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Root (linguistics)	Secondary roots	مسخر [msxr], تمسخر [tamasxara] meaning ‘mocked, made fun (masculine, singular)', from مسخرة [masxara] meaning ‘mockery’, from سخر [saxira] ‘mocked (masculine, singular)’ (derived from س-خ-ر[s-x-r])." Similar cases may be found in other Semitic languages such as Hebrew, Syriac, Aramaic, Maltese language and to a lesser extent Amharic.Similar cases occur in Hebrew, for example Israeli Hebrew מ-ק-מ‎ √m-q-m ‘locate’, which derives from Biblical Hebrew מקום‎ måqom ‘place’, whose root is ק-ו-מ‎ √q-w-m ‘stand’. A recent example introduced by the Academy of the Hebrew Language is מדרוג‎ midrúg ‘rating’, from מדרג‎ midrág, whose root is ד-ר-ג‎ √d-r-g ‘grade’."According to Ghil'ad Zuckermann, "this process is morphologically similar to the production of frequentative (iterative) verbs in Latin, for example: iactito ‘to toss about’ derives from iacto ‘to boast of, keep bringing up, harass, disturb, throw, cast, fling away’, which in turn derives from iacio ‘to throw, cast’ (from its past participle iactum).Consider also Rabbinic Hebrew ת-ר-מ‎ √t-r-m ‘donate, contribute’ (Mishnah: T’rumoth 1:2: ‘separate priestly dues’), which derives from Biblical Hebrew תרומה‎ t'rūmå ‘contribution’, whose root is ר-ו-מ‎ √r-w-m ‘raise’; cf. Rabbinic Hebrew ת-ר-ע‎ √t-r-' ‘sound the trumpet, blow the horn’, from Biblical Hebrew תרועה‎ t'rū`å ‘shout, cry, loud sound, trumpet-call’, in turn from ר-ו-ע‎ √r-w-`." and it describes the suffix.
Root (linguistics)	Category-neutral roots	Decompositional generative frameworks suggest that roots hold little grammatical information and can be considered "category-neutral". Category-neutral roots are roots without any inherent lexical category but with some conceptual content that becomes evident depending on the syntactic environment. The ways in which these roots gain lexical category are discussed in Distributed Morphology and the Exoskeletal Model.
Root (linguistics)	Category-neutral roots	Theories adopting a category-neutral approach have not, as of 2020, reached a consensus about whether these roots contain a semantic type but no argument structure, neither semantic type nor argument structure, or both semantic type and argument structure.In support of the category-neutral approach, data from English indicates that the same underlying root appears as a noun and a verb - with or without overt morphology.
Root (linguistics)	Category-neutral roots	In Hebrew, the majority of roots consist of segmental consonants √CCC. Arad (2003) describes that the consonantal root is turned into a word due to pattern morphology. Thereby, the root is turned into a verb when put into a verbal environment where the head bears the "v" feature (the pattern).Consider the root √š-m-n (ש-מ-נ). Although all words vary semantically, the general meaning of a greasy, fatty material can be attributed to the root.
Root (linguistics)	Category-neutral roots	Furthermore, Arad states that there are two types of languages in terms of root interpretation. In languages like English, the root is assigned one interpretation whereas in languages like Hebrew, the root can form multiple interpretations depending on its environment. This occurrence suggests a difference in language acquisition between these two languages. English speakers would need to learn two roots in order to understand two different words whereas Hebrew speakers would learn one root for two or more words.
Root (linguistics)	Category-neutral roots	Alexiadou and Lohndal (2017) advance the claim that languages have a typological scale when it comes to roots and their meanings and state that Greek lies in between Hebrew and English.
3-Methoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine	3-Methoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine	MEPEA, or 3-methoxy-4-ethoxyphenethylamine, is a lesser-known psychedelic drug. MEPEA was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. In his book PiHKAL (Phenethylamines i Have Known And Loved), the minimum dosage is listed as 300 mg, and the duration unknown. MEPEA produces a light lifting feeling and a +1 on the Shulgin Rating Scale. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of MEPEA.
Foldase	Foldase	In molecular biology, foldases are a particular kind of molecular chaperones that assist the non-covalent folding of proteins in an ATP-dependent manner. Examples of foldase systems are the GroEL/GroES and the DnaK/DnaJ/GrpE system.
MEDINA	MEDINA	MEDINA (short for Model EDitor Interactive for Numerical Simulation Analysis) is a universal pre-/postprocessor for finite element analysis. The development of MEDINA started in the early 1990s at Daimler-Benz AG and was proceeded at debis Systemhaus. Since 2001 the support and the development of MEDINA takes place by T-Systems International GmbH. The current release is MEDINA Rel. 9.0.1.2
MEDINA	Architecture and interfaces	MEDINA was designed as general purpose pre-/postprocessor for various areas of finite element analysis supporting most of the common CAD-formats, solvers and operating systems. CAD-formats supported Currently, the following CAD-formats are supported by MEDINA: CATIA IGES JT SAT (ACIS) STEP STL VDA-FSFurther CAD-formats can be supported using the solution for 3D data conversion of T-Systems called COM/FOX.
MEDINA	Architecture and interfaces	FEA interfaces supported In the current release, particularly the following solvers are supported by MEDINA: Abaqus ANSYS AutoSEA LS-DYNA Marc Nastran PAM-CRASH PATRAN Star-CD SYSTUS Universal VECTIS PERMAS OS and hardware supported In the current release, MEDINA is running under the following operating systems and hardware architectures: Linux Microsoft Windows FE-analysis in MEDINA Particularly, MEDINA is being used for the following tasks of FE-analysis: Crash simulations; durability analysis (thermal and mechanical loading); NVH (Noise Vibration Harshness); simulations about pedestrian safety and passenger protection.MEDINA consists of two modules: a FEM preprocessor (MEDINA.Pre) and a FEM postprocessor (MEDINA.Post).In the preprocessor all steps are taken before the computation can start, i.e.: Import of geometry data from CAD system; Import of associated meta data from the CAD-system or PDM-system; Import of FE-models; Editing and repair of CAD geometry; Meshing; Model structuring; Definition of material parameters; Definition of boundary conditions; Definition of load cases; Generation of the solver specific input deck.In the postprocessor all steps are taken after the computation of the primary data of the solver is finished, e.g.: Determination of the derived secondary data; Illustration of the results (graphics, animations); Export functionalities; Generation of reports.
MEDINA	Characteristics	MEDINA was designed to support complex simulation tasks and huge FE models—found typically in automotive and aerospace industries—with high performance.Important design elements to achieve high performance are parts structures and connector elements. Parts enable a 1:1 mapping of the product structure of the CAD-/PDM-system within the FE model. Connector elements are used for the generic as well as solver and client specific modeling of assembling techniques like welding, bolting, bonding.Within the process step of the so-called "model assembly" the single FE-components (parts structures and connector elements) are merged to the complex comprehensive FE-model representing complex products like vehicles, aircraft, etc. Single process steps or complete process chains can be automated by protocol and script techniques. Dynamic commands enable to integrate client specific plug-ins within the standard functionality of MEDINA.
MEDINA	Target groups/user groups	Due to the development roots of MEDINA and the included functionalities for the analysis of huge FE-models MEDINA is a widely used pre-/postprocessor for FE analysis especially in automotive industries. Furthermore, MEDINA is used in aerospace, manufacturing industries, engineering service providers and universities.
Connector (mathematics)	Connector (mathematics)	In mathematics, a connector is a map which can be defined for a linear connection and used to define the covariant derivative on a vector bundle from the linear connection.
Connector (mathematics)	Definition	Let ∇ be a connection on the tangent space TN of a smooth manifold N. For smooth mappings h:M→TN from any smooth manifold M, the connector K:TTN→TN satisfies : ∇ h = K○Th:TM→TN where Th:TM→TTN is the differential of h.
Indeloxazine	Indeloxazine	Indeloxazine (INN) (Elen, Noin) is an antidepressant and cerebral activator that was marketed in Japan and South Korea by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms associated with cerebrovascular diseases, namely depression resulting from stroke, emotional disturbance, and avolition. It was marketed from 1988 to 1998, when it was removed from the market reportedly for lack of effectiveness.Indeloxazine acts as a serotonin releasing agent, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and NMDA receptor antagonist. It has been found to enhance acetylcholine release in the rat forebrain through activation of the 5-HT4 receptor via its action as a serotonin releasing agent. The drug has been found to possess nootropic, neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, and antidepressant-like effects in animal models.
Isooncodine	Isooncodine	Isooncodine is an anticholinergic alkaloid. It was first synthesized in 1989 because it is an isomer of oncodine, an azafluorenone alkaloid derived from Meiogyne monosperma. It was first derived from the leaves of Polyalthia longifolia.
AP3B1	AP3B1	AP-3 complex subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP3B1 gene.
AP3B1	Function	This gene encodes a protein that may play a role in organelle biogenesis associated with melanosomes, platelet dense granules, and lysosomes. The encoded protein is part of the heterotetrameric AP-3 protein complex which interacts with the scaffolding protein clathrin. Mutations in this gene are associated with Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome type 2.
AP3B1	Interactions	AP3B1 has been shown to interact with AP3S2.
Microsoft acquisition hoax	Microsoft acquisition hoax	The Microsoft acquisition hoax is a bogus 1994 press release suggesting that the information technology company Microsoft had acquired the Roman Catholic Church. It is considered to be the first Internet hoax to reach a mass audience.The hoax comprises part of a cycle of "Microsoft jokes" in which Microsoft Corporation is portrayed as a wealthy but evil monopoly built on bloated or unreliable desktop software, planned obsolescence of products, corporate takeovers of once-innovative rivals and litigiousness. While multiple books have been devoted to the subject, the jokes most commonly circulated online as Internet memes.
Microsoft acquisition hoax	Press release	The hoax consisted of a press release, purportedly from the Associated Press, that circulated around the Internet in 1994. The press release claimed that Microsoft "will acquire the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for an unspecified number of shares of Microsoft common stock," and that the company expects "a lot of growth in the religious market in the next five to ten years... the combined resources of Microsoft and the Catholic Church will allow us to make religion easier and more fun for a broader range of people."Many of the press release's claims were unrealistic, from suggesting that Catholics would soon be able to take Holy Communion through their computer to claiming that conversion to Catholicism was an "upgrade". Despite these warning signs, several readers of the false press release contacted Microsoft to confirm the claims of the hoax, and on December 16, 1994, Microsoft formally debunked the claims.
Microsoft acquisition hoax	Press release	Aftermath Follow-up press releases made similarly outrageous claims—for example, one false press release claimed that IBM had acquired the Episcopal Church, and another suggested that the Italian television network RAI had invested in what the release claimed to be "Microsoft Corp.'s planned on-line computer service, the Microsoft Divine Network."An Internet meme "Microsoft Acquires" spawned a series of similarly formatted mock press releases with an assortment of varying acquisition targets, including the government of the United States of America. According to the release, "United States citizens will be able to expect lower taxes, increases in government services, discounts on all Microsoft products and the immediate arrest of all executive officials of Sun Microsystems Inc. and Netscape Corp." One meta-joke claimed that Microsoft ultimately put an end to the jokes by acquiring "Microsoft Acquires".
Microsoft acquisition hoax	Press release	Despite the proliferation of chain emails circulating the Internet both in 1994 and in the present, the Microsoft hoax was considered the first such hoax to reach a mass audience through the Internet.
Transient hot wire method	Transient hot wire method	The transient hot wire method (THW) is a very popular, accurate and precise technique to measure the thermal conductivity of gases, liquids, solids, nanofluids and refrigerants in a wide temperature and pressure range. The technique is based on recording the transient temperature rise of a thin vertical metal wire with infinite length when a step voltage is applied to it. The wire is immersed in a fluid and can act both as an electrical heating element and a resistance thermometer. The transient hot wire method has advantage over the other thermal conductivity methods, since there is a fully developed theory and there is no calibration or single-point calibration. Furthermore, because of the very small measuring time (1 s) there is no convection present in the measurements and only the thermal conductivity of the fluid is measured with very high accuracy.
Transient hot wire method	Transient hot wire method	The most of the transient hot wire sensors used in academia consist of two identical very thin wires with only difference in the length. Sensors using a single wire are used both in academia and industry with the advantage over the two-wire sensors in the ease of handling of the sensor and change of the wire. An ASTM standard is published for the measurements of engine coolants using a single-transient hot wire method.
Transient hot wire method	History	200 years ago scientists were using a crude version of this method to make the first ever thermal conductivity measurements on gases. 1781 - Joseph Priestley attempts to measure the ability of different gases to conduct heat using the heated wire experiment. 1931 - Sven Pyk and Bertil Stalhane proposed the first “transient” hot wire method for the measurement of thermal conductivity of solids and powders. Unlike previous methods, the one devised by Pyk and Stalhane used shorter measurement times due to the transient nature of the measurement. 1971 - J. W. Haarman who introduced the electronic Wheatstone bridge that is a common feature of other modern transient methods. 1976 - Healy et al. published a journal article detailing the theory of the transient hot wire, described by an ideal solution with appropriate corrections to address effects like convection, among others.
Pod corn	Pod corn	Pod corn or wild maize is a variety of maize (corn). It is not a wild ancestor of maize but rather a mutant that forms leaves around each kernel.Pod corn (tunicata Sturt) is not grown commercially, but it is preserved in some localities.Pod corn forms glumes around each kernel which is caused by a mutation at the Tunicate locus. Because of its bizarre appearance, pod corn has had a religious significance to certain Native American tribes.The six major types of corn are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn.
Smash product	Smash product	In topology, a branch of mathematics, the smash product of two pointed spaces (i.e. topological spaces with distinguished basepoints) (X, x0) and (Y, y0) is the quotient of the product space X × Y under the identifications (x, y0) ∼ (x0, y) for all x in X and y in Y. The smash product is itself a pointed space, with basepoint being the equivalence class of (x0, y0). The smash product is usually denoted X ∧ Y or X ⨳ Y. The smash product depends on the choice of basepoints (unless both X and Y are homogeneous).
Smash product	Smash product	One can think of X and Y as sitting inside X × Y as the subspaces X × {y0} and {x0} × Y. These subspaces intersect at a single point: (x0, y0), the basepoint of X × Y. So the union of these subspaces can be identified with the wedge sum X∨Y=(X⨿Y)/∼ . In particular, {x0} × Y in X × Y is identified with Y in X∨Y , ditto for X × {y0} and X. In X∨Y , subspaces X and Y intersect in the single point x0∼y0 . The smash product is then the quotient X∧Y=(X×Y)/(X∨Y).
Smash product	Smash product	The smash product shows up in homotopy theory, a branch of algebraic topology. In homotopy theory, one often works with a different category of spaces than the category of all topological spaces. In some of these categories the definition of the smash product must be modified slightly. For example, the smash product of two CW complexes is a CW complex if one uses the product of CW complexes in the definition rather than the product topology. Similar modifications are necessary in other categories.
Smash product	Examples	The smash product of any pointed space X with a 0-sphere (a discrete space with two points) is homeomorphic to X. The smash product of two circles is a quotient of the torus homeomorphic to the 2-sphere. More generally, the smash product of two spheres Sm and Sn is homeomorphic to the sphere Sm+n. The smash product of a space X with a circle is homeomorphic to the reduced suspension of X: The k-fold iterated reduced suspension of X is homeomorphic to the smash product of X and a k-sphere In domain theory, taking the product of two domains (so that the product is strict on its arguments).
Smash product	As a symmetric monoidal product	For any pointed spaces X, Y, and Z in an appropriate "convenient" category (e.g., that of compactly generated spaces), there are natural (basepoint preserving) homeomorphisms X∧Y≅Y∧X,(X∧Y)∧Z≅X∧(Y∧Z).
Smash product	As a symmetric monoidal product	However, for the naive category of pointed spaces, this fails, as shown by the counterexample X=Y=Q and Z=N found by Dieter Puppe. A proof due to Kathleen Lewis that Puppe's counterexample is indeed a counterexample can be found in the book of Johann Sigurdsson and J. Peter May.These isomorphisms make the appropriate category of pointed spaces into a symmetric monoidal category with the smash product as the monoidal product and the pointed 0-sphere (a two-point discrete space) as the unit object. One can therefore think of the smash product as a kind of tensor product in an appropriate category of pointed spaces.
Smash product	Adjoint relationship	Adjoint functors make the analogy between the tensor product and the smash product more precise. In the category of R-modules over a commutative ring R, the tensor functor (−⊗RA) is left adjoint to the internal Hom functor Hom(A,−) , so that Hom(X⊗A,Y)≅Hom(X,Hom(A,Y)).
Smash product	Adjoint relationship	In the category of pointed spaces, the smash product plays the role of the tensor product in this formula: if A,X are compact Hausdorff then we have an adjunction Maps∗(X∧A,Y)≅Maps∗(X,Maps∗(A,Y)) where Maps* denotes continuous maps that send basepoint to basepoint, and Maps∗(A,Y) carries the compact-open topology.In particular, taking A to be the unit circle S1 , we see that the reduced suspension functor Σ is left adjoint to the loop space functor Ω :Maps∗(ΣX,Y)≅Maps∗(X,ΩY).
Roller furling	Roller furling	Roller furling is a method of furling (i.e. reefing) a yacht's staysail by rolling the sail around a stay. Roller furling is typically used for foresails such as jibs or genoas.A mainsail may also be furled by a similar system, whereby the sail is furled within the mast or around a rotating boom (or around a rotating shaft within a boom). Although staysail roller-furling is effective and very common, in-mast or in-boom mainsail furling involves some compromises, and mainsail slab reefing gives a better sail shape.
Roller furling	Methods	The idea for a furling jib is usually attributed to Major E du Boulay in England who invented a device similar to a roller blind for reefing a jib. Major Wykeham-Martin used one of Boulay's rollers and improved the system by incorporating roller bearings in 1907 when the system was patented. The original castings were made by London-based toilet makers Bouldings. Furling systems are commonplace on cruising yachts today.An early version of staysail roller furling was as follows: the leading edge of the sail (luff) to be furled is stiffened in some way, such as by attaching it to a length of plastic pipe or by sewing in a stiffening material such as foam. This stiffened edge serves to spread the force of the furler along the edge of the sail, so that the sail will furl along its full length. This stiffened edge is then attached to the source of energy for furling, which may be a handle that is turned, a spool containing a line that is pulled, or a motor.Murray Scheiner, a sailor and professional rigging designer from Great Neck, New York, modernized the furling jib in the late 1960s. His inspiration came from observing a disabled sailor friend who required several crew members to hoist the jib, preventing him from sailing independently. This invention greatly changed sailing for professionals and leisure sailors alike.The simplest and most common furling systems are for jibs and other headsails. These generally consist of either a plastic pipe or a specially stiffened jib, and a spool to hold the furling line. The jib is attached to the furler, and the line is wound around the spool. When the line is pulled, the furler turns, rolling up the jib; when the furling line is released, the jibsheet may be used to unfurl the jib.
Roller furling	Methods	The other common type of furling system is for the mainsail. The mainsail may be furled into the mast or the boom, with boom furling systems being simpler and more common. The simplest boom furling system consists of a boom that can rotate along its axis, with a latch to lock it in place. Provision must be made to allow the mainsail to wrap around the boom without interfering with the mainsheet, such as end-boom sheeting or a bridle. To furl the mainsail, the boom is unlocked, and then rotated to take up the desired amount of mainsail, and then locked in place. More advanced boom furling systems will wrap the furling mechanism in a slotted cover, so the sail furls inside the cover; this also makes sheeting easier, since the sheet may be attached to the outer portion of the boom. These systems use either a line, a hand-operated crank, or a hydraulic or electric powered furler.
Roller furling	Requirements	To be successfully furled, a sail must be flexible enough to wrap around a tight radius. Sail stiffening devices such as battens can be accommodated by roller furling systems when they lie parallel to the mast; otherwise furling must be stopped at the lowest batten or the battens must be removed.The sail must also have a fairly straight edge to lie along the furling roller, and be flat enough to form a neat, compact roll. If the sail meets these conditions, then it may be suitable for use with a roller furling system; if the sail is not, then it may be possible to replace the sail with one of a design more conducive to furling. Jibs and genoas, for example, are generally suitable for furling, as they are relatively flat, while a gennaker, with its larger degree of camber, is probably not suitable for furling. In particularly windy areas, sometimes a separate smaller jib may be separately rigged as a Solent to avoid the disadvantage of a partially furled Genoa.
Roller furling	Requirements	Boom furling mainsails also must deal with the issue of the leading edge. Most sails attach to the mast with sliders or a rope supported edge that rides in a track in the mast, and this adds bulk to the leading edge of the sail as it rolls. This is also an issue when unfurling, as the edge of the sail must be fed smoothly into the mast's track when unfurling. The weight of the sail and furling equipment also increases the boom's mass, which can increase the danger of injury to a crewmember if they are hit by the swinging boom.Mast furling systems avoid the issues of boom furling, but add their own issues. Mast furling systems essentially eliminate the possibility of battens, as vertical battens are not practical. Without battens, the mainsail must be cut with a hollow leech, like the typical jib, which reduces the sail area. Mast furlers also add mass all along the length of the mast, raising the center of mass of the boat, which decreases stability.
Acetomepregenol	Acetomepregenol	Acetomepregenol (ACM), also known as mepregenol diacetate and sold under the brand name Diamol, is a progestin medication which is used in Russia for the treatment of gynecological conditions and as a method of birth control in combination with an estrogen. It has also been studied in the treatment of threatened abortion. It has been used in veterinary medicine as well. It has been marketed since at least 1981.
Acetomepregenol	Pharmacology	Based on its chemical structure, namely the lack of a C3 ketone, it is probable that acetomepregenol is a prodrug of megestrol acetate (the 3-keto analogue).
Acetomepregenol	Chemistry	Acetomepregenol, also known as megestrol 3β,17α-diacetate, as well as 3β-dihydro-6-dehydro-6-methyl-17α-hydroxyprogesterone diacetate or as 3β,17α-diacetoxy-6-methylpregna-4,6-dien-20-one, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and a derivative of progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone. It is very close to megestrol acetate (6-dehydro-6-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone) in structure, except that there is a hydroxyl group with an acetate ester attached at the C3 position instead of a ketone. A closely related medication is cymegesolate (also known as megestrol 3β-cypionate 17α-acetate), which, in contrast, has not been marketed.
Tad Williams bibliography	Tad Williams bibliography	This is complete list of works by American science fiction and fantasy writer Tad Williams.
Tad Williams bibliography	Osten Ard	Prequels Brothers of the Wind (2021)n.b. a prequel set a millennium before The Dragonbone Chair and previously known under the working title The Shadow of Things to ComeThe Splintered Sun (forthcoming fall 2024)n.b. a prequel following the adventures of Flann Alderwood and his band of misfit rebels in one of Osten Ard’s oldest and strangest cities, Crannhyr, during the pre-Dragonbone Chair history of Hernystir and Erkynland.
Tad Williams bibliography	Osten Ard	Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn The Dragonbone Chair (1988) Stone of Farewell (1990) To Green Angel Tower (1993) Book 3 was split into 2 parts for paperback publication (1994): To Green Angel Tower, Part 1 and To Green Angel Tower, Part 2 (United States edition) To Green Angel Tower: Siege and To Green Angel Tower: Storm (United Kingdom edition)Novelette - "The Burning Man" (Legends) 1998 Graphic Novel- The Burning Man Osten Ard (bridge novel) The Heart of What Was Lost (2017) The Last King of Osten Ard The Witchwood Crown (2017) Empire of Grass (2019) Into the Narrowdark (2022) The Navigator's Children (forthcoming 2023)
Tad Williams bibliography	Otherland	City of Golden Shadow (1996) River of Blue Fire (1998) Mountain of Black Glass (1999) Sea of Silver Light (2001)Novelette - "The Happiest Dead Boy in the World" (Legends II, 2004) Novelette - "The Boy Detective of Oz" (Oz Reimagined: New Tales from the Emerald City and Beyond, 2013) Novella - "The Deathless Prince and the Peach Maiden: An Otherland Novella" (forthcoming September 2023)
Tad Williams bibliography	Shadowmarch	Shadowmarch (2004) Shadowplay (2007) Shadowrise (2010) Shadowheart (2010)Similar to the Memory, Sorrow, and Thorn series that was initially intended to be a trilogy but became a tetralogy instead, Book 3 became so lengthy that it was not possible to be published in one volume.
Tad Williams bibliography	Ordinary Farm series	Young adult series, written with Deborah Beale (his wife) The Dragons of Ordinary Farm (2009) The Secrets of Ordinary Farm (2011) The Heirs of Ordinary Farm (work-title, forthcoming)
Tad Williams bibliography	Bobby Dollar	Noir fantasy thrillers The Dirty Streets of Heaven (2012) Happy Hour in Hell (2013), Sleeping Late on Judgement Day (2014) God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlepig (2014)
Tad Williams bibliography	Standalone novels	Tailchaser's Song (1985) Child of an Ancient City (1992), written with Nina Kiriki Hoffman Caliban's Hour (Hardcover 1994) The War of the Flowers (2003)
Tad Williams bibliography	Collections	Rite: Short Work (2006) Rite: Short Work (2008) Subterranean Press/Far Territories. Reprint of the limited hc edition without the non-fiction pieces. The reprint only contains the short stories. A Stark and Wormy Knight (2011) Beale-Williams Enterprise. And ebook original that contains new pieces of short fiction. Edited by Deborah Beale and sold exclusively by Amazon.com. "A Stark and Wormy Knight" (2012) Subterranean Press The Very Best of Tad Williams (2014) Tachyon Publications
Tad Williams bibliography	Short fiction and screenplays	The Very Best of Tad Williams. Forthcoming career retrospective collection, featuring 16 stories and one screenplay.
Tad Williams bibliography	Short fiction and screenplays	Short Fiction. Williams has published many works of short fiction, beginning with “Child of an Ancient City” in Weird Tales, Fall 1988 (expanded to book length in 1992), and continuing through 2013 with “The Boy Detective of Oz: An Otherland Story” in the anthology Oz Reimagined: New Tales from The Emerald City and Beyond from editors John Joseph Adams and Douglas Cohen; “The Old Scale Game” in the anthology Unfettered from editor Shawn Speakman; and Diary Of A Dragon, a limited edition chapbook from Subterranean Press. Williams’s short fiction has been collected in RITE: Short Work (2006), A Stark and Wormy Knight (2012), and The Very Best of Tad Williams (2014). His short story “The Burning Man” was included in a graphic novel omnibus, The Wood Boy—The Burning Man, (with Raymond Feist) from the Dabel Brothers in 2005.
Tad Williams bibliography	Short fiction and screenplays	Screenplays. Two television ideas, both unproduced, are included in RITE: Short Work: two episodes of “THE CLOAK” and “DOGS VERSUS THE WORLD.” The screenplay, “BLACK SUNSHINE,” is included in A Stark and Wormy Knight.
Tad Williams bibliography	Comics	Williams’s first comic book series was Mirrorworld: Rain published in 1997. Only two were issued: Number 1 (the premier issue, February 1997) and Number 0 (April 1997), before the publisher Tekno Comix went out of business. In 2006 Williams wrote The Next, a six issue miniseries for DC Comics featuring art by Dietrich Smith (Aquaman, Outsiders) and Walden Wong (Day of Vengeance). In 2007, Tad wrote a one-shot issue for DC Comics’ Helmet of Fate Limited series: The Helmet Of Fate: Ibis The Invincible #1 (March 2007) featuring art by Phil Winslade (The Monolith). Tad continued writing for DC with issues 50 through 57 of Aquaman: Sword Of Atlantis, teamed with artists Shawn McManus (The Sandman, Shadowpact) and Walden Wong (The Creeper, The Next). His proposal, Bad Guy Factory, for a series “based on the idea that all those supervillains had to get their training and equipment somewhere” is included in the collection A Stark and Wormy Knight.
Tad Williams bibliography	Comics	Maps and illustrations Williams drew the maps included in his books, and his original illustrations are included in the first world edition of Caliban's Hour.
Tad Williams bibliography	Comics	Tailchaser's World (Map) (1986) The Dragonbone Chair (maps) (1988) Stone of Farewell (Maps) (1990) To Green Angel Tower (maps) (1993) Caliban's Hour (illustrations 1994) The Burning Man (map) (1998) Shadowmarch: Eion and Xand (maps) (2004) Southmarch: The Outer Keep (map) (2004) Southmarch: The Inner Keep (map) (2004) The March Kingdoms (map) (2004) March Kingdoms (map) (2007) Shadowplay: Hierosol (map) (2007)
Tad Williams bibliography	Non-fiction	In addition to writing Introductions, Appendices, Synopses, Forewords, Afterwords, and Author’s Notes for his own books and stories, Williams’s non-fiction includes introductions for other books, essays, letters, and toastmaster speeches.
Tad Williams bibliography	Non-fiction	Collected in RITE: Short Work (2006)Why I Write What I Write Idiot: A Brief History of a Band 100 Best Horror (The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch) Six Books by Philip K. Dick Introduction to Michael Moorcock’s Gloriana Doctor Strangetoast, or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Rocket-Shaped ThingIntroduction (Dragon Fantastic) (1992) Letter (Locus #407) (1994) An Appreciation (Elsie Wollheim) (1996) Mike Gilbert: An Appreciation (2000) Introduction (Gormenghast) (2007) Afterword (“The Lamentably Comical Tragedy (or The Laughably Tragic Comedy) of Lixal Laqavee”) (2009) Foreword (Elric: Swords and Roses) (2010) Ubik: An Afterword (2012)
Tad Williams bibliography	Adaptations to other media	Tailchaser’s Song is in development as an animated feature film from Animetropolis. Otherland is in development as an MMORPG. Production is currently relocating to the northern US.On August 8, 2020, Warner Bros. purchased the film rights to the Memory, Sorrow and Thorn book trilogy and production is currently in the developmental planning stages.
Corona radiata (embryology)	Corona radiata (embryology)	The corona radiata is the innermost layer of the cells of the cumulus oophorus and is directly adjacent to the zona pellucida, the inner protective glycoprotein layer of the ovum. Cumulus oophorus are the cells surrounding corona radiata, and are the cells between corona radiata and follicular antrum. Its main purpose in many animals is to supply vital proteins to the cell. It is formed by follicle cells adhering to the oocyte before it leaves the ovarian follicle, and originates from the squamous granulosa cells present at the primordial stage of follicular development. The corona radiata is formed when the granulosa cells enlarge and become cuboidal, which occurs during the transition from the primordial to primary stage. These cuboidal granulosa cells, also known as the granulosa radiata, form more layers throughout the maturation process, and remain attached to the zona pellucida after the ovulation of the Graafian follicle. For fertilization to occur, sperm cells rely on hyaluronidase (an enzyme found in the acrosome of spermatozoa) to disperse the corona radiata from the zona pellucida of the secondary (ovulated) oocyte, thus permitting entry into the perivitelline space and allowing contact between the sperm cell and the nucleus of the oocyte.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	The Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction in organic chemistry is a proline catalysed asymmetric aldol reaction. The reaction is named after the principal investigators of the two groups who reported it simultaneously: Zoltan Hajos and David Parrish from Hoffmann-La Roche and Rudolf Wiechert and co-workers from Schering AG. Discovered in the 1970s the original Hajos-Parrish catalytic procedure – shown in the reaction equation, leading to the optically active bicyclic ketol – paved the way of asymmetric organocatalysis. The Eder-Sauer-Wiechert modification lead directly to the optically active enedione, through the loss of water from the bicyclic ketol shown in figure. It has been used extensively as a tool in the synthesis of steroids and other enantiomerically pure molecules.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	In the original reaction shown in the figure above naturally occurring chiral proline is the chiral catalyst in an Aldol reaction. The starting material is an achiral triketone and it requires just 3% of proline to obtain the reaction product, a ketol in 93% enantiomeric excess. As shown above, Hajos and Parrish worked at ambient temperature in dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent using a catalytic amount (3% molar equiv.) of (S)-(−)-proline enabling them to isolate the optically active intermediate bicyclic ketol. Thus, they described the first use of proline in a catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	History	Researches on asymmetric enamine catalysis applied to important intermediates in steroids synthesis is due to an increased interest for efficient and convenient steroid total syntheses in the 1960s. In particular, two industrial groups in the early 1970s reported proline-catalyzed intramolecular aldol reactions.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	History	In 1971, the Schering group headed by Escher worked under non biological conditions using (S)-Proline (47 mol%), 1N perchloric acid, in acetonitrile at 80 °C. Hence, they could not isolate the Hajos-Parrish intermediate bicyclic ketol but instead the condensation product (S)-7a-methyl-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-indene-1,5(6H)-dione through the loss of water. Thirty-seven years later a new group at Schering AG published the continuation of the earlier Schering work. Instead of the aforementioned non biological conditions the new group used the Hajos-Parrish catalytic procedure. Thus, they could isolate the optically active 6,5-bicyclic ketol described so far only in the Hajos-Parrish publications.In 1974, Hajos and Parrish published the synthesis of bicyclic ketol intermediates in good yield and enantiomeric excess.They investigated further the exact configuration of the cis-fused-7a-methyl- 6,5-bicyclic-ketol shown in the reaction scheme above by circular dichroism, and these results were confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The centrosymmetrical crystal of the corresponding racemic ketol without a heavy atom label has been obtained by the use of racemic proline. It showed by X-ray diffraction an axial orientation of the angular methyl group and an equatorial orientation of the hydroxyl group in the chair conformer of the six-membered ring. This is in good agreement with the crystal structure of the CD-ring of digitoxigenin. The structure of this ketol and its ethyl homologue are shown as follows: Similar studies of the 7a-ethyl-homologue showed that the ethyl bicyclic ketol existed in a cis conformation in which the 7a-ethyl group is equatorially oriented and the hydroxyl group is axially oriented in the chair form of the six-membered ring as shown above. The reason for a preference for this conformation could be enhanced 1,3-diaxial interaction in the other cis conformer between the angular ethyl group and the axial hydrogens at C-4 and C-6 in the six membered ring.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Intermolecular versions	In a 2000 study the Barbas group found that intermolecular aldol additions (those between ketones and aldehydes) are also possible albeit with use of considerably more proline: The authors noted the similarity of proline, the aldolase antibodies they had created and natural aldolase enzymes aldolase A all of which operate through an enamine intermediate. In this reaction the large concentration of acetone (one of the two reactants) suppresses various possible side-reactions: reaction of the ketone with proline to an oxazolidinone and reaction of the aldehyde with proline to an azomethine ylide.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Intermolecular versions	Notz and List went on to expand the utility of this reaction to the synthesis of 1,2-diols: In their full account of their 2000 Communication, the group revealed that proline together with the thiazolium salt 5,5-dimethyl thiazolidinium-4-carboxylate were found to be the most effective catalysts among a large group of amines, while catalysis with (S)-1-(2-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-pyrrolidine salts formed the basis for the development of diamine organocatalysts that have proven effective in a wide variety or organocatalytic reactions.The asymmetric synthesis of the Wieland-Miescher ketone (1985) is another intramolecular reaction also based on proline, that was explored by the Barbas group in 2000. In this study the Barbas group demonstrated for the first time that proline can catalyze the cascade Michael-aldol reaction through combined iminium-enamine catalysis. This work is significant because despite the 30-year history and application of the Hajos-Parrish reaction in industry, the triketone substrate for this reaction had always been synthesized in a discrete independent step, demonstrating that there was a fundamental lack of understanding of the chemical mechanism of this reaction. The Barbas group had reported the aldolase antibody catalyzed iminium-enamine Robinson annulation in their 1997 study that marked the beginning of their studies in the area now called organocatalysis. In a report published in 2002 Carlos F. Barbas III said: "Work in the 1970s on proline-catalyzed intramolecular aldol addition reactions by synthetic organic chemists Zoltan G. Hajos and David R. Parrish of the chemical research department at Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, N.J., inspired us to look more closely at parallels between small-molecule catalysts and enzymes".In 2002 the Macmillan group was the first to demonstrate the proline catalyzed Aldol reaction between different aldehydes. This reaction is unusual because in general aldehydes will self-condense.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Intermolecular versions	The organocatalytic intermolecular aldol reaction is now known as the Barbas-List Aldol reaction.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Reaction mechanism	Several reaction mechanisms for the triketone reaction have been proposed over the years. Hajos and Parrish proposed the enamine mechanism in their paper [2]. However, their experiment with a stoichiometric amount of labeled water (H218O) supported a carbinolamine mechanism. Therefore, Hajos put forward (1974) a hemiaminal intermediate.[2] The Agami mechanism (1984) has an enamine intermediate with two proline units involved in the transition state (based on experimental reaction kinetics) and according to a mechanism by Houk (2001) a single proline unit suffices with a cyclic transition state and with the proline carboxyl group involved in hydrogen bonding.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Reaction mechanism	The hemiaminal (carbinolamine) put forward by Hajos in 1974 can change to a tautomeric iminium hydroxide intermediate. The iminium hydroxide ion caused enolization of the side chain methyl ketone would be followed by ring closure to the above shown optically active bicyclic ketol product (see Figure 1.) under the influence of the catalytic amount of (S)-(−)-proline. Pengxin Zhou, Long Zhang, Sanzhong Luo, and Jin-Pei Cheng obtained excellent results using the simple chiral primary amine t-Bu-CH(NH2)-CH2-NEt2.TfOH for the synthesis of both the Wieland-Miescher ketone and the Hajos-Parrish ketone as well as their analogues. This supports the iminium mechanism, because it is textbook chemistry that primary amines form imines rather than enamines with carbonyl compounds.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Reaction mechanism	The Hajos 1974 carbinolamine mechanism has had an unwitting support in a more recent paper by Michael Limbach. The triketone starting material 2- methyl-2-(3-oxobutyl)-1,3-cyclopentanedione gave the expected optically active bicyclic ketol (+)-(3aS,7aS)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-3a-hydroxy-7a-methyl-1,5(6H)-indanedione with (S)-(−)-proline catalyst. On the other hand, the stereochemical outcome is reversed with ee selectivities of up to 83% by using the homologue amino acid catalysts, such as (S)-β-homoproline, [(pyrrolidine-(2S)-yl) acetic acid]. The virtual anomaly can be explained with a top side approach of the bulkier beta amino acids to the above triketone starting material of reflective symmetry. The top side approach results in the formation of an enantiotopic carbinolamine to give the (−)-(3aR,7aR)-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-3a-hydroxy-7a-methyl-1,5(6H)-indanedione bicyclic ketol enantiomer identical to the one obtained with unnatural (R)-(+)-proline. List in 2010 on the other hand is perplexed and surprised that Hajos rejected the enamine mechanism, certainly in light of earlier work by Spencer in 1965 on amine catalysed aldol reactions. It is interesting and surprising that Eder, Sauer and Wiechert have not attempted to explain the reaction mechanism. [3] The reaction mechanism as proposed by the Barbas group in 2000 for the intermolecular reactions is based also on enamine formation and the observed stereoselectivity based on the Zimmerman-Traxler model favoring Re-face approach. This is the same mechanism proposed by Barbas for aldolase antibodies reported by the group in 1995: This enamine mechanism also drives the original Hajos-Parrish triketone reaction but the involvement of two proline molecules in it as proposed by Agami is disputed by Barbas based on the lack of a non-linear effects and supported by later studies of List based on reaction kinetics. The general mechanism is further supported by List by the finding that in a reaction carried out in labeled water (H218O), the oxygen isotope finds its way into the reaction product. The Hajos and Parrish experiment with a stoechiometric amount of labeled water (H218O) supported the carbinolamine mechanism.[2]In the same study [20] the reaction of proline with acetone to the oxazolidinone (in DMSO) was examined: The equilibrium constant for this reaction is only 0.12 leading List to conclude that the involvement of oxazolidinone is only parasitic.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Reaction mechanism	Blackmond in 2004 also found oxazolidinones as intermediates (NMR) in a related proline-catalysed α-aminooxylation of propanal with nitrosobenzene: Chiong Teck Wong of the Institute of High Performance Computing Singapore studied the similar oxyamination reaction of nitrosobenzene with butanal using a chiral prolinol silyl ether catalyst. His studies strongly suggest that the catalyst generates the enol, and forms an enol-catalyst complex. Nitsosobenzene subsequently reacts with the enol-catalyst complex to afford the (S)-N-nitroso aldol product in agreement with Pauling’s chart of electronegativity. Sodiumborohydride reduction of the primarily formed aldol products gave the corresponding alcohols in good yield and excellent enantioselectivity in the ratio of PN/PO=>99:1 as shown in the Scheme below. Wong suggests that the reaction mechanism of the (S)-Cat catalyzed N-nitroso aldol reaction between nitrosobenzene and butanal proceeds via an enol intermediate and not via an enamine intermediate.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Reaction mechanism	The view of oxazolidinones as a parasitic species is contested by Seebach and Eschenmoser who in 2007 published an article in which they argue that oxazolidinones in fact play a pivotal role in proline catalysis. One of the things they did was reacting an oxazolidinone with the activated aldehyde chloral in an aldol addition: In 2008, Barbas in an essay addressed the question why it took until the year 2000 before interest regenerated for this seemingly simple reaction 30 years after the pioneering work by Hajos and Parrish and why the proline catalysis mechanism appeared to be an enigma for so long. One explanation has to do with different scientific cultures: a proline mechanism in the context of aldolase catalysis already postulated in 1964 by a biochemist was ignored by organic chemists. Another part of the explanation was the presumed complexity of aldolase catalysis that dominated chemical thinking for a long time. Finally, research did not expand in this area at Hoffmann-La Roche after the resignation of ZGH in November, 1970.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Origin of the name of the reaction	The name for this reaction took some time to develop. In 1985 Professor Agami and associates were the first to name the proline catalyzed Robinson annulation the Hajos-Parrish reaction. In 1986 Professor Henri B. Kagan and Professor Agami still called it the Hajos-Parrish reaction in the Abstract of this paper. In 2001 Kagan published a paper entitled "Nonlinear Effects in Asymmetric Catalysis: A Personal Account" in Synlett. In this paper he introduced the new title the Hajos-Parrish-Wiechert reaction. In 2002 Benjamin List added two more names and introduced the term Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction. Scientific papers published as late as 2008 in the field of organocatalysis use either the 1985, 2001 or 2002 names of the reaction.
Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction	Origin of the name of the reaction	A June, 2014 search limited to the years 2009–2014 by Google Scholar returns 44 hits for Hajos-Parrish reaction, 3 for Hajos-Parrish-Wiechert reaction and 184 for Hajos–Parrish–Eder–Sauer–Wiechert reaction. The term 'Hajos-Parrish ketone' (and similar) remains common, however.
Rune Factory 4	Rune Factory 4	Rune Factory 4 is a role-playing video game developed by Neverland and published by Marvelous AQL for the Nintendo 3DS. It is the sixth game in the Rune Factory series, and the first to be released on the 3DS. It was released in Japan in July 2012, in North America in October 2013, and in PAL regions in December 2014. An enhanced version, titled Rune Factory 4 Special, was released for the Nintendo Switch in Japan in July 2019 and worldwide in February 2020. It was also released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows in 2021.
Rune Factory 4	Gameplay	Features common to previous games in the Rune Factory series, including farming, dungeon exploring, and marriage, return in Rune Factory 4. Crafting is one of the main features in the series, with which all equipment used by the main character is created. From shoes to many types of weapons, crafting materials of various stats to form new equipment is the key to character progression - more so than the traditional leveling up feature that most RPGs rely on. Rune Factory 4 adds the ability to make "Orders". As the prince or princess of Selphia, these Orders can range from requesting a town event (such as a harvest festival) to pushing back a storm from wiping out your crops.
Rune Factory 4	Story	The game begins by offering the player two lines of dialogue, and the choice between the two determines their character's gender. It is revealed that the character is traveling by airship to the town of Selphia to meet and deliver a gift to its 'god'. The airship, however, is invaded by rogue soldiers and a fight ensues. During the fight the character is hit in the head and it is later revealed that they developed amnesia, as has been the case with all previous Rune Factory mobile installments. The player is thrown out of the airship and lands in the town of Selphia, where they are mistaken for a member of royalty who was supposed to be showing up soon to help run the town. Although this is quickly revealed not to be the case, the actual prince, named Arthur, who was due to arrive, is happy to let the player take over his job. From there on out you are to attract tourists, gain trust from the villagers in Selphia, and work around the town to unlock features needed to carry on with the slice of life aspects of the game. At the same time, you will find a mysterious force at work in the nearby dungeons that is in need of investigation, with some monsters turning into humans upon their defeat. You may also date a bachelor or bachelorette, get married, and have one child. There are six bachelors and six bachelorettes, each have their own charming points and back stories which you will learn through series of events before marriage. You can equip other villagers, even your child, with battle gear and have maximum two person to fight alongside you. Characters from Rune Factory 2 and 3, Barrett and Raven, appear as cameos and can be recruited into a players party for dungeon exploration.
Rune Factory 4	Characters	Rune Factory 4 features many characters residing in Selphia. If playing as the male protagonist, the player can choose to marry one of the following female characters: If playing as the female protagonist, the player can choose to marry one of the following male characters:
Rune Factory 4	Development	Producer Yoshifumi Hashimoto said that the main theme is "passionate love, sweet marriage". This led him to greatly expand the types of dating events and their dramatic nature, and creating scenarios where players can go adventuring with their families. This was done to create a world that is not purely combat or farming driven, but gives players a choice. Another focus of development was to make farming, though repetitive by nature, a satisfying experience for a player. Drawing inspiration from games such as Pikmin, where Captain Olimar would pull Pikmin from the ground with a pop, and DokiDoki Panic, he decided to make the game's framerate run at 60 so that character responses to controller input would be felt immediately. It was announced in January 2013 that publisher Xseed Games would be localizing the game for North American audiences; they had previously localized Rune Factory Frontier for the Wii.On September 12, Xseed Games announced that the game would have a release date for the North American audiences, which was announced to be October 1, 2013. Xseed would later release the game in Europe and Australia via the 3DS eShop on December 11, 2014. An enhanced version of the game for the Nintendo Switch, titled Rune Factory 4 Special, was released in Japan on July 25, 2019, in North America on February 25, 2020, and in Europe and Australia on February 28, 2020. This release features a new opening theme, another difficulty option, and uses Live2D technology for the additional Newlywed mode. This version of the game was also released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows on December 7, 2021.
Rune Factory 4	Reception	Japanese sales exceeded 150,000 copies, becoming the best selling game in the Rune Factory series, eclipsing Rune Factory 2, which had the top sales prior. Profits were well above expectation for game publisher Marvelous AQL. Due to the game's success, the game caused an upward revision of profits by 106.7% for the second financial quarter of 2012.
Spectroscopic notation	Spectroscopic notation	Spectroscopic notation provides a way to specify atomic ionization states, atomic orbitals, and molecular orbitals.
Spectroscopic notation	Ionization states	Spectroscopists customarily refer to the spectrum arising from a given ionization state of a given element by the element's symbol followed by a Roman numeral. The numeral I is used for spectral lines associated with the neutral element, II for those from the first ionization state, III for those from the second ionization state, and so on. For example, "He I" denotes lines of neutral helium, and "C IV" denotes lines arising from the third ionization state, C3+, of carbon. This notation is used for example to retrieve data from the NIST Atomic Spectrum Database.
Spectroscopic notation	Atomic and molecular orbitals	Before atomic orbitals were understood, spectroscopists discovered various distinctive series of spectral lines in atomic spectra, which they identified by letters. These letters were later associated with the azimuthal quantum number, ℓ. The letters, "s", "p", "d", and "f", for the first four values of ℓ were chosen to be the first letters of properties of the spectral series observed in alkali metals. Other letters for subsequent values of ℓ were assigned in alphabetical order, omitting the letter "j" because some languages do not distinguish between the letters "i" and "j": This notation is used to specify electron configurations and to create the term symbol for the electron states in a multi-electron atom. When writing a term symbol, the above scheme for a single electron's orbital quantum number is applied to the total orbital angular momentum associated to an electron state.
Spectroscopic notation	Atomic and molecular orbitals	Molecular spectroscopic notation The spectroscopic notation of molecules uses Greek letters to represent the modulus of the orbital angular momentum along the internuclear axis. The quantum number that represents this angular momentum is Λ. Λ = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... Symbols: Σ, Π, Δ, ΦFor Σ states, one denotes if there is a reflection in a plane containing the nuclei (symmetric), using the + above. The − is used to indicate that there is not.
Spectroscopic notation	Atomic and molecular orbitals	For homonuclear diatomic molecules, the index g or u denotes the existence of a center of symmetry (or inversion center) and indicates the symmetry of the vibronic wave function with respect to the point-group inversion operation i. Vibronic states that are symmetric with respect to i are denoted g for gerade (German for "even"), and unsymmetric states are denoted u for ungerade (German for "odd").
Spectroscopic notation	Quarkonium	For mesons whose constituents are a heavy quark and its own antiquark (quarkonium) the same notation applies as for atomic states. However, uppercase letters are used. Furthermore, the first number is (as in nuclear physics) n=N+1 where is the number of nodes in the radial wave function, while in atomic physics n=N+ℓ+1 is used. Hence, a 1P state in quarkonium corresponds to a 2p state in an atom or positronium.
Myosin-light-chain phosphatase	Myosin-light-chain phosphatase	Myosin light-chain phosphatase, also called myosin phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.53; systematic name [myosin-light-chain]-phosphate phosphohydrolase), is an enzyme (specifically a serine/threonine-specific protein phosphatase) that dephosphorylates the regulatory light chain of myosin II: [myosin light-chain] phosphate + H2O = [myosin light-chain] + phosphateThis dephosphorylation reaction occurs in smooth muscle tissue and initiates the relaxation process of the muscle cells. Thus, myosin phosphatase undoes the muscle contraction process initiated by myosin light-chain kinase. The enzyme is composed of three subunits: the catalytic region (protein phosphatase 1, or PP1), the myosin binding subunit (MYPT1), and a third subunit (M20) of unknown function. The catalytic region uses two manganese ions as catalysts to dephosphorylate the light-chains on myosin, which causes a conformational change in the myosin and relaxes the muscle. The enzyme is highly conserved and is found in all organisms’ smooth muscle tissue. While it is known that myosin phosphatase is regulated by rho-associated protein kinases, there is current debate about whether other molecules, such as arachidonic acid and cAMP, also regulate the enzyme.
Myosin-light-chain phosphatase	Function	Smooth muscle tissue is mostly made of actin and myosin, two proteins that interact together to produce muscle contraction and relaxation. Myosin II, also known as conventional myosin, has two heavy chains that consist of the head and tail domains and four light chains (two per head) that bind to the heavy chains in the “neck” region. When the muscle needs to contract, calcium ions flow into the cytosol from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where they activate calmodulin, which in turn activates myosin light-chain kinase (MLC kinase). MLC kinase phosphorylates the myosin light chain (MLC20) at the Ser-19 residue. This phosphorylation causes a conformational change in the myosin, activating crossbridge cycling and causing the muscle to contract. Because myosin undergoes a conformational change, the muscle will stay contracted even if calcium and activated MLC kinase concentrations are brought to normal levels. The conformational change must be undone to relax the muscle.When myosin phosphatase binds to myosin, it removes the phosphate group. Without the group, the myosin reverts to its original conformation, in which it cannot interact with the actin and hold the muscle tense, so the muscle relaxes. The muscle will remain in this relaxed position until myosin is phosphorylated by MLC kinase and undergoes a conformational change.
Myosin-light-chain phosphatase	Structure	Myosin phosphatase is made of three subunits. The catalytic subunit, PP1, is one of the more important Ser/Thr phosphatases in eukaryotic cells, as it plays a role in glycogen metabolism, intracellular transport, protein synthesis, and cell division as well as smooth muscle contraction. Because it is so important to basic cellular functions, and because there are far fewer protein phosphatases than kinases in cells, PP1’s structure and function is highly conserved (though the specific isoform used in myosin phosphatase is the δ isoform, PP1δ). PP1 works by using two manganese ions as catalysts for the dephosphorylation (see below).
Myosin-light-chain phosphatase	Structure	Surrounding these ions is a Y-shaped cleft with three grooves: a hydrophobic, an acidic, and a C-terminal groove. When PP1 is not bonded to any other subunit, it is not particularly specific. However, when it bonds to the second subunit of myosin phosphatase, MYPT1 (MW ~130 kDa), this catalytic cleft changes configuration. This results in a dramatic increase in myosin specificity. Thus, it is clear that MYPT1 has great regulatory power over PP1 and myosin phosphatase, even without the presence of other activators or inhibitors.
Myosin-light-chain phosphatase	Structure	The third subunit, M20 (not to be confused with MLC20, the critical regulatory subunit of myosin), is the smallest and most mysterious subunit. Currently little is known about M20, except that it is not necessary for catalysis, as removing the subunit does not affect turnover or selectivity. While some believe it could have regulatory function, nothing has been determined yet.
Myosin-light-chain phosphatase	Mechanism	The mechanism of removing the phosphate from Ser-19 is very similar to other dephosphorylation reactions in the cell, such as the activation of glycogen synthase. Myosin's regulatory subunit MLC20 binds to both the hydrophobic and acid grooves of PP1 and MYPT1, the regulatory site on myosin phosphatase. Once in the proper configuration, both the phyosphorylated serine and a free water molecule are stabilized by the hydrogen-bonding residues in the active site, as well as the positively charged ions (which interact strongly with the negative phosphate group). His-125 (on myosin phosphatase) donates a proton to Ser-19 MLC20), and the water molecule attacks the phosphorus atom. After shuffling protons to stabilize (which happens rapidly compared to the attack on phosphorus), the phosphate and alcohol are formed, and both leave the active site.
Myosin-light-chain phosphatase	Regulation and Human Health	The regulatory pathways of MLC kinase have been well-established, but until the late 1980s, it was assumed that myosin phosphatase was not regulated, and contraction/relaxation was entirely dependent on MLC kinase activity. However, since the 1980s, the inhibiting effect of rho-associated protein kinase has been discovered and thoroughly investigated. RhoA GTP activates Rho-kinase, which phosphorylates the MYPT1 at two major inhibitory sites, Thr-696 and Thr-866. This fully demonstrates the value of the MYPT1, not only to increase reaction rate and specificity, but also to greatly slow down the reaction. However, when telokin is added, it effectively undoes the effect of Rho-kinase, even though it does not dephosphorylate MYPT1.One other proposed regulatory strategy involves arachidonic acid. When arachidonic acid is added to tensed muscle tissue, the acid decreases the rate of dephosphorylation (and thus relaxation) of myosin. However, it is unclear how arachidonic acid functions as an inhibitor. Two competing theories are that either arachidonic acid acts as a co-messenger in the rho-kinase cascade mentioned above, or that it binds to the c-terminal of MYPT1.When the regulatory systems of myosin phosphatase begin to fail, there can be major health consequences. Since smooth muscle is found in the respiratory, circulatory, and reproductive systems of humans (as well as other places), if the smooth muscle can no longer relax because of faulty regulation, then a wide number of problems ranging from asthma, hypertension, and erectile dysfunction can result.
Cookie Run: Kingdom	Cookie Run: Kingdom	Cookie Run: Kingdom is an action role-playing gacha game by Devsisters and the sixth game in the Cookie Run series.
Cookie Run: Kingdom	Gameplay	Cookie Run: Kingdom is an RPG & city-building battle simulator. The game is mainly played by building the player's Cookie Kingdom and collecting Cookies using the game's gacha to fight in various game modes.
Cookie Run: Kingdom	Gameplay	At the beginning of the game, players receive a piece of land on which to build structures and amenities and collect resources. To unlock more items and resources, the player must level up the Cookie Castle, production buildings, and the Fountain of Abundance. Furthermore, players will have to build additional structures to use for either trading or upgrading. Players can produce resources for their kingdom with various production buildings. The Cookie Castle can be upgraded when given enough items or when certain tasks are cleared, and this allows the player to expand the space available, level up buildings, and place more of them. The same applies to the offline reward-giving Fountain of Abundance. The player can also expand their land by using materials or fighting enemies in certain areas with their team.
Cookie Run: Kingdom	Gameplay	There are over 100 playable cookies in the game as of July 2023, used as the main fighting units for the game's various game modes. These cookies can be obtained from the game's gacha, which can be activated by spending Crystals, or specific event tokens for a specific Cookie. Crystals are earned through various methods in the game or can be purchased with real-life money. Cookies are placed in teams of up to five by the player. There are 8 rarities of Cookies, ranging from Common to Ancient, and 8 classes of Cookies that serve different functions in battle. For example, Support Cookies provide a mix of healing, damage, and temporary buffs for allies, and Magic Cookies can de-buff enemies. All Cookies have a skill that can be activated, which causes damage, healing, or other effects. These skills have a short cooldown before being able to be used again.

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