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PMID:12564 | [Contribution to the treatment of threatened abortion]. | 460 cases of threatened abortion were divided into 3 different treatment categories. Group A was treated with a combined antihistamine and antispasmodic, and Group B with tranquilizers and synthetic gestagens. Group C consisted of patients who refused therapy. The percentage of delayed abortions in group A was 79.3%, in group B 84.7% and in group C 54.8%. According to the x2-test, the difference between the treated and untreated groups is statistically significant. The mode of action of the prescribed drugs is substantiated and their effectiveness was compared with published data on other therapies. Complications of pregnancy, at delivery and during the puerperium were not more prevalent than in normal pregnancies. However, the percentage of premature births (22.9%) and of perinatal mortality (5.4%) was strikingly high. Accordingly, successfully treated threatened abortions are to be followed up as "risk" pregnancies and closely supervised as such. It is especially important to avoid a premature birth. The frequency of congenital defects and functional disturbances was 11.9%; their existence is independent of the type of therapy. Since the defects are usually of minor consequence and reversible, we advocate treatment of the threatened abortion. | [Contribution to the treatment of threatened abortion]. 460 cases of threatened abortion were divided into 3 different treatment categories. Group A was treated with a combined antihistamine and antispasmodic, and Group B with tranquilizers and synthetic gestagens. Group C consisted of patients who refused therapy. The percentage of delayed abortions in group A was 79.3%, in group B 84.7% and in group C 54.8%. According to the x2-test, the difference between the treated and untreated groups is statistically significant. The mode of action of the prescribed drugs is substantiated and their effectiveness was compared with published data on other therapies. Complications of pregnancy, at delivery and during the puerperium were not more prevalent than in normal pregnancies. However, the percentage of premature births (22.9%) and of perinatal mortality (5.4%) was strikingly high. Accordingly, successfully treated threatened abortions are to be followed up as "risk" pregnancies and closely supervised as such. It is especially important to avoid a premature birth. The frequency of congenital defects and functional disturbances was 11.9%; their existence is independent of the type of therapy. Since the defects are usually of minor consequence and reversible, we advocate treatment of the threatened abortion. | [
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PMID:12565 | Lysogeny in pneumococci freshly isolated from man. | Twelve strains of encapsulated pneumococci isolated from patients with pneumococcal disease were examined for the presence of bacteriophage. Four of the strains yielded phage lytic for a noncapsulated indicator strain of pneumococcus. Three of the newly isolated bacteriophages differ serologically from pneumococcus bacteriophages described previously. The ability to yield lytic phage was lost by two of the lysogenic pneumococcal strains on repeated subculture. | Lysogeny in pneumococci freshly isolated from man. Twelve strains of encapsulated pneumococci isolated from patients with pneumococcal disease were examined for the presence of bacteriophage. Four of the strains yielded phage lytic for a noncapsulated indicator strain of pneumococcus. Three of the newly isolated bacteriophages differ serologically from pneumococcus bacteriophages described previously. The ability to yield lytic phage was lost by two of the lysogenic pneumococcal strains on repeated subculture. | [
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|
PMID:12566 | Control of gamete formation (exflagellation) in malaria parasites. | The only stages of malaria parasites capable of establishing an infection in a mosquito are the gametocytes that circulate in the blood of the veterbrate host. Within minutes of ingestion by a mosquito the gametocytes transform into mature gametes in the process of "exflagellation." This process is controlled in vitro solely by the change in pH in the blood as it moves from the environment of the circulation to that of the atmosphere, the pH rise being mediated by the fall in carbon dioxide tension as the blood equilibrates with the atmosphere. | Control of gamete formation (exflagellation) in malaria parasites. The only stages of malaria parasites capable of establishing an infection in a mosquito are the gametocytes that circulate in the blood of the veterbrate host. Within minutes of ingestion by a mosquito the gametocytes transform into mature gametes in the process of "exflagellation." This process is controlled in vitro solely by the change in pH in the blood as it moves from the environment of the circulation to that of the atmosphere, the pH rise being mediated by the fall in carbon dioxide tension as the blood equilibrates with the atmosphere. | [
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|
PMID:12577 | Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and their use in hypertension. | Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs have been found to be effective antihypertensive agents of similar efficacy to sympathetic inhibitory drugs and methyldopa. They have the advantage of not causing postural or exercise hypotension. While the antihypertensive effect is a function of beta-receptor blockade, the precise mode of action is unknown. | Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs and their use in hypertension. Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs have been found to be effective antihypertensive agents of similar efficacy to sympathetic inhibitory drugs and methyldopa. They have the advantage of not causing postural or exercise hypotension. While the antihypertensive effect is a function of beta-receptor blockade, the precise mode of action is unknown. | [
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|
PMID:12578 | Acid-base determinations in normal and asphyxiated term infants during the first 24 hours of life. | Vigorous term infants who are born normally initially have a moderate metabolic and respiratory acidosis which is corrected by the time the infant is 6 hours old. Asphyxiated infants consistently show a greater degree of acidosis, both metabolic and respiratory. Caesarean section results in higher pCO2 values, especially when 'diffusion apnoea' occurs. Indications for the correction of acidosis in asphyxia are proposed. | Acid-base determinations in normal and asphyxiated term infants during the first 24 hours of life. Vigorous term infants who are born normally initially have a moderate metabolic and respiratory acidosis which is corrected by the time the infant is 6 hours old. Asphyxiated infants consistently show a greater degree of acidosis, both metabolic and respiratory. Caesarean section results in higher pCO2 values, especially when 'diffusion apnoea' occurs. Indications for the correction of acidosis in asphyxia are proposed. | [
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|
PMID:12579 | A metabolic approach to the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease. | Thirty-five patients with occlusive disease of the arteries underwent metabolic studies. The arteriovenous differences of lactate, glucose and oxygen varied with the severity of the ischemic process, as assessed clinically. Lactate release and glucose extraction were significantly different from control values of patients with rest pain or with ischemic gangrene, while values in patients with claudication were comparable with those in the control group. Percutaneous muscle surface pH measurements, which reflect lactate release, decreased directly with diminished perfusion. Metabolic assessment of arterial occlusive disease may prove to be a useful clinical approach. | A metabolic approach to the evaluation of peripheral vascular disease. Thirty-five patients with occlusive disease of the arteries underwent metabolic studies. The arteriovenous differences of lactate, glucose and oxygen varied with the severity of the ischemic process, as assessed clinically. Lactate release and glucose extraction were significantly different from control values of patients with rest pain or with ischemic gangrene, while values in patients with claudication were comparable with those in the control group. Percutaneous muscle surface pH measurements, which reflect lactate release, decreased directly with diminished perfusion. Metabolic assessment of arterial occlusive disease may prove to be a useful clinical approach. | [
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|
PMID:12580 | Leukocyte phagocytic function and dysfunction. | Although some species of bacteria are killed in vitro by humoral factors in cell-free serum, the in vivo experience with leukopenic patients illustrates the critical role played by phagocytic leukocytes in host resistance to infection. Effective ingestion and killing of micro-organisms requires the sequential and integrated function of the elements of the phagocytic system. Each step in the phagocytic process is also a potential crack in the armor of host defense, and an increasing number of clinically significant disorders of phagocytic function are being recognized and described (5). The phagocytic leukocytes are equipped with a variety of intracellular microbicidal mechanisms which provide a degree of overkill capacity and allow these cells to meet the challenges posed by the many and varied microbial transfressors. Undoubtedly, other phagocytic disorders will be discovered and other important aspects of the intraleukocyte killing mechanisms will be elucidated. For instance, little is known about the function of leukocytes within the relatively hypoxic environment of injured tissue where so many bacterial infections begin. As our understanding of phagocytic function develops, new ways may be found to augment host resistance by preservation or stimulation of the phagocytes. | Leukocyte phagocytic function and dysfunction. Although some species of bacteria are killed in vitro by humoral factors in cell-free serum, the in vivo experience with leukopenic patients illustrates the critical role played by phagocytic leukocytes in host resistance to infection. Effective ingestion and killing of micro-organisms requires the sequential and integrated function of the elements of the phagocytic system. Each step in the phagocytic process is also a potential crack in the armor of host defense, and an increasing number of clinically significant disorders of phagocytic function are being recognized and described (5). The phagocytic leukocytes are equipped with a variety of intracellular microbicidal mechanisms which provide a degree of overkill capacity and allow these cells to meet the challenges posed by the many and varied microbial transfressors. Undoubtedly, other phagocytic disorders will be discovered and other important aspects of the intraleukocyte killing mechanisms will be elucidated. For instance, little is known about the function of leukocytes within the relatively hypoxic environment of injured tissue where so many bacterial infections begin. As our understanding of phagocytic function develops, new ways may be found to augment host resistance by preservation or stimulation of the phagocytes. | [
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|
PMID:12591 | Scanning electron microscopic and electrophoretic studies on clotting factor adsorbents. | Physical studies carried out on a range of protein and clotting factor adsorbents revealed marked morphological and charge differences. Their appearance in the scanning electron microscope could be used to classify the insoluble precipitates, calcijm phosphate, barium sulphate and citrate, as either amorphorous or crystalline. Surface charge is difficult to define but the present studies on the sparingly-soluble salts, based on calcium and barium, have revealed that they can be subdivided on the basis of the presence or absence of a charge reversal point in the pH-mobility curve. The anion component appeared to determine this characteristic; it was noted that phosphate and citrate ions had a marked effect and gave a biased negative potential at all pH values. We concluded that where a divalent cation is cohabiting with a trivalent anion, the greater potential-determining ability of the latter will dominate the overall charge at the surface of a particle, even below pH7 and the absence of a positive potential gives a monophasic pH-mobility curve. Differences in both the physical appearance and electrophoretic mobility of the adsorbents studied reflect the wide variation in their chemical composition, especially among the various forms of calcium phosphate which, unlike barium sulphate, can include substituted ions such as hydroxyl, in their crystal lattice. The definition of these characteristics allows their behaviour towards clotting factors to be more easily predicted. | Scanning electron microscopic and electrophoretic studies on clotting factor adsorbents. Physical studies carried out on a range of protein and clotting factor adsorbents revealed marked morphological and charge differences. Their appearance in the scanning electron microscope could be used to classify the insoluble precipitates, calcijm phosphate, barium sulphate and citrate, as either amorphorous or crystalline. Surface charge is difficult to define but the present studies on the sparingly-soluble salts, based on calcium and barium, have revealed that they can be subdivided on the basis of the presence or absence of a charge reversal point in the pH-mobility curve. The anion component appeared to determine this characteristic; it was noted that phosphate and citrate ions had a marked effect and gave a biased negative potential at all pH values. We concluded that where a divalent cation is cohabiting with a trivalent anion, the greater potential-determining ability of the latter will dominate the overall charge at the surface of a particle, even below pH7 and the absence of a positive potential gives a monophasic pH-mobility curve. Differences in both the physical appearance and electrophoretic mobility of the adsorbents studied reflect the wide variation in their chemical composition, especially among the various forms of calcium phosphate which, unlike barium sulphate, can include substituted ions such as hydroxyl, in their crystal lattice. The definition of these characteristics allows their behaviour towards clotting factors to be more easily predicted. | [
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|
PMID:12592 | Competitive inhibition by lithium and hydrogen ions of the effect of calcium on the aggregation of rabbit platelets. | ADP-induced platelet aggregation and shape change were monitored optically in citrated rabbit platelet-rich plasma (PRP) diluted with isotonic salt solutions. Lithium (Li) produced a concentration-dependent reduction in the rate of platelet aggregation but had no discernible effect on the shape change which precedes aggregation. When PRP was pre-incubated with Li, the inhibitory effect of the ion was independent of the duration and temperature of the treatment. The inhibitory effect of Li also was observed in heparinized PRP or when 5-HT was used as the aggregation-inducing agent. When Li was combined with aggregation inhibitors which enhance platelet cyclic AMP content either by activating adenylate cyclase or by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, only additive effects were observed. The inhibitory effect of Li was opposed by added calcium. Kinetic evaluation of the interaction between Li and Ca indicated that their antagonism was competitive. Added calcium also displayed competitive antagonism toward the aggregation inhibiting effect of increased hydrogen ion concentration in the pH range between 6 and 8. | Competitive inhibition by lithium and hydrogen ions of the effect of calcium on the aggregation of rabbit platelets. ADP-induced platelet aggregation and shape change were monitored optically in citrated rabbit platelet-rich plasma (PRP) diluted with isotonic salt solutions. Lithium (Li) produced a concentration-dependent reduction in the rate of platelet aggregation but had no discernible effect on the shape change which precedes aggregation. When PRP was pre-incubated with Li, the inhibitory effect of the ion was independent of the duration and temperature of the treatment. The inhibitory effect of Li also was observed in heparinized PRP or when 5-HT was used as the aggregation-inducing agent. When Li was combined with aggregation inhibitors which enhance platelet cyclic AMP content either by activating adenylate cyclase or by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, only additive effects were observed. The inhibitory effect of Li was opposed by added calcium. Kinetic evaluation of the interaction between Li and Ca indicated that their antagonism was competitive. Added calcium also displayed competitive antagonism toward the aggregation inhibiting effect of increased hydrogen ion concentration in the pH range between 6 and 8. | [
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|
PMID:12593 | Effects of bupranolol, a new beta-blocker, on platelet functions of rabbit and human in vitro. | The effects of bupranolol, a new beta-blocker, on platelet functions were investigated in vitro in rabbits and humans as compared with propranolol, a well-known beta-blocker. At first, the effect of adrenaline on ADP-induced rabbit platelet aggregation was studied because adrenaline alone induces little or no aggregation of rabbit platelets. Enhancement of ADP-induced rabbit platelet aggregation by adrenaline was confirmed, as previously reported by Sinakos and Caen (1967). In addition the degree of the enhancement was proved to be markedly affected by the concentration of ADP and to increase with decreasing concentration of ADP, although the maximum aggregation (percent) was decreased. Bupranolol and propranolol inhibited the (adrenaline-ADP-)induced aggregation of rabbit platelets, bupranolol being approximately 2.4-3.2 times as effective as propranolol. Bupranolol stimulated the disaggregation of platelet aggregates induced by a combination of adrenaline and ADP, but propranolol did not. Platelet adhesion in rabbit was also inhibited by the beta-blockers and bupranolol was more active than propranolol. With human platelets, aggregation induced by adrenaline was inhibited by bupranolol about 2.8-3.3 times as effectively as propranolol. From these findings. We would suggest that bupranolol might be useful for prevention or treatment of thrombosis. | Effects of bupranolol, a new beta-blocker, on platelet functions of rabbit and human in vitro. The effects of bupranolol, a new beta-blocker, on platelet functions were investigated in vitro in rabbits and humans as compared with propranolol, a well-known beta-blocker. At first, the effect of adrenaline on ADP-induced rabbit platelet aggregation was studied because adrenaline alone induces little or no aggregation of rabbit platelets. Enhancement of ADP-induced rabbit platelet aggregation by adrenaline was confirmed, as previously reported by Sinakos and Caen (1967). In addition the degree of the enhancement was proved to be markedly affected by the concentration of ADP and to increase with decreasing concentration of ADP, although the maximum aggregation (percent) was decreased. Bupranolol and propranolol inhibited the (adrenaline-ADP-)induced aggregation of rabbit platelets, bupranolol being approximately 2.4-3.2 times as effective as propranolol. Bupranolol stimulated the disaggregation of platelet aggregates induced by a combination of adrenaline and ADP, but propranolol did not. Platelet adhesion in rabbit was also inhibited by the beta-blockers and bupranolol was more active than propranolol. With human platelets, aggregation induced by adrenaline was inhibited by bupranolol about 2.8-3.3 times as effectively as propranolol. From these findings. We would suggest that bupranolol might be useful for prevention or treatment of thrombosis. | [
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|
PMID:12594 | Effects of ions on ADP-induced aggregation of bovine or human platelets. | Effects of divalent cations on ADP-induced aggregation response were examined. Bovine platelets were transferred by Sepharose 2B gel filtration from citrate-PRP into citrate free buffer (buffer-GFP). Response increases, reaches a maximum and decreases with increasing calcium and/or magnesium concentration. For either calcium or magnesium alone, increasing response is proportional to a rate coefficient and, through an apparent ion-platelet association constant, to the fraction of platelet critical sites bound to cation. With both ions present, bound magnesium appears to inhibit bound calcium in excess of that accounted for by competition and a lower rate coefficient for bound magnesium. With citrate present in buffer-GFP, apparent association constants increase, excess magnesium inhibition is present, but systems are path dependent. Initial conditions appear to establish a response which is thereafter immutable to environmental magnesium alteration. Citrate-PRP resembles buffer-GFP: response is sensitive to the selective removal of calcium and excess magnesium inhibition is present. With heparin-PRP, response is immutable to the selective removal of approximately 90% of initial calcium. The dependency of response inhibition observed at high divalent cation concentrations indicates that aggregation is not due to interplatelet cross linking by ions. Ion effects are similar for bovine and human platelets. | Effects of ions on ADP-induced aggregation of bovine or human platelets. Effects of divalent cations on ADP-induced aggregation response were examined. Bovine platelets were transferred by Sepharose 2B gel filtration from citrate-PRP into citrate free buffer (buffer-GFP). Response increases, reaches a maximum and decreases with increasing calcium and/or magnesium concentration. For either calcium or magnesium alone, increasing response is proportional to a rate coefficient and, through an apparent ion-platelet association constant, to the fraction of platelet critical sites bound to cation. With both ions present, bound magnesium appears to inhibit bound calcium in excess of that accounted for by competition and a lower rate coefficient for bound magnesium. With citrate present in buffer-GFP, apparent association constants increase, excess magnesium inhibition is present, but systems are path dependent. Initial conditions appear to establish a response which is thereafter immutable to environmental magnesium alteration. Citrate-PRP resembles buffer-GFP: response is sensitive to the selective removal of calcium and excess magnesium inhibition is present. With heparin-PRP, response is immutable to the selective removal of approximately 90% of initial calcium. The dependency of response inhibition observed at high divalent cation concentrations indicates that aggregation is not due to interplatelet cross linking by ions. Ion effects are similar for bovine and human platelets. | [
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PMID:12598 | Chemical studies of marine invertebrates. XXIII. A novel polyhydroxylated sterol from the soft coral Litophyton viridis (Coelenterata, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea). | The structure of 24-methylenecholest-5-en-3beta,7beta,19-triol (II) isolated from the soft coral Litophyton viridis, has been established by X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound is accompanied by its 7-monoacetate derivative. | Chemical studies of marine invertebrates. XXIII. A novel polyhydroxylated sterol from the soft coral Litophyton viridis (Coelenterata, Octocorallia, Alcyonacea). The structure of 24-methylenecholest-5-en-3beta,7beta,19-triol (II) isolated from the soft coral Litophyton viridis, has been established by X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound is accompanied by its 7-monoacetate derivative. | [
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PMID:12600 | Induction of increased graft-versus-host disease by mouse spleen cells sensitized in vitro to allogeneic tumor. | The aim of our study was to sensitize cells in vitro, follow their proliferative and cytotoxic responses, and determine their ability to cause lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). C57BL/6 (H2b) spleen cells were incubated with irradiated BALB/C (H2d) Moloney lymphoma cells (LSTRA) in mixed leukocyte culture conditions for 2, 4, or 6 days and then tested. The maximal proliferative response occurred after 4 days. In vitro cytotoxic reactivity against 51Cr-labeled LSTRA was generated by 4 days (76.3+/-3.1% 51Cr released) and 6 days (133.0+/-4.8%) of sensitization but not by 2 days (-0.2+/-1.1%). Induction of fatal GVHD was assayed by injecting graded doses of the C57BL/6 spleen cells i.v. into adult BALB/c mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide, 180 mg/kg. Cells sensitized for 2 days were effective but no more so than were (control) cells cultured with irradiated C57BL/6 spleen cells. However, cells sensitized longer were far more active than the control cells. Cells sensitized for 4 days killed 70 of 88 mice (80%), and those sensitized for 6 days killed 37 of 48 mice (77%), whereas control cells killed only 42 of 90 mice (47%) (P less than 0.005). Thus, cells sensitized in vitro exhibited an increased ability to induce GVHD in vivo, which was temporally associated with the development of cytotoxicity in vitro. | Induction of increased graft-versus-host disease by mouse spleen cells sensitized in vitro to allogeneic tumor. The aim of our study was to sensitize cells in vitro, follow their proliferative and cytotoxic responses, and determine their ability to cause lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). C57BL/6 (H2b) spleen cells were incubated with irradiated BALB/C (H2d) Moloney lymphoma cells (LSTRA) in mixed leukocyte culture conditions for 2, 4, or 6 days and then tested. The maximal proliferative response occurred after 4 days. In vitro cytotoxic reactivity against 51Cr-labeled LSTRA was generated by 4 days (76.3+/-3.1% 51Cr released) and 6 days (133.0+/-4.8%) of sensitization but not by 2 days (-0.2+/-1.1%). Induction of fatal GVHD was assayed by injecting graded doses of the C57BL/6 spleen cells i.v. into adult BALB/c mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide, 180 mg/kg. Cells sensitized for 2 days were effective but no more so than were (control) cells cultured with irradiated C57BL/6 spleen cells. However, cells sensitized longer were far more active than the control cells. Cells sensitized for 4 days killed 70 of 88 mice (80%), and those sensitized for 6 days killed 37 of 48 mice (77%), whereas control cells killed only 42 of 90 mice (47%) (P less than 0.005). Thus, cells sensitized in vitro exhibited an increased ability to induce GVHD in vivo, which was temporally associated with the development of cytotoxicity in vitro. | [
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|
PMID:12601 | The hydro-chemical and physical conditions of the environment of the immature stages of some species of the simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum complex (Diptera). | Water samples were collected from breeding sites of species of the Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnoslm complex in Upper Volta, Liberia and Cameroon during the dry season; and in Tanzania and Kenya at various seasons during a period of two years. The following 20 factors were analysed at 45 breeding sites: water temperature, current velocity, pH value, conductivity free carbon dioxide, oxygen content, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, silicate, total iron and organic substance (consumption of potassium permanganate). A number of notable differences in the chemical composition of the water of the breeding sites of 13 S. damnosum complex species were found, particularly with regard to the pH and conductivity. On the basis of these differences the various species can be divided into three main groups: Group I: 3 species (S. sanctipauli, S. yahense, "Menge"); breeding in sites with pH values always below 7 and conductivity values below 50 mumhos. Group II: 8 species (S. sirbanum, S. sudanense, S. damnosum s.s., S. squamosum, "Sanje", "Nkusi", "Nyamagasani", "Jovi"); breeding in watercourses with neutral, weakly acid or weakly alkaline reactions and conductivity values ranging from 50 to 150 mumhos. Group III: 2 species ("Kibwezi", "Kisiwani"); breeding in watercourses characterized by highly alkaline reactions with pH values between 7.7 and 10 and by conductivity values between 400 and 950 mumhos. The vectors of Onchocerca volvulus are included in group I and II only. | The hydro-chemical and physical conditions of the environment of the immature stages of some species of the simulium (Edwardsellum) damnosum complex (Diptera). Water samples were collected from breeding sites of species of the Simulium (Edwardsellum) damnoslm complex in Upper Volta, Liberia and Cameroon during the dry season; and in Tanzania and Kenya at various seasons during a period of two years. The following 20 factors were analysed at 45 breeding sites: water temperature, current velocity, pH value, conductivity free carbon dioxide, oxygen content, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, silicate, total iron and organic substance (consumption of potassium permanganate). A number of notable differences in the chemical composition of the water of the breeding sites of 13 S. damnosum complex species were found, particularly with regard to the pH and conductivity. On the basis of these differences the various species can be divided into three main groups: Group I: 3 species (S. sanctipauli, S. yahense, "Menge"); breeding in sites with pH values always below 7 and conductivity values below 50 mumhos. Group II: 8 species (S. sirbanum, S. sudanense, S. damnosum s.s., S. squamosum, "Sanje", "Nkusi", "Nyamagasani", "Jovi"); breeding in watercourses with neutral, weakly acid or weakly alkaline reactions and conductivity values ranging from 50 to 150 mumhos. Group III: 2 species ("Kibwezi", "Kisiwani"); breeding in watercourses characterized by highly alkaline reactions with pH values between 7.7 and 10 and by conductivity values between 400 and 950 mumhos. The vectors of Onchocerca volvulus are included in group I and II only. | [
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|
PMID:12605 | [Effect of a urea diet on glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activity in various organs of chickens]. | The total values were determined for the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and dehydrogenase with pyruvate in broilers fed a diet with a 0, 2 and 4% content of urea for three weeks. A statistically significant increase of glutamate dehydrogenase activity was ascertained in the liver and kidney of broilers. The increase of the activity of glutamine synthetase in liver was close to the threshold of statistical significance. Dehydrogenase activity with pyruvate increased in liver. | [Effect of a urea diet on glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activity in various organs of chickens]. The total values were determined for the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamine synthetase, and dehydrogenase with pyruvate in broilers fed a diet with a 0, 2 and 4% content of urea for three weeks. A statistically significant increase of glutamate dehydrogenase activity was ascertained in the liver and kidney of broilers. The increase of the activity of glutamine synthetase in liver was close to the threshold of statistical significance. Dehydrogenase activity with pyruvate increased in liver. | [
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|
PMID:12606 | 3H-deoxythymidine incorporation in graft-versus-host disease in the Norway rat. I. Liquid scintillation studies. | Graft-versus-host-disease was produced in newborn Brown Norway (BN) rats with an intravenous (iv) injection of adult allogeneic Lewis (L) lymph node cells (experimental) and the response was compared to littermates injected with adult syngeneic BN cells (control). By 4 days the reaction in the spleen of experimental animals was such that the spleen index was 1.70 and 2.58 on day 7, and continued to increase until death. A one hour iv pulse of tritiated deoxythymidine (3HdT) administered to experimental and control animals revealed a whole organ peak incorporation of 3HdT on day 6 in experimental spleens. A second larger peak occurred on day 10 in the experimental spleen as compared to a single peak at days 6 or 7, respectively, in the experimental mesenteric and combined superficial lymph nodes. However, analysis of the incorporation of 3HdT with respect to organ weight revealed a peak incorporation in animals receiving L cells on day 4--6 with a second smaller peak on day 10 in the experimental spleen and again a single peak on day 5 or 6 in the lymph nodes. Total 3HdT incorporation within both experimental lymph node compartments became less than controls by day 15 even though experimental nodes had a larger mass. 3HdT incorporation per milligram tissue weight decreased in all tissue compartments of experimental animals by day 13--14. The contribution of donor and host cell proliferation to the various peaks observed is discussed. | 3H-deoxythymidine incorporation in graft-versus-host disease in the Norway rat. I. Liquid scintillation studies. Graft-versus-host-disease was produced in newborn Brown Norway (BN) rats with an intravenous (iv) injection of adult allogeneic Lewis (L) lymph node cells (experimental) and the response was compared to littermates injected with adult syngeneic BN cells (control). By 4 days the reaction in the spleen of experimental animals was such that the spleen index was 1.70 and 2.58 on day 7, and continued to increase until death. A one hour iv pulse of tritiated deoxythymidine (3HdT) administered to experimental and control animals revealed a whole organ peak incorporation of 3HdT on day 6 in experimental spleens. A second larger peak occurred on day 10 in the experimental spleen as compared to a single peak at days 6 or 7, respectively, in the experimental mesenteric and combined superficial lymph nodes. However, analysis of the incorporation of 3HdT with respect to organ weight revealed a peak incorporation in animals receiving L cells on day 4--6 with a second smaller peak on day 10 in the experimental spleen and again a single peak on day 5 or 6 in the lymph nodes. Total 3HdT incorporation within both experimental lymph node compartments became less than controls by day 15 even though experimental nodes had a larger mass. 3HdT incorporation per milligram tissue weight decreased in all tissue compartments of experimental animals by day 13--14. The contribution of donor and host cell proliferation to the various peaks observed is discussed. | [
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|
PMID:12607 | 3H-deoxythymidine incorporation in graft-versus-host disease in the Norway rat. II. Autoradiographic studies. | A sequential analysis was made of various areas within the lymph nodes and spleen of newborn Brown Norway (BN) rats suffering from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) subsequent to an allogeneic injection of adult Lewis (L) lymph node cells (experimental). One micron thick autoradiographs were compared between such experimental and control littermates having received the same number of syngeneic adult BN cells. Both experimental and control animals received tritiated deoxythymidine (3HdT) one hour before killing. The autoradiographs revealed a 2.25 and 2.50 times higher thymidine labeling index of lymphocytes in the deep cortex of mesenteric lymph nodes and white pulp of the spleen, respectively, for experimental animals. The experimental effect occurred within one day. The majority of the labeled cells in experimental animals were large lymphoblasts with prominent nucleoli. The labeling index within these areas remained significantly higher than control values until day 8 in the spleen and through day 14 within the lymph nodes. However, differences in labeled cells present in high powered microscopic fields reached a peak on day 3 within compartments in experimental animals but fell significantly below control values by day 9 owing to a pronounced disappearance of both small and large lymphocytes from these areas, and a decreased intensity of individual cell labeling as the reaction progressed. In contradistinction the concentration of labeled cells present in high powered microscopic fields of lymph nodes' medulla became 3.13 times controls by day 4. Most of these labeled cells contained a more basophilic cytoplasm than those found in the deep cortex and some were distinctly plasma cell precursors. In contrast to the deep cortex their concentration remained approximately three times control values until death. The data indicates that the major proliferative events within the spleen and lymph nodes in neonatal rat GVHD are initially restricted to donor cell localization areas of these tissue compartments. Subsequently the GVHD-related events may be attributed to other areas and possibly cell types. Thus any proliferation contributing to splenomegaly in the latter stages of GVHD appears to occur in the red pulp and that contributing to lymph node enlargement a medullary response. | 3H-deoxythymidine incorporation in graft-versus-host disease in the Norway rat. II. Autoradiographic studies. A sequential analysis was made of various areas within the lymph nodes and spleen of newborn Brown Norway (BN) rats suffering from graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) subsequent to an allogeneic injection of adult Lewis (L) lymph node cells (experimental). One micron thick autoradiographs were compared between such experimental and control littermates having received the same number of syngeneic adult BN cells. Both experimental and control animals received tritiated deoxythymidine (3HdT) one hour before killing. The autoradiographs revealed a 2.25 and 2.50 times higher thymidine labeling index of lymphocytes in the deep cortex of mesenteric lymph nodes and white pulp of the spleen, respectively, for experimental animals. The experimental effect occurred within one day. The majority of the labeled cells in experimental animals were large lymphoblasts with prominent nucleoli. The labeling index within these areas remained significantly higher than control values until day 8 in the spleen and through day 14 within the lymph nodes. However, differences in labeled cells present in high powered microscopic fields reached a peak on day 3 within compartments in experimental animals but fell significantly below control values by day 9 owing to a pronounced disappearance of both small and large lymphocytes from these areas, and a decreased intensity of individual cell labeling as the reaction progressed. In contradistinction the concentration of labeled cells present in high powered microscopic fields of lymph nodes' medulla became 3.13 times controls by day 4. Most of these labeled cells contained a more basophilic cytoplasm than those found in the deep cortex and some were distinctly plasma cell precursors. In contrast to the deep cortex their concentration remained approximately three times control values until death. The data indicates that the major proliferative events within the spleen and lymph nodes in neonatal rat GVHD are initially restricted to donor cell localization areas of these tissue compartments. Subsequently the GVHD-related events may be attributed to other areas and possibly cell types. Thus any proliferation contributing to splenomegaly in the latter stages of GVHD appears to occur in the red pulp and that contributing to lymph node enlargement a medullary response. | [
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|
PMID:12615 | [Interaction of complex esters of hydroxyethylsulfones with DNA in vitro]. | The effect of a number of alkyl disulphones on the parameters of DNA melting following its treatment with the substances involved was studied under in vitro conditions: it was found that bis(acetyl oxyethylsulphonyl) methane and bis (formyl oxyethylsulphonyl) methane reduced the temperature of DNA melting. As a result of decomposition of oxyethylsulphone esters the corresponding vinylsulphones were formed. It is suggested that the parameters of DNA melting change under the influence of vinylsulphones being formed. There is some correlation between antitumor activity of alkyl disulphones and their capacity to interact with DNA. Inactive or insignificantly active substances would not influence the parameters of DNA melting, while the two substances under consideration possessed a high antitumor effect on ascites forms of animal tumors. | [Interaction of complex esters of hydroxyethylsulfones with DNA in vitro]. The effect of a number of alkyl disulphones on the parameters of DNA melting following its treatment with the substances involved was studied under in vitro conditions: it was found that bis(acetyl oxyethylsulphonyl) methane and bis (formyl oxyethylsulphonyl) methane reduced the temperature of DNA melting. As a result of decomposition of oxyethylsulphone esters the corresponding vinylsulphones were formed. It is suggested that the parameters of DNA melting change under the influence of vinylsulphones being formed. There is some correlation between antitumor activity of alkyl disulphones and their capacity to interact with DNA. Inactive or insignificantly active substances would not influence the parameters of DNA melting, while the two substances under consideration possessed a high antitumor effect on ascites forms of animal tumors. | [
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|
PMID:12616 | Contributions to the optimal use of human blood. VIII. Stability of blood coagulation factor VII during collection and storage of whole blood and plasma. | Investigations were performed concerning the influence of the pH on the stability of factor VIII during the collection of blood and during the storage of blood and plasma for varying periods and at varying temperatures. It was found that the low pH of ACD anticoagulant solution (pH 4.9) caused a loss of factor VIII procoagulant activity of 10-15% during the collection of blood. However, when less acidic anticoagulant solutions were used, substantial losses of factor VIII occurred during the storage of blood. We concluded that the optimal pH of both the anticoagulant solution and the stored blood, should be between 6.7 and 7.0. However, no anticoagulant solution is known that meets these requirements. In practice ACD ensures the highest recovery of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate, at least in those cases where the blood donations are stored for several hours before separation and freezing of the plasma. | Contributions to the optimal use of human blood. VIII. Stability of blood coagulation factor VII during collection and storage of whole blood and plasma. Investigations were performed concerning the influence of the pH on the stability of factor VIII during the collection of blood and during the storage of blood and plasma for varying periods and at varying temperatures. It was found that the low pH of ACD anticoagulant solution (pH 4.9) caused a loss of factor VIII procoagulant activity of 10-15% during the collection of blood. However, when less acidic anticoagulant solutions were used, substantial losses of factor VIII occurred during the storage of blood. We concluded that the optimal pH of both the anticoagulant solution and the stored blood, should be between 6.7 and 7.0. However, no anticoagulant solution is known that meets these requirements. In practice ACD ensures the highest recovery of factor VIII in cryoprecipitate, at least in those cases where the blood donations are stored for several hours before separation and freezing of the plasma. | [
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|
PMID:12617 | In vivo and in vitro activation of T-antigen receptors on leukocytes and platelets. | Serological studies on a patient whose red cells are polyagglutinable due to T activation have demonstrated concomitant T activity of the separated leukocytes and platelets. Normal leukocytes and platelets are not T active, but activation can be induced in vitro by treatment with neuraminidase or with pneumococcus type III filtrate. Such T-active cells absorb anti-T from Arachis hypogea lectin. Tests on idfferent types of separated leukocytes show that both neutrophils and lymphocytes have latent T antigen receptors. Neuraminidase treatment of platelets does not change their ability to promote clot retraction, to aggregate with ADP, or to take up serotonin. | In vivo and in vitro activation of T-antigen receptors on leukocytes and platelets. Serological studies on a patient whose red cells are polyagglutinable due to T activation have demonstrated concomitant T activity of the separated leukocytes and platelets. Normal leukocytes and platelets are not T active, but activation can be induced in vitro by treatment with neuraminidase or with pneumococcus type III filtrate. Such T-active cells absorb anti-T from Arachis hypogea lectin. Tests on idfferent types of separated leukocytes show that both neutrophils and lymphocytes have latent T antigen receptors. Neuraminidase treatment of platelets does not change their ability to promote clot retraction, to aggregate with ADP, or to take up serotonin. | [
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PMID:12619 | Neurochemistry and behavior in man. | The distribution and functions of certain neurotransmitter substances seem to correlate with clinical, anatomical and physiological evidence about the mediation of normal and abnormal behaviors in man, though much remains to be learned. The biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, receptors and reuptake mechanisms, and relationships to cyclic nucleotides for several major neurotransmitters are characterized, as well as the specific actions of many behavior-modifying drugs employed clinically. Experimental systems, including nerve cells in culture, permit tests of molecular actions inferred from biochemical and neurophysiological analyses in intact brain. This selective review emphasizes advances in neurochemistry which provide a context for current and future research on neurological and psychiatric disorders encountered in clinical practice. | Neurochemistry and behavior in man. The distribution and functions of certain neurotransmitter substances seem to correlate with clinical, anatomical and physiological evidence about the mediation of normal and abnormal behaviors in man, though much remains to be learned. The biosynthetic and metabolic pathways, receptors and reuptake mechanisms, and relationships to cyclic nucleotides for several major neurotransmitters are characterized, as well as the specific actions of many behavior-modifying drugs employed clinically. Experimental systems, including nerve cells in culture, permit tests of molecular actions inferred from biochemical and neurophysiological analyses in intact brain. This selective review emphasizes advances in neurochemistry which provide a context for current and future research on neurological and psychiatric disorders encountered in clinical practice. | [
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]
|
PMID:12621 | [Fermentation of pyruvate by 7 species of phototrophic purple bacteria]. | The dark, anaerobic fermentation of pyruvate under growth conditions was examined with the following species of phototrophic purple bacteria: Rhodospirillum rubrum strains Ha and S1, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa strain 2150, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain ATCC 17001, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strains Kb1 and 6950, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain ATCC 17023, and Chromatium vinosum strain D. Fermentation balances were established for all experiments. Under fermentative conditions cell protein and dry weight increased only slightly, if at all. The species differed considerably in their fermentative activity; R. rubrum and R. gelatinosa exhibited the highest rates (2-8 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h). R. acidophila and R. capsulata showed an intermediate fermentation rate (0.4--2.0 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h), while the other strains tested fermented at quite low rates (0.2-0.4 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h). The extremes of fermentation times were from 30-380 hours. Based on the products of fermentation which were formed in addition to acetate, formate, and CO2, the species can be grouped as follows: a) R. rubrum, R. gelatinosa, and R. sphaeroides additionally form propionate. b) R. gelatinosa, R. palustris, R. capsulata, R. sphaeroides, and C. vinosum additionally form lactate. R. palustris also produces butyrate. c) R. acidophila and R. capsulata additionally form much 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, and diacetyl. Small amounts of acetoin were formed by the rest of the strains. A comparison of the fermentation of pyruvate by normal and starved cells (4 days in the light without a carbon source) of R. rubrum and R. gelatinosa shows that the latter ferment more slowly and produce less acetate and formate, but more propionate or lactate. The fermentation of pyruvate by R. rubrum was also studied in cultures in which the pH fell (7.2--6.6). Compared with the fermentation at neutral pH (7.3, 7.4), the following differences were found: a slower fermentation rate, an increased production of dry weight, an increased formation of propionate, but a reduced formation of acetate and a very low production of formate. | [Fermentation of pyruvate by 7 species of phototrophic purple bacteria]. The dark, anaerobic fermentation of pyruvate under growth conditions was examined with the following species of phototrophic purple bacteria: Rhodospirillum rubrum strains Ha and S1, Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa strain 2150, Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 7050, Rhodopseudomonas palustris strain ATCC 17001, Rhodopseudomonas capsulata strains Kb1 and 6950, Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides strain ATCC 17023, and Chromatium vinosum strain D. Fermentation balances were established for all experiments. Under fermentative conditions cell protein and dry weight increased only slightly, if at all. The species differed considerably in their fermentative activity; R. rubrum and R. gelatinosa exhibited the highest rates (2-8 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h). R. acidophila and R. capsulata showed an intermediate fermentation rate (0.4--2.0 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h), while the other strains tested fermented at quite low rates (0.2-0.4 mumoles pyruvate/mg protein-h). The extremes of fermentation times were from 30-380 hours. Based on the products of fermentation which were formed in addition to acetate, formate, and CO2, the species can be grouped as follows: a) R. rubrum, R. gelatinosa, and R. sphaeroides additionally form propionate. b) R. gelatinosa, R. palustris, R. capsulata, R. sphaeroides, and C. vinosum additionally form lactate. R. palustris also produces butyrate. c) R. acidophila and R. capsulata additionally form much 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, and diacetyl. Small amounts of acetoin were formed by the rest of the strains. A comparison of the fermentation of pyruvate by normal and starved cells (4 days in the light without a carbon source) of R. rubrum and R. gelatinosa shows that the latter ferment more slowly and produce less acetate and formate, but more propionate or lactate. The fermentation of pyruvate by R. rubrum was also studied in cultures in which the pH fell (7.2--6.6). Compared with the fermentation at neutral pH (7.3, 7.4), the following differences were found: a slower fermentation rate, an increased production of dry weight, an increased formation of propionate, but a reduced formation of acetate and a very low production of formate. | [
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|
PMID:12625 | Purification and some properties of factor D of the human properdin system. | Factor D has been purified by gel and ion exchange chromatographies, and by ultrafiltration through different membranes. The final preparation appeared pure in various analytical tests. The molecular weight of human D is 21,500 according to gel chromatography, the isoelectric point was found at pH 7.8. Factor D is an active esterolytic enzyme, it cleaves N-alpha-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester and N-alpha-acetyl-L-glycyl-L-lysine methyl ester. Both peptide esters inhibit the hydrolytic activation of factor B by D in the presence of cobra venom factor. D is also inhibited by diisopropyl-fluorophosphate and by penylmethyl-sulfonyl-flouride. | Purification and some properties of factor D of the human properdin system. Factor D has been purified by gel and ion exchange chromatographies, and by ultrafiltration through different membranes. The final preparation appeared pure in various analytical tests. The molecular weight of human D is 21,500 according to gel chromatography, the isoelectric point was found at pH 7.8. Factor D is an active esterolytic enzyme, it cleaves N-alpha-acetyl-L-lysine methyl ester and N-alpha-acetyl-L-glycyl-L-lysine methyl ester. Both peptide esters inhibit the hydrolytic activation of factor B by D in the presence of cobra venom factor. D is also inhibited by diisopropyl-fluorophosphate and by penylmethyl-sulfonyl-flouride. | [
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|
PMID:12632 | Volatile degradation products of l-dehydroascorbic acid. | Volatile degradation products were isolated from a solution of L-dehydroascorbic acid in phosphate buffer solution of pH 2,4,6 and 8 heated under reflux for 3 h or left at 25 degrees C for 200 h. The products were identified by comparison of their gas chromatographic retention data, infra-red and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds. Fifteen products were identified, among which 12 had not yet been reported as degradation products of L-dehydroascorbic acid. Concentrations of 5 main degradation products, i.e. 3-hydroxy-2-pyrone, 2-furancarboxylic acid, 2-furaldehyde, acetic acid and 2-acetylfuran depended on the pH values and temperature; the presence of oxygen had no pronounced effect. | Volatile degradation products of l-dehydroascorbic acid. Volatile degradation products were isolated from a solution of L-dehydroascorbic acid in phosphate buffer solution of pH 2,4,6 and 8 heated under reflux for 3 h or left at 25 degrees C for 200 h. The products were identified by comparison of their gas chromatographic retention data, infra-red and mass spectra with those of authentic compounds. Fifteen products were identified, among which 12 had not yet been reported as degradation products of L-dehydroascorbic acid. Concentrations of 5 main degradation products, i.e. 3-hydroxy-2-pyrone, 2-furancarboxylic acid, 2-furaldehyde, acetic acid and 2-acetylfuran depended on the pH values and temperature; the presence of oxygen had no pronounced effect. | [
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|
PMID:12634 | Surface tension activity and paramorphogenic effect of sorbose, sodium desoxycholate, and griseofulvin on the growth of colonies of Chaetomium aureum Chivers. | Sorbose at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% levels, sodium-desoxycholate at 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125% levels, and griseofulvin at 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, and 0.010% levels restrict the growth of colonies of Chaetomium aureum, both at pH 6.5 and 7.0. Restriction of colonies was most effective with 0.7% sorbose, 0.1% sodium-desoxycholate, and 0.006% griseofulvin in the medium adjusted to pH 6.5. Surface tension activity of sorbose, sodium-desoxycholate, and griseofulvin in different concentrations was determined, following the usual standard method. | Surface tension activity and paramorphogenic effect of sorbose, sodium desoxycholate, and griseofulvin on the growth of colonies of Chaetomium aureum Chivers. Sorbose at 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% levels, sodium-desoxycholate at 0.025, 0.050, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125% levels, and griseofulvin at 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, and 0.010% levels restrict the growth of colonies of Chaetomium aureum, both at pH 6.5 and 7.0. Restriction of colonies was most effective with 0.7% sorbose, 0.1% sodium-desoxycholate, and 0.006% griseofulvin in the medium adjusted to pH 6.5. Surface tension activity of sorbose, sodium-desoxycholate, and griseofulvin in different concentrations was determined, following the usual standard method. | [
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|
PMID:12635 | [New findings on human prolactin]. | Since prolactin (HPRL) occurs as a separate pituitary hormone in man the paper will discuss results about the mechanisms involved regulation of HPRL secretion. A number of factors which lead to an increase in HPRL secretion are named. The clinical relevance of HPRL inhibiting substances as L-DOPA and 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine is mentioned. The influence of HPRL in pregnancy and lactation period is described also the regulative effect of HPRL on hormone-dependent breast tumors. | [New findings on human prolactin]. Since prolactin (HPRL) occurs as a separate pituitary hormone in man the paper will discuss results about the mechanisms involved regulation of HPRL secretion. A number of factors which lead to an increase in HPRL secretion are named. The clinical relevance of HPRL inhibiting substances as L-DOPA and 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine is mentioned. The influence of HPRL in pregnancy and lactation period is described also the regulative effect of HPRL on hormone-dependent breast tumors. | [
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|
PMID:12636 | [Production of obstetrical reports using a computer]. | A rational method of production of medical reports in obstetrics is reported. The basis of this method is the approved computer guided system (DOKUMEDA) in clinics of radiology. Advantages and disadvantages of using are discussed. | [Production of obstetrical reports using a computer]. A rational method of production of medical reports in obstetrics is reported. The basis of this method is the approved computer guided system (DOKUMEDA) in clinics of radiology. Advantages and disadvantages of using are discussed. | [
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|
PMID:12638 | Chitinase and beta-N-acetylglycosaminidase in the digestive juice of Helix pomatia. | A beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Helix pomatia digestive juice was separated and partly purified by gel chromatography. The optimal pH for the degradation of p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide was 3.4. The molecular weight was around 160 000 and the pI = 4.95. In the same gel chromatography run two chitinase active peaks were also obtained. These chitinase active peaks were also obtained. These chitinases, with molecular weights around 26 000 and 13 000, had somewhat different pH activity curves with optima at 4.2 and 4.3. By isoelectric focusing the first peak with molecular weight around 26 000 was divided in two chitinase active regions with pI at 5.7 and 3.5. The second peak with molecular weight around 13 000 had a pI at 7.3. | Chitinase and beta-N-acetylglycosaminidase in the digestive juice of Helix pomatia. A beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Helix pomatia digestive juice was separated and partly purified by gel chromatography. The optimal pH for the degradation of p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide was 3.4. The molecular weight was around 160 000 and the pI = 4.95. In the same gel chromatography run two chitinase active peaks were also obtained. These chitinase active peaks were also obtained. These chitinases, with molecular weights around 26 000 and 13 000, had somewhat different pH activity curves with optima at 4.2 and 4.3. By isoelectric focusing the first peak with molecular weight around 26 000 was divided in two chitinase active regions with pI at 5.7 and 3.5. The second peak with molecular weight around 13 000 had a pI at 7.3. | [
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PMID:12639 | Absorption of free and antibody-conjugated horseradish peroxidase to fixed glial cells in tissue culture, a possible source of error in immunohistochemistry. | Incubation of cellular preparations with antibody-conjugated peroxidase result in a very strong unspecific staining, for one electropolar binding of the basic enzymic protein with the cell structures. In immunohistochemical practice, it may represent an evil as import as when dealing with immunofluorescence techniques. This background can to a great extent be avoided by rinsing the preparations in buffer at pH = 6.2. | Absorption of free and antibody-conjugated horseradish peroxidase to fixed glial cells in tissue culture, a possible source of error in immunohistochemistry. Incubation of cellular preparations with antibody-conjugated peroxidase result in a very strong unspecific staining, for one electropolar binding of the basic enzymic protein with the cell structures. In immunohistochemical practice, it may represent an evil as import as when dealing with immunofluorescence techniques. This background can to a great extent be avoided by rinsing the preparations in buffer at pH = 6.2. | [
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PMID:12647 | Effect of continuous positive airway pressure breathing on cardiorespiratory function in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. | A method of investigating the cardiorespiratory responses to continuous positive airway presslre (CPAP) in infants with respiratory distress syndrome is described. All measurements were made immediately before and within five minutes of application or any change in level of CPAP. Ventilation was derived from a pneumotachograph and dynamic compliance calculated. We have also measured arterial pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure. Arterial oxygen tension increased in association with a decrease in the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. No consistent changes occurred in pH or carbon dioxide tension. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure remained the same but the arterial pulse pressure narrowed and the increase in central venous pressure averaged 17% of the applied airway pressure. There were less variations in both tidal volumes and instantaneous respiratory rates with CPAP compared with spontaneous breathing without CPAP. The respiratory rate decreased, but there were no consistent changes in tidal volume, resulting in a lesser reduction of minute ventilation. Dynamic compliance decreased on CPAP. With correct use of CPAP, and improvement in oxygenation generally occurs without obvious adverse cardiorespiratory effects. CPAP must nevertheless be used cautiously and in conjunction with close monitoring; because when the appropriate pressures are exceeded, it is possible that both circulatory and ventilatory function might be severely compromised. | Effect of continuous positive airway pressure breathing on cardiorespiratory function in infants with respiratory distress syndrome. A method of investigating the cardiorespiratory responses to continuous positive airway presslre (CPAP) in infants with respiratory distress syndrome is described. All measurements were made immediately before and within five minutes of application or any change in level of CPAP. Ventilation was derived from a pneumotachograph and dynamic compliance calculated. We have also measured arterial pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions, arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure. Arterial oxygen tension increased in association with a decrease in the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. No consistent changes occurred in pH or carbon dioxide tension. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure remained the same but the arterial pulse pressure narrowed and the increase in central venous pressure averaged 17% of the applied airway pressure. There were less variations in both tidal volumes and instantaneous respiratory rates with CPAP compared with spontaneous breathing without CPAP. The respiratory rate decreased, but there were no consistent changes in tidal volume, resulting in a lesser reduction of minute ventilation. Dynamic compliance decreased on CPAP. With correct use of CPAP, and improvement in oxygenation generally occurs without obvious adverse cardiorespiratory effects. CPAP must nevertheless be used cautiously and in conjunction with close monitoring; because when the appropriate pressures are exceeded, it is possible that both circulatory and ventilatory function might be severely compromised. | [
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|
PMID:12648 | The protective action of certain anaesthetics and tranquilizers against the effects of hyperbaric oxygen. | The protective effects of pentobarbitone, hydroxydione and diazepam against acute and chronic toxicity of high-pressure oxygen (HPO) were studied in rats. During exposure to hyperbaric oxygen body temperature was measured and ECG as well as EMG tracings from the diaphragm were obtained. Long term observations of animals after the exposure to HPO were conducted. Pentobarbitone and hydroxydione reduced the manifestations of acute toxicity but increased those of chronic toxicity. Diazepam reduced the manifestations of acute toxicity and seemed to counteract those of chronic toxicity. Lowering of body temperature of the animals which occurred during exposure to HPO was probably connected with manifestations of chronic toxicity. Observation of the cardiorespiratory functions suggested a possible connection between their disturbances and an onset of seizures and development of oxygen-induced paralysis. | The protective action of certain anaesthetics and tranquilizers against the effects of hyperbaric oxygen. The protective effects of pentobarbitone, hydroxydione and diazepam against acute and chronic toxicity of high-pressure oxygen (HPO) were studied in rats. During exposure to hyperbaric oxygen body temperature was measured and ECG as well as EMG tracings from the diaphragm were obtained. Long term observations of animals after the exposure to HPO were conducted. Pentobarbitone and hydroxydione reduced the manifestations of acute toxicity but increased those of chronic toxicity. Diazepam reduced the manifestations of acute toxicity and seemed to counteract those of chronic toxicity. Lowering of body temperature of the animals which occurred during exposure to HPO was probably connected with manifestations of chronic toxicity. Observation of the cardiorespiratory functions suggested a possible connection between their disturbances and an onset of seizures and development of oxygen-induced paralysis. | [
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PMID:12653 | Present state of alpha and beta adrenergic drugs III. Beta blocking agents. | The beta blocking agents are valuable drugs in cardiology. They are effective in any fast arrhythmia. Together with nitroglycerin, beta blockers are drugs of first choice in angina. As antihypertensives, they have advantages that should make them drugs of first choice. For migraine the beta blockers are equal to any other type of drug. With more study their place in treating anxiety will be clarified. And without question other uses will be found. It is difficult for this author to understand the attitude of the FDA to this class of drugs. To limit the American physician to only one drug in this large group of drugs is unheard of. Although it can be argued that propranolol is the best one, there are obvious cases where another drug would be better. For example, propranolol induces nightmares in a few patients. There is evidence to show that timolol does this less frequently. FDA delay in approval of propranolol for essential hypertension is totally incomprehensible. Other approved drugs are less effective and much more toxic. Propranolol, and the other beta blockers, are safe and effective. The adverse beta effects are easily controlled or avoided. The other adverse effects are no more frequent than with any other class of drugs, and all are reversible. It is to be hoped that science and common sense will prevail over bureaucratic indecision. | Present state of alpha and beta adrenergic drugs III. Beta blocking agents. The beta blocking agents are valuable drugs in cardiology. They are effective in any fast arrhythmia. Together with nitroglycerin, beta blockers are drugs of first choice in angina. As antihypertensives, they have advantages that should make them drugs of first choice. For migraine the beta blockers are equal to any other type of drug. With more study their place in treating anxiety will be clarified. And without question other uses will be found. It is difficult for this author to understand the attitude of the FDA to this class of drugs. To limit the American physician to only one drug in this large group of drugs is unheard of. Although it can be argued that propranolol is the best one, there are obvious cases where another drug would be better. For example, propranolol induces nightmares in a few patients. There is evidence to show that timolol does this less frequently. FDA delay in approval of propranolol for essential hypertension is totally incomprehensible. Other approved drugs are less effective and much more toxic. Propranolol, and the other beta blockers, are safe and effective. The adverse beta effects are easily controlled or avoided. The other adverse effects are no more frequent than with any other class of drugs, and all are reversible. It is to be hoped that science and common sense will prevail over bureaucratic indecision. | [
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|
PMID:12652 | Effects of the H1-antagonist promethazine and the H2-antagonist burimamide on chronotropic, inotropic and coronary vascular responses to histamine in isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts. | On guinea-pig atria part of the inotropic response to histamine is attributable to a concomitant increase of the frequency [7]. Since the chronotropic effect of histamine is mediated by a stimulation of H2-receptors a direct interaction of histamine with H1-receptors a direct interaction of histamine with H1-receptors mediating the inotropic response on heart may be overlooked. For this reason the ability of the H1-antagonist promethazine and the H2-antagonist burimamide to inhibit the positive chronotropic, inotropic and coronary vascular responses to histamine was determined in spontaneously beating and electrically driven perfused guinea-pig hearts. (1) Burimamide produced a competitive blockade of the positive chrono- and inotropic responses to histamine. (2) On the other hand, promethazine in concentrations that had no effect on cardiac function by itself, proved to be ineffective against the positive chrono- and inotropic responses produced by histamine on spontaneously beating and electrically driven heart preparations. (3) The predominant coronary vasodilation observed after infusion with histamine was competitively antagonized by promethazine and burimamide. This blockade was not attributable to an interaction with myocardial H2-receptors mediating increases in heart rate and contractility and was, therefore, direct in nature. (4) Based upon the present study and former investigations [7] the following distribution of different histamine receptors in the guinea-pig heart does exist: H1-receptors are present in the atrial muscle and the coronary vascular bed. H2-receptors are located in the sinus node, the ventricular myocardium and the coronary vessels. | Effects of the H1-antagonist promethazine and the H2-antagonist burimamide on chronotropic, inotropic and coronary vascular responses to histamine in isolated perfused guinea-pig hearts. On guinea-pig atria part of the inotropic response to histamine is attributable to a concomitant increase of the frequency [7]. Since the chronotropic effect of histamine is mediated by a stimulation of H2-receptors a direct interaction of histamine with H1-receptors a direct interaction of histamine with H1-receptors mediating the inotropic response on heart may be overlooked. For this reason the ability of the H1-antagonist promethazine and the H2-antagonist burimamide to inhibit the positive chronotropic, inotropic and coronary vascular responses to histamine was determined in spontaneously beating and electrically driven perfused guinea-pig hearts. (1) Burimamide produced a competitive blockade of the positive chrono- and inotropic responses to histamine. (2) On the other hand, promethazine in concentrations that had no effect on cardiac function by itself, proved to be ineffective against the positive chrono- and inotropic responses produced by histamine on spontaneously beating and electrically driven heart preparations. (3) The predominant coronary vasodilation observed after infusion with histamine was competitively antagonized by promethazine and burimamide. This blockade was not attributable to an interaction with myocardial H2-receptors mediating increases in heart rate and contractility and was, therefore, direct in nature. (4) Based upon the present study and former investigations [7] the following distribution of different histamine receptors in the guinea-pig heart does exist: H1-receptors are present in the atrial muscle and the coronary vascular bed. H2-receptors are located in the sinus node, the ventricular myocardium and the coronary vessels. | [
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|
PMID:12655 | Takayasu's arteritis. Clinical study of 107 cases. | The clinical experience derived from the retrospective study of 107 cases of TA over a 19 year period is presented. The disease predominated in females (8.5:1), with age of onset usually less than 20 years. In half of the cases an acute inflammatory phase was observed, characterized mainly by systemic and cardiovascular symptoms. Subsequently the natural course of TA was toward chronicity with gradual deterioration. The most frequent variety of TA (65 per cent of the patients) was Type III, in which the supra-aortic trunks and the abdominal aorta were involved. The predominant clinical features were reduction of amplitude of peripheral arterial pulses (96 per cent), vascular bruits (94 per cent), and raised blood pressure (72 per cent), mainly resulting from renal arterial involvement (62 per cent). Heart failure (28 per cent) is rarely the result of direct coronary arteritis. TA is most often confused with aortic coarctation, but usually the aortogram distinguishes these. The etiology of TA is discussed. The high incidence of previous and present active tuberculous (48 per cent) in the present series and previous experimental work suggest that tuberculosis may play an important role in the etiology of TA. Treatment for antihypertension and heart failure should be employed when indicated. Treatment with corticosteroids requires further evaluation. Treatment for tuberculosis is not justified in all cases until the exact role of tuberculosis is well established. | Takayasu's arteritis. Clinical study of 107 cases. The clinical experience derived from the retrospective study of 107 cases of TA over a 19 year period is presented. The disease predominated in females (8.5:1), with age of onset usually less than 20 years. In half of the cases an acute inflammatory phase was observed, characterized mainly by systemic and cardiovascular symptoms. Subsequently the natural course of TA was toward chronicity with gradual deterioration. The most frequent variety of TA (65 per cent of the patients) was Type III, in which the supra-aortic trunks and the abdominal aorta were involved. The predominant clinical features were reduction of amplitude of peripheral arterial pulses (96 per cent), vascular bruits (94 per cent), and raised blood pressure (72 per cent), mainly resulting from renal arterial involvement (62 per cent). Heart failure (28 per cent) is rarely the result of direct coronary arteritis. TA is most often confused with aortic coarctation, but usually the aortogram distinguishes these. The etiology of TA is discussed. The high incidence of previous and present active tuberculous (48 per cent) in the present series and previous experimental work suggest that tuberculosis may play an important role in the etiology of TA. Treatment for antihypertension and heart failure should be employed when indicated. Treatment with corticosteroids requires further evaluation. Treatment for tuberculosis is not justified in all cases until the exact role of tuberculosis is well established. | [
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|
PMID:12656 | Effect of antiserum on transplantable hematopoietic colony-forming units during Rauscher leukemia development. | Studies have been carried out to determine the sensitivity of hematopoietic CFU-S from Rauscher leukemic mice to an antiserum against the disease prepared in syngeneic mice. Test of this antiserum against Rauscher virus prior to injection showed it to be effective both in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, normal serum was shown to be without effect either against the CFU-S or against the virus. Spleen CFU-S were obtained from control and leukemic mice over a sequence of days following Rauscher virus injection and assayed by transplantation technique. Prior to transplantation these were incubated in vitro in either normal syngeneic serum or syngeneic antiserum. Incubation with antiserum had no effect on CFU-S obtained from the spleens of normal mice. However, incubation in this antiserum of spleen CFU-S from Rauscher leukemic mice resulted in a reduction of up to 50% in their colony-forming ability. Additional tests with guinea pig complement suggested that the levels of inactivation seen are not complement limited. This antiserum-induced reduction in colony formation was first evident in the second week after the injection of virus, coincident with the onset of splenomegaly in the leukemic mice. Thereafter, sensitivity of CFU-S to the antiserlm could be detected up to the terminal point of the leukemia (44 days). | Effect of antiserum on transplantable hematopoietic colony-forming units during Rauscher leukemia development. Studies have been carried out to determine the sensitivity of hematopoietic CFU-S from Rauscher leukemic mice to an antiserum against the disease prepared in syngeneic mice. Test of this antiserum against Rauscher virus prior to injection showed it to be effective both in vitro and in vivo. At the same time, normal serum was shown to be without effect either against the CFU-S or against the virus. Spleen CFU-S were obtained from control and leukemic mice over a sequence of days following Rauscher virus injection and assayed by transplantation technique. Prior to transplantation these were incubated in vitro in either normal syngeneic serum or syngeneic antiserum. Incubation with antiserum had no effect on CFU-S obtained from the spleens of normal mice. However, incubation in this antiserum of spleen CFU-S from Rauscher leukemic mice resulted in a reduction of up to 50% in their colony-forming ability. Additional tests with guinea pig complement suggested that the levels of inactivation seen are not complement limited. This antiserum-induced reduction in colony formation was first evident in the second week after the injection of virus, coincident with the onset of splenomegaly in the leukemic mice. Thereafter, sensitivity of CFU-S to the antiserlm could be detected up to the terminal point of the leukemia (44 days). | [
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|
PMID:12657 | Multiple endocrine adenomas in a patient with the Maffucci syndrome. | A patient with multiple cutaneous hemangiomas and skeletal dyschondroplasia (the Maffucci syndrome) was found to have a pituitary chromophobe adenoma, a parathyroid adenoma and two other neoplasms. The presence of two endocrine tumors suggested the syndrome of multiple endocrine adenomatosis, and raised the issue of an etiologic relationship between this disease and the Maffucci syndrome. Dyschondroplasia, however, has no known influence on the secretion of parathyroid hormone or any of the pituitary hormones. The Maffucci syndrome is associated with a high incidence of malignancy, but it involves primarily mesodermal derivatives whereas multiple endocrine adenomatosis affects tissues of ectodermal origin. The association of the two in our patient is probably fortuitous. | Multiple endocrine adenomas in a patient with the Maffucci syndrome. A patient with multiple cutaneous hemangiomas and skeletal dyschondroplasia (the Maffucci syndrome) was found to have a pituitary chromophobe adenoma, a parathyroid adenoma and two other neoplasms. The presence of two endocrine tumors suggested the syndrome of multiple endocrine adenomatosis, and raised the issue of an etiologic relationship between this disease and the Maffucci syndrome. Dyschondroplasia, however, has no known influence on the secretion of parathyroid hormone or any of the pituitary hormones. The Maffucci syndrome is associated with a high incidence of malignancy, but it involves primarily mesodermal derivatives whereas multiple endocrine adenomatosis affects tissues of ectodermal origin. The association of the two in our patient is probably fortuitous. | [
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|
PMID:12660 | A study of the relationship between Goodwin's high-risk score and fetal outcome. | Correlation between Goodwin's high-risk score and Apgar score was studied in 266 pregnancies managed with the use of the information from clinical monitoring. The correlation coefficients between Goodwin's score and Apgar scores were -0.3178 for one-minute Apgar scores and -0.2668 for five-minute Apgar scores. Both are significant at the level of p less than 0.001. When the patients were divided into two groups by Goodwin's score, fetuses of the group with the higher score (greater than or equal to 4) were significantly more acidotic than those of the group with the lower score. Therefore, Goodwin's high-risk scoring system is simple and useful in the selection of potential risk patients. | A study of the relationship between Goodwin's high-risk score and fetal outcome. Correlation between Goodwin's high-risk score and Apgar score was studied in 266 pregnancies managed with the use of the information from clinical monitoring. The correlation coefficients between Goodwin's score and Apgar scores were -0.3178 for one-minute Apgar scores and -0.2668 for five-minute Apgar scores. Both are significant at the level of p less than 0.001. When the patients were divided into two groups by Goodwin's score, fetuses of the group with the higher score (greater than or equal to 4) were significantly more acidotic than those of the group with the lower score. Therefore, Goodwin's high-risk scoring system is simple and useful in the selection of potential risk patients. | [
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|
PMID:12661 | Pathologic scar formation. Morphologic and biochemical correlates. | Morphologic and biochemical analyses were performed to compare normal skin and mature scars to hypertrophic scar and keloid. Correlation of morphologic findings with biochemical profiles of the skin and scar samples proved feasible and enlightening. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the architectural arrangement of collagen fibers in skin and scars. Cultured fibroblasts from each specimen were also examined with the SEM. A biochemical profile of each tissue specimen was constructed, characterizing the collagen component of the specimen by sequential molecular sieve and ion exchange chromatography to determine a) the degree of intermolecular crosslinking, b) amino acid analysis, and c) levels of lysyl oxidase activity. Results indicate that collagen fibers and fiber bundles display a decreasing level of organization as the clinical degree of scar abnormality increases, and this structural gradient correlates with the gradient of intermolecular crosslinking in the same tissue--normal skin and mature scar being highly crosslinked, hypertrophic and keloid successively less so. Surprisingly, the level of the crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase is normal or elevated in hypertrophic scar and keloid despite the relative lack of crosslinking. Amino acid content was uniform for all specimens. Scanning electron microscopy examination of cultured fibroblasts from the tissue specimens demonstrated three phenotypically distinctive fibroblasts whose numerical and volumetric proportions correlated with the tissue of origin. | Pathologic scar formation. Morphologic and biochemical correlates. Morphologic and biochemical analyses were performed to compare normal skin and mature scars to hypertrophic scar and keloid. Correlation of morphologic findings with biochemical profiles of the skin and scar samples proved feasible and enlightening. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the architectural arrangement of collagen fibers in skin and scars. Cultured fibroblasts from each specimen were also examined with the SEM. A biochemical profile of each tissue specimen was constructed, characterizing the collagen component of the specimen by sequential molecular sieve and ion exchange chromatography to determine a) the degree of intermolecular crosslinking, b) amino acid analysis, and c) levels of lysyl oxidase activity. Results indicate that collagen fibers and fiber bundles display a decreasing level of organization as the clinical degree of scar abnormality increases, and this structural gradient correlates with the gradient of intermolecular crosslinking in the same tissue--normal skin and mature scar being highly crosslinked, hypertrophic and keloid successively less so. Surprisingly, the level of the crosslinking enzyme lysyl oxidase is normal or elevated in hypertrophic scar and keloid despite the relative lack of crosslinking. Amino acid content was uniform for all specimens. Scanning electron microscopy examination of cultured fibroblasts from the tissue specimens demonstrated three phenotypically distinctive fibroblasts whose numerical and volumetric proportions correlated with the tissue of origin. | [
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|
PMID:12659 | Hyperlactatemia and hemolysis in G6PD deficiency after nitrofurantoin ingestion. | A 69-year-old man with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was treated with nitrofurantoin for pyuria. Four days later he presented with metabolic acidosis due to excess lactic acid, a decline in curculating hemoglobin, reticulocytosis, elevated serum transaminase levels, and hyperbilirubinemia. The drug was withdrawn and the hyperlactatemia subsided in three days without specific treatment. In vitro, nitrofurantoin is capable of stimulating erythrocyte glucose utilization aand lactate production, and inhibiting the generation of reduced glutathione. In vivo, this drug is capable of producing hemolysis in susceptible subjects and hepatocellular injury. The temporal proximity of drug ingestion and hemolysis, increased glucose utilization, lactate excess, and hepatic insufficiency suggests that nitrofurantoin may have been responisble for precipitating the clinical and chemical abnormalities observed. | Hyperlactatemia and hemolysis in G6PD deficiency after nitrofurantoin ingestion. A 69-year-old man with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was treated with nitrofurantoin for pyuria. Four days later he presented with metabolic acidosis due to excess lactic acid, a decline in curculating hemoglobin, reticulocytosis, elevated serum transaminase levels, and hyperbilirubinemia. The drug was withdrawn and the hyperlactatemia subsided in three days without specific treatment. In vitro, nitrofurantoin is capable of stimulating erythrocyte glucose utilization aand lactate production, and inhibiting the generation of reduced glutathione. In vivo, this drug is capable of producing hemolysis in susceptible subjects and hepatocellular injury. The temporal proximity of drug ingestion and hemolysis, increased glucose utilization, lactate excess, and hepatic insufficiency suggests that nitrofurantoin may have been responisble for precipitating the clinical and chemical abnormalities observed. | [
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|
PMID:12662 | Effect of pH on ammonia production by renal mitochondria. | NH3 production by renal cortical mitochondria was studied under conditions of metabolic acidosis induced in vivo and with pH manipulations of the media bathing mitochondria from normal rats. A HCO3- medium equilibrated with O2 and CO2 was utilized with glutamine concentrations of either 10 or 0.5 mM. With chronic acidosis NH3 production increased significantly at either substrate concentration. Similar results were obtained with rotenone in the media, both with chronic acidosis and with acidosis of 3 h duration, indicating that increased glutamine entry and/or phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) activity accounts for the increased ammoniagenesis. In contrast to acidosis induced in vivo, mitochondria from normal rats subjected to a diminution in medium pH, either by manipulation of HCO3 concentration or PCO2, significantly decrease NH3 production. Mitochondrial studies with rotenone, as well as studies of solubilized PDG, suggest that a low pH diminishes NH3 production by directly altering PDG activity. Furthermore, regardless of the specifics of the mechanism, these studies indicate that adaptation to metabolic acidosis is not the immediate, direct result of a change in pH. | Effect of pH on ammonia production by renal mitochondria. NH3 production by renal cortical mitochondria was studied under conditions of metabolic acidosis induced in vivo and with pH manipulations of the media bathing mitochondria from normal rats. A HCO3- medium equilibrated with O2 and CO2 was utilized with glutamine concentrations of either 10 or 0.5 mM. With chronic acidosis NH3 production increased significantly at either substrate concentration. Similar results were obtained with rotenone in the media, both with chronic acidosis and with acidosis of 3 h duration, indicating that increased glutamine entry and/or phosphate-dependent glutaminase (PDG) activity accounts for the increased ammoniagenesis. In contrast to acidosis induced in vivo, mitochondria from normal rats subjected to a diminution in medium pH, either by manipulation of HCO3 concentration or PCO2, significantly decrease NH3 production. Mitochondrial studies with rotenone, as well as studies of solubilized PDG, suggest that a low pH diminishes NH3 production by directly altering PDG activity. Furthermore, regardless of the specifics of the mechanism, these studies indicate that adaptation to metabolic acidosis is not the immediate, direct result of a change in pH. | [
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|
PMID:12658 | Renal hemodynamics in drug-overdosed patients. | Effective renal plasms flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), as determined by a radioisotopic method, were evaluated in seven heroin-overdosage patients (Group I) and 7 hypnotic-sedative-analgesic overdosage patients (Group II). No patient had evidence of shock. There was no significant intergroup differences in PaO2, PaCO2, pH, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output, or serum creatinine levels. Group I patients had lower ERPF and GFR compared to Group II (271 +/- 182.8 vs. 580 +/- 62 cc/min and 62.4 +/- 32.6 vs. 102.9 +/- 12.8 cc/min, respectively, p less than 0.005). We conclude that compared to hypnotic-sedative-analagesic overdosed patients heroin overdosed patients heroin overdosed patients have more profoundly altered renal hemodynamics. | Renal hemodynamics in drug-overdosed patients. Effective renal plasms flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), as determined by a radioisotopic method, were evaluated in seven heroin-overdosage patients (Group I) and 7 hypnotic-sedative-analgesic overdosage patients (Group II). No patient had evidence of shock. There was no significant intergroup differences in PaO2, PaCO2, pH, blood pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output, or serum creatinine levels. Group I patients had lower ERPF and GFR compared to Group II (271 +/- 182.8 vs. 580 +/- 62 cc/min and 62.4 +/- 32.6 vs. 102.9 +/- 12.8 cc/min, respectively, p less than 0.005). We conclude that compared to hypnotic-sedative-analagesic overdosed patients heroin overdosed patients heroin overdosed patients have more profoundly altered renal hemodynamics. | [
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PMID:12663 | pH environmental of red cells in the spleen. | Intrasplenic pH in vivo was deduced from measurements on blood drained from cat spleen during contraction with the inflow occluded. The pH of blood in the red pulp is normally 7.20, but stasis or reduced flow through the pulp causes pH to fall toward 6.8. The splenic pulp contains blood of high hematocrit. To evaluate the role of buffering by the red cells themselves, intrasplenic p/ in red cell-free spleens was, therefore, estimated atering and leaving the spleen during red cell washout. At inflow pH less than 6.8 the outflow pH was raised, at inflow pH = 6.8 there was no change, b,t at inflow pH greater than 6.8 the outflow pH was lowered. These results indicate that the pH environment of red cells in the spleen results indicate that the pH environment of red cells in the spleen results from the interplay of two separate factors: i) pH-determining elements of the splenic tissue that buffer at 6.8, and ii) buffering provided by red cells passing through the pulp. | pH environmental of red cells in the spleen. Intrasplenic pH in vivo was deduced from measurements on blood drained from cat spleen during contraction with the inflow occluded. The pH of blood in the red pulp is normally 7.20, but stasis or reduced flow through the pulp causes pH to fall toward 6.8. The splenic pulp contains blood of high hematocrit. To evaluate the role of buffering by the red cells themselves, intrasplenic p/ in red cell-free spleens was, therefore, estimated atering and leaving the spleen during red cell washout. At inflow pH less than 6.8 the outflow pH was raised, at inflow pH = 6.8 there was no change, b,t at inflow pH greater than 6.8 the outflow pH was lowered. These results indicate that the pH environment of red cells in the spleen results indicate that the pH environment of red cells in the spleen results from the interplay of two separate factors: i) pH-determining elements of the splenic tissue that buffer at 6.8, and ii) buffering provided by red cells passing through the pulp. | [
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|
PMID:12664 | Response to angiotensins I and II and to AI-converting-enzyme inhibitor in a shark. | The spiny dogfish shark, which does not have renal juxtaglomerular cells, exhibits a strong pressor response to both angiotensin I and II. A nonapeptide, angiotensin I-converting-enzyme inhibitor, blocks the pressor response to angiotensin I in this fish. The pressor response to both angiotensin II and norepinephrine is completely blocked by the adrenergic blocking drug phentolamine. | Response to angiotensins I and II and to AI-converting-enzyme inhibitor in a shark. The spiny dogfish shark, which does not have renal juxtaglomerular cells, exhibits a strong pressor response to both angiotensin I and II. A nonapeptide, angiotensin I-converting-enzyme inhibitor, blocks the pressor response to angiotensin I in this fish. The pressor response to both angiotensin II and norepinephrine is completely blocked by the adrenergic blocking drug phentolamine. | [
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|
PMID:12665 | A comparison of high- and low-dose lorazepam with amylobarbitone in patients with anxiety states. | A double-blind crossover trial comparing lorazepam at two dosage levels with amylobarbitone supported previous reports of the effective anxiolytic action of the drug. Evaluation of the patients' responses during each week of treatment was based on a physician's weekly rating and on daily self-rating by patients. The results were analyzed by sequential and nonsequential analyses. The main side effect of the drug was drowsiness, which occurred to a clinically significant degree among the high-dose group of patients. The authors emphasize the value of two dosage trials, particularly in devising subsequent flexible individual treatment regimens. | A comparison of high- and low-dose lorazepam with amylobarbitone in patients with anxiety states. A double-blind crossover trial comparing lorazepam at two dosage levels with amylobarbitone supported previous reports of the effective anxiolytic action of the drug. Evaluation of the patients' responses during each week of treatment was based on a physician's weekly rating and on daily self-rating by patients. The results were analyzed by sequential and nonsequential analyses. The main side effect of the drug was drowsiness, which occurred to a clinically significant degree among the high-dose group of patients. The authors emphasize the value of two dosage trials, particularly in devising subsequent flexible individual treatment regimens. | [
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|
PMID:12666 | Tardive dyskinesia: are first signs reversible? | Although tardive dyskinesia, a serious and sometimes irreversible side effect of antipsychotic drug use, is becoming increasingly common, there is still considerable confusion concerning the course of the syndrome. The authors observed 12 psychiatric patients with tardive dyskinesia from the inception of the syndrome. They found that first symptoms rarely persisted if antipsychotics were discontinued and concluded that the length of time symptoms have persisted prior to drug discontinuation, not age at onset, may be the major variable determining reversibility of the syndrome. | Tardive dyskinesia: are first signs reversible? Although tardive dyskinesia, a serious and sometimes irreversible side effect of antipsychotic drug use, is becoming increasingly common, there is still considerable confusion concerning the course of the syndrome. The authors observed 12 psychiatric patients with tardive dyskinesia from the inception of the syndrome. They found that first symptoms rarely persisted if antipsychotics were discontinued and concluded that the length of time symptoms have persisted prior to drug discontinuation, not age at onset, may be the major variable determining reversibility of the syndrome. | [
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|
PMID:12668 | Timor filariasis: epidemiologic and clinical features in a defined community. | The epidemiology of Timor filariasis was observed during a clinical and parasitologic survey of persons living in a remote village on the island of Flores, Southeast Indonesia. Infection and disease was distributed evenly throughout the community, which was in accord with the breeding and feeding habits of the only identified vector, Anopheles barbirostris. Although micfofilaremia rates appeared independent of host variables of age and sexes and sex, symptoms of disease were greater among males than females, and in both sexes disease rates more than doubled between the first and second decades of life. Symptoms included recurring episodes of inguinal and femoral lymphadenitis with retrograde lymphangitis and fever, abscesses of lymph glands or vessels along the path of the great sapheneous vein and its mae highest yet reported for the Timor filaria; it is a virulent parasite causing serious ill-health among the inhabitants of eastern Flores. | Timor filariasis: epidemiologic and clinical features in a defined community. The epidemiology of Timor filariasis was observed during a clinical and parasitologic survey of persons living in a remote village on the island of Flores, Southeast Indonesia. Infection and disease was distributed evenly throughout the community, which was in accord with the breeding and feeding habits of the only identified vector, Anopheles barbirostris. Although micfofilaremia rates appeared independent of host variables of age and sexes and sex, symptoms of disease were greater among males than females, and in both sexes disease rates more than doubled between the first and second decades of life. Symptoms included recurring episodes of inguinal and femoral lymphadenitis with retrograde lymphangitis and fever, abscesses of lymph glands or vessels along the path of the great sapheneous vein and its mae highest yet reported for the Timor filaria; it is a virulent parasite causing serious ill-health among the inhabitants of eastern Flores. | [
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|
PMID:12669 | Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955-1974. | Research and surveillance programs relating to the circulation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in Florida between 1955 and 1974 are summarized. All available data suggest that EEE virus is 1) endemic in many Florida fresh water swamps and waterways, 2) active in a continuous cycle throughout the year with a peak between May and August, and 3) circulating in Culiseta melanura. It has been isolated also from eight other mosquito species. | Endemic eastern equine encephalomyelitis in Florida: a twenty-year analysis, 1955-1974. Research and surveillance programs relating to the circulation of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) virus in Florida between 1955 and 1974 are summarized. All available data suggest that EEE virus is 1) endemic in many Florida fresh water swamps and waterways, 2) active in a continuous cycle throughout the year with a peak between May and August, and 3) circulating in Culiseta melanura. It has been isolated also from eight other mosquito species. | [
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|
PMID:12673 | [Anesthetic considerations in patients with CAD (author's transl)]. | The primary aim during anesthetic management of the patient with coronary artery disease is prevention of imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Since oxygen supply is limited by restriction of coronary blood flow, prevention of increases in demand plus maintenance of supply, rather than increases in supply, will achieve this aim. The major determinants of myocardial oxygen demand are mechanical, i.e. (a) left ventricular wall tension, dependent in turn upon systolic pressure and ventricular volumn, (b) velocity of contraction, and (c) heart rate. Systolic pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and heart rate monitoring will alert the anesthetist to increases associated with an enhanced oxygen demand. Decreased arterial diastolic and increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure are associated with decreased supply. By appropriate manipulation of these variables and avoidance of episodes of myocardial ischemia, the perioperative morbidity and mortality rates associated with coronary artery disease may be decreased. | [Anesthetic considerations in patients with CAD (author's transl)]. The primary aim during anesthetic management of the patient with coronary artery disease is prevention of imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Since oxygen supply is limited by restriction of coronary blood flow, prevention of increases in demand plus maintenance of supply, rather than increases in supply, will achieve this aim. The major determinants of myocardial oxygen demand are mechanical, i.e. (a) left ventricular wall tension, dependent in turn upon systolic pressure and ventricular volumn, (b) velocity of contraction, and (c) heart rate. Systolic pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and heart rate monitoring will alert the anesthetist to increases associated with an enhanced oxygen demand. Decreased arterial diastolic and increased pulmonary capillary wedge pressure are associated with decreased supply. By appropriate manipulation of these variables and avoidance of episodes of myocardial ischemia, the perioperative morbidity and mortality rates associated with coronary artery disease may be decreased. | [
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|
PMID:12674 | [Effect of combined application of halothane and some central depressants (author's transl)]. | The combined effects of halothane and various central depressants were studied in mice by means of an isobolographic method which allows the statistical evaluation of interactions. A loss of the righting reflex for at least 2 min was taken as the criterion for the synchronisation of the peak time of drug effects. All interactions turned out to be supra-additive, more pronounced in the case of diazepam and flunitrazepam than in the case of medazepam, pentobarbitone or ethanol. The organic solvent used for the solution of diazepam and flunitrazepam was found to contribute to the observed interactions. The difficulties of estimating and classifying combined drug effects as well as their clinical relevance are discussed. | [Effect of combined application of halothane and some central depressants (author's transl)]. The combined effects of halothane and various central depressants were studied in mice by means of an isobolographic method which allows the statistical evaluation of interactions. A loss of the righting reflex for at least 2 min was taken as the criterion for the synchronisation of the peak time of drug effects. All interactions turned out to be supra-additive, more pronounced in the case of diazepam and flunitrazepam than in the case of medazepam, pentobarbitone or ethanol. The organic solvent used for the solution of diazepam and flunitrazepam was found to contribute to the observed interactions. The difficulties of estimating and classifying combined drug effects as well as their clinical relevance are discussed. | [
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|
PMID:12675 | [Studies of the effects of an injectable combination of a local anaesthetic with a beta-receptor-blocker (author' transl)]. | The use of an injectable combination of a local anaesthetic (Xylestesin) and a beta-receptor-blocker (Betadrenol) during maxillo-facial surgery is described in this paper. The statistical analysis of pulse and blood pressure recordings of 30 patients demonstrated no significant blood pressure changes; there was a significant decrease of the cardiac rate, however. It was noted that the negative chronotropic effect was the greater the higher the rate rate was before injection. The local anaesthetic described is of great therapeutic value, in particular for apprehensive patients and patients with tachycardia. | [Studies of the effects of an injectable combination of a local anaesthetic with a beta-receptor-blocker (author' transl)]. The use of an injectable combination of a local anaesthetic (Xylestesin) and a beta-receptor-blocker (Betadrenol) during maxillo-facial surgery is described in this paper. The statistical analysis of pulse and blood pressure recordings of 30 patients demonstrated no significant blood pressure changes; there was a significant decrease of the cardiac rate, however. It was noted that the negative chronotropic effect was the greater the higher the rate rate was before injection. The local anaesthetic described is of great therapeutic value, in particular for apprehensive patients and patients with tachycardia. | [
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|
PMID:12686 | A unitary theory of anesthesia based on lateral phase separations in nerve membranes. | This paper relates research on anesthetic effects on lipid membrane systems to mechanisms of neural function. A unitary theory of anesthesia based on anesthetic-induced changes in fluid-solid-phase separations in the lipid region of nerve membranes is presented. It is suggested that anesthetics act by fluidizing nerve membranes to a point where critical lipid regions no longer contain phase separations. As a consequence, the membranes are less able to facilitate the conformational changes in proteins that may be the basis for such membrane events as ion gating, synaptic transmitter release, and transmitter binding to receptors. It is proposed that the anesthetic-modified phase separation behavior of the membrane may alter neural function by a combination of the following effects: inhibition of conformational changes of intrinsic membrane proteins; prevention of the association of protein subunits to form polymeric ion channels; depression of transmitter release by preventing fusion of vesicles containing synaptic transmitter with the membrane of the presynaptic terminal. | A unitary theory of anesthesia based on lateral phase separations in nerve membranes. This paper relates research on anesthetic effects on lipid membrane systems to mechanisms of neural function. A unitary theory of anesthesia based on anesthetic-induced changes in fluid-solid-phase separations in the lipid region of nerve membranes is presented. It is suggested that anesthetics act by fluidizing nerve membranes to a point where critical lipid regions no longer contain phase separations. As a consequence, the membranes are less able to facilitate the conformational changes in proteins that may be the basis for such membrane events as ion gating, synaptic transmitter release, and transmitter binding to receptors. It is proposed that the anesthetic-modified phase separation behavior of the membrane may alter neural function by a combination of the following effects: inhibition of conformational changes of intrinsic membrane proteins; prevention of the association of protein subunits to form polymeric ion channels; depression of transmitter release by preventing fusion of vesicles containing synaptic transmitter with the membrane of the presynaptic terminal. | [
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|
PMID:12687 | [Apneic anesthesia in unventilated patients for various operations and explorations in laryngotracheal surgery]. | A technique of anesthesia is considered for laryngoscopy in suspension, and certain acts of surgery of the vocal cords, e.g. myxoma, and of the trachea, e.g. destruction of papillomatosis. The patient is in apnea, unventilated, a catheter brings down to the level of the carena a current of oxygen of 15 liters per minute, the gaseous acidosis is buffered by injections of a solution of molar sodium bicarbonate. After briefly recalling the notions which justify this technique, its repercussion on homeostasis is studied by arterial gasometry. General anaesthesia with apneic oxygenation may offer the ENT surgeon increased possibilities of exploration and operation at the level of the larynx and trachea, but owing to its biological consequences, it should be used only with circumspection and its indications should be totally justified, for acts of limited duration. The technique seems, at present, difficult to adapt to surgery with laser. | [Apneic anesthesia in unventilated patients for various operations and explorations in laryngotracheal surgery]. A technique of anesthesia is considered for laryngoscopy in suspension, and certain acts of surgery of the vocal cords, e.g. myxoma, and of the trachea, e.g. destruction of papillomatosis. The patient is in apnea, unventilated, a catheter brings down to the level of the carena a current of oxygen of 15 liters per minute, the gaseous acidosis is buffered by injections of a solution of molar sodium bicarbonate. After briefly recalling the notions which justify this technique, its repercussion on homeostasis is studied by arterial gasometry. General anaesthesia with apneic oxygenation may offer the ENT surgeon increased possibilities of exploration and operation at the level of the larynx and trachea, but owing to its biological consequences, it should be used only with circumspection and its indications should be totally justified, for acts of limited duration. The technique seems, at present, difficult to adapt to surgery with laser. | [
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|
PMID:12688 | [General anesthesia and bronchoscopy]. | High frequency, positive pressure ventilation during anesthesia for bronchoscopy, uses the intermittent delivery of oxygen and an anesthetic gas mixture thus avoiding the risks of hypoxia, retention of carbon dioxide and concomitant acidosis. This technique may be used with low pressures in the airways (8 to 10 cm of water during insufflation). | [General anesthesia and bronchoscopy]. High frequency, positive pressure ventilation during anesthesia for bronchoscopy, uses the intermittent delivery of oxygen and an anesthetic gas mixture thus avoiding the risks of hypoxia, retention of carbon dioxide and concomitant acidosis. This technique may be used with low pressures in the airways (8 to 10 cm of water during insufflation). | [
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|
PMID:12685 | [Effects of naloxone on postoperative analgesia]. | Two comparable groups of ten patients were studied. After nitrous oxide-oxygen fentanyl-pancuronium anesthesia, half the patients were reversed with a titrated dose of naloxone. Even in titrated doses naloxone rapidly abolished residual post-operative fentanyl analgesia in 80 p. 100 of the patients. In the control group none of the patients complained of pain for an average of six to eight hours. Blood gases in the recovery room were practically the same in reversed and non-reversed patients and were satisfactory. | [Effects of naloxone on postoperative analgesia]. Two comparable groups of ten patients were studied. After nitrous oxide-oxygen fentanyl-pancuronium anesthesia, half the patients were reversed with a titrated dose of naloxone. Even in titrated doses naloxone rapidly abolished residual post-operative fentanyl analgesia in 80 p. 100 of the patients. In the control group none of the patients complained of pain for an average of six to eight hours. Blood gases in the recovery room were practically the same in reversed and non-reversed patients and were satisfactory. | [
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|
PMID:12689 | [Study of pressure and FeCO2 during ventilation by injection (preliminary note)]. | This study, carried out in nine patients, attempted to judge the efficacy and possible inocuity of ventilation by injection (jet ventilation), firstly on capnography and. secondly, on recordings of intra-tracheal pressure. The frequency of six jets per minute, is that which, under the conditions of the trial, ensures the best removal of CO2 and the maintenance of stable CO2 levels in the trachea. Although pressures recorded in the airways varied between 15 and 40 torrs, the finding of very high peaks of pressure in certain cases, makes the authors somewhat reserved concerning the security of the method when the free reflux of gas is liable to be inhibited. | [Study of pressure and FeCO2 during ventilation by injection (preliminary note)]. This study, carried out in nine patients, attempted to judge the efficacy and possible inocuity of ventilation by injection (jet ventilation), firstly on capnography and. secondly, on recordings of intra-tracheal pressure. The frequency of six jets per minute, is that which, under the conditions of the trial, ensures the best removal of CO2 and the maintenance of stable CO2 levels in the trachea. Although pressures recorded in the airways varied between 15 and 40 torrs, the finding of very high peaks of pressure in certain cases, makes the authors somewhat reserved concerning the security of the method when the free reflux of gas is liable to be inhibited. | [
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|
PMID:12690 | [Value of jet ventilation during otorhinolaryngologic endoscopies practiced under general anesthesia]. | A technique of jet ventilation under general anesthesia (Alfaterinse suxamethonium) was used in 67 patients, in 55 cases for multiple endoscopic examinations in a single stage, usually laryngoscopy in suspension followed by oesophagoscopy, and in 12 cases, for an operation on the larynx. Arterial gasometry (PaO2 and PaCO2) proved the efficacy of the method, the major risk remaining, in the opinion of the authors, the possibility of excessive pressure which may be avoided by strict supervision. | [Value of jet ventilation during otorhinolaryngologic endoscopies practiced under general anesthesia]. A technique of jet ventilation under general anesthesia (Alfaterinse suxamethonium) was used in 67 patients, in 55 cases for multiple endoscopic examinations in a single stage, usually laryngoscopy in suspension followed by oesophagoscopy, and in 12 cases, for an operation on the larynx. Arterial gasometry (PaO2 and PaCO2) proved the efficacy of the method, the major risk remaining, in the opinion of the authors, the possibility of excessive pressure which may be avoided by strict supervision. | [
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|
PMID:12691 | [Seeking an ideal protocol for the stability of blood gases during general anesthesia for bronchosopies]. | During general anesthesia for bronchoscopy, hypoxemia is a major risk, especially in patients with a severe intrapulmonary shunt. With the technique of apnea in pure oxygen, after one hour denitrogentation, and with an intake of 50 liters of oxygen per minute through the bronchoscope, the PaO2 was greater than 400 mm of Hg, but hypercapnia and acidosis occurred. To compensate the latter, five minute sessions of apnea, alternating with two minutes of jet hyperventilation, nevertheless, have the disadvantage of producing a Ventrui phenomena at the proximal end of the bronchoscope, hence a fall in FiO2 which was dangerous in these high risk patients. The authors propose a method so that the Venturi phenomenon, which cannot be prevented, occurs in pure oxygen. | [Seeking an ideal protocol for the stability of blood gases during general anesthesia for bronchosopies]. During general anesthesia for bronchoscopy, hypoxemia is a major risk, especially in patients with a severe intrapulmonary shunt. With the technique of apnea in pure oxygen, after one hour denitrogentation, and with an intake of 50 liters of oxygen per minute through the bronchoscope, the PaO2 was greater than 400 mm of Hg, but hypercapnia and acidosis occurred. To compensate the latter, five minute sessions of apnea, alternating with two minutes of jet hyperventilation, nevertheless, have the disadvantage of producing a Ventrui phenomena at the proximal end of the bronchoscope, hence a fall in FiO2 which was dangerous in these high risk patients. The authors propose a method so that the Venturi phenomenon, which cannot be prevented, occurs in pure oxygen. | [
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|
PMID:12692 | [General anesthesia for bronchoscopy and lipidol bronchography in children and infants]. | In 160 cases of children and infants, a technique of general anesthesia is described (penthiobarbital-suxamethonium, then halothane-oxygen with a mask in spontaneous ventilation if the bronchoscopy is followed by lipiodol bronchography). This technique is simple and efficacious and makes the child comfortable, especially in cases of repeated operation, and for the operator whose gestures are more rapid and less traumatising and this permits rapid awakening. No incidents or severe complications were noted. | [General anesthesia for bronchoscopy and lipidol bronchography in children and infants]. In 160 cases of children and infants, a technique of general anesthesia is described (penthiobarbital-suxamethonium, then halothane-oxygen with a mask in spontaneous ventilation if the bronchoscopy is followed by lipiodol bronchography). This technique is simple and efficacious and makes the child comfortable, especially in cases of repeated operation, and for the operator whose gestures are more rapid and less traumatising and this permits rapid awakening. No incidents or severe complications were noted. | [
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|
PMID:12693 | [Salvage of a patient with respiratory distress caused by tracheal obstruction, by use of a Fogarty catheter]. | The author observed a state of acute asphyxia due to a mucosal plug in a patient undergoing total laryngectomy. After failure of classical methods of removal and the plug and in view of the critical state of the patient, a heroic procedure was used: extraction of the mucosal plug using a Fogarty catheter, as used in arterial surgery. | [Salvage of a patient with respiratory distress caused by tracheal obstruction, by use of a Fogarty catheter]. The author observed a state of acute asphyxia due to a mucosal plug in a patient undergoing total laryngectomy. After failure of classical methods of removal and the plug and in view of the critical state of the patient, a heroic procedure was used: extraction of the mucosal plug using a Fogarty catheter, as used in arterial surgery. | [
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|
PMID:12694 | [Choice of anesthesia technic for suspension larygoscopy]. | Anesthesia, during suspension laryngoscopy should permit the ENT surgeon to work in a field without the hindrance of an intra-tracheal tube, and with a calm larynx. After rapid review of anesthesias of brief duration, which are eliminated, several techniques of anesthesia of variable duration are discussed. Neuroleptanalgesia is nevertheless exclused owing to the environmental conditions necessary for its use. Gamma OH was reserved for patients in poor general health, and gave satisfaction. Alfatisine was used here and procured anesthesia of good quality, with minimal respiratory depression, provided a precise protocol is respected, but one cannot hope for success of suspension laryngoscopy without local anesthesia in addition. | [Choice of anesthesia technic for suspension larygoscopy]. Anesthesia, during suspension laryngoscopy should permit the ENT surgeon to work in a field without the hindrance of an intra-tracheal tube, and with a calm larynx. After rapid review of anesthesias of brief duration, which are eliminated, several techniques of anesthesia of variable duration are discussed. Neuroleptanalgesia is nevertheless exclused owing to the environmental conditions necessary for its use. Gamma OH was reserved for patients in poor general health, and gave satisfaction. Alfatisine was used here and procured anesthesia of good quality, with minimal respiratory depression, provided a precise protocol is respected, but one cannot hope for success of suspension laryngoscopy without local anesthesia in addition. | [
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|
PMID:12695 | [Bronchoscopies under Alfatesine]. | Alfatesine in perfusion, associated with laryngo-tracheal local anesthesia, was used to carry out 131 bronchoscopies. The comfort of the patient and of the bronchoscopist were then assessed. A few cardio-vascular side-effects, e.g. severe hypotension in two cases, hypertensive effects and tachycardia during introduction of the bornchoscope, were noted. | [Bronchoscopies under Alfatesine]. Alfatesine in perfusion, associated with laryngo-tracheal local anesthesia, was used to carry out 131 bronchoscopies. The comfort of the patient and of the bronchoscopist were then assessed. A few cardio-vascular side-effects, e.g. severe hypotension in two cases, hypertensive effects and tachycardia during introduction of the bornchoscope, were noted. | [
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|
PMID:12696 | [Severe asphyxiant hemoptysis. Bronchoscopy under extracorporeal circulation]. | The authors report a case of bronchoscopy made necessary by severe hemoptysis in a young man with very severe respiratory distress. Bronchoscopy was carried out under excellent conditions thanks to respiratory assistance supplied by partial femoro-femoral extra-corporeal circulation. The interest and limits of this method are discussed. | [Severe asphyxiant hemoptysis. Bronchoscopy under extracorporeal circulation]. The authors report a case of bronchoscopy made necessary by severe hemoptysis in a young man with very severe respiratory distress. Bronchoscopy was carried out under excellent conditions thanks to respiratory assistance supplied by partial femoro-femoral extra-corporeal circulation. The interest and limits of this method are discussed. | [
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|
PMID:12697 | [Anesthesia during resections-anastomoses of the trachea and tracheal bifurcation. Apropos of 4 cases]. | The author reports 4 cases of surgery of the lower trachea and of tracheal bifurcation, and consider: -that it is preferable only to intervene after improvement by medical treatment of the phase of acute asphyxia; -that a technique of general anesthesia, with deep curarisation and oro-tracheal catheter placed above the stenosis, permits correct ventilation; -that in cases of impossibility of ventilation, one should use extra-corporeal circulation, which should always be provided for. | [Anesthesia during resections-anastomoses of the trachea and tracheal bifurcation. Apropos of 4 cases]. The author reports 4 cases of surgery of the lower trachea and of tracheal bifurcation, and consider: -that it is preferable only to intervene after improvement by medical treatment of the phase of acute asphyxia; -that a technique of general anesthesia, with deep curarisation and oro-tracheal catheter placed above the stenosis, permits correct ventilation; -that in cases of impossibility of ventilation, one should use extra-corporeal circulation, which should always be provided for. | [
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|
PMID:12698 | [Prevention of tracheal lesions by rhythmic insufflation of the intubation catheter ballone]. | The prevention of tracheal lesions due to the ballons of the intubation catheters depends on the correction of several factors concerning: -the material used (polyvinyl is better tolerated than rubber); -the shape (the sleeve-shape balloons are less traumatic); -the pressure of use, which should remain moderate; -the permanence of the compression (one should use intermittent filling of the ballon). A device designed by the authors and which is described here, permits intermittent insufflation of the ballons of the endotracheal catheters, by adaptation of certain apparatus of artificial ventilation, type LOGIC and SF4, has given excellent results. | [Prevention of tracheal lesions by rhythmic insufflation of the intubation catheter ballone]. The prevention of tracheal lesions due to the ballons of the intubation catheters depends on the correction of several factors concerning: -the material used (polyvinyl is better tolerated than rubber); -the shape (the sleeve-shape balloons are less traumatic); -the pressure of use, which should remain moderate; -the permanence of the compression (one should use intermittent filling of the ballon). A device designed by the authors and which is described here, permits intermittent insufflation of the ballons of the endotracheal catheters, by adaptation of certain apparatus of artificial ventilation, type LOGIC and SF4, has given excellent results. | [
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|
PMID:12699 | [A rational naso-tracheal catheter]. | For the last 4 years, the author has been using, especially for oral surgery, a naso-tracheal catheter (Rosso catheter), the intra-facial part of which has an S-shape which follows the curves of the airway and the outer part of which, in reinforced latex, permits attachment to the face and easy, reliable connection to the anesthetic apparatus. This catheter is easy to introduce, keeps well in place and frees perfectly the operative field and gives the anesthetist satisfactory mastery of the patient's ventilation. | [A rational naso-tracheal catheter]. For the last 4 years, the author has been using, especially for oral surgery, a naso-tracheal catheter (Rosso catheter), the intra-facial part of which has an S-shape which follows the curves of the airway and the outer part of which, in reinforced latex, permits attachment to the face and easy, reliable connection to the anesthetic apparatus. This catheter is easy to introduce, keeps well in place and frees perfectly the operative field and gives the anesthetist satisfactory mastery of the patient's ventilation. | [
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|
PMID:12700 | [Difficult intubations in anesthesia]. | The authors present six cases of difficult intubation and review the literature on this subject; The circumstances during which difficult intubation may be feared are recalled; some are due to the morphology of the subject, the others to his previous pathology which may be rheumatological or dermatological. The authors then discuss the method of anaesthesia for this unusual intubation and the various technical means proposed to carry out safely the intubation itself. | [Difficult intubations in anesthesia]. The authors present six cases of difficult intubation and review the literature on this subject; The circumstances during which difficult intubation may be feared are recalled; some are due to the morphology of the subject, the others to his previous pathology which may be rheumatological or dermatological. The authors then discuss the method of anaesthesia for this unusual intubation and the various technical means proposed to carry out safely the intubation itself. | [
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|
PMID:12701 | [Difficult intubations and proposed solutions. Intubation by fiberscopy]. | After a review of the various techniques used in difficult intubations, the authors emphasize recent progress in the field of fiber endoscopy. The advantages of this technique, e.g. absence of trauma, increased field of exploration and reduction in dose of anaesthetic drugs, exceed the present disadvantages, e.g. high price of this material, relatively fragile apparatus, too long and diameter too great for use in children. | [Difficult intubations and proposed solutions. Intubation by fiberscopy]. After a review of the various techniques used in difficult intubations, the authors emphasize recent progress in the field of fiber endoscopy. The advantages of this technique, e.g. absence of trauma, increased field of exploration and reduction in dose of anaesthetic drugs, exceed the present disadvantages, e.g. high price of this material, relatively fragile apparatus, too long and diameter too great for use in children. | [
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|
PMID:12702 | [Use of closed circuit television for teaching tracheal intubation to medical students]. | There are many occassions when patients could benefit from early intubation. This skill should be acquired by all doctors and not only by resuscitators and trainee anaesthetists. In Liverpool, all undergraduates in their fifth year of medicine are expected to intubate a minimum of ten patients lnder supervision of the anaesthetist. The use of closed circuit television has been explored and its value assessed in the teaching of intubation to undergraduates. The availability of hardware that is inexpensive, relatively simple to use and requiring minimal staff, such as Phikips VCR N1500 has made this approach to all. Videotapes are superior to film for this, since they are cheap, reusable and do not require chemical processing. The medium is versatile and replay immediate. Student performance can be recorded and replayed to allow positive identification of an imperfect technique. The videotape permits discussion and demonstration of methods of improvement of technique. A pre-recorded tape can be used to illustrate the anatomy and to demonstrate intubation in the absence of a patient. The fact that this is in black and white at the moment may be a disadvantage, but colour is not essential for recognition of the anatomy of the larynx. It must not be forgotten that in Britain, written permission is required before recording patients on "videograms". This can be obtained by modification of the consent forms signed by the patients prior to surgery. | [Use of closed circuit television for teaching tracheal intubation to medical students]. There are many occassions when patients could benefit from early intubation. This skill should be acquired by all doctors and not only by resuscitators and trainee anaesthetists. In Liverpool, all undergraduates in their fifth year of medicine are expected to intubate a minimum of ten patients lnder supervision of the anaesthetist. The use of closed circuit television has been explored and its value assessed in the teaching of intubation to undergraduates. The availability of hardware that is inexpensive, relatively simple to use and requiring minimal staff, such as Phikips VCR N1500 has made this approach to all. Videotapes are superior to film for this, since they are cheap, reusable and do not require chemical processing. The medium is versatile and replay immediate. Student performance can be recorded and replayed to allow positive identification of an imperfect technique. The videotape permits discussion and demonstration of methods of improvement of technique. A pre-recorded tape can be used to illustrate the anatomy and to demonstrate intubation in the absence of a patient. The fact that this is in black and white at the moment may be a disadvantage, but colour is not essential for recognition of the anatomy of the larynx. It must not be forgotten that in Britain, written permission is required before recording patients on "videograms". This can be obtained by modification of the consent forms signed by the patients prior to surgery. | [
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|
PMID:12703 | [Problems posed by difficult intubations]. | The difficulties of tracheal intubation are mainly encountered in facial surgery and E.N.T. surgery, but they may nevertheless, occur in any form of surgery. The indications for nasal intubation, without visible glottis, the problems raised and the means of solving them, whilst respecting safety precautions, are briefly recalled. | [Problems posed by difficult intubations]. The difficulties of tracheal intubation are mainly encountered in facial surgery and E.N.T. surgery, but they may nevertheless, occur in any form of surgery. The indications for nasal intubation, without visible glottis, the problems raised and the means of solving them, whilst respecting safety precautions, are briefly recalled. | [
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|
PMID:12704 | [Difficult intubations]. | The author reports twelve cases of difficult tracheal intubation, sometimes in acrobatic conditions, in victims of railway accidents. The position of the patient, the circumstances of the accident and the importance of the ventilatory distress, make tracheal intubation essential "in situ". The success of this act depends on the qualification of the medical and para-medical personnel, the technique proposed and the choice of material used. | [Difficult intubations]. The author reports twelve cases of difficult tracheal intubation, sometimes in acrobatic conditions, in victims of railway accidents. The position of the patient, the circumstances of the accident and the importance of the ventilatory distress, make tracheal intubation essential "in situ". The success of this act depends on the qualification of the medical and para-medical personnel, the technique proposed and the choice of material used. | [
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|
PMID:12705 | [Sterilization of intratracheal tubes]. | After a brief review of classical and modern methods of sterilisation of endo-tracheal catheters, where they emphasize the dangers of the use of ethylene oxide, the authors recall the common procedure which they used: washing with water and soap, and soaking for 6 to 7 hours in formaldehyde or in a solution of quaternary ammonium salts, and all manipulations should be made using gloves. | [Sterilization of intratracheal tubes]. After a brief review of classical and modern methods of sterilisation of endo-tracheal catheters, where they emphasize the dangers of the use of ethylene oxide, the authors recall the common procedure which they used: washing with water and soap, and soaking for 6 to 7 hours in formaldehyde or in a solution of quaternary ammonium salts, and all manipulations should be made using gloves. | [
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|
PMID:12706 | [Laryngo-tracheal stenoses after intubation during resuscitation (notes apropos of a series of complications)]. | The authors observed an abnormal frequency of laryngo-tracheal stenosis over a period of three months, corresponding to the use of a defective lot of supple catheters for single use and made of polyvinyl chloride. They emphasize the extreme difficulty to demonstrate the precise etiology of these severe complications. | [Laryngo-tracheal stenoses after intubation during resuscitation (notes apropos of a series of complications)]. The authors observed an abnormal frequency of laryngo-tracheal stenosis over a period of three months, corresponding to the use of a defective lot of supple catheters for single use and made of polyvinyl chloride. They emphasize the extreme difficulty to demonstrate the precise etiology of these severe complications. | [
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|
PMID:12707 | [Complications during use of the Carlens catheter]. | Two complications occurring during anesthesia with the use of Carlens catheter are discribed: -in the first case, perforation of the carena by the tip of the catheter and a tear along that left main bronchus, owing to invasion of the area by carcinoma, and death on the second post-operative day in spite of sutures that were carried out. -in the second case, poor indications for selective intubation of the left main bronchus by left upper lobectomy initially foreseen, whereas pneumonectomy was necessary, hypoventilation, anoxia, cardiac inefficacy. | [Complications during use of the Carlens catheter]. Two complications occurring during anesthesia with the use of Carlens catheter are discribed: -in the first case, perforation of the carena by the tip of the catheter and a tear along that left main bronchus, owing to invasion of the area by carcinoma, and death on the second post-operative day in spite of sutures that were carried out. -in the second case, poor indications for selective intubation of the left main bronchus by left upper lobectomy initially foreseen, whereas pneumonectomy was necessary, hypoventilation, anoxia, cardiac inefficacy. | [
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|
PMID:12708 | [Glycosyltranferases. Biological and pathological importance]. | Catalysing the transfer of oses and ose derivatives on various accepters, glucosyltransferases are of increasing importance in biology and pathology. Their sub-cellular localisation is now known together with the physico-chemical parameters of their activity and the importance of polyprenic intermediates. The first phenomenological studies concerning them are in favour of a mechanism of Bi-Bi type. For example, they may play a role in mucoviscidosis, virus diseases, vaccination and arthrosis. | [Glycosyltranferases. Biological and pathological importance]. Catalysing the transfer of oses and ose derivatives on various accepters, glucosyltransferases are of increasing importance in biology and pathology. Their sub-cellular localisation is now known together with the physico-chemical parameters of their activity and the importance of polyprenic intermediates. The first phenomenological studies concerning them are in favour of a mechanism of Bi-Bi type. For example, they may play a role in mucoviscidosis, virus diseases, vaccination and arthrosis. | [
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|
PMID:12713 | Effect of beta-blockade during bowling competitions. | Seventeen amateur bowlers taking part in local bowling competitions were given either 40 mg of oxprenolol or placebo before the competitions, so that each subject played two competitions on oxprenolol and two on placebo in random order. All the bowlers had a relative tachycardia 15 min before the competition which was abolished by oxprenolol. A similar reduction in the heart rate during and after the compeptition was likewise seen after oxprenolol. The drug caused only minor changes in the systolic blood pressure in comparision with placebo. On the whole, the total scores of placebo and oxprenolol competitions did not differ significantly from each other, nor was there any difference between the scores of the trial competitions and the average results during previous season. However, when the bowlers were divided into subgroups according to the effect exerted by oxprenolol on performance, about one third of the bowlers did benefit from the oxprenolol treatment while 50% had worse results. The bowlers whose bowling performance was improved by oxprenolol exhibited significantly higher heart rates before, during and after the competition as compared with the subgroups not responding beneficially to the active drug. The effect of oxprenolol was most pronounced during the very first series and the harmful effect of the drug was mainly seen in the last series of the competition. One reason for the impairment of the general performance could conceivably be an "overrelaxed" state as indicated by the greater number of misses made by the bowlers when treated with oxprenolol. | Effect of beta-blockade during bowling competitions. Seventeen amateur bowlers taking part in local bowling competitions were given either 40 mg of oxprenolol or placebo before the competitions, so that each subject played two competitions on oxprenolol and two on placebo in random order. All the bowlers had a relative tachycardia 15 min before the competition which was abolished by oxprenolol. A similar reduction in the heart rate during and after the compeptition was likewise seen after oxprenolol. The drug caused only minor changes in the systolic blood pressure in comparision with placebo. On the whole, the total scores of placebo and oxprenolol competitions did not differ significantly from each other, nor was there any difference between the scores of the trial competitions and the average results during previous season. However, when the bowlers were divided into subgroups according to the effect exerted by oxprenolol on performance, about one third of the bowlers did benefit from the oxprenolol treatment while 50% had worse results. The bowlers whose bowling performance was improved by oxprenolol exhibited significantly higher heart rates before, during and after the competition as compared with the subgroups not responding beneficially to the active drug. The effect of oxprenolol was most pronounced during the very first series and the harmful effect of the drug was mainly seen in the last series of the competition. One reason for the impairment of the general performance could conceivably be an "overrelaxed" state as indicated by the greater number of misses made by the bowlers when treated with oxprenolol. | [
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|
PMID:12714 | The role of microsomal cytochrome b5 in the metabolism of ethanol, drugs and the desaturation of fatty acids. | Liver endoplasmic membrane contains two hemoproteins, cyt. P-450 and cyt. b5. Cytochrome P-450 catalyzes the hydroxylation of lipid-soluble compounds, while the cyt. b5 system is involved in desaturation of fatty acids. NAD(P)H and oxygen are essential components for both systems. Oxidation of ethanol to acetate in the liver, via alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases, leads to an elevated cellular NADH content. It has been proposed that oxidation of the cytosolic NADH occurs predominantly in the mitochondria via the substrate oxidation-reduction shuttle. In order to investigate the effects of elevated levels of cytosolic NADH on the state of the endoplasmic hemoprotein system, microsomes from a fatty human liver (post-ethanol intake) were isolated and studied. Microsomal cyt. b5 reductase was found to reoxidize cytoplasmic NADH directly and transfer the reducing equivalents readily to the microsomal oxidases. Addition of catalytic amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase, NAD, and ethanol to microsomes resulted in a rapid reduction of microsomal cyt. b5. These results are consistent with the proposal that the catalytic moiety of cyt. b5 reductase is exposed to the aqueous phase of the membrane and directly accepts reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm. Microsomes from fatty human liver showed an increased rate of cyt. b5 dependent desaturation of fatty acids. These findings suggest that ethanol metabolism may selectively affect the activity of one or the other microsomal hemoprotein. Thus, when the desaturase activity is low, drug metabolism by the cyt. P-450 pathway may predominate. Conversely, an increase in the desaturase level may lead to a decreased drug metabolism. This mechanism may underlie the clinical observations of drug intolerance reactions associated with alcohol intake. | The role of microsomal cytochrome b5 in the metabolism of ethanol, drugs and the desaturation of fatty acids. Liver endoplasmic membrane contains two hemoproteins, cyt. P-450 and cyt. b5. Cytochrome P-450 catalyzes the hydroxylation of lipid-soluble compounds, while the cyt. b5 system is involved in desaturation of fatty acids. NAD(P)H and oxygen are essential components for both systems. Oxidation of ethanol to acetate in the liver, via alcohol and acetaldehyde dehydrogenases, leads to an elevated cellular NADH content. It has been proposed that oxidation of the cytosolic NADH occurs predominantly in the mitochondria via the substrate oxidation-reduction shuttle. In order to investigate the effects of elevated levels of cytosolic NADH on the state of the endoplasmic hemoprotein system, microsomes from a fatty human liver (post-ethanol intake) were isolated and studied. Microsomal cyt. b5 reductase was found to reoxidize cytoplasmic NADH directly and transfer the reducing equivalents readily to the microsomal oxidases. Addition of catalytic amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase, NAD, and ethanol to microsomes resulted in a rapid reduction of microsomal cyt. b5. These results are consistent with the proposal that the catalytic moiety of cyt. b5 reductase is exposed to the aqueous phase of the membrane and directly accepts reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm. Microsomes from fatty human liver showed an increased rate of cyt. b5 dependent desaturation of fatty acids. These findings suggest that ethanol metabolism may selectively affect the activity of one or the other microsomal hemoprotein. Thus, when the desaturase activity is low, drug metabolism by the cyt. P-450 pathway may predominate. Conversely, an increase in the desaturase level may lead to a decreased drug metabolism. This mechanism may underlie the clinical observations of drug intolerance reactions associated with alcohol intake. | [
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|
PMID:12715 | Kinetics of the conformational changes of hemopexin in acid media. | Under the action of acid media the hemopexin molecule unfolds with resulting heme expulsion from the binding site, followed by heme dimerization and reassociation of dimeric heme with the unfolded protein molecule. The rate of the reaction is pH dependent and the whole process is fully reversible for a certain time interval. Prolonged treatment of hemopexin at acidic conditions, however, leads to the irreversible denaturation of this protein. | Kinetics of the conformational changes of hemopexin in acid media. Under the action of acid media the hemopexin molecule unfolds with resulting heme expulsion from the binding site, followed by heme dimerization and reassociation of dimeric heme with the unfolded protein molecule. The rate of the reaction is pH dependent and the whole process is fully reversible for a certain time interval. Prolonged treatment of hemopexin at acidic conditions, however, leads to the irreversible denaturation of this protein. | [
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|
PMID:12717 | Comparative in vitro studies of cinoxacin, nalidixic acid, and oxolinic acid. | Cinoxacin and nalidixic acid were found to be similar in in vitro activity against 138 Shigella isolates and somewhat less active than oxolinic acid on a weight basis. Cross-resistance developed when 10 shigellae were transferred on increasing amounts of the respective agent contained in Mueller-Hinton agar. Plate dilution studies of the effect of changes in agar pH on the minimum inhibitory concentration revealed that the antibacterial activity increased with decreasing pH. Protein binding investigations revealed a high degree of binding, with nalidixic acid > oxolinic acid > cinoxacin. | Comparative in vitro studies of cinoxacin, nalidixic acid, and oxolinic acid. Cinoxacin and nalidixic acid were found to be similar in in vitro activity against 138 Shigella isolates and somewhat less active than oxolinic acid on a weight basis. Cross-resistance developed when 10 shigellae were transferred on increasing amounts of the respective agent contained in Mueller-Hinton agar. Plate dilution studies of the effect of changes in agar pH on the minimum inhibitory concentration revealed that the antibacterial activity increased with decreasing pH. Protein binding investigations revealed a high degree of binding, with nalidixic acid > oxolinic acid > cinoxacin. | [
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|
PMID:12718 | Production of an extracellular maltase by thermophilic Bacillus sp. KP 1035. | Production of extracellular maltase was studied with thermophilic Bacillus sp. KP 1035, which was selected as the organism producing the highest levels of maltase. The final enzyme yield was increased by maltose, peptone, and yeast extract but reduced by succinate and fumarate. Maximum enzyme production was achieved at 55 degrees C and at an initial pH of 6.2 to 7.0 on a medium containing 0.3% maltose, 1% peptone, 0.1% meat extract, 0.3% yeast extract, 0.3% KH2PO4, and 0.1% KH2PO4. Maltase was synthesized in cytoplasm and accumulated as a large pool during the logarithmic growth phase, which preceded sporulation. At the end of this phase, the enzyme appeared in the culture broth, and its accumulation increased in parallel with a rise in the extracellular protein level. Maltase was stable for 24 h at 60 degrees C over a pH range of 5.6 to 9.0 and retained 95% of the original activity after treatment for 20 min at 70 degrees C at pH 6.8. | Production of an extracellular maltase by thermophilic Bacillus sp. KP 1035. Production of extracellular maltase was studied with thermophilic Bacillus sp. KP 1035, which was selected as the organism producing the highest levels of maltase. The final enzyme yield was increased by maltose, peptone, and yeast extract but reduced by succinate and fumarate. Maximum enzyme production was achieved at 55 degrees C and at an initial pH of 6.2 to 7.0 on a medium containing 0.3% maltose, 1% peptone, 0.1% meat extract, 0.3% yeast extract, 0.3% KH2PO4, and 0.1% KH2PO4. Maltase was synthesized in cytoplasm and accumulated as a large pool during the logarithmic growth phase, which preceded sporulation. At the end of this phase, the enzyme appeared in the culture broth, and its accumulation increased in parallel with a rise in the extracellular protein level. Maltase was stable for 24 h at 60 degrees C over a pH range of 5.6 to 9.0 and retained 95% of the original activity after treatment for 20 min at 70 degrees C at pH 6.8. | [
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|
PMID:12719 | Virus inactivation by grapes and wines. | Infusions and extracts of different grapes inactivated poliovirus; agents responsible for this property resided in the skin of the grape. Commercial grape juice at both natural and neutral pH inactivate various enteric viruses and herpes simplex virus; a 1,000-fold reduction in poliovirus infectivity occurred after incubation with grape juice, pH 7.0, for 24 h at 4 degrees C. A variety of wines were antiviral but to a lesser extent than grape juice; red wines were more antiviral than white. Antiviral activity was demonstrable in fractions of grape juice varying in molecular weight from less than 1,000 to greater than 30,000 as determined by membrane filtration. Some restoration of poliovirus infectivity from virus-grape juice complexes was achieved with 1% gelatin, 0.1% Tween 80, 0.5% polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and 0.5% polyethylene glycol. | Virus inactivation by grapes and wines. Infusions and extracts of different grapes inactivated poliovirus; agents responsible for this property resided in the skin of the grape. Commercial grape juice at both natural and neutral pH inactivate various enteric viruses and herpes simplex virus; a 1,000-fold reduction in poliovirus infectivity occurred after incubation with grape juice, pH 7.0, for 24 h at 4 degrees C. A variety of wines were antiviral but to a lesser extent than grape juice; red wines were more antiviral than white. Antiviral activity was demonstrable in fractions of grape juice varying in molecular weight from less than 1,000 to greater than 30,000 as determined by membrane filtration. Some restoration of poliovirus infectivity from virus-grape juice complexes was achieved with 1% gelatin, 0.1% Tween 80, 0.5% polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and 0.5% polyethylene glycol. | [
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|
PMID:12716 | Kinetics and biochemical properties of haemopoietic stem cells during chicken development. | Haemopoietic stem cells from donors of different ages (embryos, adults) have been grafted into irradiated hosts. Cell multiplication kinetics, foetal haemoglobin production, age-specific antigen production were examined during two weeks after grafting. The results obtained tend to show that the erythrocyte characteristics are, for a large part, already determined in a stem cell type endowed with a large proliferative capacity. | Kinetics and biochemical properties of haemopoietic stem cells during chicken development. Haemopoietic stem cells from donors of different ages (embryos, adults) have been grafted into irradiated hosts. Cell multiplication kinetics, foetal haemoglobin production, age-specific antigen production were examined during two weeks after grafting. The results obtained tend to show that the erythrocyte characteristics are, for a large part, already determined in a stem cell type endowed with a large proliferative capacity. | [
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PMID:12720 | Bacterial fermentation of cheese whey for production of a ruminant feed supplement rich in curde protein. | A simple and efficient process for the production of a ruminant feed supplement, rich in crude protein (defined as total N X 6.25), by bacterial fermentation of cheese whey has been developed. The lactose in unpasteurized whey is fermented to lactate acid by Lactobacillus bulgaricus at a temperature of 43 degrees C and pH 5.5. The lactic acid produced is continually neutralized with ammonia to form ammonium lactate. The fermented product is concentrated by evaporation to a solids content of about 70% and adjusted to pH 6.8 with additional ammonia. The concentrated product contains about 55% crude protein. Approximately 6 to 8% of the crude protein is derived from bacterial cells. 17% from whey proteins, and 75 to 77% from ammonium lactate. The efficiency of conversion of lactose to lactic acid usually exceeds 95%. The fermentation time is greatly reduced upon the addition of 0.2% yeast extract or 0.1% corn steep liquor as a source of growth factors. Whey containing lactose at concentrations up to 7% can be fermented efficiently, but at higher concentrations lactose is fermented incompletely. The process has been scaled up to a pilot plant level, and 40 tons of concentrated product were produced fro animal feeding trials, without ever encountering putrefactive spoilage. | Bacterial fermentation of cheese whey for production of a ruminant feed supplement rich in curde protein. A simple and efficient process for the production of a ruminant feed supplement, rich in crude protein (defined as total N X 6.25), by bacterial fermentation of cheese whey has been developed. The lactose in unpasteurized whey is fermented to lactate acid by Lactobacillus bulgaricus at a temperature of 43 degrees C and pH 5.5. The lactic acid produced is continually neutralized with ammonia to form ammonium lactate. The fermented product is concentrated by evaporation to a solids content of about 70% and adjusted to pH 6.8 with additional ammonia. The concentrated product contains about 55% crude protein. Approximately 6 to 8% of the crude protein is derived from bacterial cells. 17% from whey proteins, and 75 to 77% from ammonium lactate. The efficiency of conversion of lactose to lactic acid usually exceeds 95%. The fermentation time is greatly reduced upon the addition of 0.2% yeast extract or 0.1% corn steep liquor as a source of growth factors. Whey containing lactose at concentrations up to 7% can be fermented efficiently, but at higher concentrations lactose is fermented incompletely. The process has been scaled up to a pilot plant level, and 40 tons of concentrated product were produced fro animal feeding trials, without ever encountering putrefactive spoilage. | [
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PMID:12721 | Growth of Aureobasidium pullulans on straw hydrolysate. | Growth characteristics and cell properties of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans were studied. The organism grew well on an acid hydrolysate of ryegrass straw over a wide range of pH and temperature. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of the organism were 32 degrees C and 5.5, respectively. A cell yield of 1.5 g/liter of straw hydrolysate was obtained. The dried cell mass contained 42.6% crude protein, 0.4% crude fat, and 6.4% nucleic acids. The essential amino acid profile of the microbial protein was comparable to that of Candida utilis. A rat feeding study indicated that the A. pullulans cells were not toxic and that the feed intake, weight gain, and protein efficiency ratio values were superior to those obtained with C. utilis. Once the question of mathogenicity is resolved, A. pullulans could be useful for production of single-cell protein from cellulosic wastes. | Growth of Aureobasidium pullulans on straw hydrolysate. Growth characteristics and cell properties of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans were studied. The organism grew well on an acid hydrolysate of ryegrass straw over a wide range of pH and temperature. The optimum temperature and pH for the growth of the organism were 32 degrees C and 5.5, respectively. A cell yield of 1.5 g/liter of straw hydrolysate was obtained. The dried cell mass contained 42.6% crude protein, 0.4% crude fat, and 6.4% nucleic acids. The essential amino acid profile of the microbial protein was comparable to that of Candida utilis. A rat feeding study indicated that the A. pullulans cells were not toxic and that the feed intake, weight gain, and protein efficiency ratio values were superior to those obtained with C. utilis. Once the question of mathogenicity is resolved, A. pullulans could be useful for production of single-cell protein from cellulosic wastes. | [
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|
PMID:12722 | [Effect of neonatal injections of estradiol, testosterone and cryproterone acetate on plasma and testicular testosterone and on the genital system in adult male mice]. | On day old male mice received a single injection of oestradiol benzoate, testosterone propionate or cyproterone acetate in order to study their action on testicular development, particularly testosterone secretion. Oestrogenization of newborn males leads, when the animals mature, to a high proportion or cryptorchidism, to atrophy of testes and seminal vesicles, and inhibition of spermatogenesis. Testosterone levels were reduced in the plasma. Testosterone propionate produced moderate reduction of testicular weight but spermatogenesis was not impaired. Plasma testosterone level was reduced. Cyproterone acetate increased significantly testicular testosterone level. | [Effect of neonatal injections of estradiol, testosterone and cryproterone acetate on plasma and testicular testosterone and on the genital system in adult male mice]. On day old male mice received a single injection of oestradiol benzoate, testosterone propionate or cyproterone acetate in order to study their action on testicular development, particularly testosterone secretion. Oestrogenization of newborn males leads, when the animals mature, to a high proportion or cryptorchidism, to atrophy of testes and seminal vesicles, and inhibition of spermatogenesis. Testosterone levels were reduced in the plasma. Testosterone propionate produced moderate reduction of testicular weight but spermatogenesis was not impaired. Plasma testosterone level was reduced. Cyproterone acetate increased significantly testicular testosterone level. | [
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|
PMID:12725 | [Problems posed by anesthesia in the hypertensive treated with beta-blockaders]. | The use of beta-blocking agents against hypertension and their rapid extension in daily practice we have to consider the problem of anesthesia of a patient undergoing such treatment. Continuation of the treatment increases the operative risk, discontinuation long before the operation leaves the hypertension to reappear and discontinuation 48 hours before may lead to a coronary or arrhythmic accident. Therefore, except in case of emergency, treatment may be maintained until the day before the operation, and in case or emergency extensive atropinisation is desirable. Finally prescription of selective beta-blocking agents decreases the risks. | [Problems posed by anesthesia in the hypertensive treated with beta-blockaders]. The use of beta-blocking agents against hypertension and their rapid extension in daily practice we have to consider the problem of anesthesia of a patient undergoing such treatment. Continuation of the treatment increases the operative risk, discontinuation long before the operation leaves the hypertension to reappear and discontinuation 48 hours before may lead to a coronary or arrhythmic accident. Therefore, except in case of emergency, treatment may be maintained until the day before the operation, and in case or emergency extensive atropinisation is desirable. Finally prescription of selective beta-blocking agents decreases the risks. | [
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|
PMID:12729 | [The effect of various pH values on in vitro peptic digestion of proteins in the presence of Cu2 ions]. | Studies were carried out to investigate the effect of different pH values on the peptic digestion of soya protein in the presence and in the absence of Cu2+ ions. The studies were performed in vitro at a pH of 2.2 and 3.2, with 2.96 X 10(-5) mole of Cu2+ ions present in 11 of the reaction mixture. The reaction was carried out in a digestion apparatus permitting dialysis of the cleavage products. Different parameters were used as criteria of digestion, viz. the quantity of N contained in the reaction vessel (residue) and in the resulting dialysis products as determined by Kjehldahl microanalysis and automatic amino acid analysis, the proportions of digestion products found in the different molecular ranges after partition of Sephadex G 75 and the composition of amino acids in the cleavage products. From the distribution of the reaction products on the residue and dialysis products and on the different molecular ranges it was found that additions of Cu2+ ions at pH 2.2 produced a considerable inhibition of digestion. With a rise in pH to 3.2 peptic digestion decreased even without the addition of Cu2+. Supplementation of Cu2+ ions produced only a slight additional effect in the molecular range termed "exclusion limit". In the case of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine it was found that an increase in pH changed the composition of peptides within the different molecular ranges. Additions of Cu2+ had no influence on the amino acid composition. | [The effect of various pH values on in vitro peptic digestion of proteins in the presence of Cu2 ions]. Studies were carried out to investigate the effect of different pH values on the peptic digestion of soya protein in the presence and in the absence of Cu2+ ions. The studies were performed in vitro at a pH of 2.2 and 3.2, with 2.96 X 10(-5) mole of Cu2+ ions present in 11 of the reaction mixture. The reaction was carried out in a digestion apparatus permitting dialysis of the cleavage products. Different parameters were used as criteria of digestion, viz. the quantity of N contained in the reaction vessel (residue) and in the resulting dialysis products as determined by Kjehldahl microanalysis and automatic amino acid analysis, the proportions of digestion products found in the different molecular ranges after partition of Sephadex G 75 and the composition of amino acids in the cleavage products. From the distribution of the reaction products on the residue and dialysis products and on the different molecular ranges it was found that additions of Cu2+ ions at pH 2.2 produced a considerable inhibition of digestion. With a rise in pH to 3.2 peptic digestion decreased even without the addition of Cu2+. Supplementation of Cu2+ ions produced only a slight additional effect in the molecular range termed "exclusion limit". In the case of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine it was found that an increase in pH changed the composition of peptides within the different molecular ranges. Additions of Cu2+ had no influence on the amino acid composition. | [
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|
PMID:12731 | Aging and extrapyramidal function. | Measurements on human brain samples of some enzymes concerned with neurotransmitter synthesis suggest serious losses with age. The most severe loss found was that in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, the rate-controlling enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine. Cell counts in the substantia nigra where this dopaminergic tract originates suggest that the decrease in enzyme activity is partly due to cell loss, but must largely reflect decreased activity of residual cells. It is possible that this loss may account for some of the difficulties in movement seen in aged individuals and that it might be less if pigment formation in these cells could be inhibited. | Aging and extrapyramidal function. Measurements on human brain samples of some enzymes concerned with neurotransmitter synthesis suggest serious losses with age. The most severe loss found was that in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, the rate-controlling enzyme in the synthesis of dopamine. Cell counts in the substantia nigra where this dopaminergic tract originates suggest that the decrease in enzyme activity is partly due to cell loss, but must largely reflect decreased activity of residual cells. It is possible that this loss may account for some of the difficulties in movement seen in aged individuals and that it might be less if pigment formation in these cells could be inhibited. | [
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|
PMID:12732 | Mannosidosis. New clinical presentation, enzyme studied, and carbohydrate analysis. | Mannosidosis is a rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-mannosidase and widespread storage of complex carbohydrate, which is enriched in mannose. Two affected unrelated males, aged 6 and 26 years, are reported. Both had a nonprogressive encephalopathy with moderately severe mental retardation. The older patient showed several unique features, including massive gingival hyperplasia associated with histiocytes containing large amounts of a material with the staining characteristics of glycoprotein. The best determinant of mannose storage proved to be the ratio of mannose to other carbohydrates in urinary polysaccharides. The enzyme deficiency in this disease is most convincingly demonstrated at pH values below 4.0. The ability of zinc to activate the mutant enzyme in vitro offers a possible mode of therapy for this disease. Retarded individuals with a Hurler-like appearance and gum hyperplasia of unknown cause should be screened for alpha-mannosidase deficiency. | Mannosidosis. New clinical presentation, enzyme studied, and carbohydrate analysis. Mannosidosis is a rare inborn error of metabolism characterized by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-mannosidase and widespread storage of complex carbohydrate, which is enriched in mannose. Two affected unrelated males, aged 6 and 26 years, are reported. Both had a nonprogressive encephalopathy with moderately severe mental retardation. The older patient showed several unique features, including massive gingival hyperplasia associated with histiocytes containing large amounts of a material with the staining characteristics of glycoprotein. The best determinant of mannose storage proved to be the ratio of mannose to other carbohydrates in urinary polysaccharides. The enzyme deficiency in this disease is most convincingly demonstrated at pH values below 4.0. The ability of zinc to activate the mutant enzyme in vitro offers a possible mode of therapy for this disease. Retarded individuals with a Hurler-like appearance and gum hyperplasia of unknown cause should be screened for alpha-mannosidase deficiency. | [
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|
PMID:12733 | [The measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide and pH of the aqueous humor in man. A preliminary study on 32 normal eyes]. | Using a micromethod the authors have measured the pH, and the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the aqueous humour. The results are presented in 32 normal eyes. The authors have studied the variation of these levels in the aqueous in comparison with the same levels measured at the same time under the same conditions in the arterial blood. | [The measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide and pH of the aqueous humor in man. A preliminary study on 32 normal eyes]. Using a micromethod the authors have measured the pH, and the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the aqueous humour. The results are presented in 32 normal eyes. The authors have studied the variation of these levels in the aqueous in comparison with the same levels measured at the same time under the same conditions in the arterial blood. | [
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PMID:12739 | Electrophoretic demonstration and inital characterization of human red cell NAD(P)+ase. | A method for electrophoretic detection of NAD(P)+ase solubilized from red cell membranes is described. The method reveals both NAD+ase and NADP+ase and can be applied to a screening procedure for the detection of electrophoretic variants. The initial chracterization of the solubilized enzyme is also described. | Electrophoretic demonstration and inital characterization of human red cell NAD(P)+ase. A method for electrophoretic detection of NAD(P)+ase solubilized from red cell membranes is described. The method reveals both NAD+ase and NADP+ase and can be applied to a screening procedure for the detection of electrophoretic variants. The initial chracterization of the solubilized enzyme is also described. | [
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|
PMID:12740 | The reactions of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate with thiols and the holoenzyme of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and of inorganic phosphate with the acyl-holoenzyme. | D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate forms adducts with thiols. These adducts, which are presumed to be hemithioacetals, equilibrate rapidly with the unhydrated form of the aldehyde, which is the subtrate for D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The adduct provides a substrate buffer system whereby a constant low free aldehyde concentration can be maintained during the oxidation of aldehyde by the enzyme and NAD+. With this system, the kinetics of the association of the aldehyde with the enzyme were examined. The rate profile for this reaction is a single exponential process, showing that all four active sites of the enzyme have equivalent and independent reactivity towards the aldehyde, with an apparent second-order rate constant of 5 X 10(7)M-1-S-1 at pH8.0 and 21 degrees C. The second-order rate constant becomes 8 X 10(7)M-1-S-1 when account is taken of the forward and reverse catalytic rate constants of the dehydrogenase. The pH-dependence of the observed rate constant is consistent with a requirement for the unprotonated form of a group of pK 6.1, which is the pK observed for second ionization of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The rate of phosphorolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate during the steady-state oxidative phosphorylation of the aldehyde was studied, and is proportional to the total Pi concentration up to at least 1 mM-Pi at pH 7.5. The pH-dependence of the rate of NADH generation under these conditions can be explained by the rate law d[NADA]/dt = k[acy] holoenzyme][PO4(3-)-A1, where thioester bond, although kinetically indistinguishable rate equations for the reaction are possible. The rates of the phosphorolysis reaction and of the aldehyde-association reaction decrease with increasing ionic strength, suggesting that the active site of the enzyme has cationic groups which are involved in the reaction of the enzyme with anionic substrates. | The reactions of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate with thiols and the holoenzyme of D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and of inorganic phosphate with the acyl-holoenzyme. D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate forms adducts with thiols. These adducts, which are presumed to be hemithioacetals, equilibrate rapidly with the unhydrated form of the aldehyde, which is the subtrate for D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. The adduct provides a substrate buffer system whereby a constant low free aldehyde concentration can be maintained during the oxidation of aldehyde by the enzyme and NAD+. With this system, the kinetics of the association of the aldehyde with the enzyme were examined. The rate profile for this reaction is a single exponential process, showing that all four active sites of the enzyme have equivalent and independent reactivity towards the aldehyde, with an apparent second-order rate constant of 5 X 10(7)M-1-S-1 at pH8.0 and 21 degrees C. The second-order rate constant becomes 8 X 10(7)M-1-S-1 when account is taken of the forward and reverse catalytic rate constants of the dehydrogenase. The pH-dependence of the observed rate constant is consistent with a requirement for the unprotonated form of a group of pK 6.1, which is the pK observed for second ionization of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. The rate of phosphorolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate during the steady-state oxidative phosphorylation of the aldehyde was studied, and is proportional to the total Pi concentration up to at least 1 mM-Pi at pH 7.5. The pH-dependence of the rate of NADH generation under these conditions can be explained by the rate law d[NADA]/dt = k[acy] holoenzyme][PO4(3-)-A1, where thioester bond, although kinetically indistinguishable rate equations for the reaction are possible. The rates of the phosphorolysis reaction and of the aldehyde-association reaction decrease with increasing ionic strength, suggesting that the active site of the enzyme has cationic groups which are involved in the reaction of the enzyme with anionic substrates. | [
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|
PMID:12741 | A model for the kinetics of activation and catalysis of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. | Further evidence for time-dependent interconversions between active and inactive states of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is presented. It was found that ribulose bisphosphate oxygenase and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase could be totally inactivated by excluding CO2 and Mg2+ during dialysis of the enzyme at 4 degrees C. When initially inactive enzyme was assayed, the rate of reaction continually increased with time, and the rate was inversely related to the ribulose bisphosphare concentration. The initial rate of fully activated enzyme showed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to ribulose bisphosphate (Km = 10muM). Activation was shown to depend on both CO2 and Mg2+ concentrations, with equilibrium constants for activation of about 100muM and 1 mM respectively. In contrast with activation, catalysis appeared to be independent of Mg2+ concentration, but dependent on CO2 concentration, with a Km(CO2) of about 10muM. By studying activation and de-activation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase as a function of CO2 and Mg2+ concentrations, the values of the kinetic constants for these actions have been determined. We propose a model for activation and catalysis of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase: (see book) where E represents free inactive enzyme; complex in parentheses, activated enzyme; R, ribulose bisphosphate; M, Mg2+; C, CO2; P, the product. We propose that ribulose bisphosphate can bind to both the active and inactive forms of the enzyme, and slow inter-conversion between the two states occurs. | A model for the kinetics of activation and catalysis of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase. Further evidence for time-dependent interconversions between active and inactive states of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is presented. It was found that ribulose bisphosphate oxygenase and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase could be totally inactivated by excluding CO2 and Mg2+ during dialysis of the enzyme at 4 degrees C. When initially inactive enzyme was assayed, the rate of reaction continually increased with time, and the rate was inversely related to the ribulose bisphosphare concentration. The initial rate of fully activated enzyme showed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to ribulose bisphosphate (Km = 10muM). Activation was shown to depend on both CO2 and Mg2+ concentrations, with equilibrium constants for activation of about 100muM and 1 mM respectively. In contrast with activation, catalysis appeared to be independent of Mg2+ concentration, but dependent on CO2 concentration, with a Km(CO2) of about 10muM. By studying activation and de-activation of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase as a function of CO2 and Mg2+ concentrations, the values of the kinetic constants for these actions have been determined. We propose a model for activation and catalysis of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase: (see book) where E represents free inactive enzyme; complex in parentheses, activated enzyme; R, ribulose bisphosphate; M, Mg2+; C, CO2; P, the product. We propose that ribulose bisphosphate can bind to both the active and inactive forms of the enzyme, and slow inter-conversion between the two states occurs. | [
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|
PMID:12742 | Identity of isoenzyme 1 of histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase with serine-pyruvate aminotransferase. | After glucagon injection, rats showed virtually identical percentage increases in hepatic histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase and serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activities, both in the mitochondria and in the cytosol. Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzyme 1, with pI8.0, was purified to homogeneity from the mitochondrial fraction of liver from glucagon-injected rats. The purified enzyme catalysed transamination between a number of amino acids and pyruvate or phenylpyruvate. For transamination with pyruvate, the activity with serine reached a constant ratio to that with histidine during purification, which was unchanged by a variety of treatments of the purified enzyme. Serine was found to act as a competitive inhibitor of histidine transamination, and histidine of serine transamination. These results suggest that histidine-pyruvate amino-transferase isoenzymes 1 is identical with serine-pyruvate aminotransferase. The enzyme is probably composed of two identical subunits with mol. wt. approx. 38000. The absorbance maximum at 410 nm and the inhibition by carbonyl reagents strongly indicate the presence of pyridoxal phosphate. | Identity of isoenzyme 1 of histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase with serine-pyruvate aminotransferase. After glucagon injection, rats showed virtually identical percentage increases in hepatic histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase and serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activities, both in the mitochondria and in the cytosol. Histidine-pyruvate aminotransferase isoenzyme 1, with pI8.0, was purified to homogeneity from the mitochondrial fraction of liver from glucagon-injected rats. The purified enzyme catalysed transamination between a number of amino acids and pyruvate or phenylpyruvate. For transamination with pyruvate, the activity with serine reached a constant ratio to that with histidine during purification, which was unchanged by a variety of treatments of the purified enzyme. Serine was found to act as a competitive inhibitor of histidine transamination, and histidine of serine transamination. These results suggest that histidine-pyruvate amino-transferase isoenzymes 1 is identical with serine-pyruvate aminotransferase. The enzyme is probably composed of two identical subunits with mol. wt. approx. 38000. The absorbance maximum at 410 nm and the inhibition by carbonyl reagents strongly indicate the presence of pyridoxal phosphate. | [
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|
PMID:12743 | Modification of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by adsorption on phospholipid vesicles. | 1. The adsorption of [14C]carboxymethylated glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to negatively charged liposomes of phsphatidic acid/phosphatidylcholine (3:7, w/w) was investigated. The apparent association constant at I/2 = 60, pH 7.6, was 0.4 X 10(6)M-1. Adsorption decreased as ionic strength and pH were increased. 2. In the presence of negatively charged liposomes, the Km value for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased and Vmax. decreased. In the presence of positively charged liposomes, the Km value for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate decreased and there was no significant change in Vmax. Addition of Triton X-100 abolished the effect of both positively and negatively charged liposomes on the kinetic properties of the enzyme. | Modification of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity by adsorption on phospholipid vesicles. 1. The adsorption of [14C]carboxymethylated glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase to negatively charged liposomes of phsphatidic acid/phosphatidylcholine (3:7, w/w) was investigated. The apparent association constant at I/2 = 60, pH 7.6, was 0.4 X 10(6)M-1. Adsorption decreased as ionic strength and pH were increased. 2. In the presence of negatively charged liposomes, the Km value for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased and Vmax. decreased. In the presence of positively charged liposomes, the Km value for glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate decreased and there was no significant change in Vmax. Addition of Triton X-100 abolished the effect of both positively and negatively charged liposomes on the kinetic properties of the enzyme. | [
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|
PMID:12744 | The transport and oxidation of succinate by Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. | The transport and oxidation of succinate by functionally intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells was investigated. On the basis of pH dependence and inhibitor sensitivity it was concluded that succinate may be transported across the cell membrane by the organic anion carrier system. Thus the ability of isolated Ehrlich cells to oxidize succinate is real, and is not necessarily a result of damage to cell integrity. | The transport and oxidation of succinate by Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. The transport and oxidation of succinate by functionally intact Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells was investigated. On the basis of pH dependence and inhibitor sensitivity it was concluded that succinate may be transported across the cell membrane by the organic anion carrier system. Thus the ability of isolated Ehrlich cells to oxidize succinate is real, and is not necessarily a result of damage to cell integrity. | [
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|
PMID:12745 | The role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of the diurnal rhythm of hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. | The microsomal activities of the hepatic enzymes hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase exhibit a diurnal rhythm with maximum activities observed during the dark period and minimum activities around noon (12:00h). This diurnal rhythm was maintained for both enzymes after adrenalectomy, but the amplitude of variation for the activity of both enzymes was greatly decreased. A single injection of cortisol administered to adrenalectomized rats 3h before the expected maximum in enzyme activity resulted in a twofold increase in the activity of both enzymes 3h later, at values similar to those observed for control rats killed at the same time. This response appeared to require protein synthesis, since it was blocked by actinomycin D. However, the administration of cortisol to adrenalectomized rats 3 h before the expected minimum did not result in significant change in the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase 3 h later. Kinetic studies of cholic acid metabolism in vivo demonstrated that adrenalectomy results in a significant decrease in the rate of synthesis of cholic acid and a considerable decrease in the pool size of cholic acid and its metabolic products. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with cortisol increased the rate oonsistent with the effects of adrenalectomy and cortisol treatment on the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. | The role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of the diurnal rhythm of hepatic beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. The microsomal activities of the hepatic enzymes hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase exhibit a diurnal rhythm with maximum activities observed during the dark period and minimum activities around noon (12:00h). This diurnal rhythm was maintained for both enzymes after adrenalectomy, but the amplitude of variation for the activity of both enzymes was greatly decreased. A single injection of cortisol administered to adrenalectomized rats 3h before the expected maximum in enzyme activity resulted in a twofold increase in the activity of both enzymes 3h later, at values similar to those observed for control rats killed at the same time. This response appeared to require protein synthesis, since it was blocked by actinomycin D. However, the administration of cortisol to adrenalectomized rats 3 h before the expected minimum did not result in significant change in the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase 3 h later. Kinetic studies of cholic acid metabolism in vivo demonstrated that adrenalectomy results in a significant decrease in the rate of synthesis of cholic acid and a considerable decrease in the pool size of cholic acid and its metabolic products. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with cortisol increased the rate oonsistent with the effects of adrenalectomy and cortisol treatment on the activity of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. | [
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|
PMID:12746 | Mechanism of inhibition by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and sodium deoxycholate of cytochrome P-450-catalysed hepatic microsomal drug metabolism. | 1. Treatment of liver microsomal fraction with 0.03-0.12% sodium deoxycholate and 0.005-0.06 mM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone decreases phospholipid-dependent hydrophobicity of the microsomal membrane, assayed by the kinetics of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate binding and ethyl isocyanide difference spectra. 2. Sodium deoxycholate at a concentration of 0.01% lacks its detergent properties, but competitively inhibits aminopyrine binding and activates the initial rate of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. In the presence of 0.03-0.09% sodium deoxycholate the rate-limiting factor in p-hydroxylation of aniline is the content of cytochrome P-450. and that for N-demethylation of aminopyrine is the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. 3. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone has no effect on the binding and metabolism of aniline; investigation of its inhibiting effect on aminopyrine N-demethylase established that the rate-limiting reaction is the dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex in the microsomal preparations. 4. In the mechanism of action of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone the key step may be the electrostatic interaction of its protonated form and one of the forms of activated oxygen at the catalytic centre of cytochrome P-450. 5. at least two different phospholipid-dependent hydrophobic zones are assumed to exist in the microsomal membrane, both coupled with cytochrome P-450. One of them reveals selective sensitivity to the protonation action of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and contains the 'binding protein' for type I substrates and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase; the other contains the cytochrome P-450 haem group and binding sites for type II substrates. | Mechanism of inhibition by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and sodium deoxycholate of cytochrome P-450-catalysed hepatic microsomal drug metabolism. 1. Treatment of liver microsomal fraction with 0.03-0.12% sodium deoxycholate and 0.005-0.06 mM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone decreases phospholipid-dependent hydrophobicity of the microsomal membrane, assayed by the kinetics of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate binding and ethyl isocyanide difference spectra. 2. Sodium deoxycholate at a concentration of 0.01% lacks its detergent properties, but competitively inhibits aminopyrine binding and activates the initial rate of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. In the presence of 0.03-0.09% sodium deoxycholate the rate-limiting factor in p-hydroxylation of aniline is the content of cytochrome P-450. and that for N-demethylation of aminopyrine is the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. 3. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone has no effect on the binding and metabolism of aniline; investigation of its inhibiting effect on aminopyrine N-demethylase established that the rate-limiting reaction is the dissociation of the enzyme-substrate complex in the microsomal preparations. 4. In the mechanism of action of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone the key step may be the electrostatic interaction of its protonated form and one of the forms of activated oxygen at the catalytic centre of cytochrome P-450. 5. at least two different phospholipid-dependent hydrophobic zones are assumed to exist in the microsomal membrane, both coupled with cytochrome P-450. One of them reveals selective sensitivity to the protonation action of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and contains the 'binding protein' for type I substrates and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase; the other contains the cytochrome P-450 haem group and binding sites for type II substrates. | [
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|
PMID:12747 | Phosphatidylinositol kinase and diphosphoinositide kinase of rat kidney cortex: properties and subcellular localization. | The properties of phosphatidylinositol kinase and diphosphoinositide kinase from rat kidney cortex were studied. The enzymes were completely Mg2+-dependent. Cutscum detergent activated phosphatidylinositol kinase, but diphosphoinositide kinase was inhibited by all detergents tested. The pH optima were 7.7 for phosphatidylinositol kinase and 6.5 for diphosphoinositide kinase. On subcellular fractionation of kidney-cortex homogenates by differential centriflgation, the distribution of phosphatidylinositol kinase resembled that of the marker enzymes for brush-border, endoplasmic-reticulum and Golgi membranes. Diphosphoinositide kinase distribution resembled that of thiamin pyrophosphatase (assayed in the absence of ATP), diphosphoinositide phosphatase and triphosphoinositide phosphatase. Activities of both kinases were low in purified brush-border fragments. Diphosphoinositide kinase is probably localized in the Golgi complex. | Phosphatidylinositol kinase and diphosphoinositide kinase of rat kidney cortex: properties and subcellular localization. The properties of phosphatidylinositol kinase and diphosphoinositide kinase from rat kidney cortex were studied. The enzymes were completely Mg2+-dependent. Cutscum detergent activated phosphatidylinositol kinase, but diphosphoinositide kinase was inhibited by all detergents tested. The pH optima were 7.7 for phosphatidylinositol kinase and 6.5 for diphosphoinositide kinase. On subcellular fractionation of kidney-cortex homogenates by differential centriflgation, the distribution of phosphatidylinositol kinase resembled that of the marker enzymes for brush-border, endoplasmic-reticulum and Golgi membranes. Diphosphoinositide kinase distribution resembled that of thiamin pyrophosphatase (assayed in the absence of ATP), diphosphoinositide phosphatase and triphosphoinositide phosphatase. Activities of both kinases were low in purified brush-border fragments. Diphosphoinositide kinase is probably localized in the Golgi complex. | [
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|
PMID:12748 | Physicochemical characteristics of the glycosaminoglycan-lysosomal enzyme interaction in vitro. A model of control of leucocytic lysosomal activity. | 1. The activities of 30 different lysosomal enzymes were determined in vitro in the presence of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans, heparin and chondroitin sulphate, all the enzymes being measured on a density-gradient-purified lysosomal fraction. 2. Each enzyme was studied as a function of the pH of the incubation medium. In general the presence of sulphated glycosaminoglycans induced a strong pH-dependent inhibition of lysosomal enzymes at pH values lower than 5.0, with full activity at higher pH values. However, in the particular case of lysozyme and phospholipase A2 the heparin-induced inhibition was maintained in the pH range 4.0-7.0. 3. For certain enzymes, such as acid beta-glycerophosphatase, alpha-galactosidase, acid lipase, lysozyme and phospholipase A2, the pH-dependent behaviour obtained in the presence of heparin was quite different to that obtained with chondroitin sulphate, suggesting the existence of physicochemical characteristic factors playing a role in the intermolecular interaction for each of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans studied. 4. Except in the particular case of peroxidase activity, in all other lysosomal enzymes measured the glycosaminoglycan-enzyme complex formation was a temperature-and time-independent phenomenon. 5. The effects of the ionic strength and pH on this intermolecular interaction reinforce the concept of an electrostatic reversible interaction between anionic groups of the glycosaminoglycans and cationic groups on the enzyme molecule. 6. As leucocytic primary lysosomes have a very acid intragranular pH and large amounts of chondroitin sulphate, we propose that this glycosaminoglycan might act as molecular regulator of leucocytic activity, by inhibiting lysosomal enzymes when the intragranular pH is below the pI of lysosomal enzymes. This fact, plus the intravacuolar pH changes described during the phagocytic process, might explain the unresponsiveness of lysosomal enzymes against each other existing in primary lysosomes as well as its full activation at pH values occurring in secondary lysosomes during the phagocytic process. | Physicochemical characteristics of the glycosaminoglycan-lysosomal enzyme interaction in vitro. A model of control of leucocytic lysosomal activity. 1. The activities of 30 different lysosomal enzymes were determined in vitro in the presence of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans, heparin and chondroitin sulphate, all the enzymes being measured on a density-gradient-purified lysosomal fraction. 2. Each enzyme was studied as a function of the pH of the incubation medium. In general the presence of sulphated glycosaminoglycans induced a strong pH-dependent inhibition of lysosomal enzymes at pH values lower than 5.0, with full activity at higher pH values. However, in the particular case of lysozyme and phospholipase A2 the heparin-induced inhibition was maintained in the pH range 4.0-7.0. 3. For certain enzymes, such as acid beta-glycerophosphatase, alpha-galactosidase, acid lipase, lysozyme and phospholipase A2, the pH-dependent behaviour obtained in the presence of heparin was quite different to that obtained with chondroitin sulphate, suggesting the existence of physicochemical characteristic factors playing a role in the intermolecular interaction for each of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans studied. 4. Except in the particular case of peroxidase activity, in all other lysosomal enzymes measured the glycosaminoglycan-enzyme complex formation was a temperature-and time-independent phenomenon. 5. The effects of the ionic strength and pH on this intermolecular interaction reinforce the concept of an electrostatic reversible interaction between anionic groups of the glycosaminoglycans and cationic groups on the enzyme molecule. 6. As leucocytic primary lysosomes have a very acid intragranular pH and large amounts of chondroitin sulphate, we propose that this glycosaminoglycan might act as molecular regulator of leucocytic activity, by inhibiting lysosomal enzymes when the intragranular pH is below the pI of lysosomal enzymes. This fact, plus the intravacuolar pH changes described during the phagocytic process, might explain the unresponsiveness of lysosomal enzymes against each other existing in primary lysosomes as well as its full activation at pH values occurring in secondary lysosomes during the phagocytic process. | [
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|
PMID:12749 | Further investigation of the biosynthesis of caffeine in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). Methylation of transfer ribonucleic acid by tea leaf extracts. | 1. The tRNA methyltransferase activity in vitro of leaves, cotyledons and roots of 85-day-old tea seedlings was studied. 2. The activity of extracts prepared from tea leaves with Polycar AT (insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidine) had optimum pH7.7 and was greatly influenced by thiol compounds, but only slightly by metal ions and ammonium acetate. 3. The activities of extracts, expressed per mg of protein, were as follows: roots greater than leaves greater than cotyledons. The only methylated base isolated after incubation with these preparations was 1-methyladenine. 4. The results did not support the view of involvement of methylation of nucleic acids in caffeine biosynthesis in tea plants. In contrast, it is suggested that theophylline is synthesized from the specific methylated precursor in nucleic acids, namely 1-methyladenylic acid, via 1-methylxanthine. | Further investigation of the biosynthesis of caffeine in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). Methylation of transfer ribonucleic acid by tea leaf extracts. 1. The tRNA methyltransferase activity in vitro of leaves, cotyledons and roots of 85-day-old tea seedlings was studied. 2. The activity of extracts prepared from tea leaves with Polycar AT (insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidine) had optimum pH7.7 and was greatly influenced by thiol compounds, but only slightly by metal ions and ammonium acetate. 3. The activities of extracts, expressed per mg of protein, were as follows: roots greater than leaves greater than cotyledons. The only methylated base isolated after incubation with these preparations was 1-methyladenine. 4. The results did not support the view of involvement of methylation of nucleic acids in caffeine biosynthesis in tea plants. In contrast, it is suggested that theophylline is synthesized from the specific methylated precursor in nucleic acids, namely 1-methyladenylic acid, via 1-methylxanthine. | [
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|
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