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Ticket (admission)	Pass	A pass is a special ticket, representing some subscription, in particular for unlimited use of a service or collection of services. Sometimes the pass replaces the tickets, sometimes it entitles the holder to free tickets. In the latter case, typically both the pass and the ticket has to be shown at the ticket check.
Ticket (admission)	Pass	Alternatively, there is the discount pass, for services such as those above: for a fee per unit time (or as a benefit on other grounds) one gets a discount on each purchase. Alternatively, a multi-use ticket (either valid a limited time, or indefinitely) may provide a discount. For example, a pass for entering a cinema 6 times within a year may cost the price of 4 or 5 tickets. A multi-use ticket may or may not be personal. If not, there may be a limitation to the number of people who can use the same multi-use ticket at the same time.
Ticket (admission)	Collecting (hobby)	After its original use, tickets can serve as a collectible item and collecting them is an internationally spread hobby. A ticket's value for collectors is mainly based on the event connected to it. Other important criteria for collectors might be rarity, theme, or even a country of issue. Collectors typically use online catalogs as the information source for tickets. In addition to acquiring tickets by themselves, collectors often trade between each other or purchase used tickets from online marketplaces.
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome	Post-vasectomy pain syndrome	Post-vasectomy pain syndrome (PVPS) is a chronic and sometimes debilitating genital pain condition that may develop immediately or several years after vasectomy. Because this condition is a syndrome, there is no single treatment method, therefore efforts focus on mitigating/relieving the individual patient's specific pain. When pain in the epididymides is the primary symptom, post-vasectomy pain syndrome is often described as congestive epididymitis.
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome	Incidence	In their Vasectomy Guideline (2015), the American Urological Association stated: An investigation of peer-reviewed articles published in March 2020 examined 559 articles, performed meta-analysis on 25 separate datasets, and concluded that the incidence of post-vasectomy pain syndrome is 5% (95% CI 3% to 8%) with similar incidence of PVPS for both the scalpel and the no-scalpel technique.
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome	Symptoms	Persistent pain in the genitalia and/or genital area(s) Groin pain upon physical exertion Pain when achieving an erection and/or engaging in sexual intercourse Pain upon ejaculation Loss of erectile functionAny of the aforementioned pain conditions/syndromes can persist for years after vasectomy. The range of PVPS pain can be mild/annoying to the less-likely extreme debilitating pain experienced by a smaller number of individuals in this group. There is a continuum of pain severity between these two extremes. Pain is thought to be caused by any of the following, either singularly or in combination: testicular back pressure, overfull epididymides, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, sperm granulomas, and nerve entrapment. Pain can be present continuously in the form of orchialgia and/or congestive epididymitis or it can be situational, such as pain during intercourse, ejaculation or physical exertion.
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome	Mechanisms of pain	There is a noticeable enlargement of the epididymides in vasectomized men. Sperm sometimes leak from the vas deferens of vasectomized men, forming lesions in the scrotum known as sperm granulomas. Some sperm granulomas can be painful. The presence of a sperm granuloma at the vasectomy site prevents epididymal pressure build-up, perforation, and the formation of an epididymal sperm granuloma. It thus lessens the likelihood of epididymal discomfort.One study using ultrasound found that the epididymides of patients with post-vasectomy pain syndrome were enlarged and full of cystic growths.
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome	Treatment	Treatment depends on the proximate cause. In one study, it was reported that 9 of 13 men who underwent vasectomy reversal in an attempt to relieve post-vasectomy pain syndrome became pain-free, though the followup was only one month in some cases. Another study found that 24 of 32 men had relief after vasectomy reversal.Nerve entrapment is treated with surgery to free the nerve from the scar tissue, or to cut the nerve. One study reported that denervation of the spermatic cord provided complete relief at the first follow-up visit in 13 of 17 cases, and that the other four patients reported improvement. As nerves may regrow, long-term studies are needed.
Post-vasectomy pain syndrome	Treatment	One study found that epididymectomy provided relief for 50% of patients with post-vasectomy pain syndrome.Orchiectomy is recommended usually only after other surgeries have failed.
Erlang distribution	Erlang distribution	The Erlang distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions with support x∈[0,∞) . The two parameters are: a positive integer k, the "shape", and a positive real number λ, the "rate". The "scale", β, the reciprocal of the rate, is sometimes used instead.The Erlang distribution is the distribution of a sum of k independent exponential variables with mean 1/λ each. Equivalently, it is the distribution of the time until the kth event of a Poisson process with a rate of λ . The Erlang and Poisson distributions are complementary, in that while the Poisson distribution counts the number of events that occur in a fixed amount of time, the Erlang distribution counts the amount of time until the occurrence of a fixed number of events. When k=1 , the distribution simplifies to the exponential distribution. The Erlang distribution is a special case of the gamma distribution wherein the shape of the distribution is discretised.
Erlang distribution	Erlang distribution	The Erlang distribution was developed by A. K. Erlang to examine the number of telephone calls which might be made at the same time to the operators of the switching stations. This work on telephone traffic engineering has been expanded to consider waiting times in queueing systems in general. The distribution is also used in the field of stochastic processes.
Erlang distribution	Characterization	Probability density function The probability density function of the Erlang distribution is for x,λ≥0, The parameter k is called the shape parameter, and the parameter λ is called the rate parameter. An alternative, but equivalent, parametrization uses the scale parameter β , which is the reciprocal of the rate parameter (i.e., β=1/λ ): for 0. When the scale parameter β equals 2, the distribution simplifies to the chi-squared distribution with 2k degrees of freedom. It can therefore be regarded as a generalized chi-squared distribution for even numbers of degrees of freedom. Cumulative distribution function (CDF) The cumulative distribution function of the Erlang distribution is F(x;k,λ)=P(k,λx)=γ(k,λx)Γ(k)=γ(k,λx)(k−1)!, where γ is the lower incomplete gamma function and P is the lower regularized gamma function. The CDF may also be expressed as F(x;k,λ)=1−∑n=0k−11n!e−λx(λx)n.
Erlang distribution	Characterization	Erlang-k The Erlang-k distribution (where k is a positive integer) Ek(λ) is defined by setting k in the PDF of the Erlang distribution. For instance, the Erlang-2 distribution is for x,λ≥0 , which is the same as f(x;2,λ) Median An asymptotic expansion is known for the median of an Erlang distribution, for which coefficients can be computed and bounds are known. An approximation is 0.2 ), i.e. below the mean kλ.
Erlang distribution	Generating Erlang-distributed random variates	Erlang-distributed random variates can be generated from uniformly distributed random numbers ( U∈[0,1] ) using the following formula: ln ln ⁡Ui
Erlang distribution	Applications	Waiting times Events that occur independently with some average rate are modeled with a Poisson process. The waiting times between k occurrences of the event are Erlang distributed. (The related question of the number of events in a given amount of time is described by the Poisson distribution.) The Erlang distribution, which measures the time between incoming calls, can be used in conjunction with the expected duration of incoming calls to produce information about the traffic load measured in erlangs. This can be used to determine the probability of packet loss or delay, according to various assumptions made about whether blocked calls are aborted (Erlang B formula) or queued until served (Erlang C formula). The Erlang-B and C formulae are still in everyday use for traffic modeling for applications such as the design of call centers.
Erlang distribution	Applications	Other applications The age distribution of cancer incidence often follows the Erlang distribution, whereas the shape and scale parameters predict, respectively, the number of driver events and the time interval between them. More generally, the Erlang distribution has been suggested as good approximation of cell cycle time distribution, as result of multi-stage models.It has also been used in business economics for describing interpurchase times.
Erlang distribution	Properties	If Erlang ⁡(k,λ) then Erlang ⁡(k,λa) with a∈R If Erlang ⁡(k1,λ) and Erlang ⁡(k2,λ) then Erlang ⁡(k1+k2,λ) if X,Y are independent
Erlang distribution	Related distributions	The Erlang distribution is the distribution of the sum of k independent and identically distributed random variables, each having an exponential distribution. The long-run rate at which events occur is the reciprocal of the expectation of X, that is, λ/k.
Erlang distribution	Related distributions	The (age specific event) rate of the Erlang distribution is, for k>1, monotonic in x, increasing from 0 at x=0, to λ as x tends to infinity.That is: if Exponential ⁡(λ), then Because of the factorial function in the denominator of the PDF and CDF, the Erlang distribution is only defined when the parameter k is a positive integer. In fact, this distribution is sometimes called the Erlang-k distribution (e.g., an Erlang-2 distribution is an Erlang distribution with k=2 ). The gamma distribution generalizes the Erlang distribution by allowing k to be any positive real number, using the gamma function instead of the factorial function.
Erlang distribution	Related distributions	That is: if k is an integer and Gamma ⁡(k,λ), then Erlang ⁡(k,λ) If Exponential ⁡(λ) and Erlang ⁡(n,λ) then Pareto ⁡(1,n) The Erlang distribution is a special case of the Pearson type III distribution The Erlang distribution is related to the chi-squared distribution. If Erlang ⁡(k,λ), then 2λX∼χ2k2. The Erlang distribution is related to the Poisson distribution by the Poisson process: If Sn=∑i=1nXi such that Exponential ⁡(λ), then and Taking the differences over n gives the Poisson distribution.
Backfeeding	Backfeeding	Backfeeding is the flow of electric power in the direction reverse to that of the generally understood or typical flow of power. Depending on the source of the power, this reverse flow may be intentional or unintentional. If not prevented (in the case of unintentional backfeeding) or properly performed (in cases of intentional backfeeding), backfeeding may present unanticipated hazards to electrical grid equipment and service personnel.
Backfeeding	Types of backfeeding	Intentional backfeeding Development and economization of consumer power generation equipment such as wind turbines and photovoltaic systems has led to an increase in the number of consumers that may produce more electrical power than they consume during peak generating conditions. If supported by the consumer's electric utility provider, the excess power generated may be fed back into the electrical grid. This process makes the typical consumer a temporary producer while the flow of electrical power remains reversed. When backfeeding is performed this way, electric utility providers will install a specially engineered electrical meter that is capable of net metering.
Backfeeding	Types of backfeeding	Unintentional backfeeding A common source of unintentional backfeeding is an electrical generator (typically a portable generator) that is improperly connected to a building electrical system. A properly installed electrical generator incorporates the use of a transfer switch or generator interlock kit to ensure the incoming electrical service line is disconnected when the generator is providing power to the building. In the absence (or improper usage) of a transfer switch, unintentional backfeeding may occur when the power provided by the electrical generator is able to flow over the electrical service line. Because an electrical transformer is capable of operating in both directions, electrical power generated from equipment on the consumer's premises can backfeed through the transformer and energize the distribution line to which the transformer is connected.
Backfeeding	Types of backfeeding	Intrinsic backfeeding Backfeeding also exists in other instances where a location that is typically a generator becomes a consumer. This is commonly seen when an electrical generation plant is shut down or operating at such a reduced capacity that its parasitic load becomes greater than its generated power. The parasitic power load is the result of the usage of: pumps, facility lighting, HVAC equipment, and other control equipment that must remain active regardless of actual electrical power production. Electrical utilities often take steps to decrease their overall parasitic load to minimize this type of backfeeding and improve efficiency.
Backfeeding	Grid design considerations	For manufacturing cost and operational simplicity reasons, most circuit (overcurrent) protection and power quality control (voltage regulation) devices used by electric utility companies are designed with the assumption that power always flows in one direction. An interconnection agreement can be arranged for equipment designed to backfeed from the consumer's equipment to the electrical utility provider's distribution system. This type of interconnection can involve nontrivial engineering and usage of costly specialized equipment designed to keep distribution circuits and equipment properly protected. Such costs may be minimized by limiting distributed generation capacity to less than that which is consumed locally, and guaranteeing this condition by installing a reverse-power cutoff relay that opens if backfeeding occurs.
Backfeeding	Safety and operational hazards	Because it involves transfer of significant amounts of energy, backfeeding must be carefully controlled and monitored. Personnel working on equipment subject to backfeeding must be aware of all possible power sources, and follow systematic protocols to ensure that equipment is fully de-energized before commencing work, or use special equipment and techniques suitable for working on live equipment. When working on de-energized power conductors, lineworkers attach temporary protective grounding assemblies or "protective ground sets", which short all conductors to each other and to an earth ground. This ensures that no wires can become energized, whether by accidental switching or by unintentional backfeeding. Because of the hazards presented by unintentional backfeeding, the usage of equipment that defeats engineered or standardized safety mechanisms such as double-ended power cords (an electrical cord that has a male electrical plug on both ends) is illegal and against the United States National Electrical Code.
IBM WebSphere Adapters	IBM WebSphere Adapters	IBM WebSphere refers to a brand of proprietary computer software products in the genre of enterprise software known as "application and integration middleware". These software products are used by end-users to create and integrate applications with other applications. IBM WebSphere has been available to the general market since 1998.
IBM WebSphere Adapters	History	In June 1998, IBM introduced the first product in this brand, IBM WebSphere Performance Pack. As of 2012 this first component formed a part of IBM WebSphere Application Server Network Deployment.
IBM WebSphere Adapters	Products	The following products have been produced by IBM within the WebSphere brand: IBM WebSphere Application Server - a web application server IBM Workload Deployer - a hardware appliance that provides access to IBM middleware virtual images and patterns IBM WebSphere eXtreme Scale - an in-memory data grid for use in high-performance computing IBM HTTP Server IBM WebSphere Adapters IBM Websphere Business Events IBM Websphere Edge Components IBM Websphere Host On-Demand (HOD) IBM WebSphere Message Broker Banking Transformation Toolkit IBM MQ IBM WebSphere Portlet Factory IBM WebSphere Process Server WebSphere Commerce (sold to HCL Technologies in 2019) WebSphere Portal (sold to HCL Technologies in 2019)
W3af	W3af	w3af (Web Application Attack and Audit Framework) is an open-source web application security scanner. The project provides a vulnerability scanner and exploitation tool for Web applications. It provides information about security vulnerabilities for use in penetration testing engagements. The scanner offers a graphical user interface and a command-line interface.
W3af	Architecture	w3af is divided into two main parts, the core and the plug-ins. The core coordinates the process and provides features that are consumed by the plug-ins, which find the vulnerabilities and exploit them. The plug-ins are connected and share information with each other using a knowledge base. Plug-ins can be categorized as Discovery, Audit, Grep, Attack, Output, Mangle, Evasion or Bruteforce.
W3af	History	w3af was started by Andres Riancho in March 2007, after many years of development by the community. In July 2010, w3af announced its sponsorship and partnership with Rapid7. With Rapid7's sponsorship the project will be able to increase its development speed and keep growing in terms of users and contributors.
Redback Networks	Redback Networks	Redback Networks provided hardware and software used by Internet service providers to manage broadband services. The company's products included the SMS (Subscriber Management System), SmartEdge, and SmartMetro product lines.In January 2007, the company was acquired by Ericsson.
Redback Networks	History	Redback Networks was founded in August 1996 by Gaurav Garg, Asher Waldfogel, and William M. Salkewicz. The company received seed money from Sequoia Capital.In May 1999, during the dot-com bubble, the company became a public company via an initial public offering. After pricing at $23 each, shares soared 266% on the first day of trading.In November 1999, the company acquired Siara Systems, which at the time only had products in the prototype stage, for $4.3 billion in stock.In 2000, its share price peaked at $198 but fell to $0.27 in October 2002, after the burst of the dot-com bubble.In August 2000, the company acquired Abatis Systems.In October 2000, the company opened a regional headquarters in Hong Kong.In January 2007, the company was acquired by Ericsson for $1.9 billion, or $25 per share.
Refugium (population biology)	Refugium (population biology)	In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species. This isolation (allopatry) can be due to climatic changes, geography, or human activities such as deforestation and overhunting.
Refugium (population biology)	Refugium (population biology)	Present examples of refugial animal species are the mountain gorilla, isolated to specific mountains in central Africa, and the Australian sea lion, isolated to specific breeding beaches along the south-west coast of Australia, due to humans taking so many of their number as game. This resulting isolation, in many cases, can be seen as only a temporary state; however, some refugia may be longstanding, thereby having many endemic species, not found elsewhere, which survive as relict populations. The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool has been proposed to be a longstanding refugium, based on the discovery of the "living fossil" of a marine dinoflagellate called Dapsilidinium pastielsii, currently found in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool only.For plants, anthropogenic climate change propels scientific interest in identifying refugial species that were isolated into small or disjunct ranges during glacial episodes of the Pleistocene, yet whose ability to expand their ranges during the warmth of interglacial periods (such as the Holocene) was apparently limited or precluded by topographic, streamflow, or habitat barriers—or by the extinction of coevolved animal dispersers. The concern is that ongoing warming trends will expose them to extirpation or extinction in the decades ahead.In anthropology, refugia often refers specifically to Last Glacial Maximum refugia, where some ancestral human populations may have been forced back to glacial refugia (similar small isolated pockets on the face of the continental ice sheets) during the last glacial period. Going from west to east, suggested examples include the Franco-Cantabrian region (in northern Iberia), the Italian and Balkan peninsulas, the Ukrainian LGM refuge, and the Bering Land Bridge. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived the glacial maxima (including the Last Glacial Maximum) in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover.More recently, refugia has been used to refer to areas that could offer relative climate stability in the face of modern climate change.
Refugium (population biology)	Speciation	As an example of a locale refugia study, Jürgen Haffer first proposed the concept of refugia to explain the biological diversity of bird populations in the Amazonian river basin. Haffer suggested that climatic change in the late Pleistocene led to reduced reservoirs of habitable forests in which populations become allopatric. Over time, that led to speciation: populations of the same species that found themselves in different refugia evolved differently, creating parapatric sister-species. As the Pleistocene ended, the arid conditions gave way to the present humid rainforest environment, reconnecting the refugia.
Refugium (population biology)	Speciation	Scholars have since expanded the idea of this mode of speciation and used it to explain population patterns in other areas of the world, such as Africa, Eurasia, and North America. Theoretically, current biogeographical patterns can be used to infer past refugia: if several unrelated species follow concurrent range patterns, the area may have been a refugium. Moreover, the current distribution of species with narrow ecological requirements tend to be associated with the spatial position of glacial refugia.
Refugium (population biology)	Simple environment examples of temperature	One can provide a simple explanation of refugia involving core temperatures and exposure to sunlight. In the northern hemisphere, north-facing sites on hills or mountains, and places at higher elevations count as cold sites. The reverse are sun- or heat-exposed, lower-elevation, south-facing sites: hot sites. (The opposite directions apply in the southern hemisphere.) Each site becomes a refugium, one as a "cold-surviving refugium" and the other as a "hot-surviving refugium". Canyons with deep hidden areas (the opposite of hillsides, mountains, mesas, etc. or other exposed areas) lead to these separate types of refugia.
Refugium (population biology)	Simple environment examples of temperature	A concept not often referenced is that of "sweepstakes colonization": when a dramatic ecological event occurs, for example a meteor strike, and global, multiyear effects occur. The sweepstake-winning species happens to already be living in a fortunate site, and their environment is rendered even more advantageous, as opposed to the "losing" species, which immediately fails to reproduce.
Refugium (population biology)	Past climate change refugia	Ecological understanding and geographic identification of climate refugia that remained significant strongholds for plant and animal survival during the extremes of past cooling and warming episodes largely pertain to the Quaternary glaciation cycles during the past several million years, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. A number of defining characteristics of past refugia are prevalent, including "an area where distinct genetic lineages have persisted through a series of Tertiary or Quaternary climate fluctuations owing to special, buffering environmental characteristics", "a geographical region that a species inhabits during the period of a glacial/interglacial cycle that represents the species' maximum contraction in geographical range," and "areas where local populations of a species can persist through periods of unfavorable regional climate."
Refugium (population biology)	Future climate change refugia	In systematic conservation planning, the term refugium has been used to define areas that could be used in protected area development to protect species from climate change. The term has been used alternatively to refer to areas with stable habitats or stable climates. More specifically, the term in situ refugium is used to refer to areas that will allow species that exist in an area to remain there even as conditions change, whereas ex situ refugium refers to an area into which species distributions can move to in response to climate change. Sites that offer in situ refugia are also called resilient sites in which species will continue to have what they need to survive even as climate changes.One study found with downscaled climate models that areas near the coast are predicted to experience overall less warming than areas toward the interior of the US State of Washington. Other research has found that old-growth forests are particularly insulated from climatic changes due to evaporative cooling effects from evapotranspiration and their ability to retain moisture. The same study found that such effects in the Pacific Northwest would create important refugia for bird species. A review of refugia-focused conservation strategy in the Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion found that, in addition to old-growth forest, the northern aspects of hillslopes and deep gorges would provide relatively cool areas for wildlife and seeps or bogs surrounded by mature and old-growth forests would continue to supply moisture even as water availability decreases.
Refugium (population biology)	Future climate change refugia	Beginning in 2010 the concept of geodiversity (a term used previously in efforts to preserve scientifically important geological features) entered into the literature of conservation biologists as a potential way to identify climate change refugia and as a surrogate (in other words, a proxy used when planning for protected areas) for biodiversity. While the language to describe this mode of conservation planning hadn't fully developed until recently, the use of geophysical diversity in conservation planning goes back at least as far as the work by Hunter and others in 1988, and Richard Cowling and his colleagues in South Africa also used "spatial features" as surrogates for ecological processes in establishing conservation areas in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The most recent efforts have used the idea of land facets (also referred to as geophysical settings, enduring features, or geophysical stages), which are unique combinations of topographical features (such as slope steepness, slope direction, and elevation) and soil composition, to quantify physical features. The density of these facets, in turn, is used as a measure of geodiversity. Because geodiversity has been shown to be correlated with biodiversity, even as species move in response to climate change, protected areas with high geodiversity may continue to protect biodiversity as niches get filled by the influx of species from neighboring areas. Highly geodiverse protected areas may also allow for the movement of species within the area from one land facet or elevation to another.Conservation scientists, however, emphasize that the use of refugia to plan for climate change is not a substitute for fine-scale (more localized) and traditional approaches to conservation, as individual species and ecosystems will need to be protected where they exist in the present. They also emphasize that responding to climate change in conservation is not a substitute for actually limiting the causes of climate change.
2-step (breakdance move)	2-step (breakdance move)	The 2-step also known as Mini Swipe or Baby Swipe is a footwork sequence in breakdance.
2-step (breakdance move)	Description	The 2-step is a fundamental dance move that is often one of the first footwork sequence learned by breakdancers. Many breakdance moves can begin from the 2-step position. This move sets up the direction of movement and builds up momentum when dancing. This move allows the dancer to stay low and in contact with the ground, which places him in an optimal position for performing other dance moves. This move is launched from the third step of the basic 6-step and involves the dancer hopping with a crouched leg over the other straightened leg while simultaneously rotating the dancer's body over the swinging leg in a twisting movement similar to a swipe. The move leaves the dancer in a position similar to the fourth step of the 6-step, but facing 180 degrees in the opposite direction. When dancing 2-step is often used as a move by itself or as a transition into other moves such as powermoves, freezes, toprock and much more.
2-step (breakdance move)	Step-by-step	This description is for clockwise rotation. As the name implies, there are a total of two steps in this dance move. A standard version begins in a push up position. From the push up position, kick your right leg to the left side as if you were going to a 3-step position. Pull your right leg back so that your legs make a v-shape. This should look like step 3 of a 6-step. From that position straighten your left leg and sweep it around your right, when it passes in front of your body shift your weight from your right hand to your left hand.
2-step (breakdance move)	Step-by-step	Without stopping after step 3 lower your right hand and use your right leg to force your body upwards into the air, while you are in the air shift your weight onto your right hand while twisting your torso. Extend your right leg forward and you should land at 180 degrees of your previous position.Once you have these steps down you should combine steps two and three and do the moves simultaneously.
2-step (breakdance move)	Variants	The 2-step is a move based on the 6-step. The 2-step can be down on the knuckles of the hand as well as the palm.
Jean-Michel Coron	Jean-Michel Coron	Jean-Michel Coron (born August 8, 1956) is a French mathematician. He first studied at École Polytechnique, where he worked on his PhD thesis advised by Haïm Brezis. Since 1992, he has studied the control theory of partial differential equations, and which includes both control and stabilization. His results concern partial differential equations related to fluid dynamics, with emphasis on nonlinear phenomena, and part of them found applications to control channels.
Jean-Michel Coron	Jean-Michel Coron	He had previously worked in the field of non-linear functional analysis, where he also obtained significant results. Jean-Michel Coron was awarded numerous prizes, like the Fermat prize in 1993, the Jaffé prize in 1995 by the Académie des Sciences, and the Dargelos prize in 2002.
Jean-Michel Coron	Jean-Michel Coron	He was invited at the 1990 International Congress of Mathematicians (Kyoto) in the section Partial Differential Equations, and he was also invited as a plenary speaker at the 2010 International Congress of Mathematicians, Hyderabad, India. He is now a Professor at the University Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris, and a Senior member of the Institut Universitaire de France.Jean-Michel Coron is the husband of Claire Voisin who was also plenary speaker at the 2010 International Congress of Mathematicians and who is the 2016 recipient of the Gold medal of the French National Centre for Scientific Research, the highest scientific research award in France. They have five children.
Jean-Michel Coron	Notable publications	Haïm Brezis and Jean-Michel Coron. Multiple solutions of H-systems and Rellich's conjecture. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 37 (1984), no. 2, 149–187. Jean-Michel Coron. Topologie et cas limite des injections de Sobolev. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér. I Math. 299 (1984), no. 7, 209–212. H. Brezis and J.-M. Coron. Convergence of solutions of H-systems or how to blow bubbles. Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 89 (1985), no. 1, 21–56. Haïm Brezis, Jean-Michel Coron, and Elliott H. Lieb. Harmonic maps with defects. Comm. Math. Phys. 107 (1986), no. 4, 649–705. A. Bahri and J.-M. Coron. On a nonlinear elliptic equation involving the critical Sobolev exponent: the effect of the topology of the domain. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 41 (1988), no. 3, 253–294. A. Bahri and J.-M. Coron. The scalar-curvature problem on the standard three-dimensional sphere. J. Funct. Anal. 95 (1991), no. 1, 106–172. Jean-Michel Coron. Global asymptotic stabilization for controllable systems without drift. Math. Control Signals Systems 5 (1992), no. 3, 295–312. Jean-Michel Coron, Brigitte d'Andréa-Novel, and Georges Bastin. A strict Lyapunov function for boundary control of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 52 (2007), no. 1, 2–11.
DU-41164	DU-41164	DU-41164, also known as 1,2β-methylene-6-fluoro-17α-acetoxy-δ6-retroprogesterone, is a progestin which was developed by Philips-Duphar in the 1970s and was never marketed. It is a combined derivative of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and retroprogesterone. The drug shows extremely high potency as a progestogen in animals; it was reported to possess 500 times the affinity of progesterone for the progesterone receptor expressed in rabbit uterus (Ki = 0.87 pM and 0.41 nM, respectively), and showed 600 times the progestogenic potency of subcutaneous progesterone when given orally in animals. The affinity of DU-41164 for the progesterone receptor was described in 1974 as "probably the highest reported for any steroid-receptor interaction". The drug showed no androgenic, anabolic, antiandrogenic, estrogenic, or corticosteroid activity in animals. Although highly potent in animals, DU-41164 produced little or no progestogenic effect at dosages of 50 and 200 µg/day in women, suggesting major species differences. A closely related compound, DU-41165, has been developed as a photoaffinity label for the progesterone receptor.
Ensoulment	Ensoulment	In religion and philosophy, ensoulment is the moment at which a human or other being gains a soul. Some belief systems maintain that a soul is newly created within a developing child and others, especially in religions that believe in reincarnation, that the soul is pre-existing and added at a particular stage of development.
Ensoulment	Ensoulment	In the time of Aristotle, it was widely believed that the human soul entered the forming body at 40 days (male embryos) or 90 days (female embryos), and quickening was an indication of the presence of a soul. Other religious views are that ensoulment happens at the moment of conception; or when the child takes the first breath after being born; at the formation of the nervous system and brain; at the first detectable sign of brain activity; or when the fetus is able to survive independently of the uterus (viability).The concept is closely related to debates on the morality of abortion as well as the morality of contraception. Religious beliefs that human life has an innate sacredness to it have motivated many statements by spiritual leaders of various traditions over the years. However, the three matters are not exactly parallel, given that various figures have argued that some kind of life without a soul, in various contexts, still has a moral worth that must be considered.
Ensoulment	Ancient Greeks	Among Greek scholars, Hippocrates (c.460 – c.370 BC) believed that the embryo was the product of male semen and a female factor. But Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) held that only male semen gave rise to an embryo, while the female only provided a place for the embryo to develop, (a concept he acquired from the preformationist Pythagoras). Aristotle believed a fetus in early gestation has the soul of a vegetable, then of an animal, and only later became "animated" with a human soul by "ensoulment". For him, ensoulment occurred 40 days after conception for male fetuses and 90 days after conception for female fetuses, the stage at which, it was held, movement is first felt within the womb and pregnancy was certain. This is called epigenesis, which is "the theory that the germ is brought into existence (by successive accretions), and not merely developed, in the process of reproduction," in contrast to the theory of preformation, which asserts the "supposed existence of all the parts of an organism in rudimentary form in the egg or the seed;" modern embryology, which finds both that an organism begins with an inherited genetic code and that embryonic stem cells can develop epigenetically into a variety of cell types, may be seen as supporting a balance between the views.Stoicism maintained that the living animal soul was received only at birth, through contact with the outer air, and was transformed into a rational soul only at fourteen years of age.Epicureanism saw the origin of the soul (considered to consist of only a small number of atoms even in adults) as simultaneous with conception.Pythagoreanism also considered ensoulment to occur at conception.: 109
Ensoulment	Christianity	Historical development From the 12th century, when the West first came to know more of Aristotle than his works on logic, mediaeval declarations by Popes and theologians on ensoulment were based on the Aristotelian hypothesis.
Ensoulment	Christianity	Aristotle's epigenetic view of successive life principles ("souls") in a developing human embryo—first a vegetative and then a sensitive or animal soul, and finally an intellective or human soul, with the higher levels able to carry out the functions also of the lower levels—was the prevailing view among early Christians, including Tertullian, Augustine, and Jerome. Lars Østnor says this view was only "presaged" by Augustine, who belongs to a period later than that of early Christianity. According to David Albert Jones, this distinction appeared among Christian writers only in the late fourth and early fifth century, while the earlier writers made no distinction between formed and unformed, a distinction that Saint Basil of Caesarea explicitly rejected.: 72–73 While the Hebrew text of the Bible only required a fine for the loss of a fœtus, whatever its stage of development, the Greek Septuagint (LXX) translation of the Hebrew text, a pre-Christian translation that the early Christians used, introduced a distinction between a formed and an unformed fœtus and treated destruction of the former as murder.: 9, 24 It has been commented that "the LXX could easily have been used to distinguish human from non-human fœtuses and homicidal from non-homicidal abortions, yet the early Christians, until the time of Augustine in the fifth century, did not do so."The view of early Christians on the moment of ensoulment is also said to have been not the Aristotelian, but the Pythagorean: As early as the time of Tertullian in the third century, Christianity had absorbed the Pythagorean Greek view that the soul was infused at the moment of conception. Though this view was confirmed by St. Gregory of Nyssa a century later, it would not be long before it would be rejected in favour of the Septuagintal notion that only a formed fœtus possessed a human soul. While Augustine speculated whether "animation" might be present prior to formation, he determined that abortion could only be defined as homicide once formation had occurred. Nevertheless, in common with all early Christian thought, Augustine condemned abortion from conception onward.: 40 Through the Latin translations of Averroes's (1126–1198) work, beginning in the 12th century, the legacy of Aristotle was recovered in the West. Christian philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas (1224–1274) adapted largely to his views and because they believed that the early embryo did not have a human soul, they did not necessarily see early abortion as murder, although they condemned it nonetheless.: 150 Aquinas, in his main work, the Summa Theologica, states (Part I, question 118, article 2 ad 2)"…that the intellectual soul is created by God at the end of human generation". Although Jesus may have been exceptional, Aquinas did believe that the embryo first possessed a vegetative soul, later acquired sensitive (animal) soul, and after 40 days of development, God gave humans a rational soul.In 1588, Pope Sixtus V issued the Bull Effraenatam, which subjected those that carried out abortions at any stage of gestation with automatic excommunication and the punishment by civil authorities applied to murderers. Three years later after finding that the results had not been as positive as was hoped, his successor Pope Gregory XIV limited the excommunication to abortion of a formed fœtus.: 71–72 In 1679, Pope Innocent XI publicly condemned sixty-five propositions taken chiefly from the writings of Escobar, Suarez and other casuists (mostly Jesuit casuists who had been heavily attacked by Pascal in his Provincial Letters) as propositiones laxorum moralistarum (propositions of lax moralists) as "at least scandalous and in practice dangerous". He forbade anyone to teach them under penalty of excommunication. The condemned propositions included: 34. It is lawful to procure abortion before ensoulment of the fetus lest a girl, detected as pregnant, be killed or defamed.
Ensoulment	Christianity	35. It seems probable that the fetus (as long as it is in the uterus) lacks a rational soul and begins to first have one when it is born and consequently it must be said that no abortion is homicide. In the 1869 Bull Apostolicae Sedis, Pius IX rescinded Gregory XIV's not-yet-animated fetus exception and re-enacted the penalty of excommunication for abortions at any stage of pregnancy, which even before that were never seen as merely venial sin. Since then, canon law makes no distinction as regards excommunication between stages of pregnancy at which abortion is performed.
Ensoulment	Christianity	In spite of the difference in ecclesiastical penalties imposed during the period when the theory of delayed ensoulment was accepted as scientific truth, abortion at any stage is currently claimed to have always been condemned by the Church and continues to be so. However, in its official declarations, the Catholic Church avoids taking a philosophical position on the question of the moment when a human person begins to be: This Congregation is aware of the current debates concerning the beginning of human life, concerning the individuality of the human being and concerning the identity of the human person. The Congregation recalls the teachings found in the Declaration on Procured Abortion: "From the time that the ovum is fertilized, a new life is begun which is neither that of the father nor of the mother; it is rather the life of a new human being with his own growth. It would never be made human if it were not human already. To this perpetual evidence ... modern genetic science brings valuable confirmation. It has demonstrated that, from the first instant, the programme is fixed as to what this living being will be: a man, this individual-man with his characteristic aspects already well determined. Right from fertilization is begun the adventure of a human life, and each of its great capacities requires time ... to find its place and to be in a position to act". This teaching remains valid and is further confirmed, if confirmation were needed, by recent findings of human biological science which recognize that in the zygote resulting from fertilization the biological identity of a new human individual is already constituted. Certainly no experimental datum can be in itself sufficient to bring us to the recognition of a spiritual soul; nevertheless, the conclusions of science regarding the human embryo provide a valuable indication for discerning by the use of reason a personal presence at the moment of this first appearance of a human life: how could a human individual not be a human person? The Magisterium has not expressly committed itself to an affirmation of a philosophical nature, but it constantly reaffirms the moral condemnation of any kind of procured abortion. This teaching has not been changed and is unchangeable.
Ensoulment	Christianity	Citing the possibly first-century Didache and the Letter of Barnabas of about the same period, the Epistle to Diognetus and Tertullian, the Catholic Church declares that "since the first century the Church has affirmed the moral evil of every procured abortion. This teaching has not changed and remains unchangeable. Direct abortion, that is to say, abortion willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the moral law."Even when the prevailing scientific theory considered that early abortion was the killing of what was not yet a human being, the condemnation of abortion at any stage was sometimes expressed in the form of making it equivalent to homicide. Accordingly, the 1907 article on abortion in the Catholic Encyclopedia stated: The early Christians are the first on record as having pronounced abortion to be the murder of human beings, for their public apologists, Athenagoras, Tertullian, and Minutius Felix (Eschbach, "Disp. Phys.", Disp. iii), to refute the slander that a child was slain, and its flesh eaten, by the guests at the Agapæ, appealed to their laws as forbidding all manner of murder, even that of children in the womb. The Fathers of the Church unanimously maintained the same doctrine. In the fourth century the Council of Eliberis decreed that Holy Communion should be refused all the rest of her life, even on her deathbed, to an adulteress who had procured the abortion of her child. The Sixth Ecumenical Council determined for the whole Church that anyone who procured abortion should bear all the punishments inflicted on murderers. In all these teachings and enactments no distinction is made between the earlier and the later stages of gestation. For, though the opinion of Aristotle, or similar speculations, regarding the time when the rational soul is infused into the embryo, were practically accepted for many centuries still it was always held by the Church that he who destroyed what was to be a man was guilty of destroying a human life.
Ensoulment	Christianity	The Catechism of the Catholic Church states that Human life "must be treated from conception as a person." Thomas P. Rausch states, "Although the church has not determined officially when human life actually begins, it has taken the course of maintaining that human life is present from the moment of conception or fertilization." On the other hand, Carol A. Tauer states, ”Such speculations have arisen within the context of an authoritative Church teaching: the Catholic Church, in its official magisterium, asserts that human life must be given equal protection at all stages from fertilization through adulthood.” Catholicism On 27 November 2010, Pope Benedict XVI stated "from the moment of its conception life must be guarded with the greatest care." [...] With regard to the embryo in the mother's womb, science itself highlights its autonomy, its capacity for interaction with the mother, the coordination of biological processes, the continuity of development, the growing complexity of the organism.It is not an accumulation of biological material but rather of a new living being, dynamic and marvelously ordered, a new individual of the human species. This is what Jesus was in Mary's womb; this is what we all were in our mother's womb.At the same time, the Catholic teaching has acknowledged that we do not know when the embryo, which is a human "being", becomes a human "person" (called philosophically "ensoulment"). And probabilism may not be used where the life of a human person may be involved, and so the human being must be treated as a person from conception.
Ensoulment	Christianity	In relation to elective abortion, Pope John Paul II wrote about ensoulment in his 1995 encyclical letter Evangelium Vitae that:Throughout Christianity's two thousand year history, this same doctrine of condemning all direct abortions has been constantly taught by the Fathers of the Church and by her Pastors and Doctors. Even scientific and philosophical discussions about the precise moment of the infusion of the spiritual soul have never given rise to any hesitation about the moral condemnation of abortion.
Ensoulment	Christianity	While the Church has always condemned abortion, changing beliefs about the moment the embryo gains a human soul have led their stated reasons for such condemnation and the classification of abortion within canon law codes to change over time.
Ensoulment	Christianity	Baptists The Southern Baptist Convention teaches that ensoulment occurs at conception. Resolution 7, which was adopted by the Southern Baptist Convention in 1999, declared that "The Bible teaches that human beings are made in the image and likeness of God (Genesis 1:27, 9:6) and protectable human life begins at fertilization." Eastern Orthodoxy The Orthodox Church while not having dogmatised either Traducianism or Creationism (of the soul), follows the fathers who, either Traducianist or Creationist, believe that the embryo possess a soul from conception. For example, they accept the In Trullo Cannon, which contains the canons of St Basil of Cesarea, which states that the canonical punishment for abortion is the one for murder, regardless of the development of the embryo (Canon 2 of St Basil, in the letter to Amphiloque of Iconium, in the Pedalion).
Ensoulment	Judaism	Jewish views on ensoulment have varied. Rabbi David Feldman states that the Talmud discusses the time of ensoulment, but considers the question unanswerable and irrelevant to the abortion question. In recounting a purported conversation in which the rabbi Judah the Prince, who said the soul (neshama) comes into the body when the embryo is already formed, was convinced by Antoninus Pius that it must enter the body at conception, and considered the emperor's view to be supported by Job 10:12, the tractate Sanhedrin of the Talmud mentions two views on the question.
Ensoulment	Judaism	In a variant reading the rabbi's first statement was that the soul entered the body only at birth.Other passages in the Talmud, such as Yevamot 69a and Nidda 30b have been interpreted as implying that ensoulment may occur only after forty days of gestation. The Talmud passages, whether speaking of ensoulment at conception or only after forty days, place the views of the rabbis within Greco-Roman culture, whose ideas the rabbis then linked with texts of Scripture and endowed with theological significance.The view of ensoulment at conception harmonizes with general lore among rabbis about conscious activity before birth. However, most of them did not apply the word nefesh, meaning soul or person, to a fetus still in the womb. The latter half of the Second Temple period saw increasing acceptance of the idea of the soul as joining the body at birth and leaving it again at death.One Jewish view put ensoulment even later than birth, saying that it occurs when the child first answers "Amen".The rabbis in fact formulated no fully developed theory of the timing or nature of ensoulment. It has been suggested that the reason why they were not more concerned about the exact moment of ensoulment is that Judaism does not believe in strict separation of soul and body.
Ensoulment	Islam	There are four Sunni Islam schools of thought — Hanafi, Shafi‘i, Hanbali and Maliki — and they have their own views on ensoulment, with differing implications.Two passages in the Qur'an describe the fetal development process: We created man from an essence of clay, then We placed him as a drop of fluid (nutfah) in a safe place, then We made that drop into a clinging form (alaqah), and We made that form into a lump of flesh (mudghah), and We made that lump into bones (idhaam), and We clothed those bones with flesh (lahm), and later We made him into other forms—glory be to God, the best of creators! (23:12-14) ...We created you from dust, then from a drop of fluid (nutfah), then a clinging form ('alaqah), then a lump of flesh (mudghah), both shaped and unshaped: We mean to make Our power clear to you. Whatever We choose We cause to remain in the womb for an appointed time, then We bring you forth as infants and then you grow and reach maturity. ... (22:5) The Maliki madhhab holds "that the fetus is ensouled at the moment of conception" and thus "most Malikis do not permit abortion at any point, seeing God's hand as actively forming the fetus at every stage of development." In this view, The generally accepted belief is that abortion is forbidden at any stage of a pregnancy on the basis of the following verses from the Qur’an.
Ensoulment	Islam	“….. And do not kill the soul which God has forbidden except for the requirements of justice……” [Glorious Qur’an, Al- An’am 8: 151].
Ensoulment	Islam	Thus, the termination of a pregnancy, even at the earliest possible stage, without medical justification is not allowed (even for social or economic reasons), as stated in the Glorious Qur’an: “… do not Kill your children for fear of want: We shall provide sustenance for them as well as for you. Verily the killing of them is a great sin.” [Glorious Qur’an, Al- Esraa’ 15: 31].
Ensoulment	Islam	The Hanafi madhab places the point of ensoulment at 120 days after conception and a minority opinion teaches that it occurs at 40 days. In the latter view, abortion after 40 or 120 days is considered to be a greater sin.
Ensoulment	Islam	“Verily, the creation of one of you is brought together in the mother’s womb for forty days in the form of a drop (nutfah), then he becomes a clot ('alaqah) for a like period, then a lump for a like period, then there is sent an angel who blows the soul into him.” Most schools of thought, traditional and modern, make allowances for circumstances threatening the health or life of the mother. In 2003, Shia scholars in Iran approved therapeutic abortion before 16 weeks of gestation under limited circumstances, including medical conditions related to fetal and maternal health.
Ensoulment	Hinduism	Some Hindus believe that personhood begins with the reincarnation that happens at conception. But many scriptural references such as the Charaka Samhita, Ayurveda’s most authoritative treatise on perfect health and longevity, states the soul doesn’t become attached to the body until the 7th month “the occupant doesn’t move into the house until the house is finished”, certainly not in the first trimester. The physical body is a biological growth undergoing constant reflexive testing and trial runs as it grows into a physiology capable of housing human consciousness. But the flexibility of Hinduism allows for destruction of embryos to save a human life, or embryonic stem cell research to benefit humankind using surplus blastocysts from fertility clinics.
Ensoulment	Bahá'í Faith	In a letter written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi dated October 9, 1947 (Lights of Guidance # 1699), it is stated: "The soul or spirit of the individual comes into being with the conception of his physical body."
Blowing a raspberry	Blowing a raspberry	Blowing a raspberry, strawberry, razzing or making a Bronx cheer, is to make a noise similar to flatulence that may signify derision, real or feigned. It is made by placing the tongue between the lips, or alternately placing the lips against any area of skin, and blowing. When performed against the skin of another person, it is often a form of tickling. A raspberry (when used with the tongue) is not used in any human language as a building block of words, apart from jocular exceptions such as the name of the comic-book character Joe Btfsplk. However, the vaguely similar bilabial trill (essentially blowing a raspberry with one's lips) is a regular consonant sound in a few dozen languages scattered around the world. Spike Jones and His City Slickers used a "birdaphone" to create this sound on their recording of "Der Fuehrer's Face", repeatedly lambasting Adolf Hitler with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"In the terminology of phonetics, the raspberry has been described as a voiceless linguolabial trill, transcribed [r̼̊] in the International Phonetic Alphabet, and as a buccal interdental trill, transcribed [ↀ͡r̪͆] in the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Blowing a raspberry	Name	The nomenclature varies by country. In most anglophone countries, it is known as a raspberry, which is attested from at least 1890, and which in the United States had been shortened to razz by 1919. In the United States it has also been called a Bronx cheer since at least the early 1920s.The term "raspberry" derives from the Cockney rhyming slang "raspberry tart" for "fart" (that is, "blowing a fart").
N-acetylglucosamine kinase	N-acetylglucosamine kinase	In enzymology, a N-acetylglucosamine kinase (EC 2.7.1.59) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine ⇌ ADP + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphateThus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, whereas its two products are ADP and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphate. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring phosphorus-containing groups (phosphotransferases) with an alcohol group as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP:N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 6-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include acetylglucosamine kinase (phosphorylating), ATP:2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphotransferase, 2-acetylamino-2-deoxy-D-glucose kinase, and acetylaminodeoxyglucokinase. This enzyme participates in glutamate metabolism and aminosugars metabolism.
Automated whitelist	Automated whitelist	An automated whitelist is a whitelist which was created and/or is maintained by a system that analyzes bi-directional email.
Automated whitelist	Use by anti-spam systems	An automated whitelist is a whitelist which is created or maintained by a system that monitors incoming and/or outgoing email, and based on preset criteria, will add or remove entries from the whitelist without a need for human intervention. Optionally, some automated whitelisting systems can review records of past email communications which were previously stored within an email server's (or email client's) archives for inclusion in the whitelist. This functionality is an enhancement to creating a whitelist manually, such as exporting customer, vendor, friends, or other contact lists from various sources, to then tediously assemble them into a whitelist. Additionally, the use of such a system removes the difficult task of maintaining a whitelist as new email relationships are formed.
Automated whitelist	How it works	P. Oscar Boykin and Vwani Roychowdhury of the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California point out, "We exploit the properties of social networks to construct an automated anti-spam tool which processes an individual user's personal email network to simultaneously identify the user's core trusted networks of friends, as well as subnetworks generated by spams"; and their extensive research discovers a "surprisingly effective technique" with superior levels of "accuracy and automation"; they go on to explain, "it requires no user intervention or supervised training; second, it results in no false negatives i.e., spam being misclassified as non-spam, or vice versa."
Automated whitelist	Criticisms	Some anti-spam systems which use this method have been known to oversimplify a whitelist by adding only the domain name portion of the email addresses, thereby allowing undesirable mail from spammers to slip through. Other systems have been known to inappropriately add spammers due to clients using autoresponders, such as an "I'm Out of the Office Today" message, or spammers using a read receipt. Most systems are known to require all outgoing email to be funneled through their system for analysis and automated inclusion; whereas, others offer a small plugin for the existing email server, thereby not altering the existing outbound delivery path.
Hot water extraction	Hot water extraction	Hot Water Extraction (HWE) is a method of carpet cleaning. It involves a combination of hot water and cleaning agents being injected into the fibers of a carpet at high pressure and the lifted soil being removed by a powerful vacuum.
Hot water extraction	Process	Though commonly called "steam cleaning", no actual steam is involved in the HWE cleaning process apart from steam that may escape incidentally from hot water. When the cleaning solution comes in contact with the carpet, it is 50 to 120 degrees Celsius, depending on the heat available from the cleaning unit. In a modern truck-mounted carpet cleaning machine, water can be heated under pressure to over 150 degrees Celsius, but after passing through high-pressure steel braided hoses and several manifolds, the water loses much of its heat.
Hot water extraction	Process	HWE begins with preconditioning using a pre-spray cleaner (typically neutral or alkaline) being applied to the soiled surface, followed by light agitation with a grooming or pile brush. For heavily soiled areas a Counter-Rotating Brush (CRB) can be used after the appropriate dwell time. Next, the surface is passed over several times with a cleaning wand or rotary extractor to thoroughly rinse out the preconditioner, using an acidic solution to reduce the pH of the carpet fibers back to a neutral state. In the next stage, the carpet is dried using a fan or carpet dryer. The final stage is resetting the carpet pile to remove any unsightly wand lines, commonly referred to as "shark teeth", with a carpet groom or brush.
Hot water extraction	Hot water extraction machines	Professional machines range from portable machines, which use electricity to heat the water and power the water pump and vacuum motors, to larger truck-mounted machines. Truck-mounted machines are normally either powered by a stationary engine or PTO powered machines installed in a van or truck. Portable machines are able to access difficult to reach buildings and higher floors, while truck-mounted machines are more powerful and can clean and dry faster.
Hot water extraction	Hot water extraction machines	Consumer-grade and rental machines use similar technology to professional systems, but with less power and usually without an element to heat water. These units are not typically labeled as HWE systems, but are called "extration vacuum cleaners", and may have additional heads for cleaning non-fabric surfaces like hard floors. Alternatively, some consumer machines contain a heating element but no vacuum function, and are simply called "steam cleaners".
Cantellated 7-cubes	Cantellated 7-cubes	In seven-dimensional geometry, a cantellated 7-cube is a convex uniform 7-polytope, being a cantellation of the regular 7-cube. There are 10 degrees of cantellation for the 7-cube, including truncations. 4 are most simply constructible from the dual 7-orthoplex.
Cantellated 7-cubes	Cantellated 7-cube	Alternate names Small rhombated hepteract (acronym: sersa) (Jonathan Bowers) Images
Cantellated 7-cubes	Bicantellated 7-cube	Alternate names Small birhombated hepteract (acronym: sibrosa) (Jonathan Bowers) Images
Cantellated 7-cubes	Tricantellated 7-cube	Alternate names Small trirhombihepteractihecatonicosoctaexon (acronym: strasaz) (Jonathan Bowers) Images
Cantellated 7-cubes	Cantitruncated 7-cube	Alternate names Great rhombated hepteract (acronym: gersa) (Jonathan Bowers) Images It is fifth in a series of cantitruncated hypercubes:
Cantellated 7-cubes	Bicantitruncated 7-cube	Alternate names Great birhombated hepteract (acronym: gibrosa) (Jonathan Bowers) Images
Cantellated 7-cubes	Tricantitruncated 7-cube	Alternate names Great trirhombihepteractihecatonicosoctaexon (acronym: gotrasaz) (Jonathan Bowers) Images
Cantellated 7-cubes	Related polytopes	These polytopes are from a family of 127 uniform 7-polytopes with B7 symmetry.
Brenner tumour	Brenner tumour	Brenner tumours are an uncommon subtype of the surface epithelial-stromal tumour group of ovarian neoplasms. The majority are benign, but some can be malignant.They are most frequently found incidentally on pelvic examination or at laparotomy. Brenner tumours very rarely can occur in other locations, including the testes.
Brenner tumour	Presentation	On gross pathological examination, they are solid, sharply circumscribed and pale yellow-tan in colour. 90% are unilateral (arising in one ovary, the other is unaffected). The tumours can vary in size from less than 1 centimetre (0.39 in) to 30 centimetres (12 in). Borderline and malignant Brenner tumours are possible but each are rare.
Brenner tumour	Diagnosis	Histologically, there are nests of transitional epithelial (urothelial) cells with longitudinal nuclear grooves (coffee bean nuclei) lying in abundant fibrous stroma. The coffee bean nuclei are the nuclear grooves exceptionally pathognomonic to the sex cord stromal tumour, the ovarian granulosa cell tumour, with the fluid-filled spaces Call–Exner bodies between the granulosa cells.
Brenner tumour	Similar conditions	Transitional cell carcinoma is an even rarer entity, in which neoplastic transitional epithelial cells similar to transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder are seen in the ovary, without the characteristic stromal/epithelial pattern of a Brenner tumour. Histologically, Leydig cell tumours of the testes and ovarian stromal Leydig cell tumours (ovarian hyperandrogenism and virilization) both have characteristic Reinke crystals. The same crystals were also noted under high-power view in Brenner tumours.
Brenner tumour	Eponym	It is named for Fritz Brenner (1877–1969), a German surgeon who characterized it in 1907. The term "Brenner tumour" was first used by Robert Meyer, in 1932.
Oracle Developer Suite	Oracle Developer Suite	Oracle Developer Suite is a suite of development tools released by the Oracle Corporation. The principal components were initially Oracle Forms and Oracle Reports and the suite was later expanded to include Oracle Designer and JDeveloper amongst others.

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