (for which the state's Golden Horseshoe Competition for 8th graders was named) had penetrated as far as Pendleton County; however, modern historians interpret the original accounts of the excursion as suggesting that none of the expedition's horsemen ventured much farther west of the Blue Ridge Mountains than Harrisonburg, Virginia. John Van Metre, an Indian trader, penetrated into the northern portion in 1725. The same year, German settlers from Pennsylvania founded New Mecklenburg, the present Shepherdstown, on the Potomac River, and others followed.", "History of Kentucky \"Indian John\" tried to get the Tomahittan to kill Arthur but the chief prevented this by adopting Gabriel.[20] For about a year, Arthur, dressed as the Tomahittan of Chota, traveled with the chief and his war parties on revenge raids of Spanish settlements in Florida (after ten were killed, and ten captured during a peaceful trading mission several years back[23]), Indian communities on the east coast, and Shawnee towns on the Ohio River in the winter of 1673/1674. When the Tomahittan tribe attacked the Shawnees in the Ohio River valley, Arthur was wounded by an arrow and captured, but he was saved from burning at the stake by a Shawnee who was sympathetic to him. Upon learning that Arthur had married a Tomahittan maiden (\"Hannah Rebecca\" Nikitie), the Shawnee cured his wound, gave him his gun, gave him rokahamoney to eat, and put him on a road that led back to his family at Chota. Most agree this road was the Warrior's Path that crossed the Ohio at the mouth of the Scioto, went south across the Red River branch of the Kentucky River, then up Station Camp Creek and through Ouasiota Pass into the Ouasiota Mountains.[23] In June 1674 (1678?),[6] the chief escorted Arthur back to his English settlement in Virginia.[21] Arthur's accounts of both the land and the tribes who inhabited it supplied the first detailed information about Kentucky. Arthur was also among the first Europeans (preceded by Batts and Fallam) to visit modern West Virginia, and cross the Cumberland Gap.[20]" ]	[ "Peaks of Otter At milepost marker 86 of the Blue Ridge Parkway stands the Peaks of Otter. Archaeological evidence under Abbott Lake indicates that Native Americans have been visiting the Peaks of Otter for at least 8,000 years for hunting, travel, and rest. European settlers started establishing the area in the mid-1700s. In 1766 Thomas Wood and his family from Pennsylvania settled a homestead on the area; National Park Service documents[1] indicate other early residents included brothers Charles and Robert Ewing, who are asserted by some to have named the Peaks after the Ewing surname as it is pronounced in Scottish Gaelic – Clann Eóghain na h-Oitrich, or \"Clan Ewing of Otter.\"[2] This view may be given credence by similarly Otter-themed place names in Scotland, and the resemblance of Flat Top to Beinn Dorain in the ancestral Ewing area of Argyll and Bute. Other theories for the naming off the Peaks of Otter include the anglicizing of the Cherokee word \"Otari\" meaning \"high places\" or the naming of the mountains after the Otter River, which starts nearby and presumably got named for otters downstream." ]
test3195	is the united states a country or nation	[ "doc109038", "doc109039" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc1736220", "doc109038", "doc459320", "doc1736221", "doc2208571", "doc2208569", "doc1736226", "doc1680092", "doc109125", "doc1161153", "doc109040", "doc109039", "doc166201", "doc612231", "doc1786919", "doc1736227", "doc459357", "doc2035288", "doc1411603", "doc459356", "doc109118", "doc109045", "doc1411605", "doc109091", "doc2608696", "doc1736223", "doc1419295", "doc1419297", "doc459321", "doc870063", "doc105782", "doc13886", "doc1736228", "doc676359", "doc251094", "doc1411599", "doc870064", "doc1419287", "doc557017", "doc33035", "doc13888", "doc11181", "doc2208573", "doc1161163", "doc109044", "doc1083104", "doc809320", "doc2608739", "doc1411602", "doc561555", "doc1285948", "doc1291388", "doc2035280", "doc145781", "doc1083148", "doc612237", "doc813558", "doc2035294", "doc1621910", "doc2208577", "doc2405065", "doc885174", "doc2045777", "doc109043", "doc2208576", "doc32902", "doc2047426", "doc1850341", "doc324524", "doc459322", "doc813522", "doc1786911", "doc454981", "doc2128418", "doc813556", "doc643022", "doc1411606", "doc1124964", "doc1208247", "doc813547", "doc381962", "doc123775", "doc166206", "doc2128460", "doc1411596", "doc1125006", "doc760182", "doc1161176", "doc1411619", "doc977045", "doc2128420", "doc166204", "doc813533", "doc11206", "doc1680093", "doc228825", "doc1763945", "doc109041", "doc686459", "doc1411598" ]	[ "Country A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. A country may be an independent sovereign state or one that is occupied by another state,[1] as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. Regardless of the physical geography, in the modern internationally accepted legal definition as defined by the League of Nations in 1937 and reaffirmed by the United Nations in 1945, a resident of a country is subject to the independent exercise[clarification needed] of legal jurisdiction.[citation needed]", "United States The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/əˈmɛrɪkə/), is a federal republic[14][15] composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.[fn 6] At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2)[17] and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area[fn 7] and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.[22]", "Nation state A nation state (or nation-state), in the most specific sense, is a country where a distinct cultural or ethnic group (a \"nation\" or \"people\") inhabits a territory and has formed a state (often a sovereign state) that it predominantly governs. It is a more precise concept than \"country\", since a country need not have a predominant ethnic group.", "Country Sometimes countries refers both to sovereign states and to other political entities,[2] while other times it refers only to states.[3] For example, the CIA World Factbook uses the word in its \"Country name\" field to refer to \"a wide variety of dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, uninhabited islands, and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states\".[4][Note 1]", "Nation A people, or aggregation of men, existing in the form of an organized jural society, usually inhabiting a distinct portion of the earth, speaking the same language, using the same customs, possessing historic continuity, and distinguished from other like groups by their racial origin and characteristics, and generally, but not necessarily, living under the same government and sovereignty.[1]", "Nation A nation is a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, ethnicity or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture. A nation is distinct from a people,[1] and is more abstract, and more overtly political than an ethnic group.[2] It is a cultural-political community that has become conscious of its autonomy, unity, and particular interests.[3]", "Country The term \"country\" can refer to a sovereign state. There is no universal agreement on the number of \"countries\" in the world, since a number of states have disputed sovereignty status. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, two states have observer status at the U.N. (the Holy See and Palestine), and 11 other states are neither a member or observer at the U.N. All are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011.", "United States (disambiguation) The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.", "United States The United States is a federal republic of 50 states, a federal district, five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions.[360] The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country. These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities. The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States, Washington DC.[361] The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States. Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress; the District of Columbia has three.[362]", "County (United States) In the United States, an administrative or political subdivision of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority.[1] The term \"county\" is used in 48 U.S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes and boroughs respectively.[1]", "United States The United States is a founding member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States (OAS), and other international organizations. The United States is a highly developed country, with the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and second-largest economy by PPP, accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP.[31] The U.S. economy is the fastest-growing in the Americas[32][33] and is largely post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge-based activities, although the manufacturing sector remains the second-largest in the world.[34] Though its population is only 4.3% of the world total,[35] Americans hold 33.2% of the total wealth in the world, the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country.[36] The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance, including average wage,[37] human development, per capita GDP, and productivity per person.[38] The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world, making up a third of global military spending.[39] It is also a global leader in science and technology.", "United States Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago.[23] European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power.[24] The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories,[25] displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848.[25] During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the outlawing of slavery.[26][27] By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean,[28] and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar.[29] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 moon landing. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower.[30]", "U.S. state A state is a constituent political entity of the United States. There are currently 50 states, which are bound together in a union with each other. Each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory and shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside.[3] State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders (e.g., paroled convicts and children of divorced spouses who are sharing custody).", "Names for United States citizens The United States Declaration of Independence of 1776 refers to \"the thirteen united [sic] States of America\",[4] making the first formal use of the country name, which was officially adopted in 1777 by the nation's first governing constitution, the Articles of Confederation.[5] The Federalist Papers of 1787â€“1788, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison to advocate the ratification of the United States Constitution, use the word \"American\" in both its original pan-American sense, but also in its United States sense: Federalist Paper 24 refers to the \"American possessions\" of Britain and Spain[6] (i.e. land outside of the United States) while Federalist Papers 51[7] and 70[8] refer to the United States as \"the American republic\". People from the United States increasingly referred to themselves as Americans through the end of the 18th century and the 1795 Treaty of Peace and Amity with the Barbary States refers to \"American Citizens\"[9] while George Washington spoke to his people of \"[t]he name of American, which belongs to you in your national capacity\" in his 1796 farewell address.[10] Eventually, this usage spread through other English-speaking countries and the unqualified noun American in all forms of the English language now chiefly refers to natives or citizens of the United States, though other senses are generally specified with a qualifier such as Latin American or North American.[1]", "Sovereign state In casual usage, the terms \"country\", \"nation\", and \"state\" are often used as if they were synonymous; but in stricter usage they can be distinguished:[citation needed]", "Country Although not sovereign states, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are usually referred to as countries (depending on context), which collectively form the United Kingdom—a sovereign state that is also referred to as a country.[7][8][9][10] The Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Mainland Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a sovereign state, comprises four separate countries: Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. In the Kingdom of Spain, the regions of Galicia, the Catalan speaking parts (Catalonia, Valencia and Balearic Islands) and the Basque Country are sometimes recognized as non-sovereign states or group of states (namely, autonomous communities under the Spanish law), specially within nationalist movements[clarification needed].", "Nation state In 2003, the British Government described the United Kingdom as \"countries within a country\".[36] While the Office for National Statistics and others describe the United Kingdom as a \"nation state\",[37][38] others, including a then Prime Minister, describe it as a \"multinational state\",[39][40][41] and the term Home Nations is used to describe the four national teams that represent the four nations of the United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales).[42] Some refer to it as a \"Union State\".[43][44]", "State (polity) According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a state is \"a. an organized political community under one government; a commonwealth; a nation. b. such a community forming part of a federal republic, esp the United States of America\".[4]", "United States territory The term \"United States\" may be used in any one of several senses. It may be merely the name of a sovereign occupying the position analogous to that of other sovereigns in the family of nations. It may designate the territory over which the sovereignty of the United States extends, or it may be the collective name of the states which are united by and under the Constitution.", "Nation state The United Kingdom is an unusual example of a nation state, due to its claimed \"countries within a country\" status. The United Kingdom, which is formed by the union of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, is a unitary state formed initially by the merger of two independent kingdoms, the Kingdom of England (which already included Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland, but the Treaty of Union (1707) that set out the agreed terms has ensured the continuation of distinct features of each state, including separate legal systems and separate national churches.[33][34][35]", "United States The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a representative democracy, \"in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law\".[343] The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.[344] For 2016, the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index[345] (tied with Italy) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index.[346]", "United States A citizen of the United States is an \"American\". \"United States\", \"American\" and \"U.S.\" refer to the country adjectivally (\"American values\", \"U.S.Â forces\"). In English, the word \"American\" rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States.[51]", "United States territory The contiguous United States, Hawaii, and Alaska are divided into smaller administrative regions. These are called counties in 48 of the 50 states, and they are called boroughs in Alaska and parishes in Louisiana. A county can include a number of cities and towns, or just a portion of either type. These counties have varying degrees of political and legal significance. A township in the United States refers to a small geographic area. The term is used in two ways: a survey township is simply a geographic reference used to define property location for deeds and grants; a civil township is a unit of local government, originally rural in application.", "United States The United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest nation by total area (land and water), ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China. The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured: calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles (9,522,055.0 km2)[224] to 3,717,813 square miles (9,629,091.5 km2)[225] to 3,796,742 square miles (9,833,516.6 km2).[226]", "Citizenship Nationality is often used as a synonym for citizenship in English[1] – notably in international law – although the term is sometimes understood as denoting a person's membership of a nation (a large ethnic group).[2] In some countries, e.g. the United States, the United Kingdom, nationality and citizenship can have different meanings (for more information, see Nationality versus citizenship).", "Country In English the word has increasingly become associated with political divisions, so that one sense, associated with the indefinite article – \"a country\" – through misuse and subsequent conflation is now a synonym for state, or a former sovereign state, in the sense of sovereign territory or \"district, native land\".[5] Areas much smaller than a political state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country (a heavily industrialized part of England), \"Constable Country\" (a part of East Anglia painted by John Constable), the \"big country\" (used in various contexts of the American West), \"coal country\" (used of parts of the US and elsewhere) and many other terms.[6]", "Political divisions of the United States The primary political entity of the United States is the state. Four states—Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia—call themselves \"commonwealths.\" The word commonwealth in this context refers to the common \"wealth\", or welfare, of the public.[9] The term has no legal impact.[10]", "Political divisions of the United States On numerous occasions the United States Supreme Court has affirmed that the 50 individual states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions under the Constitution.[1] Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the federal government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside.[11] States, however, are not sovereign in the Westphalian sense in international law which says that each State has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another State's domestic affairs, and that each State (no matter how large or small) is equal in international law.[12] Additionally, the 50 U.S. states do not possess international legal sovereignty, meaning that they are not recognized by other sovereign States such as, for example, France, Germany or the United Kingdom.[12]", "Nation state A nation, in the sense of a common ethnicity, may include a diaspora or refugees who live outside the nation-state; some nations of this sense do not have a state where that ethnicity predominates. In a more general sense, a nation-state is simply a large, politically sovereign country or administrative territory. A nation-state may be contrasted with:", "List of states and territories of the United States The United States of America is a federal republic[1] consisting of 50 states, a federal district (Washington, D.C., the capital city of the United States), five major territories, and various minor islands.[2][3] The 48 contiguous states and Washington, D.C., are in central North America between Canada and Mexico; the two other states, Alaska and Hawaii, are in the northwestern part of North America and an archipelago in the mid-Pacific, respectively, while the territories are scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea.", "Economy of the United States The economy of the United States is a highly developed mixed economy.[27][28] It is the world's largest economy by nominal GDP and the second-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP).[29] It has the world's seventh-highest per capita GDP (nominal) and eleventh-highest per capita GDP (PPP) in 2016.[30][31] The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's foremost reserve currency, backed by its science and technology, its military, the full faith of the U.S. government to reimburse its debts, its central role in a range of international institutions since World War II and the petrodollar system.[32][33] Several countries use it as their official currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency.[34][35] Its largest trading partners are China, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Germany, South Korea, United Kingdom, France, India and Taiwan.[36]", "Preamble to the United States Constitution The Preamble's reference to the \"United States of America\" has been interpreted over the years to explain the nature of the governmental entity that the Constitution created (i.e., the federal government). In contemporary international law, the world consists of sovereign states (or \"sovereign nations\" in modern equivalent). A state is said to be \"sovereign,\" if any of its ruling inhabitants are the supreme authority over it; the concept is distinct from mere land-title or \"ownership.\"[28] While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself, the Supreme Court held that the \"United States of America\" consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations; the individual states may not conduct foreign relations.[29] Although the Constitution expressly delegates to the federal government only some of the usual powers of sovereign governments (such as the powers to declare war and make treaties), all such powers inherently belong to the federal government as the country's representative in the international community.[30]", "Country The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely. Some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories (such as French Polynesia or the British Virgin Islands), with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own. Such territories, with the exception of distinct dependent territories, are usually listed together with sovereign states on lists of countries, but may nonetheless be treated as a separate \"country of origin\" in international trade, as Hong Kong is.[11][12][13]", "Geography of the United States By total area (water as well as land), the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People's Republic of China, making it the world's third or fourth largest country. China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area, but are larger than Brazil. By land area only (exclusive of waters), the United States is the world's third largest country, after Russia and China, with Canada in fourth.\nWhether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors: (1) The validity of China's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. Both these territories are also claimed by India, so are not counted; and (2) How US calculates its own surface area. Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook, the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times.[5]", "United Kingdom Although the United Kingdom, as a sovereign state, is a country, England, Scotland, Wales and, to a lesser degree, Northern Ireland are also regarded as countries, though they are not sovereign states.[35][36] Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government.[37][38] The British Prime Minister's website has used the phrase \"countries within a country\" to describe the United Kingdom.[16] Some statistical summaries, such as those for the twelve NUTS 1 regions of the United Kingdom, also refer to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland as \"regions\".[39][40] Northern Ireland is also referred to as a \"province\".[41][42] With regard to Northern Ireland, the descriptive name used \"can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one's political preferences\".[43]", "United States territory The Constitution of the United States states:", "List of states and territories of the United States States are the primary subdivisions of the United States, and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution, grounded in republican principles, and government, consisting of three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.[4] All states and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is represented by two Senators, while Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census.[5] Additionally, each state is entitled to select a number of electors to vote in the Electoral College, the body that elects the President of the United States, equal to the total of Representatives and Senators in Congress from that state.[6] Article IV, Section 3, Clause 1 of the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to the current total of 50, and each new state is admitted on an equal footing with the existing states.[7]", "Political divisions of the United States The primary first-level political (administrative) division of the United States is the state. There are 50 states, which are bound together in a union with each other. Each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory, and shares its sovereignty with the United States federal government. According to numerous decisions of the United States Supreme Court, the 50 individual states and the United States as a whole are each sovereign jurisdictions.[1]", "Religion in the United States Expert researchers and authors have referred to the United States as a \"Protestant nation\" or \"founded on Protestant principles,\"[11][12][13][14] specifically emphasizing its Calvinist heritage.[15][16][17]", "United States Constitution Some commentators depict the multi-ethnic, multi-sectarian United States as held together by a political orthodoxy, in contrast with a nation state of people having more \"natural\" ties.[119][120]", "Preamble to the United States Constitution One aspect of the American system of government is that, while the rest of the world now views the United States as one country, domestically American constitutional law recognizes a federation of state governments separate from (and not subdivisions of) the federal government, each of which is sovereign over its own affairs.[40] Sometimes, the Supreme Court has even analogized the States to being foreign countries to each other to explain the American system of State sovereignty.[41] However, each state's sovereignty is limited by the U.S. Constitution, which is the supreme law of both the United States as a nation and each state;[42] in the event of a conflict, a valid federal law controls.[43] As a result, although the federal government is (as discussed above) recognized as sovereign and has supreme power over those matters within its control, the American constitutional system also recognizes the concept of \"State sovereignty,\" where certain matters are susceptible to government regulation, but only at the State and not the federal level.[44] For example, although the federal government prosecutes crimes against the United States (such as treason, or interference with the postal system), the general administration of criminal justice is reserved to the States.[45] Notwithstanding sometimes broad statements by the Supreme Court regarding the \"supreme\" and \"exclusive\" powers the State and Federal governments exercise,[46] the Supreme Court and State courts have also recognized that much of their power is held and exercised concurrently.[47]", "Politics of the United States The United States is a federal republic in which the president, Congress, and federal courts share powers reserved to the national government according to its Constitution. The federal government shares sovereignty with the state governments.", "Nation The nation has been described by Benedict Anderson as an \"imagined community\"[5] and by Paul James as an \"abstract community\".[6] It is an imagined community in the sense that the material conditions exist for imagining extended and shared connections. It is an abstract community in the sense that it is objectively impersonal, even if each individual in the nation experiences him or herself as subjectively part of an embodied unity with others. For the most part, members of a nation remain strangers to each other and will never likely meet.[7] Hence the phrase, \"a nation of strangers\" used by such writers as Vance Packard.", "County (United States) A consolidated city-county is simultaneously a city, which is a municipality (municipal corporation), and a county, which is an administrative division of a state, having the powers and responsibilities of both types of entities. There are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U.S.,[1] including Denver, Colorado; Indianapolis, Indiana; Jacksonville, Florida; Louisville, Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; New Orleans, Louisiana; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and San Francisco, California.", "United States The phrase \"United States\" was originally plural, a description of a collection of independent states—e.g., \"the United States are\"—including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865.[49] The singular form—e.g., \"the United States is\"—became popular after the end of the American Civil War. The singular form is now standard; the plural form is retained in the idiom \"these United States\". The difference is more significant than usage; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit.[50]", "Society of the United States The society or culture of the United States is a Western culture, and has been developing since long before the United States became a country with its own unique social and cultural characteristics such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, folklore, etc. Today the United States of America is an ethnically and racially diverse country as result of large-scale immigration from many different countries throughout its history.[1]", "Developed country There is no established convention for the designation of \"developed\" and \"developing\" countries or areas in the United Nations system.[5]", "Citizenship The United States has a federal system in which a person is a citizen of their specific state of residence, such as New Jersey or California, as well as a citizen of the United States. State constitutions may grant certain rights above and beyond what are granted under the United States Constitution and may impose their own obligations including the sovereign right of taxation and military service; each state maintains at least one military force subject to national militia transfer service, the state's national guard, and some states maintain a second military force not subject to nationalization.", "United States territory All territory under the control of the federal government is considered part of the \"United States\" for purposes of law.[5] From 1901â€“1905, the U.S. Supreme Court in a series of opinions known as the Insular Cases held that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore to the territories. However, the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation. Under the same, the Constitution only applied fully in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii, whereas it only applied partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines.[6][7] A Supreme Court ruling from 1945 stated that the term \"United States\" can have three different meanings, in different contexts:", "United States nationality law Adult citizens of the United States[2][3] who are residents of one of the 50 states or the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) have the right to participate in the political system of the United States, as well as their state and local governments, (with most states having restrictions on voting by persons convicted of felonies, and a federal constitutional prohibition on naturalized persons running for President and Vice President of the United States), to be represented and protected abroad by the United States (through U.S. embassies and consulates), and to live in the United States[2][3] and certain territories without any immigration requirements. Felons can vote in over 40 states, and in at least 2 while incarcerated. Felons can also serve jury duty if approved.[citation needed]", "Region In the field of political geography, regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign states; subnational units such as administrative regions, provinces, states (in the United States), counties, townships, territories, etc.; and multinational groupings, including formally defined units such as the European Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, and NATO, as well as informally defined regions such as the Third World, Western Europe, and the Middle East.", "Terminology of the British Isles The United Kingdom is a sovereign state. Its four constituent countries are sometimes considered to be of different status. This view may be supported by the existence of devolved governments with different levels of power in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales (see Asymmetrical federalism).", "State (polity) Speakers of American English often use the terms state and government as synonyms,[note 1] with both words referring to an organized political group that exercises authority over a particular territory.[5]", "List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union States are the primary subdivisions of the United States and possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, such as regulating intrastate commerce, running elections, creating local governments, and ratifying constitutional amendments. Each state has its own constitution grounded in republican principles, and government consisting of executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[2]", "Society of the United States The government is a secular institution, with what is often called the \"separation of church and state\" prevailing.", "Names for United States citizens The only officially and commonly used alternative for referring to the people of the United States in English is to refer to them as citizens of that country.[16] Another alternative is US-American,[17] also spelled US American. Several single-word English alternatives for American have been suggested over time, including Usonian (popularized by Frank Lloyd Wright)[18] and the nonce term United-Statesian.[19] Writer H. L. Mencken collected a number of proposals from between 1789 and 1939, finding terms including Columbian, Columbard, Fredonian, Frede, Unisian, United Statesian, Colonican, Appalacian, Usian, Washingtonian, Usonian, Uessian, U-S-ian, Uesican and United Stater.[20] Nevertheless, no alternative to American is common in English.[16] Names for broader categories include terms such as Western Hemispherian, New Worlder and North Atlantican.[21][22][23]", "American (word) [the] terms \"America\", \"American(s)\" and \"Americas\" refer not only to the United States, but to all of North America and South America. They may be used in any of their senses, including references to just the United States, if the context is clear. The countries of the Western Hemisphere are collectively 'the Americas'.", "State (polity) States can also be distinguished from the concept of a \"nation\", where \"nation\" refers to a cultural-political community of people. A nation-state refers to a situation where a single ethnicity is associated with a specific state.", "United States person According to the National Security Agency web site, Federal law and executive order define a United States person as any of the following:[1]", "Nation Depending on the meaning of \"nation\" used, the term \"nation state\" could be used to distinguish larger states from small city states, or could be used to distinguish multinational states from those with a single ethnic group.", "Lists of countries and territories This is a list of many lists of countries and territories by various definitions, including FIFA countries, federations, and fictional countries. A country or territory is a geographical area, either in the sense of nation (a cultural entity) or state (a political entity).[1]", "Contiguous United States Washington, D.C. (the U.S. capital, also referred to as the District of Columbia) is distinct from the state of Washington.", "State governments of the United States State governments of the United States are institutional units in the United States exercising some of the functions of government at a level below that of the federal government. Each state's government holds fiscal, legislative and executive authority over[1] a defined geographic territory. The United States is composed 50 states: 13 that were already part of the United States at the time the present Constitution took effect in 1789, plus 37 that have been admitted since by Congress as authorized under Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution.[2]", "United States The short form \"United States\" is also standard. Other common forms are the \"U.S.\", the \"USA\", and \"America\". Colloquial names are the \"U.S. of A.\" and, internationally, the \"States\". \"Columbia\", a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century, derives its origin from Christopher Columbus; it appears in the name \"District of Columbia\".[48]", "Nation Thus the phrase \"nations of the world\" could be referring to the top-level governments (as in the name for the United Nations), various large geographical territories, or various large ethnic groups of the planet.", "United States Constitution The first permanent constitution of its kind,[a] adopted by the people's representatives for an expansive nation, it is interpreted, supplemented, and implemented by a large body of constitutional law, and has influenced the constitutions of other nations.", "Federal jurisdiction (United States) The United States is a federal republic, governed by the U.S. Constitution, containing fifty states and a federal district which elect the President and Vice President, and having other territories and possessions in its national jurisdiction. This government is variously known as the Union, the United States, or the federal government.", "Americans Americans are citizens of the United States of America.[47] The country is home to people of many different national origins. As a result, many Americans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance.[47] Although citizens make up the majority of Americans, non-citizen residents, dual citizens, and expatriates may also claim an American identity.[48]", "Federal government of the United States The Federal Government of the United States (U.S. Federal Government)[a] is the national government of the United States, a federal republic in North America, composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and several island possessions. The federal government is composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the federal courts, respectively. The powers and duties of these branches are further defined by acts of congress, including the creation of executive departments and courts inferior to the Supreme Court.", "Nation state This article mainly discusses the more specific definition of a nation-state, as a typically sovereign country dominated by a particular ethnicity.", "American (word) The word can be used as either an adjective or a noun (viz. a demonym). In adjectival use, it means \"of or relating to the United States\"; for example, \"Elvis Presley was an American singer\" or \"the man prefers American English\". In its noun form, the word generally means a resident or citizen of the US, or occasionally someone whose ethnic identity is simply \"American\". The noun is rarely used in American English to refer to people not connected to the United States.[1] When used with a grammatical qualifier, the adjective American can mean \"of or relating to the Americas\", as in Latin American or Indigenous American. Less frequently, the adjective can take this meaning without a qualifier, as in \"American Spanish dialects and pronunciation differ by country\", or the name of the Organization of American States. A third use of the term pertains specifically to the indigenous peoples of the Americas, for instance, \"In the 16th century, many Americans died from imported diseases during the European conquest\".", "Sovereign state A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined territory, one government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states.[1] It is also normally understood that a sovereign state is neither dependent on nor subjected to any other power or state.[2]", "Political status of Puerto Rico Although Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States classified as a commonwealth, many Puerto Ricans consider it to be a country in and of itself.[105][106][107][108] In their book on American expansionism titled The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898, Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow also determined that \"Most Puerto Ricans consider themselves a distinct national group.\"[109][110] They also observed that both Americans and Puerto Ricans see themselves as separate cultures—\"even separate nationalities\".[111]", "Multinational state Present-day examples of multinational states are Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, China, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Madagascar, Montenegro, Nigeria, Pakistan, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. Historical multinational states that have since split into multiple sovereign states include Austria-Hungary, British India, Czechoslovakia, the Empire of Japan, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia. Some analysts have described the European Union as a multinational state or a potential one.[1][2]", "American (word) \"American\" in the 1994 Associated Press Stylebook was defined as, \"An acceptable description for a resident of the United States. It also may be applied to any resident or citizen of nations in North or South America.\" Elsewhere, the AP Stylebook indicates that \"United States\" must \"be spelled out when used as a noun. Use U.S. (no space) only as an adjective.\"[citation needed]", "North America The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America, Canada, the United States, Greenland, Bermuda, and St. Pierre and Miquelon.[27][28] Although rarely used,[citation needed] the term Middle America—not to be confused with the Midwestern United States—groups the regions of Central America, the Caribbean, and Mexico.[29]", "United States territory Territories are subdivided into legally administered tractsâ€”e.g., geographic areas that are under the authority of a government.[11] The District of Columbia and territories are under the direct authority of Congress, although each is allowed home rule.[12] The United States Government, rather than individual states or territories, conducts foreign relations under the U.S. Constitution.", "Americas In modern English, North and South America are generally considered separate continents, and taken together are called the Americas in the plural, parallel to similar situations such as the Carolinas. When conceived as a unitary continent, the form is generally the continent of America in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular America in English commonly refers to the United States of America.[7]", "Developing country There is no established convention for the designation of \"developed\" and \"developing\" countries or areas in the United Nations system.[6][2]", "American (word) Common short forms and abbreviations are the United States, the U.S., the U.S.A., and America; colloquial versions include the U.S. of A. and the States. The term Columbia (from the Columbus surname) was a popular name for the U.S. and for the entire geographic Americas; its usage is present today in the District of Columbia's name. Moreover, the womanly personification of Columbia appears in some official documents, including editions of the U.S. dollar.", "Democratic republic Eugene Volokh of the UCLA School of Law notes that the United States exemplifies the varied nature of a democratic republicâ€”a country where some decisions (often local) are made by direct democratic processes, while others (often federal) are made by democratically elected representatives.[3] As with many large systems, US governance is incompletely described by any single term. It also employs the concept, for instance, of a constitutional democracy in which a court system is involved in matters of jurisprudence.[3]", "Countries of the United Kingdom England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards and the UK's Office for National Statistics, uses \"country\" to describe England, Scotland and Wales.[5] Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a \"province\" in the same lists.[5] Each has separate national governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions, including the Commonwealth Games. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, including rugby union.[6]", "U.S. state The Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50. Alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of whether states have the power to secede (withdraw) from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, held that a state cannot unilaterally do so.[5][6]", "Multinational state While the Office for National Statistics describes the United Kingdom as a nation state,[30][31] other people, including former Prime Minister Gordon Brown,[32] describe it as a multinational state.[33][34] The term \"Home Nations\" is used to describe the national teams that represent the four nations of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.[35]", "United States territory United States territory is any extent of region under the sovereign jurisdiction of the federal government of the United States,[1] including all waters (around islands or continental tracts) and all U.S. naval vessels.[2] The United States asserts sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing its territory.[3] This extent of territory is all the area belonging to, and under the dominion of, the United States federal government (which includes tracts lying at a distance from the country) for administrative and other purposes.[1] The United States total territory includes a subset of political divisions.", "Americas Citizens of the United States of America are normally referred to by the term estadounidense (rough literal translation: \"United Statesian\") instead of americano or americana which is discouraged,[148][149] and the country's name itself is officially translated as Estados Unidos de AmÃ©rica (United States of America), commonly abbreviated as Estados Unidos (EEUU).[149] Also, the term norteamericano (North American) may refer to a citizen of the United States. This term is primarily used to refer to citizens of the United States, and less commonly to those of other North American countries.[148]", "Territories of the United States Territories of the United States are sub-national administrative divisions directly overseen by the United States (U.S.) federal government. Unlike U.S. states and Native tribes that have sovereignty alongside the federal government, territories are without sovereignty (according to a 2016 Supreme Court ruling called Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle).[2] The territories are classified by whether they are \"incorporated\" (i.e., part of the U.S. proper) and whether they have an \"organized\" government through an Organic Act passed by the U.S. Congress.[3]", "County (United States) Counties are usually governed by an elected body, variously called the county commission, board of supervisors, commissioners' court, county council, board of chosen freeholders, county court, or county Legislature. In some counties, there is a county executive. In cases in which a consolidated city-county or independent city exists, a City Council usually governs city/county or city affairs.", "United States territory The United States is not restricted from making laws governing its own territory by international law. United States territory can include occupied territory, which is a geographic area that claims sovereignty, but is being forcibly subjugated to the authority of the United States of America. United States territory can also include disputed territory, which is a geographic area claimed by the United States of America and one (or more) rival governments.", "Republic In the example of the United States, the original 13 British colonies became independent states after the American Revolution, each having a republican form of government. These independent states initially formed a loose confederation called the United States and then later formed the current United States by ratifying the current U.S. Constitution, creating a union of sovereign states with the union or federal government also being a republic. Any state joining the union later was also required to be a republic.", "Multinational state One can be a Scot and a Brit in the United Kingdom, a Jew and an American in the United States, an Igbo and a Nigerian in Nigeria ... One might find it hard to be a Slovak and a Hungarian, an Arab and an Israeli, a Breton and a Frenchman.[3]", "U.S. state States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution. States and their residents are represented in the United States Congress, a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. Each state is also entitled to select a number of electors (equal to the total number of representatives and senators from that state) to vote in the Electoral College, the body that directly elects the President of the United States. Additionally, each state has the opportunity to ratify constitutional amendments, and, with the consent of Congress, two or more states may enter into interstate compacts with one another.", "American (word) In Swahili, Marekani means specifically the United States, and Mwamarekani is a U.S. national, whereas the international form Amerika refers to the continents, and Mwaamerika would be an inhabitants thereof.[24][25][26][f] Likewise, the Esperanto word Ameriko refers to the continents. For the country there is the term Usono. Thus, a citizen of the United States is an usonano, whereas an amerikano is an inhabitant of the Americas.[28][29][30][31]", "Politics of the United States The county is a subdivision of the state, sometimes (but not always) containing two or more townships and several villages. New York City is so large that it is divided into five separate boroughs, each a county in its own right. On the other hand, Arlington County, Virginia, the United States' smallest county, located just across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., is both an urbanized and suburban area, governed by a unitary county administration. In other cities, both the city and county governments have merged, creating a consolidated city–county government.", "United States (disambiguation) The United States may also refer to:", "Wikipedia:Nationality of people from the United Kingdom Such usage may be considered as both official and popular recognition that each of the constituent countries has the status of a nation.", "Mexico The United Mexican States are a federation of 31 free and sovereign states, which form a union that exercises a degree of jurisdiction over Mexico City and other territories.", "United States In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere the Americas in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci (Latin: Americus Vespucius).[41] The first documentary evidence of the phrase \"United States of America\" is from a letter dated January 2, 1776, written by Stephen Moylan, Esq., George Washington's aide-de-camp and Muster-Master General of the Continental Army. Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed, Moylan expressed his wish to carry the \"full and ample powers of the United States of America\" to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort.[42][43][44] The first known publication of the phrase \"United States of America\" was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 6, 1776.[45]", "Federation A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central (federal) government. In a federation, the self-governing status of the component states, as well as the division of power between them and the central government, is typically constitutionally entrenched and may not be altered by a unilateral decision of either party, the states or the federal political body. Alternatively, federation is a form of government in which sovereign power is formally divided between a central authority and a number of constituent regions so that each region retains some degree of control over its internal affairs.[1][2]", "United States territory Under Article IV of the U.S. Constitution, territory is subject to and belongs to the United States (but not necessarily within the national boundaries or any individual state). This includes tracts of land or water not included within the limits of any State and not admitted as a State into the Union." ]	[ "United States The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America (/əˈmɛrɪkə/), is a federal republic[14][15] composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.[fn 6] At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km2)[17] and with over 324 million people, the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area[fn 7] and the third-most populous. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population is New York City. Forty-eight states and the capital's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, stretching across nine official time zones. The extremely diverse geography, climate, and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world's 17 megadiverse countries.[22]", "United States Paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago.[23] European colonization began in the 16th century. The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution, which began in 1775, and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776. The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power.[24] The current constitution was adopted in 1788, with the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century, acquiring new territories,[25] displacing Native American tribes, and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848.[25] During the second half of the 19th century, the Civil War led to the outlawing of slavery.[26][27] By the end of the century, the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean,[28] and its economy, driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution, began to soar.[29] The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the country's status as a global military power. The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower, the first country to develop nuclear weapons, the only country to use them in warfare, and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race, culminating with the 1969 moon landing. The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world's sole superpower.[30]" ]
test1432	jama otolaryngology head and neck surgery impact factor	[ "doc50979" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc50979", "doc50978", "doc1388283", "doc824029", "doc1028891", "doc1707855", "doc1804625", "doc1472750", "doc319025", "doc2000691", "doc2586477", "doc2550319", "doc1876893", "doc2173553", "doc824019", "doc1028889", "doc1980546", "doc1472751", "doc1652663", "doc416670", "doc1652682", "doc824018", "doc1652667", "doc1598552", "doc2657219", "doc2320941", "doc1178483", "doc2523207", "doc1253608", "doc1203026", "doc1076598", "doc1913246", "doc2403689", "doc182885", "doc1994361", "doc1472749", "doc2048404", "doc556237", "doc1202943", "doc1202940", "doc1202942", "doc1932525", "doc2060305", "doc1652666", "doc1038447", "doc1544638", "doc1840533", "doc2258343", "doc1652688", "doc2604049", "doc2630108", "doc1980545", "doc416674", "doc165059", "doc1028887", "doc1675227", "doc824020", "doc341500", "doc1778773", "doc416671", "doc514924", "doc1652669", "doc244240", "doc2290778", "doc1705715", "doc1707853", "doc2173555", "doc244238", "doc1982539", "doc1203006", "doc244236", "doc1561203", "doc893195", "doc1675229", "doc1203053", "doc270734", "doc1778781", "doc1186514", "doc1980543", "doc1122279", "doc1778780", "doc725901", "doc1202964", "doc270730", "doc1544593", "doc2403681", "doc1652664", "doc2297287", "doc86535", "doc2651053", "doc1544641", "doc847971", "doc1202977", "doc1388282", "doc2016797", "doc2403678", "doc804273", "doc1203055", "doc999879", "doc1203048" ]	[ "JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.915, ranking it 3rd out of 42 journals in the category \"Otorhinolaryngology\".[2]", "JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery (JAMA Otolaryng. Head Neck Surg.) is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by the American Medical Association covering all aspects of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases of the head, neck, ear, nose, and throat. The editor-in-chief Jay F. Piccirillo (Washington University School of Medicine). It was previously published under the title Archives of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, and established in 1925 under the title Archives of Otolaryngology.[1]", "Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 3.428, ranking it 3rd out of 20 journals in the category \"Medical Informatics\" (behind the Journal of Medical Internet Research).[1]", "The New England Journal of Medicine The journal usually has the highest impact factor of the journals of internal medicine. According to the Journal Citation Reports, NEJM had a 2014 impact factor of 55.873,[24] ranking it first of 153 journals in the category \"General & Internal Medicine\".[25] It was the only journal in the category with an impact factor of more than 50. By comparison, the second and third ranked journals in the category (The Lancet and JAMA) had impact factors of 45.217 and 35.289 respectively.[26]", "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 13.204, ranking it 1st out of 27 journals in the category \"Critical Care Medicine\"[13] and 1st out of 54 journals in the category \"Respiratory System\".[13]", "American Journal of Sports Medicine The American journal of Sports Medicine is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2014 impact factor is 4.362, ranking it 1 out of 72 journals in the category ‘Orthopedics’.[1] and 6 out of 81 journals in the category ‘Sport Sciences’.[2] The journal's 5-Year Impact Factor is currently listed at 5.084.", "Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.395.[8]", "Massachusetts Eye and Ear Mass. Eye and Ear has earned an international reputation for its successful treatment of the most difficult diseases and conditions of the eye, ear, nose, throat, head, and neck, and for its outstanding contributions to medical research and education. In 2015, MEEI has been ranked by U.S. News & World Report as the 4th best hospital in the United States for ophthalmology and 1st in the nation for otolaryngology.[3][4]", "Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences The Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that was originally published by the Department of the History of Medicine at Yale University and now is continued by Oxford University Press. It covers research on the history of medicine and was established in 1946. The editor-in-chief is Christopher Crenner (University of Kansas School of Medicine). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2011 impact factor of 0.714.[1]", "American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias The American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2010 impact factor is 1.774, ranking it 104 out of 185 journals in the category ‘Clinical Neurology’.[1] and 27 out of 45 journals in the category ‘Geriatrics & Gerontology’.[2]", "Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.494.[5]", "Journal of the American College of Cardiology The journal is abstracted and indexed in Current Contents, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Science Citation Index, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 19.896, ranking second out of 126 journals in the category \"Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems\".[2]", "Families, Systems and Health According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.131, ranking it 117th out of 162 journals in the category \"Public, Environmental & Occupational Health.\"[1]", "Journal of Public Health Management & Practice The Journal of Public Health Management & Practice (JPHMP) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed public health journal published by Wolters Kluwer, which was established in 1995. The Editor-in-chief is Lloyd F. Novick and the Associate Editor is Justin B. Moore. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.510.[1]", "The New England Journal of Medicine In September 1811, John Collins Warren, a Boston physician,[2] along with James Jackson, submitted a formal prospectus to establish the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and Collateral Branches of Science as a medical and philosophical journal.[3] Subsequently, the first issue of the New England Journal of Medicine and Surgery and the Collateral Branches of Medical Science was published in January 1812.[4] The journal was published quarterly.", "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine In January 2015, Jadwiga A. Wedzicha (Imperial College London) became editor-in-chief.[5]", "The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery The journal is the official scientific journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons and is affiliated with the American Orthopaedic Association, Eastern Orthopaedic Association, Mid-America Orthopaedic Association, and the Western Orthopaedic Association.[1] The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, British volume (now titled The Bone and Joint Journal) was the official journal of the Australian Orthopaedic Association, British Orthopaedic Association, British Orthopaedic Research Society, Canadian Orthopaedic Association, Canadian Orthopaedic Research Society, European Federation of National Associations of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, European Orthopaedic Research Society, Irish Orthopaedic Association, New Zealand Orthopaedic Association, and the South African Orthopaedic Association.[2]", "Massachusetts Eye and Ear The primary teaching hospital for Harvard Medical School in ophthalmology and otolaryngology, Mass. Eye and Ear trains more than 110 residents and fellows each year in its various sub-specialties, including cornea, neuro-ophthalmology, retina, eye pathology, pediatrics, glaucoma, ocular oncology, immunology, head & neck surgery, oncology, pediatric otolaryngology, facial plastics, otology and oto-neurology.[2] In addition to ophthalmology and otolarynology, the hospital provides patient services and conducts research and clinical training in audiology (diagnostics, hearing aids and cochlear implants), balance (vestibular), facial nerve, thyroid, voice and speech, and vision rehabilitation.", "Impact factor The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals with higher impact factors are often deemed to be more important than those with lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information. Impact factors are calculated yearly starting from 1975 for journals listed in the Journal Citation Reports.", "Citation impact Journal impact factors (JIFs) are a measure of the average number of citations that articles published by a journal in the previous two years have received in the current year. However, journals with very high impact factors are often based on a small number of very highly cited papers. For instance, most papers in Nature (impact factor 38.1, 2016) were \"only\" cited 10 or 20 times during the reference year (see figure). Journals with a \"low\" impact (e.g. PLOS One, impact factor 3.1) publish many papers that are cited 0 to 5 times but few highly cited articles.[11]", "Impact factor Beyond editorial policies that may skew the impact factor, journals can take overt steps to game the system. For example, in 2007, the specialist journal Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, with an impact factor of 0.66, published an editorial that cited all its articles from 2005 to 2006 in a protest against the \"absurd scientific situation in some countries\" related to use of the impact factor.[41] The large number of citations meant that the impact factor for that journal increased to 1.44. As a result of the increase, the journal was not included in the 2008 and 2009 Journal Citation Reports.[42]", "The New England Journal of Medicine The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is among the most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals[1] as well as the oldest continuously published one.[1]", "Impact factor IF\n\n\n2014\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n\n\nCitations\n\n\n2013\n\n\n+\n\n\nCitations\n\n\n2012\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPublications\n\n\n2013\n\n\n+\n\n\nPublications\n\n\n2012\n\n\n\n\n\n=\n\n\n\n29753\n+\n41924\n\n\n860\n+\n869\n\n\n\n=\n41.456\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\text{IF}}_{2014}={{\\text{Citations}}_{2013}+{\\text{Citations}}_{2012} \\over {\\text{Publications}}_{2013}+{\\text{Publications}}_{2012}}={29753+41924 \\over 860+869}=41.456}", "International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology ISUOG publishes its monthly peer-reviewed journal, Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 4.254.[2] Regular features include original articles, case reports, opinion articles and systematic reviews. Each month at least one article is selected to be free access and Journal Club slides are produced on a paper of high clinical impact.", "Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)/draft The Abridged Index Medicus provides a list of 114 selected \"core clinical journals\" (this subset of the medical literature can be searched in PubMed using a 'journal categories' filter).[17][18] Another useful grouping of core medical journals is the 2003 Brandon/Hill list, which includes 141 publications selected for a small medical library[19] (although this list is no longer maintained, the listed journals are of high quality). Core general medical journals include the New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), the Annals of Internal Medicine, the British Medical Journal (BMJ), and the Canadian Medical Association Journal. Core basic science and biology journals include Nature, Science and Cell.", "Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists BJOG is an editorially independent peer reviewed journal owned by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists publishing work in all areas of obstetrics and gynaecology, including contraception, urogynaecology, fertility, oncology and clinical practice. It is one of the most widely read journals in obstetrics and gynaecology. It had an Impact Factor of 3.437 and ISI Journal Citation Reports Ranking of 6/70 (Gynaecology) in 2009.[13] BJOG also release podcasts.", "American Medical Association The AMA's stated mission is \"to bring together physicians and communities to improve the nationâ€™s health.\"[5] The Association also publishes the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), which has the largest circulation of any weekly medical journal in the world.[6] The AMA also publishes a list of Physician Specialty Codes which are the standard method in the U.S. for identifying physician and practice specialties.", "Cochrane Library According to Journal Citation Reports, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews has a 2016 impact factor of 6.264, ranking 14th out of 154 in the category \"Medicine, General & Internal category\".[6] Reviews are abstracted and indexed in the following bibliographic databases: Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE.[7]", "European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 2.544, ranking it 37th out of 72 journals in the category \"Infectious Diseases\"[5] and 55th out of 119 journals in the category \"Microbiology\".[6]", "Jamaica (From the Jamaica Information Service)[116]", "Translational Research (journal) According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 5.03, ranking it second out of 30 journals in the category \"Medical Laboratory Technology\",[6] 17th out of 153 journals in the category \"Medicine, General & Internal\"[7] and 17th out of 123 journals in the category \"Medicine, Research & Experimental\"[8]", "Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation JCTC is ranked number 4 highest in the list of \"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry\" journals SCImago Journal Rank. JCTC has a weighted rank indicator (SJR) of 2,481 as of the year 2014. To give perspective, the popular multidisciplinary journal Nature (journal) has an SJR factor of 17,313. The journal had an average of 65.73 references per document in 2014.[7] In 2016, the journal had a total of 24,768 citations and an impact factor of 5.245.[5]", "Jamaican Americans A number of Jamaican Americans have excelled in international competition and carried home many trophies. Donald Quarrie won the 200 and the 4 × 100 meters relay Olympic Gold Medal. Merlene Ottey won the 200 and the 4 × 100 meters relay. George Headley, who was born in Panama in 1909, transported to Cuba, grew up in Jamaica. and lived in the United States.", "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 9.423.[16] PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal, with nearly 1.4Â million citations from 1999 to 2009 (the Journal of Biological Chemistry is the most cited journal over this period).[17]", "Journal of Business Ethics According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.837, ranking it 3rd out of 51 journals in the category \"Ethics\".[1]", "Massachusetts Eye and Ear Massachusetts Eye and Ear (Mass. Eye and Ear, or MEE) is a specialty hospital located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, which focuses on ophthalmology (eye), otolaryngology (ear/nose/throat), and related medicine and research. Founded in 1824 as the Boston Eye Infirmary (BEI), it has also been known as the Massachusetts Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary (MCEEI), and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (MEEI).[2] It is a teaching partner of Harvard Medical School.", "Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , the first in the field open access fully electronic peer-reviewed journal covering all aspects of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. It was established in 1998, and is published and financially sponsored by the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences. The editor-in-chief is Fakhreddin Jamali (University of Alberta). The Journal does not charge fees for neither publishing nor subscription. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 2.33 (2.51 5-Year).[3]", "American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery The academy represents more than 2,700 facial plastic and reconstructive surgeons throughout the world.[citation needed] It is a National Medical Specialty Society of the American Medical Association (AMA) and holds an official seat in both the AMA House of Delegates and the American College of Surgeons board of governors. Its members are surgeons whose focus is surgery of the face, head, and neck, and who subscribe to a code of ethics.", "Jamaica Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and head of state. Her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016. Jamaica is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with legislative power vested in the bicameral Parliament of Jamaica, consisting of an appointed Senate and a directly elected House of Representatives.", "Jamaica Jamaica (/dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen)) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning 10,990 square kilometres (4,240 sq mi) in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean. Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres (90 mi) south of Cuba, and 191 kilometres (119 mi) west of Hispaniola (the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic).", "Jamaica With 2.9 million people,[9] Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas (after the United States and Canada), and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean. Kingston is the country's capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans mainly have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Indian, Lebanese, and mixed-race minorities. Due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "Culture of Jamaica \"The Baha'i movement in Jamaica began about 50 years [in 1942] ago when a doctor from Portland, Dr. Malcolm King, brought the teaching from the United States.\"[2] In 2003, as part of the 60th anniversary celebration of the establishment of Baha'i in Jamaica, the Governor General of Jamaica, Sir Howard Cooke, proclaimed a National Bahá'í Day to be held annually on 25 July.[3] In 2005, the community of about 5000[4] celebrated their activity and presence in Jamaica with the international Bahá'í choir, The Voices of Bahá. The choir performed at Ward Theatre and the University's Chapel, with proceeds earmarked to two Jamaican charities, (one serving families of policemen slain in the line of duty, and the one Denham Town Golden Age Home).[5]", "Journal of Applied Physics The Journal of Applied Physics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal with a focus on the physics of modern technology. The journal was originally established in 1931 under the name of Physics, and was published by the American Physical Society for its first 7 volumes. In January 1937, ownership was transferred to the American Institute of Physics \"in line with the efforts of the American Physical Society to enhance the standing of physics as a profession\".[1] The journal's current editor-in-chief is AndrÃ© Anders (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory). According to the 2015 Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.068.[2]", "Impact factor For example, Nature had an impact score of 41.456 in 2014:[2]", "Reliability of Wikipedia A 2012 study reported that Wikipedia articles about pediatric otolaryngology contained twice as many errors and omissions as the medical database eMedicine.[89]", "Colony of Jamaica Kingston in 1891", "Case report Many international journals will publish case reports, but they restrict the number that appear in the print run because this has an adverse effect on the journal's impact factor. Case reports are often put in the internet part of the journal and there is often still a requirement for a subscription to access them. However, there are a few that are devoted to publishing case reports alone, and these are all open access. The first of these to start publishing, in 2001, was Grand Rounds.[10] Other similar journals include Case Reports in Medicine,[11] Journal of Medical Case Reports, Oncology Reports, Oncology Letters and Cases Journal; all of them publish peer-reviewed case reports in all areas of medicine. Cases Journal recently merged with the Journal of Medical Case Reports but still maintains an independent internet portal. BMJ Case Reports is an online, peer-reviewed journal publishing cases in all disciplines. Radiology Case Reports[12] and the Journal of Radiology Case Reports[13] are open-access peer-reviewed journals focusing on medical imaging. Journal of Surgical Case Reports[14] is an open access peer-reviewed journal that considers case reports in the field of surgery. Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports[15] is an open access, peer-reviewed journal. Oncology Reports and Oncology Letters both publish case reports exclusively as open access, peer-reviewed journals in the field of oncology and cancer medicine. Human Pathology: Case Reports [16] is an open access, peer-reviewed journal publishing all aspects of pathology, regardless of the system affected.", "International Journal of the Sociology of Language Google Scholar calculates that the h5-index for this journal is 16, the h5-index being \"the largest number h such that h articles published in 2010-2014 have at least h citations each.\"[4] The h5-median score is 22; \"the h5-median for a publication is the median number of citations for the articles that make up its h5-index.\"", "Impact factor Université de Montréal, Imperial College London, PLOS, eLife, EMBO Journal, The Royal Society, Nature and Science proposed citation distributions metrics as alternative to impact factors.[49][50][51]", "Northeast Ohio Medical University 922 (2015)[2]", "Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research The Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering cancer research. It was established in 1982 and has been published by BioMed Central since 2008, when the journal joined BioMed Central.[1] It is the official journal of the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute. The editor-in-chief is Mauro Castelli (Regina Elena National Cancer Institute). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 6.217.[2]", "The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery The journal is abstracted and indexed in:", "Citation impact As early as 2004, the BMJ published the number of views for its articles, which was found to be somewhat correlated to citations.[23] In 2008 the Journal of Medical Internet Research began publishing views and Tweets. These \"tweetations\" proved to be a good indicator of highly cited articles, leading the author to propose a \"Twimpact factor\", which is the number of Tweets it receives in the first seven days of publication, as well as a Twindex, which is the rank percentile of an article's Twimpact factor.[24]", "Trinidad and Tobago Between 2008 and 2014, scientists collaborated most with their peers from the United States (251 papers), United Kingdom (183), Canada (95), India (63) and Jamaica (43), according to the copublication record of Thomson Reuters. In turn, Jamaican scientists considered their counterparts from Trinidad and Tobago to be their fourth-closest collaborators (with 43 joint papers) after those from the United States, United Kingdom and Canada.[69]", "American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine The journal was established by the National Tuberculosis Association (which became the American Lung Association (ALA)) which published the journal from 1917 until 1994 when the medical section of the ALA, the American Thoracic Society became the publisher.[2]", "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Statistics in Society (ISSNÂ 0964-1998) is published quarterly. . Its 2015 impact factor is 1.6.[4]", "The New England Journal of Medicine On April 29, 1823, another publication, the Boston Medical Intelligencer, appeared under the stewardship of Jerome V.C. Smith.[5][6]", "Journal of the International Phonetic Association The Journal of the International Phonetic Association (JIPA, /ˈdʒaɪpə/[1]) is a peer-reviewed academic journal that appears three times a year. It is published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the International Phonetic Association. It was established as Dhi Fonètik Tîtcer (\"The Phonetic Teacher\") in 1886. In 1889, it was renamed Le Maître Phonétique and French was designated as the Association's official language.[2] It was written entirely in the IPA, with its name being written accordingly as \"lə mɛːtrə fɔnetik\" and hence abbreviated \"mf\", until it obtained its current name and English became the official language again in 1971.[3][2] It covers topics in phonetics and applied phonetics such as speech therapy and voice recognition. The editor-in-chief is Adrian P. Simpson (Friedrich-Schiller-Universität). The journal is abstracted and indexed in the MLA Bibliography.", "Economy of Jamaica In April 2014, the Governments of Jamaica and China signed the preliminary agreements for the first phase of the Jamaican Logistics Hub (JLH) - the initiative that aims to position Kingston as the fourth node in the global logistics chain, joining Rotterdam, Dubai and Singapore, and serving the Americas.[10] The Project, when completed, is expected to provide many jobs for Jamaicans, Economic Zones for multinational companies[11] and much needed economic growth to alleviate the country's heavy debt-to-GDP ratio. Strict adherence to the IMF's refinancing programme and preparations for the JLH has favourably affected Jamaica's credit rating and outlook from the three biggest rating agencies.", "Citation impact JIFs are often mis-interpreted as a measure for journal quality or even article quality. The JIF is a journal-level metric, not an article-level metric, hence its use to determine the impact of a single article is statistically invalid. Citation distribution is skewed for journals because a very small number of articles is driving the vast majority of citations (see figure). Therefore, some journals have stopped publicizing their impact factor, e.g. the journals of the American Society for Microbiology.[12]", "Plastic surgery In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.", "Impact factor New journals, which are indexed from their first published issue, will receive an impact factor after two years of indexing; in this case, the citations to the year prior to Volume 1, and the number of articles published in the year prior to Volume 1, are known zero values. Journals that are indexed starting with a volume other than the first volume will not get an impact factor until they have been indexed for three years. Occasionally, Journal Citation Reports assigns an impact factor to new journals with less than two years of indexing, based on partial citation data.[3][4] The calculation always uses two complete and known years of item counts, but for new titles one of the known counts is zero. Annuals and other irregular publications sometimes publish no items in a particular year, affecting the count. The impact factor relates to a specific time period; it is possible to calculate it for any desired period. For example, the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) also includes a five-year impact factor, which is calculated by dividing the number of citations to the journal in a given year by the number of articles published in that journal in the previous five years.[5][6]", "Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS Previews, Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chemistry Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Science Citation Index and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 16.094.[12]", "Afro-Jamaican To a large extent, Jamaican customs and culture were fashioned by sugar. According to John Hearne (1965), for two hundred years sugar was the only reason behind Jamaica's existence as a centre for human habitation. For centuries, sugar was Jamaica's most important crop. Jamaica was once considered the \"jewel\" in Britain's crown. In 1805, the island's peak of sugar production, it produced 101,600 tonnes of sugar. It was the world's leading individual sugar producer.", "Proceedings of the Royal Society Proceedings of the Royal Society A publishes peer-reviewed research articles in the mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences. As of 2017[update] editor-in-chief is Professor Sir Mark Welland[1][8] FRS. According to Journal Citation Reports, As of 2014[update] the journal has a impact factor of 2.192[9]", "American Journal of Sports Medicine American Journal of Sports Medicine is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes papers in the field of Sport Sciences. The journal's editor is Bruce Reider, MD. It has been in publication since 1972 and is currently published by SAGE Publications in association with American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine.", "Journal of Public Health Management & Practice The journal's Editor-in-chief is Lloyd F. Novick and the Associate Editor is Justin B. Moore. There are a few Consulting Editors for various health topics, including Public Health Ethics, Environmental & Occupational Health, Human Subjects Protection, Community-Based Practice, Biostatistics, and Infectious Diseases.[2]", "Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS, Cambridge Scientific Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents, BIOBASE/Current Awareness in Biological Sciences, EMBASE, Embiology, Engineering Index, Metals Abstracts, PASCAL, Physics Abstracts, Physikalische Berichte, Polymer Contents, Science Citation Index, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.673.[11]", "Jamia Millia Islamia Jamia Millia Islamia was ranked 801-1000 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2018[10] and 201-250 in Asia.[11] The QS World University Rankings of 2018 ranked it 200 in Asia.[9] It was ranked 19 in India overall by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2018,[12] 12 among universities,[13] 32 in the engineering ranking[14] and 34 in the management ranking.[17]", "Jamaica Additionally, some Jamaicans use one or more of Jamaican Sign Language (JSL), American Sign Language (ASL) or the indigenous Jamaican Country Sign Language (Konchri Sain).[84] Both JSL and ASL are rapidly replacing Konchri Sain for a variety of reasons.[84]", "Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry is abstracted and indexed in Biosis Previews, Chemical Abstracts, Chemical Citation Index, Current Contents/Physics, Chemistry & Engineering, Engineering Index, Metals Abstracts, PASCAL, Physics Abstracts, Physikalische Berichte, Polymer Contents, Science Citation Index and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 2.495.[10]", "Jamaica (LIRR station) The project had two goals: Passenger-oriented renovations included new platforms and pedestrian bridge, a central elevator bank linking the LIRR to the street and to the Sutphin Blvd subway station, a new mezzanine connecting to AirTrain and a new steel and glass canopy over the elevated tracks.[7] The focal point of the project was the Jamaica Control Center, built by Tishman Construction Corporation and Bechtel. The JCC houses the LIRR offices, railroad control center and MTA Police.[8] Overall, the renovations enlarged the station and have made it more modern and efficient, providing easier access to all eight LIRR tracks. The entire station complex, including AirTrain and the subway, is compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA). The project was named \"2006 Project of the Year\" by the Long Island branch of the American Society of Civil Engineers.[9]", "Jamaica at the 2008 Summer Olympics Jamaica is a large island with approximately 2.8 million residents that lies in the northern Caribbean Sea. Lying to the south of Cuba and to the southwest of the countries on Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), the island was originally colonized by the Spanish Empire until the British seized control of the island in 1655.[1] Jamaica first competed as a British colony at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, England, and competed at the next two Summer Olympics under the same auspices of the British Empire.[2] The colony joined Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados in 1958 to form the West Indies Federation,[1] competing jointly with those nations at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.[3] Jamaica later withdrew from the West Indies Federation, declaring complete independence from Great Britain in 1962,[1] And participated as an independent nation for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Between 1964 and 2008, the Caribbean nation sent delegations to all twelve Summer Olympic games, in addition to five Winter Olympic games.[2]", "Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Statistical Methodology (ISSNÂ 1369-7412) is published six times a year. Its 2015 impact factor is 5.7.[5]", "Jamaica In April 2014, the Governments of Jamaica and China signed the preliminary agreements for the first phase of the Jamaican Logistics Hub (JLH) â€“ the initiative that aims to position Kingston as the fourth node in the global logistics chain, joining Rotterdam, Dubai and Singapore, and serving the Americas.[138] The Project, when completed, is expected to provide many jobs for Jamaicans, Economic Zones for multinational companies[139] and much needed economic growth to alleviate the country's heavy debt-to-GDP ratio. Strict adherence to the IMF's refinancing programme and preparations for the JLH has favourably affected Jamaica's credit rating and outlook from the three biggest rating agencies.", "Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens [11] Jamaica has a modest number of diplomatic missions and consulates in the world they are maintained under the umbrella of the Jamaican Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. They are official representative of the government of one state in the territory of another, normally acting to assist and protect the citizens of the consul's own country, and to facilitate trade and friendship between the people of the two countries.", "Economy of Jamaica Despite some revival, economic growth is still low: the Jamaican Government is forecasting real gross domestic product (GDP) growth of 1.9 per cent for the fiscal year 2015/2016 and the country continues to be confronted by serious social issues that predominantly affect youth, such as high levels of crime and violence and high unemployment. Jamaica, which had seen its poverty rate drop almost 20 percent over two decades, saw it increase by eight percent in a few years.", "Jamaican dollar From its introduction, the Jamaican dollar has fallen from a peak of J$0.77 to US$1 in its first few years of circulation to a series of new lows exceeding J$129 to US$1 in November 2016. It was a huge setback to their economy.[1]", "The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery is a biweekly peer-reviewed medical journal in the field of orthopedic surgery. It is published by the non-profit corporation The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc. It was established as the Transactions of the American Orthopedic Association in 1889, published by the American Orthopedic Association. In 1903, volume 16 of the Transactions became the first volume of the American Journal of Orthopedic Surgery, which was renamed Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1919 and also became the official journal of the British Orthopaedic Association. The journal obtained its current name in 1921.", "White coat ceremony On December 6, 2012, the School of Medicine at the All American Institute of Medical Sciences, Jamaica, became the first in Jamaica to introduce this ritual, for its Basic Sciences medical students.", "Economy of Jamaica The reform program is beginning to bear fruit: Institutional reforms and measures to improve the environment for the private sector have started to restore confidence in the Jamaican economy. Jamaica jumped 27 places to 58 among 189 economies worldwide in the 2015 Doing Business ranking, the countryâ€™s credit rating has improved and the Government has successfully raised more than US$2 billion in the international capital in the markets in 2014 and 2015..", "JOM (journal) Many articles can be viewed free, online at Springerlink.[3]", "Jamaica Jamaica is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II serving as the Jamaican monarch.[34] As Elizabeth II is shared as head of state of fifteen other countries and resides mostly in the United Kingdom, she is thus often represented as Queen of Jamaica in Jamaica and abroad by the Governor-General of Jamaica.[35]", "Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens Visa requirements for Jamaican citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Jamaica. As of 10 July 2018, Jamaican citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 85 countries and territories, ranking the Jamaican passport 59th in terms of travel freedom according to Henley Passport Index.[1]", "Colony of Jamaica English map from the 1600s[10]", "Jamaican Americans The top 10 U.S. metropolitan areas with the largest populations of Jamaicans (Source: Census 2010)[6]", "Impact factor In any given year, the impact factor of a journal is the number of citations, received in that year, of articles published in that journal during the two preceding years, divided by the total number of articles published in that journal during the two preceding years:[1]", "Arthroscopy (journal) Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery is a peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 1985 and covers research on the clinical practice of arthroscopic and minimally invasive surgery, a subspecialty of orthopedic surgery. It is the official journal of the Arthroscopy Association of North America, the International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine, and the International Society for Hip Arthroscopy. The initiative in establishing the journal was taken by Robert Metcalf and the first editor-in-chief was S. Ward Casscells, who was succeeded in 1992 by Gary G. Poehling. In 2014 James H. Lubowitz succeeded the retiring Dr. Poehling. [1][2] Arthroscopy Techniques is an open access online companion journal publishing peer-reviewed techniques videos.", "Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research In the last few years, the centre's faculty members have published their research in some of the most prestigious scientific journals, including Nature, Nature Medicine, Science, Evolution, the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Angewandte Chemie, the Journal of Fluid Mechanics, and Physical Review Letters. JNCASR contributes about 200 journal paper a year.", "Linguistics (journal) The journal has a Thomson Reuters 2015 impact factor of 0.763 and a 5-year impact factor of 0.872.", "Colony of Jamaica View of Kingston in 1907 showing damage caused by the earthquake.", "Ear The pinnae have an effect on facial appearance. In Western societies, protruding ears (present in about 5% of ethnic Europeans) have been considered unattractive, particularly if asymmetric.[44] The first surgery to reduce the projection of prominent ears was published in the medical literature by Ernst Dieffenbach in 1845, and the first case report in 1881.[45]", "Jamaica Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean.[43] It lies between latitudes 17° and 19°N, and longitudes 76° and 79°W. Mountains, including the Blue Mountains, dominate the inland. They are surrounded by a narrow coastal plain.[44] Jamaica only has two cities, the first being Kingston, the capital city and centre of business, located on the south coast and the 'second' city being Montego Bay, one of the best known cities in the Caribbean for tourism, located on the north coast. Other towns include Portmore, Spanish Town, Mandeville and the resort towns of Ocho Ríos, Port Antonio and Negril.[45]", "Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association The Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in the field of medical informatics published by the American Medical Informatics Association.", "History of journalism On the abolition of slavery in the 1830s, Gleaner Company was founded by two Jamaican Jewish brothers, Joshua and Jacob De Cordova, budding businessmen who represented the new class of light-skinned Jamaicans taking over post-Emancipation Jamaica.[42] While the Gleaner represented the new establishment for the next century, there was a growing black, nationalist movement that campaigned for increased political representation and rights in the early twentieth century. To this end, Osmond Theodore Fairclough founded Public Opinion in 1937. O.T. Fairclough was supported by radical journalists Frank Hill and H.P. Jacobs, and the first editorial of this new newspaper tried to galvanise public opinion around a new nationalism. Strongly aligned to the People's National Party (PNP), Public Opinion counted among its journalists progressive figures such as Roger Mais, Una Marson, Amy Bailey, Louis Marriott, Peter Abrahams, and future prime minister Michael Manley, among others.[43]", "Jamaican Americans The median age for Jamaican immigrants in 49 years old, which is significantly higher than the general immigrant median age. And according to the MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2014 ACS – 6% of Caribbean immigrants are under the age of 18, 75% are between the ages of 18 – 64, and 19% are 65 and older.[4] 24% of Jamaican immigrants have a bachelor’s degree (which is a bit lower than the general immigrant population, which is 29%).76% of Jamaican immigrants are working age (18 to 64). According to the MPI tabulation of data from the U.S. Census Bureau 2014 ACS – 30% of Caribbean immigrants are in the service occupations, 21% are in sales and office positions, and 25% are in management, business, science, and arts occupations and only 9% of Jamaican immigrants are in construction, and maintenance jobs. Jamaicans specifically, 32-37% go seek management, business, science, and arts positions. The median Jamaican immigrant yearly income is $51,000 with a 13% poverty rate. The median Jamaican immigrant income is higher than the average Caribbean immigrant income, which is about $41,000 with a 20% poverty rate (and Dominican immigrants income is as low as $32,000 with a 24% poverty rate) (U.S. Census Bureau 2014). According to World Bank data, in 2014, the Caribbean as a whole as sent $9.7billion, 8% of the US GDP as remittances, not including Cuba, which is estimated to send $1.8 billion.[citation needed]", "Optik (journal) Despite its low impact factor (0.769 as of 2013, ranking it 52 out of 64 in the Journal Citation Reports, category \"Optics\"), Optik has published a number of highly cited papers, one[1] having as many as 1250 citations according to the Web of Science (2008).", "Jamaica The Jamaican road network consists of almost 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roads, of which over 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) is paved.[1] The Jamaican Government has, since the late 1990s and in cooperation with private investors, embarked on a campaign of infrastructural improvement projects, one of which includes the creation of a system of freeways, the first such access-controlled roadways of their kind on the island, connecting the main population centres of the island. This project has so far seen the completion of 33 kilometres (21 mi) of freeway.", "U.S. News & World Report Since 1990, U.S. News & World Report has compiled the Best Hospitals rankings.[36] The Best Hospitals rankings are specifically based on a different methodology that looks at difficult (high acuity) cases within 16 specialties, including cancer; diabetes and endocrinology; ear, nose and throat; gastroenterology; geriatrics; gynecology; heart and heart surgery; kidney disorders; neurology and neurosurgery; ophthalmology; orthopedics; psychiatry; pulmonology; rehabilitation; rheumatology; and urology.[37][38] In addition to rankings for each of these specialties, hospitals that excel in many U.S. News areas are ranked in the Honor Roll.[39]", "Jamaica Jamaica has a wide variety of industrial and commercial activities. The aviation industry is able to perform most routine aircraft maintenance, except for heavy structural repairs. There is a considerable amount of technical support for transport and agricultural aviation. Jamaica has a considerable amount of industrial engineering, light manufacturing, including metal fabrication, metal roofing, and furniture manufacturing. Food and beverage processing, glassware manufacturing, software and data processing, printing and publishing, insurance underwriting, music and recording, and advanced education activities can be found in the larger urban areas. The Jamaican construction industry is entirely self-sufficient, with professional technical standards and guidance.[135]" ]	[ "JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 2.915, ranking it 3rd out of 42 journals in the category \"Otorhinolaryngology\".[2]" ]
test398	who is credited with creating the gothic art movement	[ "doc14935" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc14935", "doc14932", "doc14938", "doc952430", "doc14940", "doc1993887", "doc952517", "doc952426", "doc14950", "doc952422", "doc2610211", "doc14941", "doc14953", "doc2400964", "doc1329540", "doc368030", "doc14955", "doc1337438", "doc14939", "doc14945", "doc952434", "doc1592032", "doc1445718", "doc1329541", "doc14951", "doc952444", "doc952454", "doc952451", "doc952425", "doc1491639", "doc1445734", "doc1445735", "doc1786612", "doc2610232", "doc1337424", "doc1337428", "doc14933", "doc952431", "doc14942", "doc1623293", "doc952428", "doc112322", "doc14958", "doc1786614", "doc952455", "doc1579471", "doc952436", "doc1189285", "doc983276", "doc358742", "doc14954", "doc1993907", "doc1337437", "doc1882493", "doc1623291", "doc2201406", "doc14936", "doc952438", "doc14949", "doc859609", "doc14956", "doc14947", "doc1445723", "doc14934", "doc938321", "doc1329598", "doc1500568", "doc952437", "doc1445655", "doc14944", "doc1667221", "doc952424", "doc2400984", "doc1968960", "doc1786606", "doc1834990", "doc952429", "doc1337439", "doc628216", "doc952491", "doc1337425", "doc870786", "doc952452", "doc2035828", "doc938322", "doc368027", "doc1548110", "doc952435", "doc1548111", "doc108076", "doc1445737", "doc2400982", "doc1786627", "doc1500471", "doc2610212", "doc1993910", "doc1445695", "doc952467", "doc1329548", "doc952447" ]	[ "Gothic art Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger.[1] The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, both monumental and personal in size, textile art, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including fresco, stained glass, the illuminated manuscript, and panel painting.[2] Monastic orders, especially the Cistercians and the Carthusians, were important builders who disseminated the style and developed distinctive variants of it across Europe. Regional variations of architecture remained important, even when, by the late 14th century, a coherent universal style known as International Gothic had evolved, which continued until the late 15th century, and beyond in many areas.", "Gothic art Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, and much of Southern and Central Europe, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy. In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century, before being subsumed into Renaissance art. Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts. The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles, are typically used to define the periods in art in all media, although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace.", "Gothic art The word \"Gothic\" for art was initially used as a synonym for \"Barbaric\", and was therefore used pejoratively.[4] Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too remote from the aesthetic proportions and shapes of Classical art.[5] Renaissance authors believed that the Sack of Rome by the Gothic tribes in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical world and all the values they held dear. In the 15th century, various Italian architects and writers complained that the new 'barbarian' styles filtering down from north of the Alps posed a similar threat to the classical revival promoted by the early Renaissance.[6] The \"Gothic\" qualifier for this art was first used in Raphael's letter to Pope Leo X c. 1518 and was subsequently popularised by the Italian artist and writer Giorgio Vasari,[7] who used it as early as 1530, calling Gothic art a \"monstrous and barbarous\" \"disorder\".[8] Raphael claimed that the pointed arches of northern architecture were an echo of the primitive huts the Germanic forest dwellers formed by bending trees together - a myth which would resurface much later in a more positive sense in the writings of the German Romantic movement. \"Gothic art\" was strongly criticized by French authors such as Boileau, La Bruyère, Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art, and the wording becoming fixed.[9] Molière would famously comment on Gothic:", "Gothic architecture The first movements that reevaluated medieval art took place in the 18th century,[1] even when the Académie Royale d'Architecture met in Paris on 21 July 1710 and, amongst other subjects, discussed the new fashions of bowed and cusped arches on chimneypieces being employed to \"finish the top of their openings. The Academy disapproved of several of these new manners, which are defective and which belong for the most part to the Gothic.\"[5] Despite resistance in the 19th and 20th centuries, such as the writings of Wilhelm Worringer, critics like Père Laugier, William Gilpin, August Wilhelm Schlegel and other critics began to give the term a more positive meaning. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe called Gothic the \"deutsche Architektur\" and the \"embodiment of German genius,\" while some French writers like Camille Enlart instead nationalised it for France, dubbing it \"architecture français.\" This second group made some of their claims using the chronicle of Burchard von Halle that tells of the Church of Bad Wimpfen's construction \"opere francigeno,\" or \"in the French style.\" Today, the term is defined with spatial observations and historical and ideological information.[1]", "Gothic art In its beginning, Gothic art was initially called \"French work\" (Opus Francigenum), thus attesting the priority of France in the creation of this style.[5]", "Art of Europe Gothic art is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with Gothic architecture in 1140, but Gothic painting did not appear until around 1200 (this date has many qualifications), when it diverged from Romanesque style. Gothic sculpture was born in France in 1144 with the renovation of the Abbey Church of S. Denis and spread throughout Europe, by the 13th century it had become the international style, replacing Romanesque. International Gothic describes Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art merges into Renaissance art at different times in different places. During this period forms such as painting, in fresco and on panel, become newly important, and the end of the period includes new media such as prints.", "Gothic architecture While some credit for this new ideation can reasonably be assigned to German and English writers, namely Johannes Vetter, Franz Mertens, and Robert Willis respectively, this emerging style's champion was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, whose lead was taken by archaeologists, historians, and architects like Jules Quicherat, Auguste Choisy, and Marcel Aubert.[6] In the last years of the 19th century, a trend among study in art history emerged in Germany that a building, as defined by Henri Focillon was an interpretation of space.[48] When applied to Gothic cathedrals, historians and architects used to the dimensions of 17th and 18th Baroque or Neoclassical structures, were astounded by the height and extreme length of the cathedrals compared to its proportionally modest width. Goethe, in the preceding century, was mesmerised by the space within a Gothic church and succeeding historians like Georg Dehio, Walter Ueberwasser, Paul Frankl, and Maria Velte sought to rediscover the methodology used in their construction by making measurements and drawings of the buildings, and reading and making conjectures from documents and treaties pertaining to their construction.[55]", "Gothic architecture The term \"Gothic architecture\" originated as a pejorative description. Giorgio Vasari used the term \"barbarous German style\" in his 1550 Lives of the Artists to describe what is now considered the Gothic style,[2] and in the introduction to the Lives he attributes various architectural features to \"the Goths\" whom he held responsible for destroying the ancient buildings after they conquered Rome, and erecting new ones in this style.[3] Vasari was not alone among 15th and 16th Italian writers, as Filarete and Giannozzo Manetti had also written scathing criticisms of the Gothic style, calling it a \"barbaric prelude to the Renaissance.\" Vasari and company were writing at a time when many aspects and vocabulary pertaining to Classical architecture had been reasserted with the Renaissance in the late 15th and 16th centuries, and they had the perspective that the \"maniera tedesca\" or \"maniera dei Goti\" was the antithesis of this resurgent style leading to the continuation of this negative connotation in the 17th century.[1] François Rabelais, also of the 16th century, imagines an inscription over the door of his utopian Abbey of Thélème, \"Here enter no hypocrites, bigots...\" slipping in a slighting reference to \"Gotz\" and \"Ostrogotz.\"[a] Molière also made this note of the Gothic style in the 1669 poem La Gloire:[1]", "Gothic art In Italy Nicola Pisano (1258–78) and his son Giovanni developed a style that is often called Proto-Renaissance, with unmistakable influence from Roman sarcophagi and sophisticated and crowded compositions, including a sympathetic handling of nudity, in relief panels on their pulpit of Siena Cathedral (1265–68), the Fontana Maggiore in Perugia, and Giovanni's pulpit in Pistoia of 1301.[17]", "Gothic architecture Gothic architecture is an architectural style that flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Originating in 12th century France and lasting into the 16th century, Gothic architecture was known during the period as Opus Francigenum (\"French work\") with the term Gothic first appearing during the later part of the Renaissance. Its characteristics include the pointed arch, the ribbed vault (which evolved from the joint vaulting of Romanesque architecture) and the flying buttress. Gothic architecture is most familiar as the architecture of many of the great cathedrals, abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, guild halls, universities and to a less prominent extent, private dwellings, such as dorms and rooms.", "Catholic Church art Gothic art emerged in France in the mid-12th century. The Basilica at Saint-Denis built by Abbot Suger was the first major building in the Gothic style. New monastic orders, especially the Cistercians and the Carthusians, were important builders who developed distinctive styles which they disseminated across Europe. The Franciscan friars built functional city churches with huge open naves for preaching to large congregations. However regional variations remained important, even when, by the late 14th century, a coherent universal style known as International Gothic had evolved, which continued until the late 15th century, and beyond in many areas. The principal media of Gothic art were sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and the illuminated manuscript, though religious imagery was also expressed in metalwork, tapestries and embroidered vestments. The architectural innovations of the pointed arch and the flying buttress, allowed taller, lighter churches with large areas of glazed window. Gothic art made full use of this new environment, telling a narrative story through pictures, sculpture, stained glass and soaring architecture. Chartres cathedral is a prime example of this.", "Gothic art Painting in a style that can be called Gothic did not appear until about 1200, nearly 50 years after the origins of Gothic architecture and sculpture. The transition from Romanesque to Gothic is very imprecise and not at all a clear break, and Gothic ornamental detailing is often introduced before much change is seen in the style of figures or compositions themselves. Then figures become more animated in pose and facial expression, tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes, and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space, where there is room. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220 and Italy around 1300. Painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media: frescos, panel paintings, manuscript illumination and stained glass.", "Gothic art South portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1215-20).", "German art Romanesque art was the first artistic movement to encompass the whole of Western Europe, though with regional varieties. Germany was a central part of the movement, though German Romanesque architecture made rather less use of sculpture than that of France. With increasing prosperity massive churches were built in cities all over Germany, no longer just those patronized by the Imperial circle.[6] The French invented the Gothic style, and Germany was slow to adopt it, but once it had done so Germans made it their own, and continued to use it long after the rest of Europe had abandoned it. According to Henri Focillon, Gothic allowed German art \"to define for the first time certain aspects of its native genius-a vigorous and emphatic conception of life and form, in which theatrical ostentation mingled with vehement emotional frankness.\"[7] The Bamberg Horseman of the 1330s, in Bamberg Cathedral, is the oldest large post-antique standing stone equestrian statue; more medieval princely tomb monuments have survived from Germany than France or England. Romanesque and Early Gothic churches had wall paintings in local versions of international styles, of which few artists' names are known.[8]", "Gothic fiction Gothic fiction, which is largely known by the subgenre of Gothic horror, is a genre or mode of literature and film that combines fiction and horror, death, and at times romance. Its origin is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled (in its second edition) \"A Gothic Story\". The effect of Gothic fiction feeds on a pleasing sort of terror, an extension of Romantic literary pleasures that were relatively new at the time of Walpole's novel. It originated in England in the second half of the 18th century where, following Walpole, it was further developed by Clara Reeve, Ann Radcliffe, William Thomas Beckford and Matthew Lewis. The genre had much success in the 19th century, as witnessed in prose by Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and the works of Edgar Allan Poe as well as Charles Dickens with his novella, A Christmas Carol, and in poetry in the work of Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron and Poe. Another well known novel in this genre, dating from the late Victorian era, is Bram Stoker's Dracula. The name Gothic refers to the (pseudo)-medieval buildings, emulating Gothic architecture, in which many of these stories take place. This extreme form of romanticism was very popular in England and Germany. The English Gothic novel also led to new novel types such as the German Schauerroman and the French Georgia.", "Church architecture The Gothic era began in 12th-century France. It was first coined by historiographer Giorgio Vasari.[18] The era began in north-eastern France and slowly spread throughout the rest of Europe. Multiple styles of Gothic architecture occurred, notably Rayonnant in the 13th century. A style known for its exaggerated geometrical features, making everything as astounding and eye-catching as possible. Shortly after an emerging style was born known as decorated gothic where these geometrical features were being applied to already complex structural forms.[20] Nearing the end of the Gothic period the art style had transcended to being just churches attempting to align themselves with god. Residences, guilds, government buildings all adopted this new architectural style.", "Gothic art Nicola Pisano, Nativity and Adoration of the Magi from the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistery.", "International Gothic Notable painters included Master Theoderic and the Master of the Třeboň Altarpiece in Bohemia, the Master of the Parement, Jacquemart de Hesdin and the Netherlandish Limbourg brothers in France, and Gentile da Fabriano, Lorenzo Monaco and Pisanello in Italy, the last taking the style into the Early Renaissance. In Burgundy Jean Malouel, Melchior Broederlam and Henri Bellechose were succeeded by Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck who took Early Netherlandish painting in the direction of greater illusionism. Master Bertram and Conrad von Soest were leading regional masters in Germany, working largely for city burghers. Surviving panel paintings of the best quality from before 1390 are very rare except from Italy and the Prague court. Many of these artists moved between countries or regions during their careers, exposing them to the styles of other centres. In particular Broederlam had spent some years in Italy, and it has been speculated that the Master of the Parement was himself Bohemian, as his known French works are very few, and extremely close to Bohemian art.[11]", "Gothic art The besotted taste of Gothic monuments,\nThese odious monsters of ignorant centuries,\nWhich the torrents of barbary spewed forth.[5]", "Gothic art During the late 13th century, scribes began to create prayer books for the laity, often known as books of hours due to their use at prescribed times of the day.[13] The earliest known example seems to have written for an unknown laywoman living in a small village near Oxford in about 1240. Nobility frequently purchased such texts, paying handsomely for decorative illustrations; among the most well-known creators of these is Jean Pucelle, whose Hours of Jeanne d'Evreux was commissioned by King Charles IV as a gift for his queen, Jeanne d'Évreux.[14] Elements of the French Gothic present in such works include the use of decorative page framing reminiscent of the architecture of the time with elongated and detailed figures.[13] The use of spatial indicators such as building elements and natural features such as trees and clouds also denote the French Gothic style of illumination.[13]", "Gothic architecture The roots of the Gothic style lie in those towns that, since the 11th century, had been enjoying increased prosperity and growth, began to experience more and more freedom from traditional feudal authority.[7] At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms. The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal State) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy under the system of Feudalism. France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, Scotland, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Sicily and Cyprus were independent kingdoms, as was the Angevin Empire, whose Plantagenet kings ruled England and large domains in what was to become modern France.[d] Norway came under the influence of England, while the other Scandinavian countries and Poland were influenced by trading contacts with the Hanseatic League. Angevin kings brought the Gothic tradition from France to Southern Italy, while Lusignan kings introduced French Gothic architecture to Cyprus. Gothic art is sometimes viewed as the art of the era of feudalism but also as being connected to change in medieval social structure, as the Gothic style of architecture seemed to parallel the beginning of the decline of feudalism.[8] Nevertheless, the influence of the established feudal elite can be seen in the Chateaux of French lords and in those churches sponsored by feudal lords.[9]", "Giorgio Vasari Often called \"the first art historian\",[7] Vasari invented the genre of the encyclopedia of artistic biographies with his Le Vite de' piÃ¹ eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori (Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects), dedicated to Grand Duke Cosimo I de' Medici, which was first published in 1550. He was the first to use the term \"Renaissance\" (rinascita) in print, though an awareness of the ongoing \"rebirth\" in the arts had been in the air since the time of Alberti, and he was responsible for our use of the term Gothic Art, though he only used the word Goth which he associated with the \"barbaric\" German style. The Lives also included a novel treatise on the technical methods employed in the arts.[8] The book was partly rewritten and enlarged in 1568, with the addition of woodcut portraits of artists (some conjectural).", "Medieval art Gothic art is a variable term depending on the craft, place and time. The term originated with the Gothic architecture which developed in France from about 1137 with the rebuilding of the Abbey Church of St Denis. As with Romanesque architecture, this included sculpture as an integral part of the style, with even larger portals and other figures on the facades of churches the location of the most important sculpture, until the late period, when large carved altarpieces and reredos, usually in painted and gilded wood, became an important focus in many churches. Gothic painting did not appear until around 1200 (this date has many qualifications), when it diverged from Romanesque style. A Gothic style in sculpture originates in France around 1144 and spread throughout Europe, becoming by the 13th century the international style, replacing Romanesque, though in sculpture and painting the transition was not as sharp as in architecture.", "Gothic fiction The novel usually regarded as the first Gothic novel is The Castle of Otranto by English author Horace Walpole, which was first published in 1764.[1] Walpole's declared aim was to combine elements of the medieval romance, which he deemed too fanciful, and the modern novel, which he considered to be too confined to strict realism.[2] The basic plot created many other staple Gothic generic traits, including a threatening mystery and an ancestral curse, as well as countless trappings such as hidden passages and oft-fainting heroines.", "Gothic art Another revival of classical style is seen in the International Gothic work of Claus Sluter and his followers in Burgundy and Flanders around 1400.[18] Late Gothic sculpture continued in the North, with a fashion for very large wooden sculpted altarpieces with increasingly virtuoso carving and large numbers agitated expressive figures; most surviving examples are in Germany, after much iconoclasm elsewhere. Tilman Riemenschneider, Veit Stoss and others continued the style well into the 16th century, gradually absorbing Italian Renaissance influences.[19]", "Gothic architecture The Gothic style originated in the Ile-de-France region of France at the Romanesque era in the first half of the 12th century,[31] at the Cathedral of Sens (1130–62) and Abbey of St-Denis (c. 1130–40 and 1140–44),[32] and did not immediately supersede it.[31] An example of this lack clean break is the blossoming of the Late Romanesque (German: Spätromanisch) in the Holy Roman Empire under the Hohenstaufens and Rhineland while the Gothic style spread into England and France in the 12th century.[16]", "Gothic architecture Even as the role of the monastic orders seemed to diminish in the dawn of the Gothic era, the orders still had their own parts to play in the spread of the Gothic style, also disproving the common evaluation of Romanesque as the rural monastic style and Gothic as the urban ecclesiastical style. Chief among early promoters of this style were the Benedictines in England, France, and Normandy. Gothic churches that can be associated with them include Durham Cathedral in England, the Abbey of St Denis, Vézelay Abbey, and Abbey of Saint-Remi in France. Later Benedictine projects (constructions and renovations), made possible by the continued prominence of the Benedictine order throughout the Middle Ages, include Reims's Abbey of Saint-Nicaise, Rouen's Abbey of Saint-Ouen, Abbey of St. Robert at La Chaise-Dieu, and the choir of Mont Saint-Michel in France; English examples are Westminster Abbey, and the reconstruction of the Benedictine church at Canterbury. The Cistercians also had a hand in the spread of the Gothic style, first utilizing the Romanesque style for their monasteries since their inception as a reflection of their poverty, they became the total disseminators of the Gothic style as far east and south as Poland and Hungary.[45] Smaller orders, the Carthusians and Premonstratensians, also built some 200 churches (usually near cities),[46] but it was the mendicant orders, the Franciscans and Dominicans, who would most affect the change of art from the Romanesque to the Gothic in the 13th and 14th centuries. Of the military orders, the Knights Templar did not much contribute while the Teutonic Order spread Gothic art into Pomerania, East Prussia, and the Baltic region.[47]", "Gothic architecture The beginning of the Gothic style is held by all modern historians to be in the first half of the 12th century at the Basilica of St Denis in the Ile-de-France,[40] the royal domain of the Capetian kings rich in industry and the wool trade,[41] because of the records he left during reconstruction of what he desired of this renovation, rather than the contemporary churches that explore some of the same ideas used at St. Denis.[37] Suger believed in the spiritual power of light and colour, following in the philosophy of the 3rd century pagan Dionysius the Areopagite, whose identity was fused with that of the patron saint of Paris, and leading him in the end to require large windows of stained glass.[e] This new church also needed to be larger than the previous Carolingian building to allow a greater number of pilgrims to feast inside the church.[42] The solution, Suger found, was to make unprecedented use of the ribbed vault and the pointed arch. St. Denis's plan possesses some very irregular shapes in its bays, prompting its architect to build the arches first so that arches of different height had keystones at the same height. Next the infill was added, and this method was proven to both provide more visual stimulation and speed up construction.[34]", "Gothic architecture Unlike with past and future styles of art, like the Carolingian style as noted by French art historian Louis Grodecki in his work Gothic Architecture, Gothic's lack of a definite historical or geographic nexus results in a weak concept of what truly is Gothic. This is further compounded by the fact that the technical, ornamentation, and formal features of Gothic are not entirely unique to it. Though modern historians have invariably accepted the conventional use of \"Gothic\" as a label, even in formal analysis processes due to a longstanding tradition of doing so, the definition of \"Gothic\" has historically varied wildly.[1]", "Culture of Europe Gothic art developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, and much of Southern and Central Europe, never quite effacing more classical styles in Italy. In the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century, before being subsumed into Renaissance art. Primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts. The easily recognizable shifts in architecture from Romanesque to Gothic, and Gothic to Renaissance styles, are typically used to define the periods in art in all media, although in many ways figurative art developed at a different pace.", "Medieval art There was no equivalent for pictorial art of the \"Gothic survival\" found in architecture, once the style had finally died off in Germany, England and Scandinavia, and the Gothic Revival long focused on Gothic Architecture rather than art. The understanding of the succession of styles was still very weak, as suggested by the title of Thomas Rickman's pioneering book on English architecture: An Attempt to discriminate the Styles of English Architecture from the Conquest to the Reformation (1817). This began to change with a vengeance by the mid-19th century, as appreciation of medieval sculpture and its painting, known as Italian or Flemish \"Primitives\", became fashionable under the influence of writers including John Ruskin, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, and Pugin, as well as the romantic medievalism of literary works like Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1819) and Victor Hugo's The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831). Early collectors of the \"Primitives\", then still relatively cheap, included Prince Albert.", "Medieval art Among artists the German Nazarene movement from 1809 and English Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood from 1848 both rejected the values of at least the later Renaissance, but in practice, and despite sometimes depicting medieval scenes, their work draws its influences mostly from the Early Renaissance rather than the Gothic or earlier periods - the early graphic work of John Millais being something of an exception.[43] William Morris, also a discriminating collector of medieval art, absorbed medieval style more thoroughly into his work, as did William Burges.", "Arts and Crafts movement Some of the ideas of the movement were anticipated by A.W.N. Pugin (1812–1852), a leader in the Gothic revival in architecture. For example, he, like the Arts and Crafts artists, advocated truth to material, structure and function.[15] Pugin articulated the tendency of social critics to compare the faults of modern society (such as the sprawling growth of cities and the treatment of the poor) unfavorably with the Middle Ages,[16] a tendency that became routine with Ruskin, Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement. His book Contrasts (1836) drew examples of bad modern buildings and town planning in contrast with good medieval examples, and his biographer Rosemary Hill notes that in it he \"reached conclusions, almost in passing, about the importance of craftsmaship and tradition in architecture that it would take the rest of the century and the combined efforts of Ruskin and Morris to work out in detail.\" She describes the spare furnishings he specified for a building in 1841—\"rush chairs, oak tables\"—as \"the Arts and Crafts interior in embryo.\"[16]", "Catholic Church art The 19th Century saw a widespread repudiation by both Catholic and Protestant churches of Classicism, which was associated with the French Revolution and Enlightenment secularism. This led to the Gothic Revival, a return to Gothic-influenced forms in architecture, sculpture and painting, led by people such as Augustus Pugin in England and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in France. Across the world, thousands of Gothic churches and Cathedrals were produced in a new wave of church-building, and the collegiate Gothic style became the norm for other church institutions. Medieval Gothic churches, especially in England and France, were restored, often very heavy-handedly. In painting, similar attitudes led to the German Nazarene movement and the English Pre-Raphaelites. Both movements embraced both Catholic and Protestant members, but included some artists who converted to Catholicism.", "International Gothic International Gothic is a period of Gothic art which began in Burgundy, France and northern Italy in the late 14th and early 15th century.[1] It then spread very widely across Western Europe, hence the name for the period, which was introduced by the French art historian Louis Courajod at the end of the 19th century.[2]", "International Gothic The important Bohemian version of the style developed in the court of Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor in Prague, which for a brief period[5] became a leading force in the development of European art. Charles came from the Luxembourg dynasty, was tutored by the future Pope Clement VI, and as a youth spent seven years at the French court, as well as visiting Italy twice. This and family relationships gave him intimate links with the various courts of France, including that of the Avignon Papacy, and from 1363 the separate Valois Duchy of Burgundy under Philip the Bold. The Bohemian style initially lacked the elongated figures of other centres, but had a richness and sweetness in female figures that were very influential. Charles had at least one Italian altarpiece, apparently made in Italy and sent to Prague, near where it remains today in his showpiece Karlštejn Castle. For St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague, he first used a French architect, and then the German Peter Parler.[6]", "Gothic art The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture, on the walls of Cathedrals and abbeys. Christian art was often typological in nature (see Medieval allegory), showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady.", "Gothic architecture Since the studies of the 18th century, many have attempted to define the Gothic style using a list of characteristic features, principally with the pointed arch,[b] the vaulting supported by intersecting arches, and the flying buttress. Eventually, historians composed a fairly large list of those features that were alien to both early medieval and Classical arts that includes piers with groups of colonettes, pinnacles, gables, rose windows, and openings broken into many different lancet-shaped sections. Certain combinations thereof have been singled out for identifying regional or national sub-styles of Gothic or to follow the evolution of the style. From this emerge labels such as Flamboyant, Rayonnant, and the English Perpendicular because of the observation of components like window tracery and pier moldings. This idea, dubbed by Paul Frankl as \"componential,\" had also occurred to mid 19th century writers such as Arcisse de Caumont, Robert Willis and Franz Mertens.[1][c]", "Gothic art Frescoes continued to be used as the main pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian and Romanesque traditions. An accident of survival has given Denmark and Sweden the largest groups of surviving church wall paintings in the Biblia pauperum style, usually extending up to recently constructed cross vaults. In both Denmark and Sweden, they were almost all covered with limewash after the Reformation which has preserved them, but some have also remained untouched since their creation. Among the finest examples from Denmark are those of the Elmelunde Master from the Danish island of Møn who decorated the churches of Fanefjord, Keldby and Elmelunde.[10] Albertus Pictor is arguably the most well-known fresco artist from the period working in Sweden. Examples of Swedish churches with well-preserved frescos include Tensta, Gökhem and Anga churches.", "Italian art Gothic architecture began in northern Europe and spread southward to Italy.", "Gothic architecture In English 17th century usage, \"Goth\" was an equivalent of \"vandal,\" a savage despoiler with a Germanic heritage, and so came to be applied to the architectural styles of northern Europe from before the revival of classical types of architecture. According to a 19th-century correspondent in the London Journal Notes and Queries:[4]", "Renaissance The Italian artist and critic Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) first used the term rinascita retrospectively in his book The Lives of the Artists (published 1550). In the book Vasari attempted to define what he described as a break with the barbarities of gothic art: the arts (he held) had fallen into decay with the collapse of the Roman Empire and only the Tuscan artists, beginning with Cimabue (1240–1301) and Giotto (1267–1337) began to reverse this decline in the arts. Vasari saw antique art as central to the rebirth of Italian art.[101]", "Gothic art Man of Sorrows on the main portal of Ulm Münster by Hans Multscher, 1429.", "Arts and Crafts movement William Morris (1834â€“1896), the towering figure in late 19th century design, was the main influence on the Arts and Crafts movement. The aesthetic and social vision of the Arts and Crafts movement derived from ideas he developed in the 1850s with a group of students at the University of Oxford, who combined a love of Romantic literature with a commitment to social reform.[19] By 1855 they had discovered Ruskin and, believing there to be a contrast between the barbarity of contemporary art and the painters preceding Raphael (1483-1530), they formed themselves into the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood to pursue their artistic aims. The medievalism of Mallory's Morte d'Arthur set the standard for their early style.[20] In Edward Burne-Jones' words, they intended to \"wage Holy warfare against the age\".[21]", "Gothic architecture While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. 19th century art historians and critics, used to the Baroque or Neoclassical works of the 17th and 18th centuries, were astounded by the soaring heights of a Gothic cathedral and made note of the extreme length compared to proportionally modest width and accentuating clusters of support colonnettes.[48] This emphasis on verticality and light was applied to an ecclesiastical building was achieved by the development of certain architectural features of the Gothic style that, when together, provided inventive solutions to various engineering problems. As Eugène Viollet-le-Duc observed, the Gothic cathedral, almost always laid out in a cruciform shape, was based on a logical skeleton of clustered columns, pointed ribbed vaults and flying buttresses arranged in a system of diagonal arches and arches enclosing the vault field that allows the outward thrust exerted by the groin vaults to be channeled from the walls and into specific points on a supporting mass. The result of this curvature in the vaults and arches of the church was the casting of indeterminable localised thrust that architects learned to counter with an opposing thrust in the form of the flying buttress and application of calculated weight via the pinnacle. This dynamic system of various constituent elements filling a certain role allowed for the slimming of previously massive walls or replacement thereof with windows.[6] Gothic churches were also very ornamented and highly decorated, serving as a Poor Man's Bible and a record of their construction in the stained glass windows that admit light into the church interior and some of the gargoyles. These structures, for centuries the principle landmark in a town, would then often be surmounted by one or more towers and pinnacles and perhaps tall spires.[10][49]", "Renaissance of the 12th century British art historian Kenneth Clark wrote that Western Europe's first \"great age of civilisation\" was ready to begin around the year 1000. From 1100, he wrote, monumental abbeys and cathedrals were constructed and decorated with sculptures, hangings, mosaics and works belonging to one of the greatest epochs of art and providing stark contrast to the monotonous and cramped conditions of ordinary living during the period. Abbot Suger of the Abbey of St. Denis is considered an influential early patron of Gothic architecture and believed that love of beauty brought people closer to God: \"The dull mind rises to truth through that which is material\". Clark calls this \"the intellectual background of all the sublime works of art of the next century and in fact has remained the basis of our belief of the value of art until today\".[8]", "Gothic architecture The geographical expanse of the Gothic style is analogous to that of the Catholic Church, which prevailed across Europe at this time and influenced not only faith but also wealth and power.[9] Bishops were appointed by the feudal lords (Kings, Dukes, and other landowners) and they often ruled as virtual princes over large estates. The early Medieval periods had seen a rapid growth in monasticism, with several different orders being prevalent and spreading their influence widely. Foremost were the Benedictines whose great abbey churches vastly outnumbered any others in France and England. A part of their influence was that towns developed around them and they became centers of culture, learning and commerce. The Cluniac and Cistercian Orders were prevalent in France, the great monastery at Cluny having established a formula for a well planned monastic site which was then to influence all subsequent monastic building for many centuries. In the 13th century St. Francis of Assisi established the Franciscans, a mendicant order. The Dominicans, another mendicant order founded during the same period but by St. Dominic in Toulouse and Bologna, were particularly influential in the building of Italy's Gothic churches.[11]", "English novel Horace Walpole's 1764 novel, The Castle of Otranto, invented the Gothic fiction genre. The word gothic was originally used in the sense of medieval.[8] This genre combines \"the macabre, fantastic, and supernatural\" and usually involves haunted castles, graveyards and various picturesque elements.[9] Later novelist Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the Gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her most popular and influential work, The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), is frequently described as the archetypal Gothic novel. Vathek (1786), by William Beckford, and The Monk (1796), by Matthew Lewis, were further notable early works in both the Gothic and horror genres.", "Stained glass The Catholic revival in England, gaining force in the early 19th century with its renewed interest in the medieval church, brought a revival of church building in the Gothic style, claimed by John Ruskin to be \"the true Catholic style\". The architectural movement was led by Augustus Welby Pugin. Many new churches were planted in large towns and many old churches were restored. This brought about a great demand for the revival of the art of stained glass window making.", "Art history Scholars such as Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768), criticised Vasari's \"cult\" of artistic personality, and they argued that the real emphasis in the study of art should be the views of the learned beholder and not the unique viewpoint of the charismatic artist. Winckelmann's writings thus were the beginnings of art criticism. His two most notable works that introduced the concept of art criticism were Gedanken über die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke in der Malerei und Bildhauerkunst, published in 1755, shortly before he left for Rome (Fuseli published an English translation in 1765 under the title Reflections on the Painting and Sculpture of the Greeks), and Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums (History of Art in Antiquity), published in 1764 (this is the first occurrence of the phrase ‘history of art’ in the title of a book)\".[11] Winckelmann critiqued the artistic excesses of Baroque and Rococo forms, and was instrumental in reforming taste in favor of the more sober Neoclassicism. Jacob Burckhardt (1818–1897), one of the founders of art history, noted that Winckelmann was 'the first to distinguish between the periods of ancient art and to link the history of style with world history'. From Winckelmann until the mid-20th century, the field of art history was dominated by German-speaking academics. Winckelmann's work thus marked the entry of art history into the high-philosophical discourse of German culture.", "Gothic art West portal at Rheims Cathedral, Annunciation group.", "Art of Europe Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, so did Romanticism reject the ideas of the Enlightenment and the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists. Romanticism rejected the highly objective and ordered nature of Neoclassicism, and opted for a more individual and emotional approach to the arts.[27] Romanticism placed an emphasis on nature, especially when aiming to portray the power and beauty of the natural world, and emotions, and sought a highly personal approach to art. Romantic art was about individual feelings, not common themes, such as in Neoclassicism; in such a way, Romantic art often used colours in order to express feelings and emotion.[27] Similarly to Neoclassicism, Romantic art took much of its inspiration from ancient Greek and Roman art and mythology, yet, unlike Neoclassical, this inspiration was primarily used as a way to create symbolism and imagery. Romantic art also takes much of its aesthetic qualities from medievalism and Gothicism, as well as mythology and folklore. Among the greatest Romantic artists were Eugène Delacroix, Francisco Goya, J.M.W. Turner, John Constable, Caspar David Friedrich, Thomas Cole, and William Blake.[26]", "International Gothic In sculpture the leading Italian artists remained closer to classicism, and were less affected by the movement; Lorenzo Ghiberti is in many respects close to the style, but already seems infused with Early Renaissance classicism. Claus Sluter was the leading sculptor in Burgundy, and was one artist able to use the style with a strongly monumental effect. Most sculptors are unknown, and the style tended to survive longer in Northern sculpture than painting, as the detailed realism of Early Netherlandish painting was harder to translate into sculpture. Smaller painted wood figures, most often of the Madonna, were significant, and being relatively portable, probably helped to disseminate the style across Europe.", "Novel The very word romanticism is connected to the idea of romance, and the romance genre experienced a revival, at the end of the 18th century, with gothic fiction. The origin of the gothic romance is attributed to English author Horace Walpole, with his 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto, subtitled (in its second edition) \"A Gothic Story\". Other important works are Ann Radcliffe's The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) and 'Monk' Lewis's The Monk (1795).", "Italian art The Gothic period marks a transition from the medieval to the Renaissance and is characterised by the styles and attitudes nurtured by the influence of the Dominican and Franciscan order of monks, founded by Saint Dominic and Saint Francis of Assisi respectively.", "Romantic literature in English In the late 18th century, Horace Walpole's 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto created the Gothic fiction genre, that combines elements of horror and romance. The pioneering gothic novelist Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her most popular and influential work The Mysteries of Udolpho (1795) is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel. Vathek (1786) by William Beckford, and The Monk (1796) by Matthew Lewis, were further notable early works in both the gothic and horror literary genres. The first short stories in the United Kingdom were gothic tales like Richard Cumberland's \"remarkable narrative\" The Poisoner of Montremos (1791).[20]", "Gothic art Although there was far more secular Gothic art than is often thought today, as generally the survival rate of religious art has been better than for secular equivalents, a large proportion of the art produced in the period was religious, whether commissioned by the church or by the laity. Gothic art was often typological in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, and that this was indeed their main significance. Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in Marian devotion, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the Coronation of the Virgin, to more human and initimate types, and cycles of the Life of the Virgin were very popular. Artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico and Pietro Lorenzetti in Italy, and Early Netherlandish painting, brought realism and a more natural humanity to art. Western artists, and their patrons, became much more confident in innovative iconography, and much more originality is seen, although copied formulae were still used by most artists.", "Gothic architecture From the 10th to the 13th century, Romanesque architecture had become a pan-European style and manner of construction, affecting buildings in countries as far apart as Ireland and Croatia, and Sweden and Sicily. The same wide geographic area was then affected by the development of Gothic architecture, but the acceptance of the Gothic style and methods of construction differed from place to place, as did the expressions of Gothic taste. The proximity of some regions meant that modern country borders did not define divisions of style. On the other hand, some regions such as England and Spain produced defining characteristics rarely seen elsewhere, except where they have been carried by itinerant craftsmen, or the transfer of bishops.[citation needed] Many different factors like geographical/geological, economic, social, or political situations caused the regional differences in the great abbey churches and cathedrals of the Romanesque period that would often become even more apparent in the Gothic. For example, studies of the population statistics reveals disparities such as the multitude of churches, abbeys, and cathedrals in northern France while in more urbanised regions construction activity of a similar scale was reserved to a few important cities. Such an example comes from Roberto López, wherein the French city of Amiens was able to fund its architectural projects whereas Cologne could not because of the economic inequality of the two.[14] This wealth, concentrated in rich monasteries and noble families, would eventually spread certain Italian, Catalan, and Hanseatic bankers.[15] This would be amended when the economic hardships of the 13th century were no longer felt, allowing Normandy, Tuscany, Flanders, and the southern Rhineland to enter into competition with France.[16]", "Gothic art The statues on the Western (Royal) Portal at Chartres Cathedral (c. 1145) show an elegant but exaggerated columnar elongation, but those on the south transept portal, from 1215â€“20, show a more naturalistic style and increasing detachment from the wall behind, and some awareness of the classical tradition. These trends were continued in the west portal at Rheims Cathedral of a few years later, where the figures are almost in the round, as became usual as Gothic spread across Europe.[16] Bamberg Cathedral has perhaps the largest assemblage of 13th century sculpture, culminating in 1240 with the Bamberg Rider, the first life-size equestrian statue in Western art since the 6th century.", "Hermitage Museum Gothic: Anjou Legendarium (1330)", "Gothic art Claus Sluter, David and a prophet from the Well of Moses.", "Gothic art Painting with oil on canvas did not become popular until the 15th and 16th centuries and was a hallmark of Renaissance art. In Northern Europe the important and innovative school of Early Netherlandish painting is in an essentially Gothic style, but can also be regarded as part of the Northern Renaissance, as there was a long delay before the Italian revival of interest in classicism had a great impact in the north. Painters like Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck, made use of the technique of oil painting to create minutely detailed works, correct in perspective, where apparent realism was combined with richly complex symbolism arising precisely from the realistic detail they could now include, even in small works. In Early Netherlandish painting, from the richest cities of Northern Europe, a new minute realism in oil painting was combined with subtle and complex theological allusions, expressed precisely through the highly detailed settings of religious scenes. The Mérode Altarpiece (1420s) of Robert Campin, and the Washington Van Eyck Annunciation or Madonna of Chancellor Rolin (both 1430s, by Jan van Eyck) are examples.[15] For the wealthy, small panel paintings, even polyptychs in oil painting were becoming increasingly popular, often showing donor portraits alongside, though often much smaller than, the Virgin or saints depicted. These were usually displayed in the home.", "Medieval art International Gothic describes courtly Gothic art from about 1360 to 1430, after which Gothic art begins to merge into the Renaissance art that had begun to form itself in Italy during the Trecento, with a return to classical principles of composition and realism, with the sculptor Nicola Pisano and the painter Giotto as especially formative figures. The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry is one of the best known works of International Gothic. The transition to the Renaissance occurred at different times in different places - Early Netherlandish painting is poised between the two, as is the Italian painter Pisanello. Outside Italy Renaissance styles appeared in some works in courts and some wealthy cities while other works, and all work beyond these centres of innovation, continued late Gothic styles for a period of some decades. The Protestant Reformation often provided an end point for the Gothic tradition in areas that went Protestant, as it was associated with Catholicism.", "Gothic art Secular art came into its own during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increase in trade, the establishment of a money-based economy and the creation of a bourgeois class who could afford to patronize the arts and commission works resulting in a proliferation of paintings and illuminated manuscripts. Increased literacy and a growing body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. With the growth of cities, trade guilds were formed and artists were often required to be members of a painters' guildâ€”as a result, because of better record keeping, more artists are known to us by name in this period than any previous; some artists were even so bold as to sign their names.", "The Castle of Otranto The Castle of Otranto is a 1764 novel by Horace Walpole. It is generally regarded as the first gothic novel. In the second edition, Walpole applied the word 'Gothic' to the novel in the subtitle â€“ \"A Gothic Story\".[1] The novel merged medievalism and terror in a style that has endured ever since. The aesthetics of the book shaped modern-day gothic books, films, art, music and the goth subculture.[1]", "Gothic fiction 20th-century rock music also had its Gothic side. Black Sabbath's 1969 debut album created a dark sound different from other bands at the time and has been called the first ever \"Goth-rock\" record.[71] Themes from Gothic writers such as H. P. Lovecraft were also used among gothic rock and heavy metal bands, especially in black metal, thrash metal (Metallica's The Call of Ktulu), death metal, and gothic metal. For example, heavy metal musician King Diamond delights in telling stories full of horror, theatricality, satanism and anti-Catholicism in his compositions.[72]", "Art Nouveau In Spain, a highly original variant of the style, Catalan Modernisme, appeared in Barcelona. Its most famous creator was Antoni Gaudi, who used Art Nouveau's floral and organic forms in a very novel way in Palau Güell (1886).[33][34] His designs from about 1903, the Casa Batlló (1904–1906) and Casa Milà (1906–1908), are most closely related to the stylistic elements of Art Nouveau.[35] However, famous structures such as the Sagrada Família characteristically contrast the modernising Art Nouveau tendencies with revivalist Neo-Gothic.[35] Besides the dominating presence of Gaudí, Lluís Domènech i Montaner also used Art Nouveau in Barcelona in buildings such as the Castell dels Tres Dragons (1888), Palau de la Música Catalana and Casa Lleó Morera (1905).[35] Another major modernista was Josep Puig i Cadafalch, who designed the Casa Martí and its Quatre Gats café, the Casimir Casaramona textile factory (now the CaixaFòrum art museum), Casa Macaya, Casa Amatller, the Palau del Baró de Quadras (housing Casa Àsia for 10 years until 2013) and the Casa de les Punxes (\"House of Spikes\"). Also well-known is Josep Maria Jujol, with houses in Sant Joan Despí (1913–1926), several churches near Tarragona (1918 and 1926) and the sinuous Casa Planells (1924) in Barcelona. A few other major architects working outside of Barcelona were Lluís Muncunill i Parellada, with a magnificent textile factory in Terrassa (Vapor Aymerich, Amat i Jover, now the Science and Technology Museum of Catalonia – Museu de la Ciència i de la Tècnica de Catalunya)and a \"farmhouse\"/small manor house called Masia Freixa in the same city; and Cèsar Martinell i Brunet, with his spectacular \"wine cathedrals\", housing town cooperative wineries throughout southern and central Catalonia. A Valencian architect who worked in Catalonia before emigrating to the States was Rafael Guastavino. Attributed to him is the Asland Cement Factory in Castellar de n'Hug, among other buildings.", "Gothic architecture The primary use of the Gothic style is in religious structures, naturally leading it to an association with the Church and it is considered to be one of the most formal and coordinated forms of the physical church, thought of as being the physical residence of God on Earth. According to Hans Sedlmayr, it was \"even the considered the temporal image of Paradise, of the New Jerusalem.\" The horizontal and vertical scope of the Gothic church, filled with the light thought of as a symbol of the grace of God admitted into the structure via the style's iconic windows are among the very best examples of Christian architecture. Grodecki's Gothic Architecture also notes that the glass pieces of various colors that make up those windows have been compared to \"precious stones encrusting the walls of the New Jerusalem,\" and that \"the numerous towers and pinnacles evoke similar structures that appear in the visions of Saint John.\" Another idea, held by Georg Dehio and Erwin Panofsky, is that the designs of Gothic followed the current theological scholastic thought.[12] The PBS show NOVA explored the influence of the Holy Bible in the dimensions and design of some cathedrals.[13]", "Medieval art Art historians attempt to classify medieval art into major periods and styles, often with some difficulty. A generally accepted scheme includes the later phases of Early Christian art, Migration Period art, Byzantine art, Insular art, Pre-Romanesque, Romanesque art, and Gothic art, as well as many other periods within these central styles. In addition each region, mostly during the period in the process of becoming nations or cultures, had its own distinct artistic style, such as Anglo-Saxon art or Norse art.", "Gothic art Illuminated manuscripts represent the most complete record of Gothic painting, providing a record of styles in places where no monumental works have otherwise survived. The earliest full manuscripts with French Gothic illustrations date to the middle of the 13th century.[12] Many such illuminated manuscripts were royal bibles, although psalters also included illustrations; the Parisian Psalter of Saint Louis, dating from 1253 to 1270, features 78 full-page illuminations in tempera paint and gold leaf.[13]", "Early Netherlandish painting The Netherlandish artists have been known by a variety of terms. \"Late Gothic\" is an early designation which emphasises continuity with the art of the Middle Ages.[3] In the early 20th century, the artists were variously referred to in English as the \"Ghent-Bruges school\" or the \"Old Netherlandish school\". \"Flemish Primitives\" is a traditional art-historical term borrowed from the French primitifs flamands[4] that became popular after the famous exhibition in Bruges in 1902[5][A] and remains in use today, especially in Dutch and German.[3] In this context, \"primitive\" does not refer to a perceived lack of sophistication, but rather identifies the artists as originators of a new tradition in painting. Erwin Panofsky preferred the term ars nova (\"new art\"), which linked the movement with innovative composers of music such as Guillaume Dufay and Gilles Binchois, who were favoured by the Burgundian court over artists attached to the lavish French court.[6] When the Burgundian dukes established centres of power in the Netherlands, they brought with them a more cosmopolitan outlook.[7] According to Otto Pächt a simultaneous shift in art began sometime between 1406 and 1420 when a \"revolution took place in painting\"; a \"new beauty\" in art emerged, one that depicted the visible rather than the metaphysical world.[8]", "Gothic architecture A series of Gothic revivals began in mid-18th century England, spread through 19th century Europe and continued, largely for ecclesiastical and university structures, into the 20th century.", "German art The Nazarene movement, the coinage of a mocking critic, denotes a group of early 19th-century German Romantic painters who aimed to revive honesty and spirituality in Christian art. The principal motivation of the Nazarenes was a reaction against Neoclassicism and the routine art education of the academy system. They hoped to return to art which embodied spiritual values, and sought inspiration in artists of the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, rejecting what they saw as the superficial virtuosity of later art. Their programme was not dissimilar to that of the English Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in the 1850s, although the core group took it as far as wearing special pseudo-medieval clothing. In 1810 Johann Friedrich Overbeck, Franz Pforr, Ludwig Vogel and the Swiss Johann Konrad Hottinger moved to Rome, where they occupied the abandoned monastery of San Isidoro. They were joined by Philipp Veit, Peter von Cornelius, Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld, Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow and a loose grouping of other German artists. They met up with the Austrian romantic landscape artist Joseph Anton Koch, (1768–1839) who became an unofficial tutor to the group. In 1827 they were joined by Joseph von Führich, and Eberhard Wächter was later associated with the group. Unlike the strong support given to the Pre-Raphaelites by the dominant art critic of the day, John Ruskin, Goethe was dismissive of the Nazarenes: \"This the first case in the history of art when real talents have taken the fancy to form themselves backwards by retreating into their mother's womb, and thus found a new epoch in art.\"[33]", "Western canon Giorgio Vasari (1511â€“1574) is the originator of the artistic canon and the originator of many of the concepts it embodies. His Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects covers only artists working in Italy,[92] with a strong pro-Florentine prejudice, and has cast a long shadow over succeeding centuries. Northern European art has arguably never quite caught up to Italy in terms of prestige, and Vasari's placing of Giotto as the founding father of \"modern\" painting has largely been retained. In painting, the rather vague term of Old master covers painters up to about the time of Goya.", "Arts and Crafts movement The term was first used by T. J. Cobden-Sanderson at a meeting of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society in 1887,[6] although the principles and style on which it was based had been developing in England for at least twenty years. It was inspired by the ideas of architect Augustus Pugin, writer John Ruskin, and designer William Morris.[7]", "Thomas Aquinas Henry Adams's Mont Saint Michel and Chartres ends with a culminating chapter on Thomas, in which Adams calls Thomas an \"artist\" and constructs an extensive analogy between the design of Thomas's \"Church Intellectual\" and that of the gothic cathedrals of that period. Erwin Panofsky later would echo these views in Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism (1951).", "Gothic architecture There can be no doubt that the term 'Gothic' as applied to pointed styles of ecclesiastical architecture was used at first contemptuously, and in derision, by those who were ambitious to imitate and revive the Grecian orders of architecture, after the revival of classical literature. Authorities such as Christopher Wren lent their aid in deprecating the old medieval style, which they termed Gothic, as synonymous with everything that was barbarous and rude.", "International Gothic Illuminated manuscripts remained important vehicles of the style, and in works like the Sherborne Missal[12] were the main English contribution, apart from the stained glass of John Thornton in York Minster and of Thomas Glazier in Oxford and elsewhere.[13] Nottingham alabaster carvings, produced in considerable quantities by workshops to standard patterns, were exported all over Western Europe to value-conscious parish churches. The Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti from Milan was a key work, as was the Wenceslas Bible (with the text in German) of Charles IV's son. Both, like the Sherborne Missal, are marked by extravagantly decorated borders. John, Duke of Berry, son and brother of French kings, was the most extravagant commissioner of manuscripts, and the main employer of the Limbourg Brothers and Jacquemart de Hesdin, as well as using many other artists. Other large-scale collectors included Wenceslas, the son of Charles IV, John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford, son of Henry IV of England and \"Regent\" of English-occupied France, and the Dukes of Burgundy. In the fifteenth century the cities of Flanders, especially Bruges, came to outstrip Paris as a centre of both manuscript illumination and panel painting.", "Role of Christianity in civilization Several historians credit the Catholic Church for what they consider to be the brilliance and magnificence of Western art. \"Even though the church dominated art and architecture, it did not prevent architects and artists from experimenting...\"[45]:225 Historians refer to the western Church's consistent opposition to Byzantine iconoclasm, a movement against visual representations of the divine, and its insistence on building structures befitting worship. Important contributions include its cultivation and patronage of individual artists, as well as development of the Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance styles of art and architecture.[169] Renaissance artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Bernini, Botticelli, Fra Angelico, Tintoretto, Caravaggio, and Titian, were among a multitude of innovative virtuosos sponsored by the Church.[170] Augustine's repeated reference to Wisdom 11:20 (God \"ordered all things by measure and number and weight\") influenced the geometric constructions of Gothic architecture,[citation needed] the scholastics' intellectual systems called the Summa Theologiae which influenced the writings of Dante, its creation and sacramental theology which has developed a Catholic imagination influencing writers such as J. R. R. Tolkien[171] and William Shakespeare,[172] and of course, the patronage of the Renaissance popes for the great works of Catholic artists such as Michelangelo, Raphael, Bernini, Borromini and Leonardo da Vinci.", "Gothic architecture The style, known as Perpendicular, that evolved from this treatment is specific to England, although very similar to contemporary Spanish style in particular, and was employed to great effect through the 15th century and first half of the 16th as Renaissance styles were much slower to arrive in England than in Italy and France.[10]", "International Gothic Artists and portable works, such as illuminated manuscripts, traveled widely around the continent, leading to a common aesthetic among the royalty and higher nobility and considerably reducing the variation in national styles among works produced for the courtly elites. The main influences were northern France, the Netherlands, the Duchy of Burgundy, the Imperial court in Prague, and Italy. Royal marriages such as that between Richard II of England and Anne of Bohemia helped to spread the style.", "History of painting The Renaissance (French for 'rebirth'), a cultural movement roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th century, heralded the study of classical sources, as well as advances in science which profoundly influenced European intellectual and artistic life. In the Low Countries, especially in modern day Flanders, a new way of painting was established in the beginning of the 15th century. In the footsteps of the developments made in the illumination of manuscripts, especially by the Limbourg Brothers, artists became fascinated by the tangible in the visible world and began representing objects in an extremely naturalistic way.[36] The adoption of oil painting whose invention was traditionally, but erroneously, credited to Jan van Eyck, made possible a new verisimilitude in depicting this naturalism. The medium of oil paint was already present in the work of Melchior Broederlam, but painters like Jan van Eyck and Robert Campin brought its use to new heights and employed it to represent the naturalism they were aiming for. With this new medium the painters of this period were capable of creating richer colors with a deep intense tonality. The illusion of glowing light with a porcelain-like finish characterized Early Netherlandish painting and was a major difference to the matte surface of tempera paint used in Italy.[36] Unlike the Italians, whose work drew heavily from the art of Ancient Greece and Rome, the northerners retained a stylistic residue of the sculpture and illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages (especially its naturalism). The most important artist of this time was Jan van Eyck, whose work ranks among the finest made by artists who are now known as Early Netherlandish painters or Flemish Primitives (since most artists were active in cities in modern day Flanders). The first painter of this period was the Master of Flémalle, nowadays identified as Robert Campin, whose work follows the art of the International Gothic. Another important painter of this period was Rogier van der Weyden, whose compositions stressed human emotion and drama, demonstrated for instance in his Descent from the Cross, which ranks among the most famous works of the 15th century and was the most influential Netherlandish painting of Christ's crucifixion. Other important artists from this period are Hugo van der Goes (whose work was highly influential in Italy), Dieric Bouts (who was among the first northern painters to demonstrate the use of a single vanishing point),[36] Petrus Christus, Hans Memling and Gerard David.", "Gothic architecture The choir and west front of the Abbey of Saint-Denis both became the prototypes for further building in the royal domain of northern France and in the Duchy of Normandy. Through the rule of the Angevin dynasty, the new style was introduced to England and spread throughout France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain, northern Italy and Sicily.", "English literature In the late 18th century, Horace Walpole's 1764 novel The Castle of Otranto created the Gothic fiction genre, that combines elements of horror and romance. Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the gothic villain which developed into the Byronic hero. Her The Mysteries of Udolpho (1795) is frequently cited as the archetypal Gothic novel.[74]", "The Castle of Otranto The novel initiated a literary genre which would become extremely popular in the later 18th and early 19th century, with authors such as Clara Reeve, Ann Radcliffe, William Thomas Beckford, Matthew Lewis, Mary Shelley, Bram Stoker, Edgar Allan Poe, Robert Louis Stevenson and George du Maurier.[2]", "Church architecture Gothic era architecture originated in France during the 12th century. Gothic architecture is a style where curves, arches, and complex geometry are highly emphasized. This emphasis came about because of the true feat it was to be able to create such intricate structures where large amounts of engineers and planning were involved. Creating this feat was meant to be a tribute to god, the more astonishing the church the more commendable.", "English Gothic architecture English Gothic is an architectural style originating in France, before then flourishing in England from about 1180 until about 1520.", "Gothic architecture Throughout Europe at this time there was a rapid growth in trade and an associated growth in towns,[10][11] and they would come to be predominate in Europe by the end of the 13th century.[9] Germany and the Low Countries had large flourishing towns that grew in comparative peace, in trade and competition with each other or united for mutual weal, as in the Hanseatic League. Civic building was of great importance to these towns as a sign of wealth and pride. England and France remained largely feudal and produced grand domestic architecture for their kings, dukes and bishops, rather than grand town halls for their burghers.[citation needed] Viollet-le-Duc contended that the blossoming of the Gothic style came about as a result of growing freedoms in construction professions.[9]", "English Gothic architecture As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches, vaulted roofs, buttresses, large windows, and spires. The Gothic style was introduced from France, where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the choir of the Basilique Saint-Denis north of Paris, built by the Abbot Suger and dedicated on 11 June 1144.[1] The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England are at Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey. Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture (often known in England as Norman architecture). This evolution can be seen most particularly at the Norman Durham Cathedral, which has the earliest pointed ribbed high vault known.", "High Middle Ages Gothic architecture superseded the Romanesque style by combining flying buttresses, gothic (or pointed) arches and ribbed vaults. It was influenced by the spiritual background of the time, being religious in essence: thin horizontal lines and grates made the building strive towards the sky. Architecture was made to appear light and weightless, as opposed to the dark and bulky forms of the previous Romanesque style. Saint Augustine of Hippo taught that light was an expression of God. Architectural techniques were adapted and developed to build churches that reflected this teaching. Colorful glass windows enhanced the spirit of lightness. As color was much rarer at medieval times than today, it can be assumed that these virtuoso works of art had an awe-inspiring impact on the common man from the street. High-rising intricate ribbed, and later fan vaultings demonstrated movement toward heaven. Veneration of God was also expressed by the relatively large size of these buildings. A gothic cathedral therefore not only invited the visitors to elevate themselves spiritually, it was also meant to demonstrate the greatness of God. The floor plan of a gothic cathedral corresponded to the rules of scholasticism: According to Erwin Panofsky's Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, the plan was divided into sections and uniform subsections. These characteristics are exhibited by the most famous sacral building of the time: Notre Dame de Paris.", "Medieval art Franz Theodor Kugler was the first to name and describe Carolingian art in 1837; like many art historians of the period he sought to find and promote the national spirit of his own nation in art history, a search begun by Johann Gottfried Herder in the 18th century. Kugler's pupil, the great Swiss art historian Jacob Burckhardt, though he could not be called a specialist in medieval art, was an important figure in developing the understanding of it. Medieval art was now heavily collected, both by museums and private collectors like George Salting, the Rothschild family and John Pierpont Morgan.", "German art The Enlightenment period saw German writers becoming leading theorists and critics of art, led by Johann Joachim Winckelmann, who exalted Ancient Greek art and, despite never visiting Greece or actually seeing many Ancient Greek statues, set out an analysis distinguishing between the main periods of Ancient Greek art, and relating them to wider historical movements. Winckelmann's work marked the entry of art history into the high-philosophical discourse of German culture; he was read avidly by Goethe and Friedrich Schiller, both of whom began to write on the history of art, and his account of the Laocoon occasioned a response by Lessing. Goethe had tried to train as an artist, and his landscape sketches show \"occasional flashes of emotion in the presence of nature which are quite isolated in the period\".[28] The emergence of art as a major subject of philosophical speculation was solidified by the appearance of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Judgment in 1790, and was furthered by Hegel's Lectures on Aesthetics. In the following century, German universities were the first to teach art history as an academic subject, beginning the leading position that Germany (and Austria) was to occupy in the study of art history until the dispersal of scholars abroad in the Nazi period. Johann Gottfried Herder championed what he identified in the Gothic and DÃ¼rer as specifically Germanic styles, beginning an argument over the proper models for a German artist against the so-called \"Tyranny of Greece over Germany\" that would last nearly two centuries.[29]", "Arts and Crafts movement In 1882, architect A.H.Mackmurdo formed the Century Guild, a partnership of designers including Selwyn Image, Herbert Horne, Clement Heaton and Benjamin Creswick.[39][40]", "Art Nouveau The new art movement had its roots in Britain, in the floral designs of William Morris, and in the Arts and Crafts movement founded by the pupils of Morris. Early prototypes of the style include the Red House of Morris (1859), and the lavish Peacock Room by James Abbott McNeill Whistler. The new movement was also strongly influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite painters, including Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones, and especially by British graphic artists of the 1880s, including Selwyn Image, Heywood Sumner, Walter Crane, Alfred Gilbert, and especially Aubrey Beardsley.[6]", "Catholic Church art Gothic art was often typological in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, and that that was indeed their main significance. Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a great resurgence in Marian devotion, in which the visual arts played a major part. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the Coronation of the Virgin, to more human and initimate types, and cycles of the Life of the Virgin were very popular. Artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico and Pietro Lorenzetti in Italy, and Early Netherlandish painting, brought realism and a more natural humanity to art. Western artists, and their patrons, became much more confident in innovative iconography, and much more originality is seen, although copied formulae were still used by most artists. The book of hours was developed, mainly for the lay user able to afford them – the earliest known example seems to have written for an unknown laywoman living in a small village near Oxford in about 1240 – and now royal and aristocratic examples became the type of manuscript most often lavishly decorated. Most religious art, including illuminated manuscripts, was now produced by lay artists, but the commissioning patron often specified in detail what the work was to contain.", "Art of Europe The response of architecture to industrialisation, in stark contrast to the other arts, was to veer towards historicism. Although the railway stations built during this period are often considered the truest reflections of its spirit – they are sometimes called \"the cathedrals of the age\" – the main movements in architecture during the Industrial Age were revivals of styles from the distant past, such as the Gothic Revival. Related movements were the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, who attempted to return art to its state of \"purity\" prior to Raphael, and the Arts and Crafts Movement, which reacted against the impersonality of mass-produced goods and advocated a return to medieval craftsmanship.", "Medieval art Typical Gothic pen flourishes in an unillustrated working copy of John's gospel in English, late 14th century.", "Gothic architecture Another very characteristic feature of the Gothic style, domestic and ecclesiastical alike, is the division of interior space into individual cells according to the building's ribbing and vaults, regardless of whether or not the structure actually has a vaulted ceiling. This system of cells of varying size and shape juxtaposed in various patterns was again totally unique to antiquity and the Early Middle Ages and scholars, Frankl included, have emphasised the mathematical and geometric nature of this design. Frankl in particular thought of this layout as \"creation by division\" rather than the Romanesque's \"creation by addition.\" Others, namely Viollet-le-Duc, Wilhelm Pinder, and August Schmarsow, instead proposed the term \"articulated architecture.\"[55] The opposite theory as suggested by Henri Focillon and Jean Bony is of \"spacial unification\", or of the creation of an interior that is made for sensory overload via the interaction of many elements and perspectives.[56] Interior and exterior partitions, often extensively studied, have been found to at times contain features, such as thoroughfares at window height, that make the illusion of thickness. Additionally, the piers separating the isles eventually stopped being part of the walls but rather independent objects that jut out from the actual aisle wall itself.[57]", "Gothic fiction Romantic literary movements developed in continental Europe concurrent with the development of the Gothic novel. The roman noir (\"black novel\") appeared in France, by such writers as François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil, Baculard d'Arnaud and Madame de Genlis. In Germany, the Schauerroman (\"shudder novel\") gained traction with writers as Friedrich Schiller, with novels like The Ghost-Seer (1789), and Christian Heinrich Spiess, with novels like Das Petermännchen (1791/92). These works were often more horrific and violent than the English Gothic novel.", "Gothic architecture It was principally the widespread introduction of a single feature, the pointed arch, which was to bring about the change that separates Gothic from Romanesque. The technological change permitted a stylistic change which broke the tradition of massive masonry and solid walls penetrated by small openings, replacing it with a style where light appears to triumph over substance. With its use came the development of many other architectural devices, previously put to the test in scattered buildings and then called into service to meet the structural, aesthetic and ideological needs of the new style. These include the flying buttresses, pinnacles and traceried windows which typify Gothic ecclesiastical architecture.[10]" ]	[ "Gothic art Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger.[1] The style rapidly spread beyond its origins in architecture to sculpture, both monumental and personal in size, textile art, and painting, which took a variety of forms, including fresco, stained glass, the illuminated manuscript, and panel painting.[2] Monastic orders, especially the Cistercians and the Carthusians, were important builders who disseminated the style and developed distinctive variants of it across Europe. Regional variations of architecture remained important, even when, by the late 14th century, a coherent universal style known as International Gothic had evolved, which continued until the late 15th century, and beyond in many areas." ]
test1	how many episodes are in chicago fire season 4	[ "doc6" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc6", "doc827566", "doc1977618", "doc827555", "doc2007817", "doc2007818", "doc7", "doc1582043", "doc1446618", "doc2007816", "doc1234570", "doc1977613", "doc917878", "doc827550", "doc2212380", "doc2227438", "doc1078746", "doc564630", "doc827556", "doc1446621", "doc8", "doc1644568", "doc1977622", "doc2212376", "doc917877", "doc9", "doc827561", "doc2439792", "doc827562", "doc611405", "doc827549", "doc1101452", "doc1446622", "doc253366", "doc513032", "doc1037747", "doc564633", "doc2094075", "doc122391", "doc1582049", "doc186988", "doc1838339", "doc253368", "doc849108", "doc827553", "doc1977620", "doc1644572", "doc1582051", "doc827565", "doc642954", "doc1712213", "doc513020", "doc72523", "doc25878", "doc159737", "doc1582045", "doc2314715", "doc1407014", "doc1876004", "doc2082614", "doc1977617", "doc1210720", "doc827564", "doc642955", "doc948794", "doc713479", "doc1712211", "doc752246", "doc827551", "doc416175", "doc1582047", "doc827552", "doc1281806", "doc2439785", "doc1977619", "doc604235", "doc766494", "doc696351", "doc6895", "doc766495", "doc1582044", "doc2406544", "doc1660287", "doc827554", "doc1378626", "doc1037228", "doc1202024", "doc1101473", "doc1669251", "doc827563", "doc1562502", "doc1549434", "doc1582050", "doc2518754", "doc276309", "doc821833", "doc2385664", "doc827558", "doc1446619", "doc827557" ]	[ "Chicago Fire (season 4) The fourth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on February 5, 2015, by NBC,[1] and premiered on October 13, 2015 and concluded on May 17, 2016.[2] The season contained 23 episodes.[3]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) Chicago Fire is broadcast by NBC in the United States. The latest five episodes of Chicago Fire are available on Hulu with a subscription.[54] Season 4 is available on NBC.com[55] and the NBC app[56] with a cable subscription. All episodes are available from electronic sell-through platforms such as iTunes,[57] Amazon Instant Video,[58] and Vudu.[59]", "Chicago Fire (season 1) The network placed an order for the series in May 2012.[27] After receiving an additional script order in October, Chicago Fire was picked up for a full season on November 8, 2012.[28][29] On January 29, 2013, Chicago Fire had its episode total increased from 22 to 23.[30] One week later, on February 6, 2013, Chicago Fire received one more episode, giving it a total of 24 episodes for season one.[31]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The network placed an order for the series in May 2012.[24] After receiving an additional script order in October, Chicago Fire was picked up for a full season on November 8, 2012.[25][26] On January 29, 2013, Chicago Fire had its episode total increased from 22 to 23.[27] One week later, on February 6, 2013, Chicago Fire received one more episode, giving it a total of 24 episodes for season one.[28] The pilot episode had an early release at NBC.com, before the series' premiere on television.[29]", "List of Chicago Fire episodes The series follows the lives of the firefighters and paramedics working at the Chicago Fire Department at the firehouse of Engine 51, Truck 81, Squad 3, Ambulance 61 and Battalion 25, starring Jesse Spencer as Captain Matthew Casey, Taylor Kinney as Lieutenant Kelly Severide, Charlie Barnett as Firefighter Candidate Peter Mills, Monica Raymund as Paramedic in Charge Gabriela Dawson, Lauren German as Paramedic Leslie Elizabeth Shay, Eamonn Walker as 25th Battalion Chief Wallace Boden, David Eigenberg as Firefighter Christopher Herrmann, and Teri Reeves as Doctor Hallie Thomas. The series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017.[1]", "List of Chicago Fire episodes As of April 12, 2018,[update] 132 episodes of Chicago Fire have aired.", "Chicago Fire (season 4) The show follows the lives of the firefighters and paramedics working at the Chicago Fire Department at the firehouse of Engine 51, Truck 81, Squad 3, Ambulance 61 and Battalion 25.", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) The fourth season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered September 21, 2016 and concluded on May 17, 2017. The season contained 23 episodes.", "Chicago Fire (season 2) The second season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered on September 24, 2013, but on a new timeslot on Tuesday at 10:00 pm from Wednesday at 10:00 pm, on NBC television network. The season concluded on May 13, 2014, and consisted of 22 episodes.", "List of Chicago Fire episodes Chicago Fire is an American television drama created by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, who serve as executive producers alongside Joe Chappelle, Peter Jankowski, Danielle Gelber, Matt Olmstead and Dick Wolf. The series, which premiered on October 10, 2012, airs on NBC.", "Chicago Fire (season 5) The fifth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on November 9, 2015, by NBC.[1] The season premiered on October 11, 2016 and contained 22 episodes.[2][3] The season concluded on May 16, 2017.", "Chicago Fire (season 1) The first season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead premiered on October 10, 2012, at Wednesday 10:00Â p.m. EST, on NBC television network. The season concluded after 24 episodes on May 22, 2013.", "List of Chicago P.D. episodes As of May 17, 2017,[update] 84 episodes of Chicago P.D. have aired, concluding the fourth season.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017.[1][2]", "Chicago Med NBC originally ordered 13 episodes for season one; on December 11, 2015, an additional 5 episodes were ordered, bringing the season to 18 episodes.[18]", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) On January 31, 2014, NBC ordered two additional episodes of Chicago P.D., bringing the total number of episodes for the first season to fifteen.[4]", "Chicago Fire (season 6) The sixth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on May 10, 2017, by NBC.[1] The season premiered on September 28, 2017 with a timeslot change from Tuesday at 10:00 p.m. to Thursday at 10:00 p.m.[2] The season contained twenty-three episodes and concluded on May 10, 2018.", "The Walking Dead (season 4) The fourth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 13, 2013, and concluded on March 30, 2014, consisting of 16 episodes.[1] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple assuming the role of showrunner after Glen Mazzara's departure from the series.[2] The fourth season was well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 40th Saturn Awards.[3]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) On November 9, 2015, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season.[30][31] The season premiered on October 11, 2016.[32]", "Chicago Fire (season 2) On April 26, 2013, NBC renewed Chicago Fire for a second season[23] and moved its time slot to Tuesdays at 10:00 pm EST. The season debuted on September 24, 2013.[24]", "Chicago Fire (season 4) Tensions only get worse between Patterson and Severide when Severide makes a call at a job without his consent causing Patterson to question Severide's being at 51. Meanwhile, Borelli and Chili take their romance to the next level, Cruz receives a visit from one of his brother Leon's old gang members. Also, Mouch receives tickets from one of the members of the rock band Rush and Boden and his wife Donna welcome a new neighbor who turns out to be overly friendly.", "Homeland (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series Homeland premiered on October 5, 2014, and concluded on December 21, 2014, on Showtime, consisting of 12 episodes.[1][2] The series started as a loosely based variation of the two-season run of the Israeli television series Hatufim (English: Prisoners of War) created by Gideon Raff and is developed for American television by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa.[3] The fourth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on September 8, 2015,[4] and became available for streaming on Hulu on August 1, 2016.[5]", "Chicago Fire (season 1) A crossover between the two Chicago shows aired on April 29 and 30, 2014 depicting an explosion that brings the fire and police departments together.[34]", "Chicago Med On May 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season.[1] The season premiered on September 26, 2018.[2]", "List of Chicago P.D. episodes Chicago P.D. is an American television drama on NBC spun off from Chicago Fire. The series focuses on a uniformed police patrol and the Intelligence Unit that pursues the perpetrators of the city's major street offenses. The series premiered on January 8, 2014. On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season, which is set to premiere on September 27, 2017.[1][2]", "Chicago Fire (season 4) Hermann is rushed to Chicago Med after being stabbed at Molly's. After losing a lot a blood, it is determined he needs emergency surgery. Feeling guilty about Hermann's present state, Cruz searches for Freddy to turn him in. Severide is reinstated as Lieutenant while Borelli grows more concerned about Chili's erratic behavior. Mouch considers finally proposing to Platt.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The first season currently holds a score of 49 out of 100 on Metacritic, indicating mixed to average reviews.", "Chuck (TV series) Season 4 appeared on the fall lineup and later received an order for 11 additional episodes on October 18, 2010.[107][108]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) On March 27, 2013, NBC announced plans for a proposed spin-off of Chicago Fire, the police procedural drama Chicago P.D. that would involve the Chicago Police Department, the spin-off series being created and produced by Dick Wolf, with Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead serving as executive producers.[49][50] It premiered on January 8, 2014.", "Empire (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series Empire premiered on September 27, 2017, in the United States on Fox.[1] The fourth season was ordered on January 11, 2017, consisting of eighteen episodes.[2] The show is produced by 20th Century Fox, in association with Imagine Entertainment, Lee Daniels Entertainment, Danny Strong Productions and Little Chicken Inc. The showrunners for this season are Ilene Chaiken, Danny Strong and Lee Daniels. The season airs on Wednesday at 8:00 pm, a new slot. The premiere of the season had also a crossover with other Lee Daniels-created Fox series Star.[1]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) Chicago Fire is an American action-drama television series created by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas with Dick Wolf as executive producer. It is the first installment of Dick Wolfâ€™s Chicago franchise. The series premiered on NBC on October 10, 2012. The show follows the firefighters and paramedics working at Firehouse 51 of the Chicago Fire Department, home of Truck 81, Squad 3, and Ambulance 61, as they risk their lives to save and protect the citizens of their city.", "Scandal (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series Scandal began airing on September 25, 2014, in the United States on ABC and consists of 22 episodes. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. On May 7, 2015, ABC announced that Scandal had been renewed for a fifth season.[1]", "Chicago Fire (season 2) A crossover between the two Chicago shows aired on April 29 and 30, 2014, depicting an explosion that brings the fire and police departments together.[25]", "Grimm (season 4) The fourth season of the NBC American supernatural drama series Grimm was announced on March 19, 2014.[1] It consisted of 22 episodes. The series, created by David Greenwalt, Jim Kouf and Stephen Carpenter, follows a descendant of the Grimm line, Nick Burkhardt, as he deals with being a cop, and trying not to expose his secret as a Grimm.", "Game of Thrones (season 4) On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes.[13]", "Prison Break (season 4) The fourth season of Prison Break, an American serial drama television series commenced airing in the United States on September 1, 2008. It consists of 24 episodes (22 television episodes and 2 straight to DVD episodes), 16 of which aired from September to December 2008. After a hiatus, it resumed on April 17, 2009 and concluded on May 15, 2009 with a two episode finale.[1] The fourth season was announced as the final season of Prison Break, however the series returned in a limited series format as Prison Break: Resurrection, which premiered on April 4, 2017.", "The Walking Dead (season 4) A fourth season of the show, consisting of 16 episodes, was confirmed in December 2012.[4] Production began in Senoia, Georgia on May 6, 2013.[5] In July 2013, it was reported that David S. Goyer would be directing the penultimate episode of the season,[6] however Goyer did not direct the episode due to scheduling conflicts.[7] Greg Nicotero, who replaced Goyer, directed three episodes for the season, while Tricia Brock and Ernest Dickerson each directed two episodes. Michelle MacLaren returned this season to direct the season finale, after previously directing episodes in seasons one and two.[8] Comic book co-creator Robert Kirkman wrote two episodes of the season.[8] Filming was completed on November 23, 2013.[9]", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) The second season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, began airing on September 24, 2014, at 10:00 p.m. Eastern/9:00 p.m. Central, and concluded on May 20, 2015 on the NBC television network.[1] The season contained 23 episodes.", "The Blacklist (season 4) The fourth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 22, 2016.[1] The season was produced by Davis Entertainment, Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp, John Davis, John Eisendrath, John Fox, and Joe Carnahan. The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 18, 2017.[2]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) A crossover starting on Chicago Fire and concluding on Chicago PD aired on January 3, 2017.", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 4) The first episode premiered at a screening on September 19, 2016, with the season then airing for 22 episodes on ABC, from September 20, 2016 until May 16, 2017. The premiere debuted to 3.58 million viewers, down from previous season premieres but average for the series.[1] Critical response to the season was positive, with many feeling that each pod was better than the last and in particular praising the visual effects and tone of Ghost Rider, the writing and acting for LMD, and the character development and political commentary explored during Agents of Hydra. The season saw series low viewership, but was still considered to have solved ABC's problem during its timeslot, and the show was renewed for a fifth season on May 11, 2017.[2]", "Fringe (season 4) The fourth season of the American science fiction television series Fringe premiered on Fox on September 23, 2011 and concluded on May 11, 2012, consisting of 22 episodes. The series is produced by Bad Robot Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television. The show was officially renewed for a fourth season on March 24, 2011.[1]", "Grimm (season 4) On March 19, 2014, NBC announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth season with a 22-episode order.[4][5] In mid May, NBC announced its official TV show's premiered dates, among which is included the fourth season of Grimm that will air on October 24, 2014.[6]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) On November 9, 2015, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season,[32] which premiered on September 21, 2016.[33] On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on September 27, 2017.[34][35]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The series pilot, co-written by creators Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, was filmed in Chicago and, according to an NBC representative, the series will continue to be filmed there.[19] Producer John L. Roman was involved from the beginning having worked with the Chicago Fire Department and Deputy District Chief Steve \"Chik\" Chikerotis on Backdraft.[20] Mayor of Chicago Rahm Emanuel made an appearance in the series' pilot episode. Emanuel stated: \"It's easier being mayor than playing mayor. I told them I'd do it under one condition: the TV show is making an investment to the Firefighters' Widows and Orphans Fund.\"[21]", "Chicago Fire (season 1) On March 27, 2013, NBC announced plans for a proposed spin-off of Chicago Fire, Deadline reported they heard the spin-off would involve the Chicago Police Department, the spin-off series being created and produced by Dick Wolf, with Derek Haas, Michael Brant, and Matt Olmstead serving as executive producers.[32][33] It premiered on January 8, 2014.", "Homeland (season 4) On October 22, 2013, Homeland was renewed for a fourth season, consisting of 12 episodes.[1] Production and filming for the fourth season began in June 2014, shifting production to Cape Town, South Africa.[17] Executive producers for the fourth season are Alex Gansa, Howard Gordon, Gideon Raff, Alexander Cary, Chip Johannessen, Meredith Stiehm, Avi Nir, and Ran Telem.[18]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) The DVD release of season four is set to be released in Region 1 on September 12, 2017.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) Chicago Fire was the first show of what would become the Chicago franchise. NBC would greenlight a police procedural spin-off series, under the title Chicago P.D., which premiered on January 8, 2014.[53] On May 1, 2015, NBC ordered another spin-off of Chicago Fire, a medical drama called Chicago Med, which premiered on November 17, 2015. Additionally, the police procedural led to a 2017 legal series entitled Chicago Justice.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 4) For the first time in the show's history, many cast changes occur, seeing the first departure of two main cast members. Despite garnering several awards and nominations for the cast members and the production team, the season received a mixed response from critics and fans. Show creator Shonda Rhimes heavily contributed to the production of the season, writing five out of the seventeen episodes. The highest-rated episode was the season premiere, which was watched by 20.93 million viewers. The season was interrupted by the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, which resulted in the production of only seventeen episodes, instead of twenty-three originally planned.[1]", "Teen Wolf (season 4) A fourth season of 12 episodes was confirmed and premiered on June 23, 2014 on MTV.[1] Filming began in February 2014.[15] Crystal Reed and Daniel Sharman won't be returning, being the first season of the show not to star Reed and the first since season two not to star Sharman.[16] Jill Wagner (Kate Argent) confirmed on Wolf Watch that she will be appearing more this season after her character made a surprise appearance in the season 3 finale.", "Game of Thrones (season 4) The fourth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on June 15, 2014. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50â€“60 minutes.[1] The season is adapted primarily from the second half of A Storm of Swords, along with elements of A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, all novels from the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin.[2] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the fourth season on April 2, 2013, which began filming in July 2013. The season was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Croatia.", "Vikings (season 4) The fourth season consists of a double order of twenty episodes, split into two parts of ten episodes;[1][2][3] the second half premiered on November 30, 2016. The season follows the battles between Ragnar and Rollo in Francia, Bjorn's raid into the Mediterranean, and the Viking invasion of England. It concluded in its entirety on February 1, 2017.[4]", "The Flash (season 4) The fourth season began airing on October 10, 2017, and is set to run for 23 episodes on The CW until May 22, 2018.[1]", "90210 (season 4) Trevor Donovan was dropped as a regular, as a result of ongoing changes by the new showrunners. He returned as a guest star in the fall to conclude his storyline. However, in late February 2012, it was reported that Donovan will return near the end of the season.[3] The CW ordered two additional episodes for the season, which will total at 24. It has also been announced that the show will get a fifth and final season.[4]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) Intelligence investigates in the wake of the warehouse fire that left Olinsky's daughter Lexi in critical condition. The team is on edge as they race to find the person responsible for starting the fire. After Lexi succumbs to her injuries, a grief-stricken Olinsky pitches in to track down the suspect. During a candlelight vigil for the 39 victims, Lindsay spots the suspect and, after taking him into custody, they hand the case over to Antonio Dawson (guest star Jon Seda) and Peter Stone (guest star Philip Winchester) at the State's Attorney's Office.", "Lost Girl On May 31, 2013, Prodigy Pictures and Showcase announced that filming had begun on thirteen episodes for Season 4, with an expected premiere in Fall 2013;[62] followed with a start of production announcement by Syfy on June 4, 2013.[63]", "Chicago (franchise) As of OctoberÂ 24, 2018[update], 332 episodes of the Chicago franchise have aired.", "Nashville (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series Nashville, created by Callie Khouri, premiered on September 23, 2015, on ABC and concluded on May 25, 2016.[1] The show features an ensemble cast with Connie Britton and Hayden Panettiere in the leading roles as two country music superstars, Rayna Jaymes and Juliette Barnes. The season contained 21 episodes.", "List of Mozart in the Jungle episodes On February 9, 2016 the show was renewed for a third season.[2] On January 30, 2017, Amazon announced that the series had been renewed for a fourth season,[3] scheduled for release on February 16, 2018.[4] As of February 16, 2018, 40 episodes of Mozart in the Jungle have aired, concluding its fourth season.", "Chicago Fire (season 1) The series pilot, co-written by creators Michael Brandt and Derek Haas, was filmed in Chicago and, according to an NBC representative, the series will continue to be filmed there.[25] Mayor of Chicago Rahm Emanuel made an appearance in the series' pilot episode. Emanuel stated: \"It's easier being mayor than playing mayor. I told them I'd do it under one condition: the TV show is making an investment to the Firefighters' Widows and Orphans Fund.\"[26]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14) On December 6, 2012, NBC ordered an additional two episodes for this season, bringing the total to 24.[19] The season finale aired on May 22, 2013.[20]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) In February 2015, NBC announced plans to make another spinoff, the medical drama Chicago Med. A special backdoor pilot episode of the show aired during Chicago Fire's third season.[51] On May 1, 2015, Chicago Med was officially ordered to a series,[52] starring Oliver Platt, S. Epatha Merkerson, Nick Gehlfuss, Yaya DaCosta, Torrey DeVitto, Rachel DiPillo, Marlyne Barrett, Colin Donnell and Brian Tee.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 4) This is the first season to be produced by ABC Studios under its current name, after the transition from Touchstone Television in May 2007.[2] It was also produced by ShondaLand Production Company, and The Mark Gordon Company, whereas Buena Vista International, Inc. distributed it. The executive producers were creator and show runner Shonda Rhimes, Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, Joan Rater, and James D. Parriott, all part of the production team since the series' inception. The regular directors were Rob Corn and Jessica Yu. Producer Shonda Rhimes wrote five of the seventeen episodes, two of which were along with fellow producer Krista Vernoff.[3] Unlike the other seasons, except from the first one, which aired mid-season, the fourth season of Grey's Anatomy had a reduced number of episodes, due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, which caused the production to cease from February to April, leaving the show with no writing staff during that time.[1] Since the show had only produced ten episodes before the winter-holiday hiatus, and aired another one after the break ended, the show decided to complete the season with six new episodes, and returned on April 24, 2008.[4] Only seventeen episodes were produced out of the twenty-three originally conceived for the season.", "Hell on Wheels (season 4) On November 14, 2013, AMC renewed Hell On Wheels for a fourth season, consisting of 13 episodes, which premiered August 2, 2014.[1][2] About the season, showrunner John Wirth has stated: \"The consequences of the stories we told last year will continue to reverberate throughout the season, and fans can expect to see some shocking events that will not only change the lives of our characters, but the landscape of the series as the railroad continues its relentless march westward.\"[1]", "List of Z Nation episodes On November 29, 2016, Syfy renewed the series for a 13-episode fourth season.[2] It premiered on September 29, 2017.[3]", "Teen Wolf (season 4) The fourth season of Teen Wolf, an American supernatural drama created by Jeff Davis and to some extent, based on the Teen Wolf 1985 film of the same name, premiered on June 23, 2014.[1] The series was renewed for a fourth season of 12 episodes on October 12, 2013.", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series) The fourth season consists of 22 episodes that aired on Thursdays at 9:00Â pm beginning September 18, 2008, and ending May 14, 2009.[138]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The show explores the lives, both professional and personal, of the firefighters and paramedics of the Chicago Fire Department at the quarters of Engine Co. 51; Truck Co. 81; Rescue Squad Co. 3; and Ambulance 61. Following the death of veteran Firefighter Andrew Darden, loyalties fracture and divide as Lieutenant Matthew Casey, officer-in-charge of Truck Co. 81, and Lieutenant Kelly Severide, officer-in-charge of Squad Co. 3, both blame one another for the death of their long-time friend and colleague. Severide is consumed with more guilt when he learns Darden's wife also blames him for the tragedy. Despite their differences, the firehouse comes together after the near death of Truck Co. 81 Firefighter Christopher Herrmann.", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 4) The fourth season of the television sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine premiered September 20, 2016 on Fox and ended May 23, 2017 with 22 episodes.", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) Nick Wechsler joins the cast as Kenny Rixton, a former protégé of Voight's, for a multi-episode arc.[26] On February 7, 2017, it was revealed that Esai Morales will join the cast as Chief Lugo, a veteran of the Police Department who is trying to steer the CPD into a new style of policing. His first appearance will be in the three-way crossover with Chicago Fire and Chicago Justice, before recurring throughout the remainder of the season.[27]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) New to the station is Firefighter Candidate Peter Mills, the Candidate assigned to Truck Co. 81, who is following in the footsteps of his late father and trying to find his place, over the objections of his mother. Alongside the firefighters are Paramedics Gabriela Dawson and Leslie Shay, the only women in the firehouse. Under the leadership of 25th Battalion Chief Wallace Boden, the firehouse faces life or death decisions every day, but look to each other like family, making sure to look out for each other, no matter what happens. Chicago Fire's tagline is \"This Family Burns Deep\".", "List of Awkward episodes On August 5, 2013, Awkward was renewed for a fourth season. Chris Alberghini and Mike Chessler will replace Lauren Iungerich as showrunners.[48] The season will consist of 20 episodes.[49] Season four premiered with a special one-hour episode on April 15, 2014. The second half of the premiered on September 23, 2014. The season finale aired November 25, 2014.", "Chuck (TV series) On May 13, 2010, it was announced that Chuck had been renewed by NBC for a fourth season.[89] The season received a 13-episode order with an option of an additional nine episodes. The fourth season premiered during NBC's fall 2010 schedule. It retained its current timeslot.[90] The premiere episode of the fourth season was titled \"Chuck Versus the Anniversary\",[91] and aired on September 20.[92] Season four guest starred Linda Hamilton, Dolph Lundgren, Harry Dean Stanton, Olivia Munn, Steve Austin, Dave Batista, Summer Glau, Timothy Dalton and Eric Roberts. It was announced on October 19, 2010 that NBC had ordered an additional 11 episodes of Chuck, bringing the episode total for Season 4 to 24.[93]", "Chicago Fire (season 1) The firehouse shown is Engine 18's quarters, located at 1360 S. Blue Island Ave. between 13th & Racine. Housed here is ALS Engine 18, 2-2-1 (Deputy District Chief - 1st District), 4-5-7 (Paramedic Field Chief - EMS District 7), 6-4-16 (High-Rise Response Unit), and BLS Ambulance 84.", "How to Get Away with Murder (season 4) The fourth season of the American legal drama series How to Get Away with Murder was ordered on February 10, 2017, by ABC.[1] It began airing on September 28, 2017, with expected 15 episodes like the previous seasons.[2] This was made in a deal with Viola Davis that the series would be a limited series with only 15 or 16 episodes per season.[3][4]", "New Girl (season 4) The fourth season of the American comedy series New Girl premiered on September 16, 2014 on Fox and concluded on May 5, 2015. Season four consisted a total of 22 episodes. Developed by Elizabeth Meriwether under the working title Chicks & Dicks, the series revolves around offbeat teacher Jess (Zooey Deschanel) after her moving into an LA loft with three men, Nick (Jake Johnson), Schmidt (Max Greenfield), and Winston (Lamorne Morris); Jess' best friend Cece (Hannah Simone) also appears regularly. The show combines comedy and drama elements as the characters, who are in their early thirties, deal with maturing relationships and career choices.", "Pretty Little Liars (season 4) The fourth season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars began airing on ABC Family on June 11, 2013. The season consisted of 24 episodes, which were filmed between March 14, 2013 and November 2, 2013.[1] The season concluded its broadcast on March 18, 2014.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 14) The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy was ordered on February 10, 2017, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and premiered on September 28, 2017 with a special two-hour premiere.[1] The season will consist of 24 episodes,[2][3] with the season's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper.", "New Girl (season 4) The series was renewed for a fourth season on March 7, 2014.[1] The 22-episode season[2] premiered on September 16, 2014.[3] Beginning this season, Damon Wayans, Jr. was promoted to a series regular.[4] Both Jessica Biel and Reid Scott guest starred in the season premiere.[5] Biel played Kat, \"the hottest scientist in the world\" who competes with Jess after they both fall for Scott's character Ted, who they both met at a wedding.[6] Kaitlin Olson will guest as Ashley, Jess' old high school nemesis and Bob Day's much younger fiancÃ©e.[7] Michaela Watkins also reprised her role as Schmidt's boss Gina.[7] Alan Ritchson guest starred as Matt, an attractive guy that Jess meets at a bar who unfortunately has some shortcomings below the belt.[8] Julian Morris had a recurring role as Ryan Geauxinue, a handsome teacher that replaces Jess in her old teaching position, and for whom Jess ends up having romantic feelings.[9]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) Severide is accused of a hit-and-run accident, which later turns into a vehicular homicide when one of the victims, a child, dies from her injuries. Lindsay and Voight suspect that Severide was set up while friendships and relationships are put to the test as the detectives and cops are forced to toe a very thin line with their friends at Firehouse 51 as the evidence against Severide mounts. Meanwhile, Burgess begins her first day in Intelligence and immediately clashes with Olinsky. Also, Lindsay contemplates meeting her father.", "The 4400 The 4400 ran for four seasons. The first season is presented as a miniseries of five episodes, which aired weekly from July 11, 2004 to August 8, 2004, with a two-hour premier. Seasons two, three and four are each 13-episode seasons (counting the two hour premiers in seasons two and three as two episodes). A special episode, \"The 4400: Unlocking the Secrets\", aired between seasons two and three, on June 3, 2006, originally on NBC.[4]", "The Killing (season 4) The fourth and final season of the American crime drama television series The Killing consists of six episodes and was released on Netflix on August 1, 2014.[1] Netflix picked up the series after it was canceled by AMC in 2013.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The title \"Chicago Fire\" has sparked some confusion in the show's first season in regards to it being shared with a local major professional soccer team; the Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Actor Taylor Kinney has said \"If you (say) ‘We're working on “Chicago Fire,”' they ask you if you're a soccer player\".[22] However show producer Dick Wolf doesn't mind and has seen that fans of the team might watch.[22] The Chicago Fire team themselves have accepted the shared name with the show and have shown the series premiere on October 2, 2012 at Toyota Park after a game with the Philadelphia Union.[23]", "List of Chicago Fire characters Jessica \"Chili\" Chilton (season 3â€“4) replaced Peter Mills as the new Paramedic in Charge (PIC) in season 3 after the latter leaves the CFD. The crew at 51 were initially lukewarm to her as they were still getting over Mills' departure, having warmed up and grown to like to their former Candidate.[15]", "Hell on Wheels (TV series) Filming of the fourth season's 13 episodes took place along the Bow River. Filming occurred from April 24 to September 24, 2014.[38]", "Bar Rescue On March 21, 2014, Spike TV ordered 20 more episodes of Bar Rescue.[citation needed] On June 27, Taffer announced on his Facebook page that he will be begin shooting 30 episodes for season 4 after a week-long trip to Paris.[6] The first half premiered on October 5, 2014 while the second half premiered on February 8, 2015. On May 30, 2015, Taffer announced on his Facebook page that he finished shooting season 4. It was announced that the remaining episodes for season 4 would air beginning Sunday, June 21.[7]", "Scandal (season 4) The remaining fall schedule for ABC was announced on October 30, 2014, where it was announced that Scandal would air nine episodes in the fall with the fall finale to air on November 20, 2014, just like the rest of ABC's primetime lineup \"TGIT\" Grey's Anatomy and How To Get Away with Murder.[6] The remaining 13 episodes aired after the winter break, beginning on January 29, 2015,[7] and ending with the season finale on May 14, 2015.[8] The show was renewed by ABC for a fifth season, on May 7, 2015.[1]", "Sleepy Hollow (season 4) The fourth and final season of the Fox television series Sleepy Hollow premiered on January 6, 2017 and concluded on March 31, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes.[1][2][3]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The show follows an Intelligence Unit of the police and is filmed entirely in Chicago. The main cast includes Jason Beghe, Jon Seda, Sophia Bush, Jesse Lee Soffer, Patrick Flueger, Elias Koteas, Marina Squerciati, LaRoyce Hawkins and Archie Kao.", "NCIS: New Orleans (season 4) The fourth season of NCIS: New Orleans premiered on September 26, 2017 on CBS.[1] The series continues to air following Bull, Tuesday at 10:00Â p.m. (ET) and contained 24 episodes.[2] The season concluded on May 15, 2018.[3]", "The League On December 13, 2011, the series was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes which premiered on October 11, 2012.[8]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) A three-way crossover between Chicago Fire, Chicago PD and the premiere of Chicago Justice aired on March 1, 2017, with heavy involvement from Chicago Med.", "God's Quiz Season 4 aired from May 18 to August 3, 2014 on Sundays at 23:00 for 12 episodes.", "Gossip Girl (season 4) The fourth season of the American teen drama television series Gossip Girl premiered on The CW on September 13, 2010, and concluded on May 16, 2011, consisting of 22 episodes. Based on the novel series of the same name by Cecily von Ziegesar, the series was developed for television by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage. The CW renewed the series for a full fourth season on February 16, 2010.[1] Blake Lively, Leighton Meester, Penn Badgley, Chace Crawford, Taylor Momsen, Ed Westwick, Jessica Szohr, Kelly Rutherford, and Matthew Settle all return as series regulars.[2]", "Shameless (season 4) On January 29, 2013, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fourth season.[13] The show's fourth season began production on September 20, 2013 and began filming the following week,[14] and premiered on Sunday, January 12, 2014.", "List of Halt and Catch Fire episodes The series was renewed for a fourth and final season of 10 episodes,[6] which began with a two-hour premiere on August 19, 2017.[7] As of September 16, 2017,[update] 35 episodes of Halt and Catch FireÂ have aired.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) Chicago artist and retired firefighter Lee J. Kowalski's oil paintings of fire scenes can be spotted in several episodes.", "Chicago Fire (season 2) The show follows the lives of the firefighters and paramedics working at the Chicago Fire Department at the firehouse of Engine 51, Truck 81, Squad 3, Ambulance 61 and Battalion 25.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The building used in the show as the firehouse is a working Chicago Fire Department firehouse, and is the headquarters of Engine 18, located at 1360 South Blue Island Avenue at Maxwell Street, between 13th & Racine. Housed here is ALS Engine 18, 2–2–1 (Deputy District Chief – 1st District), 2–1–21 (1st District Chief), 6–4–16 (High-Rise Response Unit), and ALS Ambulance 65. The station house used in Chicago PD is just a few blocks away at 949 West Maxwell Street at Morgan Street." ]	[ "Chicago Fire (season 4) The fourth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on February 5, 2015, by NBC,[1] and premiered on October 13, 2015 and concluded on May 17, 2016.[2] The season contained 23 episodes.[3]" ]
test2662	who sang i knew the bride when she used to rock and roll	[ "doc91277" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc91277", "doc91278", "doc1641071", "doc91280", "doc91284", "doc91279", "doc91283", "doc1673738", "doc91282", "doc1673739", "doc355167", "doc1673740", "doc502828", "doc91281", "doc1405967", "doc355166", "doc1673741", "doc680179", "doc355168", "doc968236", "doc2572237", "doc2526556", "doc1361036", "doc89469", "doc50267", "doc91285", "doc1641068", "doc87177", "doc2096700", "doc2084907", "doc647436", "doc2084906", "doc2268294", "doc194050", "doc968235", "doc1261346", "doc50271", "doc1275122", "doc355163", "doc406098", "doc893594", "doc1361033", "doc2498740", "doc680169", "doc2649374", "doc2649367", "doc680168", "doc680170", "doc1141780", "doc2153297", "doc2153295", "doc1910012", "doc89468", "doc2345320", "doc2228308", "doc2214730", "doc2202671", "doc1098276", "doc1414223", "doc2128047", "doc1864741", "doc1640467", "doc2640940", "doc1132287", "doc425043", "doc445954", "doc1985394", "doc2260163", "doc2202670", "doc2573130", "doc756186", "doc2498735", "doc1284626", "doc1704364", "doc1414219", "doc1507873", "doc2228545", "doc1282399", "doc1361030", "doc1414220", "doc2207785", "doc18961", "doc1708582", "doc1275117", "doc457540", "doc1303458", "doc106228", "doc2331881", "doc647435", "doc1126092", "doc2331793", "doc1081873", "doc1473201", "doc50269", "doc507097", "doc272303", "doc2649373", "doc168034", "doc355164", "doc2228311" ]	[ "I Knew the Bride \"I Knew the Bride (When She Used to Rock 'n' Roll)\" is a song written by Nick Lowe and first popularized by Dave Edmunds. It was released on Edmunds's 1977 album Get It and a year later in a live version by Nick Lowe's Last Chicken in the Shop on Live Stiffs Live.", "I Knew the Bride Lowe performed the song during a Stiff Records European tour with Elvis Costello, Ian Dury, Wreckless Eric, and Larry Wallis; the tour was filmed for the 1981 documentary If It Ain't Stiff, It Ain't Worth a Fuck.[1] In 1985, Nick Lowe recorded a slower studio version for the album The Rose of England, produced by Huey Lewis (on harmonica) and featuring Lewis' band \"The News\". It reached #27 on the US rock chart and #77 on the US pop chart.[2]", "You Never Can Tell (song) Nick Lowe has indicated this song was a source of inspiration for his song \"I Knew the Bride (When She Used to Rock 'n' Roll)\", which has been recorded by Dave Edmunds, Status Quo, and Lowe himself.", "I Knew the Bride Live versions featuring Edmunds and Lowe harmonizing appeared on two albums from Rockpile, the group featuring both singers, as well as Billy Bremner and Terry Williams. The official release was on the Live at Montreux 1980 album in 2011, but the song was also on the much earlier bootleg album They Call It Rock from the late 1970s.[3]", "I Knew the Bride Robert Christgau, upon the release of Live Stiffs Live, characterized the song as \"Lowe's answer to \"You Never Can Tell\",[6] a 1964 song by Chuck Berry. Decades later, Austin City Limits called it a \"cheeky roots/pop tune.\"[7]", "I Knew the Bride Edmunds released several live versions over the years, from 1987’s I Hear You Rockin’, to 1999’s KIng Biscuit Flour Hour Presents, to 2005’s Live and Pickin’, and 2011’s A Pile of Rock Live. He also released a remixed studio version on 1999’s Hand Picked Musical Fantasies, which also appeared on the 2004 release From Small Things: The Best of Dave Edmunds. The original recording appeared on many of his compilation releases, including 1981’s The Best of Dave Edmunds, 1994’s Chronicles, and 2008’s The Many Sides of Dave Edmunds: The Greatest Hits and More.", "I Knew the Bride British poet Hugo Williams titled his 11th book after the song; an earlier collection had similarly been named after an Everly Brothers song.[5]", "I Knew You When (song) \"I Knew You When\" is a song written and composed by Joe South. It became a popular hit in 1965 when recorded by American pop and country singer Billy Joe Royal. There have also been several other hit cover versions of this song, including Donny Osmond and Linda Ronstadt.", "I Knew the Bride The song is part of the Sounds of the Seventies: Punk and New Wave from Time-Life Records.", "I Knew You When (song) \"I Knew You When\" was first recorded by Billy Joe Royal for his 1965 studio album, Down in the Boondocks. The song reached No. 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 the week of November 6, 1965.[1] The song went to No. 1 on the Canadian music chart in November 1965.[2]", "I Love Rock 'n' Roll The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records, with lead vocals, guitar, music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most. In an interview with Songfacts, Merrill said he wrote it as \"a knee-jerk response to the Rolling Stones' 'It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)'.\"[2][4] This version was first released as a B-side, but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record. The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young-produced show 45, after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series, Arrows, which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976.[5]", "I Knew You When (song) Donny Osmond released a version in 1971 as the B-side of \"Hey Girl\" that went to No. 9 on the Hot 100 as a double-sided hit.[3]", "Last Kiss By Wayne Cochran, Joe Carpenter, Randall Hoyal & Bobby McGlon (1961)", "I Knew the Bride Hunter S. Thompson's Songs of the Doomed: More Notes on the Death of the American Dream, a 1990 anthology of essays and works of new journalism, has a chapter named after the song.[4]", "Rock and Roll Music The song has been recorded by many well-known artists, including Bill Haley & His Comets, the Beatles, the Beach Boys (who had a top ten hit with the song on the Hot 100 in 1976),[5] Dickie Rock and the Miami Showband, REO Speedwagon, Mental As Anything, Humble Pie, Manic Street Preachers and Bryan Adams. Berry performed it on December 16, 1957, on ABC's short-lived variety program The Guy Mitchell Show.", "I Love Rock 'n' Roll \"I Love Rock 'n' Roll\" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version.[1] The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982.[2] Alan Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home town New York City.[3]", "I Knew You When (song) Linda Ronstadt recorded a cover version for her Gold-plus 1982 album, Get Closer.[4] Her single was produced by Peter Asher and released on Asylum Records. Aided by a popular music video, it reached #30 on the Cash Box Top 100 chart and #37 on the Billboard Hot 100 as the album's second single.", "Old Time Rock and Roll In 2000, the British rock band Status Quo recorded a version of this song for their album Famous in the Last Century. They played it on Top of the Pops and released it as a single which charted in the UK (No. 83) and Norway (No. 4).[citation needed]", "I Love Rock 'n' Roll Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform \"I Love Rock 'n Roll\" on their weekly UK television series Arrows[2] when she was touring England with the Runaways in 1976.[5] She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols: Steve Jones and Paul Cook. This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B-side to \"You Don't Own Me\". In 1981, Jett re-recorded the song, this time with her band, the Blackhearts. This recording became a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one single for seven weeks.[8] Billboard ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, representing two million units shipped to stores with Jett's I Love Rock 'n Roll album reaching number two on the Billboard 200. Joan Jett's version was ranked No.Â 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of Rolling Stone[9] and has also been inducted into the Grammys Hall of Fame in 2016.[10]", "The Tremeloes as The Tremeloes[3]", "Ballad of Sir Frankie Crisp (Let It Roll) â€“ George Harrison", "Singing the Blues The great Hank Snow did it on his 1969 album on RCA \"I Went To Your Wedding\".", "Train Kept A-Rollin' The recording session took place on October 6, 1951, in Cincinnati, Ohio. Besides Brashaw, Prysock, and Paul, the other participants were: Leslie Ayers and Lester Bass on trumpets; Andrew Penn on trombone; Ted \"Snooky\" Holbert on alto and baritone sax; Rufus Gore on tenor saxes; Jimmy Robinson on piano; and Clarence Mack on bass.[6] King Records issued the song on both ten-inch 78 rpm and seven-inch 45 rpm records in late 1951. Billboard magazine reviewed the release and commented using jump parlance: \"The singer comes thru [sic] with a great vocal on a rockin' novelty, with some solid chorus and ork [orchestra a.k.a. swing band] backing. Tune builds all the way. Platter could catch a lot of change.\"[7] However, it did not appear on the charts of the nation's most popular R&B songs, such as those compiled by Billboard. Although Bradshaw had five other records that reached the R&B top ten,[8] \"The Train Kept A-Rollin'\" remains his best-known recording and continues to be popular with Shag dancers (a type of swing dance) on the U.S. Eastern Seaboard.[1]", "I Dig Rock and Roll Music Credited to Stookey-Mason-Dixon, the song's lyrics reference contemporary rock artists including the Mamas & the Papas, Donovan, and the Beatles. The song parodies and satirizes the vocal style of the Mamas & the Papas in the first verse, Donovan in the second verse and the Beatles in the third verse.[1][2] Matthew Greenwald of AllMusic commented that the song \"simply celebrates the simple joy of pop music at the time.\"[3] The song was a hit single for the group and reached number nine on the Billboard Hot 100.[4]", "God Gave Rock and Roll to You Argent recorded the song in 1971 during the sessions for their album All Together Now, but it originally did not appear as an album track until 1973's In Deep, and was released as a successful single at that time. The 1997 CD re-release of All Together Now has the track included as a bonus. The original lyrics include a reference to British pop singer Cliff Richard, known for his Christianity.", "I Knew the Bride Cover versions of the song have been released on various albums, including:", "You Never Can Tell (song) \"You Never Can Tell\", also known as \"C'est La Vie\" or \"Teenage Wedding\", is a song written by Chuck Berry. It was composed in the early 1960s while Berry was in federal prison for violating the Mann Act.[1] Released in 1964 on the album St. Louis to Liverpool and the follow-up single to Berry's final Top Ten hit of the 1960s: \"No Particular Place to Go\", \"You Never Can Tell\" reached number 14, becoming Berry's final Top 40 hit until \"My Ding-a-Ling\", a number 1 in October 1972. A 1977 Top Ten C&W hit for Emmylou Harris, the song has also been recorded or performed by Chely Wright, John Prine, New Riders of the Purple Sage, the Jerry Garcia Band,[2] Bruce Springsteen, The Mavericks, \nBuster Shuffle and Bob Seger", "Kansas City (Leiber and Stoller song) \"Kansas City\" has been recorded by hundreds of performers, including Bill Haley & His Comets from the album Bill Haley and His Comets (1960),[19] Brenda Lee from All the Way (1961), Peggy Lee from Blues Cross Country (1962) and Miss Peggy Lee Sings the Blues (1988), Ace Cannon did an instrumental version on his debut 1962 album Tuff Sax, Trini Lopez as a #23 pop chart single (1963), Dion DiMucci on his album \"Runaround Sue\" (1961), Jan & Dean from Surf City And Other Swingin' Cities (1963), Jay and the Americans from At the Cafe Wha? (1963), Fats Domino as a single (1964), Sammy Davis Jr. from Sammy Davis, Jr. Sings the Big Ones for Young Lovers (1964), The Everly Brothers from Rock & Soul (1965), Tom Jones from From the Heart (1966), Albert King from Born Under A Bad Sign (1967), Muddy Waters from Muddy \"Mississippi\" Waters – Live (1979), and Dean Reed from the album Rock'n'Roll Country Romantic\"(1980). Ten versions of the song are featured on the 1994 album, The Best of Kansas City. In 1995, it was included in Smokey Joe's Cafe, the musical revue about the songs of Leiber and Stoller. Also, the Grateful Dead played the song on October 28, 1985 the day after the Kansas City Royals won their first World Series.", "Viva Ned Flanders The Moody Blues as themselves", "Tommy James and the Shondells Tommy James and the Shondells", "Chapel of Love The definitive version of \"Chapel of Love\" was recorded by The Dixie Cups and released as a single in April 1964.[2] Sung by Barbara Ann Hawkins, Rosa Lee Hawkins, and Joan Marie Johnson, this version was the group's first single taken from their debut studio album Chapel of Love issued on Red Bird Records.[3] The song was arranged by Joe Jones and produced by Jerry Leiber, Mike Stoller, Ellie Greenwich, and Jeff Barry.[4] It charted at number one on June 6, 1964 on the Billboard Hot 100 knocking The Beatles out of the number one spot and remained at the top for three weeks.[4] The song also peaked at number 22 on the UK Singles Chart[5] and hit number one in Canada on the RPM Chart.[6] The \"Chapel of Love\" version by The Dixie Cups sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.[7] The song was later included on the soundtrack to films ranging from Full Metal Jacket to Father of the Bride.[8] The hit single recorded by The Dixie Cups was ranked #279 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, being the group's only song on the list.[9] Billboard named the song #33 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.[10]", "Tommy James and the Shondells Tom and the Tornadoes", "She Don't Know Me Meanwhile, in the ensuing interim period, two already well-established musical acts covered the tune. The well-known 1960s/70s band The Grass Roots included a version of the song on their 1982 reunion album, Powers of the Night.[6] The following year, former Outsiders and Climax frontman Sonny Geraci recorded his own version of the tune under the pseudonym \"Peter Emmett\" (backed by the Donnie Iris and the Cruisers band, including Avsec).[7]", "Do You Love Me Like many American R&B songs of the 1960s, \"Do You Love Me?\" was covered by a number of British Invasion groups. Three British groups who recorded their own versions of the song were Brian Poole and the Tremeloes (who hit number one with it in the UK Singles Chart after learning it from Liverpool's Faron's Flamingos),[1] the Dave Clark Five, and The Hollies on their 1964 album Stay with the Hollies. The song has also been covered by The Sonics, The Kingsmen, Paul Revere & the Raiders, and Johnny Thunders and the Heartbreakers. In 1965, Bob Marley and the Wailers recorded the song \"Playboy,\" which incorporates \"Do You Love Me\"'s chorus. The song was covered by the English glam rock band Mud for their album mud rock (1974). The song was one of the highlights of The Blues Brothers' live set. Bruce Springsteen frequently ended his shows in the mid-1980s with the song, as part of a medley with \"Twist and Shout\". Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1988 album The Chipmunks and The Chipettes: Born to Rock. Indie band Steadman has a well known cover of the song, played in the style of the Dave Clark Five. Andy Fraser covered the song in the style of the 1980s back in 1984. Westlife performed a live version for their The Greatest Hits Tour in 2003. German girl group Preluders covered the song for their cover album Prelude to History in 2004. In 1992 David Hasselhoff famously sang the song in an episode of Baywatch. In November 2013, The Overtones covered the song for their album Saturday Night at the Movies. In February 2015, Chester See & Andy Lange uploaded a cover of \"Do You Love Me\" to See's YouTube channel. In 2017 Colt Prattes, Nicole Scherzinger, and J. Quinton Johnson covered the song for ABC's Dirty Dancing movie remake.", "The Tremeloes as Brian Poole and the Tremeloes[2]", "Rock Around the Clock \"Rock Around the Clock\" is a rock and roll song in the 12-bar blues format written by Max C. Freedman and James E. Myers (the latter under the pseudonym \"Jimmy De Knight\") in 1952. The best-known and most successful rendition was recorded by Bill Haley & His Comets in 1954 for American Decca. It was a number one single on both the United States and United Kingdom charts and also re-entered the UK Singles Chart in the 1960s and 1970s.", "God Gave Rock and Roll to You The song has also been covered by Bride featuring rap group DOC[2][3][4] and by Midtown.[citation needed] Unrest remade the song as \"God Gave Rock & Roll To You III\" for their 1992 Bavarian Mods EP.[5]", "Shake, Rattle and Roll Other notable recordings of \"Shake, Rattle and Roll\" include a version by Arthur Conley which was a hit in 1967, as well as cover versions of Turner's and Haley's arrangements by Buzz Clifford, The Beatles, Sam Cooke, Willy DeVille, Johnny Horton, The Swinging Blue Jeans, Chubby Checker, Fats Domino, Jerry Lee Lewis, Chuck Berry, NRBQ, Huey Lewis and the News, Doc Watson, Billy Swan and Buddy Holly. The song was also performed by the Ray Ellington Quartet in the episode \"1985\" (a parody of George Orwell's 1984) of the BBC radio comedy serie s, The Goon Show. Jools Holland recorded a big band version for his 2008 album, The Collection.[23]", "I Know (You Don't Love Me No More) \"I Know (You Don't Love Me No More)\" is a R&B song written and performed by American singer Barbara George. It was released as her debut single in late 1961. This song became her signature song and her only major hit in United States, peaking at number 1 in the Billboard R&B singles chart and number 3 in the Pop Singles chart. The song was later covered by The Newbeats, Cher, Ike & Tina Turner, Bonnie Raitt, Anne Murray, Steve Marriott, Yvonne Fair, Felder's Orioles, and also a Spanish language version by Marisela was released in 1988.[1] The Shirelles borrowed the melody of \"I Know\" for their 1963 cover of \"Everybody Loves A Lover\".", "Brand New Key \"Brand New Key\" is a pop song written and sung by folk music singer Melanie. Initially a track of Melanie's album Gather Me, produced by Melanie's husband, Peter Schekeryk, it was known also as \"The Rollerskate Song\" due to its chorus. It was her greatest success, scoring No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart during December 1971 and January 1972. Billboard ranked it as the No. 9 song of 1972. It also scored No. 1 in Canada and Australia and No. 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the 1997 movie Boogie Nights as well as the 2010 movie Jackass 3D and an episode of Helix.", "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus Popular versions of the song were released by the Ronettes, Molly Bee, Bobby Sherman, Andy Williams, The Beverley Sisters, The Four Seasons, and The Jackson 5. Reba McEntire, Homer and Jethro, Amy Winehouse, John Mellencamp, Mitch Miller, John Prine, Sammi Sanchez, Tiny Tim, The Cheetah Girls, Bif Naked, Jessica Simpson, Teresa Brewer, Rica Fukami, Secret Chiefs 3 and Dionne Bromfield have also covered it. The Dollyrots recorded a variation (titled \"I Saw Mommy Biting Santa Claus\") with humorous lyrics. RuPaul and Kip Addotta both recorded versions with changed lyrics titled \"I Saw Daddy Kissing Santa Claus\". Swedish band Onkel Kånkel took this even further with their version \"Jag såg tomten suga pappa\" (I saw Santa suck off daddy).", "Train Kept A-Rollin' Tiny Bradshaw and his band first recorded \"The Train Kept A-Rollin'\" in 1951. They performed the song as a mid-tempo jump blues,[1] which uses a boogie-woogie bass line and a shuffle rhythm.[3] The introductory section features scat singing by Bradshaw answered by a chorus.[3] The verses are delivered in a lively vocal style, followed by an instrumental break with a raucous, honking-style tenor saxophone solo by Red Prysock and backed by drummer Philip Paul's a heavy backbeat.[3] Bradshaw's lyrics use early jazz hipster references:", "The Ballroom Blitz The first known cover of \"The Ballroom Blitz\" was by the Les Humphries Singers in 1975, which was the first German single to reach #1 in New Zealand.[6] In 1979, the song was covered by the Damned, which featured Lemmy from Motörhead on bass guitar. It was released as a B-side to \"I Just Can't Be Happy Today\" and featured as a bonus track on their CD reissue of Machine Gun Etiquette.[7][8] Other covers include renditions by Krokus in 1984, the 1988 Surf Punks album \"Oh no! Not them again.\" (in the lyrics jacket, instead of the lyrics, it says \"you should know the words by now\", Christian rock band Calibretto 13 on their album Enter the Danger Brigade in 2000, Tia Carrere on the soundtrack to Wayne's World in 1992, and thrash metal band Nuclear Assault on their 1991 album Out of Order.[9][10] In 2016, The Struts recorded a cover of the song for the soundtrack of The Edge of Seventeen.[11] In 2017, The Featherz covered the song on their debut album Five Year Itch. This was originally intended for the CD edition of their 2016 single Forget All You Know.", "Old Time Rock and Roll The Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section, who often backed Seger in his studio recordings, sent Seger a demo of the song during the recording of Stranger in Town.[2] He said in 2006 (and also on the \"Stranger in Town\" episode of the US radio show In the Studio with Redbeard a few years earlier):", "Honky Tonk Women The Rolling Stones", "Honky Tonk Women The Rolling Stones", "Old Time Rock and Roll \"Old Time Rock and Roll\" is a song written by George Jackson and Thomas E. Jones III, and recorded by Bob Seger for his 1978 album Stranger in Town. It was also released as a single in 1979. It is a sentimentalized look back at the music of the original rock 'n' roll era. The song gained renewed popularity after being featured in the 1983 film Risky Business. It has since become a standard in popular music and was ranked number two on the Amusement & Music Operators Association's survey of the Top 40 Jukebox Singles of All Time in 1996.[1] It was also listed as one of the Songs of the Century in 2001 and ranked No. 100 in the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Songs poll in 2004 of the top songs in American cinema.", "Old Time Rock and Roll All I kept from the original was: \"Old time rock and roll, that kind of music just soothes the soul, I reminisce about the days of old with that old time rock and roll\". I rewrote the verses and I never took credit. That was the dumbest thing I ever did. And Tom Jones (Thomas E. Jones) and George Jackson know it, too. But I just wanted to finish the record [Stranger in Town]. I rewrote every verse you hear except for the choruses. I didn't ask for credit. My manager said: \"You should ask for a third of the credit.\" And I said: \"Nah. Nobody's gonna like it.\" I'm not credited on it so I couldn't control the copyright either. Meanwhile it got into a Hardee's commercial because I couldn't control it. Oh my God, it was awful!\"[3]", "I Went to Your Wedding The song was parodied by Spike Jones and his City Slickers later in the decade, depicting the singer as glad to \"get rid\" of the bride. Ray Stevens covered the Spike Jones version in 2012 on the 9-CD project, The Encyclopedia of Recorded Comedy Music.", "Gary Holton With Casino Steel", "Gary Holton With Casino Steel", "Then He Kissed Me The Beach Boys", "I Dig Rock and Roll Music \"I Dig Rock and Roll Music\" is a 1967 song by the American folk group Peter, Paul and Mary, written by Paul Stookey, James Mason and Dave Dixon.", "Louie Louie \"Louie Louie\" is an American rhythm and blues song written by Richard Berry in 1955 and best known for the 1963 hit version by The Kingsmen. It has become a standard in pop and rock, with hundreds of versions recorded by different artists. The song was originally written and performed in the style of a Jamaican ballad. It tells, in simple verse–chorus form, the first-person story of a Jamaican sailor returning to the island to see his lady love.", "Rock-A-Beatin' Boogie The song was also recorded by The Treniers in March, 1954 and released as a single as Okeh 7023, Buddy Morrow on Mercury, Johnny Curtis with the Toppers on Tops, Gabe Drake and his Rockets with the Orchestra under Maury Laws on Prom 1135, Willie Restum and His Music on Capitol, Georges Richard on the French 1957 LP Paris Microsill Gem 81, Teddy Raye on a 1961 EP, Fontana 460 788, the Deep River Boys on HMV in 1956, Charlie Gracie on the Just Hangin' Around album, the Ivor and Basil Kirchin Band in the UK (Parlophone R 4140),[5][6] Artie Malvin and the Rhythm Rockets on Waldorf Music Hall Records MH 33 149 in 1955 on the Rock and Roll album, Artie Malvin with the Deerhill Dudes on the Waldorf 33 BU 2 Rock 'N Roll Jamboree album in 1958, the Cuban group Los Llopis, Truck Stop in 1973, BogusÅ‚aw Wyrobek, Orchester Klaus Kovarik as an Austrian 45 Donauland single as part of a medley \"Rock 'n' Roll-Party\", Omar Lamparter, the Dutch band The Tykes, Boris & The Telstars, The Alleycats, the Japanese band Levi Dexter and Magic on 1993 Meldac album, The Original Band, Bill Haley's Original Comets, in 1994, original Comet bassist Marshall Lytle live in concert, Phil Haley and His Comments, Jean Rich, Mary Dunne, and Sharron Skelton on the UK TV show Oh Boy in 1980, The Danish Sharks, the German band Hugo Strasser Und Sein Tanzorchester on the 1979 LP Die Tanzplatte Des Jahres '80, Major Schiffer & Majories, Czech band Olympic on their 1982 Supraphon album Rock and Roll, Rock-Rolf & Hans Satelliter in Sweden, Australian band Trevor Gleeson & Chiodo on an EP, The Jodimars in 1955 for Capitol which was unissued, Boston Rockabilly on the 2005 album It's About Time on REG, J. Lawrence Cook on player piano originally issued as QRS 9224 and reissued as part of a 3-song medley entitled \"Bill Haley Hits No. 1\" on QRS XP-440, and Showaddywaddy in 1991.[7]", "Under the Boardwalk \"Under the Boardwalk\" is a hit pop song written by Kenny Young and Arthur Resnick and recorded by The Drifters in 1964. It charted at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 charts on August 22, 1964. The song has since been covered by many other artists, with versions by Bette Midler, the Tom Tom Club, The Rolling Stones, Billy Joe Royal, Bruce Willis, and Lynn Anderson all charting in the United States or overseas. The song ranked #489 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.", "I Know You Rider By the mid-1960s, rock acts had begun to record the song. Well known versions include those by Janis Joplin, James Taylor (as \"Circle Around the Sun\", on James Taylor), the Seldom Scene and Hot Tuna.[1] The Astronauts released a version on their 1967 album Travelin' Men. The Byrds recorded the song during 1966, under the title \"I Know My Rider (I Know You Rider)\", but their version remained unreleased until 1987, when it was included on Never Before.[6] The Byrds' version was later included as a bonus track on the expanded CD edition of their Fifth Dimension album.[7] The Byrds also performed the song at the Monterey Pop Festival, though that performance of \"I Know My Rider (I Know You Rider)\" has never been officially released.[8] The song has also been covered by New York based singer-songwriter Robin Greenstein on her traditional folk and blues CD, Images of Women Vol. 1 and by traditional American folksinger Steve Suffet (as a duet with Laura Munzer) on his 2008 Low Rent District album.[9][10] The song was also covered by reggae/rock fusion artists Slightly Stoopid on their 2008 album Slightly Not Stoned Enough To Eat Breakfast Yet Stoopid[11] and Big House on their 2008 Never Ending Train album.[12] It has also been partially covered by experimental folk band Akron/Family.", "Earth Angel The Crew-Cuts", "Rock and Roll Heaven It was rewritten with new lyrics in 1991 to mourn the passing of Elvis Presley (Love Me Tender), John Lennon (Give Peace a Chance), Roy Orbison (Oh, Pretty Woman), Jackie Wilson (Higher and Higher), Ricky Nelson (Lonesome Town), Dennis Wilson (Good Vibrations), Marvin Gaye (What's Going On), Sam Cooke (Wonderful World), Cass Elliot (Monday, Monday) who died a few months after the original version of the song was released, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. The rewritten song is included in compilation albums such as Reunion.[7]", "The Scaffold Their best known recording is \"Lily the Pink\" which topped the UK charts in 1968, and the group also composed and sang the theme tune to the popular BBC TV comedy The Liver Birds, which aired from 1969â€“1978.", "Maids When You're Young Never Wed an Old Man 3:45", "Brandy (You're a Fine Girl) Doug Heffernan (Kevin James) sings this song at karaoke in an episode of The King of Queens.", "Duke of Earl In September 2014, the song was performed on The Tonight Show by host Jimmy Fallon and Led Zeppelin frontman Robert Plant. The song has also been sung by The Four Tops, The Barron Knights, and the Van-Dells.", "Billy Vera He began his recording career in 1962 as a member of the Resolutions followed by the regional hit \"My Heart Cries\"/\"All My Love\" as Billy Vera & the Contrasts. He went on to a songwriting career in the 1960s, writing for Barbara Lewis, Fats Domino, The Shirelles and Ricky Nelson. He also wrote the garage band classic \"Don't Look Back\", performed by the Remains and later covered by Robert Plant.", "I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am In 1961 this song was recorded and extensively performed live by the British star Joe Brown, who revived the song and made it largely known in the British pop world. His version has two choruses either side of his guitar solo. (B-side, Piccadilly Records 7N 35005) He performs it live still today.", "From a Jack to a King Elvis Presley recorded it in 1969 but it did not chart on Billboard. Jerry Lee Lewis also released a version of the song.[12] Mud recorded the song in 1982.", "I Wonder Why The song was used in the film A Bronx Tale, in the pilot episode of the television series The Sopranos, and in John Carpenter's adaption of Stephen King's Christine. A cover was sung by Nicolas Cage in Peggy Sue Got Married. A cover was also sung by Showaddywaddy in 1978, reaching number 2 in the UK Singles Chart.[1]", "To Know Him Is to Love Him Steeleye Span played a cover of the song on their 1974 album Now We Are Six, which features, as a guest, David Bowie on alto saxophone. The inclusion of a rock 'n' roll standard baffled many listeners who had come to expect Steeleye Span's interpretations of traditional fare; what is generally not known, however, is that the track does represent an aspect of Steeleye Span's live show at that time (1974). They were known for doing a rock 'n' roll encore during this period, influenced by the band Sha Na Na with whom they toured.", "I Know You Rider In the mid-1950s, traditional musician Bob Coltman found the song in the Lomax book, arranged it and began singing it frequently around Philadelphia and New England circa 1957-1960.[1] In 1959, Coltman taught it to Tossi Aaron who recorded it in 1960 for her LP Tossi Sings Folk Songs & Ballads on Prestige International.[1][2] Joan Baez recorded a version for her 1960 debut album on Vanguard Records but the track was not released until 2001.[2] Throughout the early 1960s the song gained popularity through folk performers, most notably The Kingston Trio, who included the song \"Rider\" on their album Sunny Side! in 1963.[3] So did The Big 3, an American folk trio that featured Cass Elliot. Folk singer Judy Roderick also recorded an influential version of the song under the title \"Woman Blue\" and it became the title track of her second album, recorded and released by Vanguard in 1965.[1][4] British folk singer John Renbourn recorded a version of the song (titled \"I Know My Babe\") and it was included on his 1967 solo album, Another Monday.[5]", "Blueberry Hill (song) \"Blueberry Hill\" is a popular song published in 1940 best remembered for its 1950s rock n' roll version by Fats Domino. The music was written by Vincent Rose, the lyrics by Larry Stock and Al Lewis.[1] It was recorded six times in 1940. Victor Records released the recording by the Sammy Kaye Orchestra with vocals by Tommy Ryan on May 31, 1940.[2] Gene Krupa's version was issued on OKeh Records[3] on June 3 and singer Mary Small recorded a vocal version on the same label with Nat Brandwynne's orchestra, released June 20, 1940.[4] Other 1940 recordings were by: The Glenn Miller Orchestra on Bluebird Records (10768), Kay Kyser, Russ Morgan, Gene Autry (also in the 1941 film The Singing Hill, Connee Boswell, and Jimmy Dorsey. The largest 1940 hit was by The Glenn Miller Orchestra, where it reached number one.", "I Think I Love You \"I Think I Love You\" is a song composed by songwriter Tony Romeo in 1970. It was released as the debut single by The Partridge Family pop group, featuring David Cassidy on lead vocals and Shirley Jones on background vocals. The Partridge Family version was a number-one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1970. The alternative rock band Voice of the Beehive scored a hit cover version of their own in 1991. There have also been many other cover versions of this song, most notably, Perry Como, Kaci, Katie Cassidy, Paul Westerberg, Constantine Maroulis, and the new In Search of the Partridge Family cast on VH1.", "The Ballroom Blitz \"The Ballroom Blitz\" (often called \"Ballroom Blitz\") is a song by the British rock band The Sweet, written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman.", "When You and I Were Young, Maggie The song was used by Seán O'Casey in his 1926 play The Plough and the Stars, but the name \"Maggie\" was changed to \"Nora\" because the character, Clitheroe, was singing it to his wife Nora.[9] Johnny McEvoy recorded it as \"Nora\" in 1968 and had a number one hit in Ireland. In 1983 Irish duo Foster and Allen reached number six in Ireland and 27 in the UK singles chart with their version.[10] This led many people to think it was an Irish song. It was also recorded by De Dannan on the album \"Star-Spangled Molly\", by Josef Locke on \"Let there be Peace\",and by James Galway and The Chieftains on \"In Ireland\". The Statler Brothers also recorded their harmonious rendition. In addition to Henry Burr, other Canadian performers such as Hank Snow, The Climax Jazz Band and Murray McLaughlin have also recorded it. Tom Rush recorded a version on his CBS release \"Ladies Love Outlaws\" in 1974. American psychedelic rock band Magic Fern from Seattle (who wrote and performed together in the mid to late 1960s) recorded a version of this song entitled \"Maggie\" and that version is on the soundtrack for Adam Sandler's film Strange Wilderness. The Hot Sardines has it on their debut album released in 2014[11]", "Hang On Sloopy Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band also covered this song live in concert at the Schottenstein Center in Columbus in 1999 and on May 2, 2009 in Greensboro, North Carolina. Rick Derringer was still playing the song live with Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band in November, 2011. In 2013, the Dj Offer Nissim made a remix of Porter's version, which became a big hit in the club scene. When The Rolling Stones played Ohio Stadium on May 30, 2015, as part of their Zip Code Tour, they included the song on the playlist as a tribute to the local Ohio/Ohio State fans. It has been designated as Ohio's official rock tune.", "Rock and Roll Heaven \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" is song written by Alan O'Day and Johnny Stevenson and popularized by The Righteous Brothers. It is a paean to several deceased singers such as Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Otis Redding, and has been rewritten a number of times to include other singers. The song was first recorded by the band Climax in 1973,[1] but it failed to chart. It was then covered by The Righteous Brothers in 1974 and reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.[2][3]", "Neil Diamond \"And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind\" brought covers from Elvis Presley (who also interpreted \"Sweet Caroline\") and Mark Lindsay, former lead singer for Paul Revere & the Raiders. Other notable artists who recorded his early songs were the English hard-rock band Deep Purple, Lulu, and Cliff Richard.[c]", "Is She Really Going Out with Him? American alternative rock band Sugar Ray recorded a cover of the song and released it in July 2003 as the lead single from their fifth studio album In the Pursuit of Leisure. It reached number 19 on the US Billboard Adult Top 40 Tracks.", "Roger Miller Released and recorded by Miller[8]", "Train Kept A-Rollin' \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\" (or \"The Train Kept A-Rollin'\") is a song first recorded by American jazz and rhythm and blues musician Tiny Bradshaw in 1951. Originally performed in the style of a jump blues, Bradshaw borrowed lyrics from an earlier song and set them to an upbeat shuffle arrangement that inspired other musicians to perform and record it. Johnny Burnette and the Rock and Roll Trio made an important contribution in 1956 â€“ they reworked it as a guitar riff-driven song, which features an early use of intentionally distorted guitar in rock music.", "Rock and Roll Heaven The Righteous Brothers recorded \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" a few weeks after they decided to reform the duo in 1974. They signed with Haven Records run by Dennis Lambert and Brian Potter and were given the song to record. Lambert and Potter rewrote a verse, updating the song to include Jim Croce and Bobby Darin who had died within three months of each other in late 1973.[4] According to Bill Medley, they were dubious about the song because they didn't think the song had the \"old Righteous Brothers feel\".[5] Nevertheless, it became a hit for them and quickly reached Number three on Billboard Hot 100. In Canada it spent three weeks at number four.[6]", "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead Bing Crosby (on his 1968 album Thoroughly Modern Bing)", "Blue Mink from \"Melting Pot\", Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway.[2]", "Be Young, Be Foolish, Be Happy The Tams version was released as a single in 1968, in the US, and was a moderate success, peaking at #26 on the R&B singles chart and #61 on the Hot 100.[3] Sometime later, in March 1970, it peaked at #32 in the UK Singles Chart. It has since become one of the most popular beach music songs, especially in the American South, where the song and the group enjoy continued popularity and recognizability, as do all of the hits by the group. The song is also still popular in the United Kingdom amongst fans of Northern soul. [4] Noddy Holder, lead singer with 70s British Glam rock band Slade, claimed in a newspaper interview that his band was playing the song live long before its Northern Soul success.[5]", "Shake, Rattle and Roll Haley acknowledged Turner's version in later years by incorporating more of the original lyrics into his live performances, including adding the verse with the lines \"I've been over the hill and I've been way down underneath\" which was omitted from Haley's original recording, when he recorded the song for Stuart Colman's BBC Radio program in October 1979. When he performed the song at the Bitter End club in New York City in 1969 for his Buddah Records album release Bill Haley's Scrapbook, Haley changed Turner's \"I believe to my soul you're the devil in nylon hose\" to \"I believe you are doing me wrong and now I know\".[12] Both Turner's and Haley's versions contain the double entendre \"I'm like a one-eyed cat peepin' in a seafood store.\" John Swenson's biography of Bill Haley, Father of Rock and Roll suggests Haley kept the line in because he was himself blind in one eye. In Turner's version, the girl is ordered to \"get out of that bed\"; Haley changes it \"get out in that kitchen\", nonetheless, in his version she is directed to \"roll my breakfast cause I'm a hungry man\". In other words, she has spent the night with the singer in both versions. When Joe Turner performed the song in the 1955 film Rock 'n' Roll Revue, he chose to sing the Bill Haley version of the opening verse.", "A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square Early charts hits of the song in the USA were by Glenn Miller, Ray Noble, Guy Lombardo and Sammy Kaye.[6] The Glenn Miller recording (Bluebird 10931) with a Ray Eberle vocal was made in New York City on 11 October 1940. The fluttering clarinet that opens the track and no doubt is meant to suggest the sound of the nightingale began, it seems, with the Miller recording. The opening, using either a clarinet or flute, has been picked up by others including, on this page, the Frank Sinatra recording. The record was first charted on 21 December, 1940 peaking at #2.\nThe song has since become a standard, being recorded by Bing Crosby (recorded December 20, 1940),[7] Frank Sinatra in London in June 1962,[8] Rod Stewart on the 2004 album Stardust: the Great American Songbook 3,.[9] Anita O'Day performed it on her 1956 album \"Anita\" (re-released in 1962 (V/V6-8483) as \"This is Anita\"); it became part of the jazz singer's repertoire. Nat King Cole on the 1961 album The Touch of Your Lips,[10] Carmen McRae,[11] Perry Como on his 1977 The Best of British album, Stephane Grappelli, Bobby Darin on the 1962 album Oh! Look at Me Now,[12] British comedian Richard Digance in 1979 on both single and LP, Harry Connick Jr. on the 1990 album We Are in Love, The Brian Setzer Orchestra on their eponymous 1994 album, and Sonny Rollins on the 2000 album This Is What I Do.[13] A famous version by The Manhattan Transfer won a Grammy in 1981 for its arranger, Gene Puerling. A version was featured in an early Tom Hanks movie titled Everytime We Say Goodbye released in 1986. The British group the New Vaudeville Band wrote a highly distinctive version in 1966. The veteran British musician Ian Hunter, former vocalist for Mott the Hoople, regularly performs it in his concerts; and it has appeared on two at least of his live recordings.[14] A performance of the song by British actor Robert Lindsay was used as the theme to the British situation comedy series Nightingales.[15] Faryl Smith released a cover of the song on her debut album Faryl in 2009.[16] The song was also sung in the episode \"Captain Jack Harkness\" on Torchwood. Lyrics from the song were also paraphrased in the novel Good Omens by Neil Gaiman and Terry Pratchett. The lyrics are spoken and sung by the actor John Le Mesurier on the album What is Going To Become of Us All?.[17]", "Paul Revere & the Raiders Their hits from this period included \"Kicks\" (Billboard Pop Chart No. 4), \"Hungry\" (No. 6), \"The Great Airplane Strike\" (No. 20), \"Good Thing\" (No. 4), and \"Him or Me – What's It Gonna Be?\" (No. 5). Of these, \"Kicks\" became their best-known song, an anti-drug message written by Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil that was originally earmarked for the Animals. (Mann later revealed in interviews that the song was written about their friend, fellow 1960s songwriter Gerry Goffin, whose ongoing drug problems were interfering with his career and his relationship with then wife Carole King.)[18]", "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter The song had a major revival in 1957 in a Coral recording (on April 3) by Billy Williams with orchestra directed by Dick Jacobs.[3] It reached #3 on the Billboard magazine charts.[4] A reported million-seller,[5] it was awarded a Gold record.[6]\nThe song was recorded by Frank Sinatra for his 1954 album Swing Easy, by Bing Crosby for his 1957 LP Bing with a Beat and again by Sinatra in 1962 for his collaborative album with Count Basie, Sinatra–Basie: An Historic Musical First.\nAmong other versions are recordings by The Boswell Sisters, Connee Boswell, Nat \"King\" Cole, Scatman Crothers, Gregory Isaacs, Barry Manilow, Dean Martin, Anne Murray, Willie Nelson, Linda Scott, Shakin' Stevens and Sarah Vaughan.\nCharlie Gracie (mostly known for his 1957 #1 hit \"Butterfly\" on Cameo Record label #105—45rpm) recorded \"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter\" (Cadillac Record label #141—45 rpm). The flip side of the record was a song written by Gracie, \"Boogie Woogie Blues\". Gracie's version was released in 1953.[7]\nBill Haley & His Comets recorded a rock and roll version of the song in 1957.[8]\nFabian recorded his version of the song in 1960 on Chancellor Records.[9]\nIn 1973 Cleo Laine included the song as her opening song on the album I Am a Song[10] and sang on stage during her subsequent tour.\nNew Jersey entertainer Uncle Floyd (aka Floyd Vivino) has covered this song in his live performances as well as recording it.[11]\nMadeleine Peyroux also covered this song on her debut album Dreamland (1996).\nTony Danza released a version in 2002. In 2012 Paul McCartney covered it on his album of standards, Kisses on the Bottom and chose one of its lines as the title.", "When I'm Dead and Gone Bernard Gallagher, Graham Lyle (A-side); Hughie Flint, Tom McGuinness, Dennis Coulson", "Chapel of Love It was originally recorded by the Blossoms in April 1963 but was never released. The Dixie Cups' version was the debut release of the new Red Bird Records run by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller along with George Goldner.[2] The Ronettes included the song on their debut album released in November 1964 with production by Phil Spector. In 1973, singer and actress Bette Midler had a moderate hit with a cover of \"Chapel of Love\".", "Jingle Bell Rock \"Jingle Bell Rock\" has been performed by many, but Helms' version is the best known. The song's title and some of its lyrics are an extension of the old Christmas standard, \"Jingle Bells\". It makes brief references to other popular songs of the 1950s, such as \"Rock Around the Clock\", and mentions going to a \"Jingle hop\". An electric guitar played by Hank Garland can be heard playing the first notes of the chorus of \"Jingle Bells\". Backup singers were the Anita Kerr Quartet.[7]", "The Rascals Piano: Joe Bushkin", "Wild Thing (The Troggs song) Notable cover versions of this song include The Jimi Hendrix Experience, Fancy, The Creatures (Siouxsie Sioux's second band), X, Amanda Lear and Liz Phair. The Jimi Hendrix Experience gave a dramatic performance of the song, at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967:[17] in the documentary Monterey Pop, Jimi Hendrix lit his guitar on fire at the song's conclusion.[18] The version was also included on the compilation album The Ultimate Experience. That same year, the novelty team of Senator Bobby released a version of \"Wild Thing\". Sung by comedian Bill Minkin in the verbal style of Democratic Senator Bobby Kennedy while a recording engineer is heard giving instructions, the stammering single charted at number 20 in the United States. The flip side featured \"Senator Everett McKinley\" (an impression of Republican Senator Everett McKinley Dirksen) doing the same song; the initial voiceover by the recording engineer encourages Senator Bobby to respond to his \"hit single\" (the Senator Everett McKinley version also had some radio airplay at the time). The songs were credited to The Hardly-Worthit Players, and the Senator Bobby version was included as a bonus track on reissues of their 1966 Parkway LP called The Hardly-Worthit Report (the rest of the album is a comedic takeoff on the NBC national news broadcast The Huntley-Brinkley Report). The Runaways included a live rendition of the song on their live in Japan 1977 album with their drummer Sandy West on vocals.[19] In 1981, Siouxsie recorded it with her second band The Creatures, adding new lyrics; \"Wild thing, I think I hate you/but I wanna know for sure/so come on, hit me hard/I hate you\": it was included on the EP Wild Things.[19] Siouxsie's version with the Creatures was described by critics as \"Perhaps the most striking of those 7,500-odd licensed recordings [...] on which [her] chilly multitracked vocals are accompanied only by [...] tribal-sounding drums\". David Cheal of the Financial Times argued that \"Itâ€™s a version that taps into the earthy, elemental spirit of the song\".[20] The British group Fancy recorded a version of the song in 1974, which reached number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100. The Los Angeles-based punk band X released their cover of the song in 1984. It was later used in the 1989 film Major League and its 1994 sequel, Major League II. French singer Amanda Lear recorded \"Wild Thing\" for her 1986 album Secret Passion and released as a single in 1987.[21] Comedian Sam Kinison recorded a novelty version in 1988 which reached number 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart. The music video featured cameos from many well-known rock musicians including Rodney Dangerfield, Steven Tyler and Joe Perry from Aerosmith, Slash and Steven Adler of Guns N' Roses, Billy Idol, C.C. DeVille of Poison, Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora of Bon Jovi, Stephen Pearcy, Warren DeMartini and Robbin Crosby from Ratt, and Tommy Lee. The video also featured a raunchy \"roll on the mat\" dance with Jessica Hahn. Kinison's version changed the song to a blistering condemnation of the title subject, with lines such as \"Why didn't you tell me you were a demon from Hell\" and \"The only thing that gets you off is to see me in pain.\" Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band performed the song on numerous occasions during their Working on a Dream Tour.[22] A version by Cheap Trick appeared in the 1992 film Encino Man and its soundtrack album. Australian rock duo Divinyls covered the song in 1993 for the soundtrack to the film Reckless Kelly. It peaked at number 39 on the Australian Singles Chart.[23] Liz Phair recorded a version of the song on her 2010 album Funstyle.", "Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. \"What Am I Doing Hangin' 'Round?\"", "God Gave Rock and Roll to You In 1989, the British band the Truth released a version.[citation needed]", "Shakin' All Over \"Shakin' All Over\" is a song originally performed by Johnny Kidd & the Pirates.[1] The song was written by frontman Johnny Kidd, and his recording of it reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in August 1960.[2] Kidd's original recording was not a hit outside of Europe, and in other parts of the world \"Shakin' All Over\" is much better known in versions by other artists. In 1964, a local band from Plattsburgh, New York called the Twiliters recorded a live version of it. It did well in New England but did not chart nationally. The first North American cover of the song by The Guess Who was released in the spring of 1965 and reached #1 in Canada,[3] #22 in the US and #27 in Australia. In Australia, Normie Rowe's 1965 version reached #1 as a double A-side with \"Que Sera Sera\" and became one of the biggest-selling Australian singles of the decade.", "Mr. Bojangles (song) Since then Walker's song has been recorded by many popular artists: Kristofer Åström, Chet Atkins, Hugues Aufray (French version, 1984), Harry Belafonte, Bermuda Triangle Band, David Bromberg, Garth Brooks, Dennis Brown, George Burns, JJ Cale, David Campbell, Bobby Cole, Edwyn Collins, Jim Croce, Jamie Cullum, King Curtis, Sammy Davis Jr., John Denver, Neil Diamond, Cornell Dupree, Bob Dylan, Arlo Guthrie, Tom T. Hall, John Holt, Whitney Houston, Queen Ifrica, Billy Joel, Dave Jarvis, Elton John, Frankie Laine, Lulu, Rod McKuen, Don McLean, MC Neat, Bebe Neuwirth, Harry Nilsson, Dolly Parton, Johnny Paycheck, Esther Phillips, Ray Quinn, Mike Schank, Helge Schneider, Nina Simone, Corben Simpson, Todd Snider, Cat Stevens, Jim Stafford, Jud Strunk,[5] Radka Toneff, Bradley Walsh, Robbie Williams, and Paul Winter.", "Honky Tonk Women It was this version of the song that was played by Ricky Nelson at the Rock 'n Roll Revival concert at Madison Square Garden on 15 October 1971. As the crowd were expecting traditional rock 'n roll (such as Nelson's older numbers, which he also played at the concert, \"Hello Mary Lou\" and \"She Belongs to Me\", and the music of others at the concert such as Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Bobby Rydell), they began to boo. While some reports say that the booing was caused by police action in the back of the audience, Nelson took it personally and left the stage. He watched the rest of the concert backstage and did not reappear on stage for the finale. This event was the stimulus for the song \"Garden Party\", which appeared on the 1972 album of the same name. This is evidenced by the line \"then I sang a song about a honky-tonk, and it was time to leave.\"", "Rolling Stone \"The Cover of Rolling Stone\" is a song written by Shel Silverstein and first recorded by American rock group Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show. The song satirizes success in the music business; the song's narrator laments that his band, despite having the superficial attributes of a successful rock star (including drug usage, \"teenage groupies, who'll do anything we say\" and a frenetic guitar solo) has been unable to \"get their pictures/on the cover of the Rolling Stone\".", "I Know (You Don't Love Me No More) Barbara George began singing as a teen in her Baptist church choir and writing her own original songs. Already married by age 16, she later befriended R&B performer Jessie Hill, who wrangled her an audition with saxophonist/arranger Harold Battiste's fledgling AFO label. In June 1961, Battiste organized a split recording session for George and fellow AFO artist Prince La La at producer Cosimo Matassa's J&M Studios. Backed by New Orleans studio performers including cornetist Melvin Lastie, guitarist Roy Montrell, and drummer John Boudreaux, George cut the self-penned \"I Know (You Don't Love Me No More)\", a vibrant, up-tempo number inspired by the traditional hymn \"Just a Closer Walk with Thee\". Issued via AFO's national distribution deal with Juggy Murray's Sue Records, \"I Know\" hit radio and retail in late 1961 and was a national 'crossover' hit, topping the U.S. R&B charts and crossing over to number three on Billboard's pop countdown.[2][3]", "Rock-A-Beatin' Boogie Mr. Roll and His Rocks recorded the song in 1957 which was released in Brazil.[9]" ]	[ "I Knew the Bride \"I Knew the Bride (When She Used to Rock 'n' Roll)\" is a song written by Nick Lowe and first popularized by Dave Edmunds. It was released on Edmunds's 1977 album Get It and a year later in a live version by Nick Lowe's Last Chicken in the Shop on Live Stiffs Live." ]
test1986	where does the eurostar train arrives in london	[ "doc69611" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc69611", "doc69632", "doc69619", "doc69617", "doc232010", "doc69630", "doc232052", "doc69631", "doc69612", "doc69610", "doc2238869", "doc69621", "doc69672", "doc69647", "doc833365", "doc69635", "doc1821751", "doc833376", "doc232054", "doc232012", "doc1821710", "doc232063", "doc69618", "doc1821734", "doc69702", "doc69671", "doc69686", "doc69629", "doc232064", "doc69700", "doc208427", "doc1821752", "doc2618054", "doc69613", "doc69685", "doc232038", "doc203504", "doc232049", "doc232078", "doc1821730", "doc69642", "doc1821733", "doc1821709", "doc1821743", "doc232047", "doc69624", "doc69675", "doc69705", "doc208424", "doc69654", "doc69614", "doc69646", "doc327506", "doc69616", "doc1821717", "doc327549", "doc614269", "doc69698", "doc1821727", "doc2393034", "doc232060", "doc69643", "doc69615", "doc69676", "doc2618087", "doc1485506", "doc845179", "doc69668", "doc2393048", "doc232048", "doc69680", "doc833362", "doc69683", "doc69620", "doc1821713", "doc232055", "doc327550", "doc511013", "doc203505", "doc2618058", "doc69692", "doc232062", "doc1821715", "doc69639", "doc69638", "doc833369", "doc232079", "doc1821732", "doc232014", "doc1485507", "doc69691", "doc232013", "doc2618057", "doc69640", "doc69656", "doc69633", "doc69684", "doc232082", "doc69690", "doc69622" ]	[ "Eurostar The London terminus is St Pancras International, the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. Intermediate calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe, with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord. Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi/Zuid station in Brussels. The only intermediate calling point in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal, with trains terminating at Amsterdam Centraal. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) from May to September[1] (launched on 1 May 2015), and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter (December to April).", "Eurostar Since 14 November 2007, all Eurostar trains have been routed via High Speed 1 to or from the redeveloped London terminus at St Pancras International, which at a cost of £800 million was extensively rebuilt and extended to cope with 394-metre (431 yd) long Eurostar trains.[20][70][71] It had originally been intended to retain some Eurostar services at Waterloo International, but this was ruled out on cost grounds.[72] Completion of High Speed 1 has increased the potential number of trains serving London. Separation of Eurostar from British domestic services through Kent meant that timetabling was no longer affected by peak-hour restrictions.", "Eurostar On 23 September 2003 passenger services began running on the first completed section of High Speed 1.[11] Following a high-profile glamorous opening ceremony[18] and a large advertising campaign,[19] on 14 November 2007 Eurostar services in London transferred from Waterloo to the extended and extensively refurbished St Pancras International.[20]", "Eurostar On 14 November 1994, Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels-South railway station in Brussels.[10][13][14] The train service started with a limited Discovery service, the full daily service started from 28 May 1995.[15]", "St Pancras railway station St Pancras railway station (/ˈpæŋkrəs/), also known as London St Pancras and officially since 2007 as St Pancras International, is a central London railway terminus located on Euston Road in the London Borough of Camden. It is the terminal station for Eurostar continental services from London via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel to Belgium, France and the Netherlands. It also handles East Midlands Trains and Thameslink services to Corby, Sheffield and Nottingham on the Midland Main Line and Southeastern high-speed trains to Kent via Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International, and local Thameslink cross-London services. It stands between the British Library, Regent's Canal and King's Cross railway station, sharing a London Underground station named King's Cross St. Pancras with the latter.", "Eurostar High Speed 1 (HS1), formerly known as the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), is a 108-kilometre (67 mi) high-speed railway line running from London through Kent to the British end of the Channel Tunnel.[59][60] It was built in two stages. The first section between the tunnel and Fawkham Junction in north Kent opened in September 2003, cutting London–Paris journey times by 21 minutes to 2 hours 35 minutes, and London–Brussels to 2 hours 20 minutes. On 14 November 2007, commercial services began over the whole of the new HS1 line. The redeveloped St Pancras International station became the new London terminus for all Eurostar services.[61] The completion of High Speed 1 has brought the British part of Eurostar's route up to the same standards as the French and Belgian high-speed lines. Non-stop journey times were reduced by a further 20 minutes to 2 hours 15 minutes for London–Paris and 1 hour 51 minutes for London–Brussels.[62][63]", "St Pancras railway station The station is the London terminus for Eurostar's high-speed trains to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam and Lille via the Channel Tunnel.[81][72] It is also the terminus for East Midlands services from London to Derby, Leicester, Nottingham, Sheffield, and smaller towns en route. Thameslink trains on the cross-London Thameslink route call at platforms beneath the main station, south to Gatwick Airport and Brighton and north to Luton Airport Parkway for Luton Airport and Bedford. High-speed domestic services to Kent, run by Southeastern, depart on the same level as Eurostar & East Midlands Trains.[82]", "Eurostar Eurostar offers up to sixteen weekday London – Paris services (eighteen on Fridays) including ten non-stop (twelve on Fridays). There used to be ten London–Lille and Brussels services, including five running non-stop as far as Lille, but this has now been reduced to seven each way.[64][65] In addition, there is a return trip from London to Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy for Disneyland Paris[66] which runs at least 4 times a week with increased frequency during school holidays and an up to 5 times a week service to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon. There are also seasonal services in the winter. \"Snow trains\",[67] aimed at skiers, to Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Aime-la-Plagne and Moûtiers in the Alps; these run twice-weekly, one overnight and one during the daytime.[68] Intermediate stations are Ebbsfleet International in northwest Kent, Ashford International in southeast Kent, and Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe in Nord-Pas-de-Calais.[69] In February 2018, Eurostar announced the start of its long planned service from London to Amsterdam, with an initial two trains per day from April of that year running between St Pancras and Amsterdam Centraal. This will be a one-way service to begin with, as the facilities for immigration and customs checks are yet to be installed at either Amsterdam or Rotterdam for the Amsterdam to London route. It entered revenue service April 2018.", "Eurostar The service is operated by eighteen-car Class 373/1 trains and sixteen-car Class 374 trains which run at up to 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. The LGV Nord line in France opened before Eurostar services began in 1994, and newer lines enabling faster journeys were added later—HSL 1 in Belgium and High Speed 1 in southern England. The French and Belgian parts of the network are shared with Paris–Brussels Thalys services and also with TGV trains. In the United Kingdom the two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007 and renamed High Speed 1, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International.", "Eurostar Eurostar is a high-speed railway service connecting London with Amsterdam, Avignon, Brussels, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Paris and Rotterdam. All its trains traverse the Channel Tunnel between the United Kingdom and France, owned and operated separately by Getlink.", "1990s On 14 November 1994 Eurostar services began between Waterloo International station in London, Gare du Nord in Paris and Brussels South in Brussels.[29][30][31]\nIn 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris.[32]\nOn 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened.[33] Journey times between London and Brussels were reduced by the opening of HSL 1 on 14 December 1997.", "Eurostar On 16 May 2006 Eurostar set a new record for the longest non-stop high-speed journey, a distance of 1,421 kilometres (883 mi) from London to Cannes taking 7 hours 25 minutes.[23] On 4 September 2007 a record-breaking train left Paris Gare du Nord at 10:44 (09:44 BST) and reached London St Pancras in 2 hours 3 minutes 39 seconds;[24] carrying journalists and railway workers. The train was the first passenger-carrying arrival at St Pancras International station.[25] On 20 September 2007, Eurostar broke another record when it completed the journey from Brussels to London in 1 hour, 43 minutes.[26]", "Eurostar On 11 April 2006, a house collapsed next to a railway line near London which caused Eurostar services to have to terminate and start from Ashford International instead of London Waterloo. Passengers waiting at Waterloo International were initially directed on to local trains towards Ashford leaving from the adjacent London Waterloo East railway station, until overcrowding occurred at Ashford.[190]", "Eurostar Eurostar's passenger numbers initially failed to meet predictions. In 1996, London and Continental Railways forecast that passenger numbers would reach 21.4 million annually by 2004,[116] but only 7.3 million was achieved. 82 million passengers used Waterloo International Station from its opening in 1994 to its closure in 2007.[13] 2008 was a record year for Eurostar, with a 10.3% rise in passenger use,[117] which was attributed to the use of High Speed 1 and the move to St Pancras.[118] The following year, Eurostar saw an 11.5% fall in passenger numbers[119] during the first three months of 2009, attributed to the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire[53] and the 2009 recession.[120]", "Transport in London London is also linked by rail to mainland Europe by High Speed 1 through the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, branded HS1 (High Speed 1). High-speed Eurostar trains serve Paris and Brussels. Eurostar's London terminus is at St Pancras International and the HS1 route passes through Stratford International railway Station and two stations in the county of Kent, Ashford International and Ebsfleet International.", "Eurostar Without the operation of Regional Eurostar services using the North of London trainsets across the rest of Britain, Eurostar has developed its connections with other transport services instead, such as integrating effectively with traditional UK rail operators' schedules and routes, making it possible for passengers to use Eurostar as a quick connection to further destinations on the continent.[85] All three main terminals used by the Eurostar service – St Pancras International, Paris Gare du Nord, and Brussels Midi/Zuid – are served by domestic trains and by local urban transport networks such as the London Underground and the Paris Metro. Standard Eurostar tickets no longer include free onward connections to or from any other station in Belgium: this is now available for a flat-rate supplement, currently £5.50.[86]", "High Speed 1 The Eurostar service uses about 40% of the capacity of High Speed 1,[109] which in November 2007 became the company's route for all its services.[110] Eurostar trains are for international traffic only, passing along the high-speed line from London St Pancras railway station to the Channel Tunnel, with the majority[111] terminating at either Paris Gare du Nord in France or Brussels-South railway station in Belgium.[112][113] Currently the trains operated by Eurostar are the only ones to make full use of the high speeds on the line; a Eurostar train was used to set a new British rail speed record of 334.7 km/h (208 mph) on 30 July 2003.[114][115] Prior to the formation of Eurostar International Limited, the British component of the Eurostar grouping was owned by London and Continental Railways, which had also previously owned the High Speed 1 infrastructure.[116]", "Transport in London St Pancras provides international Eurostar services via the Channel Tunnel to cities including Paris, Brussels, Lyon and Marseilles, with journeys to Paris in around 2 hours 15 minutes and to Brussels in around 1 hour 50 minutes.[21]", "St Pancras railway station The longer international platforms, used by Eurostar, extend into Barlow's train shed, whilst the other platforms terminate at the southern end of the 2005 extension. The international platforms do not occupy the full width of the Barlow train shed, and sections of the floor area have been opened up to provide natural light to the new ground-level concourse below. Eurostar's arrival and departure lounges lie below these platforms, adjacent to The Arcade, a concourse fashioned from the original station undercroft which runs along the western length of the Barlow train shed. The southern end of The Arcade links to the western ticket hall of King's Cross St Pancras tube station.[11][85][86]", "St Pancras railway station By the 1960s, St Pancras was seen as redundant, with services being diverted to King's Cross and Euston. However, there was fierce opposition against proposed closures of the station and hotel and its demolition. It was reinvented in the late 20th century as the terminal of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link as part of an urban regeneration plan across East London. The complex underwent a £800 million refurbishment which was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in November 2007. A security-sealed terminal area was constructed for Eurostar services to continental Europe via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel, with platforms for domestic trains to the north and south-east of England. The restored station has 15 platforms, a shopping centre, and a coach facility. St Pancras is owned by London and Continental Railways (LCR) and is managed by Network Rail (High Speed), a subsidiary of Network Rail.", "High Speed 1 International passenger services are provided by Eurostar, with journey times of London St Pancras to Paris Gare du Nord in 2 hours 15 minutes, and St Pancras to Brussels-South in 1 hour 51 minutes.[6] As of November 2015, Eurostar has used a fleet of 27 Class 373/1 multi-system trains capable of 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph) and 320 kilometres per hour (199 mph) Class 374 trains. Domestic high-speed commuter services serving the intermediate stations and beyond began on 13 December 2009. The fleet of 29 Class 395 passenger trains reach speeds of 225 kilometres per hour (140 mph).[7] DB Cargo UK run freight services on High Speed 1 using adapted Class 92 locomotives, enabling flat wagons carrying continental-size swap body containers to reach London for the first time.[8]", "St Pancras railway station Seventeen pairs of Eurostar trains to and from Paris Gare du Nord every day, ten pairs of trains to and from Bruxelles-Midi/Brussel-Zuid for Brussels and the European Union de facto capital, and one train to and from Marne-la-Vallée for Disneyland Resort Paris. Extra services run to Paris on Fridays and Sundays, with a reduced service to Brussels at weekends. Additional weekend leisure-oriented trains run to the French Alps during the skiing season, and to Marseille via Lyon and Avignon in the summer.[99][100] It will also serve as the terminus for services to/from Amsterdam from Spring 2018.[101]", "Eurostar In 1995 Eurostar was achieving an average end-to-end speed of 171.5 km/h (106.6 mph) between London and Paris.[16] On 8 January 1996 Eurostar launched services from a second railway station in the UK when Ashford International was opened.[17]", "High Speed 1 The terminus for the high-speed line in London is St Pancras railway station. During the 2000s, towards the end of the construction of the CTRL, the entire station complex was renovated, expanded and rebranded as StÂ Pancras International,[66][67] with a new security-sealed terminal area for Eurostar trains to continental Europe.[68] In addition, it retained traditional domestic connections to the north and south of England. The new extension doubled the length of the central platforms now used for Eurostar services; new platforms have been provided for existing domestic East Midlands Trains and the Southeastern high-speed services that run along High Speed 1 to Kent.[69] New platforms on the Thameslink line across London were built beneath the western margins of the station, and the station at King's Cross Thameslink was closed.", "Eurostar The service was finally planned to start running on 4 April 2018, with fare prices starting at Â£35 for a single ticket.[250] An \"inaugural train\" from St Pancras International to Amsterdam via Rotterdam broke a speed record for the journey to Brussels (1hr 46mins) on 20 February 2018.[251] The first regular service to Amsterdam left St Pancras at 08:31 on 4 April 2018.[252]", "Eurostar There have been several minor incidents with a few Eurostar services. In October 1994 there were teething problems relating to the start of operations. The first preview train, carrying 400 members of the press and media, was delayed for two hours by technical problems.[12][186][187][188] On 29 May 2002 a Eurostar train was initially sent down a wrong line — towards London Victoria railway station instead of London Waterloo — causing the service to arrive 25 minutes late. A signalling error that led to the incorrect routeing was stated to have caused \"no risk\" as a result.[189]", "Eurostar Key pieces of infrastructure still belong to LCR via its subsidiary London & Continental Stations and Property, such as the Manchester International Depot, and Eurostar (UK) still owns several track access rights and the rights to paths on both the East Coast and West Coast Main Lines.[219][220] While no announcement has been made of plans to start Regional Eurostar services, it remains a possibility for the future. In the meantime, the closest equivalent to Regional Eurostar services are same-station connections with East Midlands Trains and Thameslink, changing at St Pancras. The recent construction of a new concourse at adjacent King's Cross Station has improved interchange with St Pancras[221] and provided Virgin Trains East Coast, Great Northern, Hull Trains and Grand Central services with easier connections to Eurostar.", "Eurostar Until the opening on 2 June 1996, of the first phase of the Belgian high speed line[54], Eurostar trains were routed via the Belgian railway line 94. The Eurostar routes still use the line as a diversion if engineering works are taking place on HSL1, depending where it is. The 06:13 from London St Pancras to Brussels still uses the line as a diversion to bypass the peak time disruptions on HSL1 due to the extra TGV services from Brussels for the commuters. After 2 June 1996, some Eurostars to Brussels were routed via the first phase of the Belgian High Speed line and the Belgian railway line 78 via Mons. Although this line is still as a diversion if HSL1 is doing engineering, also depending where the maintiance is taking place. [55] Journey times between London and Brussels were improved when an 88-kilometre (55 mi) Belgian high-speed line, HSL 1, opened on 14 December 1997.[56][57] It links with LGV Nord on the border with France, allowing Eurostar trains heading to Brussels to make the transition between the two without having to reduce speed. A further four-minute improvement for London–Brussels trains was achieved in December 2006 with the opening of the 435-metre (1,427 ft) Brussels South Viaduct.[58] Linking the international platforms of Brussels-South railway station with the high-speed line, the viaduct separates Eurostar (and Thalys) from local services.", "St Pancras railway station Trains observe a mixture of calls at four intermediate stations (Ebbsfleet International, Ashford International, Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe), with some running non-stop. Non-stop trains take 2 hours 15 minutes to Paris, and just under 1 hour 50 minutes to Brussels, other trains taking 5 or 10 minutes longer depending on whether they make one or two stops.[99][100]", "Eurostar The journey from London to Amsterdam Centraal will take 3 hr 41 min and trains will call at Brussels Zuid/Midi and Rotterdam Centraal Station. From Amsterdam Centraal to London St Pancras, trains will take 4 hr 9 min to include the 28 minute stop at Brussels. Eurostar trains from London will also call at Antwerp Centraal and Schiphol Airport, although trains from Amsterdam will miss out Antwerp on the journey back to London.[248]", "London Some international railway services to Continental Europe were operated during the 20th century as boat trains, such as the Admiraal de Ruijter to Amsterdam and the Night Ferry to Paris and Brussels. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 connected London directly to the continental rail network, allowing Eurostar services to begin. Since 2007, high-speed trains link St. Pancras International with Lille, Paris, Brussels and European tourist destinations via the High Speed 1 rail link and the Channel Tunnel.[314] The first high-speed domestic trains started in June 2009 linking Kent to London.[315] There are plans for a second high speed line linking London to the Midlands, North West England, and Yorkshire.", "High Speed 1 The fastest regular-service Eurostar journeys on record are 2 hours, 3 minutes and 39 seconds from Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras, set on 4 September 2007;[117] and 1 hour 43 minutes from Brussels South to St Pancras, set on 19 September 2007.[118]", "London Victoria station Victoria station, also known as London Victoria, is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Victoria, in the City of Westminster, managed by Network Rail.[4] The main line station is a terminus of the Brighton main line to Gatwick Airport and Brighton and the Chatham main line to Ramsgate and Dover via Chatham. From the main lines, trains can connect to the Catford Loop Line, Dartford Loop Line, and the Oxted line to East Grinstead and Uckfield. Southern operates most commuter and regional services to south London, Sussex and parts of east Surrey, while Southeastern operates trains to south east London and Kent. Gatwick Express trains run direct to Gatwick. The Underground station is on the Circle and District lines between Sloane Square and St. James's Park, and the Victoria line between Pimlico and Green Park. The area around the station is an important interchange for other forms of transport: a local bus station is in the forecourt and Victoria Coach Station is nearby.", "Eurostar Eurostar was until 2010 operated jointly by the national railway companies of France and Belgium, SNCF and SNCB/NMBS, and Eurostar (UK) Ltd (EUKL), a subsidiary of London and Continental Railways (LCR), which also owned the high-speed infrastructure and stations on the British side. Eurostar has become the dominant operator on the routes that it operates, carrying more passengers than all airlines combined. Other operators have expressed an interest in starting competing services following deregulation in 2010. On 1 September 2010, Eurostar was incorporated as a single corporate entity called Eurostar International Limited (EIL), replacing the joint operation between EUKL, SNCF and SNCB/NMBS.[2] EIL is owned by SNCF (55%), Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ) (30%), Hermes Infrastructure (10%) and NMBS (5%).[3][4][5]", "Eurostar Although the original plan for Regional Eurostar services to destinations north of London was abandoned,[29] the significantly improved journey times available since the opening of High Speed 1 — which is physically connected to both the East Coast Main Line and the North London Line (for the West Coast Main Line) at St Pancras — and the recently increased maximum speeds on the West Coast Main Line may make potential Regional Eurostar services more commercially viable. This would be even more likely if proposals are adopted for a new high-speed line from London to the north of Britain.[216] Simon Montague, Eurostar's Director of Communications, commented that: \"...International services to the regions are only likely once High Speed 2 is built.\"[217] However, as of 2014 the current plans for High Speed 2 do not allow for a direct rail link between that new line, and High Speed 1, meaning passengers would still be required to change at Euston and take some form of transportation to St Pancras International.[218]", "St Pancras railway station To accommodate 300-metre+ Eurostar trains, and to provide capacity for the existing trains to the Midlands and the new Kent services on the high-speed rail link, the train shed was extended a considerable distance northwards by a new flat-roofed shed. The station was initially planned to have 13 platforms under this extended train shed. East Midlands services would use the western platforms, Eurostar services the middle platforms, and Kent services the eastern platforms. The Eurostar platforms and one of the Midland platforms would extend back into the Barlow train shed. Access to Eurostar for departing passengers would be via a departure suite on the west of the station, and then to the platforms by a bridge above the tracks within the historic train shed. Arriving Eurostar passengers would leave the station by a new concourse at its north end.[49]", "Arch St Pancras railway station, London (2011)", "St Pancras railway station During an elaborate opening ceremony, actor Timothy West, as Henry Barlow, addressed the audience, which was also entertained by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and the singers Lemar and Katherine Jenkins. In a carefully staged set piece, the first Class 395 train and two Class 373 trains arrived through a cloud of dry ice in adjacent platforms within seconds of each other.[69][70] During the ceremony, Paul Day's large bronze statue The Meeting Place was also unveiled. At a much smaller ceremony on 12 November 2007, the bronze statue of John Betjeman by sculptor Martin Jennings was unveiled by Betjeman's daughter, the author Candida Lycett Green.[73] Public service by Eurostar train via High Speed 1 started on 14 November 2007. In a small ceremony, station staff cut a ribbon leading to the Eurostar platforms.[74] In the same month, services to the East Midlands were transferred to a new franchisee, East Midlands Trains.[75] The low-level Thameslink platforms opened on 9 December 2007, replacing King's Cross Thameslink.[76]", "St Pancras railway station In February 2010, the idea of a Transmanche Metro service gained support as local councillors in Kent and Pas-de-Calais announced that they were in talks to establish a high-frequency stopping service between London and Lille. Trains would start at Lille Europe and call at Calais, Ashford International and Stratford International before reaching St Pancras. Since High Speed 1 opened, Ashford and Calais have an infrequent service and Eurostar trains do not call at Stratford International. It was hoped the service would be running by 2012 in time for the London Olympics.[129] The mayor of Calais revived these plans in 2016, and said it could be operational in five years.[130]", "High Speed 1 Section 2 of the project opened on 14 November 2007 and is a 39.4 km (24.5 mi) stretch of track from the newly built Ebbsfleet station in Kent to London St Pancras with a maximum speed of 230 kilometres per hour (143 mph). Completion of the section cut journey times by a further 20 minutes (London–Paris in 2h 15 m; London–Brussels in 1h 51 m). The route starts with a 2.5-kilometre (1.6 mi) tunnel which dives under the Thames on the edge of Swanscombe, then runs alongside the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway as far as Dagenham, where it enters a 19-kilometre (12 mi) tunnel (51°31′36.9″N 0°8′13.9″E / 51.526917°N 0.137194°E / 51.526917; 0.137194), much of which is directly under the North London Line, before emerging over the East Coast Main Line near St Pancras. The tunnels are divided into London East and London West sections, between which a 1-kilometre stretch runs close to the surface to serve Stratford International and the Temple Mills Depot.", "Eurostar On the northbound Marne la Vallée-Chessy - London train, the security check and French passport check take place at Marne la Vallée-Chessy, while the UK passport check takes place at the UK arrival stations - this is the only route where passengers are not cleared by UK border officials before crossing the channel.", "High Speed 1 Ebbsfleet International railway station in the borough of Dartford, Kent is 10 mi (16 km) outside the eastern boundary of Greater London and opened to the public on 19 November 2007.[61] It is now Eurostar's main station in Kent.[62][63][64] Two of the platforms are designed for international passenger trains and four for high-speed domestic services.[65]", "High Speed 1 The line carries international passenger traffic between the United Kingdom and Continental Europe; it also carries domestic passenger traffic to and from stations in Kent and east London, and Berne gauge freight traffic. The line crosses the River Medway, and under the River Thames, terminating at St Pancras International station on the north side of central London. It cost £5.8 billion to build and opened on 14 November 2007.[4][5] Trains reach speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph) on section 1 (Channel Tunnel to Fawkham Junction) and up to 230 kilometres per hour (143 mph) on section 2 (Ebbsfleet International to London St Pancras). Intermediate stations are at Stratford International in London, and Ebbsfleet International Station and Ashford International in Kent.", "High Speed 1 A 4-kilometre (2.5Â mi) connecting line providing access for Waterloo International leaves High Speed 1 at Southfleet Junction using a grade-separated junction; the main CTRL tracks continue uninterrupted through to CTRL Section 2 underneath the southbound flyover. The connection joins the Chatham Main Line at Fawkham Junction with a flat crossing. The retention of Eurostar services to Waterloo after the line to St Pancras opened was ruled out on cost grounds.[89] Waterloo International closed upon opening of the section two of the CTRL in November 2007; Eurostar now serves the refurbished St Pancras as its only London terminal, so this connecting line is no longer used in regular service,[90][91] but can be used in emergencies by Class 395 passenger trains.[92]", "St Pancras railway station In early November 2007, Eurostar conducted a testing programme in which some 6000 members of the public were involved in passenger check-in, immigration control and departure trials, during which the \"passengers\" each made three return journeys out of St Pancras to the entrance to the London tunnel. On 4 September 2007, the first test train ran from Paris Gare du Nord to St Pancras.[67] Children's illustrator Quentin Blake was commissioned to provide a huge mural of an \"imaginary welcoming committee\" as a disguise for one of the remaining ramshackle Stanley Building South immediately opposite the station exit.[68]", "Eurostar Ashford International station was the original station for Eurostar services in Kent.[35] Once Ebbsfleet International railway station, also designed to serve the Kent region, had opened, only three trains a day to Paris and one to Disneyland Paris called at Ashford for a considerable amount of time. There were fears that services at Ashford International might be further reduced or withdrawn altogether as Eurostar planned to make Ebbsfleet the new regional hub instead.[36][37] However, after a period during which no Brussels trains served the station,[38] to the dissatisfaction of the local communities,[39][40][41] on 23 February 2009 Eurostar re-introduced a single daily Ashford-Brussels service.[42][43]", "Eurostar The first departures from St Pancras on 14 November 2007 coincided with an open-ended strike by French rail unions as part of general strike actions over proposed public-sector pension reforms. The trains were operated by uninvolved British employees and service was not interrupted.[61]", "Eurostar In July 2010 Deutsche Bahn (DB) announced that it intended to make a test run with a high-speed ICE-3MF train through the Channel Tunnel in October 2010 in preparation for possible future operations.[257] The trial ran on 19 October 2010 with a Class 406 ICE train specially liveried with a British \"Union flag\" decal. The train was then put on display for the press at St Pancras International. However, this is not the class of train that would be used for the proposed service. At the St Pancras ceremony, DB revealed that it planned to operate from London to Frankfurt and Amsterdam (two of the biggest air travel markets in Europe), with trains 'splitting & joining' in Brussels. It hoped to begin these services in 2013 using Class 407 ICE units, with three trains per day each wayâ€”morning, midday and afternoon. Initially the only calling points would be Rotterdam on the way to Amsterdam, and Cologne on the way to Frankfurt. Amsterdam and Cologne would be under four hours from London, Frankfurt around five hours.[258] DB decided to put this on hold mainly due to advance passport check requirements. DB had hoped that immigration checks could be done on board, but British authorities required immigration and security checks to be done at Lille Europe station, taking at least 30 minutes.[100]", "London There are 366 railway stations in the London Travelcard Zones on an extensive above-ground suburban railway network. South London, particularly, has a high concentration of railways as it has fewer Underground lines. Most rail lines terminate around the centre of London, running into eighteen terminal stations, with the exception of the Thameslink trains connecting Bedford in the north and Brighton in the south via Luton and Gatwick airports.[307] London has Britain's busiest station by number of passengers – Waterloo, with over 184 million people using the interchange station complex (which includes Waterloo East station) each year.[308][309] Clapham Junction is the busiest station in Europe by the number of trains passing.", "Eurostar Eurostar's current target is to reduce emissions by 35 percent per passenger journey by 2012, putting itself beyond the efforts of other railway companies in this field and thereby winning the 2007 Network Rail Efficiency Award.[142] In the grand opening ceremony of St Pancras International, one of the Eurostar trains was given the name 'Tread Lightly', said to symbolise their smaller impact on the environment compared to planes.[144]", "Eurostar In June 2014, the UK shareholding in Eurostar International Limited was transferred from London and Continental Railways / Department for Transport to HM Treasury.[6] In October 2014, it was announced that the UK government planned to raise £300 million by selling that stake.[7] In March 2015, the UK government announced that it would be selling its 40% share to an Anglo-Canadian consortium made up of Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec and Hermes Infrastructure. This sale was completed in May 2015.[4]", "Eurostar An advantage held by Eurostar is the convenience and speed of the service: with shorter check-in times than at most airports and hence quicker boarding and less queueing[112][113] and high punctuality, it takes less time to travel between central London and central Paris by high-speed rail than it does by air. Eurostar now has a dominant share of the combined rail–air market on its routes to Paris and Brussels. In 2004, it had a 66% share of the London–Paris market, and a 59% share of the London–Brussels market.[114] In 2007, it achieved record market shares of 71% for London–Paris and 65% for London–Brussels routes.[115]", "Channel Tunnel The Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL), now called High Speed 1, runs 69 miles (111 km) from St Pancras railway station in London to the tunnel portal at Folkestone in Kent. It cost £5.8 billion. On 16 September 2003 the prime minister, Tony Blair, opened the first section of High Speed 1, from Folkestone to north Kent. On 6 November 2007 the Queen officially opened High Speed 1 and St Pancras International station,[51] replacing the original slower link to Waterloo International railway station. High Speed 1 trains travel at up to 300 km/h (186 mph), the journey from London to Paris taking 2 hours 15 minutes, to Brussels 1 hour 51 minutes.[52]", "Eurostar In addition to the tunnel's shuttle trains carrying cars and lorries between Folkestone and Calais, the decision to build a railway tunnel opened up the possibility of through passenger and freight train services between places further afield.[10] British Rail and SNCF contracted with Eurotunnel to use half the tunnel's capacity for this purpose. In 1987 Britain, France and Belgium set up an International Project Group to specify a train to provide an international high-speed passenger service through the tunnel. France had been operating high-speed TGV services since 1981, and had begun construction of a new high-speed line between Paris and the Channel Tunnel, LGV Nord; French TGV technology was chosen as the basis for the new trains. An order for 30 trainsets, to be manufactured in France but with some British and Belgian components, was placed in December 1989.[citation needed] On 20 June 1993, the first Eurostar test train travelled through the tunnel to the UK.[11] Various technical difficulties in running the new trains on British tracks were quickly overcome.[12]", "High Speed 1 London & Continental Railways (LCR) was chosen by the UK government in 1996 to build the line and to reconstruct St Pancras station as its terminus, and to take over the British share of the Eurostar operation, Eurostar (UK). The original LCR consortium members were National Express, Virgin Group, S. G. Warburg & Co, Bechtel and London Electric.[27][28] While the project was under development by British Rail it was managed by Union Railways, which became a wholly owned subsidiary of LCR. On 14 November 2006, LCR adopted High Speed 1 as the brand name for the completed railway.[29] Official legislation, documentation and line-side signage have continued to refer to \"CTRL\".", "Channel Tunnel There is a need for full passport controls, since this is the border between the Schengen Area and the Common Travel Area. There are juxtaposed controls, meaning that passports are checked before boarding first by officials belonging to departing country and then officials of the destination country. These are only placed at the main Eurostar stations: French officials operate at London St Pancras, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International, while British officials operate at Calais-Fréthun, Lille-Europe, Brussels-South and Paris-Gare du Nord. There are security checks before boarding as well. For the shuttle road-vehicle trains, there are juxtaposed passport controls before boarding the trains.", "Train station London Waterloo station, as seen from the London Eye.", "Eurostar In September 2013, Eurostar announced an agreement with the Government of Netherlands and NS, the Dutch railway company to start twice daily services between London and Amsterdam Centraal; the launch was initially planned for December 2016. The service will use the newly bought Siemens Velaro trainsets and will also call at Brussels, and Rotterdam. The journey time will be around four hours.[245]", "High Speed 1 Section 1 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, opened on 28 September 2003, is a 74-kilometre (46 mi) section of high-speed track from the Channel Tunnel to Fawkham Junction in north Kent with a maximum speed of 300 kilometres per hour (186 mph). Its completion cut the London–Paris journey time by around 21 minutes, to 2 hours 35 minutes. The line includes the Medway Viaduct, a 1.2 km (¾ mile) bridge over the River Medway, and the North Downs Tunnel, a 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long, 12 m (39 ft) diameter tunnel. In safety testing on the section prior to opening, a new UK rail speed record of 334.7 km/h (208 mph) was set.[52] Much of the new line runs alongside the M2 and M20 motorways through Kent. After its completion, Eurostar trains continued to use suburban lines to enter London, arriving at Waterloo International.", "High-speed rail in Europe Passenger trains built to specific safety standards are operated by Eurostar through the Channel Tunnel. Direct trains now travel from London St. Pancras to Paris in 2h15, and to Brussels in 1h51. On 1 May 2015 Eurostar introduced a weekly service from London to Lyon, Avignon and Marseille. Thalys high-speed international trains serve the Paris to Brussels corridor, which is now covered in 1h20. Additional Thalys services extend to Amsterdam and Cologne in addition to Belgian cities.", "St Pancras railway station Southeastern runs high-speed Class 395 trains on High Speed 1 to Kent and the South East, to Faversham, Margate, Ramsgate, Canterbury West, Dover Priory, Folkestone Central, Ashford, Ebbsfleet International and other destinations in Kent.", "Eurostar On the northbound Marseille-London train, there is no facility for security or passport checks at the southern French stations, so passengers must leave the train at Lille-Europe, taking all their belongings with them, and undergo security and border checks there before rejoining the train which waits at the station for just over an hour.[100]", "Eurostar The history of Eurostar can be traced to the 1986 choice of a rail tunnel to provide a cross-channel link between Britain and France.[8] A previous attempt at constructing a tunnel between the two nations had begun in 1974, but was quickly aborted. In 1988 construction began on a new basis. Eurotunnel was created to manage and own the tunnel, which was finished in 1993, the official opening taking place in May 1994.[9]", "Eurostar On 23 September 2009 an overhead power line dropped on to a Class 373 train arriving at St Pancras station, activating a circuit breaker and delaying eleven other trains.[193] Two days later, on 25 September 2009, electrical power via the overhead lines was lost on a section of high-speed line outside Lille, delaying passengers on two evening Eurostar-operated services.[194]", "London Victoria station In 1984 the non-stop Gatwick Express service was started, aiming for a 30-minute journey time. This was coupled with the provision of an airport lounge and check-in facilities at first-floor level, with dedicated escalators down to the Gatwick Express platforms. British Airways and other major airlines had their own check-in desks there.[60] British Rail operated an International Travel Centre within the main station, separate from the domestic travel centre. At the time, Victoria was still a major departure point for international travel, with boat trains to Dover and Folkestone for France and Belgium and beyond.[61] This ceased with the introduction of Eurostar in 1994, which did not serve Victoria, and the International Travel Centre closed.[62]", "London Bridge station London Bridge is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Southwark, occupying a large area on three levels immediately south-east of London Bridge and 1.6 miles (2.6Â km) east of Charing Cross. The main line station is the oldest railway station in London fare zone 1 and one of the oldest in the world having opened in 1836. It is one of two main line termini in London to the south of the River Thames, the other being Waterloo.", "Entente Cordiale At both London Waterloo International and Paris Gare du Nord, the flags of the United Kingdom and of France were depicted connected with the words 'Entente cordiale' superimposed on posters. Some French political leaders had complained[10] about the name \"Waterloo\" for the destination of trains from Paris because the British terminus is named after the 1815 battle where a British-led alliance defeated Napoleon's army, and in 1998 French politician Florent Longuepée wrote to British Prime Minister Tony Blair demanding, without success, that the name be changed.[10][11] In November 2007 St Pancras International became the new London terminus for the Eurostar service.", "Eurostar On 13 November 2014 Eurostar announced the purchase of an additional seven e320s for delivery in the second half of 2016. At the same time, Eurostar announced the first five e320s from the original order of ten would be available by December 2015, with the remaining five entering service by May 2016. Of the five sets ready by December 2015, three of them were planned to be used on London-Paris and London-Brussels routes.[162]", "High-speed rail in Europe The Eurostar Class 373 trains, which run through the Channel Tunnel between the UK and both France and Belgium, are substantially different versions of the TGV trains, with support for four voltages, of them two present in the UK, both pantograph and third-rail power collection (although the third-rail shoe-gear has now been removed following the opening of High-Speed 1), the ability to adapt to multiple platform heights, and to cope with no fewer than seven different signalling modes. Like the TGVs, Eurostar trains are articulated with bogies between the carriages, and most units have 18 passenger carriages and two power cars (the end passenger carriages also have their outer bogies powered). New Class 374 trains were introduced in November 2015, and are able to carry passengers to destinations beyond the core routes to Paris and Brussels. A Class 374 train has 900 seats, roughly equivalent to six Airbus A320s or Boeing 737s (the aircraft typically used by low-cost airlines). These trains operate at the highest scheduled speeds of any in the UK, using a high-speed line between the Channel Tunnel and St Pancras station in London (High Speed 1) which was fully opened in November 2007.", "St Pancras railway station St Pancras was officially re-opened as St Pancras International, and the High Speed 1 service was launched on 6 November 2007 by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh. [69][70][71] Services were extended to Rotterdam and Amsterdam in April 2018.[72]", "Eurostar On 21 February 2010 the 21:43 service from Paris to London broke down just outside Ashford International,[206] stranding 740 passengers for several hours while a rescue train was called in.", "Transport in London The terminal (only) stations are Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Euston, Fenchurch Street, King's Cross, Liverpool Street, Marylebone, Moorgate, Paddington, St Pancras, Victoria and Waterloo.", "Eurostar On 17 October 2011 a man fell at approximately 17:40[208] or 17:50[209][210][211] from the 17:04 service from London to Brussels as it passed through Westenhanger and Cheriton in Folkestone, near the entry to the Channel Tunnel.[212] The individual was an Albanian who had been refused entry to the United Kingdom and was voluntarily returning to Brussels. The line was handed back at 22:09 after being closed for several hours following the incident.[208][210] The train itself returned north to Ashford International, where passengers were transferred to a Eurostar service operating from Marne-la-VallÃ©e to London, where passengers arrived again at approximately 22:30.[208][210]", "Eurostar The Channel Tunnel used by Eurostar services holds the record for having the longest undersea section anywhere in the world,[21] and it is the second longest rail tunnel in the world.[22] A Eurostar train set a new British speed record of 334.7 km/h (208.0 mph) on the first section of High Speed 1 on 30 July 2003,[11][13] two months before services began running upon the first section of High Speed 1.", "High Speed 1 A high-speed rail line, LGV Nord, has been in operation between the Channel Tunnel and the outskirts of Paris since the Tunnel's opening in 1994.[15] This has enabled Eurostar rail services to travel at 300 km/h (186 mph) for this part of their journey. A similar high-speed line in Belgium, from the French border to Brussels, HSL 1, opened in 1997.[16][17] In Britain, Eurostar trains had to run at a maximum of 160 km/h (100 mph) on existing tracks between London Waterloo and the Channel Tunnel.[18] These tracks were shared with local traffic, limiting the number of services that could be run, and jeopardising reliability.[19] The case for a high-speed line similar to the continental part of the route was recognised by policymakers,[20] and the construction of the line was authorised by Parliament with the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996,[21] which was amended by the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (Supplementary Provisions) Act 2008.[22][23]", "St Pancras railway station Access to the East Midlands Trains platforms are via the northern end of The Arcade, while the Thameslink and domestic High Speed platforms are reached via a street-level concourse where the old and new parts of the station meet. The main pedestrian entrance is at the eastern end of this concourse, where a subway enables pedestrians to reach King's Cross station and the northern ticket hall of the tube station.[11][87]", "Channel Tunnel For Eurostar trains travelling from places south of Paris, there is no passport and security check before departure, and those trains must stop in Lille at least 30 minutes to allow all passengers to be checked. No checks are done on board. There have been plans for services from Amsterdam, Frankfurt and Cologne to London, but a major reason to cancel them was the need for a stop in Lille.", "London Eye Connection with National Rail services is made at London Waterloo station and London Waterloo East station.", "Arch Train shed in St Pancras railway station, London (2010)", "London Victoria station Victoria Coach Station is about 300Â metres south-west of the railway stations. It is the main London coach terminal and serves all parts of the UK and mainland Europe.[9]", "Eurostar In October 2009 the President of SNCF, Guillaume Pepy, outlined plans to expand TGV services around Paris as well as for fleet renewal. A plan to connect LGV Nord, the line used by Eurostar into Paris, with La Défense, a large commercial and business centre in the west of Paris, was described as the \"top priority\". Pepy estimated that the connection (which would also allow interchange to the proposed Paris – Rouen – Le Havre LGV line) would allow a journey time from central London to La Défense of 2 hr 15 min.[234] Guillaume Pepy defined SNCF's priorities for the future as:[234]", "St Pancras railway station During the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, St Pancras was the Central London terminus of the Olympic Javelin service, a seven-minute shuttle between Central London and Stratford International station for the London Olympic Park.[98]", "High Speed 1 The next plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link involved a tunnel reaching London from the south-east, and an underground terminus in the vicinity of King's Cross station. A late change in the plans, principally driven by the then Deputy Prime Minister Michael Heseltine's desire for urban regeneration in east London, led to a change of route, with the new line approaching London from the east. This opened the possibility of reusing the underused St Pancras station as the terminus, with access via the North London Line that crosses the throat of the station.[25]", "Eurostar In order to comply with special UK legislation,[94] there are full security checks similar to those at airports, scanning both bags and people's pockets. Security checks at Eurostar are comparable to those at a small airport and generally much quicker than at London Heathrow.[95] The recommended check-in time is 30 minutes except for business class where it is 10 minutes.", "Eurostar To allow passengers to walk off the train without arrival checks in most cases, juxtaposed controls ordinarily take place at the embarkation station.", "Transport in London While most stations in central London are termini, there are a few notable exceptions. London Bridge station has several through lines to the more central termini at Cannon Street and Charing Cross, and trains to the latter also call at Waterloo East, linked to Waterloo by a footbridge. London Bridge's through platforms are also used by the Thameslink services of Govia Thameslink Railway, which cross the city centre, calling at Blackfriars, City Thameslink, Farringdon and St Pancras.", "St Pancras railway station From December 2018, as part of the Thameslink programme, services from the East Coast Main Line/Great Northern Route, also part of the Govia Thameslink Railway franchise, will be linked to the Thameslink route, diverting trains previously terminating at Kings Cross into the Thameslink platforms at St Pancras and then through central London to Sussex and Kent.\nThis link was made possible by the construction of two canal tunnels. These are about 100Â metres north of the Thameslink platforms, and they will join the ECML where the North London Line and HS1 go over the top.[131]", "High Speed 1 This station was rebuilt as Ashford International during the early 1990s for international services from mainland Europe; this included the addition of two platforms to the north of station (the original down island platform had been taken over by international services). Unlike normal LGV stations in France, the through tracks for Ashford International railway station are off to one side rather than going through.[58] The number of services was reduced after the opening of the Ebbsfleet station. A high-speed domestic service operated by Southeastern to London St Pancras began on 29 June 2009.", "St Pancras railway station Behind the hotel, the train shed is elevated 5 m (17 ft) above street level, with the area below forming the station undercroft. To the west, the original station is bounded by Midland Road with the British Library on the other side of the road. To the east, it is bounded by Pancras Road and is opposite King's Cross. The northern half of the station is mainly bounded to the east by Camley Street, with Camley Street Natural Park across the road. To the north-east is King's Cross Central, formerly known as the Railway Lands, a complex of intersecting railway lines crossed by several roads and the Regent's Canal.[10][11]", "London Bridge station London Bridge is served by Southeastern services from Charing Cross to destinations in southeast London, Kent and East Sussex and is a terminus for many Southern commuter and regional services to south London and numerous destinations in South East England. Historically, trains from Cannon Street and Thameslink services from Bedford to Brighton also called at the station, and will once again in early 2018 when current redevelopment works are complete. In terms of passenger arrivals and departures it is the fourth-busiest station in London as well as the United Kingdom as a whole, handling over 54Â million customers a year. (These statistics do not include the many commuters who transfer between lines at the station.).", "Eurostar The difficulties that Eurostar faces in expanding its services would also be faced by any potential competitors to Eurostar. As the UK is outside the Schengen Agreement, London-bound trains must use platforms that are physically isolated,[152] a constraint which other international operators such as Thalys do not face. In addition, the British authorities are required to make passenger security and passport checks before they board the train,[232] which might deter domestic passengers. Compounding the difficulties in providing a similar service are the Channel Tunnel safety rules, the major ones being the \"half-train rule\" and the \"length rule\". The \"half-train rule\" stipulated that passenger trains had to be able to split in the case of emergency.[50] Class 373 trains were designed as two half-sets, which when coupled form a complete train, enabling them to be split easily in the event of an emergency while in the tunnel, with the unaffected set able to be driven out. The half-train rule was finally abolished in May 2010. However, the \"length rule\", which states that passenger trains must be at least 375 metres long with a through corridor (to match the distance between the safety doors in the tunnel), was retained, preventing any potential operators from applying to run services with existing fleets (the majority of both TGV and ICE trains are only 200m long).[233]", "St Pancras railway station St Pancras is at the southern end of the London Borough of Camden. It occupies a site orientated north/south, deeper than it is wide. The south is bounded by Euston Road (part of the London Inner Ring Road), with the frontage provided by the St Pancras Renaissance Hotel, while the west is bounded by Midland Road and the east by Pancras Road, with King's Cross station on the other side.[8] The British Library sits to the west of the station on the site of a former goods yard.[9]", "London Victoria station The station complex is in Victoria in the City of Westminster, immediately south of the London Inner Ring Road. It is located south of Victoria Street, east of Buckingham Palace Road and west of Vauxhall Bridge Road.[5] Several different railways lead into the station line by way of Grosvenor Bridge from the south west, south and south east.[6] It is in Travelcard Zone 1 and is one of 19 stations managed by Network Rail.[7] It has been a Grade II listed building since 1970.[8]", "Eurostar Eurostar passengers travelling inside the Schengen Area (Brussels–Lille or Brussels–Calais; Lille–Calais trips are not allowed to be performed by Eurostar) pass through a separate corridor in Brussels bypassing border checks, and enter the preallocated cars of the train, which is reserved for these passengers. This arrangement was set up after numerous illegal immigrants entered the UK without the right to do so, by buying a ticket from Brussels to Lille or Calais but remaining on the train until London – an issue exacerbated by Belgian police threatening to arrest UK Border Agency staff at Brussels-Midi if they tried to prevent passengers whom they suspected of attempting to exploit this loophole from boarding Eurostar trains.[96]", "Eurostar Eurostar is a member of Railteam, a marketing alliance formed in July 2007 of seven European high-speed rail operators, including Thalys.[145] The alliance plans to allow tickets to be booked from one end of Europe to the other on a single website.[145] In June 2009 London and Continental Railways, and the Eurostar UK operations they held ownership of, became fully nationalised by the UK government.[146]", "Eurostar Eurostar's fares were significantly higher in its early years; the cheapest fare in 1994 was £99 return.[73] In 2002, Eurostar was planning cheaper fares, an example of which was an offer of £50 day returns from London to Paris or Brussels.[74][75] By March 2003, the cheapest fare from the UK was £59 return, available all year around.[73] In June 2009 it was announced that one-way single fares would be available at £31 at the cheapest.[75] Competition between Eurostar and airline services was a large factor in ticket prices being reduced from the initial levels.[76][77] Business Premier fares also slightly undercut air fares on similar routes, targeted at regular business travellers.[78] In 2009, Eurostar greatly increased its budget ticket availability to help maintain and grow its dominant market share.[79] The Eurostar ticketing system is very complex, being distributed through no fewer than 48 individual sales systems.[80] Eurostar is a member of the Amadeus CRS distribution system, making its tickets available alongside those of airlines worldwide.[81]", "Eurostar Eurostar trains do not currently call at Stratford International, originally intended to be the London stop for the regional Eurostars.[213] This was to be reviewed following the 2012 Olympics.[214] However, in 2013, Eurostar claimed that its 'business would be hit' by stopping trains there.[215]", "St Pancras railway station The tube station pre-dated the mainline as part of the initial section of Metropolitan Railway project on 10 January 1863, which was the first section of the London Underground to open.[137] The station expanded to accommodate St Pancras on opening, following by interchanges with the Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway (now the Piccadilly line) in 1906,[138] with the City & South London Railway (now the Northern line) opening a year later.[139] The Victoria line platforms were opened in 1968.[140] A major expansion to accommodate High Speed 1 at St. Pancras opened in November 2009.[141]", "Eurostar The reduced journey times offered by the opening of High Speed 1[62] and the opening of the LGV Est and HSL-Zuid bring more continental destinations[227] within a range from London where rail is competitive with air travel. By Eurostar's estimates a train would then take 3 hours 30 minutes from London to Amsterdam.[228] At present Eurostar is concentrating on developing its connections with other services,[87][88] but direct services to other destinations would be possible. However, the routes that any potential services are likely to take would include infrastructure that Eurostar's rolling stock has not been built to use — German railways mostly have 15 kV AC electrification,[229] while the Netherlands uses 1.5 kV DC (except on HSL Zuid and the Betuweroute).[230] To operate on these lines would require new or heavily modified rolling stock designed to operate at these different voltages, in addition to those already in use. Signalling systems also differ.[59][231] In addition to the infrastructure difficulties, any potential Eurostar services beyond Paris and Brussels would also require the installation of stringent security measures, due to the UK's not having signed up to the Schengen Agreement,[93] which allows unrestricted movement across borders of member countries.", "Eurostar The original proposals for Eurostar included direct services to Paris and Brussels from cities north of London (NoL): Manchester via Birmingham on the West Coast Main Line and on the East Coast Main Line Leeds and Glasgow via Edinburgh, Newcastle and York.[27] Seven shorter NoL Eurostar trains for these Regional Eurostar services were built, but these services never ran. Predicted journey times of almost nine hours for Glasgow to Paris at the time of growth of low-cost air travel during the 1990s made the plans commercially unviable against the cheaper and quicker airlines.[28] Other reasons that have been suggested for these services having never been run were both government policies and the disruptive privatisation of British Rail.[29] Three of the Regional Eurostar units were leased by Great North Eastern Railway (GNER) to increase domestic services from London King's Cross to York and later Leeds.[30] The leases ended in December 2005, and most of the NoL sets have since been transferred to SNCF for TGV services in northern France.[31]" ]	[ "Eurostar The London terminus is St Pancras International, the other British calling points being Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. Intermediate calling points in France are Calais-Fréthun and Lille-Europe, with trains to Paris terminating at Gare du Nord. Trains to Belgium terminate at Midi/Zuid station in Brussels. The only intermediate calling point in the Netherlands is Rotterdam Centraal, with trains terminating at Amsterdam Centraal. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris at Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, direct services to southern France (Lyon, Avignon and Marseille) from May to September[1] (launched on 1 May 2015), and seasonal direct services to the French Alps in winter (December to April)." ]
test1909	who makes history the leader or the mass movement	[ "doc66932" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc1006819", "doc106433", "doc1766520", "doc66933", "doc1006799", "doc784332", "doc1297889", "doc1297892", "doc1006779", "doc1214200", "doc784402", "doc465644", "doc2019665", "doc1209109", "doc1536855", "doc766652", "doc768254", "doc1209110", "doc1766543", "doc723241", "doc1148755", "doc1006800", "doc784373", "doc1766547", "doc1006769", "doc723242", "doc1209088", "doc784379", "doc1791190", "doc2151641", "doc1006768", "doc66932", "doc784382", "doc1987481", "doc1006767", "doc1766530", "doc784398", "doc1297902", "doc1006784", "doc784368", "doc546862", "doc1677761", "doc1006797", "doc1083216", "doc1006793", "doc795819", "doc1006781", "doc907802", "doc321711", "doc784364", "doc1006798", "doc350155", "doc784337", "doc784362", "doc222135", "doc2615858", "doc766673", "doc784342", "doc1766515", "doc834372", "doc1766519", "doc1889066", "doc784376", "doc2615857", "doc1209115", "doc766731", "doc784357", "doc15937", "doc784343", "doc1214207", "doc328738", "doc2338629", "doc2151640", "doc1006809", "doc866928", "doc766732", "doc784351", "doc44067", "doc1590477", "doc1076344", "doc1006826", "doc1766553", "doc784308", "doc784359", "doc866912", "doc350161", "doc2151637", "doc1766524", "doc1209107", "doc784384", "doc1076345", "doc632444", "doc1204636", "doc1766534", "doc1297891", "doc668214", "doc1209095", "doc1766518", "doc1297890", "doc1766537" ]	[ "History A people's history is a type of historical work which attempts to account for historical events from the perspective of common people. A people's history is the history of the world that is the story of mass movements and of the outsiders. Individuals or groups not included in the past in other type of writing about history are the primary focus, which includes the disenfranchised, the oppressed, the poor, the nonconformists, and the otherwise forgotten people. The authors are typically on the left and have a socialist model in mind, as in the approach of the History Workshop movement in Britain in the 1960s.[56]", "Ideology 5) Leadership: Without the leader, there is no movement. Often the leader must wait long in the wings until the time is ripe. He calls for sacrifices in the present, to justify his vision of a breathtaking future. The skills required include: audacity, brazenness, iron will, fanatical conviction; passionate hatred, cunning, a delight in symbols; ability to inspire blind faith in the masses and a group of able lieutenants.[27] Charlatanism is indispensable, and the leader often imitates both friend and foe, \"a single-minded fashioning after a model\". He will not lead followers towards the \"promised land\", but only \"away from their unwanted selves\".[28]", "What Is History? In the same way, Carr argued that no individual is truly free of the social environment in which they live, but contended that within those limitations, there was room, albeit very narrow room for people to make decisions that affect history.[11] Carr made a division between those who, like Vladimir Lenin and Oliver Cromwell, helped to shape the social forces which carried them to historical greatness and those who, like Otto von Bismarck and Napoleon, rode on the back of social forces over which they had little or no control.[12] Though Carr was willing to grant individuals a role in history, he argued that those who focus exclusively on individuals in a Great man theory of history were doing a profound disservice to the past.[13] As an example, Carr complained of those historians who explained the Russian Revolution solely as the result of the \"stupidity\" of Emperor Nicholas II (which Carr regarded as a factor, but only of lesser importance) rather than the work of great social forces.[13]", "Mass movement The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination, authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon, Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society. One influential early text was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by the Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American study about The authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and anti-Semitism. Another early theme was the relationship between masses and elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski).", "History In opposition to the claims of history as a social science, historians such as Hugh Trevor-Roper, John Lukacs, Donald Creighton, Gertrude Himmelfarb and Gerhard Ritter argued that the key to the historians' work was the power of the imagination, and hence contended that history should be understood as an art. French historians associated with the Annales School introduced quantitative history, using raw data to track the lives of typical individuals, and were prominent in the establishment of cultural history (cf. histoire des mentalitÃ©s). Intellectual historians such as Herbert Butterfield, Ernst Nolte and George Mosse have argued for the significance of ideas in history. American historians, motivated by the civil rights era, focused on formerly overlooked ethnic, racial, and socio-economic groups. Another genre of social history to emerge in the post-WWII era was Alltagsgeschichte (History of Everyday Life). Scholars such as Martin Broszat, Ian Kershaw and Detlev Peukert sought to examine what everyday life was like for ordinary people in 20th-century Germany, especially in the Nazi period.", "Historiography Michelet was one of the first historians to shift the emphasis of history to the common people, rather than the leaders and institutions of the country. He had a decisive impact on scholars. Gayana Jurkevich argues that led by Michelet:", "Great man theory The great man theory is a 19th-century idea according to which history can be largely explained by the impact of great men, or heroes; highly influential individuals who, due to either their personal charisma, intelligence, wisdom, or political skill used their power in a way that had a decisive historical impact. The theory was popularized in the 1840s by Scottish writer Thomas Carlyle, but in 1860 Herbert Spencer formulated a counter-argument that has remained influential throughout the 20th century to the present: Spencer said that such great men are the products of their societies, and that their actions would be impossible without the social conditions built before their lifetimes.[1][2][3]", "Great man theory This theory is usually contrasted with \"history from below\", which emphasises the life of the legion over the leader. An overwhelming wave of smaller events causes certain developments to occur. The Great Man approach to history was most fashionable with professional historians in the 19th century; a popular work of this school is the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911) which contains lengthy and detailed biographies about the great men of history, but very few general or social histories. For example, all information on the post-Roman \"Migrations Period\" of European History is compiled under the biography of Attila the Hun. This heroic view of history was also strongly endorsed by some philosophers, such as Leon Bloy, Hegel, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Spengler and Max Weber,[8][9][10] but it fell out of favor after World War II.[citation needed]", "History Historians write in the context of their own time, and with due regard to the current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, and sometimes write to provide lessons for their own society. In the words of Benedetto Croce, \"All history is contemporary history\". History is facilitated by the formation of a \"true discourse of past\" through the production of narrative and analysis of past events relating to the human race.[17] The modern discipline of history is dedicated to the institutional production of this discourse.", "Social movement theory Sociologists during the early and middle-1900s thought that movements were random occurrences of individuals who were trying to emotionally react to situations outside their control. Or, as the \"mass society\" hypothesis suggested, movement participants were those who were not fully integrated into society. These psychologically-based theories have largely been rejected by present-day sociologists and political scientists, although many still make a case for the importance (although not centrality) of emotions. See the work of Gustav LeBon, Herbert Blumer, William Kornhauser,[1] and Neil Smelser.[2]", "Historiography Memory studies is a new field, focused on how nations and groups (and historians) construct and select their memories of the past in order to celebrate (or denounce) key features, thus making a statement of their current values and beliefs. Historians have played a central role in shaping the memories of the past as their work is diffused through popular history books and school textbooks.[137] French sociologist Maurice Halbwachs, opened the field with La mÃ©moire collective (Paris: 1950).[138]", "Civil rights movement While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King Jr., some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person, organization, or strategy. Sociologist Doug McAdam has stated that, \"in King's case, it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement...but more importantly, there was no singular civil rights movement. The movement was, in fact, a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide, spanning several decades, hundreds of discrete groups, and all manner of strategies and tacticsâ€”legal, illegal, institutional, non-institutional, violent, non-violent. Without discounting King's importance, it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous, fluid, dispersed movement.\"[171] Decentralized grassroots leadership has been a major focus of movement scholarship in recent decades through the work of historians John Dittmer, Charles Payne, Barbara Ransby, and others.", "Workers' Party of Korea Unlike Marxism, which considers class struggle the driving force of historical progress, North Korea considers humanity the driving force of history. \"Popular masses are placed in the center of everything, and the leader is the center of the masses\".[52] Juche is an anthropocentric ideology in which \"man is the master of everything and decides everything\".[52] Similar to Marxist–Leninist thought, Juche believes that history is law-governed but only man drives progress: \"the popular masses are the drivers of history\".[53] However, for the masses to succeed they need a Great Leader.[53] Marxism–Leninism argues that the people will lead, on the basis of their relationship to production. In North Korea a Great Leader is considered essential, and this helped Kim Il-sung establish a one-man rule.[54]", "Historian Karl Marx introduced the concept of historical materialism into the study of world historical development. In his conception, the economic conditions and dominant modes of production determined the structure of society at that point. Previous historians had focused on cyclical events of the rise and decline of rulers and nations. Process of nationalization of history, as part of national revivals in the 19th century, resulted with separation of \"one's own\" history from common universal history by such way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that constructed history as history of a nation.[27] A new discipline, sociology, emerged in the late 19th century and analyzed and compared these perspectives on a larger scale.", "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon This essay contains the most famous formulation of Marx's view of the role of the individual in history, often translated to something like: \"Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past.\" Unfortunately this translation obscures the meaning of his line, which should be read more like \"People (die Menschen) make their own history, but they do not make it however they want, not under self-selected circumstances, but out of the actual given and transmitted situation. The traditions of all the dead generations burden, like a nightmare, the minds of the living.\"[2]", "Leadership Situational theory also appeared as a reaction to the trait theory of leadership. Social scientists argued that history was more than the result of intervention of great men as Carlyle suggested. Herbert Spencer (1884) (and Karl Marx) said that the times produce the person and not the other way around.[40] This theory assumes that different situations call for different characteristics; according to this group of theories, no single optimal psychographic profile of a leader exists. According to the theory, \"what an individual actually does when acting as a leader is in large part dependent upon characteristics of the situation in which he functions.\"[41]", "A People's History of the United States My history... describes the inspiring struggle of those who have fought slavery and racism (Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd Garrison, Fannie Lou Hamer, Bob Moses), of the labor organizers who have led strikes for the rights of working people (Big Bill Haywood, Mother Jones, César Chávez), of the socialists and others who have protested war and militarism (Eugene V. Debs, Helen Keller, the Rev. Daniel Berrigan, Cindy Sheehan). My hero is not Theodore Roosevelt, who loved war and congratulated a general after a massacre of Filipino villagers at the turn of the century, but Mark Twain, who denounced the massacre and satirized imperialism.[9][10]", "Historian The modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities. Leopold von Ranke was a pivotal influence in this regard, and is considered as the founder of modern source-based history.[28][29][30][31]", "What Is History? Though Carr made it clear that he preferred that historians refrain from expressing moral opinions, he did argue that if the historian should find it necessary then such views should best be restricted to institutions rather than individuals.[54] Carr argued that such an approach was better because the focus on individuals served to provide a collective alibi for societies.[54] Carr used as examples those in United Kingdom who blamed appeasement solely upon Neville Chamberlain, those Germans who argued that Nazi-era crimes were the work of Adolf Hitler alone or those in the United States who blamed McCarthyism exclusively upon Senator Joseph McCarthy.[57] In Carr's opinion, historians should reject concepts like good and evil when making judgements about events and people.[58] Instead, Carr preferred the terms progressive or reactionary as the terms for value judgements.[59] In Carr's opinion, if a historical event such as the collectivisation of Soviet agriculture in the early 1930s led to the growth of the Soviet heavy industry and the achievement of the goals of the First Five Year Plan, then the collectivisation must be considered a progressive development in history, and hence all of the sufferings and millions of deaths caused by collectivisation, the \"dekulakisation\" campaign and the Holodomor were justified by the growth of Soviet heavy industry.[60] Likewise, Carr argued that the suffering of Chinese workers in the treaty ports and in the mines of South Africa in the late 19th-early 20th centuries was terrible, but must be considered a progressive development as it helped to push China towards the Communist revolution.[61] Carr argued that China was much better off under the leadership of Mao Zedong then it was under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek, and hence all of the developments that led to the fall of Chiang's regime in 1949 and the rise to power of Mao must considered progressive. Finally, Carr argued that historians can be \"objective\" if they are capable of moving beyond their narrow view of the situation both in the past and in the present, and can write historical works which helped to contribute to progress of society.[62]", "William James One of the long-standing schisms in the philosophy of history concerns the role of individuals in social change.", "Juche Unlike Marxism–Leninism, which considers material forces to be the driving force of historical progress (known as historical materialism), Juche in North Korea considers human beings in general to be the driving force in history.[44] It is summarized as \"the popular masses are placed in the center of everything, and the leader is the center of the masses\".[44] Juche, North Korea's government states, is a \"man-centered ideology\" in which the \"man is the master of everything and decides everything\".[44] In contrast to Marxist–Leninist thought, in which people's decisions are inextricably linked to their relations to the means of production (a concept referred to as \"relations of production\"), in Juche thought man is independent and decides everything.[44] Just like Marxist–Leninist thought, Juche believes history is law-governed, but that it is only man who drives progress: \"the popular masses are the drivers of history\".[45] However, for the masses to be successful, they need a \"Great Leader\".[45] Marxism–Leninism argues that the popular masses will lead (on the basis of their relation to production); in North Korea, the role of a Great Leader should be essential for leadership.[46] This theory allegedly helped Kim Il-sung establish a unitary, one-man rule over North Korea.[46]", "History Marxist historians such as Eric Hobsbawm, E. P. Thompson, Rodney Hilton, Georges Lefebvre, Eugene Genovese, Isaac Deutscher, C. L. R. James, Timothy Mason, Herbert Aptheker, Arno J. Mayer and Christopher Hill have sought to validate Karl Marx's theories by analyzing history from a Marxist perspective. In response to the Marxist interpretation of history, historians such as François Furet, Richard Pipes, J. C. D. Clark, Roland Mousnier, Henry Ashby Turner and Robert Conquest have offered anti-Marxist interpretations of history. Feminist historians such as Joan Wallach Scott, Claudia Koonz, Natalie Zemon Davis, Sheila Rowbotham, Gisela Bock, Gerda Lerner, Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, and Lynn Hunt have argued for the importance of studying the experience of women in the past. In recent years, postmodernists have challenged the validity and need for the study of history on the basis that all history is based on the personal interpretation of sources. In his 1997 book In Defence of History, Richard J. Evans defended the worth of history. Another defence of history from post-modernist criticism was the Australian historian Keith Windschuttle's 1994 book, The Killing of History.", "Historiography Marxist historian E. H. Carr developed a controversial theory of history in his 1961 book What Is History?, which proved to be one of the most influential books ever written on the subject.[81] He presented a middle-of-the-road position between the empirical or (Rankean) view of history and R. G. Collingwood's idealism, and rejected the empirical view of the historian's work being an accretion of \"facts\" that he or she has at their disposal as nonsense. He maintained that there is such a vast quantity of information that the historian always chooses the \"facts\" he or she decides to make use of. In Carr's famous example, he claimed that millions had crossed the Rubicon, but only Julius Caesar's crossing in 49 BC is declared noteworthy by historians.[82][83] For this reason, Carr argued that Leopold von Ranke's famous dictum wie es eigentlich gewesen (show what actually happened) was wrong because it presumed that the \"facts\" influenced what the historian wrote, rather than the historian choosing what \"facts of the past\" he or she intended to turn into \"historical facts\".[84] At the same time, Carr argued that the study of the facts may lead the historian to change his or her views. In this way, Carr argued that history was \"an unending dialogue between the past and present\".[82][85]", "What Is History? \"Since the First World War the impact of the materialist conception of history on historical writings has been very strong. Indeed, one might say that all serious historical work done in this period has been moulded by its influence. The symptom of this change has been the replacement, in general esteem, of battles, diplomatic manoeuvres, constitutional arguments and political intrigues as the main topics of history—'political history' in the broad sense—by the study of economic factors, of social conditions, of statistics of population, of the rise and fall of classes. The increasing popularity of sociology has been another feature of the same development; the attempt has sometimes been made to treat history as a branch of sociology.\"[69]", "History Stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding King Arthur), are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends, because they do not show the \"disinterested investigation\" required of the discipline of history.[10][11] Herodotus, a 5th-century BC Greek historian is considered within the Western tradition to be the \"father of history\", and, along with his contemporary Thucydides, helped form the foundations for the modern study of human history. Their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In Asia, a state chronicle, the Spring and Autumn Annals was known to be compiled from as early as 722 BC although only 2nd-century BC texts survived.", "William James One faction sees individuals (as seen in Dickens' A Tale of Two Cities and Thomas Carlyle's The French Revolution, A History) as the motive power of history, and the broader society as the page on which they write their acts. The other sees society as moving according to holistic principles or laws, and sees individuals as its more-or-less willing pawns. In 1880, James waded into this controversy with \"Great Men, Great Thoughts, and the Environment,\" an essay published in the Atlantic Monthly. He took Carlyle's side, but without Carlyle's one-sided emphasis on the political/military sphere, upon heroes as the founders or overthrowers of states and empires.", "Historian A historian is a person who researches, studies, and writes about the past, and is regarded as an authority on it.[1] Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is an historian of prehistory. Although \"historian\" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by publications or training and experience.[2] \"Historian\" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century as research universities were emerging in Germany and elsewhere.", "Historiography From 1910 to the 1940s, \"Progressive\" historiography was dominant, especially in political studies. It stressed the central importance of class conflict in American history. Important leaders included Vernon L. Parrington, Carl L. Becker, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., John Hicks, and C. Vann Woodward.[96] The movement established a strong base at the History Department at the University of Wisconsin with Curtis Nettels, William Hesseltine, Merle Curti, Howard K. Beale, Merrill Jensen, Fred Harvey Harrington (who became the university president), William Appleman Williams, and a host of graduate students.[97] Charles A. Beard was the most prominent representative with his \"Beardian\" approach that reached both scholars and the general public.[98]", "History of the socialist movement in the United States As a leader within the Socialist movement, Eugene V. Debs movement quickly gained national recognition as a charismatic orator. He was often inflammatory and controversial, but also strikingly modest and inspiring. He once said: \"I am not a Labor Leader; I do not want you to follow me or anyone else [...] You must use your heads as well as your hands, and get yourself out of your present condition.\" Debs lent a great and powerful air to the revolution with his speaking. \"There was almost a religious fervor to the movement, as in the eloquence of Debs\".[25]", "Zeitgeist Great man theory and zeitgeist theory can be included in two main areas of thought in psychology.[4] For instance, great man theory is very similar to the trait approach. Trait researchers are interested in identifying the various personality traits that underline human behaviors such as conformity, leadership or other social behaviors. Thus, they agree that leadership is primarily a quality of an individual and that some people are pre-dispositioned to be a leader whereas others are born to follow these leaders. In contrast, situationist researchers believe that social behavior is a product of society. That is, social influence is what determines human behaviors. Therefore, situationism is of the same opinion as zeitgeist theory—leaders are created from the social environment and are molded from the situation. The concept of zeitgeist also relates to the sociological tradition that stems from Émile Durkheim and recently developed into social capital theory as exemplified by the work of Patrick Hunout.", "History History can also refer to the academic discipline which uses a narrative to examine and analyse a sequence of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them.[5][6] Historians sometimes debate the nature of history and its usefulness by discussing the study of the discipline as an end in itself and as a way of providing \"perspective\" on the problems of the present.[5][7][8][9]", "Mass movement A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism and fascism. Both communists and fascists typically support the creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself.", "Historiography Consensus history emphasizes the basic unity of American values and downplays conflict as superficial. It was especially attractive in the 1950s and 1960s. Prominent leaders included Richard Hofstadter, Louis Hartz, Daniel Boorstin, Allan Nevins, Clinton Rossiter, Edmund Morgan, and David M. Potter.[101][102] In 1948 Hofstadter made a compelling statement of the consensus model of the U.S. political tradition:", "Recorded history Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 B.C. – c. 425 B.C. )[8] has generally been acclaimed as the \"father of history\" composing his The Histories written from 450s to the 420s B.C. . However, his contemporary Thucydides (c. 460 B.C. – c. 400 B.C.) is credited with having first approached history with a well-developed historical method in his work the History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides, unlike Herodotus, regarded history as being the product of the choices and actions of human beings, and looked at cause and effect, rather than as the result of divine intervention.[8]", "History History (from Greek ἱστορία, historia, meaning \"inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation\")[2] is the study of the past as it is described in written documents.[3][4] Events occurring before written record are considered prehistory. It is an umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of information about these events. Scholars who write about history are called historians.", "What Is History? For this reason, Carr argued that Leopold von Ranke's famous dictum wie es eigentlich gewesen (show what actually happened) was wrong because it presumed that the \"facts\" influenced what the historian wrote, rather than the historian choosing what \"facts of the past\" he or she intended to turn into \"historical facts\".[24] At the same time, Carr argued that the study of the facts may lead the historian to change his or her views.[5] In this way, Carr argued that history was \"an unending dialogue between the past and present\".[5][25]", "Historiography The \"cultural turn\" of the 1980s and 1990s affected scholars in most areas of history.[133] Inspired largely by anthropology, it turned away from leaders, ordinary people and famous events to look at the use of language and cultural symbols to represent the changing values of society.[134]", "Great man theory Owing to his personal features, or to a chance, or to his social standing, or to the peculiarity of the epoch, an individual by the very fact of his existence, by his ideas or actions (or inaction) directly or indirectly, during his lifetime or after his death may have such an influence upon his own or another society which can be recognized significant as he left a noticeable mark (positive, negative or unambiguous) in history and in the further development of society.[19]", "History There are varieties of ways in which history can be organized, including chronologically, culturally, territorially, and thematically. These divisions are not mutually exclusive, and significant overlaps are often present, as in \"The International Women's Movement in an Age of Transition, 1830â€“1975.\" It is possible for historians to concern themselves with both the very specific and the very general, although the modern trend has been toward specialization. The area called Big History resists this specialization, and searches for universal patterns or trends. History has often been studied with some practical or theoretical aim, but also may be studied out of simple intellectual curiosity.[22]", "Historiography Although Marxist historiography made important contributions to the history of the working class, oppressed nationalities, and the methodology of history from below, its chief problematic aspect was its argument on the nature of history as determined or dialectical; this can also be stated as the relative importance of subjective and objective factors in creating outcomes. It increasingly fell out of favour in the 1960s and '70s. Geoffrey Elton was important in undermining the case for a Marxist historiography, which he argued was presenting seriously flawed interpretations of the past. In particular, Elton was opposed to the idea that the English Civil War was caused by socioeconomic changes in the 16th and 17th centuries, arguing instead that it was due largely to the incompetence of the Stuart kings.[77]", "New Culture Movement Orthodox historians viewed the New Culture Movement as a revolutionary break with feudal thought and social practice and the seedbed of revolutionary leaders who created the Communist Party of China and went on to found the People's Republic of China in 1949. Mao Zedong wrote that the May 4th Movement \"marked a new stage in China's bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism\" and argued that \"a powerful camp made its appearance in the bourgeois-democratic revolution, a camp consisting of the working class, the student masses and the new national bourgeoisie.\"[18]", "History of modernisation theory Hans-Ulrich Wehler, a leader of the Bielefeld School of social history, places the origins of Germany's path to disaster in the 1860s-1870s, when economic modernisation took place, but political modernisation did not happen and the old Prussian rural elite remained in firm control of the army, diplomacy and the civil service. Traditional, aristocratic, premodern society battled an emerging capitalist, bourgeois, modernising society. Recognising the importance of modernising forces in industry and the economy and in the cultural realm, Wehler argues that reactionary traditionalism dominated the political hierarchy of power in Germany, as well as social mentalities and in class relations (Klassenhabitus). The catastrophic German politics between 1914 and 1945 are interpreted in terms of a delayed modernisation of its political structures. At the core of Wehler's interpretation is his treatment of \"the middle class\" and \"revolution,\" each of which was instrumental in shaping the 20th century. Wehler's examination of Nazi rule is shaped by his concept of \"charismatic domination,\" which focuses heavily on Adolf Hitler.[9]", "History In the West, historians developed modern methods of historiography in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially in France and Germany. The 19th-century historian with greatest influence on methods was Leopold von Ranke in Germany.", "Marx's theory of history Marx explains that socialist society, having risen from a class-conscious movement of the vast majority, makes such a society one of the vast majority governing their own lives:", "History Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 BC – ca.425 BC)[27] has generally been acclaimed as the \"father of history\". However, his contemporary Thucydides (c. 460 BC – ca. 400 BC) is credited with having first approached history with a well-developed historical method in his work the History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides, unlike Herodotus, regarded history as being the product of the choices and actions of human beings, and looked at cause and effect, rather than as the result of divine intervention.[27] In his historical method, Thucydides emphasized chronology, a neutral point of view, and that the human world was the result of the actions of human beings. Greek historians also viewed history as cyclical, with events regularly recurring.[28]", "Revolution Finally, the third group, which included writers such as Charles Tilly, Samuel P. Huntington, Peter Ammann, and Arthur L. Stinchcombe followed the path of political sciences and looked at pluralist theory and interest group conflict theory. Those theories see events as outcomes of a power struggle between competing interest groups. In such a model, revolutions happen when two or more groups cannot come to terms within a normal decision making process traditional for a given political system, and simultaneously have enough resources to employ force in pursuing their goals.[15]", "History The study of history has sometimes been classified as part of the humanities and at other times as part of the social sciences.[19] It can also be seen as a bridge between those two broad areas, incorporating methodologies from both. Some individual historians strongly support one or the other classification.[20] In the 20th century, French historian Fernand Braudel revolutionized the study of history, by using such outside disciplines as economics, anthropology, and geography in the study of global history.", "Marxian class theory Marxism has a rather heavily defined dialectic between objective factors (i.e., material conditions, the social structure) and subjective factors (i.e. the conscious organization of class members). While most forms of Marxism analyses people's class based on objective factors (class structure), major Marxist trends have made greater use of subjective factors in understanding the history of the working class. E.P. Thompson's The Making of the English Working Class is a definitive example of this \"subjective\" Marxist trend. Thompson analyses the English working class as a group of people with shared material conditions coming to a positive self-consciousness of their social position. This feature of social class is commonly termed class consciousness in Marxism, a concept which became famous with Georg Lukács' History and Class Consciousness (1923). It is seen as the process of a \"class in itself\" moving in the direction of a \"class for itself\", a collective agent that changes history rather than simply being a victim of the historical process. In Lukács' words, the proletariat was the \"subject–object of history\", and the first class which could separate false consciousness (inherent to the bourgeois's consciousness), which reified economic laws as universal (whereas they are only a consequence of historic capitalism).[7][full citation needed][non-primary source needed]", "African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968) While most popular representations of the movement are centered on the leadership and philosophy of Martin Luther King, Jr., some scholars note that the movement was too diverse to be credited to one person, organization, or strategy.[3] Sociologist Doug McAdam has stated that, \"in King's case, it would be inaccurate to say that he was the leader of the modern civil rights movement...but more importantly, there was no singular civil rights movement. The movement was, in fact, a coalition of thousands of local efforts nationwide, spanning several decades, hundreds of discrete groups, and all manner of strategies and tacticsâ€”legal, illegal, institutional, non-institutional, violent, non-violent. Without discounting King's importance, it would be sheer fiction to call him the leader of what was fundamentally an amorphous, fluid, dispersed movement.\"[174]", "Historiography E. P. Thompson pioneered the study of history from below in his work, The Making of the English Working Class, published in 1963. It focused on the forgotten history of the first working-class political left in the world in the late-18th and early-19th centuries. In his preface to this book, Thompson set out his approach to writing history from below:", "History In the 20th century, academic historians focused less on epic nationalistic narratives, which often tended to glorify the nation or great men, to more objective and complex analyses of social and intellectual forces. A major trend of historical methodology in the 20th century was a tendency to treat history more as a social science rather than as an art, which traditionally had been the case. Some of the leading advocates of history as a social science were a diverse collection of scholars which included Fernand Braudel, E. H. Carr, Fritz Fischer, Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Bruce Trigger, Marc Bloch, Karl Dietrich Bracher, Peter Gay, Robert Fogel, Lucien Febvre and Lawrence Stone. Many of the advocates of history as a social science were or are noted for their multi-disciplinary approach. Braudel combined history with geography, Bracher history with political science, Fogel history with economics, Gay history with psychology, Trigger history with archaeology while Wehler, Bloch, Fischer, Stone, Febvre and Le Roy Ladurie have in varying and differing ways amalgamated history with sociology, geography, anthropology, and economics. More recently, the field of digital history has begun to address ways of using computer technology to pose new questions to historical data and generate digital scholarship.", "Marxist historiography Marxist historiography has made contributions to the history of the working class, oppressed nationalities, and the methodology of history from below. The chief problematic aspect of Marxist historiography has been an argument on the nature of history as determined or dialectical; this can also be stated as the relative importance of subjective and objective factors in creating outcomes.", "Historiography The modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities, especially the University of Göttingen. Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886) at Berlin was a pivotal influence in this regard, and was the founder of modern source-based history.[45][46] According to Caroline Hoefferle, \"Ranke was probably the most important historian to shape historical profession as it emerged in Europe and the United States in the late 19th century.\"[47][48]", "Historiography A circle of historians inside the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) formed in 1946 and became a highly influential cluster of British Marxist historians, who contributed to history from below and class structure in early capitalist society. While some members of the group (most notably Christopher Hill and E. P. Thompson) left the CPGB after the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, the common points of British Marxist historiography continued in their works. They placed a great emphasis on the subjective determination of history.", "History of India From 1920 leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi began highly popular mass movements to campaign against the British Raj using largely peaceful methods. The Gandhi-led independence movement opposed the British rule using non-violent methods like non-co-operation, civil disobedience and economic resistance. However, revolutionary activities against the British rule took place throughout the Indian subcontinent and some others adopted a militant approach like the Hindustan Republican Association, founded by Chandrasekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and others, that sought to overthrow British rule by armed struggle. The Government of India Act 1935 was a major success in this regard.[463]", "Historical revisionism After the Second World War, the study and production of history in the U.S. was expanded by the G.I. Bill, which funding allowed “a new and more broadly-based generation of scholars” with perspectives and interpretations drawn from the feminist movement, the civil rights movement, and the American Indian Movement.[4] That expansion and deepening of the pool of historians voided the existence of a definitive and universally accepted history, therefore, the revisionist historian presents the national public with a history that has been corrected and augmented with new facts, evidence, and interpretations of the historical record. In The Cycles of American History (1986), in contrasting and comparing the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. during the Russo–American Cold War (1945–91), the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. said:", "Leadership The neo-emergent leadership theory (from the Oxford Strategic Leadership Programme) sees leadership as created through the emergence of information by the leader or other stakeholders, not through the true actions of the leader himself.[citation needed] In other words, the reproduction of information or stories form the basis of the perception of leadership by the majority. It is well known[by whom?] that the naval hero Lord Nelson often wrote his own versions of battles he was involved in, so that when he arrived home in England he would receive a true hero's welcome.[citation needed] In modern society, the press, blogs and other sources report their own views of leaders, which may be based on reality, but may also be based on a political command, a payment, or an inherent interest of the author, media, or leader. Therefore, one can argue that the perception of all leaders is created and in fact does not reflect their true leadership qualities at all.", "Historiography Karl Marx introduced the concept of historical materialism into the study of world historical development. In his conception, the economic conditions and dominant modes of production determined the structure of society at that point. In his view five successive stages in the development of material conditions would occur in Western Europe. The first stage was primitive communism where property was shared and there was no concept of \"leadership\". This progressed to a slave society where the idea of class emerged and the State developed. Feudalism was characterized by an aristocracy working in partnership with a theocracy and the emergence of the Nation-state. Capitalism appeared after the bourgeois revolution when the capitalists (or their merchant predecessors) overthrew the feudal system and established a market economy, with private property and Parliamentary democracy. Marx then predicted the eventual proletarian revolution that would result in the attainment of socialism, followed by Communism, where property would be communally owned.", "What Is History? Chapter one, \"The Historian and his Facts\", explores how the historian makes use of historical facts. Carr notes that in the 19th century, western historians held to an empirical, positivist worldview that revolved around a \"cult of facts\", viewing historical facts as information that simply had to be assembled to produce an objective picture of the past that was entirely accurate and independent of any human opinion.[2] Carr argues that this view is inherently flawed, because historians selectively choose which \"facts of the past\" get to become \"historical facts\", or information that the historians have decided is important. As an example, he notes that millions of humans have crossed the Rubicon river in Northeastern Italy, but that historians have only chosen to treat the crossing of the Rubicon by Julius Caesar in 49 BCE as an important \"historical fact\". Carr contends that historians arbitrarily determine which of the \"facts of the past\" to turn into \"historical facts\" according to their own biases and agendas.[3]", "History of liberalism The American Revolution had its impact on the French Revolution and later movements in Europe.[39] Leopold von Ranke, a leading German historian, in 1848 argued that American republicanism played a crucial role in the development of European liberalism:", "What Is History? Carr highlights that, as individuals, historians are heavily influenced by the society that surrounds them, meaning that they too are \"social phenomenon\". In turn, he notes, this societal influence subsequently influences their interpretation of the past. As an example, he highlights the work of George Grote (1794â€“1871), an English historian and Enlightenment-era thinker whose depiction of ancient Athenian democracy in his History of Greece reflected \"the aspirations of the rising and politically progressive British middle class\" of which he was a part.[10]", "Historiography of the French Revolution François Furet (1927–1997) was the leading figure in the rejection of the \"classic\" or \"Marxist\" interpretation. Desan (2000) concluded he \"seemed to emerge the victor from the bicentennial, both in the media and in historiographic debates.\"[29] A disillusioned ex-Communist, he published his La Révolution Française in 1965–66. It marked his transition from revolutionary leftist politics to liberal Left-center position, and reflected his ties to the social-science-oriented Annales School.[30] He then moved to the right, re-examining the Revolution from the perspective of 20th century totalitarianism (as exemplified by Hitler and Stalin). His Penser la Révolution Française (1978; translated as Interpreting the French Revolution 1981) was an influential book that led many intellectuals to reevaluate Communism and the Revolution as inherently totalitarian and anti-democratic. Looking at modern French Communism he stressed the close resemblance between the 1960s and 1790s, with both favoring the inflexible and rote ideological discourse in party cells where decisions were made unanimously in a manipulated direct democracy. Furet further suggested that popularity of the Far Left to many French intellectuals was itself a result of their commitment to the ideals of the French Revolution.[31] Working much of the year at the University of Chicago after 1979, Furet also rejected the Annales School, with its emphasis on very long-term structural factors, and emphasized intellectual history. Influenced by Alexis de Tocqueville and Augustin Cochin, Furet argues that Frenchmen must stop seeing the revolution as the key to all aspects of modern French history.[32] His works include Interpreting the French Revolution (1981), a historiographical overview of what has preceded him and A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989).[33][34]", "Historiography The controversy inspired Sir Geoffrey Elton to write his 1967 book The Practice of History. Elton criticized Carr for his \"whimsical\" distinction between the \"historical facts\" and the \"facts of the past\", arguing that it reflected \"...an extraordinarily arrogant attitude both to the past and to the place of the historian studying it\".[92] Elton, instead, strongly defended the traditional methods of history and was also appalled by the inroads made by postmodernism.[93] Elton saw the duty of historians as empirically gathering evidence and objectively analyzing what the evidence has to say. As a traditionalist, he placed great emphasis on the role of individuals in history instead of abstract, impersonal forces. Elton saw political history as the highest kind of history. Elton had no use for those who seek history to make myths, to create laws to explain the past, or to produce theories such as Marxism.", "Historical revisionism These, and other, scholarly voices, called for a more comprehensive treatment of American history, stressing that the mass of Americans, not simply the power élites, made history. Yet, it was mainly white males of the power élite who had the means to attend college, become professional historians, and shape a view of history that served their own class, race, and gender interests at the expense of those not so fortunate — and, quite literally, to paper over aspects of history they found uncomfortable. “One is astonished in the study of history”, wrote Du Bois in 1935, “at the recurrence of the idea that evil must be forgotten, distorted, skimmed over. . . . The difficulty, of course, with this philosophy is that history loses its value, as an incentive and [as] an example; it paints perfect men and noble nations, but it does not tell the truth”.[3]", "Historian Marxist historiography developed as a school of historiography influenced by the chief tenets of Marxism, including the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes. Friedrich Engels wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, which was salient in creating the socialist impetus in British politics from then on, e.g. the Fabian Society. R. H. Tawney's The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century (1912)[39] and Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926), reflected his ethical concerns and preoccupations in economic history. A circle of historians inside the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) formed in 1946 and became a highly influential cluster of British Marxist historians, who contributed to history from below and class structure in early capitalist society. Members included Christopher Hill, Eric Hobsbawm and E. P. Thompson.", "Leadership Carlyle's 1840 \"Great Man theory\", which emphasized the role of leading individuals, met opposition in the 19th and 20th centuries.", "Historiography The second era of the school was led by Fernand Braudel and was very influential throughout the 1960s and 1970s, especially for his work on the Mediterranean region in the era of Philip II of Spain. Braudel developed the idea, often associated with Annalistes, of different modes of historical time: l'histoire quasi immobile (motionless history) of historical geography, the history of social, political and economic structures (la longue durée), and the history of men and events, in the context of their structures. His 'longue durée' approach stressed slow, and often imperceptible effects of space, climate and technology on the actions of human beings in the past. The Annales historians, after living through two world wars and major political upheavals in France, were deeply uncomfortable with the notion that multiple ruptures and discontinuities created history. They preferred to stress slow change and the longue durée. They paid special attention to geography, climate, and demography as long-term factors. They considered the continuities of the deepest structures were central to history, beside which upheavals in institutions or the superstructure of social life were of little significance, for history lies beyond the reach of conscious actors, especially the will of revolutionaries.[71]", "Authority History has witnessed several social movements or revolutions, against a system of traditional or legal-rational authority, which are usually started by Charismatic authorities. Weber states that what distinguishes authority from coercion, force and power on the one hand, and leadership, persuasion and influence on the other hand, is legitimacy. Superiors, he states, feel that they have a right to issue commands; subordinates perceive an obligation to obey. Social scientists[who?] agree that authority is but one of several resources available to incumbents in formal positions.[citation needed] For example, a Head of State is dependent upon a similar nesting of authority. His legitimacy must be acknowledged, not just by citizens, but by those who control other valued resources: his immediate staff, his cabinet, military leaders and in the long run, the administration and political apparatus of the entire society.", "Historiography Previous historians had focused on cyclical events of the rise and decline of rulers and nations. Process of nationalization of history, as part of national revivals in the 19th century, resulted with separation of \"one's own\" history from common universal history by such way of perceiving, understanding and treating the past that constructed history as history of a nation.[52] A new discipline, sociology, emerged in the late 19th century and analyzed and compared these perspectives on a larger scale.", "Social movement theory This European-influenced group of theories argue that movements today are categorically different from the ones in the past. Instead of labor movements engaged in class conflict, present-day movements (such as anti-war, environmental, civil rights, feminist, etc.) are engaged in social and political conflict (see Alain Touraine). The motivations for movement participation is a form of post-material politics and newly created identities, particularly those from the \"new middle class\". Also, see the work of Ronald Inglehart, Jürgen Habermas, Alberto Melucci,[23] and Steve Buechler. This line of research has stimulated an enduring emphasis on identity even among prominent American scholars like Charles Tilly.", "Reformation Margaret C. Jacob argues that there has been a dramatic shift in the historiography of the Reformation. Until the 1960s, historians focused their attention largely on the great leaders and theologians of the 16th century, especially Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. Their ideas were studied in depth. However, the rise of the new social history in the 1960s look at history from the bottom up, not from the top down. Historians began to concentrate on the values, beliefs and behavior of the people at large. She finds, \"in contemporary scholarship, the Reformation is now seen as a vast cultural upheaval, a social and popular movement, textured and rich because of its diversity.\"[81]", "History of socialism Another manifestation of this changing social landscape was the rise of mass discontent, including the radical student movement, both in the United States – where it was driven mainly by opposition to the Vietnam War, and in Europe. Aside from the Civil Rights Movement, in which socialists participated, the anti-war movement was the first left-wing upsurge in the United States since the 1930s, but neither there nor in Europe did the traditional parties of the left lead the movement. In the mid-20th century some libertarian socialist groups emerged from disagreements with Trotskyism which presented itself as leninist anti-stalinism. As such the French group Socialisme ou Barbarie emerged from the Trotskyist Fourth International, where Castoriadis and Claude Lefort constituted a Chaulieu–Montal Tendency in the French Parti Communiste Internationaliste in 1946. In 1948, they experienced their \"final disenchantment with Trotskyism\",[141] leading them to break away to form Socialisme ou Barbarie, whose journal began appearing in March 1949. Castoriadis later said of this period that \"the main audience of the group and of the journal was formed by groups of the old, radical left: Bordigists, council communists, some anarchists and some offspring of the German \"left\" of the 1920s\".[142] Instead Trotskyist, Maoist and anarchist groups arose. They became particularly influential in 1968, when riots amounting almost to an insurrection broke out in Paris in May 1968. Between eight and ten million workers struck, challenging the view becoming popular amongst socialists at the time that the working class were no longer a force for change.[143] There were also major disturbances in Chicago namely the Columbia University protests of 1968, Berlin by the embryonic Red Army Faction and in other cities. In the short-term these movements provoked a conservative backlash, seen in De Gaulle's 1968 election victory and the election of Richard Nixon in the United States. But in the 1970s, as particularly the far left Trotskyist groups continued to grow, the socialist and Communist parties again sought to channel people's anger back into safe confines, as they did in 1945.", "Zeitgeist However, Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy disagreed with Carlyle’s perspective.[4] Tolstoy believed that leadership, like other things, was a \"zeitgeist\" and was a product of the social circumstances at the time. Thus, it was not the characteristics of the individual that resulted in a leadership, but societal factors of the time that are out of the individuals’ control.", "History Social history, sometimes called the new social history, is the field that includes history of ordinary people and their strategies and institutions for coping with life.[42] In its \"golden age\" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s among scholars, and still is well represented in history departments. In two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, while the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%.[43] In the history departments of British universities in 2007, of the 5723 faculty members, 1644 (29%) identified themselves with social history while political history came next with 1425 (25%).[44] The \"old\" social history before the 1960s was a hodgepodge of topics without a central theme, and it often included political movements, like Populism, that were \"social\" in the sense of being outside the elite system. Social history was contrasted with political history, intellectual history and the history of great men. English historian G. M. Trevelyan saw it as the bridging point between economic and political history, reflecting that, \"Without social history, economic history is barren and political history unintelligible.\"[45] While the field has often been viewed negatively as history with the politics left out, it has also been defended as \"history with the people put back in.\"[46]", "Propaganda in the Soviet Union Soon after his death, attacks, first veiled and then open, were made on the \"cult of the individual\" arguing that history was made by the masses.[112]", "Leadership Karl Popper noted in 1945 that leaders can mislead and make mistakes - he warns against deferring to \"great men\".[124]", "Historiography 20th century historiography in major countries is characterized by a move to universities and academic research centers. Popular history continued to be written by self-educated amateurs, but scholarly history increasingly became the province of PhD's trained in research seminars at a university. The training emphasized working with primary sources in archives. Seminars taught graduate students how to review the historiography of the topics, so that they could understand the conceptual frameworks currently in use, and the criticisms regarding their strengths and weaknesses.[62][63] Western Europe and the United States took leading roles in this development. The emergence of area studies of other regions also developed historiographical practices.", "History of media studies The less paradigm in media studies since the Second World War has been associated with the ideas, methods and findings of Paul F. Lazarsfeld and his school: media effect studies. Their studies focused on measurable, short-term behavioral ‘effects’ of media and concluded that the media played a limited role in influencing public opinion. The \"Limited-Effects\" Model developed by Lazarsfeld and his colleagues from Columbia was highly influential in the development of media studies. The model claims the mass media has \"limited-effects\" on voting patterns. Voters are influenced, rather, through the ‘two-step flow’ model, the idea that media messages are disseminated through personal interaction with ‘opinion leaders’.[12]", "Historical materialism Historical materialism is the methodological approach of Marxist historiography that focuses on human societies and their development over time, claiming that they follow a number of observable tendencies. This was first articulated by Karl Marx (1818â€“1883) as the materialist conception of history. It is principally a theory of history according to which the material conditions of a society's way of producing and reproducing the means of human existence or, in Marxist terms, the union of its technological and productive capacity and social relations of production, fundamentally determine society's organization and development.", "History of Massachusetts In the years leading up to the Civil War, Massachusetts was a center of social progressivism, Transcendentalism, and abolitionist activity. Horace Mann made the state system of schools the national model.[68][69] Two prominent abolitionists from the Commonwealth were William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips. Garrison founded the New England Anti-Slavery Society in 1832, and helped change perceptions on slavery. The movement increased antagonism over the issues of slavery, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots in Massachusetts between 1835 and 1837.[70] The works of abolitionists contributed to the eventual actions of the Commonwealth during the Civil War.", "History A major intellectual battle took place in Britain in the early twentieth century regarding the place of history teaching in the universities. At Oxford and Cambridge, scholarship was downplayed. Professor Charles Harding Firth, Oxford's Regius Professor of history in 1904 ridiculed the system as best suited to produce superficial journalists. The Oxford tutors, who had more votes than the professors, fought back in defence of their system saying that it successfully produced Britain's outstanding statesmen, administrators, prelates, and diplomats, and that mission was as valuable as training scholars. The tutors dominated the debate until after the Second World War. It forced aspiring young scholars to teach at outlying schools, such as Manchester University, where Thomas Frederick Tout was professionalizing the History undergraduate programme at by introducing the study of original sources and requiring the writing of a thesis.[62][63]", "What Is History? \"But it makes a lot of difference which attracts [the historian's] main emphasis and concern. This depends partly, no doubt, on his temperament, but largely on the environment in which he works. We live in a society which thinks of change chiefly as change for the worse, dreads it and prefers the \"horizontal\" view which calls only for minor adjustments\".[71]", "Historiography The earliest known systematic historical thought emerged in ancient Greece, a development which would be an important influence on the writing of history elsewhere around the Mediterranean region. Greek historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology. The earliest known critical historical works were The Histories, composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484â€“425 BCE) who became known as the \"father of history\".[10] Herodotus attempted to distinguish between more and less reliable accounts, and personally conducted research by travelling extensively, giving written accounts of various Mediterranean cultures. Although Herodotus' overall emphasis lay on the actions and characters of men, he also attributed an important role to divinity in the determination of historical events.", "Historiography Marxist historiography developed as a school of historiography influenced by the chief tenets of Marxism, including the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes (historical materialism). Friedrich Engels wrote The Peasant War in Germany, which analysed social warfare in early Protestant Germany in terms of emerging capitalist classes. Although it lacked a rigorous engagement with archival sources, it indicated an early interest in history from below and class analysis, and it attempts a dialectical analysis. Another treatise of Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844, was salient in creating the socialist impetus in British politics from then on, e.g. the Fabian Society.", "Propaganda in the Soviet Union The first post-mortem attack on Stalin was the publication of articles in Pravda proclaiming that the masses made history and the error of a \"cult of the individual.\"[112]", "Marxist historiography Key to understanding Marxist historiography is his view of labor. For Marx “historical reality is none other than objectified labor, and all conditions of labor given by nature, including the organic bodies of people, are merely preconditions and ‘disappearing moments’ of the labor process.”[1] This emphasis on the physical as the determining factor in history represents a break from virtually all previous historians. Until Marx developed his theory of historical materialism, the overarching determining factor in the direction of history was some sort of divine agency. In Marx’s view of history “God became a mere projection of human imagination” and more importantly “a tool of oppression.”[2] There was no more sense of divine direction to be seen. History moved by the sheer force of human labor, and all theories of divine nature were a concoction of the ruling powers to keep the working people in check. For Marx, \"The first historical act is... the production of material life itself.\"[3] As one might expect, Marxist history not only begins with labor, it ends in production: \"history does not end by being resolved into “self-consciousness” as “spirit of the spirit,” but that in it at each stage there is found a material result: a sum of productive forces, a historically created relation of individuals to nature and to one another, which is handed down to each generation from its predecessor...\" [4] For further, and much more comprehensive, information on this topic, see historical materialism.", "Zeitgeist Other philosophers who were associated with such ideas include Herder and Spencer and Voltaire.[1] The concept contrasts with the Great Man theory popularized by Thomas Carlyle, which sees history as the result of the actions of heroes and geniuses.", "What Is History? The foundations of modern history were \"laid in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.\"[16] The fifteenth century saw the emergence of a new middle class, one that rose out of merchants- and more modernly industry. Carr expands on the causes for man to investigate history. In that he specifies the evolution of that curiosity, originally being the timeline and story of man. However, the inquiry of modern history underwent a major change in that man is no longer only fixed to their environment, but on self-reflection and reason.\nCarr discusses the development of \"revolutionary change,\" saying it came about with the ideas of Descartes, in that man was first developing concepts and understanding of his place in the world, \"man's position as a being who can not only think, but think about his own thinking, who can observe himself in the act of observing, so that man is simultaneously the subject and the object of thought and observation.\"[16] Carr attributes the developing complexity with the ideas made popular during the French Revolution, and from that stems the ideas and search of liberty.", "Historian In his main work Histoire de France, French historian Jules Michelet coined the term Renaissance (meaning \"Re-birth\" in French language), as a period in Europe's cultural history that represented a break from the Middle Ages, creating a modern understanding of humanity and its place in the world.[22] The nineteen volume work covered French history from Charlemagne to the outbreak of the Revolution. Michelet was one of the first historians to shift the emphasis of history to the common people, rather than the leaders and institutions of the country. Another important French historian of the period was Hippolyte Taine. He was the chief theoretical influence of French naturalism, a major proponent of sociological positivism and one of the first practitioners of historicist criticism. Literary historicism as a critical movement has been said to originate with him.[23]", "Historiography Consensus history was rejected by New Left viewpoints that attracted a younger generation of radical historians in the 1960s. These viewpoints stress conflict and emphasize the central roles of class, race and gender. The history of dissent, and the experiences of racial minorities and disadvantaged classes was central to the narratives produced by New Left historians.[104][105][106]", "History of Massachusetts Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson made major contributions to American thought.[71] Members of the Transcendentalism movement, they emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.[71] Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,[72] opposition to slavery gradually increased in the next few decades.[73][74] Famed abolitionist John Brown moved to the ideologically progressive town of Springfield in 1846. It was there that Brown first became a militant anti-slavery proponent. In Springfield and in Boston, Brown met the connections that would both influence him, (Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth in Springfield,) and later fund his efforts, (Simon Sanborn and Amos Adams Lawrence in Boston,) in Bleeding Kansas and John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. In 1850, Brown founded his first militant, anti-slavery organization – The League of the Gileadites – in Springfield, to protect escaped slaves from 1850's Fugitive Slave Act. Massachusetts was a hotbed of abolitionism – particularly the progressive cities of Boston and Springfield – and contributed to subsequent actions of the state during the Civil War. Massachusetts was among the first states to respond to President Lincoln's call for troops. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train and arm a black regiment with white officers, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a Black regiment with White officers, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.[75] The Robert Gould Shaw Memorial in Boston Common contains a relief depicting the 54th regiment.[76] Much of the Union's weaponry for the Civil War was produced in Springfield, at the Springfield Armory.", "Comparative historical research Some commentators have identified three waves of historical comparative research.[2] The first wave of historical comparative research concerned how societies came to be modern, i.e. based on individual and rational action, with exact definitions varying widely. Some of the major researchers in this mode were Alexis de Tocqueville,[3] Karl Marx,[4] Emile Durkheim,[5] Max Weber,[6] and W.E.B. Du Bois.[7] The second wave reacted to a perceived ahistorical body of theory and sought to show how social systems were not static, but developed over time.[8] Notable authors of this wave include Barrington Moore, Jr.,[9] Theda Skocpol,[10] Charles Tilly,[11] Michael Mann,[12] and Mark Gould.[13] Some have placed the Annales school and Pierre Bourdieu in this general group, despite their stylistic differences.[14] The current wave of historical comparative research sociology is often but not exclusively post-structural in its theoretical orientation. Influential current authors include Julia Adams,[15] Anne Laura Stoler,[16] Philip Gorski,[17] and James Mahoney.[18]", "Trait leadership The emergence of the concept of trait leadership looks back to Thomas Carlyle's \"great man\" theory, which stated: \"The History of the World [...] was the Biography of Great Men.\"[3] Subsequent commentators interpreted this view to conclude that the forces of extraordinary leadership[4] shape history (Judge, Piccolo, & Kosalka, 2009). Influenced by Carlyle, Francis Galton in Hereditary Genius (1869) took this idea further. Galton found that leadership was a unique property of extraordinary individuals, and suggested that the traits which leaders possessed were immutable and could not be developed. Throughout the early 1900s, the study of leadership focused on traits. Cowley (1931) commented that the approach to the research of leadership has usually been and should always be through the study of traits (Cowley, 1931). Many theorists, influenced by Carlyle and Galton, believed that trait leadership depended on the personal qualities of the leader; however, they did not assume that leadership only resides within a select number of people (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002). This trait perspective of leadership was widely accepted until the late 1940s and early 1950s, when researchers began to deem personality traits insufficient in predicting leader effectiveness (Stogdill, 1948; Mann, 1959).", "What Is History? In general, Carr held to a deterministic outlook in history.[32] In Carr's opinion, all that happens in the world had a cause, and events could not have happened differently unless there was a different cause.[32] In Carr's example, if one's friend Smith suddenly starts acting out of character one day, then it must be understood that there is a reason for the strange behaviour, and that if that reason did not exist, then Smith would be acting normally.[33] Carr criticized counter-factual history as a \"parlour game\" played by the \"losers\" in history.[34] Carr contended that those who engaged in counter-factual speculations about Russian history, such as if Count Pyotr Stolypin's land reforms were given enough time, would the Russian Revolution have been prevented, were those who were uncomfortable about the fact that the Bolsheviks were the \"winners\" of Russian history and their opponents were not.[34] Likewise, Carr asserted those who stress the importance of \"accidents\" as a central causal agent in history were the \"losers\" of history, who wished to explain away their defeats as the workings of chance and fate.[35] In the same way, Carr argued that historians must concern themselves with the \"winners\" of history.[36] In Carr's example, it is those who score centuries in cricket matches who are recorded, not those who are dismissed for ducks, and in the same way, Carr maintained that a preoccupation with the \"losers\" would be the equivalent of someone only listing the losers of cricket games.[37] Carr dismissed the free will arguments made by Sir Karl Popper and Sir Isaiah Berlin as Cold War propaganda meant to discredit communism.[38] In a similar way, Carr took a hostile view of those historians who stress the workings of chance and contingency in the workings of history.[32] In Carr's view, such historians did not understand their craft very well, or were in some way identified with the \"losers\" of history.[32]", "Great man theory American scholar Frederick Adams Woods supported the great man theory in his work The Influence of Monarchs: Steps in a New Science of History.[7] Woods investigated 386 rulers in Western Europe from the 12th century until the French revolution in the late 18th century and their influence on the course of historical events.", "Cultural Revolution Various schools of thought have emerged surrounding several key questions surrounding the Cultural Revolution, seeking to explain why events unfolded the way they did, why it began in the first place, and what it was. The movement's complexities contain many contradictions: led by an all-powerful omnipresent leader, it was mainly driven to fruition by a series of grassroots-led popular uprisings against the Communist establishment. While Mao's leadership was pivotal at the beginning of the movement, Jin Qiu contends that as events progressed it deviated significantly from Mao's utopian vision.[184] In this sense, the Cultural Revolution was actually a much more decentralized and varied movement that gradually lost cohesion, spawning a large number of 'local revolutions' which differed in their nature and goals.[184]", "Historian Understanding the past appears to be a universal human need, and the telling of history has emerged independently in civilizations around the world. What constitutes history is a philosophical question (see philosophy of history). The earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name.", "What Is History? In his second chapter, Carr focuses on the influence that society plays on forming the approach of the historian and the interpretation of historical facts. He begins by highlighting the manner in which each individual is molded by society from birth, meaning that everyone is a \"social phenomenon\". He proclaims that this \"very obvious truth\" has been obscured by the \"cult of individualism\" – the idea that the individual was entirely separate from society – that emerged in western thought with the rise of classical liberalism. He accepts that this \"cult of individualism\" is an inevitable by-product of \"advancing civilisation\" but nevertheless considers it illogical.[9]", "Great man theory Carlyle stated that \"The history of the world is but the biography of great men\", reflecting his belief that heroes shape history through both their personal attributes and divine inspiration.[4][5] In his book On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, Carlyle saw history as having turned on the decisions of \"heroes\", giving detailed analysis of the influence of several such men (including Muhammad, Shakespeare, Luther, Rousseau, Pericles, Napoleon, and Wagner). Carlyle also felt that the study of great men was \"profitable\" to one's own heroic side; that by examining the lives led by such heroes, one could not help but uncover something about one's true nature.[6]", "What Is History? In Carr's opinion, historical works that serve to broaden society's understanding of the past via generalizations are more \"right\" and \"socially acceptable\" than works that do not.[32] Citing Pieter Geyl, Carr argued that as the values of society changes, so do the values of historical works.[32][44] Carr argued that as society continues to progress in the 20th century, historians must change the values that they apply in writing their works to reflect the work of progress.[45] Carr argued during his lectures that Karl Marx had developed a schema for understanding past, present and the future that reflected the proper and dual role of the historian both to analyse the past and provide a call for action for the present in order to create a better future for humanity.[46]" ]	[ "Mass movement A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism and fascism. Both communists and fascists typically support the creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself." ]
test2763	is the new star wars movie a remake of the original	[ "doc95023", "doc95024", "doc95036" ]	[ 1, 1, 1 ]	[ "doc469235", "doc2424981", "doc1145942", "doc170048", "doc282390", "doc282391", "doc282378", "doc282377", "doc1811177", "doc170076", "doc170096", "doc95034", "doc469233", "doc282344", "doc170050", "doc10197", "doc469304", "doc305773", "doc95023", "doc10125", "doc95036", "doc658810", "doc10143", "doc170079", "doc1409639", "doc95060", "doc282374", "doc170078", "doc282387", "doc95035", "doc469286", "doc170057", "doc846964", "doc170047", "doc282385", "doc282345", "doc469281", "doc10138", "doc282375", "doc10126", "doc1068239", "doc469295", "doc95024", "doc1145941", "doc846951", "doc150261", "doc1068243", "doc282343", "doc1588025", "doc1409637", "doc170086", "doc10158", "doc170077", "doc2424980", "doc282381", "doc95037", "doc10127", "doc282376", "doc490206", "doc1409641", "doc282347", "doc1145904", "doc170056", "doc2424976", "doc469305", "doc282369", "doc282346", "doc170085", "doc10202", "doc1068242", "doc658802", "doc469315", "doc150258", "doc95047", "doc2036199", "doc282379", "doc170084", "doc170122", "doc97852", "doc1289356", "doc1289352", "doc469317", "doc846991", "doc282367", "doc282373", "doc95025", "doc305769", "doc282356", "doc170090", "doc1224902", "doc603787", "doc95057", "doc1224898", "doc282352", "doc469323", "doc150260", "doc170097", "doc469242", "doc846963", "doc490194" ]	[ "Star Wars (film) The film's success led to two critically and commercially successful sequels, The Empire Strikes Back in 1980 and Return of the Jedi in 1983. Star Wars was reissued multiple times at Lucas' behest, incorporating many changes including modified computer-generated effects, altered dialogue, re-edited shots, remixed soundtracks, and added scenes. A prequel trilogy was released beginning with The Phantom Menace in 1999, continuing with Attack of the Clones in 2002, and concluding with Revenge of the Sith in 2005. The film was followed by a sequel trilogy beginning with The Force Awakens in 2015. A direct prequel, Rogue One, was released in 2016. The film's fourth sequel, The Last Jedi, will be released in December 2017.", "Star Wars expanded to other media Lucasfilm announced in April 2014 that all previously released expanded universe content would be declared non-canonical to the franchise and rebranded as Star Wars Legends. A new company division, Lucasfilm Story Group, would ensure from then on that all forthcoming comics, books, games and other media were non-contradictory and true to the story of the films, other canonical media, and each other. This restructuring left the Star Wars theatrical films, the Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated film, and the 2008 Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated TV series as the only material embodying the official Star Wars canon. A number of works have subsequently been produced, including the Rebels animated TV series, the 2015 film The Force Awakens and its 2017 sequel The Last Jedi, the 2016 anthology film Rogue One, Star Wars Battlefront II as well as 2018 film Solo: A Star Wars Story and multiple novels and comic book series.", "Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars Star Wars is set to pick up from where Return of the Jedi left off, with The Force Awakens the first in the new trilogy. Additionally, more spin-off media is also underway with the debut of Star Wars Rebels, a television series set in between the Star Wars prequels and the original trilogy, and an anthology of stand-alone Star Wars films, starting with Rogue One, which was released in December 2016. [38]", "Star Wars The franchise began in 1977 with the release of the film Star Wars (later subtitled Episode IV: A New Hope in 1981),[3][4] which became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon. It was followed by the successful sequels The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983); these three films constitute the original Star Wars trilogy. A prequel trilogy was released between 1999 and 2005, which received mixed reactions from both critics and fans. A sequel trilogy began in 2015 with the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens. All seven films were nominated for Academy Awards (with wins going to the first two films released) and have been commercial successes, with a combined box office revenue of over US$7.5 billion,[5] making Star Wars the third highest-grossing film series.[6] Spin-off films include the animated Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008) and Rogue One (2016), the latter of which is the first in a planned series of anthology films.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy Lucas found himself agreeing with the critics who perceived The Force Awakens as too derivative of the original Star Wars trilogy. During an interview with talk show host and journalist Charlie Rose that aired on December 24, 2015, Lucas likened his decision to sell Lucasfilm to Disney to a \"divorce\" and outlined the creative differences between him and the producers of The Force Awakens. Lucas described the previous six Star Wars films as his \"children\" and defended his vision for them, while criticizing The Force Awakens for having a \"retro feel\", saying: \"I worked very hard to make them completely different, with different planets, with different spaceships â€“ you know, to make it new\". Lucas also likened Disney to \"white slavers\", which drew some criticism, he subsequently apologized for his remark.[128][129]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy In 2017, Lucas described the sequel The Last Jedi, as \"beautifully made\", shortly after its release. The comment was interpreted as Lucas liking the film more than The Force Awakens, even if Lucas never was quoted as explicitly saying it.[130][131] The previous year the Disney-produced Star Wars Anthology film Rogue One: A Star Wars Story had been released, and it was reported that Lucas also liked it more than The Force Awakens itself. Rogue One told the story of the rebels who stole the plans for the original Death Star, was directed by Gareth Edwards, who said \"I can die happy\", in regards to hearing Lucas telling him he liked his film.[132]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy The original trilogy's cast joins newcomers Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Adam Driver, and Oscar Isaac. It is directed by J. J. Abrams, who co-wrote a revised version of the screenplay along with Lawrence Kasdan, co-writer of the screenplays for The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. Original drafts of The Force Awakens script were written by Michael Arndt,[48][49][50] but ultimately early character and plot elements in Arndt's vision came into conflict with the conceptual ideas of director J.J. Abrams and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy, as well as filming schedules and ultimately Arndt was removed from the project due to creative differences and time constraints,[51][52][53][54] being replaced by Kasdan as the primary co-creative visionary to Abrams' plot concepts.[53][54]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy The Force Awakens, the first film in the sequel trilogy, takes place approximately 30 years after the events of Return of the Jedi. It includes new characters, as well as characters from the original trilogy, in search of Luke Skywalker with the help of Han Solo, and Princess Leia along with Chewbacca, C-3PO, and R2-D2.[45][46] The Force Awakens, like the subsequent two films, is based on an original screenplay and not a storyline from the expanded universe.[47]", "Star Wars expanded universe Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in October 2012, and with a sequel trilogy of films and other works in development, Lucasfilm announced in April 2014 that all previously released expanded universe content would be declared non-canon to the franchise and rebranded as Star Wars Legends. A new company division, Lucasfilm Story Group, would ensure from then on that all forthcoming comics, books, games and other media were non-contradictory to the films, other canon media, and each other. This restructuring left the Star Wars theatrical films, the Clone Wars animated film, and the 2008 Clone Wars animated TV series as the only material embodying the official Star Wars canon. A number of works have subsequently been produced, including the Rebels animated TV series, the 2015 film The Force Awakens and its 2017 sequel The Last Jedi, the 2016 anthology film Rogue One, Star Wars Battlefront II and multiple novels and comic book series.", "Star Wars", "Star Wars In November 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson, the writer/director of The Last Jedi, would be working on a new trilogy. The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker-focused films in favor of focusing on new characters.[134] On the same day, Disney announced that a live-action Star Wars television series was also in development exclusively for their upcoming streaming service.[135]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi In October 2012, Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm, and with it the Star Wars franchise, to The Walt Disney Company. Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films.[42] J. J. Abrams was named director of the first episode in the trilogy, The Force Awakens, in January 2013.[43][44] In June 2014, director Rian Johnson was reported to be in talks to write and direct its sequel, dubbed Episode VIII, and to write a treatment for the third film, Episode IX, with Ram Bergman producing both films.[45][46] Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII.[47] In September, filmmaker Terry Gilliam asked Johnson about what it felt like to take over something that was made famous by another filmmaker, to which Johnson responded:", "Star Wars (film) Star Wars (later retitled Star Wars: Episode IV â€“ A New Hope) is a 1977 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas. It is the first film in the original Star Wars trilogy, the first Star Wars movie in general, and the beginning of the Star Wars franchise. Starring Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Peter Cushing, Alec Guinness, David Prowse, James Earl Jones, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, and Peter Mayhew, the film's plot focuses on the Rebel Alliance, led by Princess Leia (Fisher), and its attempt to destroy the Galactic Empire's space station, the Death Star. This conflict disrupts the isolated life of farmhand Luke Skywalker (Hamill), who inadvertently acquires a pair of droids that possess stolen architectural plans for the Death Star. When the Empire begins a destructive search for the missing droids, Skywalker accompanies Jedi Master Obi-Wan Kenobi (Guinness) on a mission to return the plans to the Rebel Alliance and rescue Leia from her imprisonment by the Empire.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy The first installment, Star Wars: The Force Awakens, was released in December 2015 in the U.S. It is directed by J. J. Abrams who co-wrote the screenplay with Lawrence Kasdan and Michael Arndt. Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, and other cast members from the original trilogy returned to reprise their roles and co-star alongside Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Adam Driver, and Oscar Isaac.", "Star Wars In 2012, The Walt Disney Company bought Lucasfilm for US$4.06Â billion and earned the distribution rights to all subsequent Star Wars films, beginning with the release of The Force Awakens in 2015.[9] The former distributor, 20th Century Fox, was to retain the physical distribution rights for the first two Star Wars trilogies, was to own permanent rights for the original 1977 film and was to continue to hold the rights for the prequel trilogy and the first two sequels to A New Hope until May 2020.[10][11] Walt Disney Studios owns digital distribution rights to all the Star Wars films, excluding A New Hope.[11][12] On December 14, 2017, the Walt Disney Company announced its pending acquisition of 21st Century Fox, including the film studio and all distribution rights for A New Hope.[13]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Some critics found The Force Awakens was too derivative of the original Star Wars trilogy,[113] expressing in particular that the film is essentially a remake of A New Hope.[380][381] Andrew O'Hehir wrote for Salon that it was \"the work of a talented mimic or ventriloquist who can just about cover for the fact that he has nothing much to say\".[382] Stephanie Zacharek of TIME wrote that Abrams had delivered \"everything we expect, as opposed to those nebulous wonders we didn't know we wanted\".[383] Reviewing for Forbes, Scott Mendelson cited the film's \"top-tier production values and a strong sense of scale and scope\", but felt it was so much \"an exercise in fan service [that] it is only due to the charisma and talent of our newbies and J. J. Abrams' undeniable skill as a visual storyteller that the Mad Libs narrative doesn't outright destroy the picture\".[384] Brian Merchant of Motherboard wrote that \"Science fiction is supposed to be all about exploring the unexplored, not rehashing the well-trod â€¦ one of the most unabashedly creative enterprises of the 20th century has been rendered another largely enjoyable, but mostly forgettable Hollywood reboot.\"[385]", "Star Wars (film) In December 2016, an interview done by Rogue One: A Star Wars Story director Gareth Edwards for the Little White Lies film website revealed that Lucasfilm had recently completed a 4K restoration of the film, but did not elaborate on whether the restored version was based on the 1977 original or a subsequent re-release.[143]", "Return of the Jedi A sequel, The Force Awakens, was released on December 18, 2015, as part of the new sequel trilogy.[11]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII â€“ The Last Jedi) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the eighth main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles, with Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern and Benicio del Toro joining the cast. The film features the final film performance by Fisher, who died in December 2016, and it is dedicated to her memory. The plot follows Rey as she receives Jedi training from Luke Skywalker, in hopes of turning the tide for the Resistance in the fight against Kylo Ren and the First Order.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII â€“ The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams. It is the first installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the seventh main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Return of the Jedi (1983). The film stars Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Andy Serkis, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Max von Sydow, and was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and Abrams' production company Bad Robot Productions. The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not involve franchise creator George Lucas. Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, the film follows Rey, Finn, and Poe Dameron's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance, led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance, against Kylo Ren and the First Order, a successor to the Galactic Empire.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi The story begins immediately after the last scene of The Force Awakens.[37] He had his story group watch films such as Twelve O'Clock High, The Bridge on the River Kwai, Gunga Din, Three Outlaw Samurai, Sahara, and Letter Never Sent for inspiration while developing ideas.[37][49] He felt it was difficult to work on the film while The Force Awakens was being finished.[37]", "Star Wars opening crawl Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that the 2016 spin-off film Rogue One would \"more than likely\" eschew certain traditional elements of the franchise, including the crawl, in an effort to distinguish it from the main film series.[10] In fact, Rogue One retains \"A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far, away...\", but then immediately cuts to the opening scene with no crawl. At the end of the opening scene, the title \"ROGUE ONE\" recedes against a star field, like the \"STAR WARS\" title of the main series, then there is a cut to the next scene.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens In November 2015, Lucas recorded an hour-long interview with CBS News reporter Charlie Rose in which he said Disney had not been \"keen\" to involve him and conceded: \"If I get in there, I'm just going to cause trouble because they're not going to do what I want them to do, and I don't have the control to do that any more, and all it would do is just muck everything up.\"[112] He also stated: \"They wanted to do a retro movie. I don't like that. Every movie, I worked very hard to make them different … I made them completely different—different planets, different spaceships to make it new.\"[113][114] In early December 2015, Kathleen Kennedy told The Hollywood Reporter that Lucas had seen the movie and \"liked it\".[115] In the same month, at the Kennedy Center Honors, Lucas said: \"I think the fans are going to love it, It's very much the kind of movie they've been looking for.\"[116] Abrams felt that, as the first in a new trilogy, the film had \"needed to take a couple of steps backwards into very familiar terrain\" and use plot elements from previous Star Wars films.[117]", "Star Wars About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II, Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build. The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order, and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic, while the Resistance opposes, led by princess-turned-general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic. On Jakku, Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke's location. Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren, the son of Leia and Han Solo, capture Poe. Poe's droid BB-8 escapes with the map, and encounters a scavenger Rey. Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB-8. Stormtrooper FN-2187 defects from the First Order, and frees Poe who dubs him \"Finn\", while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku, seemingly killing Poe. Finn finds Rey and BB-8, but the First Order does too; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon. The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca, smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance. They agree to help deliver the map inside BB-8 to the Resistance.", "Star Wars: Episode IX In October 2012, Star Wars creator George Lucas sold his production company Lucasfilm, and with it the Star Wars franchise, to The Walt Disney Company. Disney announced a new trilogy of Star Wars films.[12] In August 2015, Colin Trevorrow was announced as the director of Star Wars: Episode IX.[13] Trevorrow, along with Derek Connolly, would be writing the script.[13][14] It was also announced that Rian Johnson, director and writer of Star Wars: The Last Jedi, would be creating a story treatment for the film;[15] however, by April 2017, Johnson stated he would not be involved with writing the film, claiming it was \"old info\".[16] In February 2016, Disney chief executive officer Bob Iger confirmed that pre-production of Episode IX had begun.[17]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi Episode IX, the final installment of the sequel trilogy, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12] Principal photography is set to begin in June 2018.[131] Although Colin Trevorrow had been attached to direct the film, on September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Trevorrow had stepped down.[132] A week later, Lucasfilm announced that J. J. Abrams would return to direct Episode IX and co-write it with Chris Terrio. Abrams and Terrio stated that Episode IX will bring together all three trilogies, with elements from the previous two films.[133][134]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy The first film in the trilogy was titled Episode VII: The Force Awakens and written by Lucas co-writer on two sequels in the original trilogy Lawrence Kasdan, along J.J. Abrams, who also directed it. As noted by Lucas in 2013, the film had seemingly discarded his ideas for Episode VII. During an interview with Cinemablend in January 2014, while promoting the upcoming release of the Lucasfilm animated movie Strange Magic, Lucas revealed that ultimately, Disney chose not to use the story treatments which he had written and turned over with the acquisition, and that the company chose to create brand new stories for the upcoming movies instead: \"The ones that I sold to Disney, they came up to the decision that they didn't really want to do those. So they made up their own. So it's not the ones that I originally wrote [on screen in Star Wars: The Force Awakens]\".[40]", "Star Wars The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy Originally, Disney had intended for the film to be released in December, as with the other sequel films The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi, but then chose a release date of May 24, 2019, a time frame more common to Star Wars releases prior to the Disney purchase.[110] However, after Abrams took over the film from Trevorrow, the film's release date was moved back to the winter holiday season. The film is now scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.[43][111] Principal photography began on August 1, 2018.[112]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi I'm just starting into it, but so far, honestly, it's the most fun I've ever had writing. It's just joyous. But also for me personally, I grew up not just watching those movies but playing with those toys, so as a little kid, the first movies I was making in my head were set in this world. A big part of it is that direct connection, almost like an automatic jacking back into childhood in a weird way. But I don't know, ask me again in a few years and we'll be able to talk about that.[48]", "Star Wars (film) The film was originally released in 1977 with the title \"Star Wars\". The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were only added to the opening crawl in subsequent re-releases.[90][19] Accounts differ as to when this designation was first added; some date the change at the theatrical re-release of April 10, 1981,[91] while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978.[92] The retroactive addition of these subtitles was intended to bring the film into line with the introduction to its sequel, The Empire Strikes Back, which was released in 1980 bearing the designation \"Episode V\". It is uncertain if the introduction of an episodic naming convention was an indicator of Lucas's original intent, or if this was simply a later redraft of the narrative. According to some accounts, Lucas has claimed that he was discouraged by Twentieth Century Fox from using an episode number on a new film because it would confuse audiences. Gary Kurtz has stated that he and Lucas had originally considered using an episode number for Star Wars to emulate the chapter numbering used in the 1936 Flash Gordon installments, but they were uncertain whether they should designate it Episode III, IV or V. However, some of Lucas's early script drafts bear titles such as \"The Adventures of the Starkiller (Episode One): The Star Wars\" (1975) or \"The Adventures of Luke Starkiller as Taken from the Journal of the Whills: Saga One: Star Wars\" (1976).[93][94][95] The Revised Fourth Draft of the script dated January 1975 acquired the subtitle \"Episode IV – A New Hope – from the Journal of the Whills\" when published in the 1979 book The Art of Star Wars.[96]", "Star Wars The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as \"Episode V\" and \"Episode VI\" respectively, though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles. Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars, with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV: A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel, and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga.[24] The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire, as well as on Luke Skywalker's quest to become a Jedi.", "Solo: A Star Wars Story George was so clear as to how that works. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga. Right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spin-off movies, or we may come up with some other way to call those films, they exist within that vast universe that he created. There is no attempt being made to carry characters (from the standalone films) in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, it's a roadmap that George made pretty clear.[51]", "Star Wars Star Wars is an American epic space opera media franchise, centered on a film series created by George Lucas. It depicts the adventures of various characters \"a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away\".", "Star Wars sequel trilogy In late December 2016, following the death of Carrie Fisher, media outlets speculated on whether her role would be recast for Episode IX or whether the absence of her character would affect the film's plot.[100][101][102] A few weeks later, Lucasfilm stated that they would not digitally recreate Fisher's performance for the film,[103] and in April 2017, Kathleen Kennedy confirmed that Fisher will not be in Episode IX;[104] although it was later announced on July 27, 2018 that Fisher will in fact appear in Episode IX using unreleased footage from The Force Awakens.[105] In August, it was reported that Jack Thorne would rewrite the script.[106]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy Unlike the previous two trilogies, whose films were released approximately three years apart and released on Memorial Day weekend, the sequel films are planned to be released two years apart in December. Star Wars: The Last Jedi was released in December 2017, with Rian Johnson as screenwriter and director, and most of the cast returning.", "Star Wars (film) According to Lucas, different concepts of the film were inspired by numerous sources, such as Beowulf and King Arthur for the origins of myth and religion.[8] Lucas originally intended to rely heavily on the 1930s Flash Gordon film serials; however, he resorted to Akira Kurosawa's film The Hidden Fortress, and Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces, because of copyright issues with Flash Gordon.[citation needed] Star Wars features several parallels to Flash Gordon, such as the conflict between Rebels and Imperial Forces, the wipes between scenes, the fusion of futuristic technology and traditional mythology, and the famous opening crawl that begins each film.[80][81] The film has also been compared to The Wizard of Oz.[82][83]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars creator George Lucas discussed ideas for a sequel trilogy several times after the conclusion of the original trilogy, but denied any intent to make it.[85] In October 2012, he sold his production company Lucasfilm, and with it the Star Wars franchise, to The Walt Disney Company.[86] Speaking alongside Lucasfilm's new president, Kathleen Kennedy, Lucas said: \"I always said I wasn't going to do any more and that's true, because I'm not going to do any more, but that doesn't mean I'm unwilling to turn it over to Kathy to do more.\"[87]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy However, Rian Johnson's Episode VIII: The Last Jedi, brought some of them back. Few details have been revealed about the contents of Lucas's 2010s story treatments for the sequel trilogy, the revelations came from the book, called Art of Star Wars: The Last Jedi. The book disclosed that in January 2013 at Skywalker Ranch, George Lucas himself, held the first brief about the as-yet untitled Episode VII and its story. Showing numerous concept arts including:", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens The Force Awakens was announced after The Walt Disney Company's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. The film was produced by Abrams, his longtime collaborator Bryan Burk, and Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy. Abrams and Lawrence Kasdan, co-writer of the original trilogy films The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and Return of the Jedi (1983), rewrote an initial script by Michael Arndt. John Williams, the composer for the previous six films, returned to compose the film's score. Lucas served as creative consultant during the film's early production. Filming began in April 2014 in Abu Dhabi and Iceland, with principal photography also taking place in Ireland and Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom, and concluded in November 2014. It is the first live-action Star Wars film since Revenge of the Sith (2005).", "Changes in Star Wars re-releases Changes in Star Wars re-releases vary from minor differences in color timing, audio mixing, and take choices to major insertions of new visual effects, additions of characters and dialogue, scene expansions, and replacement of original cast members with newer ones. Though changes were also made to the prequel trilogy, the original trilogy saw the most alteration. Dissatisfied with the original theatrical cuts of the original Star Wars film, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi, creator George Lucas altered the films in an attempt to achieve the ideal versions that he could not initially due to limitations of time, budget, and technology.", "Star Wars (film) Star Wars was re-released theatrically in 1978, 1979, 1981 and 1982.[112] After ILM used computer-generated effects for Steven Spielberg's 1993 film Jurassic Park, Lucas claimed that digital technology had caught up to his \"original vision\" for Star Wars.[8] For the film's 20th anniversary in 1997, Star Wars was digitally remastered and re-released to movie theaters, along with The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, under the campaign title Star Wars Trilogy: Special Edition. This version of the film runs 124 minutes.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi The Last Jedi was part of a new trilogy of films announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. It was produced by Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman, with Force Awakens director J. J. Abrams as an executive producer. John Williams, composer for the previous films, returned to compose the score. Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015, with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in England in February 2016 and ending in July 2016. Post-production wrapped in September 2017.", "Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars Star Trek was rebooted with a series of feature films starting with the Star Trek reboot (2009), which was followed by Star Trek: Into Darkness (2013) and Star Trek Beyond (2016) and a number of sequels are set to follow. A new television series based in the original timeline, subtitled Discovery, serving as a prequel to the original series will debut in 2017.[37]", "Solo: A Star Wars Story Solo: A Star Wars Story (or simply Solo) is a 2018 American space western film[12][13] based on the Star Wars character Han Solo. Directed by Ron Howard, it was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the second Star Wars anthology film following Rogue One (2016). The plot takes place over ten years prior to the events of A New Hope,[14] and explores the early adventures of Han Solo and Chewbacca, who join a heist within the criminal underworld and meet a young Lando Calrissian. Alden Ehrenreich stars as Han Solo alongside Woody Harrelson, Emilia Clarke, Donald Glover, Thandie Newton, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Joonas Suotamo, and Paul Bettany.", "List of Star Wars films and television series Five films in the franchise (Return of the Jedi,[51] The Phantom Menace,[52] The Force Awakens,[55] Rogue One[56] and The Last Jedi[57]) were nominated for Best Sound Mixing; two films (Star Wars[49] and The Empire Strikes Back[50]) won the award. Five films (The Phantom Menace,[52] Attack of the Clones,[53] The Force Awakens,[55] Rogue One[56] and The Last Jedi[57]) were nominated for Best Visual Effects; Star Wars[49] won the award, while The Empire Strikes Back[50] and Return of the Jedi[51] received Special Achievement Awards for their visual effects and Star Wars[49] received a Special Achievement Award for its alien, creature and robot voices. Four films (The Empire Strikes Back,[50] Return of the Jedi,[51] The Force Awakens[55] and The Last Jedi[57]) were nominated for Best Original Score; Star Wars[49] won the award. The Force Awakens[55] was nominated for Best Film Editing and Star Wars[49] won the award. The Empire Strikes Back[50] and Return of the Jedi[51] were nominated for Best Art Direction-Set Decoration and Star Wars[49] won the award. Four films (Return of the Jedi,[51] The Phantom Menace,[52] The Force Awakens[55] and The Last Jedi[57]) were nominated for Best Sound Editing. Star Wars[49] won Best Costume Design and it also received nominations for Best Supporting Actor (Alec Guinness), Best Director (George Lucas), Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay. Revenge of the Sith[54] received a nomination for Best Makeup.", "Changes in Star Wars re-releases The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars. The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release.[11][12] Accounts differ as to when this change occurred. Some, including Lucasfilm, date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10, 1981,[8][11][12] while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978.[13] This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back, which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V.[8]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy The Star Wars sequel trilogy is the third set of three films in the Star Wars franchise, an American space opera created by George Lucas. It is being produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The trilogy is to consist of episodes VII through IX, and chronologically follows Return of the Jedi (1983) in the saga. Lucas had planned a sequel trilogy in the 1970s,[1] but abandoned these plans by the late 1990s, producing only the planned prequel trilogy. The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm in late 2012 and then announced plans to produce this series.", "The New Heroes The first of the original trilogy.", "Star Wars: Episode IX The film was announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012, with Colin Trevorrow announced as the film's director in August 2015. In September 2017, Trevorrow left the project due to creative differences; he was replaced by Abrams, who previously directed The Force Awakens. Filming began in August 2018 at Pinewood Studios in London. Episode IX is set to be released on December 20, 2019.", "Star Wars In April 2015, Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films.[102][103][104] Rogue One: A Star Wars Story was released on December 16, 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga.", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Cinematographer Daniel Mindel stated that The Force Awakens would use real locations and scale models over computer-generated imagery to make it aesthetically similar to the original Star Wars trilogy.[180] Rian Johnson, director of The Last Jedi, reiterated that Abrams would use little CGI and more practical, traditional special effects, saying: \"I think people are coming back around to [practical effects]. It feels like there is sort of that gravity pulling us back toward it. I think that more and more people are hitting kind of a critical mass in terms of the CG-driven action scene lending itself to a very specific type of action scene, where physics go out the window and it becomes so big so quick.\"[181] Abrams' intention in prioritizing practical special effects was to recreate the visual realism and authenticity of the original Star Wars.[182] To that end, the droid BB-8 was a physical prop that was developed by Disney Research,[183] created by special effects artist Neal Scanlan and operated live on set with the actors.[184][185]", "Star Wars In January 2012, Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films. Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the re-releases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire, Lucas said: \"Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are?\"[66] Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen, Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011. In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015. Later, it was revealed that the three new upcoming films (Episodes VIIâ€“IX) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm.[67] The co-chairman of Lucasfilm, Kathleen Kennedy, became president of the company, reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn. In addition, Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films, with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant.[68]", "Star Wars expanded to other media The Star Wars film series itself has never rebooted, however due to the works set after the original trilogy contradicting and deviating from Lucas own view of the Star Wars story a decision was made to discard the EU works from the franchise canon. Lucas decided to cease creative involvement after selling Lucasfilm (the production company of Star Wars) along with the Star Wars franchise itself to The Walt Disney Company in October 2012, and with a sequel trilogy of films and other works in development in order for new films to have creative freedom and prevent them from being beholden by the EU works. Because of Lucas views and the upcoming films needing such creative freedom, the decision was made to rebrand all the EU works as Star Wars Legends and discard them from canon. The only two EU works that remained within the Star Wars franchise canon were the 2008 Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated film and Star Wars: The Clone Wars animated TV series. With few exceptions, most of the non-film works produced after April 2014 are part of the official canon as defined by Lucasfilm.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy The Last Jedi, the second film in the sequel trilogy, takes place following the events of The Force Awakens. On June 20, 2014, Rian Johnson was announced as writer and director of Episode VIII and story treatment writer of Episode IX.[64][65] Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman were the producers and J. J. Abrams is the executive producer. Steve Yedlin is the cinematographer.[66] Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII.[67]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi In December 2015, Lucasfilm president Kathleen Kennedy stated that \"we haven't mapped out every single detail [of the sequel trilogy] yet\". She said that Abrams was collaborating with Johnson and that Johnson would in turn work with (then) Episode IX director Colin Trevorrow to ensure a smooth transition.[50] Abrams is an executive producer along with Jason McGatlin and Tom Karnowski.[51] Lucasfilm announced the film's title, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, on January 23, 2017.[52]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Star Wars: The Force Awakens was widely anticipated, and Disney backed the film with extensive marketing campaigns. It premiered in Los Angeles on December 14, 2015 before its wide release in the United States on December 18. The film received highly positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at its ensemble cast, Abrams' direction, musical score, visual effects, and action sequences, although it received criticism for being derivative of the original trilogy. The film broke various box office records and became, unadjusted for inflation, the highest-grossing installment in the franchise, the highest-grossing film in North America, the highest-grossing film of 2015, and the third-highest-grossing film of all time, with a worldwide gross of over $2 billion and a net profit of over $780 million.[6][7] It received five Academy Award nominations and four British Academy Film Award nominations, where it won the award for Best Special Visual Effects. It was followed by The Last Jedi in December 2017, with a third film scheduled for release in 2019.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy Lucas seemingly had planned for the conclusion of Luke's story to happen in Episode VII instead of Episode VIII, with Luke dying at the end of the film; this element was also incorporated into Johnson's film.[41] Conversely, some months later, Mark Hamill contradicted this statement, saying that George Lucas' original vision for the ending of Episode IX was to have Luke dying there instead of a simple cameo, leaving his sister Leia as a Jedi.[42] No plot points such as the Whills or microbiotic worlds have appeared so far.", "Rogue One George was so clear as to how that works. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga. Right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spinoff movies, or we may come up with some other way to call those films, they exist within that vast universe that he created. There is no attempt being made to carry characters (from the stand-alone films) in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, it's a roadmap that George made pretty clear.[44]", "Star Wars: Episode IX In August 2017, it was announced that Jack Thorne would rewrite the script.[29] On September 5, 2017, Lucasfilm released a statement stating that Trevorrow had parted ways with the production, due to creative differences,[30] with it reported that Trevorrow and Kennedy's relationship had become \"unmanageable\" after Trevorrow had been given multiple opportunities to work on multiple drafts of the script.[31] Johnson was seen as the top choice to replace him as director,[32] but he stated \"it was never in the plan for me to direct Episode IX\".[33] A week later, it was announced that J. J. Abrams, director of Star Wars: The Force Awakens, would return to direct Episode IX. Abrams will also co-write the film with Chris Terrio, in addition to producing the film through his company Bad Robot Productions, with Kennedy and Michelle Rejwan.[34][35] Disney also moved the film's release date to December 20, 2019.[36] In July 2018, Keri Russell was in talks to play a part for some \"action-heavy fight scenes\" in the film,[37] along with the confirmation that Billy Dee Williams will return as Lando Calrissian.[5] At the end of the month, Russell was confirmed to have been cast,[4] along with the announcement of returning and additional new cast members. Carrie Fisher will appear in the film using unreleased footage she filmed for The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi.[1][6]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy According to Mark Hamill, who plays Luke Skywalker, in 1976, Star Wars creator George Lucas told him that he planned three Star Wars trilogies. Lucas suggested Hamill could have a cameo role in Episode IX, which he imagined filming by 2011.[1][2] A Time magazine story in March 1978, quoting Lucas, stated there would be ten Star Wars films after The Empire Strikes Back.[3] Gary Kurtz was also aware of proposed story elements for Episode VII to Episode IX before 1980.[4][5] In 1980, at the time of the release of The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas said there were seven further Star Wars films he wanted to make. He said he had \"twelve-page outlines\" for those films.[6] In an interview with Jim Steranko in Prevue magazine published in late 1980, Lucas described how the expansive scope of Star Wars had started with an overlong screenplay:", "Comparison of Star Trek and Star Wars Star Wars was introduced as a feature film, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, in 1977. A novelization titled Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker, based on the original script of the film, was published about a year earlier. Upon the release of the first film, Star Wars quickly grew into a popular media franchise.[2]", "Star Wars Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977. It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21, 1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25, 1983. The sequels were all self-financed by Lucasfilm.[22]", "Star Wars expanded to other media Star Wars expanded to other media includes all Star Wars fictional material produced by Lucasfilm or officially licensed by it outside of the films. Intended as an enhancement to and extension of the Star Wars theatrical films produced by George Lucas, the continuity of all Expanded Universe material was tracked by Lucasfilm, and Lucas reserved the right to both draw on it and contradict it in his own works. This includes an array of derivative Star Wars works produced in conjunction with, between, and after the original trilogy (1977–1983), prequel trilogy (1999–2005), and sequel trilogy (2015–2019) of films, and includes books, comic books, video games, and television series. Material produced prior to 2014 were known as the Star Wars Expanded Universe (SWEU or EU), later rebranded to Star Wars Legends, with the exception of the 2008 Clone Wars animated film and Clone Wars animated TV series, and with most works produced after 2014 part of the official canon as defined by Lucasfilm.", "Star Wars (film) In 2010, George Lucas announced that all six previously released Star Wars films would be scanned and transferred to 3D, with a corresponding theatrical release. The Phantom Menace was the first of these films and saw its theatrical release in 2012. However, due to The Force Awakens, Lucas delayed the releases of the rest of the saga. While both Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith 3D versions were screened at the 2013 and 2015 Star Wars Celebration, Lucas never released the original trilogy in 3D before Disney bought the franchise in December 2012.[144]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy This decision meant that Lucas decided to cancel the sequel trilogy; this was until he had a change of heart in the 2010s, when Lucas secretly started writing more ideas for the sequel trilogy and strongly considered directing Episode VII for a May 2015 release.[33] Then Lucas decided not to film the sequel trilogy again. Details from Lucas discarded sequel trilogy were revealed in June 2018, during a interview contained within a companion book to a television series AMC's James Cameron's Story Of Science Fiction. Therein Lucas stated the films \"were going to get into a microbiotic world. But there's this world of creatures that operate differently than we do. I call them the Whills. And the Whills are the ones who actually control the universe. They feed off the Force.\" Neither of those ideas has been used in the sequel trilogy so far. Lucas additionally stated \"If I'd held onto the company I could have done it, and then it would have been done. Of course a lot of fans would have hated it, just like they did (with prequel trilogy film) Phantom Menace and everything but at least the whole story from beginning to end would be told.\"[34]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy The first two films have grossed a combined $3.4Â billion worldwide and were both well-received by critics. The third and final installment, Episode IX, was to be directed by Colin Trevorrow, but he was replaced in September 2017 by Abrams, who is to co-write it with Chris Terrio. The film is scheduled to be released on December 20, 2019.", "Star Wars On February 5, 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two standalone films, each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg.[98] On February 6, Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney is working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett.[99] Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories.[100] Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy, stating, \"George was so clear as to how that works. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga. Right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spin-off movies, or we may come up with some other way to call those films, they exist within that vast universe that he created. There is no attempt being made to carry characters (from the standalone films) in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, it's a roadmap that George made pretty clear.\"[101]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens Rian Johnson confirmed in August 2014 that he would direct Episode VIII,[181] later titled The Last Jedi.[400] It was released on December 15, 2017.[401] Some second-unit filming took place in September 2015 in Ireland,[402][403] with principal photography beginning in February 2016 at Pinewood Studios.[404][405][406] Hamill, Fisher, Driver, Ridley, Boyega, Isaac, Serkis, Nyong'o, Gleeson, Daniels, Christie, Vee, and Suotamo reprised their roles in the film, and are joined by Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern, and Benicio del Toro.[407][38][38]", "Changes in Star Wars re-releases The 1977 release of Star Wars was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress in 1989.[2] In 2014, the National Film Registry still did not have a copy of the 1977 film; George Lucas refused to submit a copy, stating that he no longer authorized the release of the theatrical version.[3] Lucasfilm offered the altered 1997 Special Edition release, but the Registry refused it as the first published version must be accepted.[4] The Library of Congress, however, received a 35mm print of the film, without the A New Hope subtitle and subsequent alterations, in 1978 as part of the film's copyright deposit.[3][5]", "Star Wars opening crawl The sequence has been featured in every live-action Star Wars film produced by Lucasfilm with the exception of Rogue One. Although it retains the basic elements, it has significantly evolved throughout the series. It is one of the most immediately recognizable elements of the franchise and has been frequently parodied.", "Star Wars (film) The original Star Wars trilogy is considered one of the best film trilogies in history.[184] Lucas has often stated that the entire trilogy was intended to be considered one film. However, he said that his story material for Star Wars was too long for a single film, prompting Lucas to split the story into multiple films.[8][185][186] Lucas also stated that the story evolved over time and that \"There was never a script completed that had the entire story as it exists now [in 1983] ... As the stories unfolded, I would take certain ideas and save them ... I kept taking out all the good parts, and I just kept telling myself I would make other movies someday.\"[187] In early interviews, it was suggested the series might comprise nine or twelve films.[188]", "List of Star Wars films and television series Lucas hired Ben Burtt to oversee the sound effects on the original 1977 film. Burtt's accomplishment was such that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences presented him with a Special Achievement Award because it had no award at the time for the work he had done.[6] Lucasfilm developed the THX sound reproduction standard for Return of the Jedi.[7] John Williams composed the scores for all eight films. Lucas's design for Star Wars involved a grand musical sound, with leitmotifs for different characters and important concepts. Williams's Star Wars title theme has become one of the most famous and well-known musical compositions in modern music history.[8]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi In January 2015, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that Episode VIII would be released in 2017,[87] and in March, Lucasfilm announced a release date of May 26, 2017.[88][89] In January 2016, The Last Jedi was rescheduled for December 15, 2017 in 3D and IMAX 3D.[51][90] On January 23, 2017, the film's title was announced as Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[52] Similarly to The Empire Strikes Back, Return of the Jedi and The Force Awakens, \"Episode VIII\" was included in the film's opening crawl, although not in its official title.[91]", "Sharknado (film series) The title and poster of the film is a homage to Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[6]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy George Lucas was set to provide Abrams with advice as a creative consultant; however, Lucas had no involvement with the film, with his representative stating Lucas \"ideally would love not to see any footage until he walks into the theater next December. He has never been able to be surprised by a Star Wars film before and he said he was looking forward to it.\"[37][55][56][57] The film began pre-production on October 30, 2012. Production began in April 2014;[58] it was released on December 18, 2015.[59] In the US, the film is rated PG-13 \"for sci-fi action violence\" and an M Rating In Australia,[60] the second Star Wars film to receive that rating after Revenge of the Sith (the five other films received a PG rating).[61]", "Star Wars Production on Episode IX is scheduled to begin sometime in 2017.[88] Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX.[89] Now, Lucasfilm, Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character's role.[90][91][92] In January 2017, Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher's performance for the film.[93] In April 2017, Fisher's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film,[94] but later that month, Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film.[95][96] Principal photography of Star Wars: Episode IX is set to begin in June 2018.[97]", "Star Wars Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire, J. J. Abrams, the director of Star Wars: The Force Awakens, has said that the First Order, an Imperial offshoot which serves as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy, is also inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime. Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again.[254]", "Film adaptation Remakes and film sequels are technically adaptations of the original film. Less direct derivations include The Magnificent Seven from The Seven Samurai, Star Wars from The Hidden Fortress, and Twelve Monkeys from La JetÃ©e.", "List of changes in Star Wars re-releases The first film was released in 1977 under the title Star Wars. The subtitles Episode IV and A New Hope were retroactively added to the opening crawl in a subsequent release.[11][12] Accounts differ as to when this change occurred. Some, including Lucasfilm, date the addition to a theatrical re-release on April 10, 1981,[8][11][12] while others place it much earlier at the re-release in July 1978.[13] This change was made to bring the original film in line with the titling of its sequel The Empire Strikes Back, which was released in 1980 with the subtitle Episode V.[8]", "List of changes in Star Wars re-releases Changes in Star Wars re-releases vary from minor differences in color timing, audio mixing, and take choices to major insertions of new visual effects, additions of characters and dialogue, scene expansions, and replacement of original cast members with newer ones. Though changes were also made to the prequel trilogy, the original trilogy saw the most alteration. Dissatisfied with the original theatrical cuts of the original Star Wars film, The Empire Strikes Back, and Return of the Jedi, creator George Lucas altered the films in an attempt to achieve the ideal versions that he could not initially due to limitations of time, budget, and technology.", "Star Wars (film) The film has spawned a series of films consisting of three trilogies (including the original film), anthology films and an extensive media franchise called the Star Wars expanded universe including books, television series, computer and video games, and comic books. All of the main films have been box office successes, with the overall box office revenue generated by the Star Wars films (including the theatrical The Clone Wars) totaling over $6.5 billion,[190] making it the third highest-grossing film series.[191]", "Solo: A Star Wars Story A. O. Scott of The New York Times said, \"It doesn't take itself too seriously, but it also holds whatever irreverent, anarchic impulses it might possess in careful check.\" He noted that it is \"a curiously low-stakes blockbuster, in effect a filmed Wikipedia page\".[126] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter praised the cast and production values but felt the film as a whole felt too safe, writing, \"while Ehrenreich's Solo proves adept at maneuvering the Millennium Falcon out of some tight spots, the picture itself follows a safely predictable course. Missing here are the sort of plot-related or visual curveballs thrown by Rian Johnson's The Last Jedi or Gareth Edwards with Rogue One.\"[127]", "Star Wars sequel trilogy Lucas' ideas that have been somewhat partially or completely retained by the trilogy that ultimately was made, include:", "Star Wars sequel trilogy As announced by Lucasfilm, the sequel trilogy also meant the end of most of the existing Star Wars expanded universe, so as to give \"maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience\". Much of the old expanded universe content would continue to be available under the Star Wars: Legends brand, which was created to brand the non-canonical works of the franchise.[39]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi The Last Jedi had its world premiere in Los Angeles on December 9, 2017, and was released in the United States on December 15, 2017. It has grossed over $1.2Â billion worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film of 2017, the 6th-highest-grossing film in North America and the 9th-highest-grossing film of all time, as well as the second-highest-grossing film of the Star Wars franchise. It received highly positive reviews from critics, who praised its ensemble cast, visual effects, musical score, action sequences and emotional weight; some considered it the best Star Wars film since The Empire Strikes Back.[7][8][9][10][11] The film received four nominations at the 90th Academy Awards, including Best Original Score for Williams and Best Visual Effects, as well two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards. A sequel, provisionally titled Star Wars: Episode IX, is scheduled for release on December 20, 2019.[12]", "Return of the Jedi Return of the Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VI â€“ Return of the Jedi) is a 1983 American epic space opera film directed by Richard Marquand. The screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas was from a story by Lucas, who was also the executive producer. It is the third installment in the original Star Wars trilogy and the first film to use THX technology. The film is set one year after The Empire Strikes Back[10] and was produced by Howard Kazanjian for Lucasfilm Ltd. The film stars Mark Hamill, Harrison Ford, Carrie Fisher, Billy Dee Williams, Anthony Daniels, David Prowse, Kenny Baker, Peter Mayhew and Frank Oz.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy Those plans Pollock saw, however were drastically changed after Empire Strikes Back released because Lucas decided not to make the sequel trilogy, and instead finish the story as a trilogy, by ending the storyline with Episode VI: Return of the Jedi. This led Lucas to rework and fully incorporate many of the plots from his discarded sequel trilogy directly into Return of the Jedi. Gary Kurtz the producer of A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back, opened about those incorporated elements, albeit reamined coy about the discarded ideas that could be still used on future sequels. About the elements from such discarded sequel trilogy, that were directly incorporated into Return of the Jedi, Kutz said those were:", "Star Wars The script was written by Star Wars veteran Lawrence Kasdan, and his son Jon Kasdan. The film also stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo, Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca (after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi), Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian, and also Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson. Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film, but due to creative differences, the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography. Academy Award-winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement. While his first Star Wars film, Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas-directed film American Graffiti (1973) and as director of Willow (1988).[113] Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I: The Phantom Menace, though Howard declined, saying, \"George, you should do it!\".[114] The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25, 2018.", "Music of Star Wars The Last Jedi, specifically, departs from Williams method of relying primarily on new thematic material, and instead relies heavily on pre-existing themes, in keeping with Johnson's temp-track choices. As a result, a number of themes and motifs from the previous films are constantly repeated, often in very familiar settings, such as statements of Yoda's and Leia's theme that are lifted from the concert arrangements, a reprise of the Binary Sunset rendition of the Force theme, and recurring statements of Rey's and Kylo's themes. There are some incidental phrases similar to existing themes such as Battle of the Heroes, The Immolation scene, etcetra, and some deliberate, tongue-in-cheek references, such as a quote of the Death Star motif for a scene with a clothes iron that is shot to look like a landing Star Destroyer.", "Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular A Galactic Spectacular begins with a brief narrated prologue of the 1977 premiere of Star Wars at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood, California. The main show is divided into segments dedicated to battles, heroes, creatures, romance, and villains.[16] The dramatic opening shot from A New Hope begins the sequence showing various battle scenes from Takodana, Hoth, Jakku, the Death Star, and Starkiller Base. The next segment, dedicated to the series' heroes, featuring Rey, Luke Skywalker, Han Solo, and ending with the Millennium Falcon escape scenes.[13] Three brief segments follow then after; a cantina segment dedicated to the creatures and aliens from the series, a segment dedicated to the Force with Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi, and a romance segment with Han Solo, Leia Organa, Anakin Skywalker, and Padmé Amidala. A darker sequence is followed, recreating the fiery lightsaber battle between Anakin and Kenobi on Mustafar. The scene segues into a segment dedicated to the villains of the series, including Darth Vader, Darth Maul, Palpatine, Supreme Leader Snoke, and Kylo Ren.[13] The trench run attacks on the Death Star and Starkiller Base are then played out as the finale sequence. The show concludes with a montage of all eight original Star Wars film poster art collaged across the Chinese Theater.[17]", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5/4 stars, saying, \"Star Wars: The Last Jedi...doesn't pack quite the same emotional punch [as The Force Awakens] and it lags a bit in the second half, [but] this is still a worthy chapter in the Star Wars franchise, popping with exciting action sequences, sprinkled with good humor and containing more than a few nifty 'callbacks' to previous characters and iconic moments.\"[121] For The Hollywood Reporter, Todd McCarthy said, \"Loaded with action and satisfying in the ways its loyal audience wants it to be, writer-director Rian Johnson's plunge into George Lucas' universe is generally pleasing even as it sometimes strains to find useful and/or interesting things for some of its characters to do.\"[122]", "Music of Star Wars Some of this music was re-tracked into other parts of the film, or even another film in the series, by the filmmakers. Attack of the Clones, the first film to be shot digitally, had major edits made after the scoring process, leading to the inclusion of tracked music over many of the digitally-created sequences such as the Droid Factory on Geonosis or the Clone Army's arrival to the battle. These scenes used music such as Yoda's theme or incidental music from The Phantom Menace with little dramatic connection to what is occurring on screen. In the original Star Wars, some of the music for the Death Star's Trash Compactor scene was used over an extended shot of the arrival into Mos Eisley inserted in the film's Special Edition. Musical similarities exist between the final scenes of The Phantom Menace with Finn's confession to Rey in The Force Awakens, probably a result of temp-track choice.[47] In other cases, the material wasn't tracked but rather lifted from the original composition and re-recorded, such as in the big action scenes of Return of the Jedi, both of which lift material from the Battle of Yavin and Ben's death.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy [w]hether or not all nine or twelve films actually get made depends on how George feels as time goes along. The series may happen the way he originally planned or may completely change. As the films are made, each of the stories develops. As each is finished, I think the direction of the saga may change a bit.[8]", "Star Wars (film) Filmmakers who have said to have been influenced by Star Wars include James Cameron, J.J. Abrams, Damon Lindelof, Dean Devlin, Gareth Edwards,[217] Roland Emmerich, John Lasseter,[218] David Fincher, Peter Jackson, Joss Whedon, Christopher Nolan, Ridley Scott, John Singleton, and Kevin Smith.[55] Scott, Cameron, and Jackson were influenced by Lucas's concept of the \"used future\" (where vehicles and culture are obviously dated) and extended the concept for their films, such as Scott's science fiction films Alien (1979) and Blade Runner (1982), Cameron's acclaimed sequel Aliens (1986) and his earlier breakthrough film The Terminator (1984). Jackson used the concept for his production of The Lord of the Rings trilogy to add a sense of realism and believability.[55] Christopher Nolan cited Star Wars as an influence when making the 2010 blockbuster film, Inception.[219]", "List of Star Wars films and television series The nine live-action films together have been nominated for 36 Academy Awards, of which they won seven. The films were also awarded a total of three Special Achievement Awards. Star Wars received seven awards and four nominations,[49] The Empire Strikes Back received one award, one Special Achievement Award and two nominations,[50] Return of the Jedi received one Special Achievement Award and four nominations,[51] The Phantom Menace received three nominations,[52] Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith received one nomination each,[53][54] The Force Awakens received five nominations,[55] Rogue One received two nominations[56] and The Last Jedi received four nominations.[57]", "Star Wars From 1977 to 2014, the term Expanded Universe (abbreviated as EU), was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films, including television series, novels, comics, and video games. Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25, 2014, when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production. Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label,[136] with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars: The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced. The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films, the animated film Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008), and its companion animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars. All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group, announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise. Lucasfilm announced that the change was made \"to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience\".[136] The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement, followed by multiple comics series from Marvel, novels published by Del Rey, and the sequel film The Force Awakens (2015).", "Star Wars (film) Elements of the history of Star Wars are commonly disputed, as George Lucas' statements about it have changed over time. One of the claims is that he intended to make the film a Space Western.[a 1] Lucas has said that it was early as 1971—after he completed directing his first full-length feature, THX 1138—that he first had an idea for a space fantasy film,[29] though he has also claimed to have had the idea long before then.[30] In the 2010 coffee table book Star Wars: Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle produced by DK Publishing and Lucasfilm, George Lucas is said to have made his film as a direct contrast to THX 1138. He felt that the bleak tone of the film led to it being poorly received, and therefore chose to make Star Wars a more optimistic film. This is what led to the fun and adventurous tone of the space opera.[31] Originally, Lucas wanted to adapt the Flash Gordon space adventure comics and serials into his own films, having been fascinated by them since he was young.[32] In 1979, he said, \"I especially loved the Flash Gordon serials... Of course I realize now how crude and badly done they were... loving them that much when they were so awful, I began to wonder what would happen if they were done really well.\"[33]", "Solo: A Star Wars Story In February 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two Star Wars standalone films, written by Kasdan and Simon Kinberg respectively.[48] Shortly thereafter, it was reported that Disney was working on two films, featuring Solo and Boba Fett.[49] Disney CFO Jay Rasulo described the standalone films as origin stories.[50] Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films would not crossover with the sequel trilogy:", "Rogue One Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, or simply Rogue One, is a 2016 American epic space opera film directed by Gareth Edwards. The screenplay by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy is from a story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta. It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the first installment of the Star Wars Anthology series, set immediately before the events of the original Star Wars film, and follows a group of rebels on a mission to steal the plans for the Death Star, the Galactic Empire's superweapon. The cast includes Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Riz Ahmed, Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker." ]	[ "Star Wars: The Last Jedi Star Wars: The Last Jedi (also known as Star Wars: Episode VIII â€“ The Last Jedi) is a 2017 American epic space opera film written and directed by Rian Johnson. It is the second installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the eighth main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015). It was produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The ensemble cast includes Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Andy Serkis, Lupita Nyong'o, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels and Gwendoline Christie in returning roles, with Kelly Marie Tran, Laura Dern and Benicio del Toro joining the cast. The film features the final film performance by Fisher, who died in December 2016, and it is dedicated to her memory. The plot follows Rey as she receives Jedi training from Luke Skywalker, in hopes of turning the tide for the Resistance in the fight against Kylo Ren and the First Order.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi The Last Jedi was part of a new trilogy of films announced after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in October 2012. It was produced by Lucasfilm President Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman, with Force Awakens director J. J. Abrams as an executive producer. John Williams, composer for the previous films, returned to compose the score. Scenes that required shooting at Skellig Michael in Ireland were filmed during pre-production in September 2015, with principal photography beginning at Pinewood Studios in England in February 2016 and ending in July 2016. Post-production wrapped in September 2017.", "Star Wars: The Last Jedi The story begins immediately after the last scene of The Force Awakens.[37] He had his story group watch films such as Twelve O'Clock High, The Bridge on the River Kwai, Gunga Din, Three Outlaw Samurai, Sahara, and Letter Never Sent for inspiration while developing ideas.[37][49] He felt it was difficult to work on the film while The Force Awakens was being finished.[37]" ]
test3206	when is the new season of chicago pd	[ "doc109460" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc849104", "doc849108", "doc109460", "doc917877", "doc2212376", "doc849103", "doc1582043", "doc2094075", "doc849107", "doc827550", "doc2227437", "doc1582051", "doc1078746", "doc2212382", "doc849106", "doc2227435", "doc849117", "doc2673207", "doc849113", "doc109462", "doc849114", "doc2227438", "doc1582050", "doc2227436", "doc889826", "doc1234570", "doc2094086", "doc2212381", "doc849119", "doc917878", "doc6", "doc1582048", "doc849115", "doc1582049", "doc827556", "doc2673213", "doc827565", "doc1582046", "doc849116", "doc1582047", "doc1407018", "doc827562", "doc2227445", "doc58223", "doc2227444", "doc88033", "doc2094083", "doc109464", "doc2094085", "doc456527", "doc2673211", "doc2007817", "doc849105", "doc849110", "doc2212378", "doc849111", "doc827563", "doc2212380", "doc2227440", "doc109461", "doc849109", "doc2094082", "doc109463", "doc1977620", "doc2094084", "doc2212386", "doc1407016", "doc1582045", "doc2212375", "doc2658521", "doc720729", "doc849118", "doc1446618", "doc2227439", "doc2094081", "doc827549", "doc1627621", "doc827564", "doc1446621", "doc849112", "doc299679", "doc799367", "doc2676944", "doc58222", "doc827555", "doc2178328", "doc804978", "doc1582044", "doc58228", "doc720748", "doc938040", "doc611405", "doc2094080", "doc938032", "doc1448724", "doc720725", "doc789036", "doc804979", "doc2673212", "doc46019" ]	[ "Chicago P.D. (TV series) On May 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a sixth season.[1] The season is set to premiere on September 26, 2018.[2]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) On November 9, 2015, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season,[32] which premiered on September 21, 2016.[33] On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season, which premiered on September 27, 2017.[34][35]", "Chicago P.D. (season 5) The fifth season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Rick Eid, premiered on September 27, 2017.[1] This season featured its 100th episode.", "List of Chicago P.D. episodes Chicago P.D. is an American television drama on NBC spun off from Chicago Fire. The series focuses on a uniformed police patrol and the Intelligence Unit that pursues the perpetrators of the city's major street offenses. The series premiered on January 8, 2014. On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season, which is set to premiere on September 27, 2017.[1][2]", "Chicago Med On May 9, 2018, NBC renewed the series for a fourth season.[1] The season premiered on September 26, 2018.[2]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) Chicago P.D. is an American police procedural drama television series created by Dick Wolf and Matt Olmstead as the second installment of Dick Wolf's Chicago franchise. The series premiered on NBC as a mid-season replacement on January 8, 2014. The show follows the uniformed patrol officers and the Intelligence Unit of the 21st District of the Chicago Police Department as they pursue the perpetrators of the city's major street offenses.", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) The fourth season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered September 21, 2016 and concluded on May 17, 2017. The season contained 23 episodes.", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) The second season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, began airing on September 24, 2014, at 10:00 p.m. Eastern/9:00 p.m. Central, and concluded on May 20, 2015 on the NBC television network.[1] The season contained 23 episodes.", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) On March 27, 2013, it was reported that NBC was considering plans for a spin-off of Chicago Fire. Deadline Hollywood revealed that the proposed spin-off would involve the Chicago Police Department, and would be created and executive produced by Dick Wolf, Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead.[27][28] On May 10, 2013, NBC picked up the show for the 2013–14 United States network television schedule.[29] On May 12, 2013, the show was announced as an unscheduled midseason replacement.[30] On October 18, 2013, NBC announced that it would premiere on January 8, 2014, at 10:00 p.m. EST, after Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.[31]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a sixth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017.[1][2]", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) On May 10, 2013, NBC picked up the proposed spin-off, now titled Chicago P.D., for the 2013–14 United States network television schedule.[3]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) The DVD release of season four is set to be released in Region 1 on September 12, 2017.", "Chicago Fire (season 6) The sixth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on May 10, 2017, by NBC.[1] The season premiered on September 28, 2017 with a timeslot change from Tuesday at 10:00 p.m. to Thursday at 10:00 p.m.[2] The season contained twenty-three episodes and concluded on May 10, 2018.", "Chicago Med On May 10, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a third season but opted to remove it from the fall schedule to midseason, after the premiere of Dick Wolf's sixth Law & Order series Law & Order True Crime.[22] The series moved back to Tuesdays after spending one season on Thursdays.[23]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) At the 2016 Television Critics Association winter press tour, NBC Entertainment president Jennifer Salke revealed that the network had discussions with Dick Wolf about a fourth series in the Chicago franchise centered on the legal system. The working title was Chicago Law.[15] Salke has since confirmed that the series was officially in development.[16] The series will be a spin-off of Chicago P.D. by introducing Assistant State's Attorney (ASA) characters in the 21st episode of P.D.'s third season.[17] Philip Winchester was the first to be cast.[18] Nazneen Contractor joined the series in March 2016 and the title was changed to Chicago Justice.[19] Rocky alum Carl Weathers will play Cook County State's Attorney Mark Jefferies, while Joelle Carter will also star.[20] Lorraine Toussaint reprised her role as defense attorney Shambala Green, who appeared in seven episodes of Law & Order.[21] On May 12, 2016, NBC gave Chicago Justice a series order.[22] On September 28, it was reported that Jon Seda would join the cast and that his character Antonio would become an investigator for the DA's office.[23] The series premiered on March 1, 2017. NBC canceled the series after one season.[24] In July 2017, it was announced that Seda would rejoin Chicago P.D. full time.[25][26]", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) The first season of Chicago P.D. aired on NBC from January 8, 2014, at 10:00Â p.m. EST, to May 21, 2014.", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) Airing at 10 p.m. Wednesdays, Chicago P.D. is earning a 2.3 rating, 7 share in adults 18–49 and 9.4 million viewers overall this season, for gains versus last season of +10% in 18–49 and +14% in total viewers. Chicago P.D. has finished No. 1 or tied for No. 1 among ABC, CBS and NBC in the time period with five of its last six original broadcasts through Feb. 2.[58]", "Chicago P.D. (season 3) The third season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered on September 30, 2015 and concluded on May 25, 2016. The season contained 23 episodes.", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) On September 2016, it was reported that series regular Jon Seda would move to the new spin-off Chicago Justice as regular.[52] After Justice's cancellation, in July 2017 it was disclosed that Seda would move back to Chicago P.D. as series regular for season 5[53]", "Chicago P.D. (season 5) On May 25, 2017, it was announced that Sophia Bush would be departing the series,[24] while Jon Seda is set to return after the cancellation of Chicago Justice.[25] After recurring last season as Detective Hailey Upton, Tracy Spiridakos has been promoted to a series regular for this season.[26]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) In May 2017, it was announced that Sophia Bush would depart the series after four seasons[54]", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) On January 31, 2014, NBC ordered two additional episodes of Chicago P.D., bringing the total number of episodes for the first season to fifteen.[4]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) A three-way crossover between Chicago Fire, Chicago PD and the premiere of Chicago Justice aired on March 1, 2017, with heavy involvement from Chicago Med.", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) On March 27, 2013, it was reported that NBC was considering plans for a spin-off of Chicago Fire. Deadline revealed that the proposed spin-off would involve the Chicago Police Department, and would be created and executive produced by Dick Wolf, Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead.[1][2]", "Chicago Med (season 3) The third season of Chicago Med, an American medical drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Michael Brandt, Peter Jankowski and Andrew Schneider, premiered November 21, 2017.[1] This season will consist of 20 episodes.[2]", "Chicago Fire (season 5) The fifth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on November 9, 2015, by NBC.[1] The season premiered on October 11, 2016 and contained 22 episodes.[2][3] The season concluded on May 16, 2017.", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) The DVD release of season two is set to be released in Region 1 on September 1, 2015", "Chicago Med On February 1, 2016, NBC renewed the series for a second season.[19] On May 15, 2016, it was announced that the series would be moving to Thursdays.[20] The second season premiered on September 22, 2016.[21]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) Ray Rahman of Entertainment Weekly gave the drama a favorable review: \"It's hard to imagine the series capturing the compelling, can't-watch-just-one magic that makes the Law & Order franchise so marathonable, but it moves just fast enough to keep you from changing the channel in search of an SVU re-run.\"[71] Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times also gave the series a positive review when it premiered on January 8: \"Chicago P.D. is, in many ways, a throwback to an earlier, male-dominated era of crime shows, yet it carves out room for strong female characters who are good at their jobs and taken seriously by their colleagues.\"[72] Other critics expressed their disappointment in the police drama such as Robert Bianco of USA Today: \"When did Wolf's work, which used to show some grace and wit, become this ugly, plodding and crass?\"[73]", "List of Chicago P.D. episodes As of May 17, 2017,[update] 84 episodes of Chicago P.D. have aired, concluding the fourth season.", "Chicago Fire (season 4) The fourth season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, was ordered on February 5, 2015, by NBC,[1] and premiered on October 13, 2015 and concluded on May 17, 2016.[2] The season contained 23 episodes.[3]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) Set to recur as Hailey Upton, a robbery homicide Detective, Tracy Spiridakos joins the cast, with her first episode slated to air in early May.[28] Squerciati took maternity leave from the show in March 2017, and Kim made her temporary departure in \"Last Minute Resistance\".[29]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) In July 2017, Tracy Spiridakos was promoted to series regular as Det. Hailey Upton, after a two-episode guest stint in season 4.[55]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) A crossover starting on Chicago Fire and concluding on Chicago PD aired on January 3, 2017.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) On November 9, 2015, NBC renewed the series for a fifth season.[30][31] The season premiered on October 11, 2016.[32]", "Chicago P.D. (season 3) The DVD release of season three is set to be released in Region 1 on September 13, 2016.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) Chicago Fire was the first show of what would become the Chicago franchise. NBC would greenlight a police procedural spin-off series, under the title Chicago P.D., which premiered on January 8, 2014.[53] On May 1, 2015, NBC ordered another spin-off of Chicago Fire, a medical drama called Chicago Med, which premiered on November 17, 2015. Additionally, the police procedural led to a 2017 legal series entitled Chicago Justice.", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) Li Jun Li joins the cast as Officer Julie Tay for a three episode guest spot. She is set to replace Brian Geraghty's character Officer Sean Roman as Officer Kim Burgess' (Marina Squerciati) partner, after he left the series at the end of last season.[23] On September 28, it was reported that Jon Seda as character Antonio Dawson would move from P.D. to Justice, where Antonio will become an investigator for the SA's office.[24] It was further reported on October 5 that Seda's last episode of P.D. will be episode 8.[25]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) It came to light in November 2017 that Bush's exit was due to Jason Beghe's behavior behind the scenes.[56] Bush's claims lead NBC to open up an investigation into Beghe's behavior[57]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) Nick Wechsler joins the cast as Kenny Rixton, a former protégé of Voight's, for a multi-episode arc.[26] On February 7, 2017, it was revealed that Esai Morales will join the cast as Chief Lugo, a veteran of the Police Department who is trying to steer the CPD into a new style of policing. His first appearance will be in the three-way crossover with Chicago Fire and Chicago Justice, before recurring throughout the remainder of the season.[27]", "Chicago (franchise) Chicago P.D. follows the uniformed patrol officers and detectives of the Chicago Police Department's 21st District. The Chicago Fire episode \"Let Her Go\" serves as the backdoor pilot.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) On March 27, 2013, NBC announced plans for a proposed spin-off of Chicago Fire, the police procedural drama Chicago P.D. that would involve the Chicago Police Department, the spin-off series being created and produced by Dick Wolf, with Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead serving as executive producers.[49][50] It premiered on January 8, 2014.", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) The DVD release of season one was released after the season had completed its original television broadcast. It has been released in Region 1 only, as of September 2, 2014. As well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material such as audio commentaries on some episodes from the creator and cast, deleted scenes, gag reels and behind-the-scenes featurettes.", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19) Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was renewed for a nineteenth season on May 12, 2017.[1] Michael S. Chernuchin, who had previously worked on Law & Order, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and Chicago Justice took over from Rick Eid as showrunner, after Eid left to be showrunner for the fifth season of Chicago P.D. after only one season as showrunner.[2] Production on the season started on July 20, 2017.[3]", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) The series premiere was watched by 8.59 million viewers and achieved a 2.0/6 Adults 18â€“49 rating with the DVR ratings reaching 11 million.[33] The season concluded on May 21 with 6.27 million, averaging the first season with 8.03 million viewers per episode.[34]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 18) At the end of production of the season, during upfronts SVU was renewed for a nineteenth season. Following the renewal announcement, it was revealed that show runner/executive producer Rick Eid had departed the show. He took over Chicago P.D. as show runner/EP starting with its fifth season, replacing C.P.D. co-creator/EP Matt Olmstead.[5] Michael Chernuchin, former showrunner and executive producer for Dick Wolf's Chicago Justice series, as well as a former executive producer and writer for many past incarnations of the Law & Order franchise, was selected as SVU's new showrunner.", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) On September 29, 2014, it was announced that Wolf's series: Chicago P.D., Chicago Fire and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, would be involved in a three part crossover event airing between November 11 and November 12, 2014 starting with Chicago Fire and ending with Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Chicago P.D..[29]", "Chicago P.D. (season 5) Wil Traval guest stars as Sergeant McGrady, who shares a history with Upton.[29] Anabelle Acosta joins the cast in the recurring role of Camila, and began appearing from episode 7,[30] while Zach Appelman will make his debut as Burgess' boyfriend and federal prosecutor, Matt Miller from episode 8.[31]", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) A further crossover event aired on April 28 and April 29, 2015 starting with Chicago Fire, continuing with Chicago P.D. and concluding with Law & Order: Special Victims Unit.", "Live PD The program premiered on October 28, 2016, with an initial order from A&E for eight two-hour episodes.[2] On February 1, 2017, A&E announced that the season would be expanded to 21 episodes.[4] The first season concluded on August 19, 2017, with the second season premiering on October 6, 2017. The second season concluded on August 25, 2018, with the third season premiering on September 21, 2018. In September 2018 A&E announced the series had been renewed for an additional 150 episodes, to run through 2019.[5]", "Chicago P.D. (season 3) A three-way crossover between Chicago Fire, Chicago Med and Chicago P.D. aired in January 5 and 6, 2016.[23]", "List of Chicago Fire episodes The series follows the lives of the firefighters and paramedics working at the Chicago Fire Department at the firehouse of Engine 51, Truck 81, Squad 3, Ambulance 61 and Battalion 25, starring Jesse Spencer as Captain Matthew Casey, Taylor Kinney as Lieutenant Kelly Severide, Charlie Barnett as Firefighter Candidate Peter Mills, Monica Raymund as Paramedic in Charge Gabriela Dawson, Lauren German as Paramedic Leslie Elizabeth Shay, Eamonn Walker as 25th Battalion Chief Wallace Boden, David Eigenberg as Firefighter Christopher Herrmann, and Teri Reeves as Doctor Hallie Thomas. The series was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on September 28, 2017.[1]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) Chicago P.D. follows the Chicago Police Department uniformed cops who patrol the beat and go head-to-head with the city's street crimes and the detectives of the Intelligence Unit that combats the city's major offenses, including organized crime, drug trafficking, and high-profile murders.[3]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) Tania Raymonde was cast in the planned series as a police officer named Nicole. Kelly Blatz was also cast as a young but seasoned Officer Elam.[39] The new characters were introduced in the penultimate episode of Chicago Fire's first season, which aired on May 15, 2013.[29] Scott Eastwood was set to portray Officer Jim Barnes in the Chicago Fire season finale and the proposed spin-off. Eastwood also co-starred with Tania Raymonde in Texas Chainsaw 3D.[40] Law & Order: SVU's Melissa Sagemiller would portray Detective Willhite, a member of the Chicago P.D. Intelligence Unit.[41] Other cast members include Jason Beghe as the Intelligence team Sergeant Hank Voight and Jon Seda as Detective Antonio Dawson.[42] LaRoyce Hawkins was the only Chicago area actor originally cast in May.[43]", "Chicago Med The series was greenlighted by NBC for the show's pilot episode on May 1, 2015.[15]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) As the show went into pre-production, the cast began to change. On June 13, 2013, it was announced that Melissa Sagemiller would no longer be a part of the show and Jesse Lee Soffer officially joined the cast as a series regular. His character was introduced in the second season of Chicago Fire.[44] On August 23, 2013, Patrick Flueger and One Tree Hill star Sophia Bush joined the cast as Officer Adam Ruzek and Detective Erin Lindsay respectively.[45] Marina Squerciati joined the cast on August 28, 2013.[46] On August 30, Elias Koteas became a regular.[47] Archie Kao was announced as a regular on September 27, 2013.[48]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The show follows an Intelligence Unit of the police and is filmed entirely in Chicago. The main cast includes Jason Beghe, Jon Seda, Sophia Bush, Jesse Lee Soffer, Patrick Flueger, Elias Koteas, Marina Squerciati, LaRoyce Hawkins and Archie Kao.", "Chicago Med NBC originally ordered 13 episodes for season one; on December 11, 2015, an additional 5 episodes were ordered, bringing the season to 18 episodes.[18]", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) Sagemiller's character was dropped after her initial guest spot on Chicago Fire[9] and in the first episode of Chicago P.D.. Jesse Lee Soffer, who already had a recurring role on Chicago Fire as undercover cop Detective Jay Halstead, was added to the main cast in her place.[10] Jason Beghe was cast as Sergeant of the Intelligence Unit Hank Voight and Jon Seda would play the role of Intelligence Unit Detective Antonio Dawson.[11] Patrick Flueger and One Tree Hill star Sophia Bush joined the cast as Officer Adam Ruzek and Detective Erin Lindsay respectively. Marina Squerciati joined the cast in the role of Officer Kim Burgess.[12] Elias Koteas became a member of the main cast and would play Intelligence Unit Detective Alvin Olinsky.[13] Archie Kao was later announced to be playing Sheldon Jin, a tech-expert working with the Intelligence Unit.[14] Stella Maeve was cast in the recurring role of playing Nadia, a pretty 18-year-old escort who is addicted to heroin and goes through a very difficult withdrawal.[15] Both Eastwood and Raymonde, like Sagemiller, departed the series and would no longer be a part of the show's main cast.[16] Sydney Tamiia Poitier was to guest star in five episodes as a Detective, who will eventually crossover on to the parent series, Chicago Fire.[17]", "Chicago P.D. (season 5) A bombing in a TV studio where Sergeant Platt is being interviewed is broadcast live. The Intelligence unit investigates and discovers that this bomber is targeting members of the media. Voight goes to Firehouse 51 for help with the investigation. Meanwhile, Dawson discovers that his daughter has two social media accounts and lied about it.", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) The series is filmed entirely in Chicago. The exterior of the station house is the Old Maxwell Street Police Station (943 West Maxwell Street) and is the same location that was used on the series Hill Street Blues.[36][37] It is located about half a mile from the firehouse location of Chicago Fire at 1360 S. Blue Island Ave.[38]", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) Jesse Lee Soffer revealed that there will be a lot more crossovers this season between Chicago P.D. and parent show Chicago Fire; \"I think every episode from now on, they're going to have a couple characters from one show on the other\" he told media sources.[28]", "Chicago P.D. (season 5) Mykelti Williamson reprises his role of Lieutenant Denny Woods in a recurring role,[27] and Wendell Pierce will join the cast as Alderman Ray Price, in a recurring role.[28]", "Chicago Fire (season 1) On March 27, 2013, NBC announced plans for a proposed spin-off of Chicago Fire, Deadline reported they heard the spin-off would involve the Chicago Police Department, the spin-off series being created and produced by Dick Wolf, with Derek Haas, Michael Brant, and Matt Olmstead serving as executive producers.[32][33] It premiered on January 8, 2014.", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) Another crossover event aired on February 3 and February 4, 2015 starting with Chicago Fire and concluding with Chicago P.D..", "Chicago Med In Canada, the series airs on the Global Television Network and currently airs at the start of the week ahead of the NBC air date later in the week.[40] In the UK, Chicago Med premiered on March 20, 2016, on Universal Channel in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The second season is set to air October 23, 2016.[41] In Australia, the series debuted on November 23, 2016 on the Nine Network.[42]", "Chicago (franchise) In Fall 2018, NBC broadcast all three Chicago franchise series that were airing at the time on Wednesday nights.[3]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) Intelligence investigates in the wake of the warehouse fire that left Olinsky's daughter Lexi in critical condition. The team is on edge as they race to find the person responsible for starting the fire. After Lexi succumbs to her injuries, a grief-stricken Olinsky pitches in to track down the suspect. During a candlelight vigil for the 39 victims, Lindsay spots the suspect and, after taking him into custody, they hand the case over to Antonio Dawson (guest star Jon Seda) and Peter Stone (guest star Philip Winchester) at the State's Attorney's Office.", "Chicago Med Chicago Med is an American medical drama television series created by Dick Wolf and Matt Olmstead, and is the third installment of Dick Wolfâ€™s Chicago franchise. The series premiered on NBC on November 17, 2015. Chicago Med follows the emergency department doctors and nurses of the fictional Gaffney Chicago Medical Center.", "Tracy Spiridakos In 2017 Spiridakos appeared in the three final episodes of the fourth season of the NBC police drama series Chicago P.D., before being promoted to a series regular for the series' fifth season.[18]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit It was announced on May 25, 2017 that original Law & Order and Law & Order: Criminal Intent showrunner Michael S. Chernuchin would be reprising his role starting on season nineteen. Chernuchin was also co-creator and executive producing showrunner of Chicago Justice, another Wolf-related show that was canceled by NBC at the end of the 2016â€“17 TV season.[16]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) Since its premiere, Chicago P.D. has received mixed reviews from critics. Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, gives the drama a 50% rating based on 21 reviews, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[69] Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 a rating of 57% based on reviews from 28 critics.[70]", "Chicago Fire (season 2) The second season of Chicago Fire, an American drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Matt Olmstead, premiered on September 24, 2013, but on a new timeslot on Tuesday at 10:00 pm from Wednesday at 10:00 pm, on NBC television network. The season concluded on May 13, 2014, and consisted of 22 episodes.", "Chicago P.D. (season 1) Tania Raymonde was cast in the planned series as an Officer named Nicole. Kelly Blatz, the lead-actor of Disney XD's Aaron Stone, was also cast as a young but seasoned Officer Elam.[5] Scott Eastwood was set to portray Officer Jim Barnes. Eastwood also co-starred with Tania Raymonde in Texas Chainsaw 3D.[6] Melissa Sagemiller would portray Detective Willhite, a member of the Chicago P.D. Intelligence Unit.[7] LaRoyce Hawkins, in the role of Officer Kevin Atwater, was the only Chicago area actor originally cast in May.[8] These characters were introduced in the penultimate episodes of Chicago Fires first season.[3]", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) Officer Kim Burgess will be joined by a new partner, whom Olmstead describes as being an important voice to the team in the second season and particularly for Burgess.[26] Brian Geraghty was later announced to be portraying Sean Roman, the new partner of Kim Burgess (Marina Squerciati).[27]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) Chicago Fire is an American action-drama television series created by Michael Brandt and Derek Haas with Dick Wolf as executive producer. It is the first installment of Dick Wolfâ€™s Chicago franchise. The series premiered on NBC on October 10, 2012. The show follows the firefighters and paramedics working at Firehouse 51 of the Chicago Fire Department, home of Truck 81, Squad 3, and Ambulance 61, as they risk their lives to save and protect the citizens of their city.", "Jason Beghe On November 21, 2017, Deadline reported that Beghe was investigated for behavior that was considered overly aggressive and possibly sexual harassment while filming Chicago P.D. in 2016. Beghe released a statement in which he apologized for his behavior.[62]", "Chicago Fire (TV series) In February 2015, NBC announced plans to make another spinoff, the medical drama Chicago Med. A special backdoor pilot episode of the show aired during Chicago Fire's third season.[51] On May 1, 2015, Chicago Med was officially ordered to a series,[52] starring Oliver Platt, S. Epatha Merkerson, Nick Gehlfuss, Yaya DaCosta, Torrey DeVitto, Rachel DiPillo, Marlyne Barrett, Colin Donnell and Brian Tee.", "Chicago Fire (season 2) On April 26, 2013, NBC renewed Chicago Fire for a second season[23] and moved its time slot to Tuesdays at 10:00 pm EST. The season debuted on September 24, 2013.[24]", "Chicago P.D. (TV series) On October 21, 2013, Stella Maeve was cast in a recurring role as Nadia, a pretty 18-year-old escort who is addicted to heroin and goes through a very difficult withdrawal.[49] Sydney Tamiia Poitier will guest star in five episodes as a detective, who will eventually crossover on to Chicago Fire.[50] On December 20, 2013, it was announced that both Eastwood and Raymonde had departed the series over creative differences.[51]", "Chicago Crossover In May 2014, NBC President, Robert Greenblatt announced that Chicago PD, Chicago Fire, and also SVU, could have another crossover episode, after SVU and CPD briefly crossed-over with SVU's fifteenth season's episode, \"Comic Perversion\" which guest starred Sophia Bush, who portrayed her CPD character, Detective Erin Lindsay; while Ice-T & Kelli Giddish briefly portrayed their characters respectively in the episode \"Conventions\" of Chicago PD, two episodes which Leight and Olmstead wouldn't call a true 'crossover'.[1]", "Station 19 On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.[27] The second season is scheduled to premiere on October 4, 2018.[28]", "The Chicago Code The Chicago Code is an American crime drama television series created by Shawn Ryan that aired on Fox in the United States. The series was filmed in Chicago, Illinois, originally airing from February 7 to May 23, 2011, with Fox announcing cancellation on May 10, 2011.[1][2][3]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19) Michael Chernuchin, who had previously worked on Law & Order, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, and Chicago Justice took over from Rick Eid as showrunner. This is also the first season since season twelve in 2010-2011, that another Law & Order series — Law & Order: True Crime - The Menendez Murders — aired alongside SVU on NBC.", "Chicago Fire (TV series) The network placed an order for the series in May 2012.[24] After receiving an additional script order in October, Chicago Fire was picked up for a full season on November 8, 2012.[25][26] On January 29, 2013, Chicago Fire had its episode total increased from 22 to 23.[27] One week later, on February 6, 2013, Chicago Fire received one more episode, giving it a total of 24 episodes for season one.[28] The pilot episode had an early release at NBC.com, before the series' premiere on television.[29]", "Jon Seda In 2014, Seda began starring in the NBC police procedural drama Chicago P.D. as Det. Antonio Dawson.[2]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 20) Law & Order: Special Victims Unit was renewed for a twentieth season on May 9, 2018.[1] Production started on July 16, 2018.[2] On July 12, 2018, Executive Producer Julie Martin posted a photo of a script on Twitter, teasing that the first hour of the two-hour season premiere is tentatively titled \"Man Up\".[3] Martin teased on August 14, 2018, that the fourth episode of the season (titled \"Revenge\") would be \"a devious twist and turn edge-of-your-seater\". The episode also featured Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nikki Stanies.[4] A deleted scene featuring Benson and Noah from the previous season will be re-shot and placed into an episode this season.[5] This season is also set to feature an introduction of the latest franchise installment Law & Order: Hate Crimes which will occur in the latter part of the season.[6]", "Chicago P.D. (season 4) Severide is accused of a hit-and-run accident, which later turns into a vehicular homicide when one of the victims, a child, dies from her injuries. Lindsay and Voight suspect that Severide was set up while friendships and relationships are put to the test as the detectives and cops are forced to toe a very thin line with their friends at Firehouse 51 as the evidence against Severide mounts. Meanwhile, Burgess begins her first day in Intelligence and immediately clashes with Olinsky. Also, Lindsay contemplates meeting her father.", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 19) The entire main cast from the previous season returned. In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester would reprise his role as Assistant State's Attorney Peter Stone from Chicago Justice, appearing around the midpoint of the season.[8][9] New show runner/executive producer Michael Chernuchin told Entertainment Weekly that Stone's character would be coming in as an antagonist and that he will be a foil for A.D.A. Barba (Raul Esparza) this season; Stone's character isn't necessarily taking his [Barba's] job. \"There's more than one A.D.A. in New York [...] Philip will come in and he won't be the nicest person our characters have ever met. What he's going to be doing, too, is basically bringing all of the franchises into one. He's connecting Law & Order, the Chicago franchises and now SVU.\"[10]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit In August 2017, it was announced that Philip Winchester will recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone, his character from Chicago P.D. and Chicago Justice, who is the son of Benjamin Stone, the ADA on the original Law & Order show.[53] It was later also announced that Brooke Shields was enlisted to assume a major recurring role starting in Season 19 of the long-running dramatic series.[54]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16) Benson and SVU get a new lead on a missing child pornography victim from Sergeant Hank Voight (Jason Beghe) of the Chicago Police Department. When things become personal for CPD Detective Erin Lindsay (Sophia Bush), she and her partner (Jesse Lee Soffer) travel to New York to lend a hand in the investigation.", "Empire (season 4) The fourth season of the American television drama series Empire premiered on September 27, 2017, in the United States on Fox.[1] The fourth season was ordered on January 11, 2017, consisting of eighteen episodes.[2] The show is produced by 20th Century Fox, in association with Imagine Entertainment, Lee Daniels Entertainment, Danny Strong Productions and Little Chicken Inc. The showrunners for this season are Ilene Chaiken, Danny Strong and Lee Daniels. The season airs on Wednesday at 8:00 pm, a new slot. The premiere of the season had also a crossover with other Lee Daniels-created Fox series Star.[1]", "Chicago P.D. (season 2) Archie Kao's character Detective Sheldon Jin was killed in the first season's finale, thus his character will not be appearing in the second season of the show.[25] However, showrunner Matt Olmstead revealed that \"It [Jin's death] shakes everybody up...definitely for the next three or four episodes until people can re-galvanize as a family, but people have some hard feelings about how it all goes down.\"[26]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 16) Chicago P.D.'s Sophia Bush (Det. Erin Lindsay), Jesse Lee Soffer (Det. Jay Halstead), and Jason Beghe (Sgt. Hank Voight) take part in a crossover event between Chicago Fire, Chicago P.D. and SVU in the November episode \"Chicago Crossover\". Specifically, they are involved in a joint case involving child sex internet ring.[20] Additionally, Bush and Soffer, with Marina Squerciati (Ofc. Burgess), Brian Geraghty (Ofc. Roman) and Stella Maeve (Nadia Decotis), also took part in the second crossover event between the three shows (\"Daydream Believer\"). In this episode, SVU works with Chicago Intelligence on a rape/murder case connected to an apartment fire in the Chicago Fire episode \"We Called Her Jellybean\" and pursue the suspect they're forced to let go in the Chicago P.D. episode \"The Number of Rats\".[14][15]", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine On May 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on September 26, 2017.[5]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit On May 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a nineteenth season, which premiered on September 27, 2017.[6][7] As of October 25, 2017, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit has aired 415 original episodes.", "FBI (TV series) FBI is an American drama television series by Dick Wolf that airs on the 2018–19 United States network television schedule on CBS,[2][3] where it premiered on September 25, 2018.[4] FBI received a straight-to-series commission for 13 episodes on September 20, 2017.[2] On October 11, 2018, it was announced that the series had received a full season order from CBS.[5]", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 20) On July 13, 2018, Deadline announced that Scandal's George Newbern would be guest starring over the course of the season in a recurring role as Dr. Al Pollack. Pollack is described as a charming, handsome, and wealthy doctor who is set to be a future as well as past love interest to Detective Amanda Rollins (Kelli Giddish). Rollins mentions him cheating on her with a prostitute in the previous season.[7] Days later it was reported that Dylan Walsh would play John Conway, an abusive father who rapes his own son, in the season premiere. Walsh previously guest starred in the eighth season of SVU.[8] Mark Tallman portrays Gavin Riley, the new chief of detectives, in a recurring role.[9]", "Chicago P.D. (season 3) A crossover with Law & Order: Special Victims Unit aired on February 10, 2016, where Intelligence helps SVU track down Greg Yates after he escapes from prison in New York.[24]", "Grey's Anatomy On May 16, 2017, Channing Dungey announced at the ABC Upfronts that the network ordered another Grey's Anatomy spin-off, this one focusing on firefighters in Seattle. The series is set to premiere mid-season in 2018. Stacy McKee, long-term Grey's writer and executive producer, will serve as the spin-off's showrunner.[351] The new show will most likely be introduced during an episode of Grey's Anatomy next season.[352] In July 2017, it was announced that Jaina Lee Ortiz was the first actress cast in the spin-off series.[353] In September 2017 it was announced that Jason George, who has played Dr. Ben Warren since season 6, would be leaving Grey's Anatomy to move to the spin-off. He's expected to be a series regular on Grey's Anatomy until the spin-off begins production.[354] In October 2017 it was announced that five new series regulars for the spin off had been cast being Grey Damon, Jay Hayden, Okieriete Onaodowan, Danielle Savre and Barrett Doss. It was also announced that the spin-off had a 10 episode order for the first season.[355][356] Later in October 2017, it was announced that Miguel Sandoval was cast as the Captain of the firehouse.[357]" ]	[ "Chicago P.D. (season 5) The fifth season of Chicago P.D., an American police drama television series with executive producer Dick Wolf, and producers Derek Haas, Michael Brandt, and Rick Eid, premiered on September 27, 2017.[1] This season featured its 100th episode." ]
test2307	why is there a ball in guinness beer	[ "doc79668" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc477847", "doc79668", "doc707492", "doc477825", "doc2215336", "doc477845", "doc477865", "doc477846", "doc2053522", "doc477824", "doc477871", "doc477868", "doc477844", "doc477870", "doc707491", "doc79669", "doc477843", "doc79680", "doc477866", "doc477895", "doc477830", "doc79683", "doc79674", "doc477856", "doc2423376", "doc2053537", "doc477858", "doc477827", "doc477834", "doc2215328", "doc2169655", "doc477828", "doc477889", "doc477849", "doc477883", "doc2215324", "doc793345", "doc2053511", "doc477885", "doc1315427", "doc2053526", "doc477829", "doc477852", "doc477826", "doc2215338", "doc2053510", "doc1125216", "doc79671", "doc2423377", "doc2169643", "doc79685", "doc477862", "doc477875", "doc1315425", "doc477859", "doc477872", "doc2053513", "doc2215333", "doc477839", "doc95472", "doc477837", "doc2053535", "doc477864", "doc477867", "doc477851", "doc79673", "doc1437688", "doc2169645", "doc1836132", "doc1125214", "doc477869", "doc477878", "doc95465", "doc79676", "doc477848", "doc477888", "doc2169649", "doc79670", "doc2053531", "doc2169653", "doc2053521", "doc477836", "doc477857", "doc477840", "doc1823004", "doc477874", "doc477863", "doc707439", "doc477876", "doc1437697", "doc477833", "doc477880", "doc477893", "doc477831", "doc79672", "doc707456", "doc2053534", "doc477884", "doc707459", "doc2053536" ]	[ "Guinness Nitrogen is less soluble than carbon dioxide, which allows the beer to be put under high pressure without making it fizzy. High pressure of the dissolved gas is required to enable very small bubbles to be formed by forcing the draught beer through fine holes in a plate in the tap, which causes the characteristic \"surge\" (the widget in cans and bottles achieves the same effect).[citation needed] This \"widget\" is a small plastic ball containing the nitrogen with also just a little beer itself.[citation needed] The perceived smoothness of draught Guinness is due to its low level of carbon dioxide and the creaminess of the head caused by the very fine bubbles that arise from the use of nitrogen and the dispensing method described above. \"Foreign Extra Stout\" contains more carbon dioxide,[3] causing a more acidic taste.", "Widget (beer) A widget is a device placed in a container of beer to manage the characteristics of the beer's head. The original widget was patented in Ireland by Guinness. The \"floating widget\" is found in cans of beer as a hollow plastic sphere, approximately 3 cm in diameter (similar in appearance to table tennis ball, but smaller) with at least one small hole and a seam. The \"rocket widget\" is found in bottles, 7 cm in length with the small hole at the bottom.[1]", "Beer In the 1980s, Guinness introduced the beer widget, a nitrogen-pressurised ball inside a can which creates a dense, tight head, similar to beer served from a nitrogen system.[142] The words draft and draught can be used as marketing terms to describe canned or bottled beers containing a beer widget, or which are cold-filtered rather than pasteurised.", "Guinness Guinness features a burnt flavour that is derived from malted barley and roasted unmalted barley. The use of roasted barley is a relatively modern development, not becoming part of the grist until the mid-20th century. For many years, a portion of aged brew was blended with freshly brewed beer to give a sharp lactic flavour. Although Guinness's palate still features a characteristic \"tang\", the company has refused to confirm whether this type of blending still occurs. The draught beer's thick, creamy head comes from mixing the beer with nitrogen and carbon dioxide when poured.[3] It is popular with the Irish, both in Ireland and abroad. In spite of declining consumption since 2001,[4] it is still the best-selling alcoholic drink in Ireland[5][6] where Guinness & Co. Brewery makes almost â‚¬2 billion worth of the beverage annually.", "Beer head The creamy head on beers such as Guinness is created by a widget in cans or bottles using nitrogen, or by the process of drawing keg beer from a keg using nitrogen or mixed gas (carbon dioxide and nitrogen). The use of nitrogen, which was pioneered by Guinness, creates a firm head with small bubbles while reducing the excessively acidic taste often produced by using carbon dioxide alone.", "Guinness Until the late 1950s Guinness was still racked into wooden casks. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Guinness ceased brewing cask-conditioned beers and developed a keg brewing system with aluminium kegs replacing the wooden casks; these were nicknamed \"iron lungs\".[37] The production of Guinness, as with many beers, also involves the use of isinglass made from fish. Isinglass is used as a fining agent for settling out suspended matter in the vat. The isinglass is retained in the floor of the vat but it is possible that minute quantities might be carried over into the beer.[38][39][40][41]", "Guinness Before the 1960s, when Guinness adopted the current system of delivery using a nitrogen/carbon dioxide gas mixture, all beer leaving the brewery was cask-conditioned. Casks newly delivered to many small pubs were often nearly unmanageably frothy, but cellar space and rapid turnover demanded that they be put into use before they could sit for long enough to settle down. As a result, a glass would be part filled with the fresh, frothy beer, allowed to stand a minute, and then topped up with beer from a cask that had been pouring longer and had calmed down a bit.[72] With the move to gas dispense in the 60s, it was felt important to keep the 2 stage pour ritual, in order to bring better customer acceptance of the new process.", "Guinness Arguably its biggest change to date, in 1959 Guinness changed its whole composition by introducing nitrogen. The introduction of nitrogen changed the fundamental texture and flavour of Guinness of the past as nitrogen bubbles are much smaller than CO2, giving a \"creamier\" and \"smoother\" consistency over a sharper and traditional CO2 taste. This arguably pivotal moment in Guinness' 258 year history started in 1959 when Michael Ash - a mathematician turned brewer - after an extensive four year journey of experimentation, discovered the mechanism to make this possible. As a result of this, when a pint of Guinness is poured today, you now see the classic \"surge and settle\" effect (nitrogen bubbles cascading down the side of the pint glass) which is ultimately the extensive work and genius of Michael Ash.", "Guinness Brewery The main product is Guinness Draught, a 4.2% ABV dry stout that is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide. For many years a portion of the drink was aged to give a sharp lactic flavour, although Guinness has refused to confirm whether this still occurs. The thick creamy head is the result of the beer being mixed with nitrogen when being poured. It is popular with Irish people both in Ireland and abroad and, in spite of a decline in consumption over recent years, is the best-selling alcoholic drink of all time in Ireland[13][14] where Guinness & Co. makes almost €2 billion annually. The brewery also produces Guinness Original, a 4.3% ABV version of the Draught, without the nitrogen;[15] Kaliber, a low alcohol pale lager; Guinness Bitter, a 4.4% bitter sold in a can with a widget; and the 7.5% Guinness Foreign Extra Stout.", "Guinness Guinness (/ˈɡɪnɪs/) is an Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness (1725–1803) at St. James's Gate brewery in the capital city of Dublin, Ireland. Guinness, produced by the Diageo beverages company, is one of the most successful beer brands worldwide. It is brewed in almost 50 countries and is available in over 120.[1][2] Annual sales total of Guinness in 2011 was 850 million litres (220,000,000 US gal).[1]", "Guinness A study published in 2012 revealed that the effect is due to the particular shape of the glass coupled with the small bubble size found in stout beers.[82][83][84][85][86][87] If the vessel widens with height then bubbles will sink along the walls â€“ this is the case for the standard pint glass. Conversely, in an anti-pint (i.e. if the vessel narrows with height) bubbles will rise along the walls.[88]", "Guinness According to Esquire Magazine, a pint of Guinness should be served in a slightly tulip shaped pint glass[77] (as opposed to the taller European tulip glass or 'Nonic' glass, which contains a ridge approx 3/4 of the way up the glass). To begin the pour, the server holds the glass at a 45Â° angle below the tap and fills the glass 3/4 full.[77] On the way out of the tap, the beer is forced at high speed through a five-hole disc restrictor plate in the end of the tap,[77] creating friction and forcing the creation of small nitrogen bubbles[77] which form a creamy head. After allowing the initial pour to settle, the server fills the remainder of the glass until the head forms a slight dome over the top of the glass.[77]", "Guinness Guinness stout is made from water, barley, roast malt extract, hops, and brewer's yeast. A portion of the barley is roasted to give Guinness its dark colour and characteristic taste. It is pasteurised and filtered.[citation needed] Making the product requires knowledge in the sciences of microbiology, mycology, bacteriology, and thermodynamics.[35] Despite its reputation as a \"meal in a glass\", Guinness only contains 198 kcal (838 kilojoules) per imperial pint (1460 kJ/l),[36] slightly fewer than skimmed milk, orange juice, and most other non-light beers.", "Guinness When Guinness is poured, the gas bubbles appear to travel downwards in the glass.[79] The effect is attributed to drag; bubbles that touch the walls of a glass are slowed in their travel upwards. Bubbles in the centre of the glass are, however, free to rise to the surface, and thus form a rising column of bubbles. The rising bubbles create a current by the entrainment of the surrounding fluid. As beer rises in the centre, the beer near the outside of the glass falls. This downward flow pushes the bubbles near the glass towards the bottom. Although the effect occurs in any liquid, it is particularly noticeable in any dark nitrogen stout, as the drink combines dark-coloured liquid and light-coloured bubbles.[80][81]", "Beer Draught beer from a pressurised keg using a lever-style dispenser and a spout is the most common method of dispensing in bars around the world. A metal keg is pressurised with carbon dioxide (CO2) gas which drives the beer to the dispensing tap or faucet. Some beers may be served with a nitrogen/carbon dioxide mixture. Nitrogen produces fine bubbles, resulting in a dense head and a creamy mouthfeel. Some types of beer can also be found in smaller, disposable kegs called beer balls. In traditional pubs, the pull levers for major beer brands may include the beer's logo and trademark.", "Widget (beer) Draught Guinness, as it is known today, was first produced in 1964. With Guinness keen to produce draught beer packaged for consumers to drink at home, Bottled Draught Guinness was formulated in 1978 and launched into the Irish market in 1979. It was never actively marketed internationally as it required an \"initiator\" device, which looked rather like a syringe, to make it work.", "Guinness In November 2015 it was announced that Guinness are planning to make their beer suitable for consumption by vegetarians and vegans by the end of 2016 through the introduction of a new filtration process at their existing Guinness Brewery that avoids the need to use Isinglass from fish bladders to filter out yeast particles.[32][33] Update: On the company's faq-page they say: \"Our new filtration process has removed the use of isinglass as a means of filtration and vegans can now enjoy a pint of Guinness. All Guinness Draught in keg format is brewed without using isinglass. Full distribution of bottle and can formats will be in place by the end of 2017, so until then, our advice to vegans is to consume the product from the keg format only for now.\" [34]", "Widget (beer) Commissioning began January 1988, with a national launch date of March 1989. This first-generation widget was a plastic disc held in place by friction in the bottom of the can. This method worked fine if the beer was served cold; when served warm the can would overflow when opened. The floating widget, which Guinness calls the \"Smoothifier\", was launched in 1997 and does not have this problem.", "Guinness What Diageo calls the \"perfect pint\" of Draught Guinness is the product of a \"double pour\", which according to the company should take 119.5 seconds.[73] Guinness has promoted this wait with advertising campaigns such as \"good things come to those who wait\". Despite this, Guinness has endorsed the use of \"Exactap\", marketed by DigitalDispense USA LLC, owned in a trust by its American inventor. The \"Exactap\" is the fastest beer dispense system in the world and can deliver a perfectly presented Guinness, with no overfilling, in just 4 seconds.[74] There are over 600 \"Exactaps\" in use in Dublin stadia alone.", "Guinness The Guinness Storehouse is a popular tourist attraction at St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin, where a self-guided tour includes an account of the ingredients used to make the stout and a description of how it is made.[121] Visitors can sample the smells of each Guinness ingredient in the Tasting Rooms, which are coloured with a unique lighting design that emits Guinness' gold and black branding.[122] A pint of Guinness is offered which the visitor may pour after a demonstration by one of the staff. There are videos showing how Guinness is tested by a panel of tasters, and the visitor is instructed in tasting the beer.[citation needed] The tour includes such items as the historical coopering trade within Guinness, a section dedicated to advertising and merchandising by Guinness, and a section dedicated to historical artefacts and footage[clarification needed] relating to Guinness. The tour finishes with a pint of Guinness (if it has not already been drunk at one of the other bars) in the Gravity Bar. Two other bars, a coffee shop and a restaurant, are available to visitors during the tour, and a range of Guinness merchandise is available to purchase.[citation needed]", "Guinness Arthur Guinness started selling the dark beer porter in 1778.[14] The first Guinness beers to use the term were Single Stout and Double Stout in the 1840s.[15] Throughout the bulk of its history, Guinness produced 'only three variations of a single beer type: porter or single stout, double or extra and foreign stout for export'.[16] Porter was also referred to as \"plain\", as mentioned in the famous refrain of Flann O'Brien's poem \"The Workman's Friend\": \"A pint of plain is your only man.\"[17]", "Widget (beer) Although patented by Guinness, the widget was actually invented by John Lunn, MD of Mclennons of Birmingham, who went on to invent a second for Whitbread and Heineken, so that Whitbread could launch Draught Boddingtons in a can and Murphy's. Lunn then later invented a third widget, the floating one, with two one-way valves, which is the widget that all brewers use now.", "Widget (beer) In 1969 two Guinness brewers at Guinness's St James's Gate brewery in Dublin, Tony Carey and Sammy Hildebrand, developed a system for producing draught type Guinness from cans or bottles through the discharge of gas from an internal compartment. It was patented in British Patent No 1266351, filed 27 January 1969, with a complete specification published 8 March 1972.", "Guinness In March 2006, Guinness introduced the \"surger\" in Britain.[citation needed] The surger is a plate-like electrical device meant for the home. It sends ultrasonic waves through a Guinness-filled pint glass to recreate the beer's \"surge and settle\" effect. The device works in conjunction with special cans of surger-ready Guinness.[citation needed] Guinness tried out a primitive version of this system in 1977 in New York. The idea was abandoned until 2003, when it began testing the surger in Japanese bars, most of which are too small to accommodate traditional keg-and-tap systems. Since then, the surger has been introduced to bars in Paris.[citation needed] Surgers are also in use in Australia, Singapore and Greece. The surger for the US market was announced on 14 November 2007; plans were to make the unit available to bars only.[65]", "Baby Guinness A portion of coffee liqueur (e.g., Tia Maria, Kahlúa or Patrón Cafe) is topped by a layer of Irish Cream (e.g., Baileys) which is poured over the back of a spoon so that it sits on the coffee liqueur. The ratio of coffee liqueur to Irish cream varies but is generally around 3-to-1. The resulting drink looks like a miniature pint of Guinness stout, with the coffee liqueur as the beer and the Irish cream as the head. It is normally served in a shot glass.[1]", "Guinness Brewery The storehouse is where they used to add the yeast to the beer for fermentation.", "Guinness Breó (meaning 'glow' in Irish)[67] was a wheat beer; it cost around IR£5 million to develop.[citation needed]", "Guinness Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in 1759 at the St. James's Gate Brewery, Dublin. On 31 December 1759, he signed a 9,000 year lease at Â£45 per annum for the unused brewery.[8][9][10] Ten years later, on 19 May 1769, Guinness first exported his ale: he shipped six-and-a-half barrels to Great Britain.", "Guinness Guinness thought they brewed their last porter in 1973.[13] In the 1970s, following declining sales, the decision was taken to make Guinness Extra Stout more \"drinkable\". The gravity was subsequently reduced, and the brand was relaunched in 1981.[20] Pale malt was used for the first time, and isomerized hop extract began to be used.[20] In 2014, two new porters were introduced: West Indies Porter and Dublin Porter.[21]", "Beer head At least one study suggests that the head assists in transport of beer after pouring by damping oscillation (sloshing) and converting vertical movement into horizontal movement.[4]", "Stout With milk or sweet stout becoming the dominant stout in the UK in the early 20th century, it was mainly in Ireland that the non-sweet or standard stout was being made. As standard stout has a dryer taste than the English and American sweet stouts, they came to be called dry stout or Irish stout to differentiate them from stouts with added lactose or oatmeal.[19][20][21] Though still sometimes termed Irish or dry stout, particularly if made in Ireland, this is the standard stout sold and would normally just be termed \"stout\".[22] The best selling stout is Guinness Draught, made by Diageo at St. James's Gate Brewery (also known as the Guinness Brewery) in Dublin;[23] it serves as the template for most modern stouts, including variations on Guinness Extra Stout, which tend to be around 5% ABV, and Guinness Foreign Extra Stout, which tend to be around 7.5% ABV.[24]", "Guinness There have been claims that Arthur Price, a Welshman, took the original recipe with him to Ireland where he hired a servant, Richard Guinness, whose son later opened the brewery.[11][12]", "Guinness This gave rise to the event now known as Arthur's Day. \"Arthur's Day is a series of events and celebrations taking place around the world to celebrate the life and legacy of Arthur Guinness and the much-loved Guinness beer which Arthur brought to the world.\"[108] It took place for the third time at 17:59 on 22 September 2011.[citation needed]", "Guinness Although Guinness may appear to be black, it is officially a very dark shade of ruby.[43]", "Guinness In 2003, the Guinness TV campaign featuring Tom Crean won the gold Shark Award at the International Advertising Festival of Ireland,[100] while in 2005 their Irish Christmas campaign won a silver Shark.[101] This TV ad has been run every Christmas since its debut in December 2004 and features pictures of snow falling in places around Ireland, evoking the James Joyce story \"The Dead\", finishing at St. James's Gate Brewery with the line: \"Even at the home of the black stuff they dream of a white one\".[102][103]", "Beer head Beer head (also head or collar),[1] is the frothy foam on top of beer which is produced by bubbles of gas, typically carbon dioxide, rising to the surface. The elements that produce the head are wort protein, yeast and hop residue. The carbon dioxide that forms the bubbles in the head is produced during fermentation. The carbonation can occur before or after bottling the beer. If the beer continues fermenting in the bottle, then it naturally carbonates and the head is formed upon opening and/or pouring the beer. If the beer is pasteurized or filtered then the beer must be force carbonated using pressurized gas.", "Black and Tan The \"layering\" of Guinness on top of the pale ale or lager is possible because of the lower relative density of the Guinness.[1] The opposite scenario (where the layer on top is heavier than bottom) would produce the fluid mechanics phenomenon known as the Rayleigh-Taylor Instability.", "Guinness Brewery Originally leased in 1759 to Arthur Guinness at IR£45 (Irish pounds) per year for 9,000 years, St. James' Gate has been the home of Guinness ever since. It became the largest brewery in Ireland in 1838, and the largest in the world by 1886, with an annual output of 1.2 million barrels.[1] Although no longer the largest brewery in the world, it is still the largest brewer of stout in the world. The company has since bought out the originally leased property,[2] and during the 19th and early 20th centuries the brewery owned most of the buildings in the surrounding area, including many streets of housing for brewery employees, and offices associated with the brewery. The brewery also made all of its own power using its own power plant.[3][4][citation needed]", "Guinness Two further advertisements in 2006 and early 2007, \"Hands\" and \"St. Patrick's Hands\", were created by animator Michael Schlingmann for Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO. They feature a pair of hands, animated in stop motion under a rostrum camera. \"Hands\" focuses on the 119.53 seconds it takes to pour a pint, and \"St. Patrick's Hands is a spoof of Riverdance, with the animated hands doing the dancing.[citation needed]", "Murphy's Irish Stout In addition to being distributed in kegs, Murphy's is also available in a can. To simulate the appearance and texture of the tap version, cans of Murphy's contain a nitrogen widget, which increases the creaminess of the head when poured.[6]", "Guinness Brewery Withdrawn Guinness variants include Guinness's Brite Lager, Guinness's Brite Ale, Guinness Light, Guinness XXX Extra Strong Stout, Guinness Cream Stout, Guinness Gold, Guinness Pilsner, Guinness Breó (a slightly citrusy wheat beer), Guinness Shandy, and Guinness Special Light. Breó (meaning 'glow' in ancient Irish) was a wheat beer; it cost around 5 million Irish pounds to develop.", "Guinness \"Stout\" originally referred to a beer's strength, but eventually shifted meaning toward body and colour.[13]", "Guinness Guinness ran an advertising campaign in the 1920s which stemmed from market research – when people told the company that they felt good after their pint, the slogan was born – \"Guinness is Good for You\". Advertising for alcoholic drinks that implies improved physical performance or enhanced personal qualities is now prohibited in Ireland.[47] Diageo, the company that now manufactures Guinness, says: \"We never make any medical claims for our drinks.\"[48]", "Guinness The company was started in 1759 in Dublin,[7] but had to move its headquarters to London at the beginning of the Anglo-Irish Trade War in 1932. In 1997, Guinness plc merged with Grand Metropolitan to form the multinational alcoholic drinks producer Diageo.", "Beer head Another mechanism of destabilization is ostwald ripening. Gas will diffuse from smaller bubbles to larger bubbles due to the high pressure associated with smaller bubbles. This can be explained by Laplace pressure. This can be slowed by a low solubility of the gas. An example of this is adding Nitrogen to the beer. A large effect can be seen with only a 20ppm addition of nitrogen gas.[9]", "Guinness Brewery St. James's Gate Brewery (Irish: Grúdlann Gheata Naomh Séamuis) is a brewery founded in 1759 in Dublin, Ireland, by Arthur Guinness. The company is now a part of Diageo, a British company formed from the merger of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan in 1997. The main product of the brewery is Guinness Draught.", "Beer in Ireland Draught Irish stout is normally served nitrogenated, to create a creamy texture with a long-lasting head.", "Widget (beer) The presence of dissolved nitrogen allows smaller bubbles to be formed, which increases the creaminess of the head. This is because the smaller bubbles need a higher internal pressure to balance the greater surface tension, which is inversely proportional to the radius of the bubbles. Achieving this higher pressure would not be possible with just dissolved carbon dioxide, as the greater solubility of this gas compared to nitrogen would create an unacceptably large head.", "Baby Guinness Some recipes call for the Irish cream to be whipped then spooned on top of the coffee liqueur in order to look more like the head on a pint of Guinness.[2]", "Stout Stout is a dark beer made using roasted malt or roasted barley, hops, water and yeast. Stouts were traditionally the generic term for the strongest or stoutest porters, typically 7% or 8% alcohol by volume (ABV), produced by a brewery.[1][2] There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, milk stout, and imperial stout; the most common variation is dry stout, exemplified by Guinness Draught, the world's best selling stout.[citation needed]", "Widget (beer) The widget in the base of a beer glass works by creating a nucleation point, allowing the CO2 to be released from the liquid which comes into contact with it, thus assisting in maintaining head on the beer. This has become increasingly popular with Fosters, Estrella and others using them in public houses in the UK.", "Guinness Guinness Red Harvest Stout was introduced in September 2013. sold in 14.9oz widget cans: 4.1% alcohol by volume (ABV); Inspired by the ancient Celtic festival of samhain, the seasonal Guinness Red Harvest Stout has a mildly sweet velvety taste and deep red hue. Crafted with a blend of lightly roasted barley and sweet Irish malt.[citation needed]", "Guinness Since the 1930s, in the face of falling sales, Guinness has had a long history of marketing campaigns, from television advertisements to beer mats and posters. Before then, Guinness had almost no advertising, instead allowing for word of mouth to sell the product.[93]", "Murphy's Irish Stout It is brewed to be less heavy and less bitter than its chief competitor Guinness.[1][2] Its flavour is evocative of caramel and malt,[3] and is described as \"a distant relative of chocolate milk\".[1] The resemblance to milk extends beyond flavour to texture: Murphy's is free from any hint of carbonation,[1] and is delivered \"black as strong cappuccino\" with an inch of foam – the head – on top.[4] The water of the River Lee in Cork allegedly gave Murphy's its quality.", "Guinness For a short time in the late 1990s, Guinness produced the \"St James's Gate\" range of craft-style beers, available in a small number of Dublin pubs. The beers were: Pilsner Gold, Wicked Red Ale, Wildcat Wheat Beer and Dark Angel Lager.[citation needed]", "Guinness Guinness is frequently used as an ingredient in recipes, often to add a seemingly authentic Irish element to the menus of Irish-themed pubs[89] in the United States, where it is stirred into everything from french toast to beef stew.[90]", "Guinness Brewery Arthur Guinness started brewing ales in Leixlip, County Kildare, and then from 1759 at the St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin. On 31 December he signed a 9,000-year lease at Â£45 per annum for the unused brewery.[6][7] However, the lease is no longer in effect because the brewery property has been bought out when it expanded beyond the original 4-acre site.[2]", "Beer head Beer glassware is often designed to accentuate or accommodate the head. Many other properties of the glass can also influence a beer head,[6] such as a roughened surface at the base of glass known as a widget, providing for nucleation of carbon dioxide deep in the beverage rather than at the surface, resulting in a slower release of gas to the atmosphere.", "Guinness Guinness has also been referred to as \"the black stuff\".[25] Guinness had a fleet of ships, barges and yachts.[26] The Irish Sunday Independent newspaper reported on 17 June 2007 that Diageo intended to close the historic St James's Gate plant in Dublin and move to a greenfield site on the outskirts of the city.[27] This news caused some controversy when it was announced.", "Pint glass It is increasingly common to find pint glasses which contain markings on the base; very often these glasses are branded to one particular beer. The markings themselves are formed from small pits which aid in nucleation, allowing the gas within it to be released more easily, thus preserving the head. Without the aid of these pits a regular pint glass will keep a head for only 3 or 4 minutes before appearing 'flat'.[25] The markings come in a variety of styles ranging from a simple circular or square hatched pattern to more complicated branding messages.", "Guinness The company merged with Grand Metropolitan in 1997 to form Diageo PLC.[23] Due to controversy over the merger, the company was maintained as a separate entity within Diageo and has retained the rights to the product and all associated trademarks of Guinness.", "Guinness Brewery Guinness Storehouse, the \"Home of Guinness\", is Dublin's most popular tourist attraction. A converted brewing factory, it is now a Guinness museum, incorporating elements from the old brewing factory to explain the history of its production. Some of the old brewing equipment is on show, as well as stout ingredients, brewing techniques, advertising methods and storage devices.", "Guinness Guinness released a lager in 2015 called Hop House 13. It has become an available drink in most Irish pubs and is becoming increasingly popular since its release.[citation needed]", "Guinness The brewer recommends that draught Guinness should be served at 6 °C (42.8 °F),[75] while Extra Cold Guinness should be served at 3.5 °C (38.6 °F).[76]", "Guinness Studies claim that Guinness can be beneficial to the heart. Researchers found that \"'antioxidant compounds' in the Guinness, similar to those found in certain fruits and vegetables, are responsible for the health benefits because they slow down the deposit of harmful cholesterol on the artery walls.\"[45][46]", "Widget (beer) This is the case with certain types of draught beer such as draught stouts. In the case of these draught beers, which before dispensing also contain a mixture of dissolved nitrogen and carbon dioxide, the agitation is caused by forcing the beer under pressure through small holes in a restrictor in the tap. The surging mixture gradually settles to produce a very creamy head.", "Keg There are two different types of tapping equipment that are available for kegs: party pumps and gas taps. Party pumps utilize outside air, thus introducing oxygen and bacteria into the keg. This causes the beer to oxidize, affecting the taste. Kegs operating a party pump should be used within 18â€“24 hours so that the beer does not become unpalatable. Gas pumps may use CO2, although it is recommended to use a mixed gas (usually nitrogen-CO2) so the beer does not get overcarbonated when being tapped for a long time (Guinness requires 25% CO2 and 75% nitrogen). Gas pumps can preserve a keg up to 120 days with proper refrigeration.", "Stout Porter originated in London, England in the early 1720s.[5] The style quickly became popular in the City especially with porters (hence its name): it had a strong flavour, took longer to spoil than other beers, increased in alcohol content with age, was significantly cheaper than other beers, and was not easily affected by heat.[6][7] Within a few decades, porter breweries in London had grown \"beyond any previously known scale\".[7] Large volumes were exported to Ireland, where by 1776 it was being brewed by Arthur Guinness at his St. James's Gate Brewery.[8] In the 19th century, the beer gained its customary black colour through the use of black patent malt, and became stronger in flavour.[2]", "National symbols of Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland Stout was largely unknown in Ireland when Arthur Guinness opened his brewery in 1759; the traditional beer was Irish red ale.[31][32]", "Beer in Ireland In 1756, Arthur Guinness set up a small brewery, moving to Dublin in 1759. Having initially brewed ale, he switched to producing porter, which was a style from London. In the early twentieth century, Guinness became the largest brewer in the world, exporting the Irish style to many countries.[12] Although no longer the largest brewer of beer\nin the world, it remains the largest brewer of stout. In 2014, Guinness sales amounted to 19% of all beer sales in Ireland.", "Guinness In April 2010, Guinness redesigned the Guinness pint glass for the first time in a decade. The new glass is taller and narrower than the previous one and features a bevel design. The new glasses are planned to gradually replace the old ones.[78]", "Guinness In 1983, a conscious marketing decision was made to turn Guinness into a \"cult\" beer in the UK, amidst declining sales.[96] The move halted the sales decline. The Guardian described the management of the brand:", "Pint glass Although the glass must be accurately-calibrated, industry guidelines only require a pint to be at least 95% liquid, allowing 5% of the pint to consist of the foamy 'head'.[12][13] The Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) has described this practice as selling a short measure, and says that it costs drinkers Â£1m a day in beer they have paid for but not received. The British Beer and Pub Association has issued guidelines for bar staff to give a 'top up' to any drinker who is unsatisfied with the measure they receive.[14]", "Widget (beer) Technical difficulties led to this approach being put on hold, and Guinness instead concentrated on bottles using external initiators. Subsequently, Guinness allowed this patent to lapse and it was not until Ernest Saunders centralised the company's research and development in 1984 that work restarted on this invention, under the direction of Alan Forage.", "Guinness Contemporary Guinness Draught and Extra Stout are weaker than they were in the 19th century, when they had an original gravity of over 1.070. Foreign Extra Stout and Special Export Stout, with abv of 7.5% and 9% respectively, are perhaps closest to the original in character.[42]", "Guinness In 2009, the \"To Arthur\" advertisement, which started with two friends realising the company's long history, hail each other by lifting up their glasses and saying: \"to Arthur!\". The hailing slowing spread throughout the bar to the streets outside, and finally around the world. The advertisement ends with the voiceover: \"Join the worldwide celebration, of a man named Arthur\".[107]", "Stout The slogan \"Guinness is good for you\" was thought up after market research in the 1920s suggested that people felt better after a pint, and post-operative patients, blood donors, pregnant women and nursing mothers in England were advised to drink Guinness.[10]", "Widget (beer) Some canned beers are pressurized by adding liquid nitrogen, which vaporises and expands in volume after the can is sealed, forcing gas and beer into the widget's hollow interior through a tiny holeâ€”the less beer the better for subsequent head quality. In addition, some nitrogen dissolves in the beer which also contains dissolved carbon dioxide. Oxygen is generally excluded as its presence can cause flavour deterioration.", "Guinness Brewery The following day, the Irish Daily Mail ran a follow-up story with a double page spread complete with images and a history of the plant since 1759. Initially, Diageo said that talk of a move was pure speculation but in the face of mounting speculation in the wake of the Sunday Independent article, the company confirmed that it is undertaking a \"significant review of its operations\". This review is largely due to the efforts of the company's ongoing drive to reduce the environmental impact of brewing at the St James's Gate plant.[28]", "Stout Milk stout (also called sweet stout or cream stout) is a stout containing lactose, a sugar derived from milk. Because lactose cannot be fermented by beer yeast, it adds sweetness, body, and energy to the finished beer. Milk stout was claimed to be nutritious, and was given to nursing mothers,[12] along with other stouts, such as Guinness.[13] Milk stout was also claimed to be prescribed by doctors to help nursing mothers increase their milk production.[14] The classic surviving example of milk stout is Mackeson's,[15] for which the original brewers claimed that \"each pint contains the energising carbohydrates of 10 ounces [280Â mL] of pure dairy milk\".", "Guinness Brewery The company merged with Grand Metropolitan in 1997 to form Diageo plc, capitalised in 2006 at about 40Â billion euros.[11] Although not officially fully taken over, the Guinness family still owns 51 percent of the brewery. The Guinness brewery in Park Royal, London closed in 2005. The production of all Guinness sold in the UK and Ireland was switched to St. James's Gate Brewery Dublin.[12]", "Guinness In the 1980s, as the IRA's bombing campaign spread to London and the rest of Britain, Guinness considered scrapping the harp as its logo.[19]", "Guinness Withdrawn Guinness variants include Guinness's Brite Lager, Guinness's Brite Ale, Guinness Light, Guinness XXX Extra Strong Stout, Guinness Cream Stout, Guinness Gold, Guinness Pilsner, Guinness BreÃ³ (a slightly citrusy wheat beer), Guinness Shandy, and Guinness Special Light.[66]", "Guinness The following day, the Irish Daily Mail ran a follow-up story with a double page spread complete with images and a history of the plant since 1759. Initially, Diageo said that talk of a move was pure speculation but in the face of mounting speculation in the wake of the Sunday Independent article, the company confirmed that it is undertaking a \"significant review of its operations\". This review is largely due to the efforts of the company's ongoing drive to reduce the environmental impact of brewing at the St James's Gate plant.[28]", "Alcohol advertising Guinness' iconic stature can be attributed in part to its advertising campaigns. One of the most notable and recognizable series of adverts was created by S.H. Benson's advertising, primarily John Gilroy, in the 1930s and 1940s. Gilroy was responsible for creating posters which included such phrases such as \"Guinness for Strength\", \"It's a Lovely Day for a Guinness\", and most famously, \"Guinness is Good For You\". The posters featured Gilroy's distinctive artwork and more often than not featured animals such as a kangaroo, ostrich, seal, lion, and notably a toucan, which has become as much a symbol of Guinness as the Trinity College Harp. Guinness advertising paraphernalia attracts high prices on the collectible market.[citation needed]", "Guinness The Guinness harp motif is modelled on the Trinity College Harp. It was adopted in 1862 by the incumbent proprietor, Benjamin Lee Guinness. Harps have been a symbol of Ireland at least since the reign of Henry VIII. Guinness registered their harp as a trademark shortly after the passing of the Trade Marks Registration Act of 1875. It faces right instead of left, and so can be distinguished from the Irish coat of arms.[92]", "Guinness In 2014, Guinness released Guinness Blonde, a lager brewed in Latrobe, Pennsylvania using a combination of Guinness yeast and American ingredients.[71] The Guinness Brewers Project also released two craft beers, Dublin Porter and West Indies Porter.[21]", "Beer Beer is one of the oldest[1][2][3] and most widely consumed[4] alcoholic drinks in the world, and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea.[5] Beer is brewed from cereal grainsâ€”most commonly from malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), and rice are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer.[6] Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilizing agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. In commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation.[7]", "Guinness Guinness' iconic stature is partly due to its advertising.[citation needed] The most notable and recognisable series of advertisements was created by S.H. Benson's advertising, primarily drawn by the artist John Gilroy, in the 1930s and 1940s. Benson created posters that included phrases such as \"Guinness for Strength\", \"Lovely Day for a Guinness\", \"Guinness Makes You Strong\", \"My Goodness My Guinness\" (or, alternatively, \"My Goodness, My Christmas, It's Guinness!\"), and most famously, \"Guinness is Good For You\". The posters featured Gilroy's distinctive artwork and more often than not featured animals such as a kangaroo, ostrich, seal, lion and notably a toucan, which has become as much a symbol of Guinness as the harp. (An advertisement from the 1940s ran with the following jingle: \"Toucans in their nests agree/Guinness is good for you/Try some today and see/What one or toucan do.\") Dorothy L. Sayers and Bobby Bevan copywriters at Benson's also worked on the campaign; a biography of Sayers notes that she created a sketch of the toucan and wrote several of the adverts in question. Guinness advertising paraphernalia, notably the pastiche booklets illustrated by Ronald Ferns, attract high prices on the collectible market.[94][pageÂ needed]", "Keg Another type of mini keg is the \"beer ball\" or the \"party ball\", a disposable plastic ball that usually holds around 5.2 US gallons (20 l), roughly the equivalent of 55 twelve-ounce beers, though they can also be found in a smaller 3.8-US-gallon (14 l) size. Like kegs, it is necessary to tap the ball before the beer inside can be served.", "Guinness By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000 employees.[16] By 1907 the welfare schemes were costing the brewery Â£40,000 a year, which was one-fifth of the total wages bill.[16] The improvements were suggested and supervised by Sir John Lumsden. By 1914, Guinness was producing 2,652,000 barrels of beer a year, which was more than double that of its nearest competitor Bass, and was supplying more than 10 percent of the total UK beer market.[16] In the 1930s, Guinness became the seventh largest company in the world.[18][unreliable source?] Before 1939, if a Guinness brewer wished to marry a Catholic, his resignation was requested.[18] According to Thomas Molloy, writing in the Irish Independent, \"It had no qualms about selling drink to Catholics but it did everything it could to avoid employing them until the 1960s.\"[19]", "Guinness The 1994â€“1995 Anticipation campaign, featuring actor Joe McKinney dancing to \"Guaglione\" by Perez Prado while his pint settled, became a legend in Ireland and put the song to number one in the charts for several weeks. The advertisement was also popular in the UK where the song reached number two.[citation needed]", "Guinness The beer is brewed under licence internationally in several countries, including Nigeria,[115][116] the Bahamas, Canada,[117] Cameroon, Kenya, Uganda, South Korea, Namibia, and Indonesia.[118] The unfermented but hopped Guinness wort extract is shipped from Dublin and blended with beer brewed locally.[citation needed]", "Guinness Already one of the top-three British and Irish brewers, Guinness's sales soared from 350,000 barrels in 1868 to 779,000 barrels in 1876.[16] In October 1886 Guinness became a public company, and was averaging sales of 1,138,000 barrels a year. This was despite the brewery's refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount.[16] Even though Guinness owned no public houses, the company was valued at Â£6 million and shares were twenty times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 percent premium on the first day of trading.[16]", "Widget (beer) When the can is opened, the pressure in the can quickly drops, causing the pressurised gas and beer inside the widget to jet out from the hole. This agitation on the surrounding beer causes a chain reaction of bubble formation throughout the beer. The result, when the can is then poured out, is a surging mixture in the glass of very small gas bubbles and liquid.", "Beer During fermentation most of the carbon dioxide is allowed to escape through a trap and the beer is left with carbonation of only about one atmosphere of pressure. The carbonation is often increased either by transferring the beer to a pressure vessel such as a keg and introducing pressurized carbon dioxide, or by transferring it before the fermentation is finished so that carbon dioxide pressure builds up inside the container as the fermentation finishes. Sometimes the beer is put unfiltered (so it still contains yeast) into bottles with some added sugar, which then produces the desired amount of carbon dioxide inside the bottle.[7]", "Guinness Brewery St. James's Gate in Dublin was traditionally a main starting point for Irish pilgrims to begin their journey on the Camino de Santiago (Way of St. James). The pilgrims' passports were stamped here before setting sail, usually for A Coruña, north of Santiago. It is still possible for Irish pilgrims to get these traditional documents stamped both at Guinness Storehouse and St James' Church, and many do, while on their way to Santiago de Compostela.[32]", "Guinness Their UK commercial \"noitulovE\", first broadcast in October 2005, was the most-awarded commercial worldwide in 2006.[104] In it, three men drink a pint of Guinness, then begin to both walk and evolve backward. Their \"reverse evolution\" passes through an ancient Homo sapiens, a monkey, a flying lemur, a pangolin, an ichthyosaur, and a velociraptor, until finally settling on a mud skipper drinking dirty water, which then expresses its disgust at the taste of the stuff, followed by the line: \"Good Things Come To Those Who Wait\". This was later modified to have a different endings to advertise Guinness Extra Cold, often shown as \"break bumpers\" at the beginning and end of commercial breaks. The second endings show either the Homo sapiens being suddenly frozen in a block of ice, the ichthyasaurs being frozen while swimming, or the pool of muddy water freezing over as the mud skipper takes a sip, freezing his tongue to the surface.[citation needed]", "Beer Water is the main ingredient of beer, accounting for 93% of its weight.[52] Though water itself is, ideally, flavorless, its level of dissolved minerals, specifically, bicarbonate ion, does influence beer's finished taste.[53] Due to the mineral properties of each region's water, specific areas were originally the sole producers of certain types of beer, each identifiable by regional characteristics.[54] Regional geology accords that Dublin's hard water is well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness, while the Plzeň Region's soft water is ideal for brewing Pilsner (pale lager), such as Pilsner Urquell.[54] The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum, which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation.[55]", "Guinness Brewery The exhibition takes place over seven floors, in the shape of a 14 million pint glass of Guinness. The final floor is the Gravity Bar, which has an almost 360° panorama over the city, where visitors can claim a free pint of \"the black stuff\"." ]	[ "Widget (beer) A widget is a device placed in a container of beer to manage the characteristics of the beer's head. The original widget was patented in Ireland by Guinness. The \"floating widget\" is found in cans of beer as a hollow plastic sphere, approximately 3 cm in diameter (similar in appearance to table tennis ball, but smaller) with at least one small hole and a seam. The \"rocket widget\" is found in bottles, 7 cm in length with the small hole at the bottom.[1]" ]
test2815	in 1945 which party came into power in england	[ "doc96653" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc96650", "doc96651", "doc96653", "doc96671", "doc864024", "doc33239", "doc96658", "doc1695455", "doc466599", "doc1945912", "doc96672", "doc864019", "doc466602", "doc96654", "doc96657", "doc778010", "doc1243479", "doc96660", "doc795259", "doc1945962", "doc96677", "doc96659", "doc864031", "doc1945913", "doc2356745", "doc1059861", "doc1695399", "doc523778", "doc1945959", "doc96675", "doc96662", "doc466600", "doc451130", "doc379410", "doc1945914", "doc1251786", "doc96652", "doc523783", "doc1570293", "doc523780", "doc1695457", "doc122294", "doc96663", "doc96673", "doc723828", "doc717453", "doc864028", "doc1318649", "doc523771", "doc523782", "doc717528", "doc96667", "doc2338616", "doc864032", "doc96655", "doc466597", "doc864027", "doc466563", "doc33241", "doc96674", "doc1720108", "doc1251787", "doc1695460", "doc1695357", "doc536655", "doc864110", "doc1946031", "doc1945960", "doc96666", "doc523781", "doc864020", "doc183540", "doc1180680", "doc1695456", "doc864038", "doc864021", "doc96664", "doc2486065", "doc1720109", "doc864079", "doc1945956", "doc717534", "doc523770", "doc96670", "doc1318650", "doc1945961", "doc864026", "doc1570294", "doc1946003", "doc1946038", "doc864076", "doc864064", "doc1946022", "doc1945964", "doc466595", "doc96676", "doc1945915", "doc1946024", "doc1695426", "doc1695425" ]	[ "United Kingdom general election, 1945 Winston Churchill\nConservative", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 Clement Attlee\nLabour", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 The result was an unexpected landslide victory for Clement Attlee's Labour Party, over Winston Churchill's Conservatives.[2] It was the first time the Conservatives had lost the popular vote since the 1906 election; they would not win it again until 1955. Labour won its first majority government, and a mandate to implement its postwar reforms. The 12.0% national swing from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party remains the largest ever achieved in a British general election.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 With the Second World War coming to an end in Europe, the Labour Party decided to pull out of the wartime national coalition government, precipitating an election which took place in July 1945. King George VI dissolved Parliament, which had been sitting for ten years without an election. What followed was perhaps one of the greatest swings of public confidence of the twentieth century. In May 1945, the month in which the war in Europe ended, Churchill's approval ratings stood at 83%, although the Labour Party held an 18% lead as of February 1945.[10] Labour won overwhelming support while 'Churchill... was both surprised and stunned' by the crushing defeat suffered by the Conservatives.", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) After the Second World War, the landslide 1945 election returned the Labour Party to power and Clement Attlee became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.[3] The party quickly nationalised critical sectors of the economy, especially declining industries. The Bank of England was nationalised along with railways (see Transport Act 1947), coal mining, public utilities and heavy industry. The most controversial case was the takeover of the highly profitable[citation needed] iron and steel industry, which was opposed and finally reversed by the Conservatives.[4]", "Aftermath of World War II In spring 1945, the Labour Party withdrew from the wartime coalition government, in an effort to oust Winston Churchill, forcing a general election. Following a landslide victory, Labour held more than 60% of the seats in the House of Commons and formed a new government on 26 July 1945 under Clement Attlee.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 The result of the election came as a major shock to the Conservatives,[3] given the heroic status of Winston Churchill, but reflected the voters' belief that the Labour Party were better able to rebuild the country following the war than the Conservatives.[4] Ralph Ingersoll reported in late 1940 that, \"Everywhere I went in London people admired [Churchill's] energy, his courage, his singleness of purpose. People said they didn't know what Britain would do without him. He was obviously respected. But no one felt he would be Prime Minister after the war. He was simply the right man in the right job at the right time. The time being the time of a desperate war with Britain's enemies\".[5] Henry Pelling, noting that polls showed a steady Labour lead after 1942, explained the long-term forces that caused the Labour landslide. He pointed to the usual swing against the party in power; the Conservative loss of initiative; wide fears of a return to the high unemployment of the 1930s; the theme that socialist planning would be more efficient in operating the economy; and the mistaken belief that Churchill would continue as prime minister regardless of the result.[6]", "History of the Labour Party (UK) With the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Labour resolved not to repeat the Liberals' error of 1918, and withdrew from the government to contest the 1945 general election (5 July) in opposition to Churchill's Conservatives. Surprising many observers, Labour won a landslide victory, winning just under 50% of the vote with a majority of 145 seats. The exact reasons for the victory are still debated. During the war, public opinion surveys showed public opinion moving to the left and in favour of radical social reform.[34] There was little public appetite for a return to the poverty and mass unemployment of the inter-war years which had become associated with the Conservatives.", "Labour Party (UK) At the end of the war in Europe, in May 1945, Labour resolved not to repeat the Liberals' error of 1918, and promptly withdrew from government, on trade union insistence, to contest the 1945 general election in opposition to Churchill's Conservatives. Surprising many observers,[39] Labour won a formidable victory, winning just under 50% of the vote with a majority of 159 seats.[40]", "Clement Attlee Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC, FRS[1] (3 January 1883 â€“ 8 October 1967) was a British statesman of the Labour Party who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. In 1940, Attlee took Labour into the wartime coalition government and served under Winston Churchill, becoming the first person to hold the office of Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He went on to lead the Labour Party to an unexpected landslide victory at the 1945 general election; forming the first Labour majority government, and a mandate to implement its postwar reforms. The 12.0% national swing from the Conservatives to Labour was unprecedented at that time and remains the largest ever achieved by any party at a general election in British electoral history. He was re-elected with a narrow majority at the 1950 general election. In the following year, Attlee called a snap general election, hoping to increase his parliamentary majority. However, he was narrowly defeated by the Conservatives under the leadership of Winston Churchill, despite winning the most votes of any political party in any general election in British political history until the Conservative Party's fourth consecutive victory in 1992. Attlee remains the longest-ever serving Leader of the Labour Party.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 The greatest factor in Labour's dramatic win appeared to be the policy of social reform. In one opinion poll, 41% of respondents considered housing to be the most important issue that faced the country, 15% stated the Labour policy of full employment, 7% mentioned social security, 6% nationalisation and just 5% international security, which was emphasised by the Conservatives. The Beveridge Report, published in 1942, proposed the creation of a welfare state. It called for a dramatic turn in British social policy, with provision for nationalised healthcare, expansion of state-funded education, National Insurance and a new housing policy. The report was extremely popular, and copies of its findings were widely purchased, turning it into a best-seller. The Labour Party adopted the report eagerly.[3] The Conservatives accepted many of the principles of the report (Churchill did not regard the reforms as socialist), but claimed that they were not affordable.[11] Labour offered a new comprehensive welfare policy, reflecting a consensus that social changes were needed.[4] The Conservatives were not willing to make the same concessions that Labour proposed, and hence appeared out of step with public opinion.", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) When Britain emerged victorious from the Second World War, the Labour Party under Clement Attlee came to power and created a comprehensive welfare state, with the establishment of the National Health Service giving free healthcare to all British citizens, and other reforms to benefits. The Bank of England, railways, heavy industry, and coal mining were all nationalised. The most controversial issue was nationalisation of steel, which was profitable unlike the others. Economic recovery was slow, housing was in short supply, bread was rationed along with many necessities in short supply. It was an \"age of austerity\". American loans and Marshall Plan grants kept the economy afloat. India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon gained independence. Britain was a strong anti-Soviet factor in the Cold War and helped found NATO in 1949.", "Labour Party (UK) In the 1951 general election, Labour narrowly lost to Churchill's Conservatives, despite receiving the larger share of the popular vote – its highest ever vote numerically. Most of the changes introduced by the 1945–51 Labour government were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the \"post-war consensus\" that lasted until the late 1970s. Food and clothing rationing, however, still in place since the war, were swiftly relaxed, then abandoned from about 1953.[47]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 Held less than two months after VE Day, it was the first general election since 1935, as general elections had been suspended during the Second World War. Clement Attlee, Leader of the Labour Party, refused Winston Churchill's offer of continuing the wartime coalition until the Allied defeat of Japan. Parliament was dissolved on 15 June.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 The caretaker government led by Churchill was heavily defeated; the Labour Party under Attlee's leadership won a landslide victory, gaining a majority of 145 seats.", "Economic history of the United Kingdom In the 1945 general election, just after the end of the war in Europe, the Labour Party led by Clement Attlee was elected with a landslide majority (its first ever outright majority), introducing sweeping reforms of the British economy. Taxes were increased, industries were nationalised, and a welfare state with national health, pensions, and social security was created.[151] Most rations were lifted during 1950, with a few of them remaining until 1954.", "Potsdam Conference Secondly, Britain had a new Prime Minister. Before VE Day, Conservative Party leader Winston Churchill had served as Prime Minister in a coalition government; his Soviet policy since the early 1940s had differed considerably from former US President Roosevelt's, with Churchill believing Stalin to be a \"devil\"-like tyrant leading a vile system.[7] A general election was held in the UK on 5 July, the results of which became known during the conference: with a Labour Party majority, Labour leader Clement Attlee became the new Prime Minister.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 This was the first election in which Labour gained a majority of seats, and also the first time it won a plurality of votes. The election was a disaster for the Liberal Party; it lost all its urban seats, while its leader Archibald Sinclair lost his rural seat of Caithness and Sutherland. According to Baines, the defeat marked its transition from being a party of government to a party of the political fringe.[8] The Liberal National party fared even worse, losing two-thirds of its seats and falling behind the Liberals in seat count for the first time since the parties split in 1931. This was the final election that the Liberal Nationals fought as an autonomous party, as they merged with the Conservative Party two years later, continuing to exist as a subsidiary party of the Conservatives until 1968.", "Social democracy After the 1945 British election, a Labour government was formed by Clement Attlee (later known as Earl Attlee). Attlee immediately began a program of major nationalizations of the economy.[110] From 1945 to 1951, the Labour government nationalized the Bank of England, civil aviation, cable and wireless, coal, transport, electricity, gas and iron and steel.[110] This policy of major nationalizations gained support from the left faction within the Labour Party that saw the nationalizations as achieving the transformation of Britain from a capitalist to socialist economy.[110] However, the Labour government's nationalizations were staunchly condemned by the opposition Conservative Party.[110] The Conservatives defended private enterprise and accused the Labour government of intending to create a Soviet-style centrally planned socialist state.[110] However, accusation by the Conservatives of the nationalizations being inspired by Soviet-style central planning was not the case, as the Labour government's three Chancellors of the Exchequer, Hugh Dalton, Stafford Cripps and Hugh Gaitskell, all opposed Soviet-style central planning.[110] Initially there were strong direct controls by the state in the economy that had already been implemented by the British government during World War II, but after the war these controls gradually loosened under the Labour government and were eventually phased out and replaced by Keynesian demand management.[110] In spite of opposition by the Conservatives to the nationalizations, all of the nationalizations except for the nationalization of coal and iron soon became accepted in a national consensus on the economy that lasted until the Thatcher era when the national consensus turned towards support of privatization.[110] The Labour Party lost the 1951 election and a Conservative government was formed.", "Clement Attlee When the results of the election were announced on 26 July, they came as a surprise to most, including Attlee himself. Labour had won power by a huge landslide, winning 47.7% of the vote to the Conservatives' 36%.[63] This gave them 393 seats in the House of Commons, a working majority of 146. This was the first time in history that the Labour Party had won a majority in Parliament.[64] When Attlee went to see King George VI at Buckingham Palace to be appointed Prime Minister, the notoriously laconic Attlee and the famously tongue-tied King stood in silence; Attlee finally volunteered the remark, \"I've won the election.\" The King replied \"I know. I heard it on the Six O'Clock News.\"[65]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 The differing strategies of the two parties during wartime also gave Labour an advantage. Labour continued to attack pre-war Conservative governments for their inactivity in tackling Hitler, reviving the economy, and re-arming Britain,[14] while Churchill was less interested in furthering his party, much to the chagrin of many of its members and MPs.[10]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 Though voters respected and liked Churchill's wartime record, they were more distrustful of the Conservative Party's domestic and foreign policy record in the late 1930s. Labour had also been given, during the war, the opportunity to display to the electorate their domestic competence in government, under men such as Attlee as Deputy Prime Minister, Herbert Morrison at the Home Office and Ernest Bevin at the Ministry of Labour.[citation needed] Churchill and the Conservatives are also generally considered to have run a poor campaign in comparison to Labour; Churchill's statement that Attlee's programme would require \"some form of a Gestapo\" to implement is considered to have been particularly poorly judged.[7]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) By 1950, the Korean War caused a new heavy drain on the Treasury for military expenses. This caused the bitter split inside the Labour party. The Conservatives made austerity a major issue in the general election of 1950.[25] Labour lost most of its large majority. The swing was 3.6% against it and it lost 78 seats, leaving Attlee with a slim majority in the House.[26] However, a year later Labour lost the general election of 1951 despite polling more votes than in the 1945 election, and indeed more votes than the Conservative Party.[27][28]", "Clement Attlee First elected to the House of Commons in 1922 as the MP for Limehouse, Attlee rose quickly to become a junior minister in the first Labour minority government led by Ramsay MacDonald in 1924, and then joined the Cabinet during MacDonald's second ministry of 1929-31. One of only a handful of Labour frontbenchers to retain his seat in the landslide defeat of 1931, he became the party's Deputy Leader. After the resignation of George Lansbury in 1935, he was elected as Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition in the subsequent leadership election. At first advocating pacificism and opposing rearmament, he later reversed his position; by 1938, he became a strong critic of Neville Chamberlain's attempts to appease Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. He took Labour into the Churchill war ministry in 1940. Initially serving as Lord Privy Seal, he was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister in 1942. Attlee and Churchill worked together very smoothly, with Attlee working backstage to handle much of the detail and organisational work in Parliament, as Churchill took centre stage with his attention on diplomacy, military policy, and broader issues. With victory in Europe in May 1945, the coalition government was dissolved. Attlee led Labour to win a huge majority in the ensuing 1945 general election two months later.", "Great Depression in the United Kingdom Following the end of the Second World War, the majority of the British people, and particularly the working class and returning servicemen and women, did not want a return to pre-war Conservative economic policies, which they blamed for the hardship of the 1930s, and there was a mood for widespread social change. At the 1945 general election, to the surprise of many observers, Winston Churchill was defeated by the Labour Party headed by Clement Attlee.", "Socialism In 1945, the British Labour Party led by Clement Attlee was elected to office based on a radical socialist programme. The Labour government nationalised major public utilities such as mines, gas, coal, electricity, rail, iron, steel and the Bank of England. British Petroleum was officially nationalised in 1951.[142] Anthony Crosland said that in 1956 25% of British industry was nationalised and that public employees, including those in nationalised industries, constituted a similar proportion of the country's total employed population.[143] The Labour Governments of 1964–1970 and 1974–1979 intervened further.[144] It re-nationalised steel (1967, British Steel) after the Conservatives had denationalised it and nationalised car production (1976, British Leyland).[145] The National Health Service provided taxpayer-funded health care to everyone, free at the point of service.[146] Working-class housing was provided in council housing estates and university education became available via a school grant system.[147]", "History of the Labour Party (UK) There was little innovation in party thinking on economic issues. \"Planning\" and \"nationalisation\" remained little more than slogans that Hugh Dalton, the chief economic spokesman, promised would create a new Jerusalem that left economic harsship behind. Party leader Attlee avoided economics. By contrast, the small surviving Liberal party had elaborate analyses and proposals thanks to its experts such as John Maynard Keynes and William Beveridge. When Labour came to power in 1945, it discovered there were no plans on how to conduct nationalisation. No preparation had been made for the shortages in coal that experts had warned was coming. Attlee and his fellow leaders based their postwar policies on wartime experiences.[44][45]", "Conservative Party (UK) In 1922, Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin led the break-up of the coalition and the Conservatives governed until 1923, when a minority Labour government led by Ramsay MacDonald came to power. The Conservatives regained power in 1924 and remained in power for the full five-year term. They were defeated in 1929 as a minority Labour government, again led by MacDonald; took office. In 1931, following the collapse of the Labour minority government, it entered another coalition, which was dominated by the Conservatives with some support from factions of both the Liberal and Labour Parties (National Labour and National Liberals).[24] In May 1940, a more balanced coalition was formed,[24] the National Government, which, under the leadership of Winston Churchill, saw the United Kingdom through World War II. However, the party lost the 1945 general election in a landslide to the resurgent Labour Party, who won their first ever majority government.", "Clement Attlee Following the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of the War in Europe in May 1945, Attlee and Churchill favoured the coalition government remaining in place until Japan had been defeated. However, Herbert Morrison made it clear that the Labour Party would not be willing to accept this, and Churchill was forced to tender his resignation as Prime Minister and call an immediate election.[24]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 Another blow to the Conservative campaign was the memory of the 1930s policy of appeasement, which had been conducted by Churchill's Conservative predecessors, Neville Chamberlain and Stanley Baldwin, and was at this stage widely discredited for allowing Adolf Hitler's Germany to become too powerful.[4] Labour had strongly advocated appeasement until 1938. The inter-war period had been dominated by Conservatives. With the exception of two brief minority Labour governments in 1924 and 1929–1931, the Conservatives had been in power for its entirety. As a result, the Conservatives were generally blamed for the era's mistakes, not merely for appeasement but for the inflation and unemployment of the Great Depression.[4] Many voters felt that while the war of 1914–1918 had been won, the peace that followed had been lost. Labour played to the concept of \"winning the peace\" that would follow the Second World War.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 Total votes cast: 24,073,025. Turnout 72.8%.[9] All parties shown. Conservative total includes Ulster Unionists. The 8 seats won by National Labour in 1935 were not defended.", "Labour Party (UK) Although Clement Attlee was no great radical himself,[41] Attlee's government proved one of the most radical British governments of the 20th century, enacting Keynesian economic policies, presiding over a policy of nationalising major industries and utilities including the Bank of England, coal mining, the steel industry, electricity, gas, and inland transport (including railways, road haulage and canals). It developed and implemented the \"cradle to grave\" welfare state conceived by the economist William Beveridge.[42][43][44] To this day, most people in the United Kingdom see the 1948 creation of Britain's National Health Service (NHS) under health minister Aneurin Bevan, which gave publicly funded medical treatment for all, as Labour's proudest achievement.[45] Attlee's government also began the process of dismantling the British Empire when it granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1947, followed by Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) the following year. At a secret meeting in January 1947, Attlee and six cabinet ministers, including Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, decided to proceed with the development of Britain's nuclear weapons programme,[32] in opposition to the pacifist and anti-nuclear stances of a large element inside the Labour Party.", "Conservatism After a period of Liberal dominance before the First World War, the Conservatives gradually became more influential in government, regaining full control of the cabinet in 1922. In the interwar period conservatism was the major ideology in Britain,[67][68][69] as the Liberal Party vied with the Labour Party for control of the left. After the Second World War, the first Labour government (1945â€“1951) under Clement Attlee embarked on a program of nationalization of industry and the promotion of social welfare. The Conservatives generally accepted those policies until the 1980s. In the 1980s the Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher, guided by neoliberal economics, reversed many of Labour's programmes.[70]", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom When the general election of 2010 produced a hung parliament, the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties agreed to form the Cameron–Clegg coalition, the first coalition in seventy years. The previous coalition in the UK before 2010 was led by Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill during most of the Second World War, from May 1940 to May 1945. Clement Attlee, the leader of the Labour Party, served as deputy Prime Minister.[33] After the general election of 2015, the nation returned to one party government after the Tories won an outright majority.", "Clement Attlee The government he led built the post-war consensus, based upon the assumption that full employment would be maintained by Keynesian policies and that a greatly enlarged system of social services would be created â€“ aspirations that had been outlined in the 1942 Beveridge Report. Within this context, his government undertook the nationalisation of public utilities and major industries, as well as the creation of the National Health Service. Attlee himself had little interest in economic matters but this settlement was broadly accepted by all parties for three decades. Foreign policy was the special domain of Ernest Bevin, but Attlee took special interest in India. He supervised the process by which India was partitioned into India and Pakistan in 1947. He also arranged the independence of Burma (Myanmar), and Ceylon (Sri Lanka). His government ended the British Mandates of Palestine and Jordan. From 1947 onwards, himself and Bevin pushed the United States to take a more vigorous role in the emerging Cold War against Soviet Communism. When the budgetary crisis forced Britain out of Greece in 1947, he called on Washington to counter the Communists with the Truman Doctrine. He avidly supported the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe with American money. In 1949, he promoted the NATO military alliance against the Soviet bloc. He sent British troops to fight in the Malayan Emergency in 1948 and sent the RAF to participate in the Berlin Airlift. He commissioned an independent nuclear deterrent for the UK. He used 13,000 troops and passed special legislation to promptly end the London dock strike in 1949. After leading Labour to a narrow victory at the 1950 general election, he sent British troops to fight in the Korean War. Attlee was narrowly defeated by the Conservatives under Churchill in the 1951 general election. He continued as Labour leader but had lost his effectiveness by then. He retired after losing the 1955 general election and was elevated to the House of Lords.", "History of the United Kingdom The end of the war saw a landslide victory for Clement Attlee and the Labour Party. They were elected on a manifesto of greater social justice with left wing policies such as the creation of a National Health Service, an expansion of the provision of council housing and nationalisation of the major industries. Britain faced severe financial crises, and responded by reducing her international responsibilities and by sharing the hardships of an \"age of austerity.\"[177] Large loans from the United States and Marshall Plan grants helped rebuild and modernize its infrastructure and business practices. Rationing and conscription dragged on into the post war years, and the country suffered one of the worst winters on record.[178] Nevertheless, morale was boosted by events such as the marriage of Princess Elizabeth in 1947 and the Festival of Britain.[179]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 The 1945 United Kingdom general election was held on 5 July 1945, with polls in some constituencies delayed until 12 July and in Nelson and Colne until 19 July, because of local wakes weeks.[1] The results were counted and declared on 26 July, to allow time to transport the votes of those serving overseas.", "Conservative Party (UK) With a narrow victory at the 1951 general election, despite losing the popular vote, Churchill was back in power. Although he was ageing rapidly, he had national and global prestige. Apart from rationing, which was ended in 1954, most of the welfare state enacted by Labour were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the \"post-war consensus\" that would later be satirised as Butskellism, and which lasted until the 1970s.[30][31] The Conservatives were conciliatory towards unions, but they did privatise the steel and road haulage industries in 1953.[32] During the Conservativesâ€™ thirteen-year tenure in office, pensions went up by 49% in real terms, sickness and unemployment benefits by 76% in real terms, and supplementary benefits by 46% in real terms. However, family allowances fell by 15% in real terms during that period.[33]", "Social history of England The Labour Party victory in 1945 represented pent-up frustrations. The strong sense that all Britons had joined in a \"People's War\" and all deserved a reward animated voters. But the Treasury was near bankruptcy and Labour's nationalization programs were expensive. Prewar levels of prosperity did not return until the 1950s. It was called the Age of Austerity.[70] The most important reform was the founding of the National Health Service on July 5, 1948. It promised to give cradle to grave care for everyone in the country, regardless of income.[71]", "Conservative Party (UK) While serving in Opposition during the late-1940s, the Conservative Party exploited and incited growing public anger at food rationing, scarcity, controls, austerity, and omnipresent government bureaucracy. It used the dissatisfaction with the socialist and egalitarian policies of the Labour Party to rally middle-class supporters and build a political comeback that won them the 1951 general election. Their appeal was especially effective to housewives, who faced more difficult shopping conditions after the war than during the war.[26]", "History of the Labour Party (UK) Attlee's government proved itself to be one of the most radical British governments of the 20th century, implementing the economic theories of Liberal economist John Maynard Keynes, presiding over a policy of nationalising major industries and utilities including the Bank of England, coal mining, the steel industry, electricity, gas, telephones and inland transport including railways, road haulage and canals. It developed and implemented the \"cradle to grave\" welfare state conceived by the Liberal economist William Beveridge. To this day the party considers the 1948 creation of Britain's publicly funded National Health Service under health minister Aneurin Bevan its proudest achievement.[77] Attlee's government also began the process of dismantling the British Empire when it granted independence to India and Pakistan in 1947, followed by Burma (Myanmar) and Ceylon (Sri Lanka) the following year. At a secret meeting in January 1947, Attlee and six cabinet ministers, including Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin, decided to proceed with the development of Britain's nuclear weapons programme,[34] in opposition to the pacifist and anti-nuclear stances of a large element inside the Labour Party.", "History of Western civilization The popular war time leader Winston Churchill was swept from office at the 1945 election and the Labour Government of Clement Attlee introduced a program of nationalisation of industry and introduced wide-ranging social welfare. Britain's finances had been ravaged by the war and John Maynard Keynes was sent to Washington to negotiate the massive Anglo-American loan on which Britain relied to fund its post-war reconstruction.[49]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 1seat had been won by National Labour in a by-election", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 As Churchill's personal popularity remained high, the Conservatives were confident of victory and based much of their election campaign on this, rather than proposing new programmes. However, people distinguished between Churchill and his partyâ€”a contrast which Labour repeatedly emphasised throughout the campaign. Voters also harboured doubts over Churchill's ability to lead the country on the domestic front.[4]", "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother In the 1945 British general election, Churchill's Conservative party was soundly defeated by the Labour party of Clement Attlee. Elizabeth's political views were rarely disclosed,[79] but a letter she wrote in 1947 described Attlee's \"high hopes of a socialist heaven on earth\" as fading and presumably describes those who voted for him as \"poor people, so many half-educated and bemused. I do love them.\"[80] Woodrow Wyatt thought her \"much more pro-Conservative\" than other members of the royal family,[81] but she later told him, \"I like the dear old Labour Party.\"[82] She also told the Duchess of Grafton, \"I love communists\".[83]", "Politics of the United Kingdom The UK political system is a multi-party system. Since the 1920s, the two largest political participation have been the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics, the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. While coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party such as the Liberal Democrats to deliver a working majority in Parliament. A Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government held office from 2010 until 2015, the first coalition since 1945.[1] The coalition ended following Parliamentary elections on 7 May 2015, in which the Conservative Party won an outright majority of 330 seats in the House of Commons, while their coalition partners lost all but eight seats.[2]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) For decades the Conservatives were split on India between die-hard imperialists (led by Churchill) and moderate elements who tried to provide limited local control.[10] Meanwhile, the small Labour minority in Parliament was sympathetic to the Congress movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharial Nehru.[11] Decolonisation was never a major election issue; Labour was not officially in favour of decolonisation when it was elected in 1945. With violence escalating in India after the war, but with British financial power at a low ebb, large-scale military involvement was impossible. The Viceroy of India warned he needed a further seven army divisions to prevent communal violence if independence negotiations failed. None were available, so political restructuring was accelerated.[12] The Labour government gave independence to India and Pakistan in an unexpectedly quick move in 1947. Historian and Conservative party sympathiser Andrew Roberts says the independence of India was a \"national humiliation\" but it was necessitated by urgent financial, administrative, strategic and political needs.[13] Whereas Churchill in 1940-45 had tightened the hold on India and imprisoned the Congress leadership, Labour had looked forward to making it a fully independent dominion like Canada or Australia. Many of the Congress leaders in India had studied in England, and were highly regarded as fellow idealistic socialists by Labour leaders. Attlee was the Labour expert on India and took special charge of decolonization.[14] Attlee found that Churchill's viceroy, Field Marshal Wavell, was too imperialistic, too keen on military solutions (he wanted seven more Army divisions) and too neglectful of Indian political alignments.[15] The new Viceroy was Lord Mountbatten, the dashing war hero and a cousin of the King.[16] The boundary between the newly created states of Pakistan and India involved the widespread resettlement of millions of Muslims and Hindus (and many Sikhs). Extreme violence ensued when Punjab and Bengal provinces were split. Historian Yasmin Khan estimates that between a half-million and a million men, women and children were killed.[17][18] Gandhi himself was assassinated by a Hindu activist in January 1948.[19]", "English society The Labour Party victory in 1945 represented pent-up frustrations. The strong sense that all Britons had joined in a \"People's War\" and all deserved a reward animated voters. But the Treasury was near bankruptcy and Labour's nationalization programs were expensive. Prewar levels of prosperity did not return until the 1950s. It was called the Age of Austerity.[70] The most important reform was the founding of the National Health Service on July 5, 1948. It promised to give cradle to grave care for everyone in the country, regardless of income.[71]", "Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party–giving rise to the Conservatives' colloquial name of Tories–and was one of two dominant political parties in the nineteenth century, along with the Liberal Party. During the 1890s, it formed a coalition government with the Liberal Unionist Party, a break-away faction of the Liberal Party. In 1912, the two parties merged to form the current Conservative and Unionist Party. In the 1920s, the Liberal vote greatly diminished and the Labour Party became the Conservatives' main rivals. Conservative Prime Ministers led governments for 57 years of the twentieth century, including Winston Churchill (1940–45, 1951–55) and Margaret Thatcher (1979–90). Thatcher's tenure led to wide-ranging economic liberalisation. The Conservative Party's domination of British politics throughout the twentieth century has led to them being referred to as one of the most successful political parties in the Western world.[14][15]", "Conservative Party (UK) The success of the Conservative Party in reorganising itself was validated by its victory at the 1951 general election. Winston Churchill, the party leader, brought in a Party Chairman to modernise the creaking institution. Lord Woolton was a successful department store owner and wartime Minister of Food. As Party Chairman 1946â€“55, he rebuilt the local organisations with an emphasis on membership, money, and a unified national propaganda appeal on critical issues. To broaden the base of potential candidates, the national party provided financial aid to candidates, and assisted the local organisations in raising local money. Lord Woolton emphasised a rhetoric that characterised the opponents as \"Socialist\" rather than \"Labour\". The libertarian influence of Professor Friedrich Hayek's 1944 best-seller Road to Serfdom was apparent in the younger generation, but that took another quarter century to have a policy impact. By 1951, Labour had worn out its welcome in the middle classes; its factions were bitterly embroiled. Conservatives were ready to govern again.[29]", "Politics of the United Kingdom Following two brief spells in minority governments in 1924 and 1929â€“1931, the Labour Party had its first true victory after World War II in the 1945 \"khaki election\". Throughout the rest of the twentieth century, Labour governments alternated with Conservative governments. The Labour Party suffered the \"wilderness years\" of 1951-1964 (three straight general election defeats) and 1979-1997 (four straight general election defeats).", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 5seat had been won by Independent candidate in a by-election, who fought and won the 1945 election as a Labour candidate", "History of socialism One of the great postwar victories of democratic socialism was the election victory of the British Labour Party led by Clement Attlee in June 1945. Socialist (and in some places Stalinist) parties also dominated postwar governments in France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Norway and other European countries. The Social Democratic Party had been in power in Sweden since 1932, and Labour parties also held power in Australia and New Zealand. In Germany, on the other hand, the Social Democrats emerged from the war much weakened, and were defeated in Germany's first democratic elections in 1949. The united front between democrats and the Stalinist parties which had been established in the wartime resistance movements continued in the immediate postwar years. The democratic socialist parties of Eastern Europe, however, were destroyed when Stalin imposed so-called \"Communist\" regimes in these countries.", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) Winston Churchill again became Prime Minister. His third government — after the wartime national government and the short caretaker government of 1945 — would last until his resignation in 1955. During this period he renewed what he called the \"special relationship\" between Britain and the United States, and engaged himself in the formation of the post-war order.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 The Labour Party ran on promises to create full employment, a tax-funded universal National Health Service, the embracing of Keynesian economic policies and a cradle-to-grave welfare state, with the campaign message 'Let us face the future'.", "Labour Party (UK) The party returned to government in 1940 as part of the wartime coalition. When Neville Chamberlain resigned in the spring of 1940, incoming Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided to bring the other main parties into a coalition similar to that of the First World War. Clement Attlee was appointed Lord Privy Seal and a member of the war cabinet, eventually becoming the United Kingdom's first Deputy Prime Minister.", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) One of the main achievements of Attlee's government was the maintenance of near full employment. The government maintained most of the wartime controls over the economy, including control over the allocation of materials and manpower, and unemployment rarely rose above 500,000, or 3% of the total workforce. In fact labour shortages proved to be more of a problem. One area where the government was not quite as successful was in housing, which was also the responsibility of Aneurin Bevan. The government had a target to build 400,000 new houses a year to replace those which had been destroyed in the war, but shortages of materials and manpower meant that less than half this number were built.[citation needed]", "Labour Party (UK) The Labour Party was founded in 1900, having grown out of the trade union movement and socialist parties of the nineteenth century. It overtook the Liberal Party to become the main opposition to the Conservative Party in the early 1920s, forming minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and from 1929 to 1931. Labour later served in the wartime coalition from 1940 to 1945, after which it formed a majority government under Clement Attlee until 1951. Labour was next in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson, and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then under James Callaghan.", "Aftermath of World War II The abrupt withdrawal of American Lend Lease support to Britain on 2 September 1945 dealt a severe blow to the plans of the new government. It was only with the completion of the Anglo-American loan by the United States to Great Britain on 15 July 1946 that some measure of economic stability was restored. However, the loan was made primarily to support British overseas expenditure in the immediate post-war years and not to implement the Labour government's policies for domestic welfare reforms and the nationalisation of key industries. Although the loan was agreed on reasonable terms, its conditions included what proved to be damaging fiscal conditions for Sterling. From 1946-1948, the UK introduced bread rationing which it never did during the war.[1][2][3][4]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 In addition to the poor Conservative general election strategy, Churchill went so far as to accuse Attlee of seeking to behave as a dictator, in spite of Attlee's service as part of Churchill's war cabinet. In the most famous incident of the campaign, Churchill's first election broadcast on 4 June backfired dramatically and memorably. Denouncing his former coalition partners, he declared that Labour \"would have to fall back on some form of a Gestapo\" to impose socialism on Britain. Attlee responded the next night by ironically thanking the Prime Minister for demonstrating to people the difference between Churchill the great wartime leader and Churchill the peacetime politician, and argued the case for public control of industry.", "Winston Churchill With a general election looming (there had been none for almost a decade), and with the Labour Ministers refusing to continue the wartime coalition, Churchill resigned as Prime Minister on 23 May 1945. Later that day, he accepted the King's invitation to form a new government, known officially as the National Government, like the Conservative-dominated coalition of the 1930s, but in practice known as the Churchill caretaker ministry. The government contained Conservatives, National Liberals and a few non-party figures such as Sir John Anderson and Lord Woolton, but not Labour or Archibald Sinclair's Official Liberals. Although Churchill continued to carry out the functions of Prime Minister, including exchanging messages with the US administration about the upcoming Potsdam Conference, he was not formally reappointed until 28 May.[433]", "History of the United Kingdom Labour Party experts went into the files to find the detailed plans for nationalisation that had been developed. To their surprise, there were no plans. The leaders realized they had to act fast to keep up the momentum of the 1945 electoral landslide. They started with the Bank of England, civil aviation, coal, and Cable and Wireless. Then came railways, canals, road haulage and trucking, electricity, and gas. Finally came iron and steel, which was a special case because it was a manufacturing industry. Altogether, about one fifth of the economy had been nationalised. Labour dropped its plans to nationalise farmlands. The procedure used was developed by Herbert Morrison, who as Lord President chaired the Committee on the Socialization of Industries. He followed the model that was already in place of setting up public corporations such as the BBC in broadcasting (1927). As the owners of corporate stock were given government bonds, and the government took full ownership of each affected company, consolidating it into a national monopoly. The management remained the same, only now they became civil servants working for the government.[180][181]", "History of the Labour Party (UK) Most of the changes introduced by the 1945â€“51 Labour government however were accepted by the Conservatives and became part of the \"post war consensus\", which lasted until the 1970s.", "History of the Labour Party (UK) The British Labour Party grew out of the trade union movement of the late 19th century, and surpassed the Liberal Party as the main opposition to the Conservatives in the early 1920s. In the 1930s and 1940s it stressed national planning, using nationalization of industry as a tool, in line with Clause IV of the original constitution of the Labour Party which called for the \"...common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange, and the best obtainable system of popular administration and control of each industry or service\" (this clause was eventually revised in 1994)[1]. Labour has had several spells in government, first as minority governments under Ramsay MacDonald in 1924 and 1929–31. MacDonald and half his cabinet split with the mainstream of the Party and were denounced as traitors. Labour was a junior partner in the wartime coalition from 1940–1945. After the famous 1945 landslide under Clement Attlee (1945–51) it set up the welfare state with the National Health Service, nationalised a fifth of the economy, joined NATO and opposed the Soviet Union in the Cold War. Under Harold Wilson in 1964–70 it promoted economic modernisation. Labour was in government again in 1974–79, under Wilson and then James Callaghan. Escalating economic crises (the \"Winter of Discontent\") and a split with David Owen and others forming the SDP, resulted in Opposition status during the Thatcher years, 1979–1990.[citation needed]", "Rationing in the United Kingdom In the late 1940s the Conservative Party exploited and incited growing public anger at rationing, scarcity, controls, austerity and government bureaucracy. They used the dissatisfaction with the socialistic and egalitarian policies of the Labour Party to rally middle-class supporters and build a political comeback that won the 1951 general election. Their appeal was especially effective to housewives, who faced more difficult shopping conditions after the war than during it.[40]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) The Labour government was re-elected with a second successive landslide in the general election of June 2001.[85] Blair became the first Labour leader to lead the party to three successive election victories when they won the 2005 general election, though this time he had a drastically reduced majority.[86]", "Clement Attlee He attended Winston Churchill's funeral in January 1965. He was elderly and frail by that time, and had to remain seated in the freezing cold as the coffin was carried, having tired himself out by standing at the rehearsal the previous day. He lived to see the Labour Party return to power under Harold Wilson in 1964, but also to see his old constituency of Walthamstow West fall to the Conservatives in a by-election in September 1967.[188]", "Clement Attlee The war had set in motion profound social changes within Britain, and had ultimately led to a widespread popular desire for social reform. This mood was epitomised in the Beveridge Report of 1942, by the Liberal economist William Beveridge. The Report assumed that the maintenance of full employment would be the aim of post-war governments, and that this would provide the basis for the welfare state. Immediately on its release, it sold hundreds of thousands of copies. All major parties committed themselves to fulfilling this aim, but most historians say that Attlee's Labour Party were seen by the electorate as the most likely to follow it through.[59][60]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 4candidate had moved to 'National' label", "Conservative Party (UK) In 1947, the party published its Industrial Charter which marked its acceptance of the \"post-war consensus\" on the mixed economy and labour rights.[27] David Maxwell Fyfe chaired a committee into Conservative Party organisation that resulted in the Maxwell Fyfe Report (1948â€“49). The report shifted the balance of electoral funding from the candidate to the party, with the intention of broadening the diversity of MPs. In practice, it may have had the effect of lending more power to constituency parties and making candidates more uniform.[28]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) The Labour Party introduced charges for NHS dental services and glasses in 1951.[1][2] The Conservatives returned to power in 1951, accepting most of Labour's postwar reforms, but introduced prescription charges to the NHS in 1952 and denationalized steel in 1953. They presided over 13 years of economic recovery and stability. However the Suez Crisis of 1956 demonstrated Britain was no longer a superpower. Ghana, Malaya, Nigeria and Kenya were granted independence during this period. Labour returned to power under Harold Wilson in 1964 and oversaw a series of social reforms including the partial decriminalisation of homosexuality and abortion, the relaxing of divorce laws and the end of capital punishment. Edward Heath returned the Conservatives to power from 1970 to 1974, and oversaw the decimalisation of British currency, the accession of Britain to the European Economic Community, and the height of the Troubles in Northern Ireland. In the wake of the 1973 oil crisis and a miner's strike, Heath introduced the three-day working week to conserve power.", "Special Relationship Four months into Truman's presidency, Churchill's party was handed a surprise defeat at the polls, and Clement Attlee became Prime Minister.[52]", "Special Operations Executive Churchill took no immediate decision, and after he lost the general election on 5 July 1945, the matter was dealt with by the Labour Prime Minister, Clement Attlee. Selborne told Attlee that SOE still possessed a worldwide network of clandestine radio networks and sympathisers. Attlee replied that he had no wish to own a British Comintern, and closed Selborne's network down at 48 hours' notice.[127]", "History of the Labour Party (UK) Francis (1995) argues there was consensus both in the Labour's national executive committee and at party conferences on a definition of socialism that stressed moral improvement as well as material improvement. The Attlee government was committed to rebuilding British society as an ethical commonwealth, using public ownership and controls to abolish extremes of wealth and poverty. Labour's ideology contrasted sharply with the contemporary Conservative Party's defence of individualism, inherited privileges, and income inequality.[76]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) In April 1955, Churchill finally retired, and Sir Anthony Eden succeeded him as Prime Minister. Eden was a very popular figure, as a result of his long wartime service and also his famous good looks and charm. On taking office he immediately called a general election, at which the Conservatives were returned with an increased majority. He left domestic issues to his lieutenants such as Rab Butler, and concentrated largely on foreign policy, forming a close alliance with US President Dwight Eisenhower.[31]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) Labour made a return to power in 1974 but a series of strikes carried out by trade unions over the winter of 1978/79 (known as the Winter of Discontent) paralysed the country and as Labour lost its majority in parliament, a general election was called in 1979 which took Margaret Thatcher to power and began 18 years of Conservative government. Victory in the Falklands War (1982) and the government's strong opposition to trade unions helped lead the Conservative Party to another three terms in government. Thatcher initially pursued monetarist policies and went on to privatise many of Britain's nationalised companies such as British Telecom, British Gas Corporation, British Airways and British Steel Corporation. She kept the National Health Service. The controversial Community Charge (commonly called the \"Poll Tax\"), used to fund local government was unpopular and the Conservatives removed Thatcher as Prime Minister in 1990.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 2seat had been won by Independent Labour candidate in a by-election, who fought and won the 1945 election as a Labour candidate", "London School of Economics Clement Attlee, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1945â€“1951)", "Winston Churchill Although polling day was 5 July, the results of the 1945 election did not become known until 26 July, owing to the need to collect the votes of those serving overseas. Clementine, who together with his daughter Mary had been at the count at Churchill's constituency in Essex (although unopposed by the major parties, Churchill had been returned with a much-reduced majority against an independent candidate), returned to meet her husband for lunch. To her suggestion that election defeat might be \"a blessing in disguise\" he retorted that \"at the moment it seems very effectively disguised\". That afternoon Churchill's doctor Lord Moran (so he later recorded in his book The Struggle for Survival) commiserated with him on the \"ingratitude\" of the British public, to which Churchill replied \"I wouldn't call it that. They have had a very hard time.\" Having lost the election, despite enjoying much support amongst the British population, he resigned as Prime Minister that evening, this time handing over to a Labour Government.[434][435] Many reasons for his defeat have been given, key among them being that a desire for post-war reform was widespread amongst the population and that the man who had led Britain in war was not seen as the man to lead the nation in peace.[436] Although the Conservative Party was unpopular, many electors appear to have wanted Churchill to continue as Prime Minister whatever the outcome, or to have wrongly believed that this would be possible.[437]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) The 1983 election was also influenced by events in the opposition parties. Since their 1979 defeat, Labour was increasingly dominated by its \"hard left\" that had emerged from the 1970s union militancy, and in opposition its policies had swung very sharply to the left while the Conservatives had drifted further to the right. This drove a significant number of right wing Labour members and MPs to form a breakaway party in 1981, the Social Democratic Party. Labour fought the election on unilateral nuclear disarmament, which proposed to abandon the British nuclear deterrent despite the threat from a nuclear armed Soviet Union, withdrawal from the European Community, and total reversal of Thatcher's economic and trade union changes. Indeed, one Labour MP, Gerald Kaufman, has called the party's 1983 manifesto \"the longest suicide note in history\". Consequently, upon the Labour split, there was a new centrist challenge, the Alliance, from the Social Democrats in electoral pact with the Liberal Party, to break the major parties' dominance and win proportional representation. The British Electoral Study found that Alliance voters were preferentially tilted towards the Conservatives [2], but this possible loss of vote share by the Conservatives was more than compensated for by the first past the post electoral system, where marginal changes in vote numbers and distribution have disproportionate effects on the number of seats won. Accordingly, despite the Alliance vote share coming very close to that of Labour and preventing an absolute majority in votes for the Conservatives, the Alliance failed to break into Parliament in significant numbers and the Conservatives were returned in a landslide.", "Clement Attlee Only Attlee and Churchill would remain in the War Cabinet from the formation of the Government of National Unity in May 1940 through to the election in May 1945. Attlee was initially the Lord Privy Seal, before becoming Britain's first ever Deputy Prime Minister in 1942, as well as becoming the Dominions Secretary and the Lord President of the Council.[24][55]", "Politics of the United Kingdom Tony Blair became Leader of the Labour Party after John Smith's sudden death from a heart attack in 1994. He continued to move the Labour Party towards the \"centre\" by loosening links with the unions and continuing many of Margaret Thatcher's neoliberal policies. This coupled with the professionalising of the party machine's approach to the media, helped Labour win a historic landslide in the 1997 General Election, after 18 years of Conservative government. Some observers say the Labour Party had by then morphed from a democratic socialist party to a social democratic party, a process which delivered three general election victories but alienated some of its core base - leading to the formation of the Socialist Labour Party (UK).[citation needed]", "Conservative Party (UK) The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party,[10] is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom. It is currently the governing party, having been so since the 2010 general election, where a coalition government with the Liberal Democrats was formed. In 2015, the Conservatives led by David Cameron won a surprise majority and formed the first Conservative majority government since 1992.[11] However, the 2017 snap election on Thursday 8 June resulted in a hung parliament, and the Conservatives lost their parliamentary majority.[12] They are reliant on the support of a Northern Irish political party, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), in order to command a majority in the House of Commons through a confidence-and-supply deal. The party leader, Theresa May,[13] has served as both Leader of the Conservative Party and Prime Minister since 13 July 2016. It is the largest party in local government with 9,237 councillors.[9] The Conservative Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United Kingdom, the other being its modern rival, the Labour Party. The Conservative Party's platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defence, deregulation, and restrictions on trade unions.", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 8seat had been won by Independent candidate in a by-election", "English society Wartime rationing continued, and was extended to bread. In the war the government banned ice cream and rationed sweets, such as chocolates and confections; sweets were rationed until 1954.[72] Most people grumbled, but for the poorest, rationing was beneficial, because their rationed diet was of greater nutritional value than their pre-war diet. Housewives organized to oppose the austerity.[73] The Conservatives saw their opening and rebuilt their fortunes by attacking socialism, austerity, rationing, and economic controls, and were back in power by 1951.[74]", "Clement Attlee Labour campaigned on the theme of \"Let Us Face the Future,\" positioning themselves as the party best placed to rebuild Britain after the war,[note 1] and were widely viewed as having run a strong and positive campaign, while the Conservative campaign centred entirely around Churchill.[60] Despite opinion polls indicating a strong Labour lead, opinion polls were then viewed as a novelty which had not proven their worth, and most commentators expected that Churchill's prestige and status as a \"war hero\" would ensure a comfortable Conservative victory.[60] Before polling day, The Manchester Guardian surmised that \"the chances of Labour sweeping the country and obtaining a clear majorityÂ ... are pretty remote\".[61] The News of the World predicted a working Conservative majority, while in Glasgow a pundit forecast the result as Conservatives 360, Labour 220, Others 60.[62] Churchill however made some costly errors during the campaign. In particular, his suggestion during one radio broadcast that a future Labour Government would require \"some form of a gestapo\" to implement their policies was widely regarded as being in very bad taste, and massively backfired.[24]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) In the estimation of historians, and later politicians of the major parties, the most successful and permanent program was the creation of a National Health Service which started operations in 1947.[6] It entitled all citizens to healthcare, which, funded by taxation, was free at the point of delivery. The opposition from physicians was bought off by allowing them to keep lucrative private practices on the side. All hospitals were nationalized and brought into the system. John Carrier and Ian Kendall find that the mission for Minister of Health Aneurin Bevan was resolving \"The potential conflict between the aim of providing a universalist, comprehensive health service of a good standard and that of containing health costs to a reasonable level, and how to finance the system in such a way that certainty and sufficiency of funds could be guaranteed.\"[7] Michael Foot adds that Bevan had to persuade \"the most conservative and respected profession in the country to accept and operate the Labour government's most intrinsically socialist proposition.[8] In the end historians give Bevan the major credit for the success.[9]", "Social history of England Wartime rationing continued, and was extended to bread. In the war the government banned ice cream and rationed sweets, such as chocolates and confections; sweets were rationed until 1954.[72] Most people grumbled, but for the poorest, rationing was beneficial, because their rationed diet was of greater nutritional value than their pre-war diet. Housewives organized to oppose the austerity.[73] The Conservatives saw their opening and rebuilt their fortunes by attacking socialism, austerity, rationing, and economic controls, and were back in power by 1951.[74]", "Clement Attlee The government was less successful in housing, which was the responsibility of Aneurin Bevan. The government had a target to build 400,000 new houses a year to replace those which had been destroyed in the war, but shortages of materials and manpower meant that less than half this number were built. Nevertheless, millions of people were rehoused as a result of the Attlee government's housing policies. Between August 1945 and December 1951, 1,016,349 new homes were completed in England, Scotland, and Wales.[103]", "Clement Attlee Attlee's administration presided over the successful transition from a wartime economy to peacetime, tackling problems of demobilisation, shortages of foreign currency, and adverse deficits in trade balances and government expenditure. Further domestic policies that he brought about included the creation of the National Health Service and the post-war Welfare State, which became key to the reconstruction of post-war Britain. Attlee and his ministers did much to transform the UK into a more prosperous and egalitarian society during their time in office with reductions in poverty and a rise in the general economic security of the population.[197]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) This \"Falklands Factor\", as it came to be known, was crucial to the scale of the Conservative majority in the June 1983 general election, with a fragmented Labour Party enduring its worst postwar election result, while the SDP-Liberal Alliance (created two years earlier in a pact between the Liberal Party and the new Social Democratic Party (UK) formed by disenchanted former Labour MP's) trailed Labour closely in terms of votes but won few seats.[65][66]", "Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present) Historian Kenneth O. Morgan states:", "Clement Attlee The 1950 election gave Labour a massively reduced majority of five seats compared to the triple-digit majority of 1945. Although re-elected, the result was seen by Attlee as very disappointing, and was widely attributed to the effects of post-war austerity denting Labour's appeal to middle class voters.[174] With such a small majority leaving him dependent on a small number of MPs to govern, Attlee's second term was much tamer than his first. Some major reforms were nevertheless passed, particularly regarding industry in urban areas and regulations to limit air and water pollution.[175][176]", "Clement Attlee Francis (1995) argues there was consensus both in the Labour's national executive committee and at party conferences on a definition of socialism that stressed moral improvement as well as material improvement. The Attlee government was committed to rebuilding British society as an ethical commonwealth, using public ownership and controls to abolish extremes of wealth and poverty. Labour's ideology contrasted sharply with the contemporary Conservative Party's defence of individualism, inherited privileges, and income inequality.[67] As for the prime minister himself, he was not much focused on economic policy, letting others handle the issues.[68]", "Labour Party (UK) Lansbury resigned as leader in 1935 after public disagreements over foreign policy. He was promptly replaced as leader by his deputy, Clement Attlee, who would lead the party for two decades. The party experienced a revival in the 1935 general election, winning 154 seats and 38% of the popular vote, the highest that Labour had achieved.[38]", "United Kingdom general election, 1945 Possibly for this reason, there was especially strong support for Labour in the armed services, who feared the unemployment and homelessness to which the soldiers of the First World War had returned. It has been claimed that the pro left-wing bias of teachers in the armed services was a contributing factor, but this argument has generally not carried much weight, and the failure of the Conservative governments in the 1920s to deliver a \"land fit for heroes\" was likely more important.[4] The role of propaganda films produced during the war, which were shown to both military and civilian audiences, is also seen as a contributory factor due to their general optimism about the future, which meshed with the Labour Party's campaigning in 1945 better than with that of the Conservatives.[12] Writer and soldier Anthony Burgess remarked that Churchill – who often wore a colonel's uniform at this time – himself was not nearly as popular with soldiers at the front as with officers and civilians: he noted that Churchill often smoked cigars in front of soldiers who had not had a decent cigarette in days.[13]", "Clement Attlee In public, Attlee was modest and unassuming; he was ineffective at public relations and lacked charisma. His strengths emerged behind the scenes, especially in committees where his depth of knowledge, quiet demeanour, objectivity, and pragmatism proved decisive. He saw himself as spokesman on behalf of his entire party and successfully kept its multiple factions in harness. Attlee is consistently rated by scholars, critics and public as one of the greatest British Prime Ministers. His reputation among scholars in recent decades has been much higher than during his years as Prime Minister, thanks to his roles in leading the Labour Party, creating the welfare state and building the coalition opposing Stalin in the Cold War.", "Clement Attlee Finding it increasingly impossible to govern, Attlee's only chance was to call a snap election in October 1951, in the hope of achieving a more workable majority and to regain authority.[179] The gamble failed: Labour narrowly lost to the Conservative Party, despite winning considerably more votes (achieving the largest Labour vote in electoral history). Attlee tendered his resignation as Prime Minister the following day, after six years and three months in office.[180]", "History of the Labour Party (UK) The aggressive trade union leader Ernest Bevin, as Minister of Labour and National Service, directed Britain's allocation of manpower, Herbert Morrison became Home Secretary, Hugh Dalton was Minister of Economic Warfare and later President of the Board of Trade, while A. V. Alexander resumed the role he had held in the previous Labour Government as First Lord of the Admiralty. Labour also filled eight junior posts, a number which rose to seventeen by 1945.[8] According to G. D. H. Cole, the basis of the Wartime Coalition was that the labour ministers would look after the Home Front (including the maintenance of important social services and the mobilisation of manpower). Although the Exchequer remained in the hands of the Conservatives, a firm understanding was made with Labour regarding the equitable distribution of tax burdens.[17]", "History of the Labour Party (UK) The party returned to government in 1940 as part of the wartime coalition. When Neville Chamberlain resigned in the spring of 1940, incoming-Prime Minister Winston Churchill decided to bring the other main parties into a coalition similar to that of the First World War. Clement Attlee was appointed Lord Privy Seal and a member of the war cabinet, eventually becoming the United Kingdom's first Deputy Prime Minister." ]	[ "United Kingdom general election, 1945 The result was an unexpected landslide victory for Clement Attlee's Labour Party, over Winston Churchill's Conservatives.[2] It was the first time the Conservatives had lost the popular vote since the 1906 election; they would not win it again until 1955. Labour won its first majority government, and a mandate to implement its postwar reforms. The 12.0% national swing from the Conservative Party to the Labour Party remains the largest ever achieved in a British general election." ]
test2202	who is the pastor of new birth missionary baptist church now	[ "doc76777" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc76777", "doc76770", "doc76776", "doc76769", "doc76775", "doc76773", "doc2519030", "doc76771", "doc1738936", "doc1738932", "doc76772", "doc1738935", "doc76774", "doc1738956", "doc879324", "doc401744", "doc1738901", "doc1738983", "doc1347674", "doc2679398", "doc571347", "doc2519032", "doc1738925", "doc2679401", "doc2679388", "doc2670244", "doc1889856", "doc1466745", "doc748980", "doc1738994", "doc2519040", "doc1738991", "doc2519031", "doc1738934", "doc549987", "doc1738980", "doc1949827", "doc451079", "doc2670249", "doc2199185", "doc2519047", "doc2519036", "doc268298", "doc747080", "doc2670243", "doc2679399", "doc2357620", "doc1167013", "doc879328", "doc1939947", "doc2357615", "doc1738971", "doc1738955", "doc879325", "doc1222334", "doc451089", "doc571341", "doc2679402", "doc2357618", "doc2104178", "doc1347676", "doc2519037", "doc2519033", "doc2519044", "doc1466747", "doc782161", "doc1609727", "doc1167009", "doc911196", "doc2593573", "doc1738919", "doc1798273", "doc2670242", "doc1347671", "doc451080", "doc1347670", "doc879339", "doc2199208", "doc1738976", "doc1738924", "doc571346", "doc879334", "doc1889857", "doc94067", "doc94076", "doc1738908", "doc1137444", "doc879330", "doc1347677", "doc2070951", "doc609046", "doc1738958", "doc1817364", "doc1347664", "doc1738928", "doc1153851", "doc382058", "doc2606149", "doc1283698", "doc609040" ]	[ "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church On January 15, 2017, Bishop Eddie Long died from an aggressive form of cancer according to a statement released by the church.[9] The church then announced Stephen A. Davis, pastor of New Birth Birmingham in Birmingham, Alabama would be Long's successor at New Birth Missionary Baptist Church in Lithonia while remaining pastor of the Birmingham church.[10]", "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church The church was founded in 1939 in Scottdale as Travelers Rest Baptist Church. In 1983, it moved to Decatur and adopted its current name.[2] Eddie Long took over as pastor in 1987. At the time, the church had only 300 members. Since his installation, membership has grown to 25,000.[3]", "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church The church has also been marred by controversy, with four individuals filing separate lawsuits in DeKalb County Superior Court, Georgia alleging that Bishop Long used his pastoral influence to coerce them into a sexual relationship with him when they were teenagers.[7][8]", "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church New Birth Missionary Baptist Church is a megachurch in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, near Lithonia.[1] It has embraced a Pentecostal theology not typically found in African-American Baptist churches.", "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church In 2006, the church was chosen by the family of Martin Luther King, Jr. to host and officiate the funeral for Mrs. Coretta Scott King, wife of the late civil rights pioneer.[5] The event was attended by four Presidents (George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush and Jimmy Carter).[6]", "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church On August 15, 2004 the church opened a branch called \"New Birth Memphis\" in Memphis, Tennessee. The church has since closed and New Birth Memphis no longer exists.[4]", "Michael Curry (bishop) Michael Bruce Curry (born March 13, 1953) is the 27th and current presiding bishop and primate of the Episcopal Church. Elected in 2015, he is the first African American to serve in that capacity. He was previously bishop of the Diocese of North Carolina.", "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church In 2002, New Birth was chosen to host the live recording of Dorinda Clark-Cole, and was chosen by the family of rapper and R&B superstar Lisa Left Eye Lopes to host the funeral for the rapper, who was killed in a car accident in La Ceiba, Honduras.", "Church of God in Christ Bishop Charles E. Blake assumed leadership and elected Presiding Bishop of the church after the death of Bishop G.E. Patterson in March 2007. Bishop Blake is the Senior Pastor of the West Angeles Cathedral COGIC in Los Angeles. For many years, West Angeles has been one of the fastest growing churches in the United States and remains the largest COGIC local congregation with a membership of 25,000.[30] C. E. Blake served as the Presiding Prelate of the First Jurisdiction of Southern California. Bishop Blake led COGIC through the death of G. E. Patterson while preparing the church for its 100th Holy Convocation; an important milestone for the church. Bishop Blake is leading the COGIC to become a greater global ministry, primarily in Africa and Latin America, while at the same time investing in the inner cities where many COGIC congregations are located. He is also known for his aggressive initiative, \"Save Africa's Children\" which supports hundreds of African children who have been affected by HIV/AIDS in orphanages in several countries in Africa.[30]", "Church of God in Christ Bishop Chandler David Owens, Sr. was elected Presiding Bishop after the death of Bishop Ford in 1995. C. D. Owens had gained national attention in the church as the President of the Youth Department. He was a noted evangelist who had pastored several churches, including: Bostick Temple in St. Louis, Missouri; Well's Cathedral COGIC in Newark, New Jersey; and Greater Community COGIC in Marietta, Georgia. He also served as the Presiding Prelate of the New Jersey Garden State Jurisdiction and the Central Georgia Jurisdiction.", "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church In 2003, New Birth planted a branch called \"New Birth Charlotte\" in Charlotte, North Carolina. That church no longer exists, and has since sold its building. Mecklenburg County records show the church defaulted on its payments to Evangelical Christian Credit Union for a $10 million loan.", "Church of God in Christ Bishop Gilbert Earl (G. E.) Patterson began his ministry as co-pastor of the Holy Temple COGIC with his father, Bishop W. A. Patterson. In 1975, he resigned as co-pastor, withdrawing his membership in the COGIC because of leadership disagreements with his uncle, J. O. Patterson, Sr. concerning an establishment of another jurisdiction in the city of Memphis. J .O. Patterson Sr. was the Presiding Bishop at that time. G. E. Patterson established the Temple of Deliverance, the Cathedral of Bountiful Blessing which grew to become the largest Pentecostal church in Memphis with over 14,000 members. In 1988, after a thirteen-year exodus from COGIC, Bishop G. E. Patterson returned as the founding Prelate of the newly formed Tennessee Fourth Jurisdiction. In 2000, he was elected as the Presiding Bishop of COGIC. Bishop Patterson was the second youngest person to ever be elected Presiding Bishop of COGIC at the age 60 in 2000, second to his uncle, Bishop J. O. Patterson, Sr who was 56 when he was elected Presiding Bishop in 1968. He re-ignited the church to be a flagship Pentecostal denomination. He was able to bridge denominational barriers and encourage non-COGIC ministries to work collboratively with the COGIC denomination. He established COGIC Charities which has provided thousands of dollars in college scholarships and disaster relief efforts such as Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.[26]", "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church Then in the future years, there were more churches such as New Birth Metro, New Birth Knoxville, New Birth Oakland, and New Birth California.", "Church of God in Christ Throughout the seventies and eighties, as COGIC continued to grow to millions of members nationwide, COGIC ministers all over the country continued to advance civil rights in their communities. As the International Holy Convocation grew to thousands, COGIC leaders had to negotiate with city officials to provide hotel accommodations for the saints. Rev. Al Sharpton, a noted civil rights activist, began his ministerial career as a minister in COGIC. His pastor and mentor was Bishop F. D. Washington of Brooklyn, NY. In 1984 and 1988 respectively, Rev. Jesse Jackson was invited to speak during the COGIC International Holy Convocation when he was running for the presidency. During the nineties, President Bill Clinton was invited by then COGIC Presiding Bishop, Louis Henry Ford to attend the International Holy Convocation. President Clinton and gave speeches at COGIC meetings including the International Holy Convocation at Mason Temple and the Women's International Convention. At the start of the new millennium, then COGIC presiding Bishop Gilbert Earl Patterson, continued to support the advancement of civil rights. During the current administration of Presiding Bishop Charles Blake, COGIC unveiled it's Urban Initiatives Program to provide 60,000 programs nationwide through its more than 12,000 congregations to continue to promote the work of civil rights, and to reduce poverty, crime and violence, etc. In 2018, Presiding Bishop Charles Blake along with Lee Saunders, Andrew Young, DeMaurice Smith, and Brian Dunn coordinated the \"I AM 2018 Mountaintop Conference\" at the historic Mason Temple in Memphis to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.", "David Oyedepo David O. Oyedepo (born September 27, 1954) is a Nigerian Christian author, architect, preacher, and the founder and presiding bishop of the megachurch Faith Tabernacle in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, and Living Faith Church Worldwide, also known as Winners' Chapel. Oyedepo is the senior pastor of Faith Tabernacle, a 50,000-seat church auditorium, reported to be the largest church auditorium in the world by the Guinness World Records .[1]", "Coming out In October, 2010, megachurch pastor Bishop Jim Swilley came out to his congregation. The YouTube video of the service went viral. Interviews with People magazine,[50] Joy Behar,[51] Don Lemon[52] ABC News[53] and NPR[54] focused on the bullycides[55] that prompted Bishop Swilley to \"come out\". One year and five years later,[clarification needed] he confirmed the costs but also the freedom he has experienced. \"To be able to have freedom is something that I wouldn't trade anything for.\"[56] \"Being married as yourself, preaching as yourself and living your life as yourself is infinitely better than doing those things as someone else.\"[57] Bishop Swilley's son, Jared Swilley, bass player and front man of Black Lips said, \"It was definitely shocking, but I was actually glad when he told me. I feel closer to him now...\"[58]\nBishop Swilley's other son, Judah Swilley, a cast member on the Oxygen show Preachers of Atlanta, is confronting homophobia in the church.[59]", "Church of God in Christ Internationally, COGIC can be found in more than 83 nations. Its worldwide membership is estimated to be between six and eight million,[3] composing more than 25,000 congregations throughout the world. The current presiding Bishop is Bishop Charles Edward Blake Sr., who is the Senior Pastor of West Angeles Church of God In Christ.", "Church of God in Christ Well-known gospel musicians with COGIC roots include; Andrae Crouch and Sandra Crouch, Walter Hawkins and Edwin Hawkins, Tramaine Hawkins, Sara Jordan Powell Daryl Coley, BeBe and CeCe Winans, The Winans, \"Detroit\" Gary Wiggins, John P. Kee, The O'Neal Twins, Vanessa Bell Armstrong, Rance Allen, Rev. Timothy Wright, Myrna Summers, Rev. James Moore, Thomas Whitfield (singer), Deniece Williams, Hubert Powell, Donnie McClurkin, LaShun Pace, The Anointed Pace Sisters, Bishop Richard \"Mr. Clean\" White, Bishop Paul S. Morton and The Clark Sisters (Jackie Clark-Chisholm, Elbernita \"Twinkie\" Clark-Terrell, Dorinda Clark-Cole and Karen Clark Sheard). COGIC continues to influence gospel music with a new generation of artists with COGIC roots that include: Kim Burrell, Ivan Powell, Doobie Powell, Kierra Sheard, J. Moss, Micah Stampley, Kurt Carr, Ricky Dillard, Kelly Price, Mary Mary Erica Campbell (musician) and Tina Campbell (musician), Tamela Mann, Dr. Gennie Ruth Cheatham Chandler, Earnest Pugh, Jonathan McReynolds, Jabari Johnson, DuShawn Washington, Trombonist Terrance Curry, D'Extra Wiley (II D Extreme) and Michelle Williams (Destiny's Child). The current leader of the International Music Department is Dr. Judith Christie McAllister of Los Angeles, California, who is also a praise and worship national recording artist.[26]", "New Birth (band) James Baker died in 1993, Leroy Taylor died on January 17, 2012 and producer Vernon Bullock died March 18, 2015 at the age of 70 years.[citation needed]", "Elevation Church Elevation Church—and, in particular, senior pastor Steven Furtick—have caused controversy over the church's lack of financial transparency, Furtick's personal wealth, and questionable practices by the church.", "Southern Christian Leadership Conference On October 30, 2009, Elder Bernice King, King's youngest child, was elected SCLC's new president, with James Bush III taking office in February 2010 as Acting President/CEO until Bernice King took office. However, on January 21, 2011, fifteen months after her election, Bernice King declined the position of president. In a written statement, she said that her decision came \"after numerous attempts to connect with the official board leaders on how to move forward under my leadership, unfortunately, our visions did not align.\"[30]", "Michael Curry (bishop) Curry was ordained deacon at St. Paul's Cathedral, Buffalo, New York by the Rt. Rev. Harold B. Robinson in June 1978 and priest at St. Stephen's, Winston-Salem, North Carolina by the Rt. Rev. John M. Burgess in December 1978.[5] He served initially as deacon-in-charge and subsequently as rector of St. Stephen's Episcopal Church (1978–1982) in Winston-Salem, North Carolina; then as rector of St. Simon of Cyrene Episcopal Church in Lincoln Heights, Ohio (1982–1988). He served as rector of St. James' Episcopal Church in Baltimore, Maryland (1988–2000). In his three parish ministries, Curry participated in crisis response pastoral care, the founding of ecumenical summer day camps for children, preaching missions, creation of networks of family day care providers, and the brokering of investment in inner city neighborhoods. He inspired a $2.5 million restoration of the St. James' church building after a fire.[6]", "Church of God in Christ Bishop James Oglethorpe Patterson, Sr. was elected in November 1968 as the first Presiding Bishop of the church by the General Assembly at the Sixty-First Holy Convocation of the church. Bishop Patterson was also to date the youngest person to ever be elected Presiding Bishop of COGIC at the age 56; the second youngest was his nephew, Gilbert Earl (G.E.) Patterson who became Presiding Bishop in 2000 at the age of 60. the second The son-in-law of Bishop Mason, J. O. Patterson, Sr., had served the church previously as a member of the Executive Board and as Executive Secretary. He was pastor of the Pentecostal Temple Institutional COGIC in Memphis, Tennessee, and was the Presiding Prelate of the Tennessee Headquarters Jurisdiction. Patterson established protocols of worship, policy and practices. A new constitution and official manual of the church were completed in 1973. COGIC became a major force in the collective Black Church and worldwide Pentecostal movement. It has had rapid growth in many regions as one of the fastest-growing and largest religious groups in the United States.[27]", "Elevation Church Charlotte resident Warren Cole Smith, writing about Furtick for World magazine, said \"People were willing to excuse his flamboyance and extravagant lifestyle by saying but ‘He’s doing such great work.’ Now, this new controversy calls into serious question the legitimacy of conversion rates the church have been claiming.\"[32] In response to the initial coverage, Elevation released a statement, which reads in part: \"We are confident that those who attend Elevation Church know and understand our mission and vision for reaching people for Jesus Christ. As attendees, they are provided, through weekly teachings, biblical context for everything we do and practice, such as baptism, giving, serving and inviting friends to church.\"[32]", "Elevation Church Elevation Church is a Southern Baptist multi-site church pastored by Steven Furtick, based in Matthews, North Carolina.[2] Elevation has 17 locations, with 9 in the Charlotte area, as well as locations in Raleigh; Winston-Salem; Roanoke Virginia; Melbourne Florida; and the Greater Toronto Area.[3] From 2007 through 2010, Elevation was cited by Outreach Magazine as one of the Top 100 fastest growing churches in the United States.[4]", "Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ In Detroit Patterson graduated from Hutchins Intermediate and Central High School, and attended the Detroit Bible Institute. As a teenager Patterson was a choir member, lead singer in the New Jerusalem Ensemble and a part-time national evangelist. While still a teenager, he spoke at the National Holy Convocation of the Church of God in Christ and the International Youth Congress. On two occasions, he preached before Bishop C. H. Mason.", "Tasha Cobbs Tasha Cobbs was born as Natasha Tameika Cobbs,[1] on July 7, 1981 in Jesup, Georgia.[2] Her parents are Bishop Fritz Cobbs (1954â€“2014) and Lady Bertha Cobbs.[3] She grew up in the church at Jesup New Life Ministries, which her parents led.[4] These worship services are where she started singing, from her childhood and into her young adult years.", "West Angeles Church of God in Christ It was founded by Elder Clarence E. Church in 1943. The first sanctuary was located on Adams Boulevard, near Interstate 10, known locally as the Santa Monica Freeway. In 1969, after Elder Church's death, Charles E. Blake took over as the pastor of West Angeles and has continued to serve as its leader. Blake is the Presiding Bishop of the Church of God in Christ denomination.[1]", "Omarosa Manigault Omarosa married John Allen Newman on April 8, 2017, at Trump's Washington DC hotel, in the Presidential Ballroom of the Old Post Office Pavilion.[49] Newman is the Senior Pastor of The Sanctuary at Mt. Calvary, a church in Jacksonville, Florida.[49][50]", "Church of God in Christ After the November 2016 COGIC Holy Convocation, Carter left the COGIC denomination because Blake had been re-elected as the Presiding Bishop. Carter currently posts material on YouTube and Facebook reporting alleged misconduct and impropriety within current leadership of COGIC and other Christian (mainly African-American) denominations. He self-identifies as Bishop/CEO of his newly organized fellowship called the 7000 Club.[87][88][89][90]", "Michael Curry (bishop) During 2017 and 2018, Bishop Curry launched a series of revivals \"that promise to stir and renew hearts for Jesus, to equip Episcopalians as evangelists, and to welcome people who arenâ€™t part of a church to join the Jesus Movement.\"[19] The revivals include multi-day public events in the Episcopal Dioceses of Pittsburgh, West Missouri, Georgia, San Joaquin, and Honduras and will culminate in a \"joint evangelism mission\" with the Church of England in July 2018.[19]", "Church of God in Christ COGIC Presiding Bishop Charles E. Blake issued a public apology, saying \"I apologize for what seemed to be a harsh, uncompassionate, disrespectful spirit on the part of that speaker.\"[83] Bishop Blake apologized to a young man who, following Superintendent Carter's message, came forward to proclaim that he had been delivered from homosexuality. His testimony \"literally went viral, andâ€¦ brought upon him criticism and sardonicism.\"[84] The young man later said that he had felt pressure to testify because of Carter's sermon.[85]", "Michael Curry (bishop) Curry noted in his autobiography that both sides of his family were descended from slaves and sharecroppers in North Carolina and Alabama.[2] He was born in Maywood, Illinois,[3] a suburb just west of Chicago, and attended public schools in Buffalo, New York.[4] He graduated with high honors from Hobart College in Geneva, New York, in 1975. He then earned a Master of Divinity degree, in 1978, from the Yale Divinity School, in association with Berkeley Divinity School.. Curry has also studied at The College of Preachers, Princeton Theological Seminary, Wake Forest University, the Ecumenical Institute at St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore, and the Institute of Christian Jewish Studies.", "Church of God in Christ In 2000 at the Ninety-Third International Holy Convocation, the COGIC General Assembly elected Bishop Gilbert Earl Patterson to replace Owens as Presiding Bishop. Owens continued to serve as a jurisdictional bishop and member of the General Board until his death in 2011.[26]", "Battle Hymn of the Republic Bishop Michael B. Curry of North Carolina, after his election as the first African American Presiding Bishop of The Episcopal Church, delivered a sermon to the Church's General Convention on July 3, 2015, in which the lyrics of The Battle Hymn framed the message of God's love. After proclaiming \"Glory, glory, hallelujah, His truth is marching on\", a letter from President Barack Obama was read, congratulating Bishop Curry on his historic election.[31] Curry is known for quoting The Battle Hymn during his sermons.", "Church of God in Christ In 1997, Bishop Chandler D. Owens appointed Evangelist Richard \"Mr. Clean\" White as President of the Department of Evangelism. He continued to build on the department through expansion of the Regional Administration into 10 geographical locations across the country. He appointed regional presidents to serve as liaisons to the jurisdictional presidents. Of special note is Evangelist Reatha Herndon who served as the International Elect Lady of the Department of Evangelism from 1951-2001. Mother Lillian Coffey appointed Mother Reatha Herndon as president of the National Women's Evangelist Board in 1951. Herndon and her twin sister Leatha were pioneers of the evangelistic work of the Church of God in Christ. Together they traveled across the country proclaiming the Gospel of Jesus Christ. They were also instrumental in establishing 75 churches across the nation. Pastor Dennis Martin and Superintendent Willie James Campbell succeeded Bishop White as presidents.[52] The current president of the Department of Evangelism is Bishop Elijah Hankerson III of St. Louis, Missouri. In 2017, Presiding Bishop Charles E. Blake appointed gospel artist and Evangelist Dr. Dorinda Clark Cole of Detroit, Michigan as the Elect Lady. Her predecessor was Evangelist Dr. Rita Womack of Los Angeles, California.", "Yoido Full Gospel Church In 2008, Young Hoon Lee became senior pastor.[6]", "Lakewood Church Lakewood Church is a non-denominational charismatic Christian megachurch located in Houston, Texas, US. It is one of the largest congregations in the United States, averaging about 52,000 attendees per week.[1] The 16,800-seat Lakewood Church Central Campus, home to four English-language services and two Spanish-language services per week,[2] is located at the former Compaq Center.[3] Joel Osteen is the senior pastor of Lakewood Church with his wife, Victoria, who serves as co-pastor. Lakewood Church is non-denominational (not affiliated), while the leadership may be considered part of the Word of Faith movement.[4]", "Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ Bishop G. E. Patterson was elected to the General Board in 1992, and reelected in 1996. After conceding the last election for Presiding Bishop (which he lost by one vote), he was elected on November 14, 2000 by more than 900 votes. In 2005, Patterson announced that he was battling prostate cancer. Patterson died on March 20, 2007 at Methodist University Hospital in Memphis.[3]", "Henry McNeal Turner Henry McNeal Turner (February 1, 1834 â€“ May 8, 1915) was a minister, politician, and the 12th elected and consecrated bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). An African American, he was a pioneer in Georgia at organizing new congregations of the African Americans after the American Civil War.[1] Born free in South Carolina, Turner learned to read and write and became a Methodist preacher. He joined the AME Church in St. Louis, Missouri in 1858, where he became a minister. Later he had pastorates in Baltimore, Maryland and Washington, DC.", "Michael Curry (bishop) [the] mission of the church is to help the human family, with all its variety and all its diversity and all its differences, to find a way to become not simply a disparate community but a human family of God. Dr. Martin Luther King said it this way, \"we shall either learn to live together as brothers and sisters, or weâ€™ll perish together as fools.\" The choice is ours, chaos or community.[26]", "Michael Curry (bishop) On May 1, 2015, the joint nominating committee for the election of the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church nominated Curry and three other bishops as candidates for 27th presiding bishop and primate of the Episcopal Church.[10] The election occurred on June 27, 2015, at the 78th General Convention meeting in Salt Lake City.[11] Curry was elected by the House of Bishops meeting in St. Mark's Cathedral on the first ballot with 121 of 174 votes cast. Laity and clergy in the House of Deputies ratified Curry's election later the same day.[12] Curry was installed as presiding bishop and primate on November 1, 2015, All Saints' Day, during a Eucharist at Washington National Cathedral.[13] The service included readings in Spanish and Native American languages.[14][15]", "Southern Baptist Convention By the early 21st century, numbers of ethnically diverse congregations were increasing within the convention. In 2008, almost 20% were estimated to be majority African American, Asian, or Hispanic. The SBC had an estimated one million African-American members.[51] The convention has passed a series of resolutions recommending the inclusion of more black members and appointing more African-American leaders.[36] In the 2012 annual meeting, the Southern Baptist Convention elected Fred Luter Jr. as its first African-American president. He had earned respect by his leadership skills shown in building a large congregation in New Orleans.[52]", "Living Faith Church Worldwide On Dec 11 2013, exactly 30 years after the church commenced services, Pastor David Oyedepo Jnr, first son of the founder ministered for the first time at the Church's annual Shiloh gathering. In December 2015, Oyedepo Jnr became the resident pastor of the Faith Tabernacle.", "Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ In May 1952, the Patterson family moved to Detroit, Michigan. While in Detroit, at age 16 Patterson was baptized on September 16, 1956 at his father’s church (New Jerusalem Church of God in Christ). One month later young Patterson also felt called to the ministry, and he preached his first sermon on January 22, 1957. The sermon text was Isaiah 59:9; his subject was “We Wait For Light, But We Walk In Darkness”. He was licensed by his father in March 1957, and ordained by Bishop J. S. Bailey on August 28, 1958.", "Elevation Church In 2013, Furtick and his wife built a large house (8,400 sq. ft, heated, 16,000 sq. ft total) on 19 acres of land in Waxhaw, NC, a suburb of Charlotte.[23] The house and land are valued at just under $1.8 million.[24] Furtick has stated that his home was paid for with money from his book sales and publisher advances, rather than his salary from Elevation Church.[25][26] The church has refused to answer questions about Furtick's salary, his tax-free housing allowance, how much he makes from books and speaking fees,[27] with Elevation only saying that Furtick is generous to the church with the money he receives from writing books, arranges for the church to purchase his books directly from the publisher at the author's discount and keep the money from sales, and that the publisher pays the church to produce marketing materials to promote Furtick's books. Elevation has confirmed that Furtick's salary is set by a Board of Overseers composed of other megachurch pastors, who vote on his salary based on a compensation study conducted by an outside firm, and that Furtick does not vote on his own salary.[28][29] In response to the news report, before his sermon on the weekend of October 27, 2013, Furtick addressed the congregation directly, saying he was sorry if the house and surrounding questions caused them to have difficult conversations with co-workers, friends and neighbors.[27] However, he defended the building of the house, calling it \"a gift from God\".[30]", "Andrew Young Young served as a pastor of the Evergreen Congregational Church in Beachton, Georgia during 1957-59.[5]", "Dottie Peoples Once described as ``single, saved, and successful, Peoples continues to win awards and inspire. She not only sings, but writes many of her songs, such as On Time God and Testify from her 1996 album of the same name. Testify won numerous nominations for awards. In 1999, God Can and God Will: Live In Atlanta became her ninth album. She sang songs from the new release to an audience of 4,500 at the New Birth Missionary Baptist Church in Decatur, Georgia. An inspiring 225-member choir backed her performance.", "David Oyedepo According to him, he received a mandate from God through an 18-hour vision in May 1981, to liberate the world from all oppression of the devil through the preaching of the word of faith.[6] This is the inaugural vision that led to the founding of the Living Faith Church World Wide (LFCWW), first called Liberation Faith Hour Ministries, in 1981. Two years later, on September 17, 1983, Pastor Enoch Adeboye, General Overseer of the Redeemed Christian Church of God, ordained David and his wife, Florence Abiola Akano (known as Faith Abiola Oyedepo) to become pastors and officially commissioned the new church. Five years later, Oyedepo was ordained as Bishop.", "Madea's Witness Protection Before returning to New York, the Needlemans visit Pastor Nelson's church one last time. The Pastor and Jake burn the mortgage papers and the entire congregation celebrates the mortgage's being paid off, and the Needlemans enjoy the Negro spirituals. Madea also enjoys the spiritual music from her front porch, celebrating her new wealth.", "Andrew Young Andrew Jackson Young Jr. (born March 13, 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, and activist. Beginning his career as a pastor, Young was an early leader in the Civil Rights Movement, serving as executive director of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and a close confidant to Martin Luther King Jr. Young later became active in politics, serving first as a U.S. Congressman from Georgia, then United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and finally Mayor of Atlanta. Since leaving political office, Young has founded or served in a large number of organizations working on issues of public policy and political lobbying.", "Church of God in Christ Mother Willie Mae Rivers (1997â€“2017) of Goose Creek, South Carolina, succeeded Mother Crouch.[26] She is also the Jurisdictional Supervisor of Women for the South Carolina Jurisdiction. She served as chairperson of the Board of Supervisors, member, Executive Board, member, Screening Committee, member, Program Committee General Church, coordinator, Leadership Conference, International Marshall, Secretary, and Assistant General Supervisor for the Department of Women. A local church mother since the age of 21, she was committed to strengthening the auxiliaries in the local churches and to prepare the younger women to carry the mission of COGIC into the Twenty-first Century. Under her leadership, the Women's International Convention added the term \"and Crusade\" to highlight and promote the evangelistic approach of the convention. Mother Rivers also began the \"49 and Under\" to enlist and focus the younger women of COGIC to remain committed to the doctrine and teachings of the church. Mother Willie Mae Rivers served faithfully for 20 years as General Mother until 2017 and the age of 91.", "Church of God in Christ In 1965, during the March to Selma, a young COGIC minister Charles E. Blake, (current COGIC Presiding Bishop) was studying at the Interdenominational Theological Center (ITC) in Atlanta, GA. He led a group of students to participate in the March on Selma. In 1968, Two sanitation workers who were also COGIC members, Echol Cole and Robert Walker, were crushed to death in a garbage compactor where they were taking shelter from the rain. Their pastor was then elder Gilbert Earl Patterson, who also became a COGIC Presiding Bishop, at Holy Temple COGIC in Memphis, TN. He was one of the nine members of the strategy committee the organized the sanitation strike in Memphis. Holy Temple COGIC was the first church to open its doors to the garbage workers. On April 3, 1968 MLK delivered his final speech \"I've Been To The Mountaintop\" at Mason Temple Church Of God In Christ in Memphis, Tennessee. He was assassinated the next day, April 4, 1968 on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel.[46]", "David Oyedepo The Winners' Chapel network of churches is located in over 300 cities, in all states of Nigeria, and in several cities in 45 African nations, Dubai, the United Kingdom and the United States.[2][3] Oyedepo has been seen as one of the pioneers of the Christian charismatic movement in Africa and has been referred to as one of the most powerful preachers in Nigeria. He is the Chancellor of Covenant University and Landmark University. He was named in 2011 by Forbes magazine as being the richest pastor in Nigeria.[4]", "Jesse Jackson Jesse Louis Jackson Sr. (nÃ© Burns; born October 8, 1941) is an American civil rights activist, Baptist minister, and politician. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988 and served as a shadow U.S. Senator for the District of Columbia from 1991 to 1997.", "Lakewood Church During Weekend services, Joel Osteen, Victoria Osteen, John Gray or Danilo Montero preach. On Sunday nights, Nick Nilson or John Gray preach. On Wednesday nights, the Associate Pastors John Gray, Paul Osteen, Lisa Osteen Comes, or guest speakers preach.", "Southern Christian Leadership Conference After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968, leadership was transferred to Ralph Abernathy, who presided until 1977. Abernathy was replaced by Joseph Lowery who was SCLC president until 1997. In 1997, MLKâ€™s son, Martin Luther King III, became the president of SCLC. In 2004, for less than a year, it was Fred Shuttlesworth. After him, the president was Charles Steele Jr., and in 2009, Howard W. Creecy Jr. Next were Isaac Newton Farris Jr. and current president C. T. Vivian, who took office in 2012 and remains today.", "Elevation Church Local members of the LGBT community and LGBT media have also criticized the church for its general stances on homosexuality. A former attendee who is gay spoke out after the Elevation hosted Ted Haggard, a former evangelical preacher who stepped down from his position after being accused of a gay affair.[33] An unknown gay individual who claims to be a former attendee said in a blog post that Elevation has a \"problem with privilege\" and that Furtick \"leaves LGBTQ people with no answers and no hope, just the sense that something is wrong with them for missing the obvious.\" [34]", "Andrew Young In 1955 he accepted a pastorate at Bethany Congregational Church in Thomasville, Georgia.[3]", "Grace Jones Jones' brother is megachurch preacher Bishop Noel Jones, who starred on the 2013 reality show Preachers of LA.[117]", "New Birth (band) As Love, Peace & Happiness", "Michael Curry (bishop) Among Curry's first acts as presiding bishop in December 2015 was placing three senior staff at Episcopal Church headquarters on administrative leave pending investigation for violating workplace policies. In April 2016, Curry followed up by dismissing Bishop Stacy Sauls, the Chief Operating Officer, and two other senior administrators.[16] Sauls remains a bishop. When announcing the staff dismissals, Curry publicly stated:", "Michael Curry (bishop) Curry was elected eleventh bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina on February 11, 2000, and consecrated bishop on June 17, 2000, at Duke Chapel on the campus of Duke University in Durham.[7] The consecrators were Robert Hodges Johnson, J. Gary Gloster, and Barbara C. Harris.", "Michael Curry (bishop) Our commitment to be an inclusive church is not based on a social theory or capitulation to the ways of the culture, but on our belief that the outstretched arms of Jesus on the cross are a sign of the very love of God reaching out to us all. While I understand that many disagree with us, our decision regarding marriage is based on the belief that the words of the Apostle Paul to the Galatians are true for the church today: All who have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is no longer Jew or Gentile, slave or free, male or female, for all are one in Christ. For so many who are committed to following Jesus in the way of love and being a church that lives that love, this decision will bring real pain. For fellow disciples of Jesus in our church who are gay or lesbian, this will bring more pain. For many who have felt and been rejected by the church because of who they are, for many who have felt and been rejected by families and communities, our church opening itself in love was a sign of hope. And this will add pain on top of pain.[22]", "West Angeles Church of God in Christ \"West A\" is known for both its influential pastor, dynamic city ministries and for its celebrity members, which include Magic Johnson, Natalie Cole, Denzel Washington,[3] Stevie Wonder, Michelle Shocked, and Angela Bassett.[citation needed]", "Richmond, Virginia In 1990 religion and politics intersected to impact the outcome of the Eighth District election in South Richmond. With the endorsements of black power brokers, black clergy and the Richmond Crusade for Voters, South Richmond residents made history, electing Reverend A. Carl Prince to the Richmond City Council. As the first African American Baptist Minister elected to the Richmond City Council, Prince's election paved the way for a political paradigm shift in politics that persist today. Following Prince's election, Reverend Gwendolyn Hedgepeth and the Reverend Leonidas Young, former Richmond Mayor were elected to public office. Prior to Prince's election black clergy made political endorsements and served as appointees to the Richmond School Board and other boards throughout the city. Today religion and politics continues to thrive in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Dwight C. Jones, a prominent Baptist pastor and former Chairman of the Richmond School Board and Member of the Virginia House of Delegates serves as Mayor of the City of Richmond.", "Phylicia Rashad In 2017, Rashad portrayed Bishop Yvette A. Flunder, pastor of The City of Refuge Church in San Francisco, CA, as past of the Dustin Lance Black mini-series When We Rise. Her appearance in show highlighted the compassion of the church, the commitment of its leadership and the loving home the church provides to minister in the tough, primarily African-American community in San Francisco.[19]", "Dottie Peoples In the seventies, while working at Salem Baptist Church in Atlanta, Peoples persuaded Reverend Doctor Jasper Williams, Jr. to start Church Door Records. Peoples became the general manager. The record label produced albums for the pastor and the church choir, and later, in 1984, Peoples's first solo effort, Surely God Is Able. In 1987, People's Is It Worth It All nourished the spiritual world on the same label. Two other albums followed.", "Justin Bieber He was baptized by Pentecostal Pastor Carl Lentz of Hillsong Church New York, who is a close friend, on January 9, 2014, after a born again experience.[156][157]", "Lester Barrie Rev Lester Eugene Barrie is currently the Senior Pastor of the Bible Believers Missionary Baptist Church in Lakewood CA where he has served since 2011.", "Church of God in Christ 1962â€“1968 has been described as a \"Dark Period\" in the history of the Church of God in Christ, because there was polarization and conflict in leadership following the death of the founder.[20][21] After Mason's death, in accordance with the 1952 church constitution, the control of the church reverted to the Board of bishops. However, the General Assembly vested authority in the Executive Board composed of the seven bishops selected by Bishop Mason before his death. The COGIC constitution at the time did not identify a clear successor or the authority of the Executive Board after Mason's death. A. B. McEwen was elected chairman of the Executive Board, and O.T. Jones Sr. was elected Senior Bishop by the General Assembly.[22]", "Pentecostal Church of God Moderator/Chairman\nRev. A. D. McClure: 1927-1933\nRev. G. F. C. Fons: 1933-1935\nGeneral Secretary\nRev. Marion D. Townsend: 1935-1937\nRev. Harold M. Collins: 1937-1942\nRev. J. W. May: 1942-1947\nRev. H. T. Owens: 1947-1949\nRev. M. F. Coughran: 1949-1953\nRev. R. Dennis Heard: 1953-1975\nRev. Roy M. Chappell: 1975-1987\nDr. James D. Gee: 1987-2001\nRev. Phil L. Redding: 2001-2005\nGeneral Bishop\nRev. Charles R. Mosier: 2005-2006\nRev. Charles G. Scott: 2007-2015\nRev. Loyd L. Naten: 2015-2017\nDr. Wayman C. Ming: 2017-current", "Temple of Deliverance Church of God in Christ Gilbert Earl Patterson was born September 22, 1939 in the parsonage next door to the Church of God in Christ in Humboldt, Tennessee. He was the son of the late Bishop William Archie Patterson Sr. and Mary Louise Patterson. He was the brother of the late Elder William Archie Patterson Jr., Evangelist Mary Alice Patterson Hawkins, Supervisor Lee Ella Patterson Smith, and Evangelist Barbara Patterson Davis. He became a Christian in May 1951 at age 11 at Holy Temple Church of God in Christ in Memphis, where his father was the pastor. At that time, a revival was being held by Elder Johnny Brown.", "New Birth (band) The group including Baker, Churchill and Lander returned on Ariola in 1979 with Jerry Bell as their lead vocalist on Platinum City and in 1982 with the I'm Back album. Leslie Wilson had left the group to replace Jeffrey Osborne in L.T.D. whilst Jerry Bell departed in 1981 to become lead vocalist for Motown's Dazz Band.", "Lakewood Church Lakewood Church was founded by John Osteen and his second wife, Dolores (Dodie) on Mother's Day, May 10, 1959, inside an abandoned feed store in northeast Houston.[4] John was a Southern Baptist minister, but after experiencing baptism in the Holy Spirit, he founded Lakewood as a church for charismatic Baptists. The church soon dropped \"Baptist\" from its name and became non-denominational. By 1979, attendance was over five thousand, and the church was becoming prominent among Pentecostals and Charismatics. John and Dodie created and hosted Lakewood's weekly television program, which could be seen in 100 countries worldwide. Upon John Osteen's death on January 23, 1999, his youngest son, Joel Osteen, became the pastor.", "New Birth (band) New Birth's Buddah debut, Blind Baby, featured the group's only number-one R&B single, a cover of the Jerry Butler classic, \"Dream Merchant\". By this time, the Nite-Liters had so merged with the New Birth that the instrumental cut that opened the album was solely credited to New Birth. A move to Warner Brothers produced several minor hits and the release of the 1977 album, Behold The Mighty Army, the Wilson brothers left following disagreements in the group.", "David Oyedepo In 1982 he married Florence Abiola Akano (now known as Faith). They have four children together (David Jr, Isaac, Love and Joys). David Jr and Isaac Oyedepo were ordained as Pastors in May 2007 by Kenneth Copeland.[25] David Jr formerly pastors the London Branch of the Church with his wife, Kemi but now the resident pastor of the Ministry's headquarters church (Faith Tabernacle) while Isaac Oyedepo pastors Winners' Chapel International, Lokogoma, Abuja with his wife Ayomitide.", "Henry McNeal Turner In 1880, Turner was elected as the first bishop from the South in the AME Church, after a hard battle within the denomination.[11] Although one of the last bishops to have struggled up from poverty and a self-made man, he was the first AME Bishop to ordain a woman to the order of Deacon.[11] He discontinued the controversial practice because of threats and discontent among the congregations. During and after the 1880s, Turner supported prohibition and women's suffrage movements. He also served for twelve years as chancellor of Morris Brown College (now Morris Brown University), a historically black college affiliated with the AME Church in Atlanta.[2]", "Church of God in Christ The first youth leader on a national level was Elder M.C. Green. In 1917, the YPWW was officially organized under the leadership of Elder Ozro Thurston Jones, Sr., who in 1928 established the first Youth Congress bringing together youth leaders and workers on a national level. He began production of the YPWW Quarterly Topicsto train the youth of the COGIC in the faith, doctrine, and polity of the church. YPWW became a distinctive trademark for COGIC and the principle training institute usually meeting on Sunday night prior to evening worship services. For a brief period of time, the YPWW Congress was combined with the Sunday School Congress in a joint convention until 1951. The Youth Congress eventually become one of the largest conventions in COGIC. Other leaders of the Youth Department who leader became influential leaders of the church included: Bishop F.D. Washington, Bishop Chandler D. Owens, Bishop Brandon B. Porter, and Bishop J. Drew Sheard. To be consistent with progressive measures and modernization, in the Nineties, the international church along with many local COGIC churches began to use the term \"youth department\" instead of \"YPWW. \" Today, the International Youth Department (IYD) is led by the International Youth President, Dr. Benjamin Stephens of Grandview, MO, and the International Chairlady, Evangelist Joyce Rogers of Denton, TX.[26]", "Church of God in Christ Bishop O. T. Jones Sr, however, did not leave the COGIC. After being removed from the office of Senior Bishop, he remained the Jurisdictional Bishop of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania until his death in 1972.[26] COGIC continued to grow and in 1973, the church claimed a worldwide membership of nearly three million.[24]", "Southern Christian Leadership Conference Martin Luther King III resigned in 2004, upon which Fred Shuttlesworth was elected to replace him. Shuttlesworth resigned the same year that he was appointed, complaining that \"deceit, mistrust, and a lack of spiritual discipline and truth have eaten at the core of this once-hallowed organization\".[29] He was replaced by Charles Steele Jr. who served until October 2009.", "David Oyedepo The teachings of Oyedepo have put him in the category of what is commonly called the Word of Faith Movement.[17]\nHe has referred to principal exponents of the Faith Movement such as Kenneth Copeland, Gloria Copeland, the late Kenneth Hagin, E. W. Kenyon, T. L. Osborn, Smith Wigglesworth as well as renowned Nigerian preachers Enoch Adeboye and the late Benson Idahosa as mentors.[18][19][20]", "Tasha Cobbs On 3 March 2017 in a private ceremony attended by family and friends she married her long term love Kenneth Leonard. His 3 children were present at the ceremony to welcome her to their family.[4]", "Bishop In the Church of God in Christ (COGIC), the ecclesiastical structure is composed of large dioceses that are called \"jurisdictions\" within COGIC, each under the authority of a Bishop, sometimes called \"State Bishops\". They can either be made up of large geographical regions of churches or churches that are grouped and organized together as their own separate jurisdictions because of similar affiliations, regardless of geographical location or dispersion. Each state in the U.S. has at least one jurisdiction while others may have several more, and each jurisdiction is usually composed of between 30 and 100 churches. Each jurisdiction is then broken down into several districts, which are smaller groups of churches (either grouped by geographical situation or by similar affiliations) which are each under the authority of District Superintendents who answer to the authority of their Jurisdictional/State Bishop. There are currently over 170 jurisdictions in the United States, and over 30 jurisdictions in other countries. The Bishops of each jurisdiction, according to the COGIC Manual, are considered to be the modern day equivalent in the church of the early apostles and overseers of the New Testament church, and as the highest ranking clergymen in the COGIC, they are tasked with the responsibilities of being the head overseers of all religious, civil, and economic ministries and protocol for the church denomination.[29] They also have the authority to appoint and ordain local pastors, elders, ministers, and reverends within the denomination. The Bishops of the COGIC denomination are all collectively called \"The Board of Bishops.\"[30] From the Board of Bishops, and the General Assembly of the COGIC, the body of the church composed of clergy and lay delegates that are responsible for making and enforcing the bylaws of the denomination, every four years, twelve Bishops from the COGIC are elected as \"The General Board\" of the church, who work alongside the delegates of the General Assembly and Board of Bishops to provide administration over the denomination as the church's head executive leaders.[31] One of twelve bishops of the General Board is also elected the \"Presiding Bishop\" of the church, and two others are appointed by the Presiding Bishop himself, as his First and Second Assistant Presiding Bishops.", "Bishop Some Baptists also have begun taking on the title of Bishop.[33] In some smaller Protestant denominations and independent churches, the term bishop is used in the same way as pastor, to refer to the leader of the local congregation, and may be male or female. This usage is especially common in African-American churches in the USA.", "Church of God in Christ After being rejected for accepting these new teachings, Mason called a meeting in Memphis and reorganized the Church of God in Christ as a Holiness-Pentecostal body. The early pioneers of this newly formed Holiness-Pentecostal body in 1907 were E. R. Driver, J. Bowe, R. R. Booker, R. E. Hart, W. Welsh, A. A. Blackwell, E. M. Blackwell, E. M. Page, R. H. I. Clark, D. J. Young, James Brewer, Daniel Spearman, and J. H. Boone. These elders became the first Pentecostal General Assembly of the Church of God in Christ. They unanimously chose C.H. Mason as General Overseer and Chief Apostle. Mason was given authority to lead the new denomination.[11]", "Martha Munizzi Munizzi has ministered with several popular Christian ministries including; Joel Osteen, Creflo Dollar, Joyce Meyer, Benny Hinn, CeCe Winans, and Bishop T.D. Jakes. She has also appeared on Trinity Broadcasting Network's (TBN's) Praise The Lord, on the Daystar Television Network, on Life Today with James Robison, and on Black Entertainment Television's BET Celebration Of Gospel. Additionally she performed as a part of the 3rd annual \"Sisters In The Spirit\" tour with Yolanda Adams, Kelly Price, Juanita Bynum, Rizen and Sheila E in 2005. She was also a featured performer with Kirk Franklin at the \"Imagine Me\" all-star celebrity benefit concert on January 11, 2007 at the Opryland Hotel in Nashville, Tennessee.[6] The concert was a benefit for the Children's Defense Fund.", "David Oyedepo Oyedepo is the wealthiest preacher in Nigeria with a net worth of over US$150 million. The church owns four private jets and several buildings, including in London and the US. Oyedepo is an author and publisher who has written over 70 titles apart from periodicals. He is the chairman/publisher of Dominion Publishing House (DPH), a publishing arm of the ministry. DPH has over 4 million prints in circulation to date. Through Oyedepo Covenant University, Faith Academy and Kingdom Heritage Model Schools have been established to equip the youth for global impact. The construction of a third university named Crown University is already underway, located in Calabar, Cross Rivers, Nigeria.[8]\n...", "New Birth (band) As New Birth", "Father Divine Father Divine (c. 1876 – September 10, 1965), also known as Reverend M. J. Divine, was an African American spiritual leader[2] from about 1907 until his death. His full self-given name was Reverend Major Jealous Divine, and he was also known as \"the Messenger\" early in his life. He founded the International Peace Mission movement, formulated its doctrine, and oversaw its growth from a small and predominantly black congregation into a multiracial and international church.", "The Preacher's Wife Filming began in early January 1996. Trinity United Methodist Church in Newark, New Jersey, served as the Biggs' New York City church.[3] The production leased the church, and began renovating it in February 1996. The interior was painted, new carpet laid, and the main doors repaired. The production team designed a pulpit and altar rails that more accurately reflected the design of Baptist churches. After filming, the church kept the pulpit, and the production crew worked with architects from the United Methodist Church to design and install rails more fitting of the Methodist style. Filming occurred there from March 11 to April 3, with about a quarter of the church's membership hired as extras. (The church used the rental fees paid by the production to replace its boiler and HVAC system.)[6]", "Church of God in Christ The legislative authority of the church is vested in a General Assembly, composed of the members of the General Board, Jurisdictional/Auxiliary Bishops, Jurisdictional Supervisors, Chaplains, Pastors, Ordained Elders, four District Missionaries and six lay members from each Jurisdiction. The General Assembly elects a 12-person General Board (Presidium) every four years from the college of bishops, who serve functionally as apostles of the church. The General Assembly meets biannually each year in April and November while the Presidium acts as the executive branch of the church, overseeing the day-to-day operation when the General Assembly is not in session. As a result, the General Board exercises great authority over the church. The Presidium includes a separately elected International Presiding Bishop by the General Assembly who serves a term of four years, who, then appoints two assistant presiding bishops. The current Presiding Bishop and Chief Apostle is Bishop Charles E. Blake, Sr. National officers of the church are chosen at the General Assembly every four years unless special elections are warranted. The Judicial Board serves as the judicial branch and is the supreme body that interprets polity and practice. It has nine members, elected by the General Assembly, including three bishops, three elders, and three lay members.", "Herman Cain Cain also serves as an associate minister at Antioch Baptist Church North in Atlanta, which he joined at the age of 10.[30] The church is part of the National Baptist Convention[31] and is politically liberal and theologically conservative; the church's senior pastor, Rev. Cameron M. Alexander, does not share Cainâ€™s political philosophy.[32][33]", "New Birth (band) New Birth (also known as The New Birth) is an American funk and R&B group. It was originally conceived in Detroit, Michigan by former Motown songwriter/producer, Vernon Bullock and co-founded in Louisville, Kentucky by him with former singer and Motown songwriter/producer Harvey Fuqua and musicians, Tony Churchill, James Baker, Robin Russell, Austin Lander, Robert \"Lurch\" Jackson, Leroy Taylor, Charlie Hearndon, Bruce Marshall and Nathaniel \"Nebs\" Neblett.", "Church of God in Christ Bishop Louis Henry Ford of Chicago, Illinois, was elected after the death of J.O. Patterson Sr. in 1989. Ford was pastor of the St. Paul COGIC in Chicago and was Presiding Prelate of the Historic Illinois First Jurisdiction. He was a strong advocate for social justice. He became nationally recognized in 1955 for officiating at the funeral of 15-year-old Emmett Till, who was brutally murdered in Mississippi. He gave the eulogy for Till at Robert's Temple COGIC in 1955.[28]", "La Luz del Mundo On December 14, 2014 Naasón Joaquín García, the fifth born of the Joaquin family, became the spiritual leader and international director of La Luz del Mundo church.[42] Naasón was born on May 7, 1969 and previously served as pastor in Santa Ana, California.[43][44][45] After almost three years of arduous work Naasón continues to lead the church, with ambition to fulfill a promise he received from God in a vision, that La Luz del Mundo Church will grow to a number that he could never imagine or perceive. He also urges the youth and members of the church to join him in spreading their doctrine to the ends of the earth.", "New Apostolic Church The Apostles of the New Apostolic Church consider themselves as successors of the first Apostles during Early Christianity, who had been sent by Jesus Christ. In their tradition, they act as missionaries, who go to all men to preach the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and to prepare them for the Second Coming of Christ and eternal life. According to the NAC, the apostles are the only ones on earth who have the mission to forgive sins and baptise with the Holy Spirit. It is also a duty of the apostles, and all the ministers of the NAC, to affirm corporate feeling within the church and to support the members with pastoral care.[24]", "Andraé Crouch Between 1993 and 1994, Crouch suffered the loss of his father, mother, and older brother.[5] After his father's death, Crouch and his sister took over the shared duty of senior pastor at the church his parents founded, Christ Memorial Church of God in Christ in Pacoima, California.[5][20]", "Della Reese In the 1980s, Reese was ordained as a minister through the Christian New Thought branch known as Unity, after serving as the senior minister and founder of her own church, Understanding Principles for Better Living.[20] The \"Up Church\" is under Universal Foundation for Better Living, a denomination of Christian New Thought founded by Rev. Johnnie Colemon, a close friend of Rev. Reese-Lett. As of 2009[update], they meet at First Lutheran Church in Inglewood, California.[21] In her ministerial work, she was known as the Rev. Dr. Della Reese Lett.[22]", "The Preacher's Wife Rev. Henry Biggs (Courtney B. Vance) is the pastor of a small struggling Baptist church in a poverty-stricken neighborhood of New York City. Membership is declining, Henry is pulled in a hundred directions by his parishioners' needs, and the church's finances are in trouble. Henry is under intense pressure from real estate developer Joe Hamilton (Gregory Hines) to sell the church's property so that Hamilton can build luxury condominiums on the site. Henry has also become neglectful of his wife, Julia (Whitney Houston), and his son, Jeremiah. Julia worries that her marriage is failing. Unsure that he can make a difference in his parishioners' lives and beginning to lose his faith, Henry prays to God for help, which comes in the form of Dudley (Denzel Washington), a witty and debonair angel. Dudley tells Henry that he is an angel sent by God to help him, but Henry is deeply suspicious of Dudley. Julia, however, is instantly charmed by the handsome and unflappable angel." ]	[ "New Birth Missionary Baptist Church On January 15, 2017, Bishop Eddie Long died from an aggressive form of cancer according to a statement released by the church.[9] The church then announced Stephen A. Davis, pastor of New Birth Birmingham in Birmingham, Alabama would be Long's successor at New Birth Missionary Baptist Church in Lithonia while remaining pastor of the Birmingham church.[10]" ]
test2764	where did the name 99 ice cream come from	[ "doc95064", "doc95069" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc95062", "doc95061", "doc95069", "doc95064", "doc95067", "doc95066", "doc95063", "doc95065", "doc2060652", "doc95068", "doc2677719", "doc2417216", "doc1013165", "doc1013179", "doc2060655", "doc2677721", "doc1655487", "doc1013182", "doc1343329", "doc2677725", "doc1408480", "doc1013194", "doc2417215", "doc2156223", "doc883023", "doc1013221", "doc2417208", "doc1462029", "doc1013177", "doc2677724", "doc1013158", "doc2677726", "doc148061", "doc1212553", "doc1408486", "doc1013180", "doc2417214", "doc2156225", "doc1013172", "doc1013174", "doc2677736", "doc1563513", "doc1563512", "doc2410423", "doc1013167", "doc2417210", "doc1013209", "doc862450", "doc6947", "doc2677723", "doc133234", "doc1408478", "doc1786054", "doc596813", "doc1013159", "doc2060653", "doc6938", "doc341910", "doc1013218", "doc596829", "doc1563514", "doc1408485", "doc1013207", "doc2288093", "doc2666514", "doc1629411", "doc1013190", "doc2417209", "doc1650235", "doc1013183", "doc318739", "doc2060660", "doc341904", "doc341907", "doc2060654", "doc1212554", "doc639647", "doc1013189", "doc1013219", "doc1013169", "doc1131021", "doc1013175", "doc2060657", "doc1786061", "doc2288088", "doc1224177", "doc862453", "doc596820", "doc2677727", "doc2060656", "doc133238", "doc1013164", "doc1794144", "doc1679443", "doc801360", "doc1227294", "doc596812", "doc1013166", "doc148062", "doc148096" ]	[ "99 Flake A 99 Flake ice cream, or more commonly a 99 or ninety-nine,[3] is an ice cream cone, usually made with soft serve ice cream, into which a Flake bar has been inserted. The ice cream is usually vanilla flavoured. They are sold by ice cream vans and parlours. Variations include a 99 with two flakes - often referred to as a double 99 or \"bunny's ears\" - and a 99 with strawberry or raspberry syrup on top, sometimes known as monkey's blood.[2]", "99 Flake A 99 Flake can refer to an ice cream cone with a Cadbury Flake inserted in it; a specially produced Flake bar for this purpose; or a wrapped ice cream cone product marketed by Cadbury. Having been created at the Cadbury's factory in Bournville, England, the flake was originally designed to be a cuboid, and fit into a wafer.[1] By 1930, Cadbury's was selling half-length Flake \"99s\" specifically for prodding a cone.[2]", "99 Flake The Cadbury website says that the reason behind the Flake being called a 99 has been \"lost in the mists of time\" although it also repeats an article from an old Cadbury works paper, which states the name came from the guard of the Italian king which consisted of 99 men and \"subsequently anything really special or first class was known as 99.\"[7]", "99 Flake The Flake chocolate bar manufactured and marketed by Cadburys itself was first developed in the UK in 1920.[5] An employee of Cadbury's noted that when the excess from the moulds used to create other chocolate bars was drained off, it fell off in a stream and created folded chocolate with flaking properties.[5] In 1930, Cadbury started producing a smaller version of the standard Flake bar especially for ice cream cones.[2] These were marketed under the name 99 Flake and sold loose in boxes rather than individually wrapped like the traditional Flake.", "99 Flake Another possibility[1] is that it was named by Italian ice-cream sellers (many from mountainous areas in the Veneto, Trentino, Bellunes Alps and Friuli) in honour of the final wave of conscripts from the First World War, born in 1899 and referred to as \"i Ragazzi del 99\" - the Boys of '99. They were held in such high esteem that some streets in Italy were named in honour of them. The chocolate flake may have reminded them of the Alpini Regiments' hat, with a long dark feather cocked at an angle.", "99 Flake The origins of the name are uncertain. One claim is that it was coined in Portobello, Scotland when Stefano Arcari, who opened a shop in 1922 at 99 Portobello High Street, would break a large 'Flake\" in half and stick it in an ice cream. The name came from the shop's address. A Cadbury representative took the idea to his company.[1][2]", "99 Flake There are many references to 99s in British and Irish pop culture. The pop-electronica duo The KLF used ice-cream van iconography and included the phrase \"Make mine a 99\" in their 1991 single version of \"Justified and Ancient\". The 2006 episode of New Tricks titled \"Ice Cream Wars\" saw the team's attempt to buy 99s turn into an investigation,[4] and DI Alec Hardy eats a ninety-nine in the first episode of the British drama Broadchurch.[citation needed]", "99 Flake The early \"99\" was a wafer and not a cone of ice cream. The small flake was placed between two servings of ice cream and then wafer biscuits placed on the top and bottom.", "Neapolitan ice cream Neapolitan ice cream was named in the late 19th century as a reflection of its presumed origins in the cuisine of the Italian city of Naples, and the many Neapolitan immigrants who brought their expertise in frozen desserts with them to the United States. Spumone was introduced to the United States in the 1870s as Neapolitan-style ice cream. Early recipes used a variety of flavors; however, the number of three molded together was a common denominator, to resemble the Italian flag (cf. insalata tricolore). More than likely, chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry became the standard for the reason that they were the most popular flavors in the United States at the time of introduction.[3]", "99 Flake Another claim to have invented the 99 is made by the Dunkerleys in Gorton, Manchester, with a sweet shop at 99 Wellington Street.[6]", "Sundae Ice cream sundae soon became the weekend semi-official soda fountain confection in the beginning of the 1900s and quickly gained popularity. The Ice Cream Trade Journal for 1909 along with plain, or French sundae, listed such exotic varieties as Robin Hood sundae, Cocoa Caramel sundae, Black Hawk sundae, Angel Cake sundae, Cherry Dip sundae, Cinnamon Peak sundae, Opera sundae, Fleur D'Orange sundae, Knickerbocker sundae, Tally-Ho Sundae, Bismarck and George Washington sundaes, to name a few.[2]", "Ice cream cone In 1959, Spica, an Italian ice cream manufacturer based in Naples, invented a process whereby the inside of the waffle cone was insulated from the ice cream by a layer of oil, sugar and chocolate. Spica registered the name Cornetto in 1960. Initial sales were poor, but in 1976 Unilever bought out Spica and began a mass-marketing campaign throughout Europe. Cornetto is now one of the most popular ice creams in the world.", "Ice cream The Roman Emperor Nero (37â€“68 AD) had ice brought from the mountains and combined it with fruit toppings to create chilled delicacies.[9]", "Ice cream Ice cream soda was invented in the 1870s, adding to ice cream's popularity. The invention of this cold treat is attributed to American Robert Green in 1874, although there is no conclusive evidence to prove his claim. The ice cream sundae originated in the late 19th century. Several men claimed to have created the first sundae, but there is no conclusive evidence to support any of their stories. Some sources say that the sundae was invented to circumvent blue laws, which forbade serving sodas on Sunday. Towns claiming to be the birthplace of the sundae include Buffalo, Two Rivers, Ithaca, and Evanston. Both the ice cream cone and banana split became popular in the early 20th century.", "Neapolitan ice cream John F. Mariani, in The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink: \"Eighteenth century... confectioners' shops [were] very often run by Italians. Consequently ice creams were often called 'Italian ice creams' or 'Neapolitan ice creams' throughout the nineteenth century, and the purveying of such confections became associated with Italian immigrants.\"[6]", "Sundae Two Rivers' claim is based on the story of George Hallauer asking Edward C. Berners, the owner of Berners' Soda Fountain, to drizzle chocolate syrup over ice cream in 1881. Berners eventually did and wound up selling the treat for a nickel, originally only on Sundays, but later every day. According to this story, the spelling changed when a glass salesman ordered canoe-shaped dishes. When Berners died in 1939, the Chicago Tribune headlined his obituary \"Man Who Made First Ice Cream Sundae Is Dead\".[3][4] Two Ithaca High School students, however, claim that Berners would have only been 16 or 17 in 1881, so it is therefore \"improbable\" that he would have owned an ice cream shop in that year. They also state that the obituary dates Berners' first sundae to 1899 rather than 1881.[5][6]", "Culture of the United Kingdom The Quakers, founded by George Fox in 1650s England and described by the BBC as \"natural capitalists\", had a virtual monopoly in the British chocolate industry for much of the 19th and 20th centuries, led by Cadbury of Birmingham, Fry's of Bristol and Rowntree's and Terry's of York.[309] British chocolate bars; Cadbury Dairy Milk, Galaxy and Kit Kat, are the three best selling bars in the UK.[310] Cadbury Creme Eggs are the best selling confectionery item between New Year's Day and Easter in the UK, with annual sales in excess of 200 million. Created in Doncaster, Yorkshire, Butterscotch boiled sweets is one of the town's best known exports. A stick of rock (a hard cylindrical stick-shaped boiled sugar) is a traditional British seaside sweet, commonly sold at seaside resorts throughout the UK such as Brighton, Portrush and Blackpool. A \"99 Flake\" (commonly called a \"99\") which consists of ice cream in a cone with a Cadbury Flake inserted in it, is a hugely popular British dessert.[311]", "Ice cream Ice cream became popular throughout the world in the second half of the 20th century after cheap refrigeration became common. There was an explosion of ice cream stores and of flavours and types. Vendors often competed on the basis of variety. Howard Johnson's restaurants advertised \"a world of 28 flavors\". Baskin-Robbins made its 31 flavours (\"one for every day of the month\") the cornerstone of its marketing strategy. The company now boasts that it has developed over 1000 varieties.", "Justified & Ancient Promotional material and antics for \"Stand by The JAMs\" used iconography of ice cream and an ice cream van, while the lyrics coined the phrase \"Make mine a '99' \". Indeed, a working title for the \"Justified & Ancient\" project was allegedly \"The Ice Cream Men\".[19] Several months prior to the single's release, The KLF appeared at the Liverpool Festival of Comedy, where they sold ice creams to the audience while, on stage, figures swathen in grey and yellow robes chanted \"justified...ancient...\".[20]", "Sundae Supporting Ithaca's claim to be \"the birthplace of the ice cream sundae\", researchers at The History Center in Tompkins County, New York, provide an account of how the sundae came to be: On Sunday, April 3, 1892, in Ithaca, John M. Scott, a Unitarian Church minister, and Chester Platt, co-owner of Platt & Colt Pharmacy, created the first historically documented sundae.[6][5][dead link][11] Platt covered dishes of ice cream with cherry syrup and candied cherries on a whim. The men named the dish \"Cherry Sunday\" in honor of the day it was created. The oldest-known written evidence of a sundae is Platt & Colt's newspaper ad for a \"Cherry Sunday\" placed in the Ithaca Daily Journal on April 5, 1892. By May 1892, the Platt & Colt soda fountain also served \"Strawberry Sundays\" and later, \"Chocolate Sundays\".", "Häagen-Dazs Reuben Mattus invented the \"Häagen-Dazs\" name supposedly as a tribute to Denmark's exemplary treatment of its Jews during the Second World War,[4] and included an outline map of Denmark on early labels. Mattus erroneously claimed the name was \"Danish-sounding,\" although it is not Danish or even remotely similar to Danish, which has neither an umlaut ä (rather, the ligature æ is the corresponding counterpart) nor do the letters zs combine in Danish, nor did the name have any meaning in any language before its creation.[5] Mattus felt that Denmark was known for its dairy products and had a positive image in the United States.[6] His daughter Doris Hurley reported in the 1999 PBS documentary An Ice Cream Show that her father sat at the kitchen table for hours saying nonsensical words until he came up with a combination he liked. The reason he chose this method was so that the name would be unique and original.[7]", "Ice cream Ice cream can be mass-produced and thus is widely available in developed parts of the world. Ice cream can be purchased in large cartons (vats and squrounds) from supermarkets and grocery stores, in smaller quantities from ice cream shops, convenience stores, and milk bars, and in individual servings from small carts or vans at public events. In 2015, US produced nearly 900 million gallons of ice cream.[33]", "Ice cream cone In 1928, J.T. \"Stubby\" Parker of Fort Worth, Texas created an ice cream cone that could be stored in a grocer's freezer, with the cone and the ice cream frozen together as one item.[14] He formed The Drumstick Company in 1931 to market the product, and in 1991 the company was purchased by Nestlé.", "Ice pop Frank Epperson of Oakland or San Francisco, California, (it is debated where) popularized ice pops after patenting the concept of \"frozen ice on a stick\" in 1923.[5][6] He initially called it the Epsicle.[7] A couple of years later, Epperson sold the rights to the invention and the Popsicle brand to the Joe Lowe Company in New York City.[5]", "Rocky road (ice cream) Rocky road ice cream is a chocolate flavored ice cream.[1] Though there are variations from the original flavor, it is traditionally composed of chocolate ice cream, nuts, and whole or diced marshmallows. According to one source, the flavor was created in March 1929 by William Dreyer in Oakland, California when he cut up walnuts and marshmallows with his wife's sewing scissors and added them to his chocolate ice cream in a manner that reflected how his partner Joseph Edy's chocolate candy creation incorporated walnuts and marshmallow pieces.[2] Later, the walnuts would be replaced by pieces of toasted almond. After the Wall Street Crash of 1929, Dreyer and Edy gave the flavor its current name \"to give folks something to smile about in the midst of the Great Depression.\"[2] Alternatively, Fentons Creamery in Oakland claims that William Dreyer based his recipe on a Rocky Road-style ice cream flavor invented by his friend, Fentons' George Farren, who blended his own Rocky Road-style candy bar into ice cream; however, Dreyer substituted almonds for walnuts.[3]", "Ice cream Reliable evidence proves that ice cream cones were served in the 19th century, and their popularity increased greatly during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. According to legend, at the World's Fair an ice cream seller had run out of the cardboard dishes used to put ice cream scoops in, so they could not sell any more produce. Next door to the ice cream booth was a Syrian waffle booth, unsuccessful due to intense heat; the waffle maker offered to make cones by rolling up his waffles and the new product sold well, and was widely copied by other vendors.[45][46]", "Ice cream cone Edible cones were patented by two entrepreneurs, both Italian, separately in the years 1902 and 1903. Antonio Valvona, an ice cream merchant from Manchester, UK, patented a biscuit cup producing machine in 1902, and in 1903, Italo Marchiony, an ice cream salesman from New York filed for the patent of a machine which made ice cream containers.[2][4] Abe Doumar and the Doumar family can also claim credit for the ice cream cone.[5]", "Streets (ice cream) Streets introduced the Paddle Pop in 1953, and sold over ninety million units by century's end. It is per capita the world's best selling ice cream.[5]", "Ice cream In the Mediterranean, ice cream appears to have been accessible to ordinary people by the mid-eighteenth century.[20] Ice cream became popular and inexpensive in England in the mid-nineteenth century, when Swiss émigré Carlo Gatti set up the first stand outside Charing Cross station in 1851. He sold scoops in shells for one penny. Prior to this, ice cream was an expensive treat confined to those with access to an ice house.[21] Gatti built an 'ice well' to store ice that he cut from Regent's Canal under a contract with the Regent's Canal Company. By 1860, he expanded the business and began importing ice on a large scale from Norway.", "Sundae Evanston was one of the first locations to pass a blue law against selling ice cream sodas in 1890. \"Some ingenious confectioners and drug store operators [in Evanston]... obeying the law, served ice cream with the syrup of your choice without the soda [on Sundays]. Thereby complying with the lawâ€¦ This sodaless soda was the Sunday soda.\"[1] As sales of the dessert continued on Mondays, local Methodist leaders then objected to naming the dish after the Sabbath, so the spelling of the name was changed to sundae.[9][10]", "Ice cream Ice cream (derived from earlier iced cream or cream ice[1]) is a sweetened frozen food typically eaten as a snack or dessert. It is usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, and often combined with fruits or other ingredients and flavors. It is typically sweetened with sugar or sugar substitutes. Typically, flavourings and colourings are added in addition to stabilizers. The mixture is stirred to incorporate air spaces and cooled below the freezing point of water to prevent detectable ice crystals from forming. The result is a smooth, semi-solid foam that is solid at very low temperatures (< 2 °C or 35 °F). It becomes more malleable as its temperature increases.", "Sundae Platt & Colt's \"Sundays\" grew so popular that by 1894, Chester Platt attempted to trademark the term ice cream \"Sunday\".[6]", "Ben & Jerry's Ben Cohen and Jerry Greenfield were childhood friends from New York. While Greenfield finished college, he found himself unable to make his way into medical school. Cohen dropped out of school.[2] In 1977, Cohen and Greenfield completed a correspondence course on ice cream making from Pennsylvania State University's creamery. Cohen has severe anosmia, a lack of a sense of smell or taste, and so relied on \"mouth feel\" and texture to provide variety in his diet. This led to the company's trademark chunks being mixed in with their ice cream.[3] On May 5, 1978, with a $12,000[4] investment, the two business partners opened an ice cream parlor in a renovated gas station in downtown Burlington, Vermont. In 1979, they marked their anniversary by holding the first-ever free cone day, now an international annual celebration at every Ben & Jerry's store.[3]", "Soft serve Over Memorial Day weekend of 1934, Tom Carvel, the founder of the Carvel brand and franchise, suffered a flat tire in his ice cream truck in Hartsdale, New York. He pulled into a parking lot and began selling his melting ice cream to vacationers driving by. Within two days he had sold his entire supply of ice cream and concluded that both a fixed location and soft (as opposed to hard) frozen desserts were potentially good business ideas.[2] In 1936, Carvel opened his first store on the original broken down truck site and developed a secret soft serve ice cream formula as well as patented super low temperature ice cream machines.[3]", "Häagen-Dazs The Senator Frozen Products company was profitable, but by the 1950s the large mass-producers of ice cream started a price war,[clarification needed] leading to his decision to make a heavy kind of high-end ice cream. In 1959, he decided to form a new ice cream company with what he thought to be a Danish-sounding name, HÃ¤agen-Dazs,[4] a move known in the marketing industry as foreign branding.", "Ice cream The first mention of the cone being used as an edible receptacle for the ice cream is in Mrs. A.B. Marshall's Book of Cookery of 1888. Her recipe for \"Cornet with Cream\" said that \"the cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven, not pressed between irons\".[22][23][24][25] The ice cream cone was popularized in the USA at the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, MO.[26]", "Ice cream cone In 1918, a Lebanese immigrant, Albert George, started the George & Thomas Cone Company, and began to mass-produce baked ice cream cones to sell to restaurants, as well as the everyday consumer.[9] That company became Joy Ice Cream Cone Company, now named the Joy Cone Company, located in Hermitage, Pennsylvania. The company has two facilities, its eastern facility located at 3435 Lamor Road in Hermitage, PA, and its western facility located at 2843 West Shamrell Blvd. in Flagstaff, Arizona.[10] In July 2017, the company started construction of another $24 million plant at its Hermitage, PA location which will be fully operational in spring of 2018.[11] The company produces over 2 billion ice cream cones (sugar, cake, and waffle cones)[12] a year. Joy Cone is the largest ice cream cone maker in the world.[13] The company is still owned/operated by the George family along with the employees as an ESOP (employee stock ownership plan).[9] In September 2017, Joy Cone completed the purchase of BoDeans Baking Group, with its Le Mars, Iowa plants, along with a second subsidiary, Altesa, which makes ice cream cones and related products in Mexico City.[11] This will permit Joy Cone to expand sales into Central America.", "Ice pop In the United States and Canada frozen ice on a stick is generically referred to as a popsicle due to the early popularity of the Popsicle brand, and the word has become a genericized trademark to mean any ice pop or freezer pop, regardless of brand or format.[8][2][9] (The word is a portmanteau of pop and icicle; the word is genericized to such an extent that there are decades-old derived slang meanings such as \"popsicle stand\".[10]) They are also called an ice pop or freezer pop in the United States. In the Caicos Islands it is referred to as an ice saver. In the United Kingdom and Ireland the terms ice lolly and ice pop are used, though ice pop is much more common in Ireland. Chihiro is used as a slang term in the Cayman Islands, partially derived from chill.[3] Different parts of Australia use either ice block or icy pole,[11] and New Zealand uses ice block.", "Ice cream An early reference to ice cream given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from 1744, reprinted in a magazine in 1877. \"1744 in Pennsylvania Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1877) I. 126 Among the rarities..was some fine ice cream, which, with the strawberries and milk, eat most deliciously.\"[15]", "Ice cream Quaker colonists introduced ice cream to the United States, bringing their ice cream recipes with them. Confectioners sold ice cream at their shops in New York and other cities during the colonial era. Ben Franklin, George Washington, and Thomas Jefferson were known to have regularly eaten and served ice cream. Records, kept by a merchant from Catham street, New York, show George Washington spending approximately $200 on ice cream in the summer of 1790. The same records show president Thomas Jefferson having an 18 step recipe for ice cream.[16] First Lady Dolley Madison, wife of U.S. President James Madison, served ice cream at her husband's Inaugural Ball in 1813.[17]", "Sundae This sundae features a scoop of vanilla ice cream with chocolate sauce and a scoop of chocolate ice cream with creamy white marshmallow sauce, topped with Spanish peanuts.[citation needed] The Tin Roof Sundae was created in 1916, at the Potter Drug Co., in Potter, Nebraska, owned by pharmacist James Earl Thayer. His son, Harold Dean “Pinky” Thayer, worked in the soda fountain as a teenager, and is credited for inventing the ice cream treat. According to Dr. J.E. Thayer of Sidney, there are two stories of how the sundae got its name. The first is that it was inspired by the tin ceiling in the business; the other is that the stable across the street had a tin roof and that he named it after that.[13] The Tin Roof Sundae can still be enjoyed in Potter, Nebraska, where the Potter Drug Co., now called the Potter Sundry, is still in operation.", "Ice cream parlor Until 1800, ice cream remained a rare and exotic dessert enjoyed mostly by the elite. The introduction of insulated ice houses in 1800, the first ice cream factory in Pennsylvania in 1851, and industrial refrigeration in the 1870s made manufacturing and storing ice cream much simpler.[2] The first ice cream factory was built by Jacob Fussell, a milk dealer who bought dairy products from Philadelphia farmers and sold them in Baltimore. The mass production of ice cream cut the product's cost significantly, making it more popular and more affordable for people of lower classes.\n[3]", "Ice cream parlor While the origins of ice cream are often debated, most scholars trace the first ice cream parlor back to France in the 17th century. In 1686, Francesco Procopio del Coltelli opened Paris' first café. The Café Procope, named by its Sicilian founder, introduced gelato to the French public. The dessert was served to its elite guests in small porcelain bowls.[1]", "Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream It originated at the Ben & Jerry's Burlington Scoop Shop from an anonymous suggestion on their flavor suggestion board.[1] Because this outlet made most of its own flavors, the combination was only available there for several years. Ben and Jerry's \"primal ice cream therapist\" Peter Lind collaborated with Rhino Foods' Ted Castle to produce a variety of cookie dough that retained dough-like consistency at ice cream temperatures.[2] Rhino was able to gear up production of the dough in 1990, and in 1991, Ben and Jerry's introduced it to the larger public in pint-sized containers.", "Ice cream When Italian duchess Catherine de' Medici married the Duke of Orléans (Henry II of France) in 1533, she is said to have brought with her to France some Italian chefs who had recipes for flavoured ices or sorbets.[11] One hundred years later, Charles I of England was, it was reported, so impressed by the \"frozen snow\" that he offered his own ice cream maker a lifetime pension in return for keeping the formula secret, so that ice cream could be a royal prerogative.[12] There is no historical evidence to support these legends, which first appeared during the 19th century.", "Ice cream cone At the age of 16 Doumar began to sell paperweights and other items. One night, he bought a waffle from another vendor transplanted to Norfolk, Virginia from Ghent in Belgium, Leonidas KestekidÃ¨s. Doumar proceeded to roll up the waffle and place a scoop of ice cream on top. He then began selling the cones at the St. Louis Exposition. His \"cones\" were such a success that he designed a four-iron baking machine and had a foundry make it for him. At the Jamestown Exposition in 1907, he and his brothers sold nearly twenty-three thousand cones. After that, Abe bought a semiautomatic 36-iron machine, which produced 20 cones per minute and opened Doumar's Drive In in Norfolk, Virginia, which still operates at the same location over 100 years later.[6][7]", "Ice cream In 1651, Italian Francesco dei Coltelli opened an ice cream café in Paris and the product became so popular that during the next 50 years another 250 cafés opened in Paris.[40][41]", "Cherry ice cream André Viard in Le Cuisinier Impérial, first published in 1806, gives a recipe for glace de cerises.[12] Cherry ice cream has been produced in the United States since at least 1892.[13] A version of the dish created in 1932 included bitter almond extract, which is used as an additive on sour cherries, and was described as providing the flavor of maraschino cherry to the sour cherries.[5]", "Blue Bell Creameries Blue Bell introduced its flagship flavor, Homemade Vanilla, in 1969[3] and was the first company to mass-produce the flavor Cookies 'n Cream.[22] Although the company at one time made Cookies 'n Cream from Nabisco's Oreo cookies, buying ordinary retail packages, today it bakes its own cookies.[12] As of 1997, Blue Bell Homemade Vanilla was the best-selling single flavor of ice cream in the United States,[6] and in 2001, Forbes named Blue Bell the best ice cream in the country.[23]", "Sundae Buffalo's Stoddart Bros. Drug Store advertised serving up ice cream garnished with fruit syrup and whipped cream, in the pages of The Buffalo Evening News and the Buffalo Courier, as early as 1889. While there is no reference to naming this creation a \"sundae\", the elements of a modern sundae are present.[8]", "Banana split David Evans Strickler, a 23-year-old apprentice pharmacist at Tassel Pharmacy, located at 805 Ligonier Street in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, who enjoyed inventing sundaes at the store's soda fountain, invented the banana-based triple ice cream sundae in 1904.[4] The sundae originally cost 10 cents, twice the price of other sundaes, and caught on with students of nearby Saint Vincent College. News of a new variety of sundae quickly spread by word-of-mouth and through correspondence and soon progressed far beyond Latrobe.[5] A popular recipe published in 1907 called for a lengthwise split banana, two scoops of ice cream at each end and a spoon of whipped cream in between with maraschino cherry on a top, with one end covered with chopped mixed nuts and another with chopped mixed fruits.[6]", "Häagen-Dazs Häagen-Dazs /ˌhɑːɡənˈdɑːs/ is an American ice cream brand, established by Reuben and Rose Mattus in the Bronx, New York, in 1961. Starting with only three flavors: vanilla, chocolate, and coffee, the company opened its first retail store in Brooklyn, New York, on November 15, 1976.[1] The business now has franchises throughout the United States and many other countries around the world including the United Kingdom, Australia, India, China, Lebanon, New Zealand, and Brazil.[2]", "Breyers In 1866, William A. Breyer began to produce and sell iced cream in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, first from his home, and later via horse and wagon on the streets. Breyer's son Henry, incorporated the business in 1908. The formerly independent Breyer Ice Cream Company was sold to the National Dairy Products Corporation in 1926. National Dairy then changed its name to Kraftco in 1969, and Kraft by 1975. Kraft sold its ice cream brands to Unilever in 1993, while retaining the rights to the name for yogurt products.[2]", "Ice cream van Ice cream vans are often brightly decorated and carry images of ice cream, or some other adornment, such as cartoon characters. They may have painted-on notices, which can serve a commercial purpose (\"Stop me and buy one!\") or a more serious one (\"Don't Skid on a Kid!\") - serving as a warning to passing motorists that children may run out into the road at the sight of the van, or appear without warning from behind it. Along the sides, a large sliding window acts as a serving hatch, and this is often covered with small pictures of the available products, with their associated prices. A distinctive feature of ice cream vans is their melodic chimes, and often these take the form of a famous and recognizable tune, usually in the United States \"The Mister Softee Jingle\", \"Turkey in the Straw\", \"Do Your Ears Hang Low?, \"Pop Goes The Weasel\", \"The Entertainer\",[1] \"Music Box Dancer\", \"Home on the Range\", \"It's a Small World\", a tune from the opera Le devin du village more commonly known as the American folk song \"Go Tell Aunt Rhody\", \"The Picnic\" (a Japanese children's song usually played with a recording of a woman saying 'hello' at the end of the song on ice cream trucks), or \"Camptown Races\"; or, in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, \"Greensleeves\", \"It's Now Or Never (song)\", \"Whistle While You Work\" in Crewe and Nantwich, \"You Are My Sunshine\" in Vale Royal, \"Teddy Bears' Picnic\" in Sheffield, and \"Match of the Day\" in other places. In some places in the US, ice cream trucks play the song \"Ice Cream\" by Andre Nickatina (essentially just Turkey in the Straw with bass).", "Ice cream The meaning of the phrase \"ice cream\" varies from one country to another. Phrases such as \"frozen custard\", \"frozen yogurt\", \"sorbet\", \"gelato\", and others are used to distinguish different varieties and styles. In some countries, such as the United States, the phrase \"ice cream\" applies only to a specific variety, and most governments regulate the commercial use of the various terms according to the relative quantities of the main ingredients, notably the amount of cream.[2] Products that do not meet the criteria to be called ice cream are labelled \"frozen dairy dessert\" instead.[3] In other countries, such as Italy and Argentina, one word is used for all variants. Analogues made from dairy alternatives, such as goat's or sheep's milk, or milk substitutes (e.g., soy milk or tofu), are available for those who are lactose intolerant, allergic to dairy protein, or vegan.", "Neapolitan ice cream It is the first flavor of ice cream to combines three different flavors. The first recorded recipe was created by head chef of the royal Prussian household Louis Ferdinand Jungius in 1839, who dedicated the recipe to F端rst P端ckler.[4]", "Blue Bell Creameries By 1919, the Creamery was in financial trouble and considered closing its doors. The board of directors hired E.F. Kruse, a 23-year-old former schoolteacher, to take over the company on April 1, 1919. Kruse refused to accept a salary for his first few months in the position so that the company would not be placed in further debt.[5] Under his leadership, the company expanded its production of ice cream to the surrounding Brenham area and soon became profitable. At his suggestion, the company was renamed Blue Bell Creameries in 1930 after the Texas Bluebell, a wildflower native to Texas, and which like ice cream thrives during the summer.[3][4]", "Wells Enterprises In 2009, at a time when due to changed ingredients, some ice creams fell outside the FDA definition of standardized Ice Cream (and started selling \"frozen dairy dessert\"), Wells' Dairy put a seal that said \"Real Ice Cream\" on all Blue Bunny products.[9]", "Ice cream In the United Kingdom, 14 million adults buy ice cream as a treat, in a market worth Â£1.3 billion (according to a report produced in September 2009).[42]", "Ice cream van Products featured in the ice cream trucks include traditional soft-serve treats (cones, sundaes, floats, shakes, parfaits, blizzards, cartwheels, banana splits) that are submerged with colourful coatings and toppings; slush-puppies; and novelty frozen treats that are shipped from the U.S. and part of the American ice cream truck culture. Ice cream distributors make ice cream fresh daily with premium quality cream, unlike cheap versions found in chain stores. While food trucks have gained some popularity in recent years, given the television series \"Food Truck Wars\" on the Food Network, their heyday has long fizzled. They were far more popular in the 1970s and 1980s when many street festival started popping up with little variety. It is common to see vendors at various sporting events, marches, street festivals, in parks and just about anywhere there is a crowd.", "Ice cream parlor In the early 1800s, an early form of a U.S. ice cream parlor was existent in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that sold \"all kinds of refreshments, as Ice Cream, Syrups, French Cordials, Cakes, Clarets of the best kind, Jellies, etc.\"[4] According to one source, the first U.S. ice cream parlor opened in New York City in 1790.[5]", "Häagen-Dazs HÃ¤agen-Dazs's founder Reuben Mattus was born in Poland in 1912 to Jewish parents. His father died during the First World War, and his widowed mother migrated to New York City with her two children in 1921.[15] They joined an uncle who was in the Italian lemon-ice business in Brooklyn. By the late 1920s, the family began making ice pops, and by 1929, chocolate-covered ice cream bars and sandwiches under the name Senator Frozen Products on Southern Boulevard in the South Bronx, delivering them with a horse-drawn wagon to neighborhood stores in the Bronx.[4][5]", "Ice cream Per capita, Australians and New Zealanders are among the leading ice cream consumers in the world, eating 18 litres and 20 litres each per year respectively, behind the United States where people eat 23 litres each per year.[39]", "Talk:Neapolitan ice cream From what I can find, the article contains an error. \"Neopolitan\" refers to Naples, Italy. There is no reason as far as I can tell to infer that it is called Neopolitan because it was \" Napoleon's favorite ice cream\". (Which I had always assumed.) In fact, multi-flavored ice cream (\"spumoni\") blocks were popular around the early 1900's. Italians and Sicilians ran many of the confectionary shops in the U.S and so the combination became known as \"Neopolitan\" in the U.S. Because chocolate, strawberry and vanilla were the most popular flavors in the U.S. they are the traditional combination.", "Ithaca, New York Ithaca claims to be the birthplace of the ice cream sundae, created in 1892 when fountain shop owner Chester Platt \"served his local priest vanilla ice cream covered in cherry syrup with a dark candied cherry on top. The priest suggested the dessert be named after the day, Sundayâ€”although the spelling was later changed out of fear some would find it offensive.\"[15] The local Unitarian church, where the priest, Rev. John Scott, preached, has an annual \"Sundae Sunday\" every September in commemoration.[10][16] Ithaca's claim has long been disputed by Two Rivers, Wisconsin. Also in 1892, the Ithaca Kitty became one of the first mass-produced stuffed animal toys in the United States.[17]", "Ice Cream (I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream) \"Ice Cream\" or \"I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream\" is a popular song, first published in 1927, with words and music by Howard Johnson, Billy Moll, and Robert King.[1] After initial success as a late 1920s novelty song, the tune became a traditional jazz standard, while the lyrics refrain \"I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream\" has remained a part of popular culture even without the rest of the song.", "Ice cream In Europe and early America, ice cream was made and sold by small businesses, mostly confectioners and caterers. Jacob Fussell of Baltimore, Maryland was the first to manufacture ice cream on a large scale. Fussell bought fresh dairy products from farmers in York County, Pennsylvania, and sold them in Baltimore. An unstable demand for his dairy products often left him with a surplus of cream, which he made into ice cream. He built his first ice cream factory in Seven Valleys, Pennsylvania, in 1851. Two years later, he moved his factory to Baltimore. Later, he opened factories in several other cities and taught the business to others, who operated their own plants. Mass production reduced the cost of ice cream and added to its popularity.", "Ice cream cone In 1904, at the St. Louis World's Fair a Syrian/Lebanese concessionaire named Arnold Fornachou had his ice cream booth, when he ran short on paper cups, he was next to an waffle vendor, who sold Fornachou waffles. Fornachou rolled a waffle to contain the ice cream. And the ice cream cone was born.", "Gelato However, gelato was invented by Buontalenti, in Florence (Tuscany), during the Renaissance period. The eccentric Buontalenti created the dessert for the Grand Duke Cosimo I de’ Medici, who wanted him to organize an opulent banquet to celebrate the Spanish deputation. It was October 5, 1600, and Buontalenti had worked for four months to prepare such a banquet.[citation needed] In Florence, most shops selling hand-made ice-cream also usually offer a \"Buontalenti\" flavour. In 1686, the Sicilian fisherman Francesco Procopio dei Coltelli perfected the first ice cream machine.[7]\nHowever, the popularity of gelato among larger shares of the population only increased in the 1920s–1930s in the northern Italian city of Varese, where the first gelato cart was developed. Italy is the only country where the market share of artisanal gelato versus mass-produced gelato is over 55%.[8][9] Today, more than 5,000 modern Italian ice cream parlors employ over 15,000 people.[10]", "Ice cream One important development in the 20th century was the introduction of soft ice cream, which has more air mixed in thereby reducing costs. It made possible the soft ice cream machine in which a cone is filled beneath a spigot on order. In the United States, Dairy Queen, Carvel, and Tastee-Freez pioneered in establishing chains of soft-serve ice cream outlets while Baskin-Robbins became worldwide chain later.", "Vanilla ice cream Vanilla is frequently used to flavor ice cream, especially in North America and Europe.[1] Vanilla ice cream, like other flavors of ice cream, was originally created by cooling a mixture made of cream, sugar, and vanilla above a container of ice and salt.[2] The type of vanilla used to flavor ice cream varies by location. In North America, consumers are interested in a more prominent, smoky flavor, while in France, they want a more anise-like flavor. [1] To create the smooth consistency of ice cream, the mixture has to be stirred occasionally and then returned to the container of ice and salt to continue the solidification process.[2] According to Iced: 180 Very Cool Concoctions, many people often consider vanilla to be the \"default\" or \"plain\" flavor of ice cream (see \"Plain vanilla\").[3]", "Neapolitan ice cream 1894 â€“ \"Neapolitan Icey Cones\" (Lizzie Heritage, Cassell's New Universal Cookery Book)", "Wells Enterprises In 1935, the Wells family decided to sell ice cream in Sioux City again. Unable to sell their product under their own name \"Wells\", they decided to hold a “Name That Ice Cream” contest in the Sioux City Journal. A Sioux City man won the $25 cash prize for the winning entry of “Blue Bunny” after noticing how much his son enjoyed the blue bunnies in a department store window at Easter.[4]", "Wells Enterprises In the mid-1980s the firm's North Plant in Le Mars was enlarged through the purchase of five adjacent lots. New production lines, a mix department, and a high-rise freezer helped the company double the North Plant's capability. After completion, the expanded plant covered the equivalent of one city block, with the first floor taking up 109,000 square feet (10,100 m2) and its second floor comprising 44,000 square feet (4,100 m2). The ice cream remained largely a regional brand until 1992 when it began an aggressive program to expand nationally. The centerpiece of the expansion is a 900,000-square-foot (84,000 m2) plant, which in addition to manufacturing includes a 12-story-tall freezer.[5] The plant is referred to as the “South Ice Cream Plant” because of its physical location on the south side of Le Mars. Operating two ice cream plants in Le Mars, Wells is the world’s largest manufacturer of ice cream in one location (which in turn has prompted Le Mars to claim the title of “Ice Cream Capital of the World”).[5]", "Neapolitan ice cream Jenifer Harvey Lang, in Larousse Gastronomique: \"Cosmopolitan slice. A slice of ice-cream cake made with mousse mixture and ordinary ice cream, presented in a small pleated paper case. Neapolitan ice cream consists of three layers, each of a different colour and flavour (chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla), moulded into a block and cut into slices. Neapolitan ice-cream makers were famous in Paris at the beginning of the 19th century, especially Tortoni, creator of numerous ice-cream cakes.\"[5]", "Soft serve Dairy Queen also claims to have invented soft serve. In 1938, near Moline, Illinois, J. F. McCullough and his son, Alex, developed their soft serve formula.[4] Their first sales experiment was August 4, 1938, in Kankakee, Illinois at the store of their friend, Sherb Noble. Within two hours of the \"all you can eat\" trial sale, they had dished out more than 1,600 servings — more than one every 4.5 seconds.[5]", "Baskin-Robbins By 1948, Burt and Irv had opened six stores. The first franchise covering the sale of ice cream was executed May 20, 1948, for the store at 1130 South Adams in Glendale (Store #1). In 1949, the companyâ€™s production facility opened in Burbank. Burt and Irv made the decision to sell the stores to the managers. In 1953, Baskin-Robbins hired Carson-Roberts Advertising who recommended adoption of the number 31 as well as the pink (cherry) and brown (chocolate) polka dots and typeface that were reminiscent of the circus. The first store that adopted the new 31 look was 804 North Glendale Ave. in Glendale, California in March 1953. Between 1949 and 1962, the corporate firm was Huntington Ice Cream Company. The name succeeded The Baskin-Robbins Partnership and was eventually changed back to Baskin-Robbins, Inc. on November 26, 1962. Baskin-Robbins was owned by its founders until it was acquired in 1967 (just prior to Burt Baskin's death) by the United Brands Company (United Fruit). In the 1970s, the chain went international, opening stores in Japan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and Australia.[7] Baskin-Robbins also was the first to introduce ice cream cakes to the public.[6]", "Ice cream The hand-cranked churn, which also uses ice and salt for cooling, replaced the pot-freezer method. The exact origin of the hand-cranked freezer is unknown, but the first U.S. patent for one was #3254 issued to Nancy Johnson on 9 September 1843. The hand-cranked churn produced smoother ice cream than the pot freezer and did it quicker. Many inventors patented improvements on Johnson's design.", "Ice cream In the United States, ice cream made with just cream, sugar, and a flavouring (usually fruit) is sometimes referred to as \"Philadelphia style\"[43] ice cream. Ice cream that uses eggs to make a custard is sometimes called \"French ice cream\". American federal labeling standards require ice cream to contain a minimum of 10% milk fat. Americans consume about 23 liters of ice cream per person per year — the most in the world.", "Ice cream Ice cream recipes first appeared in England in the 18th century. The recipe for ice cream was published in Mrs. Mary Eales's Receipts in London in 1718.[13][14]", "Swedish Fish In 2009, Rita's Italian Ice, a U.S. chain which serves Italian ice and Frozen Custard, debuted a red Swedish Fish flavored Italian ice as a cobranded product.[11]", "Ice cream Small-scale hand-cranked ice cream freezers were invented in England by Agnes Marshall and in America by Nancy Johnson in the 1840s.[18]", "Neapolitan ice cream A cultural reference from The New York Times in 1887: \"...in a dress of pink and white stripes, strongly resembling Neapolitan ice cream.\"[8]", "Breyers In the Western U.S. and Texas,[13] Breyers ice cream is sometimes confused with Dreyer's ice cream.[citation needed] While Henry Breyer founded Breyers in 1908 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, William Dreyer and Joseph Edy co-founded their ice cream company, Edy's Grand Ice Cream, in 1928 in Oakland, California. However, the roots of this confusion date to 1953, when \"Edy's Grand Ice Cream\" changed its name to \"Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream\". Seeking to eliminate confusion between the two, Dreyer's changed the brand name of its products sold in the home market of Breyers from \"Dreyer's Grand\" to \"Edy's Grand\" in 1981.[14] Around that same time Breyers had begun an expansion towards the west coast - the home market of Dreyer's - and by the mid-1980s was distributing ice cream throughout the western U.S. and Texas.[15] Unlike Dreyer's, Breyers kept its brand name nationally, and as a result, both Breyers and Dreyer's can be found on store shelves in the western U.S. and Texas.[13][15]", "Talk:Neapolitan ice cream All this is such a crap! This ice cream (chocolate/vanilla/strawberry flavor) is called Fürst Pückler Eis and it has been created in 1839 by a Prussian chef! I can't believe how biased this article is! get the facts and then write an article! Don't write just down your chauvinistic dreams!!! --89.50.28.228 (talk) 14:20, 1 March 2010 (UTC)", "Dippin' Dots Dippin' Dots is an ice cream snack, invented by Southern Illinois University Carbondale graduate Curt Jones in 1988.[1] The confection is created by flash freezing ice cream mix in liquid nitrogen.[2] The marketing slogan is \"Ice Cream of the Future\". The snack is made by Dippin' Dots, Inc., headquartered in Paducah, Kentucky.[3]", "Cherry ice cream In 1987, ice cream manufacturer Ben & Jerry's introduced the Cherry Garcia flavor of ice cream, which is a mass-produced cherry ice cream named after Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead.[16][17][18]", "Ice cream van The Staff family of Hervey Bay Queensland have been continuously operating ice cream vans since 1965. Bob Staff commenced working for the original Mr Whippy company in 1965 as a driver and later as a supervisor. The family provided historical information, stories and photos for British author Steve Tillyer's book The Mr. Whippy Story published in 2003. The family are dedicated to preserving these vintage Mr. Whippy vans and continue operate a small fleet of 1960's Commer Karrier Whippy vans. The immaculately presented vans feature their original Italian Carpigiani ice cream machinery.[3]", "Sundae Plainfield, Illinois has also claimed to be the home of the very first ice cream sundae. A local belief is that a Plainfield druggist named Mr. Sonntag created the dish \"after the urgings of patrons to serve something different.\" He named it the \"sonntag\" after himself, and since Sonntag means Sunday in German, the name was translated to Sunday, and later was spelled sundae.[12] Charles Sonntag established himself as a pharmacist after graduating from pharmacy school in 1890. He worked for several years under the employ of two local druggists, Dr. David W. Jump and F. R. Tobias. Sonntag established his own pharmacy (as early as 1893 and no later than 1895) in a building constructed in the months following a December 1891 fire that devastated one side of the town's business district. His store advertised \"Sonntag's Famous Soda\" and was, likely, the first soda fountain in the Village of Plainfield.[citation needed]", "Neapolitan ice cream Stuart Berg Flexner, in I Hear America Talking: \"Neapolitan ice cream, different flavoured layers frozen together....[was] being first being talked about in the 1870s.\"[7]", "Banana split Wilmington, Ohio also claims an early connection. In 1907, restaurant owner Ernest Hazard wanted to attract students from Wilmington College during the slow days of winter. He staged an employee contest to come up with a new ice cream dish. When none of his workers were up to the task, he split a banana lengthwise, threw it into an elongated dish and created his own dessert. The town commemorates the event each June with its own Banana Split Festival.[10]", "Ice cream A frozen mixture of milk and rice was used in China around 200 BC.[6] \"They poured a mixture of snow and saltpetre over the exteriors of containers filled with syrup, for, in the same way as salt raises the boiling point of water, it lowers the freezing point to below zero.\"[7][8]", "Cold Stone Creamery The company was co-founded in 1988 by Donald and Susan Sutherland,[citation needed] who sought ice cream that was neither hard-packed nor soft-serve. Publicity materials describe it as \"smooth and creamy super-premium ice cream.\" Cold Stone Creamery opened its first store that year in Tempe, Arizona.[2] The original Cold Stone Creamery, store #0001, is in operation today near the same intersection (southwest corner of McClintock & Southern) as the original Tempe location.[4] The store moved from the original location to the current location in the early 1990s.", "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945) Not to be confused with regular ice cream of the slow, churned type which was invented in China over two millennia ago,[287] soft serve is a distinctive type of frozen dessert that is similar to, but much softer than, ice cream. In 1938, J.F. \"Grandpa\" McCullough and his son Alex co-invented soft serve ice cream, devising a new way to serve ice cream in its soft, creamy form that it takes before going into the deep freeze to make it scoopable. After Alex McCullough commissioned Harry Oltz in 1939 to design the first soft serve ice cream machine, similar to ones used for making frozen custard, the Dairy Queen franchise was founded when Sherb Noble opened the first store in 1940.[288]", "Saturday Night Live In September 2011, ice cream company Ben & Jerry's released a limited-edition ice cream called \"Schweddy Balls\", inspired by a 1998 sketch of the same name starring Alec Baldwin, Ana Gasteyer and Molly Shannon.[197][198] According to the company, the ice cream became their fastest-selling limited-edition flavor.[199][not in citation given] The ice cream was also subject to criticism and boycotts by One Million Moms, a project of the American Family Association, over the \"vulgar\" name.[197][200] Some retail chains chose not to sell the flavor, but declined to say if the decision was at their own discretion or based on the One Million Moms boycotts.[200][201] In June 2014, two new flavors inspired by SNL sketches were introduced—Lazy Sunday, based on a sketch of the same name featuring Andy Samberg and Chris Parnell, and Gilly's Catastrophic Crunch based on the recurring Gilly sketches featuring Kristen Wiig.[202] Two Wild and Crazy Pies, based on the catchphrase of the recurring Festrunk Brothers, was introduced in September 2014,[203] followed by Wayne'Swirled inspired by the eponymous Wayne's World in February 2015.[204]", "Howard Johnson's In 1925, Howard Deering Johnson borrowed $2,000 to buy and operate a small corner pharmacy in Wollaston, a neighborhood in Quincy, Massachusetts. Johnson was surprised to find it easy to pay back the money lent to him, after discovering his recently installed soda fountain had become the busiest part of his drugstore. Eager to ensure that his store would remain successful, Johnson decided to come up with a new ice cream recipe. Some sources say the recipe was based on his mother's homemade ice creams and desserts,[6][7] while others say that it was from a local German immigrant,[8] who either sold or gave Johnson the ice cream recipe. Regardless, the new recipe made the ice cream more flavorful due to an increased content of butterfat. Eventually Johnson came up with 28 flavors of ice cream. Johnson is quoted as saying, \"I thought I had every flavor in the world. That '28' (flavors of ice cream) became my trademark.\"[9]", "Ice cream van Cream van (British) or ice cream truck (American) is a commercial vehicle that serves as a mobile retail outlet for ice cream, usually during the summer. Ice cream vans are often seen parked at public events, or near parks, beaches, or other areas where people congregate. Ice cream vans often travel near where children play — outside schools, in residential areas, or in other locations. They usually stop briefly before moving on to the next street.", "Ice cream In the sixteenth century, the Mughal emperors used relays of horsemen to bring ice from the Hindu Kush to Delhi, where it was used in fruit sorbets.[10] Kulfi is a popular frozen dairy dessert from the Indian subcontinent and is often described as \"traditional Indian ice cream.\" It originated in the sixteenth century in the Mughal Empire.", "Ben & Jerry's In 1980, they rented space in an old spool and bobbin mill on South Champlain Street in Burlington and started packing their ice cream in pints. In 1981, the first Ben & Jerry's franchise opened on Route 7 in Shelburne, Vermont. In 1983, Ben & Jerry’s ice cream was used to build “the world’s largest ice cream sundae” in St. Albans, Vermont; the sundae weighed 27,102 pounds (12,293 kg). That same year, the cows on their cartons were redesigned by local artist Woody Jackson.[5]", "Ben & Jerry's In September 2014, anti-hazing activists raised concerns about the ice cream flavor \"Hazed & Confused,\" which had been released earlier that year. The concern was that the name could be perceived as belittling of hazing and bullying problems. The company has noted that the name was based on the word hazelnut and a play on the phrase \"dazed and confused\", which is both a song popularized by Led Zeppelin and a coming-of-age comedy film from the early 1990s.[68] The decision was made in October to not rename the flavor.[69]" ]	[ "99 Flake The Flake chocolate bar manufactured and marketed by Cadburys itself was first developed in the UK in 1920.[5] An employee of Cadbury's noted that when the excess from the moulds used to create other chocolate bars was drained off, it fell off in a stream and created folded chocolate with flaking properties.[5] In 1930, Cadbury started producing a smaller version of the standard Flake bar especially for ice cream cones.[2] These were marketed under the name 99 Flake and sold loose in boxes rather than individually wrapped like the traditional Flake.", "99 Flake The Cadbury website says that the reason behind the Flake being called a 99 has been \"lost in the mists of time\" although it also repeats an article from an old Cadbury works paper, which states the name came from the guard of the Italian king which consisted of 99 men and \"subsequently anything really special or first class was known as 99.\"[7]" ]
test1362	when does the men's worlds curling start	[ "doc48050" ]	[ 1 ]	[ "doc48080", "doc48086", "doc48077", "doc48089", "doc48083", "doc48074", "doc48091", "doc48079", "doc48082", "doc48071", "doc48076", "doc48073", "doc48088", "doc48085", "doc48067", "doc48075", "doc48081", "doc48092", "doc48050", "doc48090", "doc48087", "doc48078", "doc48070", "doc48084", "doc48072", "doc48093", "doc48069", "doc48063", "doc48058", "doc48054", "doc48068", "doc48094", "doc48061", "doc48066", "doc48064", "doc48060", "doc48053", "doc48052", "doc48055", "doc714670", "doc48051", "doc48059", "doc48062", "doc714696", "doc714684", "doc465277", "doc465293", "doc48057", "doc465290", "doc714695", "doc714689", "doc48056", "doc465299", "doc714699", "doc714692", "doc714685", "doc465284", "doc465281", "doc465301", "doc714693", "doc714687", "doc714697", "doc714686", "doc714679", "doc465296", "doc465292", "doc465295", "doc465286", "doc465283", "doc465280", "doc465287", "doc714698", "doc714688", "doc1955419", "doc465258", "doc714690", "doc1295758", "doc714694", "doc48065", "doc465298", "doc465291", "doc465289", "doc465302", "doc714691", "doc465294", "doc465282", "doc714671", "doc465285", "doc465300", "doc465297", "doc1070629", "doc465279", "doc465288", "doc1295689", "doc714677", "doc465278", "doc465303", "doc714672", "doc465273", "doc714674" ]	[ "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Wednesday, April 4, 08:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Friday, April 6, 08:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Tuesday, April 3, 08:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Saturday, April 7, 08:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Thursday, April 5, 08:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Monday, April 2, 08:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Saturday, April 7, 18:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Tuesday, April 3, 18:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Wednesday, April 4, 18:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Sunday, April 1, 08:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Monday, April 2, 18:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Sunday, April 1, 18:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Friday, April 6, 18:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Thursday, April 5, 18:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Year to date World Curling Tour order of merit ranking for each team prior to the event.[7]", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Monday, April 2, 13:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Wednesday, April 4, 13:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Sunday, April 8, 12:00", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship The 2018 World Men's Curling Championship (branded as the 361˚ World Men's Curling Championship 2018 for sponsorship reasons) was held from March 31 to April 8, 2018 at Orleans Arena, on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States.", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Saturday, April 7, 13:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Friday, April 6, 13:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Tuesday, April 3, 13:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Saturday, March 31, 18:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Thursday, April 5, 13:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Sunday, April 1, 13:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Sunday, April 8, 17:00", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Saturday, March 31, 13:30", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Niklas Edin\nThird: Oskar Eriksson\nSecond: Rasmus Wranå\nLead: Christoffer Sundgren\nAlternate: Henrik Leek", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Jaap van Dorp\nThird: Wouter Gösgens\nSecond: Laurens Hoekman\nLead: Carlo Glasbergen\nAlternate: Alexander Magan", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Zou Dejia\nThird: Zou Qiang\nSecond: Xu Jingtao\nLead: Shao Zhilin\nAlternate: Ma Yanlong", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship All draw times are listed in Pacific Daylight Time (UTC−7:00).[8]", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Round robin only[9]", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Bruce Mouat\nThird: Grant Hardie\nSecond: Bobby Lammie\nLead: Hammy McMillan Jr.\nAlternate: Ross Paterson", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Final Round Robin Standings", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Marc Pfister\nThird: Enrico Pfister\nSecond: Raphael Märki\nLead: Simon Gempeler\nAlternate: Jan Hess", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Alexey Timofeev\nThird: Sergey Glukhov\nSecond: Artur Razhabov\nLead: Evgeny Klimov\nAlternate: Artem Shmakov", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Brad Gushue\nThird: Mark Nichols\nSecond: Brett Gallant\nLead: Geoff Walker\nAlternate: Thomas Sallows", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship The following nations are qualified to participate in the 2018 World Men's Curling Championship:", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Alexander Baumann\nThird: Manuel Walter\nSecond: Daniel Herberg\nLead: Sebastian Schweizer\nAlternate: Ryan Sherrard", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament The men's curling tournament of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 14 and 24 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre.[1] Ten nations competed in a round robin preliminary round, and the top four nations at the conclusion of the round robin qualified for the medal round.[2]", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship In a rematch of the 2017 gold medal game, the Swedish team led by Niklas Edin beat the defending champion Canadian team led by Brad Gushue to win the championship.", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Steffen Walstad\nThird: Markus Høiberg\nSecond: Magnus Nedregotten\nLead: Magnus Vågberg\nAlternate: Steffen Mellemseter", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Skip: Kim Chang-min\nThird: Seong Se-hyeon\nSecond: Oh Eun-su\nLead: Lee Ki-bok\nAlternate: Kim Min-chan", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Thursday, 22 February, 9:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Wednesday, 14 February, 09:05", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Year to date World Curling Tour order of merit ranking for each team prior to the event.[7]", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Thursday, March 22, 09:00", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Fourth: Go Aoki\nSkip: Masaki Iwai\nSecond: Ryotaro Shukuya\nLead: Yutaka Aoyama\nAlternate: Koji Nisato", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Wednesday, March 21, 09:00", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Wednesday, 21 February, 14:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Saturday, 17 February, 14:05", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Fourth: Amos Mosaner\nSkip: Joël Retornaz\nSecond: Andrea Pilzer\nLead: Daniele Ferrazza\nAlternate: Fabio Ribotta", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Saturday, March 24, 09:00", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Saturday, 24 February, 15:35", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Monday, 19 February, 14:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Wednesday, 14 February, 20:05", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Monday, March 19, 09:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Sunday, March 18, 09:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Saturday, March 24, 19:00", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Tuesday, 20 February, 09:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Friday, 16 February, 09:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Thursday, 22 February, 20:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Thursday, 15 February, 14:05", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Niklas Edin\nThird: Oskar Eriksson\nSecond: Rasmus Wranå\nLead: Christoffer Sundgren\nAlternate: Henrik Leek", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Friday, March 23, 09:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Wednesday, March 21, 19:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Thursday, March 22, 19:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Monday, March 19, 19:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Sunday, March 18, 19:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Saturday, March 17, 19:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Tuesday, March 20, 09:00", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Friday, 23 February, 15:35", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Friday, 16 February, 20:05", "2018 Tim Hortons Brier The 2018 Tim Hortons Brier, Canada's national men's curling championship, was held from March 3 to 11, 2018 at the Brandt Centre in Regina, Saskatchewan. The winning team will represent Canada at the 2018 World Men's Curling Championship from March 31 to April 8, 2018 at the Orleans Arena in Las Vegas, United States.", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship The 2018 World Women's Curling Championship (branded as the 2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship for sponsorship reasons) was held from March 17-25 at the North Bay Memorial Gardens in North Bay, Ontario, Canada.[2] The format of the tournament was changed this year, with 13 teams qualifying for the tournament (as opposed to 12 in previous years), and the top 6 teams from round-robin play will qualify for the playoffs (rather than 4). The playoff system were single-knockout, where the top two teams received a bye while the remaining four played the first round.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Sunday, 18 February, 09:05", "Curling Top curling championships are typically played by all-male or all-female teams. It is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women. For many years, in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events, national championships (of which the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was the most prominent) were the highest-level mixed curling competitions. However, a European Mixed Curling Championship was inaugurated in 2005, a World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was established in 2008, and the European Mixed Championship was replaced with the World Mixed Curling Championship in 2015. A mixed tournament was held at the Olympic level for the first time in 2018, although it was a doubles tournament, not a four-person.", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Tuesday, 20 February, 20:05", "2018 World Men's Curling Championship Fourth: Greg Persinger\nSkip: Rich Ruohonen\nSecond: Colin Hufman\nLead: Philip Tilker\nAlternate: Christopher Plys", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Friday, March 23, 19:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Wednesday, March 21, 14:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Tuesday, March 20, 19:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Sunday, March 25, 10:00", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Sunday, 18 February, 20:05", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Thursday, March 22, 14:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Sunday, March 18, 14:00", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament The teams are listed as follows:[3]", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Monday, March 19, 14:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Saturday, March 24, 14:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Friday, March 23, 14:00", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics The curling competition at the 2018 Winter Olympics was held between 8 and 25 February 2018 at the Gangneung Curling Centre.[1] This was the seventh time that curling is on the Olympic program. In each of the men's and women's competitions, ten nations competed. As decided in 2015, a third competition, mixed doubles curling, has graduated from a spectator sport to a full medal competition. Teams consisted of one woman and one man. There were eight participating countries in the mixed competition.[2]", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Saturday, March 17, 14:00", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Tuesday, March 20, 14:00", "Curling The first world championship for curling was limited to men and was known as the Scotch Cup, held in Falkirk and Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1959. The first world title was won by the Canadian team from Regina, Saskatchewan, skipped by Ernie Richardson. (The skip is the team member who calls the shots; see below.)", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Thomas Ulsrud\nThird: Torger Nergård\nSecond: Christoffer Svae\nLead: Håvard Vad Petersson\nAlternate: Markus Høiberg", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship All draw times are listed in Eastern Daylight Time (UTC−4:00).[8]", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Sunday, March 25, 15:00", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Kevin Koe\nThird: Marc Kennedy\nSecond: Brent Laing\nLead: Ben Hebert\nAlternate: Scott Pfeifer", "2018 Ford World Women's Curling Championship Skip: Anna Hasselborg\nThird: Sara McManus\nSecond: Agnes Knochenhauer\nLead: Sofia Mabergs\nAlternate: Jennie Wåhlin", "Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Men's tournament Skip: Kyle Smith\nThird: Thomas Muirhead\nSecond: Kyle Waddell\nLead: Cameron Smith\nAlternate: Glen Muirhead" ]	[ "2018 World Men's Curling Championship The 2018 World Men's Curling Championship (branded as the 361˚ World Men's Curling Championship 2018 for sponsorship reasons) was held from March 31 to April 8, 2018 at Orleans Arena, on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States." ]
test1266	what is the role of the us attorney general	[ "doc44840", "doc44842" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc452585", "doc452538", "doc44840", "doc44842", "doc1920556", "doc452587", "doc2620313", "doc44846", "doc452539", "doc1322107", "doc600650", "doc132316", "doc177945", "doc452545", "doc132315", "doc600651", "doc1751401", "doc44841", "doc132320", "doc452544", "doc1224320", "doc272602", "doc600670", "doc452540", "doc726995", "doc44844", "doc1121512", "doc452577", "doc452592", "doc452568", "doc452586", "doc452560", "doc452609", "doc452550", "doc452578", "doc452571", "doc1420233", "doc726997", "doc216477", "doc452596", "doc2448627", "doc600653", "doc452598", "doc125481", "doc452563", "doc1420240", "doc2650315", "doc452593", "doc452608", "doc452594", "doc216483", "doc452603", "doc452547", "doc44850", "doc44847", "doc477897", "doc452597", "doc600654", "doc673872", "doc132318", "doc600655", "doc600656", "doc452588", "doc232084", "doc477899", "doc44843", "doc1920561", "doc452602", "doc1573328", "doc2125445", "doc452556", "doc452565", "doc1741491", "doc1420235", "doc1098114", "doc44845", "doc177947", "doc452576", "doc177950", "doc2448625", "doc132314", "doc2650317", "doc2262009", "doc452607", "doc2172411", "doc726996", "doc177948", "doc452557", "doc1215061", "doc2336047", "doc452567", "doc177956", "doc1985816", "doc2262006", "doc452558", "doc216480", "doc2125437", "doc600652", "doc452570", "doc452572" ]	[ "Attorney general In the federal government of the United States, the Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet and, as head of the Department of Justice, is the top law enforcement officer and lawyer for the government. The attorney general may need to be distinguished from the Solicitor General, a high Justice Department official with the responsibility of representing the government before the Supreme Court. In cases of exceptional importance, however, the Attorney General may choose personally to represent the government to the Supreme Court.", "Attorney general In most common law jurisdictions the attorney general (sometimes abbreviated as AG) or attorney-general (plural attorneys general (traditional) or attorney generals)[1][2][3] is the main legal advisor to the government, and in some jurisdictions they may also have executive responsibility for law enforcement, prosecutions or even responsibility for legal affairs generally. In practice, the extent to which the attorney-general personally provides legal advice to the government varies between jurisdictions, and even between individual office-holders within the same jurisdiction, often depending on the level and nature of the office-holder's prior legal experience.", "United States Attorney General The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government. In cases of the federal death penalty, the power to seek the death penalty rests with the Attorney General.", "United States Attorney General Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which, besides other things, established the Office of the Attorney General. The original duties of this officer were \"to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments.\"[3]", "State attorney general The state attorney general in each of the 50 U.S. states and territories is the chief legal advisor to the state government and the state's chief law enforcement officer. In some states, the attorney general serves as the head of a state department of justice, with responsibilities similar to those of the United States Department of Justice.", "Attorney general In nearly all United States jurisdictions the Attorney General is the chief law enforcement officer of that jurisdiction, and as such Attorney General may also be considered a police rank. The proper form of addressing a person holding the office of Attorney General is \"Mister/Madam Attorney General,\" or \"Attorney General,\" and referred to as \"Attorney General.\" The plural is \"Attorneys General\" or \"Attorneys-General\".", "Government of Maryland The Attorney General has general charge, supervision and direction of the legal business of the State. He or she is the legal advisor and representative of the Governor, the General Assembly, the Judiciary, and the major departments, various boards, commissions, officials and institutions of State Government. The Office further represents the State in all cases pending in the Appellate Courts of the State, and in the United States Supreme Court and lower Federal Courts. This has led to significant conflict when the Attorney General and Governor have strongly differing views.", "United States Attorney General For example, on the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January, 20, 2017, the tenure of the then Attorney General Loretta Lynch was brought to an end, and the Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates, who had also tendered her resignation, was asked to stay on and be Acting Attorney General until the confirmation of the new Attorney General Jeff Sessions, who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then-President-elect Donald Trump. However, Yates was dismissed by Trump on January 30, 2017[5][6] before Sessions had been confirmed. Dana Boente automatically succeeded Yates as Acting Attorney General as the next available successor in the line of succession. Boente, who was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia,[7] was the most senior Justice Department official whose resignation had not been accepted by Trump.[8][9] When Sessions was confirmed and sworn in as Attorney General on February 9, 2017, Boente became Acting Deputy Attorney General.[10][11] On March 10, 2017, Sessions oversaw the firing of 46 United States Attorneys, leaving only his acting Deputy Dana Boente and nominated Deputy Rod Rosenstein in place.[12] Rosenstein's appointment was subject to Senate confirmation. Rosenstein was confirmed on April 25, 2017 and became Deputy Attorney General on April 26, 2017, and Boente reverted to his permanent position.", "Attorney general For historical reasons, the term United States Attorney General is used for what in most countries is called the minister of justice because the United States Attorney General is in fact the head of the United States Justice Department, and the attorney general of each US state has a similar role.", "State constitutional officer Every state has an attorney general, who is the chief legal advisor to the state government and the state's chief law enforcement officer, analogous to the United States Attorney General. 43 of the states directly elect their attorney general, while the others are selected by the governor, legislature, or state supreme court.[4] Attorneys general often have wide discretion in what cases to prosecute and how to settle cases.[5] State attorneys general can often make an impact even beyond their state, taking part in major challenges to federal laws and prosecuting major national companies.[6][7] In many states, the attorney general is arguably the second most powerful constitutional officer, after the governor.[5][6][8]", "United States Attorney United States Attorneys (also known as chief federal prosecutors and, historically, as United States District Attorneys)[1][2][3] represent the United States federal government in United States district courts and United States courts of appeals.", "United States Department of Justice The office of the Attorney General was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 as a part-time job for one person, but grew with the bureaucracy. At one time, the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U.S. Congress as well as the President, but in 1819 the Attorney General began advising Congress alone to ensure a manageable workload.[6] Until March 3, 1853, the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members. Early Attorneys General supplemented their salaries by running private law practices, often arguing cases before the courts as attorneys for paying litigants.[7]", "Solicitor General of the United States The United States Solicitor General is the fourth-highest-ranking official in the U.S. Department of Justice. The United States Solicitor General is the person appointed to represent the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States. The current Solicitor General, Noel Francisco, took office on September 19, 2017.[1] The Solicitor General determines the legal position that the United States will take in the Supreme Court. In addition to supervising and conducting cases in which the government is a party, the office of the Solicitor General also files amicus curiae briefs in cases in which the federal government has a significant interest in the legal issue. The office of the Solicitor General argues on behalf of the government in virtually every case in which the United States is a party, and also argues in most of the cases in which the government has filed an amicus brief. In the federal courts of appeal, the Office of the Solicitor General reviews cases decided against the United States and determines whether the government will seek review in the Supreme Court. The Office of the Solicitor General also reviews cases decided against the United States in the federal district courts and approves every case in which the government files an appeal.", "Attorney general Functions of the state and federal attorneys-general include the administration of the selection of persons for nomination to judicial posts, and authorizing prosecutions. In normal circumstances, the prosecutorial powers of the Attorney-General are exercised by the Director of Public Prosecutions and staff; however, the Attorney-General maintains formal control, including the power to initiate and terminate public prosecutions and take over private prosecutions. Statutory criminal law provides that prosecutions for certain offences require the individual consent of the Attorney-General. This is generally for offences whose illegality is of a somewhat controversial nature or where there is perceived to be a significant risk that prosecutions of a political nature may be embarked upon. The Attorney-General also generally has the power to issue certificates legally conclusive of certain facts (e.g., that the revelation of certain matters in court proceedings might constitute a risk to national security); the facts stated in such certificates must be accepted by the courts and cannot legally be disputed by any parties. The Attorney-General also has the power to issue a nolle prosequi with respect to a case, which authoritatively determines that the state (in whose name prosecutions are brought) does not wish to prosecute the case, so preventing any person from doing so.", "United States Department of Justice The department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions.", "United States Attorney The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual suspected of breaking the law, initiating and directing further criminal investigations, guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders, and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings.[4][not in citation given]", "Government of Florida The Florida Attorney General is the state's chief legal officer. As defined in the Florida Constitution,[4] the Attorney General appoints a statewide prosecutor who may prosecute violations of criminal law occurring in or affecting two or more judicial circuits. The Attorney General is responsible for the Department of Legal Affairs.[5] The Attorney General is head of the Florida Department of Legal Affairs.[6][7]", "United States Attorney General Under Article II Sec. 2 of the Constitution the Attorney General is nominated by the President and appointed with the advice and consent of Congress. The Constitution is clear that the Attorney General may be impeached by Congress. As to whether the Attorney General may be summarily removed by the President, no provision of the Constitution grants this power. The decisional law suggests that the President has the power to remove an official engaged in purely executive functions or an official whose duties immediately affect the President's ability to fulfill his constitutional responsibilities, (Bowsher v. Synar, 1986), but provides little or no guidance as to whether the office of Attorney General falls within these general guidelines.", "United States Department of Justice The \"Act to Establish the Department of Justice\" drastically increased the Attorney General's responsibilities to include the supervision of all United States Attorneys, formerly under the Department of the Interior, the prosecution of all federal crimes, and the representation of the United States in all court actions, barring the use of private attorneys by the federal government.[13] The law also created the office of Solicitor General to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States.[14]", "Attorney general In Australia, the Attorney-General is the chief law officer of the Crown and a member of the Cabinet. The Attorney-General is the minister responsible for legal affairs, national and public security, and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation. The Senator the Hon. George Brandis QC is the current Attorney-General. The Australian states each have separate attorneys-general, who are state ministers with similar responsibilities to the federal minister with respect to state law.", "Solicitor General A Solicitor General or Solicitor-General, in common law countries, is usually a legal officer who is the chief representative of a regional or national government in courtroom proceedings. In systems that have an Attorney General (or equivalent position), the Solicitor General is often the second-ranked law officer of the state and a deputy of the Attorney General. The extent to which a Solicitor General actually provides legal advice to or represents the government in court varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and sometimes between individual office holders in the same jurisdiction.", "Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada The Attorney General of Canada is the top prosecuting officer in Canada. The role is part of the cabinet post of the Minister of Justice.", "United States Attorney The U.S. Attorney is both the primary representative and the administrative head of the Office of the U.S. Attorney for the district. The U.S. Attorney's Office (USAO) is the chief prosecutor for the United States in criminal law cases, and represents the United States in civil law cases as either the defendant or plaintiff, as appropriate.[18][19] However, they are not the only one that can represent the United States in Court. In certain circumstances, using an action called a qui tam, any U.S. citizen, provided they are represented by an attorney, can represent the interests of the United States, and share in penalties assessed against guilty parties.", "Attorney general The term was originally used to refer to any person who holds a general power of attorney to represent a principal in all matters. In the common law tradition, anyone who represents the state, especially in criminal prosecutions, is such an attorney. Although a government may designate some official as the permanent attorney general, anyone who comes to represent the state in the same way may, in the past, be referred to as such, even if only for a particular case. Today, however, in most jurisdictions the term is largely reserved as a title of the permanently appointed attorney general of the state, sovereign or other member of the royal family.", "Law Officers of the Crown The Attorney General oversees the small Attorney General's Office and also has responsibility for the Government Legal Department, which is headed by the Treasury Solicitor. In practice, the Treasury Solicitor (who also has the title of Procurator General) normally provides the lawyers or briefs Treasury Counsel to appear in court, although the Attorney General may appear in person. The person appointed to this role provides legal advice to the Government, acts as the representative of the public interest and resolves issues between government departments. The Government Legal Department provides advice to Government Departments, instructing independent counsel where necessary. The Attorney General is a barrister and can appear in court in person, though in practice he/she rarely does so, and then only in cases of outstanding national importance. In those cases the Government Legal Department provides his back-up. When appearing in court in person he/she is addressed by the judge as \"Mr Attorney\".", "United States Attorney General The Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of Defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials in the United States because of the importance and age of their respective departments.[4]", "Judiciary Act of 1789 The Act created the Office of Attorney General, whose primary responsibility was to represent the United States before the Supreme Court. The Act also created a United States Attorney and a United States Marshal for each judicial district.[6]", "Attorney general The Attorney General for England and Wales is similarly the chief law officer of the Crown in England and Wales, and advises and represents the Crown and government departments in court. In practice, the Treasury Solicitor (who also has the title of Procurator General) normally provides the lawyers or briefs Treasury Counsel to appear in court, although the Attorney General may appear in person. The person appointed to this role provides legal advice to the Government, acts as the representative of the public interest and resolves issues between government departments.", "Attorney general In Brazil, the Attorney General of the Union[17] (Portuguese: Advogado-Geral da União) is in charge of the legal defense of the federal government, legally known as the Union (União), and of advising the President of the Republic on legal matters. The current Attorney General is Fábio Medina Osório.", "Attorney general In Nepal, the Attorney General is the chief legal adviser of Government of Nepal as well as its chief public prosecutor. An Attorney General is appointed by the President on the recommendation of Prime Minister. The Attorney General's Office is a Constitutional body under the Constitution of Nepal (2072). For a person to be eligible for the post of Attorney General, they also has to be qualified to be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court.[10]", "Attorney general The individual U.S. states and territories, as well as the federal capital of Washington, D.C. also have attorneys general with similar responsibilities. The majority of state Attorneys General are chosen by popular election, as opposed to the U.S. Attorney General, who is a presidential appointee confirmed by the Senate.", "Attorney general The Attorney General of Israel is the head of the public prosecution from the state, the person who advises the government in legal matters, the person who represents the state's authorities in the courts, and advises in preparation of law memoranda of the government in general and the Justice Minister in particular (likewise he examines and advises for private proposals for a law of Knesset members).", "Attorney general Procurator General is the head of Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam", "Attorney general In Fiji, the role of the Attorney General is defined as \"providing essential legal expertise and support to the Government\". More specific functions include \"legislative drafting\", \"legal aid\", \"the prerogative of mercy\" (advising the President), \"liquor licensing\" and \"film censorship\".[7]", "Attorney general The Attorney General has supervisory powers over the prosecution of criminal offences, but is not personally involved with prosecutions; however, some prosecutions (e.g. Riot) cannot be commenced without their consent, and they have the power to halt prosecutions generally. Criminal prosecutions are the responsibility of the Crown Prosecution Service, headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Attorney General may appeal cases to the higher courts where, although the particular case is settled, there may be a point of law of public importance at issue.", "Attorney general The Attorney General of the Philippines was an office that existed from 1901 until 1932, when the office was abolished and its functions taken over by the Secretary of Justice. Since then, the Solicitor General of the Philippines, previously the second law officer, has been the principal law officer and legal defender of the Philippine Government. The Office of the Solicitor General is the law firm of the Republic of the Philippines. It is tasked with representing the Philippines, the Philippine Government, and all its officials in any litigation or matter requiring the services of a lawyer especially before appellate courts.[11] It is an independent and autonomous office attached to the Department of Justice for budgetary purposes.[12]", "Advocate General An advocate general is a senior officer of the law. In some common law and hybrid jurisdictions the officer performs the function of a legal advisor to the government, analogous to attorneys general in other common law and hybrid jurisdictions. By contrast, in the European Union and some continental European jurisdictions, the officer is a neutral legal advisor to the courts.", "Law Officers of the Crown The Attorney General has public interest functions, being, for example, the trustee of default where a sole trustee has died, and can also take cases to the Supreme Court where points of general legal importance need to be settled.", "Attorney General of India The Attorney General is necessary for giving advice to the Government of India in legal matters referred to him. He also performs other legal duties assigned to him by the President. The Attorney General has the right of audience in all Courts in India as well as the right to participate in the proceedings of the Parliament, though not to vote.[4] The Attorney General appears on behalf of Government of India in all cases (including suits, appeals and other proceedings) in the Supreme Court in which Government of India is concerned. He also represents the Government of India in any reference made by the President to the Supreme Court under Article 143 of the Constitution.", "Attorney general In the Dominican Republic the Procuraduría General de la República is an institution belonging to the executive branch that is responsible for representing the Dominican State in courts of law, defending public interest, assuring respect for the due process of law and overseeing penitentiaries in the Republic.[18]", "Attorney-General for Australia The Attorney-General administers the Attorney-General's Department, and is the minister responsible for the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO). The Attorney-General also serves as a general legal adviser to the Cabinet, and has carriage of legislation dealing with copyright, human rights and a range of other subjects.", "United States Attorney An Assistant United States Attorney (AUSA), or federal prosecutor, is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U.S. Attorney (USA) in criminal prosecutions, and in certain civil cases as either the plaintiff or the defendant. In carrying out their duties as prosecutors, AUSAs have the authority to investigate persons, issue subpoenas, file formal criminal charges, plea bargain with defendants, and grant immunity to witnesses and accused criminals.[7]", "Attorney general In Italy there is no strict equivalent of an Attorney General, and all comparisons risk being misleading due to the differences in the constitutional and legal systems. The very approximate equivalent of an U.S. A-G would be the Ministro della Giustizia, who is a member of the government and head of the Italian Department of Justice. Also the English A-G has no direct equivalent, as the function of legal adviser to the government does not exist as such, and we find part of its responsibilities in the Avvocato Generale dello Stato, who is in charge of representing the State in any civil, criminal or administrative lawsuit, but not in charge of prosecution.", "President of India Attorney General for India who is the Indian government's chief legal advisor, is appointed by the President of India under Article 76(1) and holds office during the pleasure of the President. If the President considers a question of law or a matter of public importance has arisen, he can also ask for the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court per Article 143. Per Article 88, President can ask the Attorney General to attend the parliamentary proceedings and report to him any unlawful functioning if any.[17]", "Attorney general In Kenya the Attorney General is the Principal Legal Adviser to the Government and ex officio Member of Parliament and Cabinet. His duties include the formulation of legal policy and ensuring proper administration of Kenya's legal system including professional legal education. Assisting the Attorney General in the performance of his duties as Principal Legal Adviser to the Government are:", "Advocate General However, England does have an Attorney General, who serves one of the Law Officers of the Crown and whose duty is to advise the Crown and Cabinet on the law. His deputy is the Solicitor General, who serves the same function.", "Attorney General of California The Attorney General of California is the state attorney general of the Government of California. The officer's duty is to ensure that \"the laws of the state are uniformly and adequately enforced\" (Constitution of California, Article V, Section 13.) The Attorney General carries out the responsibilities of the office through the California Department of Justice. The Department employs over 1,100 attorneys (meaning that the AG supervises the governmental equivalent of a law firm much larger than the vast majority of U.S. private law firms) and 3,700 non-attorney employees.", "Attorney general A separate position, the Prosecutor General of the Republic (Portuguese: Procurador-Geral da República), is the head of the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministério Público da União). The Prosecutor General is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The current Prosecutor General is Rodrigo Janot.", "Attorney general In Spain, the office is called Fiscal General del Estado (Attorney General of the State) and also, Ministro Fiscal (Fiscal Minister), because it is also the head of the spanish 'Ministerio Fiscal', an institution with the duty of promoting the action of justice, defend the law, the citizens rights and the public interest, as well as to ensure the independence of the courts and to seek the satisfaction of the social interest.", "Attorney general A third position, the Federal Public Defender General, oversees federal public defenders offices.", "Attorney General of India It has become a tradition that the Attorney General resigns when a new government is formed. The Attorney General is selected by the Government and acts as its advocate, and hence is not a neutral person. Nevertheless, it is a constitutional authority, and his or her opinions are subject to public scrutiny. On several occasions however, the opinions pursued by the Attorney General appear to have been extremely politicised.[6]", "Attorney general The second type of attorney-general (\"procureur-generaal\", while their replacements are called \"advocaat-generaal\") is an independent advisor to the Supreme Court. These people give an opinion on cases (called \"conclusies\") in any field of law (not just criminal law), supported by a scientific staff. The Supreme Court may either follow or reject the opinion of the attorney-general (which is published together with the eventual decision). In a way, an attorney-general acts as yet another judge, but in the Dutch system that does not allow dissenting opinions to be published, it is the only way to reflect different perceptions on a case. The Procureur-Generaal also prosecutes members of parliament in the case of misfeance.[19]", "Attorney general The Attorney General of Canada (French: Procureur général du Canada) is a separate title held by the Canadian Minister of Justice (Ministre de la Justice), a member of the Cabinet. The Minister of Justice is concerned with questions of policy and their relationship to the justice system. In their role as attorney general, they are the chief law officer of the Crown.", "United States Attorney General On February 9, 2017, President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order which modified the line of succession for the Attorney General.[14] Under Executive Order 13762 signed by President Obama on January 13, 2017, before leaving office, the line of succession was:[15]", "United States Attorney General As of May 12, 2017, 205 of the 207 senior Justice Department positions subject to presidential appointment were still awaiting nomination and then confirmation.[13] Hearings by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary of four presidential nominees are still to take place. Deputy United States Attorneys, who are career officials, were left in an acting capacity for the Attorneys.[12]", "Attorney General of New York The Attorney General of New York is the chief legal officer of the U.S. state of New York and head of the Department of Law of the state government.[1] The office has been in existence in some form since 1626, under the Dutch colonial government of New York.", "Attorney general The Attorney General of Indonesia is responsible to advise the Government about law problems as well as execute Supreme Court's order. The office of Attorney General has the ranking and power on par with another ministries or departments in cabinet. The office is not part of Justice Department in cabinet, the cabinet has its own Law and Human Rights Department that focuses on more technical and regulation making rather than executing Supreme Court's order. The Attorney General is also a Solicitor General. So, the Attorney General can represent the Government in the Supreme Court. The Attorney General has the power to indict and prosecute outlaws and law breakers. The current Attorney General of Indonesia of Indonesia is HM Prasetyo, who assumed office since 2014.", "United States Attorney U.S. Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice. U.S. Attorneys receive oversight, supervision, and administrative support services through the Justice Department's Executive Office for United States Attorneys. Selected U.S. Attorneys participate in the Attorney General's Advisory Committee of United States Attorneys.", "Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building The Office of the Attorney General was created by the 1st United States Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1789.[2] In 1792, the Congress made the Attorney General a Cabinet-level post.[2] In 1870, President Ulysses S. Grant signed the bill creating the Department of Justice.[2] Still, there was not yet a permanent home for either the Attorney General or the Justice Department, and each had occupied a succession of temporary spaces in federal government buildings and privately owned office buildings.[2] While plans to provide the Department with its own building were developed as early as 1910, it was not until the late 1920s that significant progress was made toward this goal.[2]", "United States Department of Justice Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as America's first Solicitor General the same week that Congress created the Department of Justice. The Department's immediate function was to preserve civil rights. It set about fighting against domestic terrorist groups who had been using both violence and litigation to oppose the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments to the Constitution.[10]", "United States Attorney The Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789, along with the office of Attorney General and the United States Marshals Service. The same act also specified the structure of the Supreme Court of the United States and established inferior courts making up the United States Federal Judiciary, including a district court system. Thus, the office of U.S. Attorney is older than the Department of Justice. The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for the appointment in each judicial district of a \"Person learned in the law to act as attorney for the United States...whose duty it shall be to prosecute in each district all delinquents for crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States, and all civil actions in which the United States shall be concerned...\"\nPrior to the existence of the Department of Justice, the U.S. Attorneys were independent of the Attorney General, and did not come under the AG's supervision and authority until 1870, with the creation of the Department of Justice.[8][9]", "United States Attorney The U.S. Attorney is appointed by the President of the United States[10] for a term of four years,[11] with appointments subject to confirmation by the Senate. A U.S. Attorney continues in office, beyond the appointed term, until a successor is appointed and qualified.[12] By law, each United States attorney is subject to removal by the President.[13] The Attorney General has had the authority since 1986 to appoint interim U.S. Attorneys to fill a vacancy.", "Attorney general The Attorney General is the chief legal advisor of the government of Zimbabwe. The office falls under the Ministry of Justice and Legal Affairs.", "New Jersey Attorney General The attorney general of New Jersey is a member of the executive cabinet of the state and oversees the Department of Law and Public Safety. The office is appointed by the Governor of New Jersey, confirmed by the New Jersey Senate, and term limited. Under the provisions of the New Jersey State Constitution, the Attorney General serves a concurrent four-year term to the governor. Gurbir Grewal was nominated as Attorney General by Governor Phil Murphy. Grewal is the first Sikh attorney general in the United States.[1]", "Attorney General of New York The Attorney General advises the executive branch of state government and defends actions and proceedings on behalf of the state. The Attorney General acts independently of the Governor of New York. The department's regulations are compiled in title 13 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations (NYCRR).", "United States Attorney General The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the Attorney General in the discharge of their responsibilities.", "State attorney general The District of Columbia and two U.S. territories, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, elect their attorneys general for a four-year term. 2014 marked the first year that the District of Columbia and Northern Mariana Islands held an election for the office. In American Samoa, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, the attorney general is appointed by governor.[3] In Puerto Rico, the attorney general is officially called the secretary of justice, but is commonly known as the Puerto Rico attorney general.[4]", "Attorney general The first type of attorney-general (\"advocaat-generaal\" in Dutch) is the public prosecutor in criminal cases at appellate courts.", "Solicitor On the federal level, departmental solicitors remain in the Department of Labor,[17] Department of the Interior,[18] and the Patent & Trademark Office.[19] The Solicitor General of the United States is the lawyer appointed to represent the federal government before the United States Supreme Court.", "State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General The Attorney General of Hawaii is the chief legal and law enforcement officer of Hawaii. In present-day statehood within the United States, he or she is appointed by the elected governor with the approval of the state senate and is responsible for a state department charged with advising the various other departments and agencies of state government. He or she is responsible for the prosecution of offenses to the constitution and prescribed laws called Hawaii Revised Statutes. The Attorney General can only be removed by an act of the state senate. In rare occasions, the Attorney General serves as acting governor in the absence of both the governor and lieutenant governor from the state for an extended period of time.[5]", "Attorney general \"The Mission of the Office of the Attorney General is to provide the highest standard of professional legal services to Government, Departments and Offices.\"", "Attorney general In Malaysia the Attorney-General or Peguam Negara (as he is referred to in Bahasa Malaysia) is the principal legal adviser to the Government. He is also the principal public prosecutor in the country, and is also known as the Public Prosecutor. He has the power, exercisable at his discretion, to institute, conduct or discontinue any proceedings for an offence, other than proceedings before a Syariah court, a native court or a court-martial. The current Attorney-General is Mohamed Apandi Ali.", "Illinois Attorney General The Illinois Attorney General is the highest legal officer of the state of Illinois in the United States. Originally an appointed office, it is now an office filled by election through universal suffrage. Based in Chicago and Springfield, Illinois, the Attorney General is responsible for providing legal counsel for the various state agencies including the Governor of Illinois and Illinois General Assembly, and conducting all legal affairs pertaining to the state.", "Advocate General In India, an advocate general is a legal advisor to a state government. The post is created by the Constitution of India and corresponds to that of Attorney General of India at the federal or central or union government level.\nThe Governor of each state shall appoint a person who is qualified to be appointed judges of highcourt.\nAppointed to article -165", "Ohio Attorney General The office of the Attorney General was first created by the Ohio General Assembly by statute in 1846. The attorney general's principal duties were to give legal advice to the state government, to represent the state in legal matters, and to advise the state's county prosecutors. Originally, the attorney general was appointed by the legislature. With the adoption of Ohio's second constitution in 1851, the attorney general became an elected office. The attorney general's duties were drawn very generally at that time.", "United States Attorney General It is the practice for the Attorney General, along with many other public officials, to give resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day (January 20) of a new President. The Deputy Attorney General, who is also required to tender their resignation, is commonly requested to stay on and act as Attorney General pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new Attorney General.", "Solicitor General of the United States The Solicitor General or one of the deputies typically argues the most important cases in the Supreme Court. Cases not argued by the Solicitor General may be argued by one of the assistants or another government attorney. The Solicitors General tend to argue 6–9 cases per Supreme Court term, while deputies argue 4–5 cases and assistants each argue 2–3 cases.[2]", "Attorney general According to the Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago, the supreme law of the nation, The Attorney General shall be responsible for the administration of legal affairs in Trinidad and Tobago and legal proceedings for and against the State shall be takenâ€” (a) in the case of civil proceedings, in the name of the Attorney General; (b) in the case of criminal proceedings, in the name of the State.", "Solicitor General of the United States Within the Justice Department, the Solicitor General exerts significant influence on all appeals brought by the department. The Solicitor General is the only U.S. officer that is statutorily required to be \"learned in law.\"[6] Whenever the DOJ wins at the trial stage and the losing party appeals, the concerned division of the DOJ responds automatically and proceeds to defend the ruling in the appellate process. However, if the DOJ is the losing party at the trial stage, an appeal can only be brought with the permission of the Solicitor General. For example, should the tort division lose a jury trial in federal district court, that ruling cannot be appealed by the Appellate Office without the approval of the Solicitor General.", "Attorney-General for Australia The Attorney-General for Australia[note 1] is the First Law Officer of the Crown in right of the Commonwealth of Australia, chief law officer of the Commonwealth of Australia and a minister of the Crown. The Attorney-General is usually a member of the Federal Cabinet, but need not be. Under the Constitution they are appointed by the Governor-General on the advice of the Prime Minister, and serves at the Governor-General's pleasure. In practice the Attorney-General is a party politician and their tenure is determined by political factors. By convention, but not constitutional requirement, the Attorney-General is a lawyer by training, either a barrister or solicitor.", "United States Department of Justice The Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The department is responsible for investigating instances of financial fraud, representing the United States government in legal matters (such as in cases before the Supreme Court), and running the federal prison system.[3][4] The department is also responsible for reviewing the conduct of local law enforcement as directed by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.[5]", "Attorney General of California According to the state Constitution and the California Government Code, the Attorney General:", "Florida Attorney General The Attorney General appoints the Florida Solicitor General who serves at his or her pleasure. The current solicitor is Amit Agarwal.[2]", "Attorney general In Serbia the office is called Public Attorney of the Republic of Serbia. It is the person who represents the state's authorities in the courts and administrative bodies, and advises the government in civil law matters. Crimes and offences are prosecuted by the Public Prosecutor.", "Prosecutor The titles of prosecutors in state courts vary from state to state and level of government (i.e. city, county and state) and include the terms District Attorney (in New York, California, Texas, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Georgia, Nevada, Wisconsin, Oregon, and Oklahoma[3]), City Attorney, Commonwealth's Attorney (in Kentucky and Virginia), County Attorney (in Arizona),[4] County Prosecutor (in New Jersey,[5] Ohio and Indiana[6]), District Attorney General (in Tennessee), Prosecuting Attorney (in Hawaii, Idaho, Michigan, Washington counties, and West Virginia, and in Missouri except cities that have \"City Attorney\" prosecutors), State's Attorney (in Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, and Vermont), State Prosecutor, Attorney General (in Delaware and Rhode Island), and Solicitor (South Carolina).[7] Prosecutors are most often chosen through local elections, and typically hire other attorneys as deputies or assistants to conduct most of the actual work of the office. United States Attorneys, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, represent the federal government in federal court, in both civil and criminal cases. Private attorneys general can bring criminal cases on behalf of private parties in some states.", "Law Officers of the Crown The Attorney General also has supervisory powers over prosecutions, including those mounted by the Crown Prosecution Service, headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions; the Serious Fraud Office; and the Revenue and Customs Prosecutions Office. While the Attorney General is not personally involved with prosecutions, some prosecutions (e.g. riot) cannot be commenced without their consent, and they have the power to halt prosecutions generally. Criminal prosecutions are the responsibility of the Crown Prosecution Service, headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions. The Attorney General may appeal cases to the higher courts where, although the particular case is settled, there may be a point of law of public importance at issue.", "Solicitor General of the United States The Solicitor General, who has offices in the Supreme Court Building as well as the Department of Justice Headquarters, has been called the \"tenth justice\"[3] as a result of the close relationship between the justices and the Solicitor General (and their respective staffs of clerks and deputies). As the most frequent advocate before the Court, the Office of the Solicitor General generally argues dozens of times each term. As a result, the Solicitor General tends to remain particularly comfortable during oral arguments that other advocates would find intimidating. Furthermore, when the office of the Solicitor General endorses a petition for certiorari, review is frequently granted, which is remarkable given that only 75â€“125 of the over 7,500 petitions submitted each term are granted review by the Court.[4]", "Attorney general The Attorney General of Ireland is the legal adviser to the Government and is therefore the chief law officer of the State. The Office of the Attorney General, is made up of a number of different offices:", "Government of Ireland The Government is advised by the Attorney General, who is not formally a member of the Government, but who participates in cabinet meetings as part of their role as legal advisor to the Government.", "Jeff Sessions As Attorney General, Sessions overturned a memo delivered by his predecessor, Eric Holder, that had sought to curb mass incarceration by avoiding mandatory sentencing,[2] and has ordered federal prosecutors to begin seeking the maximum criminal charges possible. Sessions signed an order adopting civil asset forfeiture, which allows law enforcement to seize the property of those suspected but not charged with crimes.[3][4] A staunch opponent of illegal immigration, Sessions has taken a hard-line on so-called sanctuary cities and has told reporters that cities failing to comply with federal immigration policy would lose federal funding.[5] Sessions supports allowing the Department of Justice to prosecute providers of medical marijuana.[6]", "Attorney general The Attorney-General's Office is also responsible for the drafting of legislation, and vetting of all contracts or agreements of which the Government is a party, including international agreements, treaties or conventions.", "Solicitor General of the United States During oral argument, the members of the Court often address the Solicitor General as \"General.\"[13][14]", "District attorney The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual who is suspected of breaking the law, initiating and directing further criminal investigations, guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders, and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings.[1]", "Florida Attorney General The Florida Attorney General is an elected cabinet official in the U.S. state of Florida. The attorney general serves as the chief legal officer of the state and is head of the Florida Department of Legal Affairs.", "Attorney general Since the enactment of the Prosecution of Offenses Act 1974 the responsibility for the prosecution of indictable criminal offences is mostly in the hands of the Director of Public Prosecutions who is by law independent of the Attorney General and the State. The current attorney general is Máire Whelan.", "Attorney General of India The Attorney General is assisted by a Solicitor General and four additional Solicitors General.[4] The Attorney General is to be consulted only in legal matters of real importance and only after the Ministry of Law has been consulted. All references to the Attorney General are made by the Law Ministry.", "State of Hawaii Department of the Attorney General Hawaii Attorney General, Criminal Investigations Division is the law enforcement agency for the Hawaii Department of the Attorney General. It is tasked with full state police powers to enforces all state laws and department rules, conducts investigations of the most complex, confidential, and diverse civil and criminal cases being considered or readied for court action and prosecution; obtains additional information, evidence, and facts to clarify or substantiate findings of law enforcement agencies; secures, interviews, and interrogates witnesses complainants, and suspects; conducts highly confidential investigations for the Attorney General's Office; special career criminal suppression investigations; arrest subjects, processes and serves legal papers; conduct warrant investigations and extraditions.[1]", "United States Attorney There are 93 U.S. Attorney offices located throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. One U.S. Attorney is assigned to each of the judicial districts, with the exception of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands where a single U.S. Attorney serves both districts. Each U.S. Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction, acting under the guidance of the United States Attorneys' Manual.[5] They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U.S. Attorneys (AUSAs) and as many as 350 support personnel.[6]", "Attorney general The Attorney-General of Pakistan is the legal adviser to the government of the Pakistan and its public prosecutor.", "Attorney general In Samoa, the Attorney General is the legal adviser to the government. The current[update] Attorney General is Aumua Ming Leung Wai.[13]" ]	[ "United States Attorney General The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government. In cases of the federal death penalty, the power to seek the death penalty rests with the Attorney General.", "United States Attorney General Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which, besides other things, established the Office of the Attorney General. The original duties of this officer were \"to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments.\"[3]" ]
test496	symbolic interactionism is the basis for which theoretical model	[ "doc18290", "doc18314" ]	[ 1, 1 ]	[ "doc18289", "doc18290", "doc1639963", "doc1838896", "doc18292", "doc18293", "doc2124192", "doc18305", "doc18314", "doc18295", "doc18318", "doc18315", "doc286122", "doc18297", "doc18313", "doc18291", "doc580050", "doc737654", "doc580049", "doc18307", "doc1639967", "doc18303", "doc1883844", "doc383304", "doc18299", "doc18316", "doc18298", "doc18296", "doc1838897", "doc1639960", "doc18301", "doc1462013", "doc18312", "doc18308", "doc2124193", "doc18304", "doc580052", "doc18302", "doc18300", "doc18309", "doc1149657", "doc580064", "doc18317", "doc286117", "doc18319", "doc580051", "doc2184275", "doc383303", "doc873530", "doc18294", "doc580066", "doc2184289", "doc1215487", "doc2124194", "doc18306", "doc1838892", "doc18311", "doc383312", "doc1905072", "doc580055", "doc1215525", "doc1639972", "doc1391791", "doc580044", "doc1838898", "doc927037", "doc1398764", "doc814134", "doc1639952", "doc580065", "doc2184269", "doc2049470", "doc580053", "doc476499", "doc35847", "doc1639971", "doc286124", "doc1639964", "doc1499051", "doc1398767", "doc1486079", "doc2184276", "doc1582376", "doc36779", "doc383315", "doc383293", "doc2196135", "doc580058", "doc131218", "doc2124195", "doc1639981", "doc580054", "doc1639984", "doc580046", "doc2196119", "doc1499054", "doc1639985", "doc286123", "doc2555500", "doc2555489" ]	[ "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images, normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others.[1] In other words, it is a frame of reference to better understand how individuals interact with one another to create symbolic worlds, and in return, how these worlds shapes individual behaviors.[2]", "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism comes from a sociological perspective which developed around the middle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology. It is derived from the American philosophy of pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead, as a pragmatic method to interpret social interactions.[3]", "Sociological theory Symbolic interaction; often associated with Interactionism, Phenomenological sociology, Dramaturgy, Interpretivism, is a sociological tradition that places emphasis on subjective meanings and the empirical unfolding of social processes, generally accessed through analysis.[23] The approach focuses on creating a framework for building a theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals. Society is nothing more than the shared reality that people construct as they interact with one another. This approach sees people interacting in countless settings using symbolic communications to accomplish the tasks at hand. Therefore, society is a complex, ever-changing mosaic of subjective meanings.[24] Some critics of this approach argue that it only looks at what is happening in a particular social situation, and disregards the effects that culture, race or gender (i.e. social-historical structures) may have in that situation.[25] Some important sociologists associated with this approach include Max Weber, George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman, George Homans and Peter Blau. It is also in this tradition that the radical-empirical approach of Ethnomethodology emerges from the work of Harold Garfinkel.", "Interpersonal communication Symbolic interaction comes from the sociocultural perspective in that it relies on the creation of shared meaning through interactions with others. This theory focuses on the ways in which people form meaning and structure in society through interactions. People are motivated to act based on the meanings they assign to people, things, and events.[39]", "Symbolic interactionism Herbert Blumer, a student and interpreter of Mead, coined the term and put forward an influential summary: people act a certain way towards things based on the meaning those things already have, and these meanings are derived from social interaction and modified through interpretation.[7] Herbert Blumer was a social constructionist, and was influenced by Dewey; as such, this theory is very phenomenologically based. Given that Blumer was the first one use symbolic interaction term, he is known as the founder of symbolic interaction.[8] He believed that the \"Most human and humanizing activity that people engage in is talking to each other\" (Griffin 60).[4] According to Blumber (86), human groups are created by people and it is only actions between them defined a society. He argued that with interaction and through interaction individuals are able to \"produce common symbols by approving, arranging, and redefining them\" (Blumer 86). Having said that, interaction is shaped by a mutual exchange of interpretation, the ground of socialization.[3]", "Symbolic interactionism Two other theorists who have influenced symbolic interaction theory are Yrjö Engeström and David Middleton. Engeström and Middleton explained the usefulness of symbolic interactionism in the communication field in a variety of work settings, including \"courts of law, health care, computer software design, scientific laboratory, telephone sales, control, repair, and maintenance of advance manufacturing systems\".[9] Other scholars credited for their contribution to the theory are Thomas, Park, James, Horton Cooley, Znaniecki, Baldwin, Redfield, and Wirth.[10] Unlike other social sciences, symbolic interactionism emphasizes greatly on the ideas of action instead of culture, class and power. According to behaviorism, Darwinism, pragmatism, as well as Max Weber (3), action theory contributed significantly to the formation of social interactionism as a theoretical perspective in communication studies.[3]", "Interactionism In sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that derives social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) from human interaction.[1] It is the study of how individuals shape society and are shaped by society through meaning that arises in interactions.[2] Interactionist theory has grown in the latter half of the twentieth century and has become one of the dominant sociological perspectives in the world today. George Herbert Mead, as an advocate of pragmatism and the subjectivity of social reality, is considered a leader in the development of interactionism. Herbert Blumer expanded on Mead's work and coined the term \"symbolic interactionism\".", "Symbolic interactionism To Herbert Blumer's conceptual perspective, he put them in three core principles: that people act toward things, including each other, on the basis of the meanings they have for them; that these meanings are derived through social interaction with others; and that these meanings are managed and transformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of and handle the objects that constitute their social worlds. Keeping in mind of Blumer's earlier work, David A. Snow, professor of Sociology at the University of California, suggests four broader and even more basic orienting principles: human agency, interactive determination, symbolization, and emergence. Snow uses these four principles as the thematic bases for identifying and discussing contributions to the study of social movements.", "Symbolic interactionism Some critiques of symbolic interactionism are based on the assumption that it is a theory, and the critiques apply the criteria for a \"good\" theory to something that does not claim to be a theory. Some critics find the symbolic interactionist framework too broad and general when they are seeking specific theories. Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical framework rather than a theory (see Stryker and Vryan, 2003, for a clear distinction between the two as it pertains to interactionist-inspired conceptualizations) can be assessed on the basis of effective conceptualizations. The theoretical framework, as with any theoretical framework, is vague when it comes to analyzing empirical data or predicting outcomes in social life. As a framework rather than a theory, many scholars find it difficult to use. Interactionism being a framework rather than a theory makes it impossible to test interactionism in the manner that a specific theoretical claim about the relationship between specific variables in a given context allows. Unlike the symbolic interactionist framework, the many theories derived from symbolic interactionism, such as role theory and the versions of Identity Theory developed by Stryker,[27][28] and Burke and colleagues,[29][30] clearly define concepts and the relationships between them in a given context, thus allowing for the opportunity to develop and test hypotheses. Further, especially among Blumerian processual interactionists, a great number of very useful conceptualizations have been developed and applied in a very wide range of social contexts, types of populations, types of behaviors, and cultures and subcultures.", "Symbolic interactionism Three assumptions frame symbolic interactionism:[2]", "Symbolic interactionism Sheldon Stryker, an influential social constructionist on social interactionism, emphasizes that the sociology world at large is the most viable and vibrant intellectual framework.[27] By being made up of our thoughts self-belief, the social interactionism theory is the purpose of all human interaction, and is what causes society to exist. This fuels criticisms of the symbolic interactionist framework for failing to account for social structure, as well as criticisms that interactionist theories cannot be assessed via quantitative methods, and cannot be falsifiable or tested empirically. Framework is important for the symbolic interaction theory because for in order for the social structure to form, there are certain bonds of communication that need to be established to create the interaction. Much of the symbolic interactionist framework's basic tenets can be found in a very wide range of sociological and psychological work, without being explicitly cited as interactionist, making the influence of symbolic interactionism difficult to recognize given this general acceptance of its assumptions as \"common knowledge\".", "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism is often related and connected with social structure. This concept suggests that symbolic interactionism is a construction of people's social reality.[27] It also implies that from a realistic point of view, the interpretations that are being made will not make much difference. When the reality of a situation is defined, the situation becomes a meaningful reality. This includes methodological criticisms, and critical sociological issues. A number of symbolic interactionists have addressed these topics, the best known being Sheldon Stryker's structural symbolic interactionism[27][31] and the formulations of interactionism heavily influenced by this approach (sometimes referred to as the \"Indiana School\" of symbolic interactionism), including the works of key scholars in sociology and psychology using different methods and theories applying a structural version of interactionism that are represented in a 2003 collection edited by Burke et al.[32] Another well-known structural variation of symbolic interactionism that applies quantitative methods is Manford H. Kuhn's formulation which is often referred to in sociological literature as the \"Iowa School\". \"Negotiated order theory\" also applies a structural approach.[33]", "Sociology Symbolic interaction; often associated with Interactionism, Phenomenological sociology, Dramaturgy, Interpretivism, is a sociological tradition that places emphasis on subjective meanings and the empirical unfolding of social processes, generally accessed through micro-analysis.[84] This tradition emerged in the Chicago School of the 1920s and 1930s, which prior to World War II \"had been the center of sociological research and graduate study\".[85] The approach focuses on creating a framework for building a theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals. Society is nothing more than the shared reality that people construct as they interact with one another. This approach sees people interacting in countless settings using symbolic communications to accomplish the tasks at hand. Therefore, society is a complex, ever-changing mosaic of subjective meanings.[86] Some critics of this approach argue that it only looks at what is happening in a particular social situation, and disregards the effects that culture, race or gender (i.e. social-historical structures) may have in that situation.[87] Some important sociologists associated with this approach include Max Weber, George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman, George Homans and Peter Blau. It is also in this tradition that the radical-empirical approach of Ethnomethodology emerges from the work of Harold Garfinkel.", "Symbolic interactionism Premise 1: \"Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things.\"", "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionists are often criticized for being overly impressionistic in their research methods and somewhat unsystematic in their theories. It is argued that the theory is not one theory, but rather, the framework for many different theories. Additionally, some theorists have a problem with symbolic interaction theory due to its lack of testability. These objections, combined with the fairly narrow focus of interactionist research on small-group interactions and other social psychological issues, have relegated the interactionist camp to a minority position among sociologists (albeit a fairly substantial minority). Much of this criticism arose during the 1970s in the U.S. when quantitative approaches to sociology were dominant. Perhaps the best known of these is by Alvin Gouldner.[26]", "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interaction was conceived by George Herbert Mead and Charles Horton Cooley. Mead argued that people's selves are social products, but that these selves are also purposive and creative, and believed that the true test of any theory was that it was \"useful in solving complex social problems\".[4] Mead's influence was said to be so powerful that sociologists regard him as the one \"true founder\" of the symbolic interactionism tradition. Although Mead taught in a philosophy department, he is best known by sociologists as the teacher who trained a generation of the best minds in their field. Strangely, he never set forth his wide-ranging ideas in a book or systematic treatise. After his death in 1931, his students pulled together class notes and conversations with their mentor and published Mind, Self and Society in his name.[4] It is a common misconception that John Dewey was the leader of this sociological theory; according to The Handbook of Symbolic Interactionism, Mead was undoubtedly the individual who \"transformed the inner structure of the theory, moving it to a higher level of theoretical complexity\".[5] Mind, Self and Society is the book published by Mead's students based on his lectures and teaching, and the title of the book highlights the core concept of social interactionism. The mind refers to an individual's ability to use symbols to create meanings for the world around him. Individuals use language and thought to accomplish this goal. Self refers to an individual's ability to reflect on the way that he/she is perceived by others. Finally, society, according to Mead is where all of these interactions are taking place. A general description of Mead's compositions portray how outside social structures, classes, and power and abuse affect the advancement of self personality for gatherings verifiably denied of the ability to characterize themselves.[6]", "Herbert Blumer Blumer believed that what creates society itself is people engaging in social interaction. It follows then that social reality only exists in the context of the human experience.[25] His theory of symbolic interaction, some argue, is thus closer to a theoretical framework (based on the significance of meanings[3][22] and the interaction between individuals[22]) than an applicable theory.[24]", "Pragmatism Symbolic interactionism, a major perspective within sociological social psychology, was derived from pragmatism in the early twentieth century, especially the work of George Herbert Mead and Charles Cooley, as well as that of Peirce and William James.[28]", "Herbert Blumer Although Blumer devised the term symbolic interaction in 1931,[18] the early development of this theoretical approach to social analysis is largely credited to the work of George Herbert Mead during his time at the University of Chicago.[2][19][20] Blumer played a key role in keeping the tradition of symbolic interactionism alive by incorporating it into his teachings at the University.[21] He presented his articles on symbolic interactionism in a single volume in which he conceptualized symbolic interaction into three main points:", "Symbolic interactionism Interactive determination specifies that understanding of focal objects of analysis, whether they are self-concepts, identities, roles, practices, or even social movements. Basically this means, neither individual, society, self, or others exist only in relation to each other and therefore can be fully understood only in terms of their interaction.", "Sociological theory Dramaturgy or Dramaturgical Perspective is a specialized symbolic interactionism paradigm developed by Erving Goffman, seeing life as a performance. As \"actors,\" we have a status, which is the part that we play, where we are given various roles.[31] These roles serve as a script, supplying dialogue and action for the characters (the people in reality).[32] They also involve props and certain settings. For instance, a doctor (the role), uses instruments like a heart monitor (the prop), all the while using medical terms (the script), while in his doctor's office (the setting).[28] In addition, our performance is the \"presentation of self,\" which is how people perceive us, based on the ways in which we portray ourselves.[33] This process, sometimes called impression management, begins with the idea of personal performance.[34]", "Symbolic interactionism The majority of interactionist research uses qualitative research methods, like participant observation, to study aspects of 1) social interaction, and/or 2) individuals' selves. Participant observation allows researchers to access symbols and meanings, as in Howard S. Becker's Art Worlds (1982) and Arlie Hochschild's The Managed Heart (1983).[13] They argue that close contact and immersion in the everyday activities of the participants is necessary for understanding the meaning of actions, defining situations and the process that actors construct the situation through their interaction. Because of this close contact, interactions cannot remain completely liberated of value commitments. In most cases, they make use of their values in choosing what to study; however, they seek to be objective in how they conduct the research. Therefore, the symbolic-interaction approach is a micro-level orientation focusing on human interaction in specific situations.", "Criminology Symbolic interactionism draws on the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and George Herbert Mead, as well as subcultural theory and conflict theory.[29] This school of thought focused on the relationship between the powerful state, media, and conservative ruling elite and other less powerful groups. The powerful groups had the ability to become the \"significant other\" in the less powerful groups' processes of generating meaning. The former could to some extent impose their meanings on the latter; therefore they were able to \"label\" minor delinquent youngsters as criminal. These youngsters would often take on board the label, indulge in crime more readily, and become actors in the \"self-fulfilling prophecy\" of the powerful groups. Later developments in this set of theories were by Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert, in the mid-20th century.[30] Stanley Cohen who developed the concept of \"moral panic\" describing societal reaction to spectacular, alarming social phenomena such as post-World War Two youth cultures (e.g. the Mods and Rockers in the UK in 1964, AIDS and football hooliganism).", "Deviance (sociology) The term \"symbolic interactionism\" has come into use as a label for a relatively distinctive approach to the study of human life and human conduct. (Blumer, 1969). With Symbolic interactionism, reality is seen as social, developed interaction with others. Most symbolic interactionists believe a physical reality does indeed exist by an individual's social definitions, and that social definitions do develop in part or relation to something “real.” People thus do not respond to this reality directly, but rather to the social understanding of reality. Humans therefore exist in three realities: a physical objective reality, a social reality, and a unique. A unique is described as a third reality created out of the social reality, a private interpretation of the reality that is shown to the person by others (Charon, 2007).[6] Both individuals and society cannot be separated far from each other for two reasons. One, being that both are created through social interaction, and two, one cannot be understood in terms without the other. Behavior is not defined by forces from the environment such as drives, or instincts, but rather by a reflective, socially understood meaning of both the internal and external incentives that are currently presented (Meltzer et al., 1975).[7]", "Symbolic interactionism Premise 2: \"The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society.\"", "Symbolic interactionism Language is viewed as the source of all meaning.[12] Social constructionist Herbert Blumer illuminates several key features about social interactionism. Most people interpret things based on assignment and purpose. The interaction occurs once the meaning of something has become identified. This concept of meaning is what starts to construct the framework of social reality. By aligning social reality, Blumer suggests that language is the meaning of interaction. Communication, especially in the form of symbolic interactionism is connected with language. Language initiates all forms of communication, verbal and non-verbal. Blumer defines this source of meaning as a connection that arises out of the social interaction that people have with each other.", "Symbolic interactionism The first premise includes everything that a human being may note in their world, including physical objects, actions and concepts. Essentially, individuals behave towards objects and others based on the personal meanings that the individual has already given these items. Blumer was trying to put emphasis on the meaning behind individual behaviors, specifically speaking, psychological and sociological explanations for those actions and behaviors are what Blumer focuses on.[10]", "Symbolic interactionism Having defined some of the underlying assumptions of symbolic interactionism, it is necessary to address the premises that each assumption supports. According to Blumer, here are three premises that can be derived from the assumptions above.[10]", "Interpersonal communication Symbolic interaction argues the world is made up of social objects that are named and have socially determined meanings. When people interact over time, they come to shared meaning for certain terms and actions and thus come to understand events in particular ways. There are three main concepts in this theory: society, self, and mind.", "Sociological theory The contemporary discipline of sociology is theoretically multi-paradigmatic.[11] In Randall Collins' well-cited survey of sociological theory[12] he retroactively labels various theorists as belonging to four theoretical traditions: functionalism, conflict, symbolic interactionism, and utilitarianism.[13] Modern sociological theory descends predominately from functionalist (Durkheim) and conflict-centered (Marx and Weber) accounts of social structure, as well as the symbolic interactionist tradition consisting of micro-scale structural (Simmel) and pragmatist (Mead, Cooley) theories of social interaction. Utilitarianism, also known as \"rational choice\" or \"social exchange\", although often associated with economics, is an established tradition within sociological theory.[14][15] Lastly, as argued by Raewyn Connell, a tradition that is often forgotten is that of social Darwinism, which brings the logic of Darwinian biological evolution and applies it to people and societies.[16] This tradition often aligns with classical functionalism and is associated with several founders of sociology, primarily Herbert Spencer, Lester F. Ward and William Graham Sumner. Contemporary sociological theory retains traces of each these traditions and they are by no means mutually exclusive.", "Symbolic interactionism Premise 3: \"The Meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process used by the person in dealing with the things he/she encounters.", "Urban sociology Urban sociology rose to prominence within the academy in North America through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1915 to 1940 in what became known as the Chicago School of Sociology. The Chicago School of Sociology combined sociological and anthropological theory with ethnographic fieldwork in order to understand how individuals interact within urban social systems.[5][6] Unlike the primarily macro-based sociology that had marked earlier subfields, members of the Chicago School placed greater emphasis on micro-scale social interactions that sought to provide subjective meaning to how humans interact under structural, cultural and social conditions. The theory of symbolic interaction, the basis through which many methodologically-groundbreaking ethnographies were framed in this period, took primitive shape alongside urban sociology and shaped its early methodological leanings. Symbolic interaction was forged out of the writings of early micro-sociologists George Mead and Max Weber, and sought to frame how individuals interpret symbols in everyday interactions. With early urban sociologists framing the city as a 'superorganism', the concept of symbolic interaction aided in parsing out how individual communities contribute to the seamless functioning of the city itself.[7]", "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interaction theory was discussed in \"The Cyberself: The Self-ing Project goes online, Symbolic Interaction in the Digital Age\". Robinson discusses how symbolic interaction theory explains the way individuals create a sense of self through their interactions with others. However, she believes advances in technology have changed this. The article investigates the manner in which individuals form their online identity. She uses symbolic interaction theory to examine the formation of the cyber \"I\" and a digital \"generalized other\". In the article, Robinson suggests individuals form new identities on the internet. She argues these cyber identities are not necessarily the way the individual would be perceived offline.[25]", "Symbolic interactionism Symbolization highlights the processes through which events and conditions, artifacts, people, and other environmental features that take on particular meanings, becoming nearly only objects of orientation. Human behavior is partly contingent on what the object of orientation symbolizes or means.", "Interactionism Interactionism has several subdivisions: Phenomenology, Verstehen, Social action, Ethnomethodology, Symbolic interactionism, and Social constructionism.", "Symbolic interactionism There are five central ideas to symbolic interactionism according to Joel M. Charon, author of Symbolic Interactionism An Introduction, An Interpretation, An Integration:", "Herbert Blumer This complex interaction between meanings, objects, and behaviors, Blumer reiterated, is a uniquely human process because it requires behavioral responses based on the interpretation of symbols, rather than behavioral responses based on environmental stimuli.[19] As social life is a \"fluid and negotiated process,\" to understand each other, humans must intrinsically engage in symbolic interaction.[20] Blumer criticized the contemporary social science of his day because instead of using symbolic interactionism they made false conclusions about humans by reducing human decisions to social pressures like social positions and roles. Blumer was more invested in psychical interactionism that holds that the meanings of symbols are not universal, but are rather subjective and are “attached” to the symbols and the receiver depending on how they choose to interpret them.[21]", "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionists describe thinking as an inner conversation (Griffin 62). Mead called this inner dialogue minding, which is the delay in one's thought process that happens when one thinks about what they will do next. These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretative process[11] used by the person in dealing with the things he encounters. We naturally talk to ourselves in order to sort out the meaning of a difficult situation. But first, we need language. Before we can think, we must be able to interact symbolically (Griffin 62). The emphasis on symbols, negotiated meaning, and social construction of society brought on attention to the roles people play. Role-taking is a key mechanism that permits people to see another person's perspective to understand what an action might mean to another person. Role-taking is a part of our lives at an early age, for instance, playing house and pretending to be someone else. There is an improvisational quality of roles; however, actors often take on a script that they follow. Because of the uncertainty of roles in social contexts, the burden of role-making is on the person in the situation. In this sense, we are proactive participants in our environment.[12]", "Symbolic interactionism The second premise explains the meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with other humans. Blumer, following Mead, claimed people interact with each other by interpreting or defining each other's actions instead of merely reacting to each other's actions. Their \"response\" is not made directly to the actions of one another but instead is based on the meaning which they attach to such actions. Thus, human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols and signification, by interpretation, or by ascertaining the meaning of one another's actions (Blumer 1962). Meaning is either taken for granted and pushed aside as an unimportant element which need not to be investigated or it is regarded as a mere neutral link or one of the causal chains between the causes or factors responsible for human behavior and this behavior as the product of such factors (Blumer 1969).", "Symbolic interactionism Emergence focuses on attention on the processual and nonhabituated side of social life, focusing not only on organization and texture of social life, but also associated meaning and feelings. The principal of emergence tells us not only to possibility of new forms of social life and system meaning but also to transformations in existing forms of social organization. (Herman-Kinney Reynolds 812-824).[5]", "History of science American sociology in the 1940s and 1950s was dominated largely by Talcott Parsons, who argued that aspects of society that promoted structural integration were therefore \"functional\". This structural functionalism approach was questioned in the 1960s, when sociologists came to see this approach as merely a justification for inequalities present in the status quo. In reaction, conflict theory was developed, which was based in part on the philosophies of Karl Marx. Conflict theorists saw society as an arena in which different groups compete for control over resources. Symbolic interactionism also came to be regarded as central to sociological thinking. Erving Goffman saw social interactions as a stage performance, with individuals preparing \"backstage\" and attempting to control their audience through impression management. While these theories are currently prominent in sociological thought, other approaches exist, including feminist theory, post-structuralism, rational choice theory, and postmodernism.", "Herbert Blumer Blumer is well known for his connection with George Herbert Mead. Blumer was a follower of Mead's social-psychological work on the relationship between self and society, and Mead heavily influenced Blumer's development of Symbolic Interactionism. Mead transferred the subject field of social psychology to Blumer's sociology. One important aspect Blumer learned from Mead was that in order for us to understand the meaning of social actions, we must put ourselves in others' shoes to truly understand what social symbols they feel to be important. However, Blumer also deviated from Mead's work. Blumer was a proponent of a more micro-focused approach to sociology and focused on the subjective consciousness and symbolic meanings of individuals.[4][21]", "Symbolic interactionism According to social theorist Patricia Burbank, the concepts of synergistic and diverging properties are what shape the viewpoints of humans as social beings. These two concepts are different in a sense because of their views of human freedom and their level of focus. According to Burbank, actions are based on the effects of situations that occur during the process of social interaction. Another important factor in meaningful situations is the environment in which the social interaction occurs. The environment influences interaction, which leads to a reference group and connects with perspective, and then concludes to a definition of the situation. This illustrates the proper steps to define a situation. An approval of the action occurs once the situation is defined. An interpretation is then made upon that action, which may ultimately influence the perspective, action, and definition.", "Sociology The contemporary discipline of sociology is theoretically multi-paradigmatic[72] as a result of the contentions of classical social theory. In Randall Collins' well-cited survey of sociological theory[73] he retroactively labels various theorists as belonging to four theoretical traditions: Functionalism, Conflict, Symbolic Interactionism, and Utilitarianism.[74] Modern sociological theory descends predominately from functionalist (Durkheim) and conflict-centred (Marx and Weber) accounts of social structure, as well as the symbolic interactionist tradition consisting of micro-scale structural (Simmel) and pragmatist (Mead, Cooley) theories of social interaction. Utilitarianism, also known as Rational Choice or Social Exchange, although often associated with economics, is an established tradition within sociological theory.[75][76] Lastly, as argued by Raewyn Connell, a tradition that is often forgotten is that of Social Darwinism, which brings the logic of Darwinian biological evolution and applies it to people and societies.[77] This tradition often aligns with classical functionalism. It was the dominant theoretical stance in American sociology from around 1881 to 1915[78] and is associated with several founders of sociology, primarily Herbert Spencer, Lester F. Ward and William Graham Sumner. Contemporary sociological theory retains traces of each of these traditions and they are by no means mutually exclusive.", "Symbolic interactionism The Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction (SSSI)[7] is an international professional organization for scholars, who are interested in the study of Symbolic Interaction. SSSI holds a conference in conjunction with the meeting of the American Sociological Association and the Society for the Study of Social Problems. This conference typically occurs in August and sponsors the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction holds the Couch-Stone Symposium each spring. The society provides travel scholarships for student members interested in attending the annual conference.[34] At the annual conference, the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction sponsors yearly awards in different categories of symbolic interaction. Additionally, some of the awards are open to student members of the society. The Ellis-Bochner Autoethnography and Personal Narrative Research Award is given annually by the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction affiliate of the National Communication Association for the best article, essay, or book chapter in autoethnography and personal narrative research. The award is named after renowned autoethnographers Carolyn Ellis and Art Bochner. The society also sponsors a quarterly journal, Symbolic Interaction.[35] The organization also releases a newsletter, SSSI Notes.[36] Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction has also the European branch. It organizes each year the conference that integrates European symbolic interactionists.", "Herbert Blumer According to Blumer's theory, interaction between individuals is based on autonomous action,[3] which in turn is based on the subjective meaning actors attribute to social objects and/or symbols.[3][19][20][24] Thus individual actors regulate their behavior based on the meaning they attribute to objects and symbols in their relevant situation.[3] Blumer theorized that assigning objects meaning is an ongoing, two-fold process. First, is the identification of the objects that have situational meaning. Second, is the process of internal communication to decide which meaningful object to respond to.[23] Acknowledging that others are equally autonomous, individuals use their subjectively derived interpretations of others (as social objects) to predict the outcome of certain behaviors, and use such predictive insight to make decisions about their own behavior in the hopes of reaching their goal.[24] Thus, when there is consensus among individual actors about the meaning of the objects that make up their situation, social coordination ensues.[3] Social structures are determined as much by the action of individual actors as they determine the action of those individuals.[25] Based on this, Blumer believed that society exists only as a set of potentials, or ideas that people could possibly use in the future.[26]", "Labeling theory One of the founders of social interactionism, George Herbert Mead focused on the internal processes of how the mind constructs one's self-image. In Mind, Self, and Society (1934),[3] he showed how infants come to know persons first and only later come to know things. According to Mead, thought is both a social and pragmatic process, based on the model of two persons discussing how to solve a problem. Mead’s central concept is the self, the part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.[4] Our self-image is, in fact, constructed of ideas about what we think others are thinking about us. While we make fun of those who visibly talk to themselves, they have only failed to do what the rest of us do in keeping the internal conversation to ourselves. Human behavior, Mead stated, is the result of meanings created by the social interaction of conversation, both real and imaginary.", "Deviance (sociology) Symbolic Interaction, refers to the patterns of communication, interpretation and adjustment between individuals. Both the verbal and nonverbal responses that a listener then delivers are similarly constructed in expectation of how the original speaker will react. The ongoing process is like the game of charades, only itâ€™s a full-fledged conversation.[5]", "Psychology of self Symbolic interactionism stresses the 'social construction of an individual's sense of self' through two main methods: 'In part the self emerges through interaction with others....But the self is a product of social structure as well as of face-to-face interaction'.[37]", "Symbolic interactionism Most symbolic interactionists believe a physical reality does indeed exist by an individual's social definitions, and that social definitions do develop in part or relation to something \"real\". People thus do not respond to this reality directly, but rather to the social understanding of reality; i.e., they respond to this reality indirectly through a kind of filter which consists of individuals' different perspectives. This means that humans exist not in the physical space composed of realities, but in the \"world\" composed only of \"objects\".", "Herbert Blumer Many have argued that Blumer’s theory is a simplified and distorted version of Mead’s. Many contemporary positions see “Blumerian Interactionism” as “old hat,“ because it is gender blind (as argued by feminists) and is too conservative. It is also contested that symbolic interaction needs to adopt an agenda that takes race, class and gender into consideration more. Moreover, it is argued that the social constructionist perspective of Blumerian interactionism provides an “over-socialized” account of human life, and downplays and ignores our unconscious.[33]", "Labeling theory Perhaps the most important contributor to labeling theory was Erving Goffman, President of the American Sociological Association, and one of America's most cited sociologists. His most popular books include The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life,[16] Interaction Ritual,[17] and Frame Analysis.[18]", "Talcott Parsons In 1975, Parsons responded to an article by Jonathan H. Turner, \"Parsons as a Symbolic Interactionist: A Comparison of Action and Interaction theory.\"[147] Parsons acknowledged that action theory and symbolic interactionism should not be regarded as two separate, antagonistic positions but have overlapping structures of conceptualization.[148] Parsons regarded symbolic interactionism and the theory of George Herbert Mead as valuable contributions to action theory that specify certain aspects of the theory of the personality of the individual. Parsons, however, criticized the symbolic interactionism of Herbert Blumer since Blumer's theory had no end to the openness of action. Parsons regarded Blumer as the mirror image of Claude Lévi-Strauss,[149] who tended to stress the quasi-determined nature of macro-structural systems. Action theory, Parsons maintained, represented a middle ground between both extremes.", "Interactionism Interactionism is micro-sociological and believes that meaning is produced through the interactions of individuals.", "Symbolic interactionism Human agency emphasizes the active, willful, goal seeking character of human actors. The emphasis on agency focuses attention on those actions, events, and moments in social life in which agentic action is especially palpable.", "Interpersonal communication Social exchange theory falls under the symbolic interaction perspective. The theory predicts, explains, and describes when and why people reveal certain information about themselves to others. The social exchange theory uses Thibaut and Kelley’s (1959) theory of interdependence. This theory states that \"relationships grow, develop, deteriorate, and dissolve as a consequence of an unfolding social-exchange process, which may be conceived as a bartering of rewards and costs both between the partners and between members of the partnership and others\" (Huston & Burgess, 1979, p. 4). Social exchange theory argues the major force in interpersonal relationships is the satisfaction of both people’s self-interest. Theorists say self-interest is not necessarily a bad thing and that it can actually enhance relationships.[38]", "Symbolic interactionism It has been demonstrated that people's ideas about community are formed, in part, through interactions both in online forums and face-to-face. As a result, people act in their communities according to the meanings they derive about their environment, whether online or offline, from those interactions. This perspective reveals that online communication may very well take on different meanings for different people depending on information, circumstance, relationships, power, and other systems that make up communities of practice. People enact community the way it is conceived and the meaning of community evolves as they come up with new ways to utilize it. Given this reality, scholars are continually challenged to research and understand how online communities are comprised, how they function, and how they are connected to offline social life.[24]", "Deviance (sociology) Frank Tannenbaum and Howard S. Becker created and developed the labeling theory, which is a core facet of symbolic interactionism, and often referred to as Tannenbaum's \"dramatization of evil\". Becker believed that \"social groups create deviance by making the rules whose infraction constitutes deviance\".", "Role theory In terms of differences among role theory, on one side there is a more functional perspective, which can be contrasted with the more micro level approach of the symbolic interactionist tradition. This type of role theory dictates how closely related individualsâ€™ actions are to the society, as well as how empirically testable a particular role theory perspective may be.", "Herbert Blumer Blumer believed that when positivistic methods were applied to social research, they created results that were ignorant to the empirical realities of the social world. Because people act towards the world based on the subjective meanings they attribute to different objects (symbolic interactionism), individuals construct worlds that are inherently subjective. Therefore, \"objective\" analysis is intrinsically subjugated to the researcher's own social reality, only documents the researchers own grotesque personal assumptions about social interaction, and ultimately yields bias findings.[3][28] For a researcher to truly understand sociological phenomena, Blumer asserted, they must understand their subjectâ€™s subjective interpretations of reality.[28]", "Talcott Parsons The Generalized Symbolic media:", "Sociological theory Interpretive sociology is a theoretical perspective based on the work of Max Weber, proposes that social, economic and historical research can never be fully empirical or descriptive as one must always approach it with a conceptual apparatus.[39]", "Wikipedia:Sociology of Wikipedia via Rorty and Berger There are four main traditions in sociology: the post-modern tradition, the conflict tradition, the structural-functionalist tradition, and the symbolic-interactionist tradition. In a simplistic overview, post-modernists look at the world by comparing and contrasting different realities, often removing any centre. Conflict theorists look at how macro society organises its power relations via conflict. Structural-functionalists look at how macro society organises itself into a structure that creates functional interactions; it is about learning how society members work together, not against each other. Finally, symbolic-interactionists look at micro sociology; they analyse how individuals are socialised by society and how these individuals affect society.", "Herbert Blumer Herbert George Blumer (March 7, 1900 – April 13, 1987) was an American sociologist whose main scholarly interests were symbolic interactionism and methods of social research.[1] Believing that individuals create social reality through collective and individual action,[2] he was an avid interpreter and proponent of George Herbert Mead’s social psychology, which he labelled 'symbolic interactionism'.[3] Blumer elaborated and developed this line of thought in a series of articles, many of which were brought together in the book Symbolic Interactionism.[4] An ongoing theme throughout his work, he argued that the creation of social reality is a continuous process.[2] Blumer was also a vociferous critic of positivistic methodological ideas in sociology.[3][5][6]", "Interpersonal communication Constructs for this theory include creation of meaning, social norms, human interactions, and signs and symbols. An underlying assumption for this theory is that meaning and social reality are shaped from interactions with others and that some kind of shared meaning is reached. The boundary conditions for this theory are there must be numerous people communicating and interacting and thus assigning meaning to situations or objects.", "Models of communication -Meaning is not inherent in objects but it is negotiated through the use of language, hence the term symbolic interactionism. As human beings, we have the ability to name things. Symbols, including names, are arbitrary signs. By talking with others, we ascribe meaning to words and develop a universe of discourse A symbol is a stimulus that has a learned/shared meaning and a value for people Significant symbols can be nonverbal as well as linguistic.", "Social constructionism Social constructionism or the social construction of reality (also social concept) is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality. The theory centers on the notions that human beings rationalize their experience by creating models of the social world and share and reify these models through language.[1]", "Chicago school (sociology) The Chicago School is best known for its urban sociology and for the development of the symbolic interactionist approach, notably through the work of Herbert Blumer. It has focused on human behavior as shaped by social structures and physical environmental factors, rather than genetic and personal characteristics. Biologists and anthropologists had accepted the theory of evolution as demonstrating that animals adapt to their environments. As applied to humans who are considered responsible for their own destinies, members of the School believed that the natural environment, which the community inhabits, is a major factor in shaping human behavior, and that the city functions as a microcosm:", "Sociological theory Prominent sociological theorists include Talcott Parsons, Robert K. Merton, Randall Collins, James Samuel Coleman, Peter Blau, Marshal McLuhan, Immanuel Wallerstein, George Homans, Harrison White, Theda Skocpol, Gerhard Lenski, Pierre van den Berghe and Jonathan H. Turner.[5] Prominent social theorists include: Jürgen Habermas, Anthony Giddens, Michel Foucault, Dorothy Smith, Alfred Schütz, Jeffrey Alexander, and Jacques Derrida.[5] There are also prominent scholars who could be seen as being in-between social and sociological theories, such as Harold Garfinkel, Herbert Blumer, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Pierre Bourdieu and Erving Goffman.[5]", "Herbert Blumer Similar to George Mead, sociologist Charles Ellwood also influenced the development of Herbert Blumer and symbolic interactionism. There are four prominent areas where Ellwood’s ideas can be found in both Blumer’s work and symbolic interactionism: interactionism, methodology, emotions, and group behavior. The concepts of “interstimulation and response,” “intercommunication,” and “coadaptation” function in Ellwood’s social psychology in the same way that “self-indications” and “interpretations” that are found in Blumer’s symbolic interactionism. There are six areas where Ellwood and Blumer are similar when addressing methodology: studying human behavior in context, a disdain for the physical science method, understanding the people being studied, using sociology to assist humanity, using inductive reasoning, and avoiding hypotheses. Looking at their ideas on emotion, both Ellwood’s and Blumer’s ideas deal with the relationship between emotion and interaction, with Ellwood stating, all our social life and social behavior are not only embedded in feeling, but largely guided and controlled by feeling.” Similar to that, Blumer states that feeling is intrinsic to every social attitude.” Both Ellwood and Blumer were social nominalists and positioned that reality is reduced to properties of individuals and their interrelations.", "Labeling theory As a contributor to American Pragmatism and later a member of the Chicago School, George Herbert Mead posited that the self is socially constructed and reconstructed through the interactions which each person has with the community. The labeling theory suggests that people obtain labels from how others view their tendencies or behaviors. Each individual is aware of how they are judged by others because he or she has attempted many different roles and functions in social interactions and has been able to gauge the reactions of those present.", "Sociological imagination Herbert Blumer, in his work \"Symbolic interactionism\": Perspective and method, develops the idea of a non-standard look at the world around us; helping social scientists to understand and analyze the study area.", "Herbert Blumer The importance of thinking to symbolic interactionists is shown through their views on objects.[21] Blumer defined objects as the things \"out there\" in the world. The significance of objects is how they are defined by the actor. In other words, different objects have different meanings depending on the individual.", "Social science Karl Marx rejected Comte's positivism but nevertheless aimed to establish a science of society based on historical materialism, becoming recognized as a founding figure of sociology posthumously as the term gained broader meaning. Around the start of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists, including Max Weber and Georg Simmel, developed sociological antipositivism. The field may be broadly recognized as an amalgam of three modes of social thought in particular: Durkheimian positivism and structural functionalism; Marxist historical materialism and conflict theory; and Weberian antipositivism and verstehen analysis. American sociology broadly arose on a separate trajectory, with little Marxist influence, an emphasis on rigorous experimental methodology, and a closer association with pragmatism and social psychology. In the 1920s, the Chicago school developed symbolic interactionism. Meanwhile, in the 1930s, the Frankfurt School pioneered the idea of critical theory, an interdisciplinary form of Marxist sociology drawing upon thinkers as diverse as Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Nietzsche. Critical theory would take on something of a life of its own after World War II, influencing literary criticism and the Birmingham School establishment of cultural studies.", "Role In interactionist social theory, the concept of role is crucial. The interactionist definition of \"role\" pre-dates the functionalist one. A role, in this conception, is not fixed or prescribed but something that is constantly negotiated between individuals in a tentative, creative way. Philosopher George Herbert Mead explored roles in his seminal 1934 work, Mind, self and society.[3] Mead's main interest was the way in which children learn how to become a part of society by imaginative role-taking, observing and mimicking others. This is always done in an interactive way: it's not meaningful to think of a role for one person alone, only for that person as an individual who is both co-operating and competing with others. Adults behave similarly: taking roles from those that they see around them, adapting them in creative ways, and (by the process of social interaction) testing them and either confirming them or modifying them. This can be most easily seen in encounters where there is considerable ambiguity, but is nevertheless something that is part of all social interactions: each individual actively tries to \"define the situation\" (understand their role within it); choose a role that is advantageous or appealing; play that role; and persuade others to support the role.", "Sociological theory Grounded theory is a systematic methodology in the social sciences involving the generation of theory from data.[38]", "Sociology Following the decline of theories of sociocultural evolution, in the United States, the interactionism of the Chicago School dominated American sociology. As Anselm Strauss describes, \"We didn't think symbolic interaction was a perspective in sociology; we thought it was sociology.\"[85] After World War II, mainstream sociology shifted to the survey-research of Paul Lazarsfeld at Columbia University and the general theorizing of Pitirim Sorokin, followed by Talcott Parsons at Harvard University. Ultimately, \"the failure of the Chicago, Columbia, and Wisconsin [sociology] departments to produce a significant number of graduate students interested in and committed to general theory in the years 1936–45 was to the advantage of the Harvard department.\"[90] As Parsons began to dominate general theory, his work predominately referenced European sociology—almost entirely omitting citations of both the American tradition of sociocultural-evolution as well as pragmatism. In addition to Parsons' revision of the sociological canon (which included Marshall, Pareto, Weber and Durkheim), the lack of theoretical challenges from other departments nurtured the rise of the Parsonian structural-functionalist movement, which reached its crescendo in the 1950s, but by the 1960s was in rapid decline.[91]", "Sociological theory Utilitarianism is often referred to as exchange theory or rational choice theory in the context of sociology. This tradition tends to privilege the agency of individual rational actors and assumes that within interactions individuals always seek to maximize their own self-interest. As argued by Josh Whitford, rational actors are assumed to have four basic elements, the individual has (1) \"a knowledge of alternatives,\" (2) \"a knowledge of, or beliefs about the consequences of the various alternatives,\" (3) \"an ordering of preferences over outcomes,\" (4) \"A decision rule, to select amongst the possible alternatives\".[26] Exchange theory is specifically attributed to the work of George C. Homans, Peter Blau and Richard Emerson.[27] Organizational sociologists James G. March and Herbert A. Simon noted that an individual's rationality is bounded by the context or organizational setting. The utilitarian perspective in sociology was, most notably, revitalized in the late 20th century by the work of former ASA president James Coleman.", "Social exchange theory Social exchange theory goes back to Thibaut and Kelley (1959), Kelley and Thibaut (1978), Homans (1961) and Rusbult (1983). Sociologist George Homans published a work \"Social Behavior as Exchange\".[1] He defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two persons.[2] After Homans founded the theory, other theorists continued to write about it, particularly Peter M. Blau and Richard M. Emerson, who in addition to Homans are generally thought of as the major developers of the exchange perspective within sociology.[1] Homans' work emphasized the individual behavior of actors in interaction with one another. Although there are various modes of exchange, Homans centered his studies on dyadic exchange.[3] John Thibaut and Harold Kelley are recognized for focusing their studies within the theory on the psychological concepts, the dyad and small group.[4] Lévi-Strauss is recognized for contributing to the emergence of this theoretical perspective from his work on anthropology focused on systems of generalized exchange, such as kinship systems and gift exchange.[3]", "Social constructionism In terms of background, social constructionism is rooted in \"symbolic interactionism\" and \"phenomenology.\"[3][4] With Berger and Luckman's The Social Construction of Reality published in 1966, this concept found its hold. More than four decades later, a sizable number of theory and research pledged to the basic tenet that people \"make their social and cultural worlds at the same time these worlds make them.\"[4] It is a viewpoint that uproots social processes \"simultaneously playful and serious, by which reality is both revealed and concealed, created and destroyed by our activities.\"[4] It provides a substitute to the \"Western intellectual tradition\" where the researcher \"earnestly seeks certainty in a representation of reality by means of propositions.\"[4]", "History of sociology In the early 20th century, sociology expanded in the U.S., including developments in both macrosociology, concerned with the evolution of societies, and microsociology, concerned with everyday human social interactions. Based on the pragmatic social psychology of George Herbert Mead (1863–1931), Herbert Blumer (1900–1987) and, later, the Chicago school, sociologists developed symbolic interactionism.[53] In the 1920s, György Lukács released History and Class Consciousness (1923), while a number of works by Durkheim and Weber were published posthumously. In the 1930s, Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) developed action theory, integrating the study of social order with the structural and voluntaristic aspects of macro and micro factors, while placing the discussion within a higher explanatory context of system theory and cybernetics. In Austria and later the U.S., Alfred Schütz (1899–1959) developed social phenomenology, which would later inform social constructionism. During the same period members of the Frankfurt school, such as Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969) and Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), developed critical theory, integrating the historical materialistic elements of Marxism with the insights of Weber, Freud and Gramsci—in theory, if not always in name—often characterizing capitalist modernity as a move away from the central tenets of enlightenment.", "Labeling theory Frank Tannenbaum is considered the grandfather of labeling theory. His Crime and Community (1938),[5] describing the social interaction involved in crime, is considered a pivotal foundation of modern criminology. While the criminal differs little or not at all from others in the original impulse to first commit a crime, social interaction accounts for continued acts that develop a pattern of interest to sociologists.", "Face-to-face interaction Study of face-to-face interaction is defined as the process of recording and analyzing the reactive pattern of individuals when they are involved in a face-to-face interaction.[4] It is concerned with issues such as its organization, rules, and strategy.\nThe concept of face-to-face interaction has been of interest to scholars since at least the early 20th century.[5] One of the earliest social science scholars to analyze this type of interaction was sociologist Georg Simmel, who in his 1908 book observed that sensory organs play an important role in interaction, discussing examples of human behavior such as an eye contact.[5] His insights were soon developed by others, including Charles Cooley and George Herbert Mead.[6] Their theories became known as symbolic interactionism.[7] By the mid-20th century, there was already a sizable scholarly literature on various aspects of face-to-face interaction.[6] Works on this topic have been published by scholars such as Erving Goffman[8] and Eliot Chapple.[6]", "Microsociology Erving Goffman however saw a central tension between Durkheimian approaches, and those drawn from ethology, especially in respect of interpersonal ritual;[4] while followers of him have seen in a Durkheimian microsociology the key to the understanding of large-scale social conflict as well.[5] Erving Goffman's Theories of Social Interaction challenged other sociologists to redirect their focus to the questionable aspects of social behavior.[6] Contrary to Erving Goffman's theory, Émile Durkheim believed that advanced methodological principles should guide sociologists and that they should research Social fact.[6]", "Deviance (sociology) This theory, while very much symbolically interactionist, also has elements of conflict theory, as the dominant group has the power to decide what is deviant and acceptable, and enjoys the power behind the labeling process. An example of this is a prison system that labels people convicted of theft, and because of this they start to view themselves as by definition thieves, incapable of changing. \"From this point of view,\" as Howard S. Becker has written,", "Deviance (sociology) Template:Reimprove section Three broad sociological classes exist that describe deviant behavior: namely, structural functionalism, symbolic interaction and conflict theory.", "Social cognitive theory Social cognitive theory revolves around the process of knowledge acquisition or learning directly correlated to the observation of models. The models can be those of an interpersonal imitation or media sources. Effective modeling teaches general rules and strategies for dealing with different situations.[14]", "Herbert Blumer Blumer believed that society is not made up of macrostructures, but rather that the essence of society is found in microstructures, specifically in actors and their actions. These microstructures are not isolated, but consist of the collective action of combination, giving rise to the concept of joint action. Joint action is not just the sum of individual actions, but takes on a character of its own. Blumer did not reject the idea of macrostructures, but instead focused on the concept of emergence-our larger social structures emerge from the smaller. Blumer admitted that macrostructures are important, but that they have an extremely limited role in symbolic interactionism. Therefore, he argued that macrostructures are a little more than “frameworks” within which the really important aspects of social life (action and interaction) take place. Moreover, according to Blumer, macrostructures are important because they shape the situations in which individuals act and supply to actors a certain set of symbols that allow them to act.[21] Also, he did not deny systems such as culture and social order. In sum, Blumer said that large scale structures are the frameworks for what is crucial in society, action and interaction.[21] He is not denying that social structures influence our actions, just that they do not determine our actions.[4]", "Human migration A number of social scientists have examined immigration from a sociological perspective, paying particular attention to how immigration affects, and is affected by, matters of race and ethnicity, as well as social structure. They have produced three main sociological perspectives: symbolic interactionism, which aims to understand migration via face-to-face interactions on a micro-level; social conflict theory examines migration through the prism of competition for power and resources; structural functionalism, based on the ideas of Émile Durkheim, examines the role of migration in fulfilling certain functions within each society, such as the decrease of despair and aimlessness and the consolidation of social networks.", "Interactionism The social interaction is a face-to-face process consisting of actions, reactions, and mutual adaptation between two or more individuals. It also includes animal interaction such as mating. The interaction includes all language (including body language) and mannerisms. The goal of the social interaction is to communicate with others. If the interaction is in danger of ending before one intends to it, it can be conserved by conforming to the others' expectations, by ignoring certain incidents or by solving apparent problems. Erving Goffman underlines the importance of control in the interaction. One must attempt to control the others' behaviour during the interaction, in order to attain the information one is seeking and in order to control the perception of one's own image. Important concepts in the field of interactionism include the \"social role\" and Goffman's \"presentation of self.\"", "Sociological theory Rational choice theory models social behavior as the interaction of utility maximizing individuals. \"Rational\" implies cost-effectiveness is balanced against cost to accomplish a utility maximizing interaction. Costs are extrinsic, meaning intrinsic values such as feelings of guilt will not be accounted for in the cost to commit a crime.", "Herbert Blumer According to Herbert Blumer, the most valid and desirable social research is conducted through qualitative, ethnographic methodology. He persistently critiqued the idea that the only form of valid knowledge is derived through a totally objective perspective.[3] Blumer believed that theoretical and methodological approaches to studying human behavior must acknowledge human beings as thinking, acting, and interacting individuals and also must employ that represent the humanly known, socially created, and experienced world.[27] As this directly challenges the thought process of traditional, positivism-based approach to sociological method, much controversy surrounds Blumerâ€™s sociological approach to empirical research.[28]", "Sociological theory Social Exchange Theory says that the interaction that occurs between people can be partly based on what someone may \"gain and lose\" by being with others. For example, when people think about who they may date, they'll look to see if the other person will offer just as much (or perhaps more) than they do. This can include judging an individual's looks and appearance, or their social status.[22]", "Herbert Blumer Upon graduating, Blumer secured a teaching position at the University of Missouri. Then, in 1925, he relocated to the University of Chicago, a university where he was greatly influenced by the social psychologist George Herbert Mead and sociologists W. I. Thomas and Robert Park.[9] Upon completing his doctorate in 1928, he accepted a teaching position at the University of Chicago, where he continued his own research under Mead and became captivated with the prospects of examining the interactions between humans and the world.[10][11] Blumer taught at this institution from 1927-1952.[4]", "Social cognitive theory Social cognitive theory (SCT), used in psychology, education, and communication, holds that portions of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. This theory was advanced by Albert Bandura as an extension of his social learning theory. The theory states that when people observe a model performing a behavior and the consequences of that behavior, they remember the sequence of events and use this information to guide subsequent behaviors. Observing a model can also prompt the viewer to engage in behavior they already learned.[1][2] In other words, people do not learn new behaviors solely by trying them and either succeeding or failing, but rather, the survival of humanity is dependent upon the replication of the actions of others. Depending on whether people are rewarded or punished for their behavior and the outcome of the behavior, the observer may choose to replicate behavior modeled. Media provides models for a vast array of people in many different environmental settings.", "Social exchange theory Richard Emerson's early work on the theory intertwined with both Homans and Blau's ideas. Homans believed that social exchange theory was based on reinforcement principles. According to Emerson, Exchange is not a theory, but a framework from which other theories can converge and be compared to structural functionalism.[4] Emerson's perspective was similar to Blau's since they both focused on the relationship power had with the exchange process.[3] Emerson says that social exchange theory is an approach in sociology that is described for simplicity as an economic analysis of noneconomic social situations.[4] Exchange theory brings a quasi-economic form of analysis into those situations.[4]", "Sociological theory Thomas theorem refers to situations that are defined as real are real in their consequences.[50] Suggests that the reality people construct in their interaction has real consequences for the future. For example, a teacher who believes a certain student to be intellectually gifted may well encourage exceptional academic performance.[51]", "Sociology Utilitarianism is often referred to as exchange theory or rational choice theory in the context of sociology. This tradition tends to privilege the agency of individual rational actors and assumes that within interactions individuals always seek to maximize their own self-interest. As argued by Josh Whitford, rational actors are assumed to have four basic elements, the individual has (1) \"a knowledge of alternatives,\" (2) \"a knowledge of, or beliefs about the consequences of the various alternatives,\" (3) \"an ordering of preferences over outcomes,\" (4) \"A decision rule, to select among the possible alternatives\"[88] Exchange theory is specifically attributed to the work of George C. Homans, Peter Blau and Richard Emerson.[89] Organizational sociologists James G. March and Herbert A. Simon noted that an individual's rationality is bounded by the context or organizational setting. The utilitarian perspective in sociology was, most notably, revitalized in the late 20th century by the work of former ASA president James Coleman.", "Social theory In the past few decades, largely in response to postmodern critiques, social theory has begun to stress free will, individual choice, subjective reasoning, and the importance of unpredictable events in place of deterministic necessity. Rational choice theory and symbolic interactionism furnish two examples of more recent developments. False necessity is another. A not uncommon view among contemporary sociologists is that there are no great unifying 'laws of history', but rather smaller, more specific, and more complex laws that govern society.", "Social theory The Chicago school developed in the 1920s, through the work of Albion Woodbury Small, W. I. Thomas, Ernest W. Burgess, Robert E. Park, Ellsworth Faris, and other sociologists at the University of Chicago. The Chicago school included focus on patterns and arrangement of social phenomenon across time and place, and within context of other social variables.[12] George Herbert Mead, a member of the Philosophy department at the University of Chicago, was also influential." ]	[ "Symbolic interactionism Symbolic interactionism comes from a sociological perspective which developed around the middle of the twentieth century and that continues to be influential in some areas of the discipline. It is particularly important in microsociology and social psychology. It is derived from the American philosophy of pragmatism and particularly from the work of George Herbert Mead, as a pragmatic method to interpret social interactions.[3]", "Symbolic interactionism Some critiques of symbolic interactionism are based on the assumption that it is a theory, and the critiques apply the criteria for a \"good\" theory to something that does not claim to be a theory. Some critics find the symbolic interactionist framework too broad and general when they are seeking specific theories. Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical framework rather than a theory (see Stryker and Vryan, 2003, for a clear distinction between the two as it pertains to interactionist-inspired conceptualizations) can be assessed on the basis of effective conceptualizations. The theoretical framework, as with any theoretical framework, is vague when it comes to analyzing empirical data or predicting outcomes in social life. As a framework rather than a theory, many scholars find it difficult to use. Interactionism being a framework rather than a theory makes it impossible to test interactionism in the manner that a specific theoretical claim about the relationship between specific variables in a given context allows. Unlike the symbolic interactionist framework, the many theories derived from symbolic interactionism, such as role theory and the versions of Identity Theory developed by Stryker,[27][28] and Burke and colleagues,[29][30] clearly define concepts and the relationships between them in a given context, thus allowing for the opportunity to develop and test hypotheses. Further, especially among Blumerian processual interactionists, a great number of very useful conceptualizations have been developed and applied in a very wide range of social contexts, types of populations, types of behaviors, and cultures and subcultures." ]

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