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PMID:12375 | Osteomyelitis following puncture wounds of the foot in children. | Review of the laboratory and clinical findings and treatment of eight patients with osteomyelitis of the foot after puncture wounds revealed that: 1) osteomyelitis after puncture wounds is a infrequent but potentially serious complication, with significant morbidity; 2) osteomyelitis is frequently preceded by inadequate primary care for simple puncture wounds, and when treatment is appropriate, osteomyelitis usually can be avoided; 3) P. aeruginosa is the most commonly recovered organism; 4) the clinical presentation is characterized by a lack of systemic toxicity, paucity of laboratory abnormalities, and evidence of a localized infection process and the patient may be asymptomatic for a few days to several months after the injury before presentation of the osteomyelitis; and 5) once the infection has become established, treatment must be aggressive, including surgical debridement. | Osteomyelitis following puncture wounds of the foot in children. Review of the laboratory and clinical findings and treatment of eight patients with osteomyelitis of the foot after puncture wounds revealed that: 1) osteomyelitis after puncture wounds is a infrequent but potentially serious complication, with significant morbidity; 2) osteomyelitis is frequently preceded by inadequate primary care for simple puncture wounds, and when treatment is appropriate, osteomyelitis usually can be avoided; 3) P. aeruginosa is the most commonly recovered organism; 4) the clinical presentation is characterized by a lack of systemic toxicity, paucity of laboratory abnormalities, and evidence of a localized infection process and the patient may be asymptomatic for a few days to several months after the injury before presentation of the osteomyelitis; and 5) once the infection has become established, treatment must be aggressive, including surgical debridement. | [
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PMID:12376 | Ureteral changes in polyarteritis nodosa as seen during excretory urography. | The conventional excretory urogram may provide valuable information in the diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa. A finding of imprints on the ureteral wall or a nodular appearance of the ureter simulating a string of pearls would seem to be pathognomonic for this disorder. Two cases with these manifestations are presented and the differential diagnosis is discussed. | Ureteral changes in polyarteritis nodosa as seen during excretory urography. The conventional excretory urogram may provide valuable information in the diagnosis of polyarteritis nodosa. A finding of imprints on the ureteral wall or a nodular appearance of the ureter simulating a string of pearls would seem to be pathognomonic for this disorder. Two cases with these manifestations are presented and the differential diagnosis is discussed. | [
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|
PMID:12377 | The incidence of intersexuality in patients with hypospadias and cryptorchidism. | The incidence of intersexuality was determined in 45 patients with cryptorchidism and hypospadias seen between 1952 and 1975. Including patients with ambiguous genitalia the incidence was 53 per cent. When patients with ambiguous genitalia were excluded, providing a group more representative of the patient population usually seen by the urologist, a diagnosis of intersexuality was made in 27 per cent. The concomitant occurrence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism should alert the urologist to evaluate the patient for the presence of intersexuality. | The incidence of intersexuality in patients with hypospadias and cryptorchidism. The incidence of intersexuality was determined in 45 patients with cryptorchidism and hypospadias seen between 1952 and 1975. Including patients with ambiguous genitalia the incidence was 53 per cent. When patients with ambiguous genitalia were excluded, providing a group more representative of the patient population usually seen by the urologist, a diagnosis of intersexuality was made in 27 per cent. The concomitant occurrence of hypospadias and cryptorchidism should alert the urologist to evaluate the patient for the presence of intersexuality. | [
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|
PMID:12378 | Calcium oxalate crystalluria. | Calcium oxalate crystals were obtained from urine specimens submitted to a hospital laboratory. The incidence of crystalluria was 4.2 per cent of 42 times the maximum reported incidence of urinary calculi. In our opinion the crystalluria was real and not artifactual. The crystalline structure was determined by polarized light, x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. Calcium oxalate occurs in several forms--the dihydrate as bipyramidal and dodecahedral prisms, the monohydrate as biconcave ovals, dumbbell shapes and intermediate forms. | Calcium oxalate crystalluria. Calcium oxalate crystals were obtained from urine specimens submitted to a hospital laboratory. The incidence of crystalluria was 4.2 per cent of 42 times the maximum reported incidence of urinary calculi. In our opinion the crystalluria was real and not artifactual. The crystalline structure was determined by polarized light, x-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis. Calcium oxalate occurs in several forms--the dihydrate as bipyramidal and dodecahedral prisms, the monohydrate as biconcave ovals, dumbbell shapes and intermediate forms. | [
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|
PMID:12379 | Congenital megalourethra associated with prune belly syndrome. | Dilation of the penile urethra is described in a male infant with the classic triad of the prune belly syndrome. This dilated penile urethra was not accompanied by obstruction of the urethra proximal or distal to the dilation. Dilation of the penile urethra is a rare feature of the prune belly syndrome and may be part of the same developmental abnormality that affects the remainder of the urinary collecting system. | Congenital megalourethra associated with prune belly syndrome. Dilation of the penile urethra is described in a male infant with the classic triad of the prune belly syndrome. This dilated penile urethra was not accompanied by obstruction of the urethra proximal or distal to the dilation. Dilation of the penile urethra is a rare feature of the prune belly syndrome and may be part of the same developmental abnormality that affects the remainder of the urinary collecting system. | [
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|
PMID:12380 | Chromosomal studies in cryptorchidism. | The chromosomes of undescended tests from 13 boys were analyzed. In 12 of these patients the peripheral blood chromosomes were examined and in 7 the chromosomes of normal skin cultures were examined. In addition to standard techniques the chromosomes also were analyzed by G and Q-banding methods. We were unable to detect any significant abnormalities of either chromosome number of structure in the undescended testes. Thus, our investigation failed to demonstrate a chromosomal lesions that may be responsible for maldescent of the testes. Our investigation did not reveal any changes in the chromosomes of these undescended testes that could be interpreted as indicating a potentially malignant state. | Chromosomal studies in cryptorchidism. The chromosomes of undescended tests from 13 boys were analyzed. In 12 of these patients the peripheral blood chromosomes were examined and in 7 the chromosomes of normal skin cultures were examined. In addition to standard techniques the chromosomes also were analyzed by G and Q-banding methods. We were unable to detect any significant abnormalities of either chromosome number of structure in the undescended testes. Thus, our investigation failed to demonstrate a chromosomal lesions that may be responsible for maldescent of the testes. Our investigation did not reveal any changes in the chromosomes of these undescended testes that could be interpreted as indicating a potentially malignant state. | [
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|
PMID:12381 | The staged orchiopexy: a critical review of the literature. | During the last 20 years reports have appeared describing successful results with a 2-stage orchiopexy for patients noted to have a short testicular artery on first exploration. A critical review of these reports indicates that accurate documentation of the phenomenon of spontaneously increasing spermatic cord length following surgical manipulation does not exist. It is suggested that a scientifically accurate prospective study of the staged orchiopexy is needed. | The staged orchiopexy: a critical review of the literature. During the last 20 years reports have appeared describing successful results with a 2-stage orchiopexy for patients noted to have a short testicular artery on first exploration. A critical review of these reports indicates that accurate documentation of the phenomenon of spontaneously increasing spermatic cord length following surgical manipulation does not exist. It is suggested that a scientifically accurate prospective study of the staged orchiopexy is needed. | [
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|
PMID:12383 | Failure to prove arenavirus infection among the small mammals from an endemic area of Korean hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis. | In the light of recent knowledge on a complex of diseases caused by a new group of viruses, arenaviruses, virological studies largely directed toward small field mammals were undertaken during 1973-1974 aiming at etiological clarification of Korean hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis (KHNN). Specimens were collected in an endemic area of KHNN located north to northeast of Seoul. Virus isolation tests with 299 urine specimens and 131 mite pools recovered from small mammals and 14 acute stage sera from typical cases yielded negative results. Complement-fixation (CF) tests failed to detect antibodies against the antigens of Congo, lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), Tacaribe, and Pichinde viruses among 366 small mammal sera. In addition, CF tests of 59 of the above sera against Apoi and Lassa virus antigens were negative. The results do not support the likelihood of an arenavirus being transmitted among Korean small field mammals, the overwhelming majority of which were Apodemus agrarius. A hypothesis that KHNN is caused by a virus of small field mammal origin was not proved within the technical limit of relatively unsophisticated methods employed herein. | Failure to prove arenavirus infection among the small mammals from an endemic area of Korean hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis. In the light of recent knowledge on a complex of diseases caused by a new group of viruses, arenaviruses, virological studies largely directed toward small field mammals were undertaken during 1973-1974 aiming at etiological clarification of Korean hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis (KHNN). Specimens were collected in an endemic area of KHNN located north to northeast of Seoul. Virus isolation tests with 299 urine specimens and 131 mite pools recovered from small mammals and 14 acute stage sera from typical cases yielded negative results. Complement-fixation (CF) tests failed to detect antibodies against the antigens of Congo, lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), Tacaribe, and Pichinde viruses among 366 small mammal sera. In addition, CF tests of 59 of the above sera against Apoi and Lassa virus antigens were negative. The results do not support the likelihood of an arenavirus being transmitted among Korean small field mammals, the overwhelming majority of which were Apodemus agrarius. A hypothesis that KHNN is caused by a virus of small field mammal origin was not proved within the technical limit of relatively unsophisticated methods employed herein. | [
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|
PMID:12387 | Effects of benzodiazepines and pentobarbital on the evoked potentials in the cat brain. | The sites of action of benzodiazepines, diazepam and ID-540 [7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) on the central nervous system were examined and compared with those of pentobarbital using evoked potentials recorded on the limbic system and hypothalamus in the cat brain. Benzodiazepines affected the various neuronal connections of the intra-limbic, limbic-hypothalamic and midbrain-limbic systems; especially the amygdala (AMYG)-, ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)- and central gray matter (SGC)-hippocampal (HIPP) evoked potentials were attenuated, whereas the AMYG-VMH, VMH-AMYG and the septum (SP)-VMH evoked potentials were facilitated. Pentobarbital selectively attenuated the SGC-, VMH- and AMYG-HIPP evoked potentials, or facilitated the VMH-AMYG and the SP-HIPP evoked potentials. Both benzodiazepines and pentobarbital affected three afferent hippocampal neuronal connections, areas of the reticulo-hypothalamic systems regulating hippocampal activity, while only benzodiazepines affected the neuronal influence of the amygdaloid and septal areas on the hypothalamus. | Effects of benzodiazepines and pentobarbital on the evoked potentials in the cat brain. The sites of action of benzodiazepines, diazepam and ID-540 [7-chloro-5-(o-fluorophenyl)-1-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one) on the central nervous system were examined and compared with those of pentobarbital using evoked potentials recorded on the limbic system and hypothalamus in the cat brain. Benzodiazepines affected the various neuronal connections of the intra-limbic, limbic-hypothalamic and midbrain-limbic systems; especially the amygdala (AMYG)-, ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)- and central gray matter (SGC)-hippocampal (HIPP) evoked potentials were attenuated, whereas the AMYG-VMH, VMH-AMYG and the septum (SP)-VMH evoked potentials were facilitated. Pentobarbital selectively attenuated the SGC-, VMH- and AMYG-HIPP evoked potentials, or facilitated the VMH-AMYG and the SP-HIPP evoked potentials. Both benzodiazepines and pentobarbital affected three afferent hippocampal neuronal connections, areas of the reticulo-hypothalamic systems regulating hippocampal activity, while only benzodiazepines affected the neuronal influence of the amygdaloid and septal areas on the hypothalamus. | [
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|
PMID:12388 | Effects of L-glutamine of acetylsalicylic acid or taurocholic acid-induced gastric lesions and secretory changes in pylorus-ligated rats under normal or stress conditions. | An oral dosing of either acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or taurocholic acid (TCA) to pylorus-ligated rats subjected to water-immersion stress produced severe damage to the gastric musoca in contrast to the irritation observed in non-stressed ones. The irritative activity of ASA or TCA on gastric mucosa under stress was dose-dependent. Stress itself (23 degrees C, 7 hr) did not induce any appreciable changes in gastric mucosa under stress wasic mucosa of rats. L-glutamine, given together with SAS or TCA, significantly prevented the potentiated development of SAS- or TCA-induced gastric lesions in stressed rats. L-glutamine also prevented in varying degrees the reduction of acid and increment of Na+ ion in gastric juice accumulated in stressed rats in response to ASA or TCA. | Effects of L-glutamine of acetylsalicylic acid or taurocholic acid-induced gastric lesions and secretory changes in pylorus-ligated rats under normal or stress conditions. An oral dosing of either acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or taurocholic acid (TCA) to pylorus-ligated rats subjected to water-immersion stress produced severe damage to the gastric musoca in contrast to the irritation observed in non-stressed ones. The irritative activity of ASA or TCA on gastric mucosa under stress was dose-dependent. Stress itself (23 degrees C, 7 hr) did not induce any appreciable changes in gastric mucosa under stress wasic mucosa of rats. L-glutamine, given together with SAS or TCA, significantly prevented the potentiated development of SAS- or TCA-induced gastric lesions in stressed rats. L-glutamine also prevented in varying degrees the reduction of acid and increment of Na+ ion in gastric juice accumulated in stressed rats in response to ASA or TCA. | [
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|
PMID:12389 | Studies on monoamine oxidase. XVIII. Enzymic properties of placental monoamine oxidase. | Enzymic properties of partially purified monoamine oxidase (MAO) from human placenta were studied with tyramine, serotonin and benzylamine as substrates. The highest activity was obtained with serotonin and almost no activity was observed with benzylamine. These results are similar to those obtained with rat placental MAO, but different from those with rabbit placental MAO. The Km values for serotonin and tyramine were found to be 0.21 mM and 0.23 mM, respectively and the pH optimum was 8.1 with either substrate. The thermal inactivation curves of this enzyme with the two substrates were identical. The pI curves for inhibition of MAO activity by harmine, pargyline and iproniazid were similar and almost the same pI 50 values for the respective inhibitors were obtained with the two substrates. MAO in human placenta differs from that in other organs, such as liver, brain and plasma from the standpoint of the substrate specificity and the inhibitor sensitivity. The possibility that human placenta contains a single form of MAO is discussed on the basis of the present results. | Studies on monoamine oxidase. XVIII. Enzymic properties of placental monoamine oxidase. Enzymic properties of partially purified monoamine oxidase (MAO) from human placenta were studied with tyramine, serotonin and benzylamine as substrates. The highest activity was obtained with serotonin and almost no activity was observed with benzylamine. These results are similar to those obtained with rat placental MAO, but different from those with rabbit placental MAO. The Km values for serotonin and tyramine were found to be 0.21 mM and 0.23 mM, respectively and the pH optimum was 8.1 with either substrate. The thermal inactivation curves of this enzyme with the two substrates were identical. The pI curves for inhibition of MAO activity by harmine, pargyline and iproniazid were similar and almost the same pI 50 values for the respective inhibitors were obtained with the two substrates. MAO in human placenta differs from that in other organs, such as liver, brain and plasma from the standpoint of the substrate specificity and the inhibitor sensitivity. The possibility that human placenta contains a single form of MAO is discussed on the basis of the present results. | [
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|
PMID:12391 | Antagonizing effects of beta-adrenergic blockers on lucus coeruleus-induced inhibition of trigeminal nucleus neurons. | Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents applied into the lateral ventricle were studied on the relay neuron in the rostral part of spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) of cats. Conditioning stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) and sensory cortex (SC) inhibited the orthodromic spike generation in STN relay neuron without affecting the antidromic spike, as already reported, and re-confirmed herein. The LC-induced inhibition of orthodromic spike was significantly reduced by intraventricular administration of beta-blockers, MJ 1999 (5 mg) and propranolol (0.5 mg), while the SC-induced inhibition of orthodromic one was not modified by the beta-blockers. The antidromic spike in STN relay neuron per se remained unaffected by these treatments. Intraventricular administration of alpha-blockers such as phentolamine and phenoxybezamine produced no alterations of the LC- and SC-induced inhibition of orthodromic spike. As the beta-blockers produced a selective antagonism, noradrenaline originating in LC probably acts as an inhibitory transmitter on the STN relay neuron and is mediated by beta-receptor. | Antagonizing effects of beta-adrenergic blockers on lucus coeruleus-induced inhibition of trigeminal nucleus neurons. Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking agents applied into the lateral ventricle were studied on the relay neuron in the rostral part of spinal trigeminal nucleus (STN) of cats. Conditioning stimulation of the locus coeruleus (LC) and sensory cortex (SC) inhibited the orthodromic spike generation in STN relay neuron without affecting the antidromic spike, as already reported, and re-confirmed herein. The LC-induced inhibition of orthodromic spike was significantly reduced by intraventricular administration of beta-blockers, MJ 1999 (5 mg) and propranolol (0.5 mg), while the SC-induced inhibition of orthodromic one was not modified by the beta-blockers. The antidromic spike in STN relay neuron per se remained unaffected by these treatments. Intraventricular administration of alpha-blockers such as phentolamine and phenoxybezamine produced no alterations of the LC- and SC-induced inhibition of orthodromic spike. As the beta-blockers produced a selective antagonism, noradrenaline originating in LC probably acts as an inhibitory transmitter on the STN relay neuron and is mediated by beta-receptor. | [
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|
PMID:12392 | Reversible adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking action of 2,4'-dimethyl-3-piperidino-propiophenone (tolperisone). | The vascular action of 2,4'-dimethyl-3-piperidino-propiophenone hydrochloride (tolperisone hydrochloride), a centrally acting muscle relaxant, was investigated in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Tolperisone given intravenously produced a transient hypotension, tachycardia, and hyperventilation. The drug increased the femoral arterial flow, and decreased the superior mesenteric arterial flow following an initial transient increase. When injected directly into femoral and mesenteric arteries, tolperisone caused a rapid increase in both arterial flow (vasodilatation). However, femoral vessels were about 90 times as sensitive as mesenteric vessels to tolperisone. These results indicate that tolperisone shifts the blood volume from mesenteric (visceral) vessels to femoral (skeltal) ones. The femoral vasodilatation produced by i.a. tolperisone was not depressed by the pretreatment with i.a. propranolol, atropine or chlorphenylamine. Tolperisone decreased the contractile force in an isolated and cross-circulated papillary muscle. Tolperisone produced adrenaline reversal and antagonized the pressor response to noradrenaline. Moreover, femoral vasoconstriction caused by i.a. adrenaline was converted to vasodilatation and that caused by i.a. noradrenaline was depressed during an i.a. infusion of tolperisone. These results indicate that tolperisone blocks adrenergic alpha-receptors. The blocking action was rapid in onset, short-lived, and in addition, competitive. | Reversible adrenergic alpha-receptor blocking action of 2,4'-dimethyl-3-piperidino-propiophenone (tolperisone). The vascular action of 2,4'-dimethyl-3-piperidino-propiophenone hydrochloride (tolperisone hydrochloride), a centrally acting muscle relaxant, was investigated in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. Tolperisone given intravenously produced a transient hypotension, tachycardia, and hyperventilation. The drug increased the femoral arterial flow, and decreased the superior mesenteric arterial flow following an initial transient increase. When injected directly into femoral and mesenteric arteries, tolperisone caused a rapid increase in both arterial flow (vasodilatation). However, femoral vessels were about 90 times as sensitive as mesenteric vessels to tolperisone. These results indicate that tolperisone shifts the blood volume from mesenteric (visceral) vessels to femoral (skeltal) ones. The femoral vasodilatation produced by i.a. tolperisone was not depressed by the pretreatment with i.a. propranolol, atropine or chlorphenylamine. Tolperisone decreased the contractile force in an isolated and cross-circulated papillary muscle. Tolperisone produced adrenaline reversal and antagonized the pressor response to noradrenaline. Moreover, femoral vasoconstriction caused by i.a. adrenaline was converted to vasodilatation and that caused by i.a. noradrenaline was depressed during an i.a. infusion of tolperisone. These results indicate that tolperisone blocks adrenergic alpha-receptors. The blocking action was rapid in onset, short-lived, and in addition, competitive. | [
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|
PMID:12393 | Pharmacological studies on triazine derivatives V Sedative and neuroleptic actions of 2-amino-4-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-s-triazine (TR-10). | Pharmacological properties of 2 amino-4-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-s-triazine (TR-10) were investigated in mice and rats. Chlorpromazine served as a reference compound. Tr-10 expressed in general the pharmacological profiles as neuroleptic ascertained by anti-methamphetamine activity, supression of conditioned avoidance response, taming effects, decrease in exploratory behavior and cataleptogenic activity. Among these effects, anti-methamphetamine action was most potent. Different from chlorpromazine, TR-10 showed a similar pharmacological activity pattern in the intraperitoneal and oral routes of administration as depicted from ED50/LD50 values. Although the effects relevant to neuroleptics were less potent than chlorpromazine, such were seen with TR-10 at lower doses than those causing muscle relaxation. TR-10 significantly depressed the spontaneous motor activity but showed no anti-convulsant action in mice. Hypothermic action, potentiating effects of hypnotics and alpha-adrenergic blocking action, characteristic to chlorpromazine, were very weak for TR-10. TR-10 also showed low toxicity in mice (LD50 = 820 mg/kg p.o., 465 mg/kg i.p.) compared with that of chlorpromazine (LD50 = 370 mg/kg p.o., 228 mg/kg i.p.). | Pharmacological studies on triazine derivatives V Sedative and neuroleptic actions of 2-amino-4-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-s-triazine (TR-10). Pharmacological properties of 2 amino-4-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-trifluoromethyl-s-triazine (TR-10) were investigated in mice and rats. Chlorpromazine served as a reference compound. Tr-10 expressed in general the pharmacological profiles as neuroleptic ascertained by anti-methamphetamine activity, supression of conditioned avoidance response, taming effects, decrease in exploratory behavior and cataleptogenic activity. Among these effects, anti-methamphetamine action was most potent. Different from chlorpromazine, TR-10 showed a similar pharmacological activity pattern in the intraperitoneal and oral routes of administration as depicted from ED50/LD50 values. Although the effects relevant to neuroleptics were less potent than chlorpromazine, such were seen with TR-10 at lower doses than those causing muscle relaxation. TR-10 significantly depressed the spontaneous motor activity but showed no anti-convulsant action in mice. Hypothermic action, potentiating effects of hypnotics and alpha-adrenergic blocking action, characteristic to chlorpromazine, were very weak for TR-10. TR-10 also showed low toxicity in mice (LD50 = 820 mg/kg p.o., 465 mg/kg i.p.) compared with that of chlorpromazine (LD50 = 370 mg/kg p.o., 228 mg/kg i.p.). | [
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PMID:12394 | Effects of narcotic analgesics on serotonin metabolism in brain of rats and mice. | The effects of narcotic analgesics on the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-Ht) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels of rats and mice were investigated in relation to our preceding data on the effect of humoral modulatorents. The results suggest that morphine accelerates the release of brain 5-HT both in rats and mice, and that neither methadone nor pethidine alters the brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rats. The morphine-induced increase in brain 5-HT turnover is likely to be involved in the morphine-induced decrease in locomotor activity and hypothermia in rats. The activity-decreasing effects of methadone or pethidine, on the other hand, are mediated by mechanisms different from those which mediate the effects of morphine. In contrast, an increase in brain 5-HT turnover in mice apparently does not play an important role on activity-increasing effects of morphine but rather participates in other pharmacological effects of morphine. | Effects of narcotic analgesics on serotonin metabolism in brain of rats and mice. The effects of narcotic analgesics on the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-Ht) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels of rats and mice were investigated in relation to our preceding data on the effect of humoral modulatorents. The results suggest that morphine accelerates the release of brain 5-HT both in rats and mice, and that neither methadone nor pethidine alters the brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rats. The morphine-induced increase in brain 5-HT turnover is likely to be involved in the morphine-induced decrease in locomotor activity and hypothermia in rats. The activity-decreasing effects of methadone or pethidine, on the other hand, are mediated by mechanisms different from those which mediate the effects of morphine. In contrast, an increase in brain 5-HT turnover in mice apparently does not play an important role on activity-increasing effects of morphine but rather participates in other pharmacological effects of morphine. | [
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PMID:12395 | Selective alpha-adrenoceptor blocking actions of a new derivative of 2-halogenotheylamine: 6-(2-bromoethyl)-10,11-methylenedioxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz[c,e]azocine. | A new compound, 6-(2-bromoethyl)-10,11-methylenedioxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz [c,e] azocine (DA-VIII-MBr) was found to have a more selective alpha-adrenergic blocking action than dibenamine or phenoxybenzamine. From dose-response curves for adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) obtained in strips of rat aorta before and after incubation with each of the three blocking agents, the fractions of receptors remaining active for adrenaline and 5-HT, respectively, were estimated. After blockade with DA-VIII-MBr the receptors for adrenaline were blocked considerably, but those for 5-HT were little affected. Dibenamine blocked the receptors to adrenaline and 5-HT almost equally. The effective dose of phenoxybenzamine for adrenaline receptors was less than one hundredth that of dibenamine or DA-VIII-MBr, but specificity for these receptors was intermediate between those of dibenamine and DA-VIII-MBr. The structure of DA-VIII-MBr is an analog of apogalanthamine and its nitrogen atom bears the 2-halogenoethylamine group in part of an eight membered ring. | Selective alpha-adrenoceptor blocking actions of a new derivative of 2-halogenotheylamine: 6-(2-bromoethyl)-10,11-methylenedioxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz[c,e]azocine. A new compound, 6-(2-bromoethyl)-10,11-methylenedioxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrodibenz [c,e] azocine (DA-VIII-MBr) was found to have a more selective alpha-adrenergic blocking action than dibenamine or phenoxybenzamine. From dose-response curves for adrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) obtained in strips of rat aorta before and after incubation with each of the three blocking agents, the fractions of receptors remaining active for adrenaline and 5-HT, respectively, were estimated. After blockade with DA-VIII-MBr the receptors for adrenaline were blocked considerably, but those for 5-HT were little affected. Dibenamine blocked the receptors to adrenaline and 5-HT almost equally. The effective dose of phenoxybenzamine for adrenaline receptors was less than one hundredth that of dibenamine or DA-VIII-MBr, but specificity for these receptors was intermediate between those of dibenamine and DA-VIII-MBr. The structure of DA-VIII-MBr is an analog of apogalanthamine and its nitrogen atom bears the 2-halogenoethylamine group in part of an eight membered ring. | [
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|
PMID:12403 | [Arteritis of the large vessels originating at the aorta (Takayasu arteritis) in childhood (author's transl)]. | A 9-month-old female child with extensive inflammatory lesions in the large arterial trunks originating at the aorta (Takayasu arteritis) was reported. Severe cerebral, intestinal and coronary circulatory disturbances as well as insufficient blood supply in both arms, particularly the left arm, developed as a result of the stenoses and obliterations. Clinical course, postmortem findings and the results of EKG, EEG and carotid angiography were discussed. The onset in infancy and the very rapid progression of the disease were unusual. | [Arteritis of the large vessels originating at the aorta (Takayasu arteritis) in childhood (author's transl)]. A 9-month-old female child with extensive inflammatory lesions in the large arterial trunks originating at the aorta (Takayasu arteritis) was reported. Severe cerebral, intestinal and coronary circulatory disturbances as well as insufficient blood supply in both arms, particularly the left arm, developed as a result of the stenoses and obliterations. Clinical course, postmortem findings and the results of EKG, EEG and carotid angiography were discussed. The onset in infancy and the very rapid progression of the disease were unusual. | [
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|
PMID:12404 | [Cyclic AMP and plasma renin activity in renal vein blood after amitryptiline, theophylline, furosemide and beta adrenergic blocking substances (author's transl)]. | The influence of amitryptiline, theophylline and furosemide on the concentration of cyclic-AMP and plasma renin activity (PRA) was investigated in renal vein plasma. Additionally, the stimulating effect of furosemide on the PRA after application of the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists propranolol and practolol and the cyclic AMP concentration in the plasma were measured. All drugs were given intravenously. After amitryptiline cyclic-AMP concentration increased about 1.5-fold compared with the basal value,PRA was not altered. After theophylline cyclic-AMP concentration increased about 1.2-fold, PRA 2.0-fold compared with the basal value, PRA was not altered. After theophylline cyclic-AMP concentration increased about 1.2-fold, PRA 2.0-fold coa increased within 7 min and no further increase was observed till the 15th min. After practolol cyclic-AMP concentration and PRA decreased about 20% compared with the basal value within 10 min. The stimulating effect of subsequently applied furosemide on PRA was not altered, but the cyclic-AMP concentration was not changed in this time by furosemide. After propranolol cyclic-AMP concentration and PRA decreased about 20% compared with the basal value. The cyclic-AMP concentration was not influenced by the following furosemide application, in agreement with the findings after practolol, however, PRA could be stimulated only in 36% of these patients under beta-receptor blockade. Our results show that changes of the concentrations of cyclic-AMP and of PRA are independent of each other. An elevated intracellular cyclic-AMP level due to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase is as a single factor unable to stimulate renin release. Our results give no evidence of a direct involvement of the adenylcyclase-system in the mechanism of renin release. The effect of propranolol and practolol on the basal value of PRA and cyclic-AMP is equal. The different influence of 10 mg propranolol and 20 mg practolol on the stimulating effect of 40 mg furosemide on the PRA can be interpreted as a dosage problem. | [Cyclic AMP and plasma renin activity in renal vein blood after amitryptiline, theophylline, furosemide and beta adrenergic blocking substances (author's transl)]. The influence of amitryptiline, theophylline and furosemide on the concentration of cyclic-AMP and plasma renin activity (PRA) was investigated in renal vein plasma. Additionally, the stimulating effect of furosemide on the PRA after application of the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists propranolol and practolol and the cyclic AMP concentration in the plasma were measured. All drugs were given intravenously. After amitryptiline cyclic-AMP concentration increased about 1.5-fold compared with the basal value,PRA was not altered. After theophylline cyclic-AMP concentration increased about 1.2-fold, PRA 2.0-fold compared with the basal value, PRA was not altered. After theophylline cyclic-AMP concentration increased about 1.2-fold, PRA 2.0-fold coa increased within 7 min and no further increase was observed till the 15th min. After practolol cyclic-AMP concentration and PRA decreased about 20% compared with the basal value within 10 min. The stimulating effect of subsequently applied furosemide on PRA was not altered, but the cyclic-AMP concentration was not changed in this time by furosemide. After propranolol cyclic-AMP concentration and PRA decreased about 20% compared with the basal value. The cyclic-AMP concentration was not influenced by the following furosemide application, in agreement with the findings after practolol, however, PRA could be stimulated only in 36% of these patients under beta-receptor blockade. Our results show that changes of the concentrations of cyclic-AMP and of PRA are independent of each other. An elevated intracellular cyclic-AMP level due to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase is as a single factor unable to stimulate renin release. Our results give no evidence of a direct involvement of the adenylcyclase-system in the mechanism of renin release. The effect of propranolol and practolol on the basal value of PRA and cyclic-AMP is equal. The different influence of 10 mg propranolol and 20 mg practolol on the stimulating effect of 40 mg furosemide on the PRA can be interpreted as a dosage problem. | [
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|
PMID:12410 | [The effect of surgery, performed under ischemia, on the fine structure of the hand muscles]. | The ultrastructural picture of the intact and injured hand muscles has been examined by the authors during and after operations in tourniquet ischaemia of 12 patients, in connection with tendon and nerve reconstruction. Muscle specimina were taken partly in the beginning of the ischaemization, and partly at the end ot it, every 15--20 minutes, and the muscle specimina have been examined by means of electron microscope. It has been found that in the first 2 hours of ischaemia neither the intact muscles, nor those previously injured suffer demonstrable damage. | [The effect of surgery, performed under ischemia, on the fine structure of the hand muscles]. The ultrastructural picture of the intact and injured hand muscles has been examined by the authors during and after operations in tourniquet ischaemia of 12 patients, in connection with tendon and nerve reconstruction. Muscle specimina were taken partly in the beginning of the ischaemization, and partly at the end ot it, every 15--20 minutes, and the muscle specimina have been examined by means of electron microscope. It has been found that in the first 2 hours of ischaemia neither the intact muscles, nor those previously injured suffer demonstrable damage. | [
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|
PMID:12411 | [Simultaneous occurrence of Perthes' disease, spondylolysis-spondylolisthesis and other forms of aseptic necrosis]. | Cleft formation on the lumbo-sacral spine has been observed by the authors in 15% of 32 patients with Perthes' disease--in whom follow-up examination has been performed without selection. In one case Perthes' disease was concomitant with spondylolisthesis causing no complaints. In 2 cases aspetic necrosis with other localization was found. It is presumed by the authors that between Perthes' disease and the arch rupture of the vertebrae causal relationship may exist--but also simultaneous occurrence with sterile bone necrosis with other localization is to be taken into consideration. | [Simultaneous occurrence of Perthes' disease, spondylolysis-spondylolisthesis and other forms of aseptic necrosis]. Cleft formation on the lumbo-sacral spine has been observed by the authors in 15% of 32 patients with Perthes' disease--in whom follow-up examination has been performed without selection. In one case Perthes' disease was concomitant with spondylolisthesis causing no complaints. In 2 cases aspetic necrosis with other localization was found. It is presumed by the authors that between Perthes' disease and the arch rupture of the vertebrae causal relationship may exist--but also simultaneous occurrence with sterile bone necrosis with other localization is to be taken into consideration. | [
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|
PMID:12412 | [Axillary block anesthesia in hand surgery]. | In spite of the use of narcosis on a large scale local anaesthesia is necessary in the surgery on the hand. After the discussion of the possibilities and types of local anaesthesia the axillary blocking of the plexus brachialis is dealt with in detail, and on the basis of the experience gained with 150 cases the advantages of this method are evaluated. | [Axillary block anesthesia in hand surgery]. In spite of the use of narcosis on a large scale local anaesthesia is necessary in the surgery on the hand. After the discussion of the possibilities and types of local anaesthesia the axillary blocking of the plexus brachialis is dealt with in detail, and on the basis of the experience gained with 150 cases the advantages of this method are evaluated. | [
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|
PMID:12408 | Thermodynamic parameters for the intramolecular disordered-to-beta transition of poly(L-tyrosine) in aqueous solution. | We have examined the disordered-to-beat transition of two samples of high molecular wieght poly(L-tyrosine), a polypeptide with an ionizing side chain, by potentiometric titration of solutions of this polymer in aqueous buffer. The degree of ionization was determined spectrophotometrically from the absorption of the tyrosinate anion at 293.5 nm. By using polymer solutions of high dilution the region of the conformational transition was separated from that of aggregation. As a consequence it was possible to obtain titration data for the intramolecular transition which we believe are free of interference from aggregation. For this transition we found that deltaHO=-1330 cal/mol of residue. The two samples gave values of -3.42+/-0.14 and -3.85+/-0.10 u for the change in entropy. Possible artifactual origins for this distinction have been examined and may be dicounted. Rather, it probably reflects a difference in the beta structures formed which depends on molecular weight. | Thermodynamic parameters for the intramolecular disordered-to-beta transition of poly(L-tyrosine) in aqueous solution. We have examined the disordered-to-beat transition of two samples of high molecular wieght poly(L-tyrosine), a polypeptide with an ionizing side chain, by potentiometric titration of solutions of this polymer in aqueous buffer. The degree of ionization was determined spectrophotometrically from the absorption of the tyrosinate anion at 293.5 nm. By using polymer solutions of high dilution the region of the conformational transition was separated from that of aggregation. As a consequence it was possible to obtain titration data for the intramolecular transition which we believe are free of interference from aggregation. For this transition we found that deltaHO=-1330 cal/mol of residue. The two samples gave values of -3.42+/-0.14 and -3.85+/-0.10 u for the change in entropy. Possible artifactual origins for this distinction have been examined and may be dicounted. Rather, it probably reflects a difference in the beta structures formed which depends on molecular weight. | [
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|
PMID:12413 | [Substitution of skull defects with methyl acrylate]. | On the basis of the data of the literature and their own experiences the theoretical and pratical problems of cranioplasty are dealt with by the authors. The indications of the cranioplasty and the various materials employed are discussed. In the author's opinion, the metacrylate polymerizating to heat has been found the most practical. The use of the metacrylate implant, the modelling and the preparation of the implant, as well as a new method worked out by the authors are discussed. The operative technique, the results and the possible complications are dealt with. Also the authors' new method in order to prevent the infection from the nasal cavity is described. | [Substitution of skull defects with methyl acrylate]. On the basis of the data of the literature and their own experiences the theoretical and pratical problems of cranioplasty are dealt with by the authors. The indications of the cranioplasty and the various materials employed are discussed. In the author's opinion, the metacrylate polymerizating to heat has been found the most practical. The use of the metacrylate implant, the modelling and the preparation of the implant, as well as a new method worked out by the authors are discussed. The operative technique, the results and the possible complications are dealt with. Also the authors' new method in order to prevent the infection from the nasal cavity is described. | [
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|
PMID:12415 | [Collagen synthesis, studied by sub microscopic methods in beta-propiolactone and in tendon homografts, preserved by gamma irradiation]. | In dog experiments homologous tendos conserved in beta-propiolacton and by means of gamma-radiation have been transplanted by the authors. After the 1st, 3rd and 8th post-operative week various regions of the graft and the recipient tendon stump have been examined by means of light--, polarisation microscopic and electron microscopic method. The examinations have unanimously shown that the tendon grafts conserved in beta-propiolacton are reorganized quickly, within 8 weeks nearly completely besides hardly visible inflammatory reaction. In the meantime, the originally collagen fibrous framework is decomposed and on it a new collagen fibrous structure develops, and thus a new tendon--capable to function--is formed. On the other hand, the reorganization of the grafts conserved with gamma-radiation is protracted or it fails to occur, and cicatrization is observed. Some problems of the modern tissue preservation, the collagen synthesis occurring in the active fibroblasts, the secretion of the collagen precursory substance into the extracellulary space, as well as the formation, the structure and the constitution of the newly synthesized collagen fibres--forming the transplant--are discussed by the authors. The obtained results are demonstrated in light-, polarization microscopic and electron microscopic pictures. | [Collagen synthesis, studied by sub microscopic methods in beta-propiolactone and in tendon homografts, preserved by gamma irradiation]. In dog experiments homologous tendos conserved in beta-propiolacton and by means of gamma-radiation have been transplanted by the authors. After the 1st, 3rd and 8th post-operative week various regions of the graft and the recipient tendon stump have been examined by means of light--, polarisation microscopic and electron microscopic method. The examinations have unanimously shown that the tendon grafts conserved in beta-propiolacton are reorganized quickly, within 8 weeks nearly completely besides hardly visible inflammatory reaction. In the meantime, the originally collagen fibrous framework is decomposed and on it a new collagen fibrous structure develops, and thus a new tendon--capable to function--is formed. On the other hand, the reorganization of the grafts conserved with gamma-radiation is protracted or it fails to occur, and cicatrization is observed. Some problems of the modern tissue preservation, the collagen synthesis occurring in the active fibroblasts, the secretion of the collagen precursory substance into the extracellulary space, as well as the formation, the structure and the constitution of the newly synthesized collagen fibres--forming the transplant--are discussed by the authors. The obtained results are demonstrated in light-, polarization microscopic and electron microscopic pictures. | [
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|
PMID:12416 | [Surgical treatment of chemical injuries]. | Among nearly 2000 patients of a traumatological ward 82 patients were treated with chemical injury during 6 years. On the basis of their experiences the tissue damaging effect of the chemical substances as well as the methods of treatment are discussed by the authors. Dermoplastic operations have been performed in 28 injured patients. Two patients died--the immediate cause of death was in both patients pneumonia developed as complication of important skin defect. As first-aid abundant sponge-bath and flushing are recommended by the authors--the neutralizing drugs play a secondary role. In the case of deep injuries primary necrectomy is recommended, firstly in colliquation necrosis, as well as in the cases, in which the absorption of the poisonous substance is to be feared of. | [Surgical treatment of chemical injuries]. Among nearly 2000 patients of a traumatological ward 82 patients were treated with chemical injury during 6 years. On the basis of their experiences the tissue damaging effect of the chemical substances as well as the methods of treatment are discussed by the authors. Dermoplastic operations have been performed in 28 injured patients. Two patients died--the immediate cause of death was in both patients pneumonia developed as complication of important skin defect. As first-aid abundant sponge-bath and flushing are recommended by the authors--the neutralizing drugs play a secondary role. In the case of deep injuries primary necrectomy is recommended, firstly in colliquation necrosis, as well as in the cases, in which the absorption of the poisonous substance is to be feared of. | [
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|
PMID:12417 | [Intramural duodenal hematoma of traumatic origin]. | A rare case of the blunt abdominal injuries--forming a clinical entity--intramural duodenal haematoma is reported. The symptoms of IMDH may appear--non specifically--after a longer interval. The diagnosis is assured in the first place by careful anamnesis and on the basis of the characteristic radiological signs. The treatment may be--depending on the extent of the obstruction--conservative or surgical--in the latter case mostly the evacuation of the haematoma is performed. | [Intramural duodenal hematoma of traumatic origin]. A rare case of the blunt abdominal injuries--forming a clinical entity--intramural duodenal haematoma is reported. The symptoms of IMDH may appear--non specifically--after a longer interval. The diagnosis is assured in the first place by careful anamnesis and on the basis of the characteristic radiological signs. The treatment may be--depending on the extent of the obstruction--conservative or surgical--in the latter case mostly the evacuation of the haematoma is performed. | [
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|
PMID:12419 | [Acute traumatic infratentorial subdural hematoma]. | The case of an injured man, aged 54, is reported. On the basis of the neurological symptoms, without neuro-radiological contrast examinations, in presence of negative skull osteogram, on the day of the injury suboccipital craniectomy and removal of the subdural haematoma have been performed. The diagnostical difficulties of the occipital injury are pointed out, since both the occipital and infratentorial regions are "silent" regions for the carotis-angiography. In the case of subdural haematoma the suboccipital decompression performed in due time may be exactly as much successful as the supratentorial decompression. | [Acute traumatic infratentorial subdural hematoma]. The case of an injured man, aged 54, is reported. On the basis of the neurological symptoms, without neuro-radiological contrast examinations, in presence of negative skull osteogram, on the day of the injury suboccipital craniectomy and removal of the subdural haematoma have been performed. The diagnostical difficulties of the occipital injury are pointed out, since both the occipital and infratentorial regions are "silent" regions for the carotis-angiography. In the case of subdural haematoma the suboccipital decompression performed in due time may be exactly as much successful as the supratentorial decompression. | [
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|
PMID:12420 | [Mistakes, errors and their prevention in the medical expertise about accidental injuries]. | It may be stated that in the examination of the individuals who had suffered an accident, as well as in the assessment of the subsequent consequences--for whatever authority (social assurance, court of justice, State Insurance Company) the medical opinion is given--various errors may be committed, which may direct the claim for indemnity in a faulty way and may endanger also the medical competence of the expert opinion. The medical, social, legal and economical relationships of these errors have repeatedly been pointed out by the authors. Neither the patient nor the community may suffer a loss or injury merely by the reason that the medical expert's skill was defective regarding the medical expert's work. The aim of the authors' paper is to through a flash of light on these errors and mistakes and possibly to improve the work of the medical experts in these special fields. | [Mistakes, errors and their prevention in the medical expertise about accidental injuries]. It may be stated that in the examination of the individuals who had suffered an accident, as well as in the assessment of the subsequent consequences--for whatever authority (social assurance, court of justice, State Insurance Company) the medical opinion is given--various errors may be committed, which may direct the claim for indemnity in a faulty way and may endanger also the medical competence of the expert opinion. The medical, social, legal and economical relationships of these errors have repeatedly been pointed out by the authors. Neither the patient nor the community may suffer a loss or injury merely by the reason that the medical expert's skill was defective regarding the medical expert's work. The aim of the authors' paper is to through a flash of light on these errors and mistakes and possibly to improve the work of the medical experts in these special fields. | [
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|
PMID:12423 | Immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain. I. Tyrosine hydroxylase in the mes- and diencephalon. | The localization and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first enzyme in the catecholamine synthesis, in the mes- and diencephalon has been studied with the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators. Principally, TH was present in neuron systems with a distribution similar to known dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline systems. The present data, taken together with published and some unpublished results, indicate that all parts of most central dopamine neurons, i.e. cell body, dendrites, axon and nerve terminals, appear strongly fluorescent. The adrenaline neurons also appeared strongly fluorescent, except for their axons, which only exhibited a weak fluorescence. Only cell bodies of noradrenaline neurons were strongly fluorescent, whereas the nerve terminals and axons showed a weak or moderate fluorescence intensity. The fine noradrenaline nerve terminals in some areas, such as the thalamus, were invisible or, under favourable conditions, weakly fluorescent. Therefore, in the present study we are mainly dealing with the dopamine neurons of the upper brain stem. Our results demonstrate a widespread occurrence of TH-positive neuron systems in the mes- and diencephalon. The different mesencephalic dopamine systems and their ascending projections were visualized. Numerous TH-positive cell bodies were present along the ventricle system extending from the aqueductus cerebri to the most cranial periventricular parts of the third ventricle. The caudal part of these neurons, consisting of very small cell bodies, belong to the dorsal periventricular system described by Lindvall and Björklund. Several TH-positive cell bodies were also observed in the inferior collicle of young animals. In the superficial layers of the inferior collicles TH positive nerve terminals were seen. At the hypothalamic level the A11 to A14 cell groups as well as some additonal cell bodies and extensive nerve terminal plexuses appeared strongly fluorescent. The differences in the intensity of the TH-related immunofluorescence between various brain regions and between various neuron systems may well reflect differences in enzyme levels between the various catacholamine systems rather than be due to the existence of different types of TH. | Immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain. I. Tyrosine hydroxylase in the mes- and diencephalon. The localization and distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the first enzyme in the catecholamine synthesis, in the mes- and diencephalon has been studied with the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators. Principally, TH was present in neuron systems with a distribution similar to known dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline systems. The present data, taken together with published and some unpublished results, indicate that all parts of most central dopamine neurons, i.e. cell body, dendrites, axon and nerve terminals, appear strongly fluorescent. The adrenaline neurons also appeared strongly fluorescent, except for their axons, which only exhibited a weak fluorescence. Only cell bodies of noradrenaline neurons were strongly fluorescent, whereas the nerve terminals and axons showed a weak or moderate fluorescence intensity. The fine noradrenaline nerve terminals in some areas, such as the thalamus, were invisible or, under favourable conditions, weakly fluorescent. Therefore, in the present study we are mainly dealing with the dopamine neurons of the upper brain stem. Our results demonstrate a widespread occurrence of TH-positive neuron systems in the mes- and diencephalon. The different mesencephalic dopamine systems and their ascending projections were visualized. Numerous TH-positive cell bodies were present along the ventricle system extending from the aqueductus cerebri to the most cranial periventricular parts of the third ventricle. The caudal part of these neurons, consisting of very small cell bodies, belong to the dorsal periventricular system described by Lindvall and Björklund. Several TH-positive cell bodies were also observed in the inferior collicle of young animals. In the superficial layers of the inferior collicles TH positive nerve terminals were seen. At the hypothalamic level the A11 to A14 cell groups as well as some additonal cell bodies and extensive nerve terminal plexuses appeared strongly fluorescent. The differences in the intensity of the TH-related immunofluorescence between various brain regions and between various neuron systems may well reflect differences in enzyme levels between the various catacholamine systems rather than be due to the existence of different types of TH. | [
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|
PMID:12424 | A study of physicians' assistants in a rural setting. | In an effort to improve the health care in a rural county in Southern Appalachia, physicians' assistants (MEDEX) have been employed in the offices of three general practitioners over a three-year period. This program was evaluated using a before-after and experimental-control (county) design, utilizing data both from physician office contracts and a continuing survey of the populations of the experimental and control counties. Results show the following: 1) utilization (average office visits per week) increased; 2) types of care (preventive versus curative) remained stable; 3) the hospitalization rate increased continuously during the three years for those physicians using physicians' assistants; and 4) the physicians' assistant functioned more as a physician substitute than as an assistant. It is concluded that although use of physicians' assistants may increase utilization rates, they may not reduce the long-range cost of medical care through providing more preventive or ambulatory (as opposed to hospital) care. | A study of physicians' assistants in a rural setting. In an effort to improve the health care in a rural county in Southern Appalachia, physicians' assistants (MEDEX) have been employed in the offices of three general practitioners over a three-year period. This program was evaluated using a before-after and experimental-control (county) design, utilizing data both from physician office contracts and a continuing survey of the populations of the experimental and control counties. Results show the following: 1) utilization (average office visits per week) increased; 2) types of care (preventive versus curative) remained stable; 3) the hospitalization rate increased continuously during the three years for those physicians using physicians' assistants; and 4) the physicians' assistant functioned more as a physician substitute than as an assistant. It is concluded that although use of physicians' assistants may increase utilization rates, they may not reduce the long-range cost of medical care through providing more preventive or ambulatory (as opposed to hospital) care. | [
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|
PMID:12425 | Adding a Medex to the medical mix: an evaluation. | Three classes of Medex were followed during their preceptorship training and subsequent employment to assess the impact of adding such physician assistants on 13 private practices. The data suggest that the Medex are readily incorporated into the practice, seeing a similar spectrum of patients and generally functioning as a semicolleague. Although the Medex was almost universally a contributing addition to the practice, increasing patient volume, the specific effects varied with the setting. | Adding a Medex to the medical mix: an evaluation. Three classes of Medex were followed during their preceptorship training and subsequent employment to assess the impact of adding such physician assistants on 13 private practices. The data suggest that the Medex are readily incorporated into the practice, seeing a similar spectrum of patients and generally functioning as a semicolleague. Although the Medex was almost universally a contributing addition to the practice, increasing patient volume, the specific effects varied with the setting. | [
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|
PMID:12448 | [Alternativity of methane assimilation pathways in obligate methylotrophs]. | The activity of key enzymes involved in the primary pathways of methane assimilation and enzymes of the citrate cycle was determined in various obligate methylotrophs: mesophilic, thermotolerant, and thermophilic. The bacteria are characterized by the membrane ultrastructure of the I type, high activity of hexosephosphate synthase, NAD- and NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, and the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The bacteria also displayed the activity of key enzymes of the serine cycle, hydroxypyruvate reductase, and serineglyoxylate aminotransferase. Therefore, both the ribulose monophosphate and serine pathways are involved in methane assimilation, and the division of methanotrophs into two groups, according to their metabolism, is tentative. | [Alternativity of methane assimilation pathways in obligate methylotrophs]. The activity of key enzymes involved in the primary pathways of methane assimilation and enzymes of the citrate cycle was determined in various obligate methylotrophs: mesophilic, thermotolerant, and thermophilic. The bacteria are characterized by the membrane ultrastructure of the I type, high activity of hexosephosphate synthase, NAD- and NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase, and the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase. The bacteria also displayed the activity of key enzymes of the serine cycle, hydroxypyruvate reductase, and serineglyoxylate aminotransferase. Therefore, both the ribulose monophosphate and serine pathways are involved in methane assimilation, and the division of methanotrophs into two groups, according to their metabolism, is tentative. | [
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|
PMID:12450 | [Effect of H+, OH-, Cu2+ and Ag+ on amino acid composition of Candida utilis cells in chemostat culture]. | Amino acid composition was determined in the cells of Candida utilis VKM Y-1668 growing in the regime of chemostat. The growth was inhibited by pH of the medium, copper and silver ions, and glycerol deficiency as a control. Some specific differences have been found in the amino acid composition of the yeast depending on the nature of the inhibitor. | [Effect of H+, OH-, Cu2+ and Ag+ on amino acid composition of Candida utilis cells in chemostat culture]. Amino acid composition was determined in the cells of Candida utilis VKM Y-1668 growing in the regime of chemostat. The growth was inhibited by pH of the medium, copper and silver ions, and glycerol deficiency as a control. Some specific differences have been found in the amino acid composition of the yeast depending on the nature of the inhibitor. | [
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|
PMID:12452 | [Biosynthesis of chitinase by Achromobacter liquefaciens]. | Bacterial cultures under study synthesize exocellular chitinase on a medium containing chitin or demineralized crab shells as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Conditions for biosynthesis of chitinase by the cells of Achromobacter liquefaciens 301a were investigated under periodic and continuous conditions of cultivation. The preparation of chitinase isolated from the cultural broth of A. liquefaciens 301a hydrolysed colloid and native chitin at the optimum pH 6.5 and temperature 40degreesC. The terminal products of the reaction are chitobiose and N-acetylglucosamine. | [Biosynthesis of chitinase by Achromobacter liquefaciens]. Bacterial cultures under study synthesize exocellular chitinase on a medium containing chitin or demineralized crab shells as a source of carbon and nitrogen. Conditions for biosynthesis of chitinase by the cells of Achromobacter liquefaciens 301a were investigated under periodic and continuous conditions of cultivation. The preparation of chitinase isolated from the cultural broth of A. liquefaciens 301a hydrolysed colloid and native chitin at the optimum pH 6.5 and temperature 40degreesC. The terminal products of the reaction are chitobiose and N-acetylglucosamine. | [
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PMID:12457 | The physician's assistant. A controversial topic at home and abroad. | Non-physician primary care providers (physicians' assistants) have existed in under-developed or emerging nations, in various forms, for many years. It is only recently, however, that this concept has been introduced into countries with more advanced economic and medical care systems. An active and rapidly developing physician's assistant movement has been organized in the United States since the early 1960s; physician's assistants and nurse practitioners may now be found in the almost every one of the 50 United States. Recently, this kind of concept has been suggested as a possibility for improving the Australian medical care system. This article explores the history and present status of the physician's assistant/nurse practitioner movement in the American medical care scene. | The physician's assistant. A controversial topic at home and abroad. Non-physician primary care providers (physicians' assistants) have existed in under-developed or emerging nations, in various forms, for many years. It is only recently, however, that this concept has been introduced into countries with more advanced economic and medical care systems. An active and rapidly developing physician's assistant movement has been organized in the United States since the early 1960s; physician's assistants and nurse practitioners may now be found in the almost every one of the 50 United States. Recently, this kind of concept has been suggested as a possibility for improving the Australian medical care system. This article explores the history and present status of the physician's assistant/nurse practitioner movement in the American medical care scene. | [
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|
PMID:12453 | [Cultivation conditions of the Aspergillus terricola mutant producing proteolytic enzyme]. | The effect of temperature, aeration and various foam suppressors on the growth of a mutant of Aspergillus terricola H-20 and on its production of proteolytic enzymes was studied. A high level of the proteolytic activity (12-15 PU/ml) was found at 28-30 degree C in conditions of aeration with the rate of oxygen dissolution being 0.38-0.86 g of oxygen per litre per hour. Synthesis of the enzyme was inhibited by a decrease in temperature to 22-24 degree C, a surplass (1.07 g O2 per litre per hour) or insufficient (0.18 g O2 per litre per hour) content of oxygen in the medium, and by addition of animal (sperm-whale) fat as a froth breaker to the medium. The best rate of protease biosynthesis was obtained upon stepwise addition of sunflower oil to the cultural broth. The best synthetic froth breakers for biosynthesis of the proteolytic enzyme are adecanol at a concentration of 0.1-1% and polymethylsiloxane PMS-A 154 as a water emulsion at a concentration of 0.5% of the medium volume. | [Cultivation conditions of the Aspergillus terricola mutant producing proteolytic enzyme]. The effect of temperature, aeration and various foam suppressors on the growth of a mutant of Aspergillus terricola H-20 and on its production of proteolytic enzymes was studied. A high level of the proteolytic activity (12-15 PU/ml) was found at 28-30 degree C in conditions of aeration with the rate of oxygen dissolution being 0.38-0.86 g of oxygen per litre per hour. Synthesis of the enzyme was inhibited by a decrease in temperature to 22-24 degree C, a surplass (1.07 g O2 per litre per hour) or insufficient (0.18 g O2 per litre per hour) content of oxygen in the medium, and by addition of animal (sperm-whale) fat as a froth breaker to the medium. The best rate of protease biosynthesis was obtained upon stepwise addition of sunflower oil to the cultural broth. The best synthetic froth breakers for biosynthesis of the proteolytic enzyme are adecanol at a concentration of 0.1-1% and polymethylsiloxane PMS-A 154 as a water emulsion at a concentration of 0.5% of the medium volume. | [
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|
PMID:12449 | [Effect of growth medium composition of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase activity of Endomyces fibuliger]. | Production of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase by Endomyces fibuliger was found to depend on sources of carbon and nitrogen nutrition. Starch at a concentration above 0.5% in the medium stimulated biosynthesis of glycosyltransferase but inhibited production of glucoamylase by End. fibuliger 20-9. The rate of growth of the micro-organism increased by a factor of 3.3 with an increase of starch concentration from 0.5 to 6%. Synthesis of glycosyltransferase was repressed by glucose, lactose, sucrose and maltose. Synthesis of glucoamylase was repressed by lactose, sorbose and galactose. Synthesis of glycosyltransferase was stimulated by xylose, sorbose and galactose. Production of glucoamylase was stimulated by xylose and arabinose. Growth of the culture and synthesis of glucoamylase and maltase in the cultural broth were stimulated by an increase in the concentration of maize extract. Biosynthesis of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase was stimulated by NH4H2PO4. | [Effect of growth medium composition of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase activity of Endomyces fibuliger]. Production of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase by Endomyces fibuliger was found to depend on sources of carbon and nitrogen nutrition. Starch at a concentration above 0.5% in the medium stimulated biosynthesis of glycosyltransferase but inhibited production of glucoamylase by End. fibuliger 20-9. The rate of growth of the micro-organism increased by a factor of 3.3 with an increase of starch concentration from 0.5 to 6%. Synthesis of glycosyltransferase was repressed by glucose, lactose, sucrose and maltose. Synthesis of glucoamylase was repressed by lactose, sorbose and galactose. Synthesis of glycosyltransferase was stimulated by xylose, sorbose and galactose. Production of glucoamylase was stimulated by xylose and arabinose. Growth of the culture and synthesis of glucoamylase and maltase in the cultural broth were stimulated by an increase in the concentration of maize extract. Biosynthesis of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase was stimulated by NH4H2PO4. | [
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PMID:12451 | [Isolation and properties of the fibrinolytic enzyme from the Actinomyces thermovulgaris cultural broth]. | A fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated from the cultural broth of Actinomyces thermovulgaris T-54 by precipitation with ammonium sulphate to 0.8 saturation and chromatography on GE-cellulose and CM-cellulose. The enzyme is homogeneous as was confirmed by disk electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Some properties of the enzyme were studied. A modification of the method is suggested to assay the fibrinolytic activity. | [Isolation and properties of the fibrinolytic enzyme from the Actinomyces thermovulgaris cultural broth]. A fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated from the cultural broth of Actinomyces thermovulgaris T-54 by precipitation with ammonium sulphate to 0.8 saturation and chromatography on GE-cellulose and CM-cellulose. The enzyme is homogeneous as was confirmed by disk electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. Some properties of the enzyme were studied. A modification of the method is suggested to assay the fibrinolytic activity. | [
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|
PMID:12456 | New approaches to the causation and prevention of cancers of epithelial surfaces. | Environmental rather than genetic factors appear to be responsible for the causation of cancers involving epithelial surfaces, especially oropharyngeal cancers, cancers of the gastro-intestinal tract, cancers of the liver and gall-bladder, cancers of the cervix uteri and lung cancers. Epithelial surfaces which have mucus-bearing cells are particularly prone, because if these mucus cells are surrounded by an alkaline milieu over a prolonged period, the mucous of the epithelial cells is rendered fluid and is removed from the cells, of which it forms an integral part. This leads to proliferative changes with metaplasia, cell-atypia and a very significant increase in mitotic activity. Such changes are a prelude to carcinogenesis. In the case of many oropharyngeal cancers in Asia and Africa it is the alkaline slaked lime in the betel quid which is responsible; in the case of gastric cancers it is the reflux of the alkaline duodenal contents into the stomach; in the case of colon it is the absence of roughage, cellulose and vegetable fibres from the diet; in the case of the cervix uteri it is the frequency of coitus which gives rise to a highly alkaline seminal fluid; and in the case of cancer lung it is the alkaline cigarette smoke. | New approaches to the causation and prevention of cancers of epithelial surfaces. Environmental rather than genetic factors appear to be responsible for the causation of cancers involving epithelial surfaces, especially oropharyngeal cancers, cancers of the gastro-intestinal tract, cancers of the liver and gall-bladder, cancers of the cervix uteri and lung cancers. Epithelial surfaces which have mucus-bearing cells are particularly prone, because if these mucus cells are surrounded by an alkaline milieu over a prolonged period, the mucous of the epithelial cells is rendered fluid and is removed from the cells, of which it forms an integral part. This leads to proliferative changes with metaplasia, cell-atypia and a very significant increase in mitotic activity. Such changes are a prelude to carcinogenesis. In the case of many oropharyngeal cancers in Asia and Africa it is the alkaline slaked lime in the betel quid which is responsible; in the case of gastric cancers it is the reflux of the alkaline duodenal contents into the stomach; in the case of colon it is the absence of roughage, cellulose and vegetable fibres from the diet; in the case of the cervix uteri it is the frequency of coitus which gives rise to a highly alkaline seminal fluid; and in the case of cancer lung it is the alkaline cigarette smoke. | [
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|
PMID:12463 | Application of halide ion nuclear magnetic resonance to bioinorganic problems. | The basis for the application of halide ion nuclear magnetic resonance to the investigation of biochemical problems is reviewed and a summary of applications is presented. Anion binding to macromolecules, low molecular weight or model compounds, metalloenzymes, and extrinsic metal interactions with macromolecules are discussed. | Application of halide ion nuclear magnetic resonance to bioinorganic problems. The basis for the application of halide ion nuclear magnetic resonance to the investigation of biochemical problems is reviewed and a summary of applications is presented. Anion binding to macromolecules, low molecular weight or model compounds, metalloenzymes, and extrinsic metal interactions with macromolecules are discussed. | [
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|
PMID:12464 | Determination of intermediary metabolites in yeast. Critical examination of the effect of sampling conditions and recommendations for obtaining true levels. | The effect of sampling conditions on the levels of adenine nucleotides, pyridine nucleotides, glycolytic intermediates and related metabolites in yeast has been studied. A systematic examination of the conditions for harvesting has shown that it can be best accomplished by rapid filtration. Delays in the handling for removal of the medium, as is usual in the process of obtaining a number of data reported in the literature, lead to important changes in some of the metabolites examined. It is also shown that when a washing is imperative it can be carried out with a methanol-water mixture (50/50, v/v) cooled at -40 degrees without loss of intracellular concentrations of non-readily diffusible metabolites. On the basis of this experience the outline of a generally applicable procedure is presented. | Determination of intermediary metabolites in yeast. Critical examination of the effect of sampling conditions and recommendations for obtaining true levels. The effect of sampling conditions on the levels of adenine nucleotides, pyridine nucleotides, glycolytic intermediates and related metabolites in yeast has been studied. A systematic examination of the conditions for harvesting has shown that it can be best accomplished by rapid filtration. Delays in the handling for removal of the medium, as is usual in the process of obtaining a number of data reported in the literature, lead to important changes in some of the metabolites examined. It is also shown that when a washing is imperative it can be carried out with a methanol-water mixture (50/50, v/v) cooled at -40 degrees without loss of intracellular concentrations of non-readily diffusible metabolites. On the basis of this experience the outline of a generally applicable procedure is presented. | [
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|
PMID:12465 | The extracellular metalloprotease of Serratia marcescens: I. Purification and characterization. | An extracellular protease of Serratia marcescens produced during growth on skim milk medium was isolated by ethanol precipitation. The protease was purified by salt fractionation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography on Agarose P-100. It has a broad optimum from pH 6.0 to 9.0 and a temperature optimum of 45 degrees C for proteolytic activity on casein. It was classified as a metallo-protease by virtue of its inactivation by metal-ion chelators and reactivation by ferrous ions. Proteolytic activity was not affected by diiso-propylfluorophosphate, p-chloromercuribenzoate and dithiothreitol. | The extracellular metalloprotease of Serratia marcescens: I. Purification and characterization. An extracellular protease of Serratia marcescens produced during growth on skim milk medium was isolated by ethanol precipitation. The protease was purified by salt fractionation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography on Agarose P-100. It has a broad optimum from pH 6.0 to 9.0 and a temperature optimum of 45 degrees C for proteolytic activity on casein. It was classified as a metallo-protease by virtue of its inactivation by metal-ion chelators and reactivation by ferrous ions. Proteolytic activity was not affected by diiso-propylfluorophosphate, p-chloromercuribenzoate and dithiothreitol. | [
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|
PMID:12466 | [Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and related collagen diseases. Clinical aspects (author's transl)]. | Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or, more correctly, juvenile chronic polyarthritis with its many clinical manifestations can be separated into the Still-syndrome with acute beginning, high fever and a high percentage of extra-articulalar, i.e. visceral symptoms, and the chronic polyarthritis in the more strict sense with non-visceral symptoms. The subsepsis allergica should be regarded as a subseptic first stage of the Still syndrome. The Still-syndrome implies a systemic disease mainly of the reticulo-endothelial system, with carditis, nephropathy, recurrent erythemas, and a progressing polyarthritis. Later symptoms are amyloidosis, chronic nephritis, myo- and pericarditis, and artheriitis necroticans. Predominanly the involvement of the kidneys is the reasons for the high mortality rate of 13%. Chronic polyarthritis in the strict sense is similar in children and adults, though in children rheumatic factors are rarely detected. The exsudative form of arthritis tends to cause early deterioration. Joint symptoms are distributed asymmetrically and show locally inflammed growth otherwise less common in Still-syndrome. Spondylitis cervicalis rapidly causes ankylosis. Atlanto-axial-arthritis with consequent atlanto-axial dislocation can be the reason for neurological disturbances. Juvenile mono- or oligo-arthritis often turns into polyarthritis; but for joints the prognosis is more favourable. In contrast, rheumatoid iridocyclitis as found in 22% of the cases causes unfavourable complications because symptoms are not noticed in time so that treatment is often too late. Juvenile spondylitis ankylosans begins with a peripheral arthritic stage which is not easily distinguished from chronic polyarthritis. The male sex, mono- or oligoarthritis of the outer extremities, pain in the heel, atlanto-axial-arthritis, iridocyclitis, and a positive HLA of 27 give a diagnostic clue. -- Characteristics of the therapy will be discussed. | [Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and related collagen diseases. Clinical aspects (author's transl)]. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis or, more correctly, juvenile chronic polyarthritis with its many clinical manifestations can be separated into the Still-syndrome with acute beginning, high fever and a high percentage of extra-articulalar, i.e. visceral symptoms, and the chronic polyarthritis in the more strict sense with non-visceral symptoms. The subsepsis allergica should be regarded as a subseptic first stage of the Still syndrome. The Still-syndrome implies a systemic disease mainly of the reticulo-endothelial system, with carditis, nephropathy, recurrent erythemas, and a progressing polyarthritis. Later symptoms are amyloidosis, chronic nephritis, myo- and pericarditis, and artheriitis necroticans. Predominanly the involvement of the kidneys is the reasons for the high mortality rate of 13%. Chronic polyarthritis in the strict sense is similar in children and adults, though in children rheumatic factors are rarely detected. The exsudative form of arthritis tends to cause early deterioration. Joint symptoms are distributed asymmetrically and show locally inflammed growth otherwise less common in Still-syndrome. Spondylitis cervicalis rapidly causes ankylosis. Atlanto-axial-arthritis with consequent atlanto-axial dislocation can be the reason for neurological disturbances. Juvenile mono- or oligo-arthritis often turns into polyarthritis; but for joints the prognosis is more favourable. In contrast, rheumatoid iridocyclitis as found in 22% of the cases causes unfavourable complications because symptoms are not noticed in time so that treatment is often too late. Juvenile spondylitis ankylosans begins with a peripheral arthritic stage which is not easily distinguished from chronic polyarthritis. The male sex, mono- or oligoarthritis of the outer extremities, pain in the heel, atlanto-axial-arthritis, iridocyclitis, and a positive HLA of 27 give a diagnostic clue. -- Characteristics of the therapy will be discussed. | [
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PMID:12467 | [The ecology and medical importance of the Tahyna Virus (author's transl)]. | In 1958 a virus transmitted by a mosquito was isolated in the Slovakian village of Tahyna. Since this virus was unknown in Europe, a detailed study was begun. It was shown that this virus belonged to the California group of arboviruses and occurs in practically all European countries. It could very well be that young hares are the hosts for this virus, and that it multiplies in them. Foals and suckling pigs are also hosts and possibly also increase the virus. In patients observed so far, infection with the Tahyna virus appears with influenza-like symptoms. In some cases, meningoencephalitis and atypical pneumonia were observed. | [The ecology and medical importance of the Tahyna Virus (author's transl)]. In 1958 a virus transmitted by a mosquito was isolated in the Slovakian village of Tahyna. Since this virus was unknown in Europe, a detailed study was begun. It was shown that this virus belonged to the California group of arboviruses and occurs in practically all European countries. It could very well be that young hares are the hosts for this virus, and that it multiplies in them. Foals and suckling pigs are also hosts and possibly also increase the virus. In patients observed so far, infection with the Tahyna virus appears with influenza-like symptoms. In some cases, meningoencephalitis and atypical pneumonia were observed. | [
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PMID:12468 | Formation of mutagenic N-nitroso compounds from the pesticides prometryne, dodine and carbaryl in the presence of nitrite at pH 1. | Environmental chemicals including pesticides carrying secondary and tertiary amino groups are suggested to be a health hazard to man since potentially carcinogenic nitroso compounds may be formed in the presence of nitrite at low pH values resembling conditions in the human stomach. Nitrosation of the isopropylamino-triazine Prometryne, the n-dodecyl guanidine Dodine and the N-methylcarbamate carbaryl was investigated in the presence of HCl and acetic acid at pH 1 and excess sodium nitrite for 4 h at 37 degrees C. The reaction products were extracted with CCl4 and were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear-resonance spectrometry, GC/mass spectrometry and by spectrophotometry. All compounds investigated formed N-nitroso derivatives in the following yields: carbaryl 67%, Dodine 12% and Prometryne 14%. The N-nitroso derivatives per se were not or only slightly mutagenic to Escherichia coli K12 or Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538. However, significantly increased mutation frequencies were seen after metabolic activation by mouse-liver microsomes. These results add to the observations that among environmental chemicals not only those containing methyl- or ethyl-substituted amino groups form potentially carcinogenic nitroso derivatives but also those with iso-propylamino groups as well as alkyl-substituted guanidine derivatives. | Formation of mutagenic N-nitroso compounds from the pesticides prometryne, dodine and carbaryl in the presence of nitrite at pH 1. Environmental chemicals including pesticides carrying secondary and tertiary amino groups are suggested to be a health hazard to man since potentially carcinogenic nitroso compounds may be formed in the presence of nitrite at low pH values resembling conditions in the human stomach. Nitrosation of the isopropylamino-triazine Prometryne, the n-dodecyl guanidine Dodine and the N-methylcarbamate carbaryl was investigated in the presence of HCl and acetic acid at pH 1 and excess sodium nitrite for 4 h at 37 degrees C. The reaction products were extracted with CCl4 and were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear-resonance spectrometry, GC/mass spectrometry and by spectrophotometry. All compounds investigated formed N-nitroso derivatives in the following yields: carbaryl 67%, Dodine 12% and Prometryne 14%. The N-nitroso derivatives per se were not or only slightly mutagenic to Escherichia coli K12 or Salmonella typhimurium TA 1538. However, significantly increased mutation frequencies were seen after metabolic activation by mouse-liver microsomes. These results add to the observations that among environmental chemicals not only those containing methyl- or ethyl-substituted amino groups form potentially carcinogenic nitroso derivatives but also those with iso-propylamino groups as well as alkyl-substituted guanidine derivatives. | [
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PMID:12478 | Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): restoration of oxotremorine tremor in mice. Comparison with quipazine, a serotoninergic and dopaminergic stimulant. | Both TRH and quipazine (2.5-25 mg/kg) were found to restore and to intensify the oxotremorine-induced tremor in mice when injected i.p. 60 min after oxotremorine 0.5 mg/kg s.c. This phenomenon does not seem to be due to an increase in body temperature or muscle tone. Also other dopaminergic drugs, e.g. amphetamine, methylphenidate, nomifensine and apomorphine had a significant but lesser effect than TRH or quipazine. Haloperidol and methysergide both antagonized the effect of quipazine but not that of TRH. Neither propranolol, phenoxybenzamine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, nor p-chlorophenylalanine inhibited the activity of TRH or quipazine. The restoration of oxotremorine-induced tremor could be prevented by atropine but not by methylatropine. It is concluded that quipazine exerts its effect by direct stimulation of serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors, whereas TRH receptors may represent separate entities and TRH may function as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. | Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): restoration of oxotremorine tremor in mice. Comparison with quipazine, a serotoninergic and dopaminergic stimulant. Both TRH and quipazine (2.5-25 mg/kg) were found to restore and to intensify the oxotremorine-induced tremor in mice when injected i.p. 60 min after oxotremorine 0.5 mg/kg s.c. This phenomenon does not seem to be due to an increase in body temperature or muscle tone. Also other dopaminergic drugs, e.g. amphetamine, methylphenidate, nomifensine and apomorphine had a significant but lesser effect than TRH or quipazine. Haloperidol and methysergide both antagonized the effect of quipazine but not that of TRH. Neither propranolol, phenoxybenzamine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, nor p-chlorophenylalanine inhibited the activity of TRH or quipazine. The restoration of oxotremorine-induced tremor could be prevented by atropine but not by methylatropine. It is concluded that quipazine exerts its effect by direct stimulation of serotoninergic and dopaminergic receptors, whereas TRH receptors may represent separate entities and TRH may function as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. | [
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|
PMID:12477 | Interaction of benzodiazepines with neuroleptics at central dopamine neurons. | Several benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam and flunitrazepam) markedly counteracted the elevation of the homovanillic acid (HVA) content of the rat brain induced by neuroleptics (haloperidol, pimozide, chlorpromazine, and clozapine). A similar effect was obtained with the inhibitor of GABA transaminase, aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). The interaction of benzodiazepines with the neuroleptic-induced HVA increase was similar in the striatum and in the limbic forebrain and was antagonized by the GABA receptor-blocking agent, picrotoxin. Both the benzodiazepines used and AOAA potentiated the cataleptic effect of the four neuroleptics. It is concluded that benzodiazepines, by intensifying GABA-ergic transmission, enhance the ongoing inhibition of mesencephalic dopamine neurons exerted by the striatonigral GABA system. As a consequence, the feedback activation of dopamine neurons induced by the neuroleptic blockade of dopamine receptors in the striatum and the limbic system is attenuated. This results in a reduction of the neuroleptic-induced increase of HVA and in the potentiation of the cataleptic effect of neuroleptics. | Interaction of benzodiazepines with neuroleptics at central dopamine neurons. Several benzodiazepines (chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam and flunitrazepam) markedly counteracted the elevation of the homovanillic acid (HVA) content of the rat brain induced by neuroleptics (haloperidol, pimozide, chlorpromazine, and clozapine). A similar effect was obtained with the inhibitor of GABA transaminase, aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA). The interaction of benzodiazepines with the neuroleptic-induced HVA increase was similar in the striatum and in the limbic forebrain and was antagonized by the GABA receptor-blocking agent, picrotoxin. Both the benzodiazepines used and AOAA potentiated the cataleptic effect of the four neuroleptics. It is concluded that benzodiazepines, by intensifying GABA-ergic transmission, enhance the ongoing inhibition of mesencephalic dopamine neurons exerted by the striatonigral GABA system. As a consequence, the feedback activation of dopamine neurons induced by the neuroleptic blockade of dopamine receptors in the striatum and the limbic system is attenuated. This results in a reduction of the neuroleptic-induced increase of HVA and in the potentiation of the cataleptic effect of neuroleptics. | [
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|
PMID:12479 | Effects of enzyme induction and inhibition on microsomal oxidation of 1,4-benzodiazepines. | Metabolic oxidative profiles of diazepam (I) were obtained by aromatic C-4'-hydroxylation, N-1-demethylation, and 3-hydroxylation using a supernatant of rat liver. Incubation of 3-methyldiazepam (VI), which suppressed 3-hydroxylation, and N-1-nor-3-methyldiazepam (VII), were used to separately investigate these three oxidative pathways. Treatment of animals with phenobarbital enhanced N-1-demethylation and 3-hydroxylation, and to a variable extent C-4'-hydroxylation. Application of metyrapone reduced metabolite formation by 3-hydroxylation and N-1-demethylation, but had no effect on C-4'-hydroxylation. Metyrapone inhibition was more pronounced following than prior to phenobarbital treatment. C-2-hydroxylation was studied using medazepam (XX) incubations. This pathway was increased by phenobarbital pretreatment and reduced by metyrapone inhibition which was again more pronounced following than prior to phenobarbital pretreatment. These results support earlier conclusions on the heterogeneity of liver microsomes and suggests the presence of different species of hepatic microsomal terminal oxidases. Phenobarbital treatment and metyrapone change the metabolic profile via induction and inhibition, respectively, and, thus, in the case of 1,4-benzodiazepines, the formation of metabolites with varying pharmacological activity. This could become important in clinical situations as a diagnostic mean to determine induction under various treatment or, possibly, during cumulation of metabolites with a long half-life. | Effects of enzyme induction and inhibition on microsomal oxidation of 1,4-benzodiazepines. Metabolic oxidative profiles of diazepam (I) were obtained by aromatic C-4'-hydroxylation, N-1-demethylation, and 3-hydroxylation using a supernatant of rat liver. Incubation of 3-methyldiazepam (VI), which suppressed 3-hydroxylation, and N-1-nor-3-methyldiazepam (VII), were used to separately investigate these three oxidative pathways. Treatment of animals with phenobarbital enhanced N-1-demethylation and 3-hydroxylation, and to a variable extent C-4'-hydroxylation. Application of metyrapone reduced metabolite formation by 3-hydroxylation and N-1-demethylation, but had no effect on C-4'-hydroxylation. Metyrapone inhibition was more pronounced following than prior to phenobarbital treatment. C-2-hydroxylation was studied using medazepam (XX) incubations. This pathway was increased by phenobarbital pretreatment and reduced by metyrapone inhibition which was again more pronounced following than prior to phenobarbital pretreatment. These results support earlier conclusions on the heterogeneity of liver microsomes and suggests the presence of different species of hepatic microsomal terminal oxidases. Phenobarbital treatment and metyrapone change the metabolic profile via induction and inhibition, respectively, and, thus, in the case of 1,4-benzodiazepines, the formation of metabolites with varying pharmacological activity. This could become important in clinical situations as a diagnostic mean to determine induction under various treatment or, possibly, during cumulation of metabolites with a long half-life. | [
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PMID:12480 | Restoration by histamine of the calcium-dependent electrical and mechanical response in the guinea-pig papillary muscle partially depolarized by potassium. | Electrophysiological and mechanical effects of histamine were observed in guinea-pig papillary muscle which had been depolarized and rendered inexcitable by elevation of potassium concentration in Tyrode solution to 27 mM. 1. Histamine (3 X 10(-7) to 3 X 10(-5) M) restored the action potential and tension development. The amplitude of the action potential was increased by 31.6 mV/10-fold increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Nifedipine (10(-6) M) abolished the electrical and mechanical responses which had been restored by histamine (10(-5) M) but TTX (10(-5) M) did not affect them. Reduction of the extracellular Na+ concentration to one half decreased the amplitude and the maximum rate of rise of the action potential restored by histamine (10(-5) M) while the peak tension was increased and an after-contraction occurred. 2. The maximum rate of rise and the amplitude of the action potential restored by histamine (10(-5) M) decreased with increase in stimulus frequency from 0.1-1.6 Hz. The peak tension decreased and then increased. The shape of the developed tension was also changed. In the presence of caffeine (1 mM), the only effect of an increase in stimulus frequency was a decrease in peak tension but the change in the shape of developed tension did not occur. 3. The electrical and mechanical responses restored by histamine (3 X 10(-6) or 10(-5) M) were depressed by metiamide (3 X 10(-6) M) but not by diphenhydramine (10(-5) M) or bufetolol (10(-6) M). 4. The electrical response restored by histamine (10(-6) or 10(-5) M) was enhanced by papaverine (10(-5) M) and depressed by N-methylimidazole (10 mM). It is concluded that histamine may enhance the slow inward Ca2+ current mediated by histamine H2-receptors and the adenylate cyclase system in ventricular muscle and that the positive inotropic action of histamine may be attributed to these mechanisms. | Restoration by histamine of the calcium-dependent electrical and mechanical response in the guinea-pig papillary muscle partially depolarized by potassium. Electrophysiological and mechanical effects of histamine were observed in guinea-pig papillary muscle which had been depolarized and rendered inexcitable by elevation of potassium concentration in Tyrode solution to 27 mM. 1. Histamine (3 X 10(-7) to 3 X 10(-5) M) restored the action potential and tension development. The amplitude of the action potential was increased by 31.6 mV/10-fold increase in extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Nifedipine (10(-6) M) abolished the electrical and mechanical responses which had been restored by histamine (10(-5) M) but TTX (10(-5) M) did not affect them. Reduction of the extracellular Na+ concentration to one half decreased the amplitude and the maximum rate of rise of the action potential restored by histamine (10(-5) M) while the peak tension was increased and an after-contraction occurred. 2. The maximum rate of rise and the amplitude of the action potential restored by histamine (10(-5) M) decreased with increase in stimulus frequency from 0.1-1.6 Hz. The peak tension decreased and then increased. The shape of the developed tension was also changed. In the presence of caffeine (1 mM), the only effect of an increase in stimulus frequency was a decrease in peak tension but the change in the shape of developed tension did not occur. 3. The electrical and mechanical responses restored by histamine (3 X 10(-6) or 10(-5) M) were depressed by metiamide (3 X 10(-6) M) but not by diphenhydramine (10(-5) M) or bufetolol (10(-6) M). 4. The electrical response restored by histamine (10(-6) or 10(-5) M) was enhanced by papaverine (10(-5) M) and depressed by N-methylimidazole (10 mM). It is concluded that histamine may enhance the slow inward Ca2+ current mediated by histamine H2-receptors and the adenylate cyclase system in ventricular muscle and that the positive inotropic action of histamine may be attributed to these mechanisms. | [
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|
PMID:12481 | Inhibition by locally applied alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs of the depressor response to stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus. | Cats were anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and the anterior hypothalamus was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula. Electrical stimulation of the superfused area with the tip of the cannula elicited a fall of the arterial blood pressure which was dependent on frequency and voltage. Maximal depressor response was obtained at 60 Hz with 2-4V; further increase of the voltage often led to a rise of the arterial blood pressure. Superfusion of the anterior hypothalamus with the alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs tolazoline, piperoxan, yohimbine or phentolamine caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the depressor response to hypothalamic stimulation. Tolazoline was less effective than the other drugs. Superfusion of the anterior hypothalamus with the alpha-sympathomimetic drug phenylephrine prior to and during superfusion with phentolamine abolished the inhibitory action of the latter drug. It is concluded that alphaadrenoreceptors are present in the anterior hypothalamus and involved in the depressor response to electrical stimulation of this hypothalamic area. | Inhibition by locally applied alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs of the depressor response to stimulation of the anterior hypothalamus. Cats were anaesthetized with pentobarbital sodium and the anterior hypothalamus was superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid through a push-pull cannula. Electrical stimulation of the superfused area with the tip of the cannula elicited a fall of the arterial blood pressure which was dependent on frequency and voltage. Maximal depressor response was obtained at 60 Hz with 2-4V; further increase of the voltage often led to a rise of the arterial blood pressure. Superfusion of the anterior hypothalamus with the alpha-adrenoreceptor blocking drugs tolazoline, piperoxan, yohimbine or phentolamine caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the depressor response to hypothalamic stimulation. Tolazoline was less effective than the other drugs. Superfusion of the anterior hypothalamus with the alpha-sympathomimetic drug phenylephrine prior to and during superfusion with phentolamine abolished the inhibitory action of the latter drug. It is concluded that alphaadrenoreceptors are present in the anterior hypothalamus and involved in the depressor response to electrical stimulation of this hypothalamic area. | [
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PMID:12482 | Dopaminergic neurons: reversal of effects elicited by gamma-butyrolactone by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway. | In vivo studies demonstrate that administration of gamma-butyrolactone, a precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid causes a rapid increase in endogenous levels of striatal dopamine and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity measured by following the short term accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine. The increase in dopamine produced by GBL is blocked by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway. If dopamine is allowed to accumulate for 30 min following administration of GBL this increased dopamine can be released by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway. Maintenance of neuronal activity in the nigro-neostriatal pathway by continuous stimulation at a physiological frequency of 3/s effectively blocks the ability of GBL to cause an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the striatum on the stimulated side. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the non-stimulated contralateral striatum is increased over 100% by administration of GBL. Stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway 30 min after GBL administration causes about a 500% increase in the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum on the stimulated side. These results suggest that the increased dopamine is present in a pool which is releasable by neuronal stimulation and is subsequently exposed to MAO. These results are also consistent with the hypothesis that GBL activates tyrosine hydroxylase and increases endogenous dopamine levels primarily by blocking impulse flow in central dopaminergic neurons. | Dopaminergic neurons: reversal of effects elicited by gamma-butyrolactone by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway. In vivo studies demonstrate that administration of gamma-butyrolactone, a precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid causes a rapid increase in endogenous levels of striatal dopamine and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity measured by following the short term accumulation of dihydroxyphenylalanine. The increase in dopamine produced by GBL is blocked by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway. If dopamine is allowed to accumulate for 30 min following administration of GBL this increased dopamine can be released by stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway. Maintenance of neuronal activity in the nigro-neostriatal pathway by continuous stimulation at a physiological frequency of 3/s effectively blocks the ability of GBL to cause an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the striatum on the stimulated side. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the non-stimulated contralateral striatum is increased over 100% by administration of GBL. Stimulation of the nigro-neostriatal pathway 30 min after GBL administration causes about a 500% increase in the accumulation of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in the striatum on the stimulated side. These results suggest that the increased dopamine is present in a pool which is releasable by neuronal stimulation and is subsequently exposed to MAO. These results are also consistent with the hypothesis that GBL activates tyrosine hydroxylase and increases endogenous dopamine levels primarily by blocking impulse flow in central dopaminergic neurons. | [
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|
PMID:12483 | The action of a toxin from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata upon Mammalian heart muscles. | The cardiac activity of toxin II, a basic polypeptide (m.w.: 4770) from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata, was investigated in isolated electrically driven guinea-pig and rat auricles, Langendorff heart preparations of guinea-pigs and cat heart-lung preparations. Low concentrations of toxin II (2-100 nM) evoked a dose-dependent positive inotropic effect in the three different heart muscle preparations investigated. Higher concentrations of toxin II produced toxic symptoms like contracture and arrhythmia in auricles and atria (about 25 nM). In isolated cat hearts high toxin II concentrations (about 160 nM) caused unusual toxic symptoms such as long periods of ventricular fibrillation alternating with periods of normal cardiac activity. In rat and guinea-pig auricles as well as in Langendorff hearts of guinea-pigs the extent and rate of the positive inotropic effect induced by toxin II depended on the extracellular calcium concentration (0.45 to 2.7 mM). Toxin II did not alter the heart rate in spontaneously beating isolated cat hearts. In electrically driven guinea-pig auricles, the rate of the inotropic effect induced by toxin II was accelerated by increasing stimulation frequencies. Toxin II did not change the coronary flow in Langendorff heart preparations of guinea-pigs. | The action of a toxin from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata upon Mammalian heart muscles. The cardiac activity of toxin II, a basic polypeptide (m.w.: 4770) from the sea anemone Anemonia sulcata, was investigated in isolated electrically driven guinea-pig and rat auricles, Langendorff heart preparations of guinea-pigs and cat heart-lung preparations. Low concentrations of toxin II (2-100 nM) evoked a dose-dependent positive inotropic effect in the three different heart muscle preparations investigated. Higher concentrations of toxin II produced toxic symptoms like contracture and arrhythmia in auricles and atria (about 25 nM). In isolated cat hearts high toxin II concentrations (about 160 nM) caused unusual toxic symptoms such as long periods of ventricular fibrillation alternating with periods of normal cardiac activity. In rat and guinea-pig auricles as well as in Langendorff hearts of guinea-pigs the extent and rate of the positive inotropic effect induced by toxin II depended on the extracellular calcium concentration (0.45 to 2.7 mM). Toxin II did not alter the heart rate in spontaneously beating isolated cat hearts. In electrically driven guinea-pig auricles, the rate of the inotropic effect induced by toxin II was accelerated by increasing stimulation frequencies. Toxin II did not change the coronary flow in Langendorff heart preparations of guinea-pigs. | [
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|
PMID:12484 | [Clinical evaluation of oxypertine in anxiety conditions]. | Oxypertine, a new anxiolytic drug related to the indolylazine compounds, was evaluated in a group of 30 patients, the majority with severe anxiety (acute or chronic) : in some cases depression was associated. The study was performed in the Psychiatric Department at the Centro Femenil de Rehabilitación Social, in Mexico City. A special feature of this study was that patients were confined for a legal process and consequently with restricted liberty. All were females between 19 to 44 years old, with an average age of 32.05 years. The methodology applied in this case was a modified double blind randomized procedure, using different color capsules with placebo or the active drug (yellow oxypertine and blue placebo). Patients received a 10 mg capsule every 12 hours (20 mg daily). The clinical measurement of anxiety was performed using the Visual Anxiety Scale (Murphy), evaluating each of its 11 parameters. The intensity was qualified from 0 to 3; at the end of each consultation a global assessment was made. Most of the patients were interviewed in five occasions during the treatment period. For each of the nine patients receiving during 4 weeks only oxypertine capsules (group I), the scores of the parameters of the scale were added, observing the following results: in seven excellent respond, fair in one and one abandoned the study since the beginning. In eight of the patients who received placebo (group II) also for a 4 weeks period, results were evaluated as follows: five excellent one good and two poor. It can be observed that both groups gave a similar final score at the end of the study, meaning that no significant benefits were obtained between the active drug and the placebo, in spite that anxiety decreased in most of them. In group III, seven cases initiated with placebo and after 2 weeks the capsule had to be changed to oxypertine due to stablization or increase in the anxiety. Results were excellent in three, good in two, poor in one and another case suspended the treatment when placebo was to be substituted. In this same group, six cases initiated treatment with oxypertine, and after two weeks or more the medication was changed to placebo due to the same reasons mentioned above. Results were fair in one and poor in five. A significant response was observed in those cases where oxypertine replaced placebo and no response was obtained when placebo substituted oxypertine. Few cases abandoned mainly for two reasons: satisfactory remission of the anxiety or symptoms exacerbation. Investigators emphasize that the psychological conditions of the patients studied in this trial were different from the ones who ordinarily assist to the out patient clinics or private practice, mainly because were subjects with legal and social problems, as already mentioned, confined in a rehabilitation center. The conclusion of the stldy is that the administration of oxpertine at the dosage of 20 mg to patients with severe anxiety and with the special conditions mentioned above, provides a relative anxiolytic effect. | [Clinical evaluation of oxypertine in anxiety conditions]. Oxypertine, a new anxiolytic drug related to the indolylazine compounds, was evaluated in a group of 30 patients, the majority with severe anxiety (acute or chronic) : in some cases depression was associated. The study was performed in the Psychiatric Department at the Centro Femenil de Rehabilitación Social, in Mexico City. A special feature of this study was that patients were confined for a legal process and consequently with restricted liberty. All were females between 19 to 44 years old, with an average age of 32.05 years. The methodology applied in this case was a modified double blind randomized procedure, using different color capsules with placebo or the active drug (yellow oxypertine and blue placebo). Patients received a 10 mg capsule every 12 hours (20 mg daily). The clinical measurement of anxiety was performed using the Visual Anxiety Scale (Murphy), evaluating each of its 11 parameters. The intensity was qualified from 0 to 3; at the end of each consultation a global assessment was made. Most of the patients were interviewed in five occasions during the treatment period. For each of the nine patients receiving during 4 weeks only oxypertine capsules (group I), the scores of the parameters of the scale were added, observing the following results: in seven excellent respond, fair in one and one abandoned the study since the beginning. In eight of the patients who received placebo (group II) also for a 4 weeks period, results were evaluated as follows: five excellent one good and two poor. It can be observed that both groups gave a similar final score at the end of the study, meaning that no significant benefits were obtained between the active drug and the placebo, in spite that anxiety decreased in most of them. In group III, seven cases initiated with placebo and after 2 weeks the capsule had to be changed to oxypertine due to stablization or increase in the anxiety. Results were excellent in three, good in two, poor in one and another case suspended the treatment when placebo was to be substituted. In this same group, six cases initiated treatment with oxypertine, and after two weeks or more the medication was changed to placebo due to the same reasons mentioned above. Results were fair in one and poor in five. A significant response was observed in those cases where oxypertine replaced placebo and no response was obtained when placebo substituted oxypertine. Few cases abandoned mainly for two reasons: satisfactory remission of the anxiety or symptoms exacerbation. Investigators emphasize that the psychological conditions of the patients studied in this trial were different from the ones who ordinarily assist to the out patient clinics or private practice, mainly because were subjects with legal and social problems, as already mentioned, confined in a rehabilitation center. The conclusion of the stldy is that the administration of oxpertine at the dosage of 20 mg to patients with severe anxiety and with the special conditions mentioned above, provides a relative anxiolytic effect. | [
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|
PMID:12487 | Benzodiazepine-induced modifications of dream content: the effect of flunitrazepam. | The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flunitrazepam, a benzodiazepine with strong hypnotic properties, on dream content. Eight normal subjects were studied in laboratory by the awakening technique, and the dream contents were rated by two judges according to nine scaled dimensions: unreality, participation of the dreamer, pleasantness, unpleasantness, verbal aggresivity, physical aggressivity, sexuality, sensoriality and time of reference in the dreamer's life. By comparison with placebo condition, flunitrazepam induced more unpleasantness, more verbal aggressivity, more physical aggressivity, and more sexuality in dreams. This increase of emotionally loaded contents can be related to a disinhibitory effect of this drug, and the possible involvement of dopaminergic or serotoninergic systems is discussed. | Benzodiazepine-induced modifications of dream content: the effect of flunitrazepam. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flunitrazepam, a benzodiazepine with strong hypnotic properties, on dream content. Eight normal subjects were studied in laboratory by the awakening technique, and the dream contents were rated by two judges according to nine scaled dimensions: unreality, participation of the dreamer, pleasantness, unpleasantness, verbal aggresivity, physical aggressivity, sexuality, sensoriality and time of reference in the dreamer's life. By comparison with placebo condition, flunitrazepam induced more unpleasantness, more verbal aggressivity, more physical aggressivity, and more sexuality in dreams. This increase of emotionally loaded contents can be related to a disinhibitory effect of this drug, and the possible involvement of dopaminergic or serotoninergic systems is discussed. | [
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|
PMID:12490 | [Cases of enuresis nocturna treated with single reflexotherapy. Clinical and therapeutic evaluation]. | Treatment of children with nocturnal enuresis by means of acupuncture, auriculotherapy, etc. is reported. The aetiopathogenetic background, the results of treatment, and the neurophysiological mechanisms through which the action of reflexotherapy can be explained are discussed. | [Cases of enuresis nocturna treated with single reflexotherapy. Clinical and therapeutic evaluation]. Treatment of children with nocturnal enuresis by means of acupuncture, auriculotherapy, etc. is reported. The aetiopathogenetic background, the results of treatment, and the neurophysiological mechanisms through which the action of reflexotherapy can be explained are discussed. | [
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|
PMID:12491 | Practolol and the safety of other beta blockers. | Recognition of the "occulomucocutaneous syndrome" related to practolol administration has caused the safety of other beta-blocking agents to come under close scrutiny. No satisfactory means of screening for at-risk patients is available. ANF estimation, has considerable limitations as both a screening and a diagnostic procedure. Patients with skin lesions alone may not be positive, while even advanced cases often show very low titres. There are important technical difficulties with the assay and interpretation of results is hindered by an increase in incidence of the antibody with age, in females, and in patients on a wide variety of other therapeutic agents. | Practolol and the safety of other beta blockers. Recognition of the "occulomucocutaneous syndrome" related to practolol administration has caused the safety of other beta-blocking agents to come under close scrutiny. No satisfactory means of screening for at-risk patients is available. ANF estimation, has considerable limitations as both a screening and a diagnostic procedure. Patients with skin lesions alone may not be positive, while even advanced cases often show very low titres. There are important technical difficulties with the assay and interpretation of results is hindered by an increase in incidence of the antibody with age, in females, and in patients on a wide variety of other therapeutic agents. | [
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|
PMID:12492 | Primary uterine tumors and multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type I. | Multiple endocrine adenomatosis, Type I was initially diagnosed in a 35-year-old woman with primary chief cell hyperplasia of the parathyroids. Approximately 5 years later, vaginal bleeding developed and a well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma was recognized. An adenomatoid tumor of the uterus was discovered in addition to a nonfunctional islet cell tumor of the pancreas. Multiple endocrine adenomatosis is reviewed in relation to possible gynecologic neoplasms. | Primary uterine tumors and multiple endocrine adenomatosis, type I. Multiple endocrine adenomatosis, Type I was initially diagnosed in a 35-year-old woman with primary chief cell hyperplasia of the parathyroids. Approximately 5 years later, vaginal bleeding developed and a well-differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma was recognized. An adenomatoid tumor of the uterus was discovered in addition to a nonfunctional islet cell tumor of the pancreas. Multiple endocrine adenomatosis is reviewed in relation to possible gynecologic neoplasms. | [
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|
PMID:12495 | Phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine aminotransferase in human fetal and adult liver. | The mean value of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in adult human liver was almost twice as high as that in the fetal ones; no consistent variations were seen with sex, fetal age (between the 11th and 22nd week of gestation), or with hours between delivery and death. The tyrosine aminotransferase levels did not correlate with sex, age, or method of abortion; however, they were 5 times higher in the two fetuses which survived for more than 1.5 hr after delivery. The mean concentration of tyrosine aminotransferase (excluding these two fetuses) was about 15 times lower than in the adult liver. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is known to appear in rat liver on the 20th to 21st day of gestation. Tyrosine aminotransferase, on the other hand, emerges on the first postnatal day and, as shown here, can be evoked by premature delivery. Thus, in man as in the rat, (1) phenylalanine hydroxylase approaches physiologically significant levels at an earlier development stage than does tyrosine aminotransferase and (2) extrauterinization stimulates the synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase but not of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Speculation There is a greater analogy than is usually assumed between human and rat liver with respect to the time schedule of enzymic differentiation and the factors which regulate it. | Phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine aminotransferase in human fetal and adult liver. The mean value of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in adult human liver was almost twice as high as that in the fetal ones; no consistent variations were seen with sex, fetal age (between the 11th and 22nd week of gestation), or with hours between delivery and death. The tyrosine aminotransferase levels did not correlate with sex, age, or method of abortion; however, they were 5 times higher in the two fetuses which survived for more than 1.5 hr after delivery. The mean concentration of tyrosine aminotransferase (excluding these two fetuses) was about 15 times lower than in the adult liver. Phenylalanine hydroxylase is known to appear in rat liver on the 20th to 21st day of gestation. Tyrosine aminotransferase, on the other hand, emerges on the first postnatal day and, as shown here, can be evoked by premature delivery. Thus, in man as in the rat, (1) phenylalanine hydroxylase approaches physiologically significant levels at an earlier development stage than does tyrosine aminotransferase and (2) extrauterinization stimulates the synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase but not of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Speculation There is a greater analogy than is usually assumed between human and rat liver with respect to the time schedule of enzymic differentiation and the factors which regulate it. | [
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|
PMID:12496 | Failure of parathyroid hormone and cyclic AMP to inhibit renal carbonic anhydrase. | It has been suggested that the parathyroid hormone and cyclic AMP produce their bicarbonaturic effects through inhibition of renal carbonic anhydrase. In the present study, the incubation of renal carbonic anhydrase with parathyroid hormone or cyclic AMP in presence of ATP, Mg++ and K+ ions, did not produce any inhibition of the enzyme when the pH of the solution was maintained above 7. It is concluded, that parathyroid hormone and cyclic AMP produce urinary bicarbonate excretion by a mechanism independent of carbonic anhydrase inhibition. | Failure of parathyroid hormone and cyclic AMP to inhibit renal carbonic anhydrase. It has been suggested that the parathyroid hormone and cyclic AMP produce their bicarbonaturic effects through inhibition of renal carbonic anhydrase. In the present study, the incubation of renal carbonic anhydrase with parathyroid hormone or cyclic AMP in presence of ATP, Mg++ and K+ ions, did not produce any inhibition of the enzyme when the pH of the solution was maintained above 7. It is concluded, that parathyroid hormone and cyclic AMP produce urinary bicarbonate excretion by a mechanism independent of carbonic anhydrase inhibition. | [
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|
PMID:12497 | polA6, A mutation affecting the DNA binding capacity of DNA polymerase I. | The polA6 mutation is an allele of the polA gene of Escherichia coli which produces a DNA polymerase I species readily distinguishable from that produced by the wild type allele. Experiments described here show that this enzyme has an altered pH optimum for polymerization and a lower binding affinity for DNA. The defect clearly lies within the carboxyl-terminal large fragment of the enzyme produced by in vivo or in vitro proteolysis since the fragment has the same pH optimum for polymerization as the intact enzyme. The polA6 enzyme and its fragment are more sensitive to phosphate ions than the wild type polymerase, and the large fragment is less efficient at binding poly d(AT) in in vitro binding assays. Although the specific nucleolytic activity of the polA6 enzyme is higher than that of the wild type, there is no apparent alteration in pH optimum for the hydrolysis of eigher double or single stranded DNA. | polA6, A mutation affecting the DNA binding capacity of DNA polymerase I. The polA6 mutation is an allele of the polA gene of Escherichia coli which produces a DNA polymerase I species readily distinguishable from that produced by the wild type allele. Experiments described here show that this enzyme has an altered pH optimum for polymerization and a lower binding affinity for DNA. The defect clearly lies within the carboxyl-terminal large fragment of the enzyme produced by in vivo or in vitro proteolysis since the fragment has the same pH optimum for polymerization as the intact enzyme. The polA6 enzyme and its fragment are more sensitive to phosphate ions than the wild type polymerase, and the large fragment is less efficient at binding poly d(AT) in in vitro binding assays. Although the specific nucleolytic activity of the polA6 enzyme is higher than that of the wild type, there is no apparent alteration in pH optimum for the hydrolysis of eigher double or single stranded DNA. | [
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|
PMID:12498 | Implications of electrostatic potentials on ribosomal proteins. | Potentiometric studies of ribosomal particles 30S, 50S, and 70S, were designed to investigate possible implications of the electrostatic potentials developed by the 16S and 23S rRNA fractions. Release of protons and proton titrations of these ribosomal fractions were examined as a function of Mg2+ and K+ concentrations. The effects of these cations fit the polyelectrolyte theory remarkably well and are discussed accordingly. | Implications of electrostatic potentials on ribosomal proteins. Potentiometric studies of ribosomal particles 30S, 50S, and 70S, were designed to investigate possible implications of the electrostatic potentials developed by the 16S and 23S rRNA fractions. Release of protons and proton titrations of these ribosomal fractions were examined as a function of Mg2+ and K+ concentrations. The effects of these cations fit the polyelectrolyte theory remarkably well and are discussed accordingly. | [
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|
PMID:12504 | Volume changes in binding of ligands to methemoglobin and metmyoglobin. | The volume changes for the binding of various ligands to metmyoglobin and methemoglobin have been determined from the effect of pressure on the binding constants (for metmyoglobin) and by direct dilatometry (for methemoglobin). The volume changes associated with the binding of cyanide and azide ions to methemoglobin are pH-dependent. The volume change for the binding reaction is evidently affected by the same subtle structural variations that have been judged to be present from the variation with pH of enthalpy and entropy for the binding reactions in these proteins. Hydration changes and spin state changes which have been postulated to be linked with structural variations in these proteins must be pH-dependent. | Volume changes in binding of ligands to methemoglobin and metmyoglobin. The volume changes for the binding of various ligands to metmyoglobin and methemoglobin have been determined from the effect of pressure on the binding constants (for metmyoglobin) and by direct dilatometry (for methemoglobin). The volume changes associated with the binding of cyanide and azide ions to methemoglobin are pH-dependent. The volume change for the binding reaction is evidently affected by the same subtle structural variations that have been judged to be present from the variation with pH of enthalpy and entropy for the binding reactions in these proteins. Hydration changes and spin state changes which have been postulated to be linked with structural variations in these proteins must be pH-dependent. | [
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|
PMID:12505 | Dopamine receptors in human and calf brains, using [3H]apomorphine and an antipsychotic drug. | In order to develop a better dopamine receptor radioligand, [3H[apomorphine was prepared and tested for dopamine-like binding properties in both calf and human brain tissues. Specific binding of [3H]apomorphine was defined as that binding which occurred in the presence of 1 muM (-)-butaclamol (an inactive neuroleptic) minus that occurring in the presence of 1 muM (+)-butaclamol (active neuroleptic). The specific binding was saturable, the number of sites being double that of specific [3H]dopamine binding, and occurred primarily in dopamine-rich regions of postmortem human brains. The binding had a dissociation constant of 0.9 nM for human caudate (2 nM for calf caudate) and was blocked by dopamine and norepinephrine, but not by isoproterenol or (-)-propranolol, distinguishing it from a beta-adrenergic receptor. Since there was little desorption of [3H]apomorphine, the ligand permits extensive washing during routine assays for dopamine receptors, and facilitates biochemical purification of the receptor. | Dopamine receptors in human and calf brains, using [3H]apomorphine and an antipsychotic drug. In order to develop a better dopamine receptor radioligand, [3H[apomorphine was prepared and tested for dopamine-like binding properties in both calf and human brain tissues. Specific binding of [3H]apomorphine was defined as that binding which occurred in the presence of 1 muM (-)-butaclamol (an inactive neuroleptic) minus that occurring in the presence of 1 muM (+)-butaclamol (active neuroleptic). The specific binding was saturable, the number of sites being double that of specific [3H]dopamine binding, and occurred primarily in dopamine-rich regions of postmortem human brains. The binding had a dissociation constant of 0.9 nM for human caudate (2 nM for calf caudate) and was blocked by dopamine and norepinephrine, but not by isoproterenol or (-)-propranolol, distinguishing it from a beta-adrenergic receptor. Since there was little desorption of [3H]apomorphine, the ligand permits extensive washing during routine assays for dopamine receptors, and facilitates biochemical purification of the receptor. | [
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|
PMID:12503 | [Effect of several factors on the process of protein solution ultrafiltration]. | Ultrafiltration of protein solutions was investigated, using deoxyribonuclease of Actinomyces streptomycini filtered through a membrane based on vinylpyrrolidone-methyl methacrylate copolymers. It was shown that ionization of the protein molecule, level of the applied pressure as well as the protein concentration in the initial solution influenced particle adsorption on the surface and in pores of the molecule and the formation of gel layer reducing the rate of the solution filtration. The following parameters were found to favor the process: pH=7.5 (the value corresponds to the highest stability of the enzyme and the presence of the total negative discharge on the surface of the protein molecule). DNase concentration not more than 2 mg/ml, pressure 2 atm. The retaining capacity of the membrane was 85% and DNAase losses were 20%. | [Effect of several factors on the process of protein solution ultrafiltration]. Ultrafiltration of protein solutions was investigated, using deoxyribonuclease of Actinomyces streptomycini filtered through a membrane based on vinylpyrrolidone-methyl methacrylate copolymers. It was shown that ionization of the protein molecule, level of the applied pressure as well as the protein concentration in the initial solution influenced particle adsorption on the surface and in pores of the molecule and the formation of gel layer reducing the rate of the solution filtration. The following parameters were found to favor the process: pH=7.5 (the value corresponds to the highest stability of the enzyme and the presence of the total negative discharge on the surface of the protein molecule). DNase concentration not more than 2 mg/ml, pressure 2 atm. The retaining capacity of the membrane was 85% and DNAase losses were 20%. | [
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PMID:12506 | Isolation of 3-phosphohistidine from phosphorylated pyruvate, phosphate dikinase. | Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (EC 2-7-9-1) catalyzes formation of phosphoenolpyruvate, AMP, and inorganic pyrophosphate from pyruvate, ATP, and orthophosphate. A pyrophosphoryl and phosphoryl form of the enzyme is involved in this transfer. The [32P]phosphoryl form of pyruvate, phosphate dikinase was prepared with enzyme isolated from Bacteroides symbiosus. The [32P]phosphoryl enzyme was found to have properties corresponding to a phosphoramidate linkage and this was confirmed by isolation of 3-[32P]phosphohistidine from alkaline hydrolysates of the enzyme. The histidyl residue is considered to be the pyrophosphoryl- and phosphoryl-carrier between the three substrate sites of this enzyme. | Isolation of 3-phosphohistidine from phosphorylated pyruvate, phosphate dikinase. Pyruvate, phosphate dikinase (EC 2-7-9-1) catalyzes formation of phosphoenolpyruvate, AMP, and inorganic pyrophosphate from pyruvate, ATP, and orthophosphate. A pyrophosphoryl and phosphoryl form of the enzyme is involved in this transfer. The [32P]phosphoryl form of pyruvate, phosphate dikinase was prepared with enzyme isolated from Bacteroides symbiosus. The [32P]phosphoryl enzyme was found to have properties corresponding to a phosphoramidate linkage and this was confirmed by isolation of 3-[32P]phosphohistidine from alkaline hydrolysates of the enzyme. The histidyl residue is considered to be the pyrophosphoryl- and phosphoryl-carrier between the three substrate sites of this enzyme. | [
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PMID:12507 | Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance studies on normoxic and ischemic cardiac tissue. | The intact heart of a young rat was excised rapidly and cooled to 0 degree C; its energy-rich compounds were examined by 31P Fourier Transform nuclear magnetic resonance. The heart showed the characteristic spectrum of sugar phosphates, inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, and magniesium phates, inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, and magnesium ATP, characteristics of the energizing state of the nonbeating tissue. Warming to 30 degrees C imposes an energy load upon the heart consistent with short-term resumption of beating, concomitant intracellular acidosis, and decomposition of all detectable energy-rich compounds. The intracellular acidity causes a shift from pH 7.0 to 6.0. The effects of possible interferences with this pH measurement are considered. The method appears to have wide usefulness in cardiac infarct models for detecting the fraction of the total volume occupied by the infarct and for studying the effect of various proposed therapies upon this infarcted volume. | Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance studies on normoxic and ischemic cardiac tissue. The intact heart of a young rat was excised rapidly and cooled to 0 degree C; its energy-rich compounds were examined by 31P Fourier Transform nuclear magnetic resonance. The heart showed the characteristic spectrum of sugar phosphates, inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, and magniesium phates, inorganic phosphate, phosphocreatine, and magnesium ATP, characteristics of the energizing state of the nonbeating tissue. Warming to 30 degrees C imposes an energy load upon the heart consistent with short-term resumption of beating, concomitant intracellular acidosis, and decomposition of all detectable energy-rich compounds. The intracellular acidity causes a shift from pH 7.0 to 6.0. The effects of possible interferences with this pH measurement are considered. The method appears to have wide usefulness in cardiac infarct models for detecting the fraction of the total volume occupied by the infarct and for studying the effect of various proposed therapies upon this infarcted volume. | [
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PMID:12508 | Role of the intrinsic transglutaminase in the Ca2+-mediated crosslinking of erythrocyte proteins. | Transamidase (i.e., "transglutaminase") activity of human erythrocytes, lysed by a single freezing and thawing to 37 degrees, was measured by a method of incorporating [14C]putrescine into N,N'-dimethylcasein. In the absence of added calcium ions, virtually no enzyme activity could be detected. An increase in concentration of the cation to about 0.5 mM, however, turned on the enzyme to appreciable levels of activity. Simultaneously, Ca2+ produced formation of high molecular weight, nondisulfied bonded protein polymers either directly in the lysate or in fresh cells when the cation was added together with the A23187 ionophore. The polymers could be readily identified in the isolated cell ghosts by means of disc gel electrophoresis. If the Ca2+-promoted formation of polymers was allowed to take place in the presence of 14C-putrescine, then this tracer became incorporated into the polymeric material. The incorporation indicated that polymerization occurred through gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine bridtes. It is suggested that the intrinsic transamidase mediates protein crosslinking of the erythrocyte membrane whenever there is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The presence of suitable transglutaminase substrates, e.g. histamine, inhibited crosslinking when the cells were incubated with Ca2+ and ionophore. | Role of the intrinsic transglutaminase in the Ca2+-mediated crosslinking of erythrocyte proteins. Transamidase (i.e., "transglutaminase") activity of human erythrocytes, lysed by a single freezing and thawing to 37 degrees, was measured by a method of incorporating [14C]putrescine into N,N'-dimethylcasein. In the absence of added calcium ions, virtually no enzyme activity could be detected. An increase in concentration of the cation to about 0.5 mM, however, turned on the enzyme to appreciable levels of activity. Simultaneously, Ca2+ produced formation of high molecular weight, nondisulfied bonded protein polymers either directly in the lysate or in fresh cells when the cation was added together with the A23187 ionophore. The polymers could be readily identified in the isolated cell ghosts by means of disc gel electrophoresis. If the Ca2+-promoted formation of polymers was allowed to take place in the presence of 14C-putrescine, then this tracer became incorporated into the polymeric material. The incorporation indicated that polymerization occurred through gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine bridtes. It is suggested that the intrinsic transamidase mediates protein crosslinking of the erythrocyte membrane whenever there is an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The presence of suitable transglutaminase substrates, e.g. histamine, inhibited crosslinking when the cells were incubated with Ca2+ and ionophore. | [
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PMID:12509 | Proline and glycine uptake by renal brushborder membrane vesicles. | Uptake of L-proline and glycine by rat renal brushborder membrane vesicles was seen to be osmotically sensitive, pH dependent,and occurred in the absence of proline and glycine metabolism. The uptake system for proline was Na+ gradient dependent, and exhibited a dual system for entry, Km1 = 0.067 mM and Km2 = 5.26 mM. The uptake of glycine was also Na+ gradient dependent, and exhibited a two Km system, Km1 = 0.22 mM and Km2 = 4.00 mM. Studies of proline and glycine interactions indicate a shared site which has a lower affinity and higher capacity for glycine than for proline. The high affinity glycine site and low affinity proline site do not appear to be shared. | Proline and glycine uptake by renal brushborder membrane vesicles. Uptake of L-proline and glycine by rat renal brushborder membrane vesicles was seen to be osmotically sensitive, pH dependent,and occurred in the absence of proline and glycine metabolism. The uptake system for proline was Na+ gradient dependent, and exhibited a dual system for entry, Km1 = 0.067 mM and Km2 = 5.26 mM. The uptake of glycine was also Na+ gradient dependent, and exhibited a two Km system, Km1 = 0.22 mM and Km2 = 4.00 mM. Studies of proline and glycine interactions indicate a shared site which has a lower affinity and higher capacity for glycine than for proline. The high affinity glycine site and low affinity proline site do not appear to be shared. | [
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|
PMID:12518 | Discriminative stimulus properties of fentanyl and morphine: tolerance and dependence. | Using a food-reinforced two-lever operant procedure, rats were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. At different time intervals after the establishment of discriminative responding, stimulus generalization experiments were performed with equivalent dose ranges of fentanyl (0.0025 to 0.02 mg/kg) and morphine (2.5 to 20 mg/kg). It was found that the ED50 values of both compounds for generalization with the narcotic discriminative stimulus complex, did not change over a 4-month period. The subjects used in this study demonstrated marked tolerance to narcotic analgesia, but none of them showed signs reminescent of narcotic dependence. It is concluded that the discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic analgesics are not subject to tolerance. | Discriminative stimulus properties of fentanyl and morphine: tolerance and dependence. Using a food-reinforced two-lever operant procedure, rats were trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. At different time intervals after the establishment of discriminative responding, stimulus generalization experiments were performed with equivalent dose ranges of fentanyl (0.0025 to 0.02 mg/kg) and morphine (2.5 to 20 mg/kg). It was found that the ED50 values of both compounds for generalization with the narcotic discriminative stimulus complex, did not change over a 4-month period. The subjects used in this study demonstrated marked tolerance to narcotic analgesia, but none of them showed signs reminescent of narcotic dependence. It is concluded that the discriminative stimulus properties of narcotic analgesics are not subject to tolerance. | [
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|
PMID:12519 | Early processing of visual information. | An introduction is given to a theory of early visual information processing. The theory has been implemented, and examples are given of images at various stages of analysis. It is argued that the first step of consequence is to compute a primitive but rich description of the grey-level changes present in an image. The description is expressed in a vocabulary of kinds of intensity change (EDGE, SHADING-EDGE, EXTENDED-EDGE, LINE, BLOB etc.). Modifying parameters are bound to the elements in the description, specifying their POSITION, ORIENTATION, TERMINATION points, CONTRAST, SIZE and FUZZINESS. This description is obtained from the intensity array by fixed techniques, and it is called the primal sketch. For most images, the primal sketch is large and unwieldy. The second important step in visual information processing is to group its contents in a way that is appropriate for later recognition. From our ability to interpret drawings with little semantic content, one may infer the presence in our perceptual equipment of symbolic processes that can define "place-tokens" in an image in various ways, and can group them according to certain rules. Homomorphic techniques fail to account for many of these grouping phenomena, whose explanations require mechanisms of construction rather than mechanisms of detection. The necessary grouping of elements in the primal sketch may be achieved by a mechanism that has available the processes inferred from above, together with the ability to select items by first order discriminations acting on the elements' parameters. Only occasionally do these mechanisms use downward-flowing information about the contents of the particular image being processed. It is argued that "non-attentive" vision is in practice implemented by these grouping operations and first order discriminations acting on the primal sketch. The class of computations so obtained differs slightly from the class of second order operations on the intensity array. The extraction of a form from the primal sketch using these techniques amounts to the separation of figure from ground. It is concluded that most of the separation can be carried out by using techniques that do not depend upon the particular image in question. Therefore, figure-ground separation can normally precede the description of the shape of the extracted form. Up to this point, higher-level knowledge and purpose are brought to bear on only a few of the decisions taken during the processing. This relegates the widespread use of downward-flowing information to a later stage than is found in current machine-vision programs, and implies that such knowledge should influence the control of, rather than interfering with, the actual data-processing that is taking place lower down. | Early processing of visual information. An introduction is given to a theory of early visual information processing. The theory has been implemented, and examples are given of images at various stages of analysis. It is argued that the first step of consequence is to compute a primitive but rich description of the grey-level changes present in an image. The description is expressed in a vocabulary of kinds of intensity change (EDGE, SHADING-EDGE, EXTENDED-EDGE, LINE, BLOB etc.). Modifying parameters are bound to the elements in the description, specifying their POSITION, ORIENTATION, TERMINATION points, CONTRAST, SIZE and FUZZINESS. This description is obtained from the intensity array by fixed techniques, and it is called the primal sketch. For most images, the primal sketch is large and unwieldy. The second important step in visual information processing is to group its contents in a way that is appropriate for later recognition. From our ability to interpret drawings with little semantic content, one may infer the presence in our perceptual equipment of symbolic processes that can define "place-tokens" in an image in various ways, and can group them according to certain rules. Homomorphic techniques fail to account for many of these grouping phenomena, whose explanations require mechanisms of construction rather than mechanisms of detection. The necessary grouping of elements in the primal sketch may be achieved by a mechanism that has available the processes inferred from above, together with the ability to select items by first order discriminations acting on the elements' parameters. Only occasionally do these mechanisms use downward-flowing information about the contents of the particular image being processed. It is argued that "non-attentive" vision is in practice implemented by these grouping operations and first order discriminations acting on the primal sketch. The class of computations so obtained differs slightly from the class of second order operations on the intensity array. The extraction of a form from the primal sketch using these techniques amounts to the separation of figure from ground. It is concluded that most of the separation can be carried out by using techniques that do not depend upon the particular image in question. Therefore, figure-ground separation can normally precede the description of the shape of the extracted form. Up to this point, higher-level knowledge and purpose are brought to bear on only a few of the decisions taken during the processing. This relegates the widespread use of downward-flowing information to a later stage than is found in current machine-vision programs, and implies that such knowledge should influence the control of, rather than interfering with, the actual data-processing that is taking place lower down. | [
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|
PMID:12520 | Modification of the noradrenaline related effects of smoking by beta-blockade. | Increases in plasma noradrenaline were found in a group of 12 subjects smoking cigarettes. The associated rises in pulse rate, blood pressure and plasma free fatty acids could be prevented by beta-blockade with oxprenolol. This inhibition of the peripheral effects of catecholamines did not affect subjective satisfaction, indicating that central effects or other rewards are more important reinforcers. It is suggested that noradrenaline release in the hypothalamus is the final common pathway to pleasure in many situations, including smoking. | Modification of the noradrenaline related effects of smoking by beta-blockade. Increases in plasma noradrenaline were found in a group of 12 subjects smoking cigarettes. The associated rises in pulse rate, blood pressure and plasma free fatty acids could be prevented by beta-blockade with oxprenolol. This inhibition of the peripheral effects of catecholamines did not affect subjective satisfaction, indicating that central effects or other rewards are more important reinforcers. It is suggested that noradrenaline release in the hypothalamus is the final common pathway to pleasure in many situations, including smoking. | [
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|
PMID:12521 | Psychoactive drug effect on behavioural changes induced by prolonged socio-environmental deprivation in rats. | Several so-called 'non-specific' or 'non-drug' factors are known to interfere with the response to psychotropic drug administration. Animal emotionality has been reported to change the outcome of psychoactive drug administration, so that the response to a stimulant or depressant drug may considerably change according to the baseline state of activity of the central nervous system. Prolonged socio-encironmental deprivation or isolation has been shown to produce in rats three different types of abnormal behaviour which have been tentatively defined as 'friendly', 'indifferent' and 'muricide'. Such unusual changes in rat behaviour are assumed to reflect a series of different emotional changes. The present experiments show that psychoactive drugs can exert a different effect in relation to the different kinds of animal behaviour used in the experiments. The investigation of the properties of psychoactive compounds, as performed in experimental animals showing behavioural alterations, is then suggested as being more fruitful in providing much information closer to the clinical results than that achieved with the experiments performed in normal laboratory animals. | Psychoactive drug effect on behavioural changes induced by prolonged socio-environmental deprivation in rats. Several so-called 'non-specific' or 'non-drug' factors are known to interfere with the response to psychotropic drug administration. Animal emotionality has been reported to change the outcome of psychoactive drug administration, so that the response to a stimulant or depressant drug may considerably change according to the baseline state of activity of the central nervous system. Prolonged socio-encironmental deprivation or isolation has been shown to produce in rats three different types of abnormal behaviour which have been tentatively defined as 'friendly', 'indifferent' and 'muricide'. Such unusual changes in rat behaviour are assumed to reflect a series of different emotional changes. The present experiments show that psychoactive drugs can exert a different effect in relation to the different kinds of animal behaviour used in the experiments. The investigation of the properties of psychoactive compounds, as performed in experimental animals showing behavioural alterations, is then suggested as being more fruitful in providing much information closer to the clinical results than that achieved with the experiments performed in normal laboratory animals. | [
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|
PMID:12522 | Amino acid precursors of monoamine neurotransmitters and some factors influencing their supply to the brain. | There is evidence that changes in the concentrations of the monoamine neurotransmitters within the brain are associated with changes in mental processes, with disorders of control of movement and with certain neuropsychiatric diseases. These neurotransmitters are synthesized in the brain from aromatic amino acid precursors that have to be obtained from the circulating blood. In this study some factors which alter the rates of entry of four amino acids (the important neurotransmitter precursors L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan, as well as L-phenylalanine and L-histidine) into the brain have been studied and the findings considered in relation to conditions in which the quantities of one or more of the monoamine neurotransmitters formed within the cerebral cells may be either too large or too small. Thus too little neurotransmitter will be formed if competition between amino acids for the carriers transporting them into the cerebral cells causes the exclusion of a large proportion of any of the aromatic amino acid precursors from the brain. ,or example, L-tryptophan is partially excluded from the brain if a raised level of any one of several other amino acids is maintained in the circulation. Of these, L-phenylalanine inhibits the transport of L-tryptophan into the brain most effectively, while aromatic amino acids in general exclude L-tryptophan more effectively than do other neutral amino acids. Over-production of one or more of the monoamine neurotransmitters is likely to occur when there is too much of one of the aromatic amino acid precursors in the brain cells as a result of abnormally high uptake from the blood, or as a result of their release by an excessive breakdown of the protein within these cells. Underproduction of neurotransmitters may occur in certain disease states, such as some aminoacidurias or Parkinsonism. We have listed some conditions associated with altered mental states or motor disability in which over- or under-production of monoamine neurotransmitters may occur and have tried to relate the findings in human disease with our experimental results. | Amino acid precursors of monoamine neurotransmitters and some factors influencing their supply to the brain. There is evidence that changes in the concentrations of the monoamine neurotransmitters within the brain are associated with changes in mental processes, with disorders of control of movement and with certain neuropsychiatric diseases. These neurotransmitters are synthesized in the brain from aromatic amino acid precursors that have to be obtained from the circulating blood. In this study some factors which alter the rates of entry of four amino acids (the important neurotransmitter precursors L-tyrosine and L-tryptophan, as well as L-phenylalanine and L-histidine) into the brain have been studied and the findings considered in relation to conditions in which the quantities of one or more of the monoamine neurotransmitters formed within the cerebral cells may be either too large or too small. Thus too little neurotransmitter will be formed if competition between amino acids for the carriers transporting them into the cerebral cells causes the exclusion of a large proportion of any of the aromatic amino acid precursors from the brain. ,or example, L-tryptophan is partially excluded from the brain if a raised level of any one of several other amino acids is maintained in the circulation. Of these, L-phenylalanine inhibits the transport of L-tryptophan into the brain most effectively, while aromatic amino acids in general exclude L-tryptophan more effectively than do other neutral amino acids. Over-production of one or more of the monoamine neurotransmitters is likely to occur when there is too much of one of the aromatic amino acid precursors in the brain cells as a result of abnormally high uptake from the blood, or as a result of their release by an excessive breakdown of the protein within these cells. Underproduction of neurotransmitters may occur in certain disease states, such as some aminoacidurias or Parkinsonism. We have listed some conditions associated with altered mental states or motor disability in which over- or under-production of monoamine neurotransmitters may occur and have tried to relate the findings in human disease with our experimental results. | [
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|
PMID:12524 | Effects of chlordiazepoxide, ripazepam and d-amphetamine on conditioned acceleration of timing behaviour in rats. | The lever-pressing behaviour of three rats was maintained by a schedule in which food reinforcement was obtained by any response which was emitted at least 15 s after the previous response (DRL 15s). When performance on this schedule had stabilised, the animals were presented intermittently with 1-min periods of a white noise stimulus, the termination of which was accompanied by the delivery of a mild electric footshock. This procedure let to reliable increases in response rates furing the stimulus although responding at other times continued to be appropriate to the DRL 15-s schedule. Administration of the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (1, 3, 10, 17 and 30 mg/kg) and of ripazepam (1, 3, 10, 30 and 56 mg/kg), a non-benzodiazepine reported to have anxiolytic properties, increased response rates on the DRL baseline while decreasing the acceleration of responding produced by the preshock stimulus. Baseline response rates were also increased by d-amphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) and at the higher doses this drug completely abolished the accelerated responding during the preshock stimulus. Although the effects of chlordiazepoxide and ripazepam are consistent with the suggestion that these drugs may attenuate the behavioural effects of aversive stimuli, in this experiment the behavioural effects of d-amphetamine were similar in many respects. | Effects of chlordiazepoxide, ripazepam and d-amphetamine on conditioned acceleration of timing behaviour in rats. The lever-pressing behaviour of three rats was maintained by a schedule in which food reinforcement was obtained by any response which was emitted at least 15 s after the previous response (DRL 15s). When performance on this schedule had stabilised, the animals were presented intermittently with 1-min periods of a white noise stimulus, the termination of which was accompanied by the delivery of a mild electric footshock. This procedure let to reliable increases in response rates furing the stimulus although responding at other times continued to be appropriate to the DRL 15-s schedule. Administration of the benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide (1, 3, 10, 17 and 30 mg/kg) and of ripazepam (1, 3, 10, 30 and 56 mg/kg), a non-benzodiazepine reported to have anxiolytic properties, increased response rates on the DRL baseline while decreasing the acceleration of responding produced by the preshock stimulus. Baseline response rates were also increased by d-amphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg) and at the higher doses this drug completely abolished the accelerated responding during the preshock stimulus. Although the effects of chlordiazepoxide and ripazepam are consistent with the suggestion that these drugs may attenuate the behavioural effects of aversive stimuli, in this experiment the behavioural effects of d-amphetamine were similar in many respects. | [
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|
PMID:12525 | Head twitches induced by benzodiazepines and the role of biogenic amines. | Clonazepam, one of the benzodiazepines, induced head twitches in mice in a dose-dependent manner and sustained them for at least 120 min. Some of the benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam, fludiazepam, and nimetazepam also significantly induced head twitches at doses higher than 10 mg/kg, but other benzodiazepines like diazepam, flurazepam, oxazepam, medazepam, and chlordiazepoxide did not significantly induce head twitches at doses up to 60 mg/kg. The head twitches induced by clonazepam were more strongly blocked by a n antiserotonin drug, cyproheptadine than catecholamine receptor blocking drugs, haloperidol, propranolol, and phentolamine, and were not blocked by GABA receptor blocking drugs, bicuculline and picrotoxin, as well as by a glycine receptor blocking drug, strychnine. Clonazepam also increased the head twitches induced by mescaline, a serotonin receptor stimulant. These results indicate that the head twitches induced by clonazepam might be mediated via serotonergic neuron systems. | Head twitches induced by benzodiazepines and the role of biogenic amines. Clonazepam, one of the benzodiazepines, induced head twitches in mice in a dose-dependent manner and sustained them for at least 120 min. Some of the benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam, fludiazepam, and nimetazepam also significantly induced head twitches at doses higher than 10 mg/kg, but other benzodiazepines like diazepam, flurazepam, oxazepam, medazepam, and chlordiazepoxide did not significantly induce head twitches at doses up to 60 mg/kg. The head twitches induced by clonazepam were more strongly blocked by a n antiserotonin drug, cyproheptadine than catecholamine receptor blocking drugs, haloperidol, propranolol, and phentolamine, and were not blocked by GABA receptor blocking drugs, bicuculline and picrotoxin, as well as by a glycine receptor blocking drug, strychnine. Clonazepam also increased the head twitches induced by mescaline, a serotonin receptor stimulant. These results indicate that the head twitches induced by clonazepam might be mediated via serotonergic neuron systems. | [
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|
PMID:12526 | Action of enpiprazole on emotional behavior induced by hypothalamic stimulation in rats and cats. | Action of enpiprazole on emotional behavior elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in rats and cats was investigated and comparisons were made with effects of diazepam. Two behavioral patterns were elicited by stimulation of the postero-medial part of the hypothalamus in rats: a food-carrying response beginning with exploratory movement and an analogue of fear. Enpiprazole frequently changed the food-carrying response into food-taking response and occasionally analogues of fear into food-carrying and /or food-taking responses. Thresholds for these behaviors were also elevated. Diazepam showed the same effects on the thresholds as enpiprazole, having but little effect on the behavioral patterns. In cats, enpiprazole evelvated the thresholds for affective-defensive responses induced by hypothalamic stimulation in 6 of 8 cases, but lowered them in 2 cases. This suggests that enpiprazple has a 'biphasic effect' in the central nervous system. By contrast,diazepam consistently elevated thresholds. Comparing the action of enpiprazole with that of diazepam it can be presumed that the former is a different type of anxiolytic drug than the latter. | Action of enpiprazole on emotional behavior induced by hypothalamic stimulation in rats and cats. Action of enpiprazole on emotional behavior elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in rats and cats was investigated and comparisons were made with effects of diazepam. Two behavioral patterns were elicited by stimulation of the postero-medial part of the hypothalamus in rats: a food-carrying response beginning with exploratory movement and an analogue of fear. Enpiprazole frequently changed the food-carrying response into food-taking response and occasionally analogues of fear into food-carrying and /or food-taking responses. Thresholds for these behaviors were also elevated. Diazepam showed the same effects on the thresholds as enpiprazole, having but little effect on the behavioral patterns. In cats, enpiprazole evelvated the thresholds for affective-defensive responses induced by hypothalamic stimulation in 6 of 8 cases, but lowered them in 2 cases. This suggests that enpiprazple has a 'biphasic effect' in the central nervous system. By contrast,diazepam consistently elevated thresholds. Comparing the action of enpiprazole with that of diazepam it can be presumed that the former is a different type of anxiolytic drug than the latter. | [
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|
PMID:12527 | Single and repeated administration of neuroleptic drugs to rats: effects on striatal dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase and locomotor activity produced by tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan or L-Dopa. | Injection of tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan results in rats displaying behavioural changes including hyperactivity, probably due to stimulation of post-synaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors. Increased locomotor activity of a different type is elicited by injection of tranylcypromine and L-dopa, a procedure which increased dopaminergic function in the brain. It has now been demonstrated that the neuroleptic drugs, chlorpromazine, alpha-flupenthixol, haloperidol and spiroperidol block both syndromes. The inhibition produced by these drugs on 5-HT-induced hyperactivity is probably because a dopaminergic system is involved in the behavioural expression of the 5-HT induced hyperactivity. The structurally related drugs with no neuroleptic activity (ethopropazine, promethazine and beta-flupenthixol)are without effect on thses hyperactivity syndromes. Also ineffective were the neuroleptics pimozide and clozapine. Striatal dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in vitro was inhibited by the administration of chlorpromazine (100 mg/kg) in vivo. Rats treated for 4 or more days with chlorpromazine, alpha-flupenthixol, spiroperidol and haloperidol subsequently showed enhanced locomotor activity in response to tranylcypromine and L-Dopa. Administration of those drugs which did not block hyperactivity acutely did not result in enhancement. Only chlorpromazine, when given for 4 days, enhanced the hyperactivity response following tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan, probably because the drug also blocks 5-HT receptors. In rats displaying enhanced behavioural responses no evidence was found for enhanced sensitivity of striatal adenylate cyclase to dopamine. | Single and repeated administration of neuroleptic drugs to rats: effects on striatal dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase and locomotor activity produced by tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan or L-Dopa. Injection of tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan results in rats displaying behavioural changes including hyperactivity, probably due to stimulation of post-synaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors. Increased locomotor activity of a different type is elicited by injection of tranylcypromine and L-dopa, a procedure which increased dopaminergic function in the brain. It has now been demonstrated that the neuroleptic drugs, chlorpromazine, alpha-flupenthixol, haloperidol and spiroperidol block both syndromes. The inhibition produced by these drugs on 5-HT-induced hyperactivity is probably because a dopaminergic system is involved in the behavioural expression of the 5-HT induced hyperactivity. The structurally related drugs with no neuroleptic activity (ethopropazine, promethazine and beta-flupenthixol)are without effect on thses hyperactivity syndromes. Also ineffective were the neuroleptics pimozide and clozapine. Striatal dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase activity in vitro was inhibited by the administration of chlorpromazine (100 mg/kg) in vivo. Rats treated for 4 or more days with chlorpromazine, alpha-flupenthixol, spiroperidol and haloperidol subsequently showed enhanced locomotor activity in response to tranylcypromine and L-Dopa. Administration of those drugs which did not block hyperactivity acutely did not result in enhancement. Only chlorpromazine, when given for 4 days, enhanced the hyperactivity response following tranylcypromine and L-tryptophan, probably because the drug also blocks 5-HT receptors. In rats displaying enhanced behavioural responses no evidence was found for enhanced sensitivity of striatal adenylate cyclase to dopamine. | [
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|
PMID:12528 | Effects of pyrroxan and chlordiazepoxide on biogenic amine metabolism in the rat brain. | Pyrroxan (20 mg/kg, i.p.), a new potential antianxiety agent, increased brain norepinephrine (NE) turnover in rats, reflecting a possible central alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. In contrast, chlordiazepoxide (20 mg/kg, i.p.), a widely used antianxiety agent, did not alter the NE turnover. Pyrroxan did not affect overall DA turnover although it did appear to accelerate DA turnover initially. The initial potentiation of DA turnover may indicate a short-lasting blocking action on DA receptors. In comparison, chlordiazepoxide (20 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the turnover rate of DA. Effects of both drugs on 5-HT indicate a decrease in turnover with no significant monoamine oxidase activity or blockade of the 5-HT reuptake mechanism. Both drugs antagonized the decline in intraventicularly-injected 14C-5-HT. Neither drug caused consistent changes in endogenous 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, or tryptophan levels. Neither drug potentiated the behavioral effects of L-Dopa nor increased the 5-HTP behavoiral syndrome in the mouse. Pyrroxan may be expected to exhibit a spectrum of activity between that of minor and major tranquilizers, characterized by antianxiety action together with sedative or tranquilizing activity. | Effects of pyrroxan and chlordiazepoxide on biogenic amine metabolism in the rat brain. Pyrroxan (20 mg/kg, i.p.), a new potential antianxiety agent, increased brain norepinephrine (NE) turnover in rats, reflecting a possible central alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. In contrast, chlordiazepoxide (20 mg/kg, i.p.), a widely used antianxiety agent, did not alter the NE turnover. Pyrroxan did not affect overall DA turnover although it did appear to accelerate DA turnover initially. The initial potentiation of DA turnover may indicate a short-lasting blocking action on DA receptors. In comparison, chlordiazepoxide (20 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased the turnover rate of DA. Effects of both drugs on 5-HT indicate a decrease in turnover with no significant monoamine oxidase activity or blockade of the 5-HT reuptake mechanism. Both drugs antagonized the decline in intraventicularly-injected 14C-5-HT. Neither drug caused consistent changes in endogenous 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, or tryptophan levels. Neither drug potentiated the behavioral effects of L-Dopa nor increased the 5-HTP behavoiral syndrome in the mouse. Pyrroxan may be expected to exhibit a spectrum of activity between that of minor and major tranquilizers, characterized by antianxiety action together with sedative or tranquilizing activity. | [
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|
PMID:12529 | Investigations of the mechanism of central action of kinins. | The effects of kinins on the level of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin and on their metabolites, i.e., normetanephrine, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoloacetic acid in the brain tissue divided into cerebellum, corpus striatum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and midbrain were investigated. It was shown that bradykinin in a dose of 4 mug decreased the content of norepinephrine in corpus striatum, midbrain, and cerebellum. It also decreased the level of dopamine in corpus striatum but increased the level of serotonin in corpus striatum and midbrain. Similar changes were observed with 100 Mu/kg of kallikrein. It was that changed levels of investigated neuromediators are accompanied by changed levels of their metabolites. Bradykinin, in a dose of 4 mug, decreased the level of normetanephrine in corpus striatum, hippocampus, and midbrain and the level of homovanillic acid in corpus striatum, and increased the level of 5-hydroxyindoloacetic acid in corpus striatum and hippocampus. It was also shown that bradykinin increased norepinephrine uptake by the blood platelets when its level in the platelets was low, and released the absorbed norepinephrine into the medium when the level of norepinephrine was higher. The above results confirm the existence of an interaction of kinins with neuromediators in the central nervous system. | Investigations of the mechanism of central action of kinins. The effects of kinins on the level of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin and on their metabolites, i.e., normetanephrine, homovanillic acid, and 5-hydroxyindoloacetic acid in the brain tissue divided into cerebellum, corpus striatum, cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, and midbrain were investigated. It was shown that bradykinin in a dose of 4 mug decreased the content of norepinephrine in corpus striatum, midbrain, and cerebellum. It also decreased the level of dopamine in corpus striatum but increased the level of serotonin in corpus striatum and midbrain. Similar changes were observed with 100 Mu/kg of kallikrein. It was that changed levels of investigated neuromediators are accompanied by changed levels of their metabolites. Bradykinin, in a dose of 4 mug, decreased the level of normetanephrine in corpus striatum, hippocampus, and midbrain and the level of homovanillic acid in corpus striatum, and increased the level of 5-hydroxyindoloacetic acid in corpus striatum and hippocampus. It was also shown that bradykinin increased norepinephrine uptake by the blood platelets when its level in the platelets was low, and released the absorbed norepinephrine into the medium when the level of norepinephrine was higher. The above results confirm the existence of an interaction of kinins with neuromediators in the central nervous system. | [
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|
PMID:12530 | Sleep disorder and psychobiological symptomatology in male psychiatric outpatients and male nonpatients. | Sleep disturbance was studied in relation to psychiatric and physical symptoms for 214 male psychiatric outpatients and 248 male nonpatients. Our self-report instrument required that subjects describe the frequency of symptoms precisely on a five-point scale from "every day" to "not at all." Percentages are based on the numbers of subjects reporting a symptom as occurring "every day" or "several times a week." More patients reported sleep disturbance symptoms (75%) than nonpatients (25%) (P less than 0.001). Sleep loss symptoms were reported by 63% of patients and 20% of nonpatients. Twelve percent of patients and 6% of nonpatients reported trouble with excessive sleep problems. Sleep disturbance was not strongly related to specific diagnoses. Fewer schizophrenics (21%) than other patients (50%) reported trouble "falling asleep" (P less than 0.02). Finally, for both patients and controls, disturbed sleepers reported more psychiatric and physical symptoms than undisturbed sleepers (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that sleep disturbance might be a useful clinical clue to previously unsuspected psychiatric and physical illness. | Sleep disorder and psychobiological symptomatology in male psychiatric outpatients and male nonpatients. Sleep disturbance was studied in relation to psychiatric and physical symptoms for 214 male psychiatric outpatients and 248 male nonpatients. Our self-report instrument required that subjects describe the frequency of symptoms precisely on a five-point scale from "every day" to "not at all." Percentages are based on the numbers of subjects reporting a symptom as occurring "every day" or "several times a week." More patients reported sleep disturbance symptoms (75%) than nonpatients (25%) (P less than 0.001). Sleep loss symptoms were reported by 63% of patients and 20% of nonpatients. Twelve percent of patients and 6% of nonpatients reported trouble with excessive sleep problems. Sleep disturbance was not strongly related to specific diagnoses. Fewer schizophrenics (21%) than other patients (50%) reported trouble "falling asleep" (P less than 0.02). Finally, for both patients and controls, disturbed sleepers reported more psychiatric and physical symptoms than undisturbed sleepers (P less than 0.001). It is suggested that sleep disturbance might be a useful clinical clue to previously unsuspected psychiatric and physical illness. | [
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|
PMID:12535 | Intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal hemorrhage. | Besides blunt and penetrating trauma, many diseases spontaneously produce abdominal hemorrhage. Here the term "spontaneous" implies the lack of observable injury, but the likelihood that unrecognized trauma initiates blood loss which continues unabated when clotting factors are absent or depleted. Survival of the patient often depends on rapid and accurate diagnosis. | Intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal hemorrhage. Besides blunt and penetrating trauma, many diseases spontaneously produce abdominal hemorrhage. Here the term "spontaneous" implies the lack of observable injury, but the likelihood that unrecognized trauma initiates blood loss which continues unabated when clotting factors are absent or depleted. Survival of the patient often depends on rapid and accurate diagnosis. | [
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|
PMID:12531 | Stages of bone marrow transplantation: a psychiatric perspective. | Patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation were closely followed by a psychiatric service functioning as part of a multidisciplinary team. A somewhat predictable pattern of psychological reactions to the stress of various stages of the procedure appeared to emerge. Approaches to patient evaluation, typical patient responses, and suggestions for working with these patients and their families are described. | Stages of bone marrow transplantation: a psychiatric perspective. Patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation were closely followed by a psychiatric service functioning as part of a multidisciplinary team. A somewhat predictable pattern of psychological reactions to the stress of various stages of the procedure appeared to emerge. Approaches to patient evaluation, typical patient responses, and suggestions for working with these patients and their families are described. | [
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|
PMID:12538 | The chemical structure of prostaglandin X (prostacyclin). | The chemical structure of prostaglandin X, the anti-aggregatory substance derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides, is 9-deoxy-6, 6alpha-epoxy-delta5-PGF1alpha. The stable compound formed when prostaglandin X undergoes a chemical transformation in biological systems in 6-keto-PGF1alpha. Prostaglandin X is stabilized in aqueous preparations by raising the pH to 8.5 or higher. The trivial name prostacyclin is proposed for 9-deoxy-6, 9alpha-epoxy-delta5-PGF1alpha. | The chemical structure of prostaglandin X (prostacyclin). The chemical structure of prostaglandin X, the anti-aggregatory substance derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides, is 9-deoxy-6, 6alpha-epoxy-delta5-PGF1alpha. The stable compound formed when prostaglandin X undergoes a chemical transformation in biological systems in 6-keto-PGF1alpha. Prostaglandin X is stabilized in aqueous preparations by raising the pH to 8.5 or higher. The trivial name prostacyclin is proposed for 9-deoxy-6, 9alpha-epoxy-delta5-PGF1alpha. | [
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|
PMID:12539 | Biosynthesis of thromboxane B2: assay, isolation, and properties of the enzyme system in human platelets. | The microsomal fraction of human platelets catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to an unstable platelet-aggregating factor and a hydrolyzed product on the thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This product was isolated on TLC, purified by silica gel column chromatography and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as the hemiacetal derivative of 8-(1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9, 12L-dihydroxy-5, 10-heptadecatrienoic acid (thromboxane B2). The enzymatic activity was dependent upon methemoglobin and tryptophan as cofactors. Reduced glutathione had no effect either alone or in combination with other cofactors. Methemoglobin could be replaced by hematin or hemin; and tryptophan by 3-indolacetic acid or catecholamines. The apparent requirement for methemoglobin is due to the reductive activity of ferriprotoporphyrin IX. The reaction, however, catalyzed by the ferriprotoporphyrin IX in the thromboxane synthesizing system is different from that described for the decomposition of lipid peroxides. Certain transition metals and hydrogen donors, such as hydroquinone and ascorbate, which have been shown to stimulate the catalytic activity of ferriproroporphyrin IX in the decomposition of 15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin E1 are inhibitors of thromboxane B2 formation. This enzyme preparation also transformed eicosa-8. 11, 14-trienoic acid to an unknown product on TLC. The enzyme system was rapidly inactivated upon incubation in the reaction mixture. | Biosynthesis of thromboxane B2: assay, isolation, and properties of the enzyme system in human platelets. The microsomal fraction of human platelets catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to an unstable platelet-aggregating factor and a hydrolyzed product on the thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This product was isolated on TLC, purified by silica gel column chromatography and identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as the hemiacetal derivative of 8-(1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9, 12L-dihydroxy-5, 10-heptadecatrienoic acid (thromboxane B2). The enzymatic activity was dependent upon methemoglobin and tryptophan as cofactors. Reduced glutathione had no effect either alone or in combination with other cofactors. Methemoglobin could be replaced by hematin or hemin; and tryptophan by 3-indolacetic acid or catecholamines. The apparent requirement for methemoglobin is due to the reductive activity of ferriprotoporphyrin IX. The reaction, however, catalyzed by the ferriprotoporphyrin IX in the thromboxane synthesizing system is different from that described for the decomposition of lipid peroxides. Certain transition metals and hydrogen donors, such as hydroquinone and ascorbate, which have been shown to stimulate the catalytic activity of ferriproroporphyrin IX in the decomposition of 15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin E1 are inhibitors of thromboxane B2 formation. This enzyme preparation also transformed eicosa-8. 11, 14-trienoic acid to an unknown product on TLC. The enzyme system was rapidly inactivated upon incubation in the reaction mixture. | [
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|
PMID:12543 | [Effect of the ionic environment and of various neurotransmitters on spontaneous motility in snail intestine (author's transl)]. | A spontaneous rhythmic motility of the isolated intestine in snail, Chryptomphalus hortensis, has been registered at 30 degrees C with the aid of an electronic transductor and an appropriate amplification. These slow regular movements are affected by ionic composition changes in the suspension medium. Na+, K+ and Ca++ ions prove to be important in this motility, and the addition of Ba++ markedly stimulates it. ACh produces hypermotility from 1.8 X 10(-11) g/ml. Its effect decreases in the presence of atropine and increases in that of pyridostigmine. The intestine is sensitive to 5-HT from 10(-10) g/ml, which stimulates its activity. The effect of histamine is weak. Low concentrations of adrenaline tend to increase the amplitude, whereas concentrations from 10(-5) g/ml onward produce a cease of motility in relaxation. | [Effect of the ionic environment and of various neurotransmitters on spontaneous motility in snail intestine (author's transl)]. A spontaneous rhythmic motility of the isolated intestine in snail, Chryptomphalus hortensis, has been registered at 30 degrees C with the aid of an electronic transductor and an appropriate amplification. These slow regular movements are affected by ionic composition changes in the suspension medium. Na+, K+ and Ca++ ions prove to be important in this motility, and the addition of Ba++ markedly stimulates it. ACh produces hypermotility from 1.8 X 10(-11) g/ml. Its effect decreases in the presence of atropine and increases in that of pyridostigmine. The intestine is sensitive to 5-HT from 10(-10) g/ml, which stimulates its activity. The effect of histamine is weak. Low concentrations of adrenaline tend to increase the amplitude, whereas concentrations from 10(-5) g/ml onward produce a cease of motility in relaxation. | [
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|
PMID:12544 | Participation of leukemia cells in immune responses. | Cells of a transplantable lymphoid leukemia of mice were tested in vivo and in vitro to see which features of normal lymphoid cells were retained in spite of malignant transformation and lack of growth control. Leukemia cells phagocytosed, adhered to glass, possessed receptors for immunoglobulin, participated in the immune response against SRBC (probably by amplifying a normal response through attachement of antibodies on their surfaces), became recruited into inflammatory reactions elicited by grafting allogeneic of syngeneic skin, and apparently joined graft-versus-host and host-versus-graft reactions, contributing toward damage of hemopoietic target tissues. | Participation of leukemia cells in immune responses. Cells of a transplantable lymphoid leukemia of mice were tested in vivo and in vitro to see which features of normal lymphoid cells were retained in spite of malignant transformation and lack of growth control. Leukemia cells phagocytosed, adhered to glass, possessed receptors for immunoglobulin, participated in the immune response against SRBC (probably by amplifying a normal response through attachement of antibodies on their surfaces), became recruited into inflammatory reactions elicited by grafting allogeneic of syngeneic skin, and apparently joined graft-versus-host and host-versus-graft reactions, contributing toward damage of hemopoietic target tissues. | [
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|
PMID:12542 | [The concept of risk in parasitic diseases with special reference to malaria (author's transl)]. | The concept of risk, its components and their interrelationship are described. Emphasis has been placed on the value of the variables to be taken into account in the selection of intervention measures: -- for the mosquito: the daily frequency of blood meals taken from man, the duration of the sporogonic cycle, the daily survival rate and the proportion of people with gametocytes in the peripheral blood; -- for man: the number of anophelines feeding on man in a unit of time, the proportion of mosquitoes with sporozoïtes in their salivary glands and the proportion of sporozoïtes able to infect man. Using these variables, it is possible to calculate the various risks incurred both by man and vector. Whenever possible and in order to be of greater value, the interventions should be directed against the variable which have the highest power. However, in view of the complexity of relations, it is better to construct a mathematical model able to simulate with the use of a computer, real epidemiological situations. A model has been recently developed for the study of the malaria dynamics and for the comparative evaluation of various methods of control. | [The concept of risk in parasitic diseases with special reference to malaria (author's transl)]. The concept of risk, its components and their interrelationship are described. Emphasis has been placed on the value of the variables to be taken into account in the selection of intervention measures: -- for the mosquito: the daily frequency of blood meals taken from man, the duration of the sporogonic cycle, the daily survival rate and the proportion of people with gametocytes in the peripheral blood; -- for man: the number of anophelines feeding on man in a unit of time, the proportion of mosquitoes with sporozoïtes in their salivary glands and the proportion of sporozoïtes able to infect man. Using these variables, it is possible to calculate the various risks incurred both by man and vector. Whenever possible and in order to be of greater value, the interventions should be directed against the variable which have the highest power. However, in view of the complexity of relations, it is better to construct a mathematical model able to simulate with the use of a computer, real epidemiological situations. A model has been recently developed for the study of the malaria dynamics and for the comparative evaluation of various methods of control. | [
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PMID:12548 | Antagonism by naloxone of morphine-induced single-dose dependence and antinociception in mice. | Single-dose physical dependence on morphine, as indicated by the mouse withdrawal jumping test, was reduced in a dose-related fashion by co-administration of naloxone. In the same dose range, naloxone also antagonized the antinociceptive effect of morphine in the mouse writhing test. Dose-response data revealed essentially the same ED50's for naloxone in both tests. These results indicate that naloxone does indeed block the development of morphine-induced single-dose physical dependence in mice and that it does so as effectively as it blocks morphine-induced inhibition of writhing. | Antagonism by naloxone of morphine-induced single-dose dependence and antinociception in mice. Single-dose physical dependence on morphine, as indicated by the mouse withdrawal jumping test, was reduced in a dose-related fashion by co-administration of naloxone. In the same dose range, naloxone also antagonized the antinociceptive effect of morphine in the mouse writhing test. Dose-response data revealed essentially the same ED50's for naloxone in both tests. These results indicate that naloxone does indeed block the development of morphine-induced single-dose physical dependence in mice and that it does so as effectively as it blocks morphine-induced inhibition of writhing. | [
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|
PMID:12549 | Changes in brain catecholamines and spontaneous locomotor activity in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone. | Repeated exposure of rats to thyrotropin releasing hormone produced a dose- and time-dependent increase in spontaneous locomotor activity accompanied by an increase in brain stem tyrosine hydroxylase. Dopamine levels in cerebral cortex were increased maximally by 34% in animals receiving thyrotropin releasing hormone at a dosage of 2 mg/kg for 10 days. The concentrations of brain stem tyrosine and cerebral cortex norepinephrine remained unaltered in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone treatment. Our data suggest that administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone increases the synthesis and perhaps the turnover of brain catecholamines and that this may constitute an underlying mechanism for the anti-depressant action of this synthetic hormone. | Changes in brain catecholamines and spontaneous locomotor activity in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone. Repeated exposure of rats to thyrotropin releasing hormone produced a dose- and time-dependent increase in spontaneous locomotor activity accompanied by an increase in brain stem tyrosine hydroxylase. Dopamine levels in cerebral cortex were increased maximally by 34% in animals receiving thyrotropin releasing hormone at a dosage of 2 mg/kg for 10 days. The concentrations of brain stem tyrosine and cerebral cortex norepinephrine remained unaltered in response to thyrotropin releasing hormone treatment. Our data suggest that administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone increases the synthesis and perhaps the turnover of brain catecholamines and that this may constitute an underlying mechanism for the anti-depressant action of this synthetic hormone. | [
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|
PMID:12551 | Vasomotor rhinitis: psychosomatic conditions and treatment. | The importance of the autonomic nervous system in vasomotor conditions of the nose was outlined. The symptoms, findings and differential diagnosis of the vasomator rhinitis were reviewed. Reference is made to the applied treatment and results obtained with different antistaminics in 2150 patients. | Vasomotor rhinitis: psychosomatic conditions and treatment. The importance of the autonomic nervous system in vasomotor conditions of the nose was outlined. The symptoms, findings and differential diagnosis of the vasomator rhinitis were reviewed. Reference is made to the applied treatment and results obtained with different antistaminics in 2150 patients. | [
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|
PMID:12554 | Improvement in the quality of enzyme determinations by Scandinavian laboratories upon introduction of Scandinavian recommended methods. | The last annual Scandinavian proficiency survey (January 1975) offered an opportunity to evaluate the effect of the introduction of recommended methods for ASAT, ALAT, LD, and ALP on routinely performed enzyme determinations in clinical chemical laboratories. The results obtained by the recommended methods showed a marked improvement in precision, bringing the interlaboratory variations down to levels that have previously been achieved only for the determination of non-enzymic constituents. Enzymes for which no recommended method have been proposed were still determined with low interlaboratory precision. | Improvement in the quality of enzyme determinations by Scandinavian laboratories upon introduction of Scandinavian recommended methods. The last annual Scandinavian proficiency survey (January 1975) offered an opportunity to evaluate the effect of the introduction of recommended methods for ASAT, ALAT, LD, and ALP on routinely performed enzyme determinations in clinical chemical laboratories. The results obtained by the recommended methods showed a marked improvement in precision, bringing the interlaboratory variations down to levels that have previously been achieved only for the determination of non-enzymic constituents. Enzymes for which no recommended method have been proposed were still determined with low interlaboratory precision. | [
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PMID:12555 | A method for enzymatic determination of citrate in serum and urine. | A method for determination of citrate in serum and urine using citrate lyase is described. The influence of pH, zinc, magnesium, and calcium ions on the reaction velocity is studied. Citrate lyase activity is found rather insensitive to variations in pH round the pH-optimum at 8.2. Zinc ions activate the reactions. The optimal concentration of zinc ions in the reaction mixture is found to depend on the calcium concentration of samples. Perchloric acid is used for precipitation of proteins. The perchloric ion inhibits the reaction, and a procedure for removing perchlorate is given. Sensitivity of analysis is 0.005 mmo1/1 for serum and urine samples, respectively. No contamination of citrate lyase is found, and therefore addition of lactate dehydrogenase is considered unneccessary. | A method for enzymatic determination of citrate in serum and urine. A method for determination of citrate in serum and urine using citrate lyase is described. The influence of pH, zinc, magnesium, and calcium ions on the reaction velocity is studied. Citrate lyase activity is found rather insensitive to variations in pH round the pH-optimum at 8.2. Zinc ions activate the reactions. The optimal concentration of zinc ions in the reaction mixture is found to depend on the calcium concentration of samples. Perchloric acid is used for precipitation of proteins. The perchloric ion inhibits the reaction, and a procedure for removing perchlorate is given. Sensitivity of analysis is 0.005 mmo1/1 for serum and urine samples, respectively. No contamination of citrate lyase is found, and therefore addition of lactate dehydrogenase is considered unneccessary. | [
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|
PMID:12552 | Clinical assessment of cryptorchid boys by determination of urinary testosterone glucuronide following large doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). | Urinary TG and fractionated 17-ketosteroid (Drosdowsky) determinations were performed before and after the intramuscular administration of 15,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 10 sexually immature healthy boys and in 12 bilaterally cryptorchid boys. The same basal determinations were made in 11 gonadless girls. Basal serum FSH and LH were determined (by radioimmunoassay) in controls and also in cryptorchid boys. If 15mug/24 h (three SD's of basal excretion in controls) is considered the smallest adequate response, the TG but not the fractionated 17-KS determination assessed fairly well either the presence or the functional capacity of the Leydig cell-containing tissue. Agonadic girls had significantly higher basal excretion of steroids and this is presumably due to their greater absolute body size and to their more advanced bone age. | Clinical assessment of cryptorchid boys by determination of urinary testosterone glucuronide following large doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Urinary TG and fractionated 17-ketosteroid (Drosdowsky) determinations were performed before and after the intramuscular administration of 15,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 10 sexually immature healthy boys and in 12 bilaterally cryptorchid boys. The same basal determinations were made in 11 gonadless girls. Basal serum FSH and LH were determined (by radioimmunoassay) in controls and also in cryptorchid boys. If 15mug/24 h (three SD's of basal excretion in controls) is considered the smallest adequate response, the TG but not the fractionated 17-KS determination assessed fairly well either the presence or the functional capacity of the Leydig cell-containing tissue. Agonadic girls had significantly higher basal excretion of steroids and this is presumably due to their greater absolute body size and to their more advanced bone age. | [
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PMID:12556 | Transferrin and iron uptake by isolated rat liver mitochondria. | Isolated rat liver mitochondria accumulate iron from the suspending medium when [59Fe]transferrin is used as a model compound. The accumulation proceeds by two different mechanisms, i.e. by an energy-independent and an energy-dependent (uncoupler sensitive) mechanism, which have different time, pH, and temperature dependencies. The energy-dependent accumulation, which is inhibited by ruthenium red and sulphydryl reagents, reaches a saturation level of approx. 30 pmoles iron/mg protein during 30 min incubation. The energy-independent accumulation of iron-transferrin reveals no saturation kinetics, it is inhibited neither by ruthenium red nor by N-ethylmaleimide, and it proceeds linearly for at least 90 min. With [125I]transferrin as a model compound, quantitatively the energy-independent accumulation is as reported for [59Fe]transferrin. There is, however, no energy-dependent accumulation of [125I]transferrin. The results indicate that the energy-dependent accumulation of [59Fe]transferrin represents a process by which mitochondria accumulate iron from transferrin. | Transferrin and iron uptake by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Isolated rat liver mitochondria accumulate iron from the suspending medium when [59Fe]transferrin is used as a model compound. The accumulation proceeds by two different mechanisms, i.e. by an energy-independent and an energy-dependent (uncoupler sensitive) mechanism, which have different time, pH, and temperature dependencies. The energy-dependent accumulation, which is inhibited by ruthenium red and sulphydryl reagents, reaches a saturation level of approx. 30 pmoles iron/mg protein during 30 min incubation. The energy-independent accumulation of iron-transferrin reveals no saturation kinetics, it is inhibited neither by ruthenium red nor by N-ethylmaleimide, and it proceeds linearly for at least 90 min. With [125I]transferrin as a model compound, quantitatively the energy-independent accumulation is as reported for [59Fe]transferrin. There is, however, no energy-dependent accumulation of [125I]transferrin. The results indicate that the energy-dependent accumulation of [59Fe]transferrin represents a process by which mitochondria accumulate iron from transferrin. | [
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PMID:12553 | [Use of a monomaxillary curved splint in maxillofacial surgery]. | We describe a prefabricated monomaxillary arch, fitted with perpendicular supports with a main bar which provides dento-maxillary setting in the antero-posterior direction and also vertically since it is possible to attach it to the free edge of the teeth. The indications concerning the use of this arch are given in detail. It offers the advantage of being readily adaptable and is therefore easy to use in an emergency. | [Use of a monomaxillary curved splint in maxillofacial surgery]. We describe a prefabricated monomaxillary arch, fitted with perpendicular supports with a main bar which provides dento-maxillary setting in the antero-posterior direction and also vertically since it is possible to attach it to the free edge of the teeth. The indications concerning the use of this arch are given in detail. It offers the advantage of being readily adaptable and is therefore easy to use in an emergency. | [
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|
PMID:12557 | Microcalorimetric measurements of heat production in human erythrocytes. III. Influence of pH, temperature, glucose concentration, and storage conditions. | Heat production in human erythrocytes has been measured under different conditions of pH, glucose concentration, and temperature. Storage conditions have also been varied. The erythrocytes, which were from healthy subjects, were suspended either in autologous plasma or in phosphate buffer. The heat effect, P, was shown to increase linearly in the physiological pH range: 1.2% per 0.01 pH unit. Variation of the glucose concentration within a wide range, 3-32 mmol/1, did not affect the P value. The temperature coefficient for P was determined to be Q10 = 2.8 for the temperature range 32-42 degrees C. A constant energy of activation was found, 82.6 kJ/mol, for the temperature range 25-42 degrees C. When the erythrocytes were stored at 4 degrees C, P values (measured at 37 degrees C) increased initially by 6%/h. After 24 h of storage P was about 50% higher than the initial value. Determinations of glucose consumption were made in parallel with most of the calorimetric experiments. | Microcalorimetric measurements of heat production in human erythrocytes. III. Influence of pH, temperature, glucose concentration, and storage conditions. Heat production in human erythrocytes has been measured under different conditions of pH, glucose concentration, and temperature. Storage conditions have also been varied. The erythrocytes, which were from healthy subjects, were suspended either in autologous plasma or in phosphate buffer. The heat effect, P, was shown to increase linearly in the physiological pH range: 1.2% per 0.01 pH unit. Variation of the glucose concentration within a wide range, 3-32 mmol/1, did not affect the P value. The temperature coefficient for P was determined to be Q10 = 2.8 for the temperature range 32-42 degrees C. A constant energy of activation was found, 82.6 kJ/mol, for the temperature range 25-42 degrees C. When the erythrocytes were stored at 4 degrees C, P values (measured at 37 degrees C) increased initially by 6%/h. After 24 h of storage P was about 50% higher than the initial value. Determinations of glucose consumption were made in parallel with most of the calorimetric experiments. | [
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PMID:12558 | The absorption of acetylsalicylic acid from the stomach in relation to intragastric pH. | A comparative study on the effect of a buffered (pH 6.5) and an unbuffered (pH 2.9) solution of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on gastric pH, gastric emptying, and gastric absorption of ASA was performed in 10 healthy volunteers. Gastric pH was recorded using radiotelemetry. Gastric emptying and gastric absorption was studied with an aspiration technique and phenol red as nonabsorbable marker. Administration of the unbuffered solution to the fasting subjects resulted in a gastric pH of about 2 and absorption of ASA from the stomach was found to occur. The buffered solution of ASA increased gastric pH to above 5 and gastric absorption of ASA was found to be significantly less than after the unbuffered solution. The buffered solution was emptied from the stomach more rapidly than the unbuffered one. | The absorption of acetylsalicylic acid from the stomach in relation to intragastric pH. A comparative study on the effect of a buffered (pH 6.5) and an unbuffered (pH 2.9) solution of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on gastric pH, gastric emptying, and gastric absorption of ASA was performed in 10 healthy volunteers. Gastric pH was recorded using radiotelemetry. Gastric emptying and gastric absorption was studied with an aspiration technique and phenol red as nonabsorbable marker. Administration of the unbuffered solution to the fasting subjects resulted in a gastric pH of about 2 and absorption of ASA from the stomach was found to occur. The buffered solution of ASA increased gastric pH to above 5 and gastric absorption of ASA was found to be significantly less than after the unbuffered solution. The buffered solution was emptied from the stomach more rapidly than the unbuffered one. | [
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|
PMID:12561 | [Endocrinological studies in arterial hypertension. Search for phaeochromocytoma]. | Elevated urinary catecholamines and their metabolites are the only findings which confirm the presence of pheochromocytoma. This examination is of particular interest if carried out in urine produced after spontaneous hypertensive episodes. Pharmacologic tests when carried out under standard conditions have proven to be a reliable aid in cases of suspected pheochromocytoma. Roentgenographic studies, determination of local plasma catecholamine concentrations and blood volume control should be undertaken in these patients before surgical procedure. | [Endocrinological studies in arterial hypertension. Search for phaeochromocytoma]. Elevated urinary catecholamines and their metabolites are the only findings which confirm the presence of pheochromocytoma. This examination is of particular interest if carried out in urine produced after spontaneous hypertensive episodes. Pharmacologic tests when carried out under standard conditions have proven to be a reliable aid in cases of suspected pheochromocytoma. Roentgenographic studies, determination of local plasma catecholamine concentrations and blood volume control should be undertaken in these patients before surgical procedure. | [
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|
PMID:12562 | [Paralytic ileus in pheochromocytoma. Possible correlation with an attempt at adrenal phlebography]. | Following adrenal phlebography, obstruction of the large bowel associated with adrenergic crisis was observed in a 60 year old patient with pheochromocytoma. As in other published cases of ileus associated with pheochromocytoma, high urinary catecholamine concentrations were found in our patient and the tumor resected at surgery was large. As phlebography immediately preceded the onset of ileus and hypertensive crisis, it is postulated that angiography led to massive secretion of catecholamines, which caused the hypertensive crisis as well as the ileus. The possible mechanisms by which phlebography may lead to adrenergic crisis are discussed. It is concluded that in suspected pheochromocytoma all angiographic examinations should be carried out under simultaneous treatment with alpha-blocking agents. | [Paralytic ileus in pheochromocytoma. Possible correlation with an attempt at adrenal phlebography]. Following adrenal phlebography, obstruction of the large bowel associated with adrenergic crisis was observed in a 60 year old patient with pheochromocytoma. As in other published cases of ileus associated with pheochromocytoma, high urinary catecholamine concentrations were found in our patient and the tumor resected at surgery was large. As phlebography immediately preceded the onset of ileus and hypertensive crisis, it is postulated that angiography led to massive secretion of catecholamines, which caused the hypertensive crisis as well as the ileus. The possible mechanisms by which phlebography may lead to adrenergic crisis are discussed. It is concluded that in suspected pheochromocytoma all angiographic examinations should be carried out under simultaneous treatment with alpha-blocking agents. | [
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|
PMID:12563 | [Pharmacokinetics of two beta blocking drugs: detection of a pharmacogenetic abnormality]. | 10 healthy male volunteers received orally either 100 mg tolamolol or 20 mg bufuralol. These experiments were repeated by intravenous administration of 10 and 5 mg respectively of these two drugs. Plasma levels of the parent drugs and their main metabolite were measured. In one subject, the apparent half-life of elimination was increased from 2.5 h (normal subjects) to 5 h for both drugs. This prolongation of the half-life is associated with low plasma levels of the metabolites, a peculiarity which can be explanined by a decreased rate of metabolism for these two drugs. This anomaly may explain the marked orthostatic hypotension observed only in this subject. The likelihood of a pharmacogenetic defect is discussed. | [Pharmacokinetics of two beta blocking drugs: detection of a pharmacogenetic abnormality]. 10 healthy male volunteers received orally either 100 mg tolamolol or 20 mg bufuralol. These experiments were repeated by intravenous administration of 10 and 5 mg respectively of these two drugs. Plasma levels of the parent drugs and their main metabolite were measured. In one subject, the apparent half-life of elimination was increased from 2.5 h (normal subjects) to 5 h for both drugs. This prolongation of the half-life is associated with low plasma levels of the metabolites, a peculiarity which can be explanined by a decreased rate of metabolism for these two drugs. This anomaly may explain the marked orthostatic hypotension observed only in this subject. The likelihood of a pharmacogenetic defect is discussed. | [
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|
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