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Adjusted Peak Performance	Adjusted Peak Performance	Calculate the APP for the system as follows: APP = FPO(1) * F(1) * W(1) + ... + FPO(n) * F(n) * W(n).The metric was introduced in April 2006 to replace the Composite Theoretical Performance (CTP) metric which was introduced in 1993. APP was itself replaced in November 2007 when the BIS amended 15 CFR to include the December 2006 Wassenaar Arrangement Plenary Agreement Implementation's new metric - Gigaflops (GFLOPS), one billion floating point operations per second, or TeraFLOPS, one trillion floating point operations per second.
Adjusted Peak Performance	Adjusted Peak Performance	The unit of measurement is Weighted TeraFLOPS (WT) to specify Adjusted Peak Performance (APP). The weighting factor is 0.3 for non-vector processors and 0.9 for vector processors. For example, a PowerPC 750 running at 800 MHz would be rated at 0.00024 WT due to being able to execute one floating point instruction per cycle and not having a vector unit. Note that only 64 bit (or wider) floating point instructions count. Notes: Processors without 64 bit (or better) floating point support have an FPO of zero. The current APP limit is 0.75 WT.
XHP	XHP	XHP is an augmentation of PHP and Hack developed at Meta (formerly known as Facebook) to allow XML syntax for the purpose of creating custom and reusable HTML elements. It is available as an open-source software GitHub project and as a Homebrew module for PHP 5.3, 5.4, and 5.5. Meta also developed a similar augmentation for JavaScript, named JSX.
XHP	Origins	XHP was loosely inspired by ECMAScript for XML and created by Marcel Laverdet. It was first developed for Facebook Lite as a new UI rendering layer but was later ported over to Facebook's www and mobile web stack as well as incorporated into HipHop for PHP. It was made available to the public in February 2010 and until 2020 accounted for nearly all of Facebook app's server-side generated HTML.In 2020, Facebook redesigned its primary web app to run mostly on React components, rendered both server and client-side. XHP is still used in parts of Facebook but is a legacy technology now being phased out.
XHP	Benefits	XHP offers a much cleaner interface to UI programming when outputting HTML in PHP, but has some engineering advantages as well. Parse-time validation of HTML syntax XHP validates the syntax and structure of the entire document tree on render and will throw an exception if an element was not closed properly, has invalid children, has an invalid attribute, or is missing required children or attributes. Automatic XSS protection Because all rendering to the page is done inside XHP, and it knows what is HTML and what is content, XHP escapes all content without any special effort from the programmer. Object mutation XHP objects are stored as standard PHP objects, so they can be manipulated through a DOM-like API, which includes methods such as setAttribute(), getAttribute(), appendChild(), and several others prior to or during render. Custom HTML Instead of writing functions to generate HTML, or switching in and out of PHP, custom XHP elements can be defined and mixed in with standard HTML elements that will abstract out common HTML structures.
Table of organization and equipment	Table of organization and equipment	A table of organization and equipment (TOE or TO&E) is the specified organization, staffing, and equipment of units. Also used in acronyms as 'T/O' and 'T/E'. It also provides information on the mission and capabilities of a unit as well as the unit's current status.
Table of organization and equipment	Table of organization and equipment	A general TOE is applicable to a type of unit (for instance, an infantry battalion) rather than a specific unit (the 2nd Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment). Sometimes, all units of the same branch (such as Infantry) follow the same structural guidelines; much more often, there are a wide variety of TOEs to suit specific circumstances (Modified Tables of Organization and Equipment (MTOEs), in the United States Army, for example).
Table of organization and equipment	Soviet Union and Russia	In the Soviet and the Russian Armed Forces the term used for TO&E since the 1930s is "Shtatnoe raspisanie" (Штатное расписание, literally translated as Shtat Prescription). It originates from the term "Shtat" (штат) which is used primarily to denote manpower and in a secondary meaning as the synonym for TO&E itself. Note that in the Soviet Union and modern day Russia the term "Shtatnoe raspisanie" applied not only to military unit, but also to state organisations such as ministries, agencies, universities, hospitals etc. and even to the corporate structure of private companies.
Table of organization and equipment	Soviet Union and Russia	Many of the Red Army's rifle divisions at the beginning of Operation Barbarossa were operating on Shtat 04/400 of 5 April 1941. This Shtat stipulated that an infantry division should consist of three infantry regiments, a light and a howitzer artillery regiment, other artillery units, a reconnaissance battalion, a combat engineer battalion, signals, chemical company (decontamination/flamethrower), transport, medical, and logistics train units, an aviation flight, and a division staff seemingly consisting of the division commander (1/0/0), division staff (70, including 12 horses and 13 vehicles), a quartermaster section of five officers (5/0/0), a military tribunal (military justice) of two officers, and a political section of 11 officers.
Table of organization and equipment	Soviet Union and Russia	Soviet rifle divisions were often forced to operate at far below their authorised strengths. For example, in the middle of the fighting on the Eastern Front, on July 20, 1942, a report on the 284th Rifle Division lamented: In the division there are 3,172 military servicemen; a batch of replacements numbering 1,312 men has arrived and another 2,000... are expected, but in the division there are only a total of 1,921 rifles, 98 [semi-]automatic rifles and 202 PPSh submachine guns... There are 21 motorized vehicles in the division, but according to the shtat there should be 114. There are just 7 heavy machine guns, but according to the shtat 108 are necessary. 47 light machine guns, but according to the shtat there should be 350. 36 anti-tank rifles, but 277 according to the shtat. The division's separation from its supply base extends up to 100 kilometres and aggravates the supply [of] food.
Table of organization and equipment	Soviet Union and Russia	The commissar, Tkachenko, went on to urgently request vehicles (including ambulances, of which there were none), small arms and support weapons, draught horses, and a closer supply base. After the first day of fighting he further reported that the lack of high-explosive shells forced the artillery to fire armor-piercing rounds at enemy firing points and troops; there were no cartridges for the submachine guns; many of the men's uniforms and footwear were worn out; and it was impossible to commit the replacements into the fighting because of the lack of weapons.
Table of organization and equipment	United States	Army In the U.S. Army, there are four basic types of TOEs: The Base Table of Organization and Equipment (BTOE) An organizational design document based on current doctrine and available equipment. It shows the basics of a unit's structure and their wartime requirements (both for personnel and equipment). The Objective Table of Organization and Equipment (OTOE) An updated form of the BTOE, usually formed within the last year. It is a fully modern document and is up to date with current policies and initiatives. A Modified Table of Organization and Equipment (MTOE) A document that modifies a BTOE in regard to a specific unit. Used when a unit's needs are substantially different from the BTOE. A Table of Distribution and Allowances (TDA) A type of temporary TOE that is applicable to a specific mission. Used in an instance when there is no applicable TOE.Each TOE has a unique number that identifies it. When changes are needed, a table is not modified, instead, a new table is drafted from scratch.
Table of organization and equipment	United States	An example of an overall T/O change can be seen when the "Pentomic" organization was superseded by the Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD). During the 1950s, the Pentomic reorganization shifted the basic tactical unit from the regiment to the five-company battle group. Instead of brigades, an armored division had three Combat Commands designated: CCA, CCB, and CCC. On 16 December 1960, the Army Chief of Staff directed a reappraisal of division organization. Resulting studies were carried out between January and April 1961, and fully implemented by 1965. The resulting Reorganization of Army Divisions (ROAD) changed all division types (Mechanized, Airborne, Armor, Infantry and Cavalry) to an identical structure of three brigades of three (sometimes four) battalions. The ROAD division consisted of a mix of nine to twelve armor and infantry battalions based on its Mission, the likely Enemy, the Terrain/weather, and other forces available or Troops (METT). Each brigade would be assigned or attached the mix of battalions and companies based on the division commanders estimate based on METT. As operations continued, the division commander could task organize subordinate units as needed by the flow of the battle.
Table of organization and equipment	United States	Marine Corps Marine T/O&Es are based on a generic template for each specific type and size of unit, for example, a weapons company of an infantry battalion, or a heavy helicopter squadron. These templates are then modified as needed by the individual unit. The Marine Corps also relies on other documents to report what personnel and equipment a unit actually possesses.
Table of organization and equipment	United States	The T/O section denotes every authorized billet within a unit by rank and Military Occupational Specialty required to fulfill the necessary duties. The T/E section denotes authorized equipment by Line Item Number and quantity.
Table of organization and equipment	External links and sources	U.S. Army TOE TRADOC Regulation 71-15 What is a TOE (WWII example)
6-Chloronicotine	6-Chloronicotine	6-Chloronicotine is a drug which acts as an agonist at neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It substitutes for nicotine in animal studies with around twice the potency, and shows antinociceptive effects.
Range of a function	Range of a function	In mathematics, the range of a function may refer to either of two closely related concepts: The codomain of the function The image of the functionGiven two sets X and Y, a binary relation f between X and Y is a (total) function (from X to Y) if for every x in X there is exactly one y in Y such that f relates x to y. The sets X and Y are called domain and codomain of f, respectively. The image of f is then the subset of Y consisting of only those elements y of Y such that there is at least one x in X with f(x) = y.
Range of a function	Terminology	As the term "range" can have different meanings, it is considered a good practice to define it the first time it is used in a textbook or article. Older books, when they use the word "range", tend to use it to mean what is now called the codomain. More modern books, if they use the word "range" at all, generally use it to mean what is now called the image. To avoid any confusion, a number of modern books don't use the word "range" at all.
Range of a function	Elaboration and example	Given a function f:X→Y with domain X , the range of f , sometimes denoted ran ⁡(f) or Range ⁡(f) , may refer to the codomain or target set Y (i.e., the set into which all of the output of f is constrained to fall), or to f(X) , the image of the domain of f under f (i.e., the subset of Y consisting of all actual outputs of f ). The image of a function is always a subset of the codomain of the function.As an example of the two different usages, consider the function f(x)=x2 as it is used in real analysis (that is, as a function that inputs a real number and outputs its square). In this case, its codomain is the set of real numbers R , but its image is the set of non-negative real numbers R+ , since x2 is never negative if x is real. For this function, if we use "range" to mean codomain, it refers to R ; if we use "range" to mean image, it refers to R+ In many cases, the image and the codomain can coincide. For example, consider the function f(x)=2x , which inputs a real number and outputs its double. For this function, the codomain and the image are the same (both being the set of real numbers), so the word range is unambiguous.
Water filling algorithm	Water filling algorithm	Water filling algorithm is a general name given to the ideas in communication systems design and practice for equalization strategies on communications channels. As the name suggests, just as water finds its level even when filled in one part of a vessel with multiple openings, as a consequence of Pascal's law, the amplifier systems in communications network repeaters, or receivers amplify each channel up to the required power level compensating for the channel impairments. See, for example, channel power allocation in MIMO systems.
Water filling algorithm	Single channel systems	In a single channel communication system the deamplification and loss present on them can be simplistically taken as attenuation by a percentage g, then amplifiers restore the signal power level to the same value at transmission setup by operating at a gain of 1/ (1 − g). E.g. if we experience 6 dB attenuation in transmission, i.e. 75% loss, then we have to amplify the signal by a factor of 4x to restore the signal to the transmitter levels.
Water filling algorithm	Multichannel systems	Same ideas can be carried out in presence impairments and a multiple channel system. Amplifier nonlinearity, crosstalk and power budgets prevent the use of these waterfilling algorithms to restore all channels, and only a subset can benefit from them.
Outpost (military)	Outpost (military)	A military outpost is detachment of troops stationed at a distance from the main force or formation, usually at a station in a remote or sparsely populated location, positioned to stand guard against unauthorized intrusions and surprise attacks; and the station occupied by such troops, usually a small military base or settlement in an outlying frontier, limit, political boundary or in another country. Outposts can also be called miniature military bases based on size and number of troops it houses.
Outpost (military)	Recent military use	Military outposts, most recently referred to as combat outposts (COPs), served as a cornerstone of counterinsurgency doctrine in Iraq and Afghanistan. These permanent or semi-permanent structures, often located in or near populated areas, enabled military forces to secure key lines of communication or infrastructure, secure and co-opt the populace, assist the government in restoring essential services, and force insurgents to operate elsewhere. Combat Outposts were almost unanimously described in positive terms by defense analysts and military officers as a means through which to carry out its counterinsurgency efforts.
So What chord	So What chord	In jazz harmony, a So What chord is a particular 5-note chord voicing. From the bottom note upwards, it consists of three perfect fourth intervals followed by a major third interval. It was employed by Bill Evans in the "'amen' response figure" to the head of the Miles Davis tune "So What".
So What chord	So What chord	For example, an "E minor" So What chord is an Em11 voicing,: The So What chord is often used as an alternative to quartal voicings and may be used in diatonic and chromatic planing. It is identical to the standard tuning of a guitar's five lowest strings. It is essentially a minor eleventh chord, arranged as it would be played on a guitar (1, 4, ♭7, ♭3, 5).
So What chord	So What chord	It may also be thought of as a five-note quartal chord (built from fourths) with the top note lowered by a semitone. More modern sounding than "tertial chords" (built from thirds), it is useful in comping; since the structure of quartal harmony is usually vague, many roots may be applied to the So What chord and it may work well in various contexts including, "a major scale context; a Mixolydian mode context; or a minor context". For example, without changing the keys that are played, the same Em11 chord described above can also function as a C6Δ9, Asus47(9), G69, Dsus24, 6 [no 7], Flydian (FΔ9♯1113 [no 5]) or F♯phrygian (F♯m7♭911♭13 [no 5]).
So What chord	So What chord	Other jazz recordings that make extensive use of the chord include McCoy Tyner's "Peresina" and Gary Burton's "Gentle Wind and Falling Tear". Tyner's use of similar voicings was an early influence on Chick Corea; it can be heard in tunes such as "Steps" and "Matrix" (both featured on his landmark album Now He Sings, Now He Sobs). The term "So What chord" is used extensively in Mark Levine's landmark work The Jazz Piano Book, wherein he describes a range of uses for which the voicing might be employed. Frank Mantooth dedicated two chapters to the chord under the name "Miracle voicing" in his work Voicings for Jazz Keyboard.
Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics	Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics	The International Brain Mapping and Intraoperative Surgical Planning Society (IBMISPS-Tax ID 20-2793206) DBA The Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) is a non-profit biomedical association (501c6) principally concerned with Brain Mapping and Intra-operative Surgical planning. International Brain Mapping and Intraoperative Surgical planning Foundation (IBMISPF) DBA The Brain Mapping Foundation provides funding to members of the society.In 2013 SBMT Board and Members defined Brain Mapping as the study of the anatomy and function of the brain and spinal cord through the use of imaging (including intra-operative, microscopic, endoscopic and multi-modality imaging), immunohistochemistry, molecular & optogenetics, stem cell and cellular biology, engineering (material, electrical and biomedical), neurophysiology and nanotechnology.
Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics	History	The Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics (SBMT) was founded in 2004 to break boundaries in healthcare. The society promotes policies that support rapid, safe, and cost-effective translation of new technology into medicine. SBMT played a significant role in the formulation, planning and execution of Obama's BRAIN Initiative and in 2013 pioneered the G20+ World Brain Mapping & Therapeutic Initiative, which is aimed at creating a global consortium focusing on integration of nanotechnology, imaging, cellular/stem cell therapeutics, Information Technology (IT) and devices (this approach called NanoBioElectronics) in Brain Mapping.Collaborating partners also include: Australian Government and Australian Bio Tech (collections of 650 Australasia biotech firms), Canadian government and scientists, Turkish scientists, more than 200 universities and research institutions across the world. Man of the US Government Agencies. SBMT has near 3000 contacts with the industry around the globe.
Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics	Board Members	Board appointments is one year with possibility of extension depending on how active the member is.
Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics	Previous conferences	2004 (15 Nov) Keck School of Medicine, USC 2005 (17–19 Nov) Pasadena, CA, USA 2006 (5–8 Sep) Clermont Ferrand, France 2007 (6–8 Sep) Washington DC, USA 2008 (26–29 Aug) Los Angeles, CA, USA 2009 (26–29 Aug) Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA 2010 (24-27 May) Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA 2011 (8-10 Jun) Mission Bay Conference Center, San Francisco, CA, USA 2012 (2-4 Jun) Metro Toronto Conference Center, Toronto, ON, Canada 2013 (12-14 May) Baltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, MD, USA 2014 (17-19 Mar) Four Seasons Hotel, Sydney, Australia 2015 (6-8 Mar) L.A. Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2016 (8-10 April) Miami Convention Center, Miami, FL, USA 2017 (18-20 April) Millennium Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2018 (13-15 April) Millennium Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2019 (15-17 March) L.A. Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2020 - Had to be postponed due to COVID-19 Pandemic 2021 (8-11 July) L.A. Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2022 (10-13 March) L.A. Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA 2023 (16-19 February) L.A. Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Canto (gene curation tool)	Canto (gene curation tool)	Canto is a web-based tool to support the curation of gene-specific scientific data, by both professional biocurators and publication authors. Canto was developed as part of the PomBase project, and is funded by the Wellcome Trust.
Canto (gene curation tool)	Canto (gene curation tool)	Canto enables experts (biocurators and publication authors) to provide detailed, standardized, sharable annotation from research publications and was originally created for the fission yeast community. Canto is a generic tool that can be readily configured for use with other organisms and other databases and now supports pathogen-host interactions for PHI-base (Rothamsted research) and the curation of phenotypes and genetic interactions at FlyBase (University of Cambridge), and all gene-specific datatypes for the emerging model species Schizosaccharomyces japonicus in JaponicusDB.
Canto (gene curation tool)	Curation using ontology terms	Canto supports the use of bio-ontologies (including the Gene Ontology, Protein Ontology, The Fission Yeast Phenotype Ontology FYPO, and the Sequence Ontology to describe attributes of gene products. Complex ontology structures are hidden by an intuitive search, browse, and drill-down workflow. Canto workflow guides the user through the curation process with prompts for required qualifiers and metadata (for example evidence (provenance), annotation extensions, and experimental conditions). Prompts are tailored to different data types, and their individual specific domains and ranges.
Canto (gene curation tool)	Community Curation	Canto has been successful in supporting community curation, and most of the new curation in PomBase is provided by the community of researchers who use the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model organism. The PomBase team demonstrate that co-curation by publication authors and professional curators provides higher quality curation to maximise the value and impact of scientific research.
Taenia of fourth ventricle	Taenia of fourth ventricle	In the brain, the taenia of the fourth ventricle (lingula, tenia of fourth ventricle) are two narrow bands of white matter, one on either side, which complete the lower part of the roof of the fourth ventricle. Each consists of a vertical and a horizontal part. The vertical part is continuous below the obex with the gracile nucleus, to which it is adherent by its lateral border.
Taenia of fourth ventricle	Taenia of fourth ventricle	The horizontal portion extends transversely across the inferior peduncle, below the striae medullares, and roofs in the lower and posterior part of the lateral recess; it is attached by its lower margin to the inferior peduncle, and partly encloses the choroid plexus, which, however, projects beyond it like a cluster of grapes; and hence this part of the tænia has been termed the cornucopia.
BK Stacker	BK Stacker	The BK Stacker sandwiches are a family of cheeseburgers sold by the international fast-food restaurant chain Burger King.
BK Stacker	History	In 2002, Burger King changed ownership when its parent company, Diageo, sold its interest in the company to a group of investment firms led by TPG Capital. After assuming ownership, TPG's newly appointed management team began focusing menu development and advertising on a very narrow demographic group, young men aged 20–34 who routinely ate at fast food restaurants several times per month which the chain identified as the "super fan". Amid this new super-fan focused menu expansion the chain introduced its new BK Stacker sandwich in late 2006, a family of sandwiches featuring the same set of toppings served as a single, double, triple or quadruple hamburger. The Stacker line was part of a series of larger, more calorie-laden products introduced by the company to entice the super-fan into the chain's restaurants. These new additions helped propel same store profits for more than sixteen quarters.The Stacker consisted of anywhere from one to four 1.7 oz (48 g) beef patties, American cheese, bacon and a Thousand Island dressing variant called Stacker sauce served on a sesame seed bun. The new sandwiches had a muted reaction in several reviews—Chowhound.com readers rated the Quad Stacker as one of the most over-the-top gluttonous burgers in a poll, while the Impulsive Buy stated that the sandwich was much like any other bacon cheeseburger but meatier. Despite its lukewarm reception, an internet meme relating to the sandwich developed rather quickly. Customers would create an "Octo-Stacker" sandwich by purchasing two quad Stackers and mashing the two together sandwiches to create a sandwich with eight patties, eight slices of cheese and sixteen half pieces of bacon. They would then film themselves trying to eat the 1 lb (0.45 kg) sandwich in under five minutes.With the onset of the Great Recession in 2008–2009, this narrowly-defined demographic-based sales plan faltered and sales and profits for the chain declined; Burger King's same-store comparable sales in the United States and Canada declined 4.6% in the three months ended September 30, while McDonald's posted same-store comparable sales growth of 2.5% within the United States. The Stacker line underwent a minor reformulation in 2011 that involved deleting the top layer of cheese and changing the amount of bacon in the sandwiches, and moving the sandwiches from the core section of its menu to the company's value menu. The changed ingredient list and pricing structure created a situation such that the distribution of ingredients did not scale at the same rate as increasing numbers of burger patties. Consumer Reports' blog The Consumerist noted that two single Stackers at $1.00 included more cheese and more bacon than one double Stacker for $2.00. Three single Stackers had 50% more cheese and double the bacon of one triple Stacker. The Stacker line and other related calorie-heavy menu items were dropped in 2012 when 3G Capital of Brazil bought the company and initiated a menu restructuring focusing on a broader demographic base. Since then, the Stacker line has been reintroduced under their 2005-2011 formulation and with a new name: the "Stacker King" sandwiches. Canadian locations serve both the 2005 formulations of the Stacker sandwiches as well as the 2011 formulations together. The 2005 formulations are branded as the "Stacker King" line, while the 2011 formulations are branded as simply the "Stacker" line.
BK Stacker	Product description	The BK Stacker is a hamburger consisting of anywhere from one to four 2.0 ounces (57 g) grilled beef patties, American cheese, bacon and Stacker sauce (a Thousand Island dressing variant) served on a sesame seed bun.
BK Stacker	Product description	Notable variants The standard variants of the BK Stacker sandwich are: The Single Stacker - 1 patty, 2 half pieces of bacon and 1 slice of cheese The Double Stacker - 2 patties, 3 half pieces of bacon and 1 slice of cheese The Triple Stacker - 3 patties, 3 half pieces of bacon and 2 slices of cheese The Quad Stacker - 4 patties, 3 half pieces of bacon and 3 slices of cheese BK Stackticon - A summer 2009 variation that replaces the stacker sauce with BBQ Sauce. Sold as product tie-in with Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen BBQ Beef Stack - A similar sandwich offered by Hungry Jack's that features single, double and triple sized burgers along with a fried egg and a proprietary BBQ sauce called "Jack Sauce." The Quintuple Stacker, (a limited edition version offered in Argentina) - 5 patties, 3 half pieces of bacon and 5 slices of cheese
BK Stacker	Advertising	The BK Stacker was introduced using commercials that employed groups of little people in the roles of members of the "Stackers Union". The characters were "Vin," played by Danny Woodburn, "the new guy," and various members of the "Stackers Union" construction team that work in a BK kitchen assembling the sandwiches. The tag line was "Meat, Cheese and Bacon- Stacked High". As exemplified in the advertising campaign, part of the sandwich's concept revolves around not having vegetables like lettuce, onions, or tomatoes.
Childhood arthritis	Childhood arthritis	Childhood arthritis (also known as juvenile arthritis or pediatric rheumatic disease) is an umbrella term used to describe any rheumatic disease or chronic arthritis-related condition which affects individuals under the age of 16. Most types are autoimmune disorders.
Childhood arthritis	Signs and symptoms	Several types of childhood arthritis exist, including juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile myositis, juvenile lupus, juvenile scleroderma, vasculitis, and fibromyalgia.
Childhood arthritis	Signs and symptoms	General signs of childhood arthritis disorders include: Joints: Swollen, stiff, red, warm, and/or painful joints Eyes: Painful/dry eyes, sensitivity to light and/or difficulty seeing caused by uveitis Skin: Scaly red rash (psoriatic), light spotted pink rash (systemic), butterfly shaped rash across the bridge of the nose and cheeks (lupus) or thick, hardened patches of skin (scleroderma) Organs: Digestive tract (diarrhea and bloating), lungs (shortness of breath) and heart Other: Fatigue, appetite loss, and/or high, spiking fever The most common type of childhood arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (previously known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) or juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA)) can be divided into three main forms: The classification is based upon symptoms, number of joints involved and the presence of certain antibodies in the blood.
Childhood arthritis	Signs and symptoms	Polyarticular arthritis is the first type of arthritis, which affects about 30–40% of children with arthritis and is more common in girls than boys. Typically five or more joints are affected (usually smaller joints such as the hands and feet but many also affect the hips, neck, shoulders and jaw).
Childhood arthritis	Signs and symptoms	Oligoarticular (aka pauciarticular) arthritis can be early or late onset and is the second type of arthritis, affecting about 50% of children with juvenile arthritis. This type affects fewer than four joints (usually the large joints such as knees, ankles or wrists) and may cause eye inflammation in girls with positive anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA). Girls younger than eight are more likely to develop this type of arthritis.
Childhood arthritis	Signs and symptoms	Systemic disease is the least common form, with 10–20% of children (boys and girls equally) being affected with limited movement, swelling and pain in at least one joint. A common symptom of this type is a high, spiking fever of 103 °F (39.4 °C) or higher, lasting for weeks or months, and a rash of pale red spots on the chest, thighs or other parts of the body may be visible.
Childhood arthritis	Cause	In most cases, juvenile arthritis is caused by the body attacking its own healthy cells and tissues, i.e. autoimmunity, causing the joint to become inflamed and stiff. Once the joint has become inflamed and stiff, damage is done to the joint and the growth of the joint may by changed or impaired. The underlying cause in the malfunction of the autoimmune system is unknown; dietary habits and emotional state seem to have no effect on the disease.
Childhood arthritis	Diagnosis	Early diagnosis and treatment by a pediatric rheumatologist or a rheumatologist can help manage inflammation, relieve pain, and prevent joint damage. However, it is difficult for doctors to diagnose the disease. Careful examination, laboratory tests (blood and urine), and various forms of imaging like X-rays may be some of the tests conducted by a doctor. Doctors may perform some of the following tests to diagnose the condition ANA (Antinuclear Antibody) Test Joint Aspiration Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Test
Childhood arthritis	Treatment	The treatment of most types of juvenile arthritis include medications, physical therapy, splints and in severe cases surgery. Methotrexate is commonly prescribed to children with juvenile arthritis. These treatments are focused on reducing swelling, relieving pain and maintaining full movement of joints. Children are encouraged to be involved in extra-curricular activities, physical activity when possible, and to live a "normal" life.
Childhood arthritis	Epidemiology	In the US it affects about 250,000-294,000 children making it one of the most common groups of childhood diseases.
Load-Hit-Store	Load-Hit-Store	A Load-Hit-Store, sometimes abbreviated as LHS, is a data dependency in a CPU in which a memory location that has just been the target of a store operation is loaded from. The CPU may then need to wait until the store finishes, so that the correct value can be retrieved. This involves e.g. a L1 cache roundtrip, during which most or all of the pipeline will be stalled, causing a significant decrease in performance. For example, (C/C++): Here, the language rules do not allow the compiler to assume that the pointers a and b refer to different memory locations. Therefore, it cannot, in general, keep the stored values in a register for the final addition (or, in this simple example, precalculate the return value to 12), but instead has to emit code that reloads at least the value from the first memory location, *a. The only realistic alternatives are a test-and-branch to see whether a and b are equal, in which case the correct return value is 14, but this adds significant overhead if the pointers are not equal, and optimizations enabled by function inlining.
Load-Hit-Store	Load-Hit-Store	Now if a call to slow is made with the same address for a and b, there is a data dependency between the memory stores and the memory load(s) in the final statement of slow. Some CPU designs (like general purpose processors for desktop or notebook computers) dedicate a significant amount of die space to complex store-to-load forwarding, which, under suitable circumstances such as native alignment of the operands, can avert having to wait for the cache roundtrip. Other CPUs (e.g. for embedded devices or video game consoles) may use a less elaborate or even minimalistic approach, and rely on the software developer to avoid frequent load-hit-stores in performance-critical code, or remove them during performance optimization. In the minimalistic approach, a store-to-load dependency forces a flush of the store buffers and stalling the pipeline. This ensures that the computation has the correct result, at a high performance cost.
Photo-Carnot engine	Photo-Carnot engine	A photo-Carnot engine is a Carnot cycle engine in which the working medium is a photon inside a cavity with perfectly reflecting walls. Radiation is the working fluid, and the piston is driven by radiation pressure.
Photo-Carnot engine	Photo-Carnot engine	A quantum Carnot engine is one in which the atoms in the heat bath are given a small bit of quantum coherence. The phase of the atomic coherence provides a new control parameter.The deep physics behind the second law of thermodynamics is not violated; nevertheless, the quantum Carnot engine has certain features that are not possible in a classical engine.
Photo-Carnot engine	Derivation	The internal energy of the photo-Carnot engine is proportional to the volume (unlike the ideal-gas equivalent) as well as the 4th power of the temperature (see Stefan–Boltzmann law) using a=4σc :U=VεaT4. The radiation pressure is only proportional to this 4th power of temperature but no other variables, meaning that for this photo-Carnot engine an isotherm is equivalent to an isobar: P=U3V=εaT43. Using the first law of thermodynamics ( dU=dW+dQ ) we can determine the work done through an adiabatic ( dQ=0 ) expansion by using the chain rule ( dU=εaT4dV+4εaVT3dT ) and setting it equal to dWV=−PdV=−13εaT4dV. Combining these dWV=dU gives us −13TdV=VdT which we can solve to find const , or equivalently const . Since the photo-Carnot engine needs a quantum coherence in the gas which is lost during the process, the rebuild of coherency takes more energy than is produced with the machine. The efficiency of this reversible engine including the coherency must at most be the Carnot efficiency, regardless of the mechanism and so η≤TH−TCTH=1−TCTH.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Several universities have designed interdisciplinary courses with a focus on human biology at the undergraduate level. There is a wide variation in emphasis ranging from business, social studies, public policy, healthcare and pharmaceutical research.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Americas	Human Biology major at Stanford University, Palo Alto (since 1970) Stanford's Human Biology Program is an undergraduate major; it integrates the natural and social sciences in the study of human beings. It is interdisciplinary and policy-oriented and was founded in 1970 by a group of Stanford faculty (Professors Dornbusch, Ehrlich, Hamburg, Hastorf, Kennedy, Kretchmer, Lederberg, and Pittendrigh). It is a very popular major and alumni have gone to post-graduate education, medical school, law, business and government.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Americas	Human and Social Biology (Caribbean) Human and Social Biology is a Level 4 & 5 subject in the secondary and post-secondary schools in the Caribbean and is optional for the Caribbean Secondary Education Certification (CSEC) which is equivalent to Ordinary Level (O-Level) under the British school system. The syllabus centers on structure and functioning (anatomy, physiology, biochemistry) of human body and the relevance to human health with Caribbean-specific experience. The syllabus is organized under five main sections: Living organisms and the environment, life processes, heredity and variation, disease and its impact on humans, the impact of human activities on the environment.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Americas	Human Biology Program at University of Toronto The University of Toronto offers an undergraduate program in Human Biology that is jointly offered by the Faculty of Arts & Science and the Faculty of Medicine. The program offers several major and specialist options in: human biology, neuroscience, health & disease, global health, and fundamental genetics and its applications.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	BSc (Honours) Human Biology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi (1980–2002) BSc (honours) Human Biology at AIIMS (New Delhi, India) was started in 1980 with a goal to bridge the gap between research performed at molecular/cellular level in vitro or in lower animal models and clinical research, creating a pool of scientists with a greater understanding of human physiology and tools to incorporate the big picture while still taking a reductionist approach to scientific research. As such, it provided a stepping stone for advanced career in research and allied fields. Candidates for the maximum of 25 open seats were selected via a nationwide entrance exam.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	Origin Prof. Prakash Chandra (b. 1952 - d.2006), who was Dean at AIIMS from 1979 to 1984, undertook the task of revising the undergraduate curriculum and initiated the BSc (Hons.) courses in Nursing and in Human Biology.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	Among the founders of Human Biology program was Dr. B. S. Narang, a well-renowned educator at that time, whose contributions are now recognized as Dr. B.S. Narang Memorial Prize awarded to the Best Undergraduate in Biochemistry at AIIMS.Coursework FIRST PHASE: During the first phase, students were exposed to the basic medical sciences: Human anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. This phase was run together with first year M.B.B.S. medical students who also followed the same curriculum.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	Human Anatomy: Gross cadaver (cadaver dissections, osteology and kinesiology), microanatomy of all systems of the body, neuroanatomy (of brain and spinal cord, its connections and function with demonstration of cut brain sections), embryology (development of human embryo normal and abnormal, study of various stages of microscopic and gross level) and genetics. Physiology: A complete review of the functional aspects of human physiology, neurophysiology, respiratory physiology, GIT, the special senses, skeletal and smooth muscles, cardiovascular system, excretory and reproductive systems.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	Biochemistry: An introduction to biochemistry and allied fields at the molecular, cellular and system level. Biomolecules, enzymology, metabolism and specialization in the tissues, immunology, biochemical genetics.SECOND PHASE: The Phase II was designed to provide as broad an exposure scientific fundamentals and to various facets of research areas and basic concepts as possible. Each chosen subject matter was spread over three-to-five weeks and included lectures, tutorials (discussion sessions) and labs.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	Biomathematics: Differentiation and integration, partial differentiation equations, special functions, integral transforms. Biostatistics: measures of location and dispersion, sampling, probability, statistical distribution, tests of significance, correlation and regression, analysis of variance. Chemical basis of biology: Concept in organic and physical chemistry, nature of bonds, non-bonded interactions, quantum chemistry. Physical basis of biology: laws of inertia, gravitation, relativity, electrodynamics, quantum physics. Biochemical basis of biology: Organization of genes, viruses and plasmids, biochemical evolution, the organization of DNA, replication, the code, molecular basis of differentiation and morphogenesis, molecular basis of cancer. Biophysical basis of biology: Principles of structure and function of macromolecules, nucleic acids and proteins, small molecules, organization of macromolecular assemblies, lipids and membranes, phase diagrams, structure activity relationships in drugs, computer modeling. Principles of genetics and evolution: Heredity and variation, multifactorial inheritance, molecular genetics, chromosomal disorders. Pharmacology, Microbiology, and Pathology (concepts) Instrumentation and techniques in experimental biology: Principles of animal care, anesthetic agents, surgical skills, perfusion techniques, experimental design, bioassay techniques. Ecology and environmental biology: types of ecosystem adaptation to the environment, physiological changes in response to hypo/hyperthermia in humans. Reproductive biology and experimental endocrinology: the endocrinology of reproduction, human contraceptives, the animal models for studying hormonal control of reproduction. Bioenergetics and Biocybernetics: Basic thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, far from equilibrium thermodynamics, introduction to biocybernetics. Techniques in experimental biochemistry: Colorimetry, spectrophotometry, spectrofluorometry, pH determination, gel electrophoresis, chromatography.THIRD PHASE: The third year was devoted to specialization in a chosen field of anatomy, biochemistry, biophysics, physiology or pharmacology. It involved in-depth instruction in the chosen fields, reviews of relevant research literature, seminars and term papers. Since the first phase of the coursework was executed together with the incoming class of medical students, this program was unique in its similarity to the present day MD/PhD programs in US universities. The experience of this unique program format has inspired similar programs at Jayewerdenepura and Singapore.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	History The first class graduated in 1983. However, with the establishment of new Master's level programs, such as, MSc Biotechnology in 1986, and the shifting focus of the institute in late 80s and early 90s, the undergraduate "Human Biology" program lost its core support. The last batch of students was accepted for this course in 2002. Several components of the second phase are now incorporated into the MSc or M.Biotech curriculum at AIIMS.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	BSc (Honours) Human Biology at University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka (since 1994) BSc Human Biology degree program was initiated in 1994 at the Faulty of Medical Sciences with the intention of fulfilling the need to provide human resources for Medical and Health sciences faculties; to those departments finding it difficult to recruit MBBS graduates with practical skills; specially intended for Pharmacy, Medical Laboratory Technology and Medical Laboratory Sciences courses. Also to provide research institutes, private sector institutions involved in food and nutrition, public and private sector diagnostic institutions and health policy making institutions with individuals with necessary knowledge and skills.The Human Biology special degree course involves 3.5 (9½ terms) years of study in the Faculty of Medical Sciences and comprises three Parts. Similar to the program at AIIMS, Human Biology students follow the Part I & Part II of their degree course with the medical undergraduates. Part I and Part II comprise 12 units from Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry and four units from General Pathology, Parasitology, Microbiology and Pharmacology respectively. Part III of the course is the specialization year in a chosen field (Biochemistry, Food & Nutrition, Microbiology, Genetics, Pharmacology or Microbiology); the curriculum is designed so that the students are exposed to gain advanced knowledge in the selected specialization.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Asia	B.S. Human Biology at Kathmandu University, Nepal(since 2006) Kathmandu University initiated Human Biology Course since 2006. B.S. Life Sciences at National University of Singapore B.S. Life Sciences at National University of Singapore
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Australia and New Zealand	BBiomedSc (Bachelor of Biomedical Sciences) at University of Otago, Christchurch (since 2002) A degree in Biomedical Sciences (BBiomedSc) at Otago is complementary to traditional discipline-based majors (e.g. Anatomy, Biochemistry, Genetics, Human Nutrition, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Physiology) currently offered within the Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree, but allows a wider diversity of health related papers to be taken. YouTube It provides a suitable qualification for graduate entry into medicine and other professional health science programmes, as well as increasing the range of career opportunities accessible to graduates. This degree aims at producing graduates with a sound and comprehensive grounding in the key principles underpinning modern biological and medical research and their potential applications in biotechnology. Students completing the First Year Health Sciences course will have met the requirements to advance to 200-level in the Biomedical Sciences degree.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Australia and New Zealand	The degree structure is of a standard three-year bachelor's degree programme enabling students to graduate with a Bachelor of Biomedical Science degree. Biomedical Sciences is a combination of subject areas that promotes understanding of the scientific basis of health and disease in humans. Students have the opportunity of majoring in one of six subject areas offered: Drugs and Human Health, Functional Human Biology, Infection and Immunity, Molecular Basis of Health & Disease, Nutrition and Metabolism in Human Health, Reproduction, Genetics and Development.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Australia and New Zealand	A postgraduate Honours degree in Biomedical Sciences is also available to students who have completed the requirements for the BBiomedSc degree with an average grade of at least B+ for the appropriate 300-level papers.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	Australia and New Zealand	Bachelor of Human Biology (Honours), University of Auckland, New Zealand Programs at Australian universities Bachelor of Science - Major: Human Biology University of Notre Dame Bachelor of Applied Science (Chinese Medicine)/Bachelor of Applied Science (Human Biology), Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University (RMIT) Bachelor of Science (Human Biology), Edith Cowan University Bachelor of Science (Human Biology Preclinical), Curtin University of Technology Bachelor of Applied Science in Human Biology, University of Canberra, Bachelor of Science (Anatomy and Human Biology), University of Western Australia
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	United Kingdom	British universities are at the forefront of providing a broad-based undergraduate curriculum in all major aspects of human biology; although courses differ widely in their emphasis. For example, Sheffield Hallam combines business studies to biosciences, healthcare and pharmaceutical sciences.
Bachelor of Science in Human Biology	United Kingdom	BSc (Honours) Human Biology at Kingston University BSc (Honours) Human Biology at Queen Margaret University B.A./BSc (Honors) Human Biology and Psychology at University of Hertfordshire BSc (Honours) Anatomy and Human Biology at University of Liverpool BSc Human Biosciences at Roehampton University, London BSc Human Biosciences at Northumbria University, Newcastle BSc (Honours) Human Biology at Sheffield Hallam University BSc (Honours) Human Biosciences at Plymouth University
Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System	Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System	The Space Telescope Science Data Analysis System (STSDAS) is an IRAF-based suite of astronomical software for reducing and analyzing astronomical data. It contains general purpose tools and packages for processing data from the Hubble Space Telescope. STSDAS is produced by Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). The STSDAS software is in the public domain and the source code is available.
Kap Stanton Formation	Kap Stanton Formation	The Kap Stanton Formation is a geologic formation in Greenland. It preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period.
Technology trajectory	Technology trajectory	Technology trajectory refers to a single branch in the evolution of a technological design of a product/service, with nodes representing separate designs. With Technology trajectory referring to a single branch we do expect the development of new technologies to precede recent uses and advance future technologies. The development of future technologies allows for the innovation of new ideas, research, and much more.
Technology trajectory	Technology trajectory	It also can be defined as the paths by which innovations in a given field occur.
Technology trajectory	Technology trajectory	Movement along the technology trajectory is associated with research and development. Due to the institutionalization of ideas, markets, and professions, technology development can get 'stuck' (locked-in) within one trajectory, and firms and engineers are unable to adapt to ideas and innovation from the outside. Technological trajectory/development may break- out of trajectory and can cause three understandings 1. when technology will lock in into a trajectory, 2.) when technology may break out of lock-in, and 3.) when competing technologies may co-exist in a balance. A lock-in is when a certain technology develops along a certain trajectory allowing the development to get stuck due to certain circumstances. Not all trajectories are permanently locked into a trajectory. Let us take for example the Technological Advancement/Trajectory of Increasing Resource use. In 1929 after a man who worked for the USGS wanted to make sure there were enough materials and technological advancements after the war on metal production. He considered 4 important factors to make sure metal production would be made: Geology, Technology, Economics, and Politics. There are technical factors that go into mining, treatment, and refining. “The history of sulfur extraction and production technology also reflects continuous improvement upon processes developed from other industries to meet changing materials use requirements and societal needs". The process of sulfur extraction is found deep underground or underwater. The Clean Air Act of 1970 made rules for getting sulfur from oil refining, processing of sulfide, ores, and even the combustion of electricity generation. This required technologies to be made in order to coincide with the Clean Air Act.
Technology trajectory	Technology trajectory	The continuous improvement of sulfur extraction over the years shows how this technological trajectory/ advancement has developed over the years.
Technology trajectory	Technology trajectory	Technology Trajectory doesn't just focus on firms or engineers but it can deal with healthcare, schools, the daily life of everyone, and much more. Technology Trajectory also poses the question of whether innovations are integrated into systems nationally, regionally, or sectorally. This then makes you wonder about the environmental issues and the structure of how Technology trajectory affects everyone. Technology in this day in age is all around us and with that being said we must have a Technology Trajectory of where we want to advance to maintain our ability to take technology beyond our imagination. Technology is shaping how we learn, gather information, move forward, and change. Technology is like a policy because it tells us how we are supposed to do things, and makes some ways of doing things more rational and practical than others.
Technology trajectory	Technology trajectory	See also Innovation Thomas Samuel Kuhn Social shaping of technology Technological paradigm
Data pre-processing	Data pre-processing	Data preprocessing can refer to manipulation or dropping of data before it is used in order to ensure or enhance performance, and is an important step in the data mining process. The phrase "garbage in, garbage out" is particularly applicable to data mining and machine learning projects. Data collection methods are often loosely controlled, resulting in out-of-range values, impossible data combinations, and missing values, amongst other issues.
Data pre-processing	Data pre-processing	Analyzing data that has not been carefully screened for such problems can produce misleading results. Thus, representation and quality of data is necessary before running any analysis. Often, data preprocessing is the most important phase of a machine learning project, especially in computational biology. If there is a high proportion of irrelevant and redundant information present or noisy and unreliable data, then knowledge discovery during the training phase may be more difficult. Data preparation and filtering steps can take a considerable amount of processing time. Examples of methods used in data preprocessing include cleaning, instance selection, normalization, one-hot encoding, data transformation, feature extraction and feature selection.
Data pre-processing	Applications	Data mining The origins of data preprocessing are located in data mining. The idea is to aggregate existing information and search in the content. Later it was recognized, that for machine learning and neural networks a data preprocessing step is needed too. So it has become to a universal technique which is used in computing in general.
Data pre-processing	Applications	Data preprocessing allows for the removal of unwanted data with the use of data cleaning, this allows the user to have a dataset to contain more valuable information after the preprocessing stage for data manipulation later in the data mining process. Editing such dataset to either correct data corruption or human error is a crucial step to get accurate quantifiers like true positives, true negatives, false positives and false negatives found in a confusion matrix that are commonly used for a medical diagnosis. Users are able to join data files together and use preprocessing to filter any unnecessary noise from the data which can allow for higher accuracy. Users use Python programming scripts accompanied by the pandas library which gives them the ability to import data from a comma-separated values as a data-frame. The data-frame is then used to manipulate data that can be challenging otherwise to do in Excel. pandas (software) which is a powerful tool that allows for data analysis and manipulation; which makes data visualizations, statistical operations and much more, a lot easier. Many also use the R programming language to do such tasks as well. The reason why a user transforms existing files into a new one is because of many reasons. Data preprocessing has the objective to add missing values, aggregate information, label data with categories (data binning) and smooth a trajectory. More advanced techniques like principal component analysis and feature selection are working with statistical formulas and are applied to complex datasets which are recorded by GPS trackers and motion capture devices.
Data pre-processing	Applications	Semantic data preprocessing Semantic data mining is a subset of data mining that specifically seeks to incorporate domain knowledge, such as formal semantics, into the data mining process. Domain knowledge is the knowledge of the environment the data was processed in. Domain knowledge can have a positive influence on many aspects of data mining, such as filtering out redundant or inconsistent data during the preprocessing phase. Domain knowledge also works as constraint. It does this by using working as set of prior knowledge to reduce the space required for searching and acting as a guide to the data. Simply put, semantic preprocessing seeks to filter data using the original environment of said data more correctly and efficiently.
Data pre-processing	Applications	There are increasingly complex problems which are asking to be solved by more elaborate techniques to better analyze existing information. Instead of creating a simple script for aggregating different numerical values into a single value, it make sense to focus on semantic based data preprocessing. The idea is to build a dedicated ontology, which explains on a higher level what the problem is about. In regards to semantic data mining and semantic pre-processing, ontologies are a way to conceptualize and formally define semantic knowledge and data. The Protégé (software) is the standard tool for constructing an ontology. In general, the use of ontologies bridges the gaps between data, applications, algorithms, and results that occur from semantic mismatches. As a result, semantic data mining combined with ontology has many applications where semantic ambiguity can impact the usefulness and efficiency of data systems. Applications include the medical field, language processing, banking, and even tutoring, among many more.
Data pre-processing	Applications	There are various strengths to using a semantic data mining and ontological based approach. As previously mentioned, these tools can help during the per-processing phase by filtering out non-desirable data from the data set. Additionally, well-structured formal semantics integrated into well designed ontologies can return powerful data that can be easily read and processed by machines. A specifically useful example of this exists in the medical use of semantic data processing. As an example, a patient is having a medical emergency and is being rushed to hospital. The emergency responders are trying to figure out the best medicine to administer to help the patient. Under normal data processing, scouring all the patient’s medical data to ensure they are getting the best treatment could take too long and risk the patients’ health or even life. However, using semantically processed ontologies, the first responders could save the patient’s life. Tools like a semantic reasoner can use ontology to infer the what best medicine to administer to the patient is based on their medical history, such as if they have a certain cancer or other conditions, simply by examining the natural language used in the patient's medical records. This would allow the first responders to quickly and efficiently search for medicine without having worry about the patient’s medical history themselves, as the semantic reasoner would already have analyzed this data and found solutions. In general, this illustrates the incredible strength of using semantic data mining and ontologies. They allow for quicker and more efficient data extraction on the user side, as the user has fewer variables to account for, since the semantically pre-processed data and ontology built for the data have already accounted for many of these variables. However, there are some drawbacks to this approach. Namely, it requires a high amount of computational power and complexity, even with relatively small data sets. This could result in higher costs and increased difficulties in building and maintaining semantic data processing systems. This can be mitigated somewhat if the data set is already well organized and formatted, but even then, the complexity is still higher when compared to standard data processing.Below is a simple a diagram combining some of the processes, in particular semantic data mining and their use in ontology.
Data pre-processing	Applications	The diagram depicts a data set being broken up into two parts: the characteristics of its domain, or domain knowledge, and then the actual acquired data. The domain characteristics are then processed to become user understood domain knowledge that can be applied to the data. Meanwhile, the data set is processed and stored so that the domain knowledge can applied to it, so that the process may continue. This application forms the ontology. From there, the ontology can be used to analyze data and process results.
Data pre-processing	Applications	Fuzzy preprocessing is another, more advanced technique for solving complex problems. Fuzzy preprocessing and fuzzy data mining make use of fuzzy sets. These data sets are composed of two elements: a set and a membership function for the set which comprises 0 and 1. Fuzzy preprocessing uses this fuzzy data set to ground numerical values with linguistic information. Raw data is then transformed into natural language. Ultimately, fuzzy data mining's goal is to help deal with inexact information, such as an incomplete database. Currently fuzzy preprocessing, as well as other fuzzy based data mining techniques see frequent use with neural networks and artificial intelligence.
CodeCharge Studio	CodeCharge Studio	CodeCharge Studio is a rapid application development (RAD) and integrated development environment (IDE) for creating database-driven web applications. It is a code generator and templating engine that separates the presentation layer from the coding layer, with the aim of allowing designers and programmers to work cohesively in a web application (the model-view-controller design pattern). CodeCharge is the first product released by Yes Software, Inc., after two years of development.
CodeCharge Studio	Software	CodeCharge utilizes point-and-click wizards for creating record and search forms, grids, and editable grids without the need for programming. The databases it supports include MySQL, MS SQL Server, MS Access, PostgreSQL, and Oracle, as well as any other database that supports web connectivity. CodeCharge can export code to all major programing languages, such as ASP.NET, ASP, Java, ColdFusion, PHP, and Perl.CodeCharge employs an interactive user interface (UI) designed for the creation of web applications. When generating code, CodeCharge automatically structures the code, using naming conventions and comments to describe the code's purpose. Moreover, CodeCharge keeps the application separate from the code it generates, so that projects may be converted to any language at any time.Without additional programming, a CodeCharge-generated project is not a routed web site (where everything is routed through, for example, index.asp); rather, every page is accessible by reference to its own name or URL.
CodeCharge Studio	Software	Technologies Here are listed technologies which used, when the application is ready and running. OOP - The generated application is Object Oriented. Every structural element, like database connection, grid, navigation bar, the visible page itself etc. are all objects.The application uses the Microsoft .NET 2 Framework and will also install when the .NET 3.5 framework is detected on the host computer. Templating - Codecharge uses HTML template pages to generate visible internet sites. Templates of web pages may be previewed before making it "live." There are xxxx.html files, accordingly xxxx.asp (xxxx.php etc.) code files and for server side events a separate xxxx_events.asp (xxxx_events.php etc.) files. Customization - CodeCharge provides its users a standard way to set up custom code for handling events not fully addressed by the built-in features. Application generating technologies PHP Perl .NET Java ASP Coldfusion xml
CodeCharge Studio	Reception	In 2003, regarding the original version of CodeCharge Studio, Arbi Arzoumani of PHP Architect wrote: "For its price tag this code generation application is well worth it. One great application that I can see this being used for is creating prototypes of web applications in very short periods of time. In other words, last minute proposals." Kevin Yank of SitePoint Tech Times was impressed "by the many ways in which experienced developers could draw added power out of the software, instead of being limited by it, as is the case with most RAD tools for Web development."In his review of CodeCharge Studio 2.0, Troy Dreier wrote in Intranet Journal, "CodeCharge Studio [allows] Web application developers [to] shave literally months off their development times."CodeCharge Studio 3.0 received a rating of 3.5 out of 5 from Peter B. MacIntyre of php\|architect.
Metric temporal logic	Metric temporal logic	Metric temporal logic (MTL) is a special case of temporal logic. It is an extension of temporal logic in which temporal operators are replaced by time-constrained versions like until, next, since and previous operators. It is a linear-time logic that assumes both the interleaving and fictitious-clock abstractions. It is defined over a point-based weakly-monotonic integer-time semantics. MTL has been described as a prominent specification formalism for real-time systems. Full MTL over infinite timed words is undecidable.

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